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The Scottish port of Stranraer stands on which sea loch, which acts a natural harbour for shipping?	Stranraer Marina and Loch Ryan [Expanded View] - West Scotland and North of Ireland: pilotage, charts, photos and marine business listings Berthing, Mooring & Anchoring The arrangements for entering the new Marina are best seen on the plan, a new breakwater has been constructed and access to the pontoons is via a short channel. The start of the channel is marked by a green conical and a red can buoy, both are lit. After passing between these, the visitors berths will be seen on the very first pontoon you come to. Further red buoyage on your starboard side marks the edge of a drying mud bank. This Marina is owned by the Dumfries and Galloway Council, who also own the West Pier. Contact the Harbourmaster Lesley Smith 07734073421 or assistant Alan McLaughlin 07827277247. The office is near the clock tower. The charges here are in bands and work out at £15.55 per night for a 10 metre boat, (pontoons can take 12m boats) with the possibility of accommodating yachts up to 28 m long with prior notice. Charges include VAT, showers & water. A total of seven berths are reserved for visitors only, with a further 50 Odd for residents. Shelter in this spot may not be perfect in NW Gales, but we have heard plenty of good reports about this new facility. There are plenty of anchoring opportunities around the loch, but many may be subject to wash from passing ferries. There are also various no anchoring areas, best seen on the chart. A popular anchorage will be found in an area called The Wig, lying in a bit of a bight formed by the drying Scar, and shallows of The Spit. As has been said by "Fearless Friend" in the local advice below it would be daft not to put down a tripping line with your gear in this area. Lady Bay on the NW side of the Loch has been found to be a viable (if noisy with passing ferries at night) anchorage and if time is of the essence it's useful as it's a further six miles down to the Marina from there This area is sheltered from the North West and West, and shallows mentioned above provide some kind of shelter when the wind is in the north-east. (Tuck in close as possible under Kirkcolm Point) Strong winds with a S or SE component will make things rough here. No water or fuel here, and nearest shops are at Kirkcolm. Loch Ryan Sailing Club has a slipway in front of its' premises on the western shore of The Wig. Visitors are welcome when the club is open, a link to their website is provided below: We are grateful for the help we have received from local sailors (Gordon Baird and Phillip Taylorson) on the new conditions in the Loch Facilities The Marina at Stranraer can provide water and electricity (prepaid cards, so check the bollard to see if there is any left over!) on all the pontoons and it has a brand new amenities block with showers (free), toilets and coin op laundrette facilities. Fuel (in jerry cans) and Calor gas are available at the local garage (they don't do Camping Gaz but. if you talk to the HM. he knows of a place where that can be arranged) There is now a slip for launching trailer sailors and they hope to have some form of lifting facilities in the near future. The town itself can provide shops, post office and banks, with a Tesco Metro and Morrisons within easy walking reach of the Marina. Car hire is available close by for those who wish to abandon their boats and do a bit of exploring. Transport connections for crew changes are very good. Stranraer railway station is the southern terminus for one of the branch lines of the Glasgow South Western Line. Trains are provided by First ScotRail daily to Ayr, Glasgow, and Newcastle. The main national coach providers operate services from Stranraer. National Express offer a service to London. Trailer Sailers will find a decent concrete slipway (originally used for seaplanes), in front of the Loch Ryan sailing club, at The Wig. Care is required with launch and recovery because of the wash from fast ferries. Do you run a marine related business around this harbour ? If you're not already in our directory why not put yourself in ? If you are in, why not say something more about yourself ? The link below provides full info....It's FREE and you can do it yourself NOW. http://www.visitmyharbour.com/articles/article.asp?arturn=1442 History Loch Ryan is a Scottish sea loch that acts as an important natural harbour for shipping, providing calm waters for ferries operating between Scotland and Northern Ireland. The town of Stranraer is the largest settlement on its shores, with boats operating both from the town and from the village of Cairnryan further north on the loch. Historically the loch has seen human activity on its shores since ancient times. Sheltered from the rough seas of the North Channel and the North Atlantic the loch has been an important safe harbour for vessels. In the spring of 1307 at the beginning of Robert the Bruce's campaign in the wars of independence he sent two forces to attempt to gain control of south west Scotland. One force, led by his two brothers and comprising of eighteen galleys, landed in Loch Ryan. They were immediately overwhelmed by local forces, led by Dougal MacDougal, who was a supporter of the Comyns. The loch would have been used historically for traditional maritime activities including fishing. The Statistical account of Scotland 1791-99, records: "This bank abounds with oysters of a most excellent flavour. They are found indeed all around the shores and might be got in great quantities would people drag for them ....... A variety of fish, as skate, flounders, small cod, haddocks, whiting, lobsters, crabs and sometimes turbot are caught within the loch" The later Account of 1834-45 expands on this issue, as it states: "Loch Ryan at one time was famous for its herring fishery. I have heard old people say that they have known 300 sail boats in the bay at one time which had come from the highlands and other places, in order to fish or purchase herrings. For many years past the shoals of herrings may be said to have deserted the loch." A lighthouse was built at Cairn point in 1847 at the northern end of the village of Cairnryan. In 1849 the principle link to Northern Ireland was moved from Portpatrick to Stranraer in Loch Ryan. The reasons for this move were the increasing tonnages of the vessels operating the route which were more susceptible to harsh storms when moored at the exposed Portpatrick harbour on the Rhins coast. The calmer safer waters of the loch allowed larger ships to ply the route as demand increased. During the second world war the loch was busy with wartime activity. Cairnryan became No. 2 Military port, an important secondary large-scale port facility that was available for use should facilities on the Mersey and the Clyde became unavailable due to enemy bombing. Two large piers were built at Cairnryan to enable large tonnage ships to dock and unload cargo. The harbour was used as an import point for troops coming from the USA after 1942. Only one of the two piers still stands today, and it is unusable due to the poor condition of the wooden piles (the pier has been unused since a small section collapsed with tragic consequences in the 1990’s). With U-Boat menace in the Atlantic taking a heavy toll on merchant shipping the area became an important centre for anti-U-Boat operations. Flying boats operated from the loch to protect allied shipping making its way to Liverpool or Glasgow either via the North Channel or the Firth of Clyde. There were two RAF stations on the Loch, RAF Wig Bay operating from Wig Bay near Kirkcolm and RAF Stranraer operating from the town. Just north of Cairnryan are what looks like a number of concrete 'boats' resting on the shore - these too are a legacy of the second world war. They are in fact 'Beetles' from the Mulberry harbour project. The beetle pontoons were used to hold up the 'Whale' roadway sections, with four of the whales being built at Cairnryan. With easy access to the North Atlantic, Loch Ryan was used as the surrender destination for the U-Boats who were out in the Atlantic in 1945 when hostilities ceased. The U-boats and their crews were held at Cairnryan, before the boats were finally towed out into the Atlantic and sunk. Other wartime activity on the loch included construction of target rafts made out of wood and cork, which were built in Stranraer then floated out the Loch and round the Rhins of Galloway to their positions in Luce Bay for bombing practice (operating out of West Freugh). The loch was also used by Winston Churchill when he departed from Stranraer in a Boeing Flying boat on 25 June 1942 when making his second visit of the war to the USA. Today the loch serves as an important location for the ferry link to Northern Ireland, representing the shortest crossing distance between Britain and Ireland. The port activity has increased substantially since the route first started operating out of the Loch in 1849. There are currently a total of 5 ferries, 3 conventional RORO ferries and 2 fast ferries. This is split between two ferry companies, Stena Line and P&O - Irish Sea. Stena, operating from the east pier in Stranraer, with 1 conventional (Stena Caledonia) and the HSS fast ferry (Stena Voyager), while P&O, operating from Cairnryan run 2 conventionals (European Causeway & European Highlander) and the P&O Express fast ferry. Between 1992 and 1999 Sea Containers Ltd operated the Seacat fast ferry on the Stranraer - Belfast route. They subsequently moved to Troon, before finally ending the service altogether in 2005. While conventional ferries (moving at around 15 knots) have worked the route for many decades the newly introduced fast ferries are capable of much greater speeds (around 40 knots). The wash that these large craft generate has led to speed restrictions being imposed within the majority of the loch, with fast ferries unable to increase their speeds above 12 knots (22 km/h) until they are to the north of Old House point on the northern side of Cairnryan. Further speed restrictions are imposed on the HSS during the Tern breeding season, when wash from the ship can cause problems for the breeding birds on The Scar. The levels of wash that the fast ferries create has been the subject of some controversy, with many suggesting that the death by drowning of a man and his two sons in the loch in July 2003 was due to their boat being overwhelmed by a large wave created by a nearby passing ferry. The Marine Accident Investigation Branch report on the incident suggested however that the condition of the boat, the lack of safety equipment onboard and a poor look out were more likely to have been contributing factors, but did emphasise that speed limits should be adhered to and that small boat owners should be made aware of the dangers of ferry-induced washes. There has also recently been criticism of the erosion that the wash from the boats are creating in and around Kirkcolm bay on the loch's western shores. The questions of speed and the environmental impact that it has have to be balanced with the efficiency and speed of operation, with the Loch Ryan - Northern Ireland route under pressure from other competing routes and methods of transport, not least the Holyhead - Dublin ferry link and low cost airlines. It is this pressure on efficiency and crossing time that has led to the decision of Stena proposals to move in a few years its operations from Stranraer further north to Cairnryan to share facilities with P&O. This will allow them to cut out the slowest part of the journey, enabling the HSS to reduce its overall roundtrip time by around 30 minutes. This proposal, coming as it does with a significant redevelopment and investment in new port facilities at Cairnryan, will give good security to the future of the North Channel route. It will also lead to future potential small craft maritime development at the southern end of the Loch, which will be completely free from large and regular ferry traffic. The Loch already sees small craft usage, with the Loch Ryan Sailing club operating from Wig Bay, and Stranraer Marina in Stranraer harbour beside the West Pier. The text on this HISTORY page is covered by the following licence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License Eating, Drinking & Entertainment Stranraer is a fair sized town, having a reasonable selection of pubs and restaurants. Suffice to say the crew won't go hungry or thirsty, with all sorts on offer, from fish and chips through to Indian and Chinese. Naturally there are plenty of pub restaurants too. The links below may give the curious a starting point: Pubs	Loch Ryan
On July 1st 1867 Sir John A. Macdonald became the first Prime Minister of which country?	Loch Ryan : definition of Loch Ryan and synonyms of Loch Ryan (English) Location and geography Map of Loch Ryan Loch Ryan is orientated on a north-south axis, its mouth looking northward into the North Atlantic and Firth of Clyde , and the town of Stranraer sitting on its southern shores. The loch is bounded by the Rhins of Galloway peninsula on its western side and the Scottish landmass in the east (comprising Galloway and South Ayrshire ), the northern points of the loch are Milleur Point and Finnarts Point . The loch itself is about 8 miles (13 km) long from north to south, and about 3 miles (4.8 km) wide at its widest point. Nearby roads include the A77 in the east and the A718 in the west. The Loch Ryan basin as it is seen today formed as a result of geological and glacial activity. The first period of activity occurred during the Paleozoic era, with two periods of change. Firstly, during the Devonian period (360 to 416 million years ago) the land in the area underwent a series of shearing events which considerably altered its shape, forming a basin. Then, during the Permian period (250 to 300 million years ago) this basin filled up with sediments which were compacted to form soft sandstones. At this point in time the area would have been positioned around the equator and would form part of the Pangaea supercontinent . The second period of activity was as a result of the numerous glacial episodes during the Quaternary period, from 2 million years ago up until the last glaciers retreated 10,000 years ago. As all of northern Europe experienced numerous Ice ages , glacier formation created ice flows and Ice sheets . The erosive force of the ice moved across the land, removing the soft sandstone and leaving behind the harder rocks. When the ice sheet melted with the rising temperatures 10,000 years ago the basin was uncovered and was flooded by the sea, forming the loch that is seen today. Since the end of the last ice-age the sea has continued to change the loch by erosion and deposition. The loch has a sandbank on its western shores called 'the Scar'. This bank, just south of the village of Kirkcolm , is an important breeding ground for terns . A Saro Lerwick of RAF 209 Squadron , taking off from Loch Ryan, March 1941 History and usage Historically the loch has seen human activity on its shores since ancient times. Sheltered from the rough seas of the North Channel and the North Atlantic the loch has been an important safe harbour for vessels. In early 1307 at the beginning of Robert the Bruce's campaign in the wars of independence he sent two forces to attempt to gain control of south west Scotland. One force, led by his two brothers, consisting of eighteen galleys, landed in Loch Ryan. They were immediately overwhelmed by local forces, led by Dougal MacDougal , who was a supporter of the Comyns . The loch would have been used historically for traditional maritime activities including fishing. The Statistical account of Scotland 1791-99, records: "This bank abounds with oysters of a most excellent flavour. They are found indeed all around the shores and might be got in great quantities would people drag for them ....... A variety of fish, as skate, flounders, small cod, haddocks, whiting, lobsters, crabs and sometimes turbot are caught within the loch" [2] The later Account of 1834-45 expands on this issue, as it states: "Loch Ryan at one time was famous for its herring fishery. I have heard old people say that they have known 300 sail boats in the bay at one time which had come from the highlands and other places, in order to fish or purchase herrings. For many years past the shoals of herrings may be said to have deserted the loch." [3] A lighthouse was built at Cairn point in 1847 at the northern end of the village of Cairnryan. In 1849 the principal link to Northern Ireland was moved from Portpatrick to Stranraer in Loch Ryan. The reasons for this move were the increasing tonnages of the vessels operating the route which were more susceptible to harsh storms when moored at the exposed Portpatrick harbour on the Rhins coast. The calmer safer waters of the loch allowed larger ships to ply the route as demand increased. A view of modern day Stranraer with the tide out in the loch Second World War During the second world war the loch was busy with wartime activity. Cairnryan became No. 2 Military port, an important secondary large-scale port facility that was available for use should facilities on the Mersey and the Clyde became unavailable due to enemy bombing. Two large piers were built at Cairnryan to enable large ships to dock and unload cargo. The harbour was used as an import point for troops coming from the USA after 1942. Only one of the two piers still stands today, and it is unusable due to the poor condition of the wooden piles (the pier has been unused since a small section collapsed with tragic consequences in the 1990s). With the U-boat menace in the Atlantic taking a heavy toll on merchant shipping the area became an important centre for anti-U-boat operations. Flying boats operated from the loch to protect allied shipping making its way to Liverpool or Glasgow either via the North Channel or the Firth of Clyde . There were two RAF stations on the loch, RAF Wig Bay operating from Wig Bay near Kirkcolm and RAF Stranraer operating from the town. Concrete pontoon 'Boats' north of Cairnryan, a remnant of the WWII activity at the port Just north of Cairnryan are what looks like a number of concrete 'boats' resting on the shore - these too are a legacy of the second world war. They are 'Beetles' from the Mulberry harbour project. The beetle pontoons were used to hold up the 'Whale' roadway sections, with four of the whales being built at Cairnryan. With easy access to the North Atlantic , Loch Ryan was used as the surrender destination for the U-boats which were out in the Atlantic in 1945 when hostilities ceased. The U-boats and their crews were held at Cairnryan, before the boats were finally towed out into the Atlantic and sunk . Other wartime activity on the loch included construction of target rafts made out of wood and cork, which were built in Stranraer then floated out the Loch and round the Rhins of Galloway to their positions in Luce Bay for bombing practice (operating out of West Freugh ). The loch was used by Winston Churchill when he departed from Stranraer in a Boeing Flying boat on 25 June 1942 when making his second visit of the war to the USA. P&O Irish Sea's European Causeway entering Loch Ryan Today Today the loch serves as an important location for the ferry link to Northern Ireland , representing the shortest crossing distance between Britain and Ireland. The port activity has increased substantially since the route first started operating out of the loch in 1849. There are currently a total of 6 ferries, 4 conventional RORO ferries and 2 fast ferries. This is split between two ferry companies, Stena Line and P&O - Irish Sea . Stena, operating from the east pier in Stranraer, with 2 conventionals (Stena Caledonia & Stena Navigator) and the HSS fast ferry (Stena Voyager), while P&O, operating from Cairnryan run 2 conventionals (European Causeway & European Highlander) and the P&O Express fast ferry. Between 1992 and 1999 Sea Containers Ltd operated the SeaCat fast ferry on the Stranraer - Belfast route. They subsequently moved to Troon , before finally ending the service altogether in 2005. While conventional ferries (moving at around 15 knots) have worked the route for many decades the newly introduced fast ferries are capable of much greater speeds (around 40 knots). The wash that these large craft generate has led to speed restrictions being imposed within the majority of the loch, with fast ferries unable to increase their speeds above 12 knots (22 km/h) until they are to the north of Old House point on the northern side of Cairnryan. HSS fast ferry accelerating as it enters the northern section of Loch Ryan Further speed restrictions are imposed on the HSS during the tern breeding season, when wash from the ship can cause problems for the breeding birds on the Scar. The levels of wash that the fast ferries create has been the subject of some controversy, with many suggesting that the death by drowning of a man and his two sons in the loch in July 2003 was due to their boat being overwhelmed by a large wave created by a nearby passing ferry. The Marine Accident Investigation Branch report on the incident suggested however that the condition of the boat, the lack of safety equipment onboard and a poor look out were more likely to have been contributing factors, but did emphasise that speed limits should be adhered to and that small boat owners should be made aware of the dangers of ferry-induced washes. [2] There has also recently been criticism of the erosion that the wash from the boats are creating in and around Kirkcolm bay on the loch's western shores. The questions of speed and the environmental impact that it has have to be balanced with the efficiency and speed of operation, with the Loch Ryan - Northern Ireland route under pressure from other competing routes and methods of transport, not least the Holyhead - Dublin ferry link and low cost airlines. HSS in dock at Stranraer, with the Loch basin stretching out behind It is this pressure on efficiency and crossing time that has led to the decision of Stena proposals to move in a few years its operations from Stranraer further north to Cairnryan to share facilities with P&O. This will allow them to cut out the slowest part of the journey, enabling the HSS to reduce its overall roundtrip time by around 30 minutes. This proposal, coming as it does with a significant redevelopment and investment in new port facilities at Cairnryan, will give good security to the future of the North Channel route. It will also lead to future potential small craft maritime development at the southern end of the Loch, which will be completely free from large and regular ferry traffic. The Loch already sees small craft usage, with the Loch Ryan Sailing club operating from Wig Bay, and Stranraer Marina in Stranraer harbour beside the West Pier. The huge waves that the HSS generates as she enters and leaves Loch Ryan References	i don't know
Which cartoon character has a pet snail called Gary who meows?	Cutting-Edge SpongeBob - Busted Halo Cutting-Edge SpongeBob By Chris Cabrera April 2, 2002 The edgiest character on TV these days is a sponge. He’s SpongeBob Squarepants and if you’ve never seen or heard of him, I strongly recommend you check out this creative, cutting-edge cartoon on the Nickelodeon cable network. Before I explain why he’s so edgy, perhaps a brief introduction is in order, for those late arrivals to the Squarepants party. Allow me to loosely quote from his theme song: SpongeBob is a buck-toothed, rectangular-shaped character who “lives in a pineapple under the sea.” He’s “absorbent, yellow and porous,” and he fills his hometown, Bikini Bottom, with “nautical nonsense.” SpongeBob’s pants are square, and so is his underwear, which reflects his preference for briefs over boxers. His best friends are a starfish named Patrick (picture a pink Homer Simpson, only not as refined), and a squirrel from Texas named Sandy. His other “friend” is a squid named Squidward, who loathes him. He also has a pet snail named Gary who meows like a cat. SpongeBob is gainfully employed and takes pride in his work. He flips burgers in a seafood restaurant called “The Krusty Krab,” for a miserly boss named Mr. Krabs. Okay, ya got all that? One of the great things about SpongeBob is that he appeals to young and old alike. Not only do my wife and I (two baby-boomers) love the dentally challenged little sea critter, but the two millennials we share our home with (our kids) never miss his show. They are faithful fans whenever they’re not on restriction, that is. When they are on “T.V. time-out,” the wife and I just go in our room and tune in without them. Now here’s what’s so edgy about SpongeBob: He is innocent, forgiving, honest, optimistic, loving, sensitive and selfless. He is completely free of irony, sarcasm, hostility, and jaded hip-ness. These days, a character like that is so rare and refreshing, that when you find one, it seems revolutionary. It is important to note that audiences have responded, and this show is immensely popular. I guess there is hope for America after all. As research for this story (you didn’t think I did research?!), I asked my kids what they liked about the show. All I could extract from them was that he was funny (and believe me, getting that was like pulling teeth). When I shared my point of view on why I love this character, they pointed out that mostly, SpongeBob is blissfully unaware. Since he doesn’t know when someone is responding to him sarcastically, he takes everyone at his or her word. It’s true, he is naive, but it doesn’t seem to work against him. In fact, the other characters often come around to rethink their position as a result of SpongeBob’s relentless optimism. Besides, who ever said being blissfully unaware was a bad thing? Remember, the operative word here is “blissfully.” SpongeBob isn’t without his flaws. Sometimes he does get righteously angry and when his temper gets the best of him, he does let loose with the expletives. Fortunately for his target demographic, the worst his language ever gets is when he says “Fish paste!,” “Barnacles!,” or “Tartar sauce!” This is his version of “#$@&!*,” and from where I’m sittin’, if that’s as racy as he gets, I will gladly indulge him this one foible. He is on cable, after all.	SpongeBob SquarePants
Oneirology is the study of what?	SpongeBob SquarePants' pet snail Gary. SpongeBob SquarePants' pet snail "GARY". I have been collecting stuffed (plush) critters from the TV program Digimon for a number of years now, but no TV character has been liked by me more than Gary, SpongeBob SquarePants' pet sea snail & best friend. Gary meows like a kitty cat; SpongeBob and Sandy the squirrel know what Gary is saying. So when I purchased a Gary plush on Ebay in mid-February 2008, I figured the best thing I could do is publish a web page in his honour. I never did this with any of the Digimon plush that I've purchased over the years. This is Gary. (these images are on my own server; they aren't hotlinked) And this is the Gary plush I purchased from Ebay. When I get up each morning, I look toward him and say "Good morning Garbear!" (pronounced GAIR'bare like 'care bear'"), and imagine him meowing in reply. The name "Garbear" was used on at least several SpongeBob episodes; the four that I can think of right off the bat are "Blackened Sponge", "Krabby Land", "Dumped", and "Krab-Borg". Gary is such a cute and loveable little mollusk, I think I'll get a SpongeBob plush just to keep him company when I'm not around. :-) And maybe I'll get him a Patrick Star plush as well...(Update 02-22-08 10:29am PST: I just now got him a Patrick plush!!!) :-) And this is the Patrick Star I got to keep Garbear company. :-) And this is SpongeBob himself - Gary's best friend. Note that Gary is sidling up to him in this photograph. :-) (NOT) finally, this is Squidward Tennis Balls...er...uh...Tentacles. He's pretty much the wet blanket - all he's missing is his clarinet - which he plays badly anyway. :-/ Finally (and I really think so this time, because my Paypal account is tapped out), this is Sheldon J. Plankton. He's Eugene Krab's arch-enemy; and is alway trying to kype the Krabby Patty formula. This is Eugene Krabs. He owns the Krusty Krab restaraunt, where you can find Krabby Patties, the tastiest thing under the sea. SpongeBob occasionally calls Gary "Garbear" (pronounced GAIR'bare like 'care bear'"), so here are some altered lyrics to the SpongeBob SquarePants opening (theme) song to that effect: Captain: Are you ready kids? Children: Aye-aye Captain. Captain: I can't hear you... Children: Aye-Aye Captain!! Captain: Oooooooo! Who lives in a pineapple in Bikini City? Children:	i don't know
How is the title character Prince Myshkin known in the title of a Dostoevsky novel?	SparkNotes: The Idiot: Analysis of Major Characters Analysis of Major Characters Themes, Motifs and Symbols Prince Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin The hero, protagonist, and title character of The Idiot, Myshkin is a descendant of an old noble line and a distant relative of Madame Yepanchin. He is a fair-haired, blue-eyed epileptic in his late twenties who comes to Russia after four years in a sanitarium in Switzerland. From the onset, Myshkin appears to be an outsider in Russian society: he dresses like a foreigner and acts as if unaware of the societal norms of the Russian aristocracy. Indeed, he is different from the other Russian aristocrats in several regards. First, Myshkin does not follow societal conventions and is not afraid of its sanctions, which mainly come in the form of ridicule. In Part I, he goes to Nastassya Filippovna's even though he has not been invited. He thinks to himself that the worst that could happen would be that the guests would laugh at him and then escort him out. Some of the other characters in the novel, such as Ganya, such shame would be absolutely terrible; for Myshkin, however, it is no big deal. He is not afraid of being laughed at; in fact, when others laugh at him, he joins in with them. When Myshkin first visits the Yepanchins, the girls indirectly call him an ass and then laugh, but he laughs with them. Furthermore, Myshkin is very open and frank. He tells new acquaintances his personal history—including the bit about living in a sanitarium for several years—right away. He does not believe in societal small talk, instead preferring to immediately jump into a discussion of the issues that are his prime concern. For instance, when Myshkin visits the Yepanchins for the first time, he immediately talks of public executions and the story of Marie. At the "engagement" dinner party at the Yepanchins, he fervently discusses grand subjects such as religion and the future of aristocracy. However, Myshkin's is highly naïve, and he is therefore fooled by members of the high society. He takes their affected friendship for genuine and sincere feeling. Perhaps his innocence is the reason for his special affinity for children. The adult world, however, is too superficial and conventional for him. Myshkin does not take offense at anyone, no matter how horrific the character's action toward him. After Ganya's slap, Myshkin does not hit back or challenge Ganya to a duel—a common recourse for action at the time. Instead, Myshkin tells Ganya that he should be ashamed of himself and leaves the room. In response to Burdovsky's lie that he is Pavlishchev's son, not only is Myshkin not angry, but he is also still willing to help Burdovsky financially. Even after Keller writes a slanderous and insulting article about Myshkin, the prince still makes Keller the best man at his wedding. Lebedev constantly lies to Myshkin and even tries to commit him to an insane asylum; when Lebedev admits this, Myshkin merely laughs in response. Aglaya constantly mocks and insults the prince, but this only saddens him. When Aglaya expresses any wish for reconciliation, Myshkin is ecstatic with joy. In short, Prince Myshkin does not bear grudges against anyone, even Rogozhin, who almost kills him. In light of Myshkin's seemingly impossible naïveté, virtually all the characters in the novel call him an "idiot." Prince Myshkin is perhaps the ultimate Christian ideal of humble selflessness and giving. He attempts to help everyone he meets and always holds the needs of others above his own. In the end, he is ready to marry Nastassya Filippovna because he feels it is necessary to save her, even though he is in love with Aglaya instead. Myshkin's compassion toward others knows no boundaries. He is too good for a world corrupted by money, lust, and individual vanity. As a result, he unwittingly adds to the destruction and is destroyed himself. Anastassya Filippovna Barashkov Nastassya's dishonor at Totsky's hands leads to wallow in self-blame and sets in motion her tendency for self-destruction. She is willing to sacrifice her own life to cause pain to her offender. At the end of Part I, Ptitsyn draws the example of a Japanese custom of committing hara-kiri in front of one's offenders. Indeed, this is precisely Nastassya Filippovna's psychology. She is willing to ruin her life—by running away with Rogozhin—in order to prove that she is a shameless woman and that her torrid past is Totsky's fault. In the end, she even willingly goes to her death, which she knows she will find in Rogozhin. Nastassya cannot overcome her spite and outrage. Although Prince Myshkin tries to help her by offering his love out of pity, she rejects his offer in the end. Not only does she deem herself unworthy of his love, but she also cannot bring herself to be with someone who loves another woman. In short, Nastassya Filippovna represents beauty and talent that has been ruined by the corruption of the world. Parfyon Semyonovich Rogozhin The dark-haired, dark-eyed Rogozhin represents all of the darkness of the novel's world that contrasts with the light that Prince Myshkin brings. Rogozhin's passionate love for Nastassya Filippovna leads to extreme obsession and is characterized by jealousy and violence. He beats her and ultimately stabs her to death. Rogozhin is descended from a long line of merchants, and in keeping with this heritage he tries to woo Nastassya by offering her money. His connection with money is a further sign of the degradation and moral corruption his character represents. If Prince Myshkin is a Russian Christ, Rogozhin is a version of the Russian devil. Indeed, his last name contains the word "rog," which means "horn" in Russian. Dostoevsky contrasts Rogozhin's devouring passion with Myshkin's compassion. Although the Prince's pity is stronger than Rogozhin's all-consuming love, it is ultimately unable to save Nastassya Filippovna from death. More Help	The Idiot
Bassanio, Portia, and Shylock are characters in which Shakespeare play?	The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Read Free Today Action & Adventure African American Christian Christianity Classics Coming of Age Contemporary Contemporary Fiction Fantasy Fantasy & Scary Stories Genre Fiction Growing Up & Facts of Life Health Historical Fiction Historical Romance Horror Humor Humor & Satire Inspirational Literary Fiction Literature & Fiction Military Mystery Mystery & Suspense New Adult & College Nonfiction Paranormal Professional & Technical Religion & Spirituality Religious & Inspirational Fiction Romance Romantic Comedy Sagas Science Fiction Science Fiction & Fantasy Specific Groups Sports Suspense Teen & Young Adult Thriller & Suspense Thrillers United States Urban Westerns Women's Fiction The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoyevsky The Idiot is a novel by the 19th-century Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It was first published serially in the journal The Russian Messenger in 1868-9.The title is an ironic reference to the central character of the novel, Prince Lyov Nikolaevich Myshkin, a young man whose goodness and open-hearted simplicity lead many of the more worldly characters he encounters to mistakenly assume that he lacks intelligence and insight. In the character of Prince Myshkin, Dostoevsky set himself the task of depicting “the positively good and beautiful man”. The novel examines the consequences of placing such a unique individual at the centre of the conflicts, desires, passions and egoism of worldly society, both for the man himself and for those with whom he becomes involved. The result, according to philosopher A.C. Grayling, is “one of the most excoriating, compelling and remarkable books ever written; and without question one of the greatest.” Author: Fyodor Dostoyevsky	i don't know
On a standard UK typewriter keyboard, over which number is a circumflex positioned?	Using Tyndale Greek & Hebrew Unicode The Tyndale Unicode Font Kit provides: Hebrew font and keyboard including full pointing with automatic positioning Greek font and keyboard including breathing and accents with automatic positioning Transliteration font and keyboards for Greek, Hebrew and manuscript markups Masoretic punctuation font and keyboard for punctuation in the Hebrew Old Testament To start typing in Greek or Hebrew: 1) Turn on the keyboard at "EN" on the taskbar or toggle through keyboards with Alt-Shift 2) Change the font to Cardo (On a Mac, click on the flag at top right) Most word processors on a PC will work OK with Greek & right-to-left Hebrew. A few word processors (eg Word Perfect) may never convert to Unicode. On the Mac, Word does not cope with writing Hebrew right-to-left or pointing, but NeoOffice (free) writes Hebrew well and Melel (cheap) does it perfectly. However, at present, there are considerable problems with Hebrew on Macs .ï¿½ Masoretic punctuation The Masoretes tried to eliminate ambiguity in the Hebrew Old Testament by indicating which words form phrases together and which words did or did not act on each other. In order to do this they created a complex system of punctuation. ï¿½ English has five or six ways to provide internal structure to sentences, while Masoretic Hebrew has fourteen common ways and several more rarer ones. ï¿½ English has only one way to make a compound word (using a hyphen) while Masoretic Hebrew has eight major and several rarer ways of conjoining words. An explanation of this system is installed with the Tyndale Kit. To see the significance of these divisions see the TanakhML structure analysis, I can't remember all this! Don't worry ï¿½ use it for a little, and you'll soon be touch-typing. Print the summary page and pin it up in front of you. How do I copy and paste Bible texts without typing them? You can do this in various ways, eg: 1) copy and paste from Crosswire.org 2) download the InsertBible tool 3) tell your Bible program (Accordance, Logos or BibleWorks) to export in Unicode For example, in BibleWorks: - click on Tools: Options: Fonts and select "Export Fonts" - for Greek & Hebrew tick "Unicode" a choose a Unicode font such as Cardo Right-to-left does not work in Windows XP: Open the Control Panel for "Regional and Language Options" (click on "Start", "Control Panels") Click on tab "Languages" - if there is no tick on "Install files for... right to left languages", tick it and restart the computer (you may be asked for your Windows installation discs). Hebrew accents are not working correctly. Perhaps you have not turned on the Cardo font? Cardo contains positioning data which is not available in Times New Roman and most other Unicode fonts containing Hebrew. Other good academic fonts include SIL Hebrew, SBL Hebrew, Code 2000 and TITUS. Perhaps you are trying to write Hebrew in Word on a Mac? Unfortunately Word on the Mac is years behind the PC for Unicode. Fortunately NeoOffice is as just as good (if not better), and is fairly good at Hebrew, and it is free! For flawless Hebrew use Melel. Perhaps you are using a non-standard keyboard (Croatian or whatever)? Keys such as single quote may not be indicated the same - try the key at the bottom left of the Enter key. Other keys may also need to be found by hunting round! How do I write macros in Word to change fonts? In Word 2003 (other versions are similar): First make a copy of your "normal.dot" file which contains all the Word settings (just in case). It is usually at C:\Documents and Settings\YOUR ID\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\ Then: - click on menu "Tools", "Macro", "Record New Macro..." - name the macro "TypeHebrew" and click on "Keyboard" - press a shortcut keystroke, eg Alt+H and click on "Assign" then "Close" - change the font in Word to "Cardo" - change the keyboard by changing "EN" to "HE" (in the bottom-right language bar) - click on menu "Tools", "Macro", "Stop recording" Make a similar macro for Greek (Alt+G - select "EL" and Cardo) and for (ie English) (Alt+N - select "EN" and Times New Roman, or whatever you use). Now, when you are in Word and press Arl+H you should be writing Hebrew from Right to Left, and when you press Alt+N you go back to English. The macros should look something like this: Sub TypeHebrew() How do I insert the rare accents missing from the keyboard? The Hebrew keyboard canï¿½t contain all the Masoretic punctuation, though the common punctuation is available on the top number line when you turn on Caps Lock ï¿½ use Shift to put the mark above a letter. Punctuation which isnï¿½t there has to be inserted manually, - ie click on menu ï¿½Insertï¿½, then ï¿½Symbolï¿½, find the character and click ï¿½Insertï¿½. For example, the Hebrew Accent Zarqa' or ï¿½sinnorï¿½ is code 05AE. How do I move a furtive patach and other accents left or right? The furtive patach and a few other accents should not be central, eg: This is a little fiddly to do. First, highlight just the accent (ie the left half of the character), then press Ctrl-D (to edit the font), click on ï¿½Character Spacingï¿½, and set Scale at 130%. Hebrew and Greek on my Mac insists on being Times New Roman or a Logos font! I don't know why this happens, but if you reinstall Cardo it seems to cure it. How do I write a diaresis? To get a simple diaresis, type shift-hyphen before the letter. To type a diaresis combined with an accent, type the same as you would for the accent by itself, plus shift eg type shift with forward slash then u to get a lightly quizzical smiley. How do I stop line spacing from growing when I write Hebrew? Set the Line Spacing to an "Exact" (ie a fixed) amount. You can do this for individual paragraphs or styles, but if you set the "Normal" style, this should mean that everything else inherits it, though you may wish to set footnotes to a smaller Line Spacing. To set fixed line spacing for "Normal": - Click on menu "Format", "Styles", - right-click on "Normal", "Modify", - click on "Format", "Paragraph", and set "Line spacing" to "Exactly" - 12pt or 14pt should look good - try it and see This setting will also fix a common problem with footnotes which sometimes don't appear on the same page as the footnote marker without setting "Exact" line spacing. I don't know why this should fix it, but it does. How do I stop sigma turning into stigma before an accent? If you type "προσώπον" in Word, you will get "προςώπον" This is a Word problem. Wordpad and Open Office don't do it. The clever guys at Tavultesoft posted a solution How do I type common transliteration characters like e or ( ? A transliteration keyboard is included:ï¿½ turn on Greek and click on Caps Lock (see the details above) However, this doesnï¿½t include simple things like superscript "e" and "(". Partly I didn't include these because I don't use transliteration much, and partly because you already have them. First, a rant about why I don't like transliteration: Real Hebrew is written in Hebrew, or in simple transliteration such as or 'ayin (sing. 'eye') or 'eimim (dual 'eye') - ie no superscripts or accents or curly breathings to indicate which sound you are not pronouncing. The purpose of transliteration used to be to represent the Hebrew letters when we didn't have a Hebrew font, or to help those who don't know how to pronounce the Hebrew, or to quickly write some Hebrew without bothering to change font. The first reason is no longer needed, and the other two are best done without accents and curlies. But if you do need transliteration, (ie if your old-fashioned publisher insists), the Transliteration font in the Tyndale Unicode kit does most things, and here is how to do other simpler things: To write a superscript "(" without leaving the keyboard: - press Ctrl+Shift+"=" - press Ctrl+Shift+"="ï¿½ï¿½ again If this becomes tedious, or if you want something a little more nuanced, create an auto-correct, eg: (the following assumes you have a menu bar, which was standard upto Word 2003 and an optional extra there-after) - make a superscript "("ï¿½ as above, then highlight it and: - click on "Format" > "Font" > "Character Spacing" tab - change the "Scale" to "80%" (to make the curlie smaller) - increase the "Spacing" to "1 pt" (to increase the gap before the next character) - and increase the "Position" to "1 pt" (to increase the vertical position) - click OK and see it if is as you want it. If it isn't, adjust some more. - highlight your perfect curlie and click on Tools > Auto-correct options - in "Replace" type ".(" - select "Formatted text" instead of "Plain text" and click OK From now on, whenever you type ".(" it turns into your perfect curlie. You can do this for a whole bunch of different characters. I canï¿½t see the Language Bar (the EL or EN etc) in Win.XP This happens sometimes, the the following may fix it. Go to Control panel>Regional and Language Options>Languages>Details - you should see that the EL and HE fonts are installed. If they arenï¿½t, re-run the installation. In the Details tab, click on "Language Bar" - make sure "Show the Language bar..." is ticked. Now untick it. Now click on "Langauge Bar" again" and tick "Show the Language bar..." AND tick "Show text labels on the Language bar" If you still can't see it, right-click near the Task Manager (on the bottom-right of the screen by default) ï¿½ï¿½ till you get the option for "Toolbar", and tick "Language bar" Use Unicode charï¿½ï¿½ 0305 (recommended by SBL) - this is typed after a letter, but in some fonts it looks better if you also add a preceding char ̅θ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = θεος ̅ι̅η̅λ̅ï¿½ = ισραηλ ̅υ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = υιος ̅χ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = χριστος ï¿½θ̅ς̅ = Times New Roman ï¿½θ̅ς̅ = Arial ï¿½θ̅ς̅ï¿½ = SBL Greek To type it, change to TH Greek keyboard, and 1) type the letter (eg "a" for α) 2) press Alt-Grï¿½ (to the right of the space bar) with "-"ï¿½ (the hyphen key) 3) press any other key ï¿½ ie the next letter or space If you already have the font you should be able to see an ornate P here: 𝔓 You may not see them in the Symbol Insert tool in Word because their number is higher than Hex FFFF, so enter them manually, ie: eg to insert the Majority Text symbol: hold down Alt and type ï¿½120080″ (all on the number pad) then let go of Alt (remember to use the + on the number pad) Papyrus symbol = 120083 Septuagint, Greek Old Testament = 120086 Lectionary symbol = 119897 Some symbols for textual criticism arenï¿½t available on any free Unicode font I know of. (Even the SIL Apparatus font doesnï¿½t have the Gothic M etc for OT TC) The best commercial fonts are probably those from Linguist Software . The only free alternative I know of is the non-Unicode font Garys.ttf from CSNTM but even that isnï¿½t perfect. I think it is time for OT TC to move on and use MT, LXX, and SP. Why do I get a curly circumflex instead of a rounded one? Originally the Greek circumflex was a combined acute + grave, ie ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ nï¿½ï¿½sï¿½ →ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ nï¿½ï¿½sï¿½ →ï¿½ï¿½ noï¿½sï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ orï¿½ noũs The two forms of the accent ( ^ï¿½ orï¿½ ~ï¿½ ) are a matter of style or taste. Cardo (which is installed with the Tyndale Unicode keyboard) has the style ~ like most Greek fonts. Galaxie Unicode Greek has a rounded ^ So, if you like that style, you could use that font instead of Cardo. ï¿½are a few symbols which are available in the latest copy of Cardo from How can I make nice dots under Greek to indicate uncertain characters? The dot-under character is on the top left of most keyboards. Try this: Change to the Tyndale Keyboard, then type "a" and Shift+"ï¿½" ï¿½ (ie press Shift + the key to the left of "1" in the top row) You should get α̣ This works fine for characters that don't have a descender but not with eg γ̣ To make it look better, try using New Athena font (from http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/New-Athena-Unicode ) This makes all the characters look good on printout, (though on the screen it still doesn't look perfect).	six
In what year was the first Formula One motor racing world championship held?	Using Tyndale Greek & Hebrew Unicode The Tyndale Unicode Font Kit provides: Hebrew font and keyboard including full pointing with automatic positioning Greek font and keyboard including breathing and accents with automatic positioning Transliteration font and keyboards for Greek, Hebrew and manuscript markups Masoretic punctuation font and keyboard for punctuation in the Hebrew Old Testament To start typing in Greek or Hebrew: 1) Turn on the keyboard at "EN" on the taskbar or toggle through keyboards with Alt-Shift 2) Change the font to Cardo (On a Mac, click on the flag at top right) Most word processors on a PC will work OK with Greek & right-to-left Hebrew. A few word processors (eg Word Perfect) may never convert to Unicode. On the Mac, Word does not cope with writing Hebrew right-to-left or pointing, but NeoOffice (free) writes Hebrew well and Melel (cheap) does it perfectly. However, at present, there are considerable problems with Hebrew on Macs .ï¿½ Masoretic punctuation The Masoretes tried to eliminate ambiguity in the Hebrew Old Testament by indicating which words form phrases together and which words did or did not act on each other. In order to do this they created a complex system of punctuation. ï¿½ English has five or six ways to provide internal structure to sentences, while Masoretic Hebrew has fourteen common ways and several more rarer ones. ï¿½ English has only one way to make a compound word (using a hyphen) while Masoretic Hebrew has eight major and several rarer ways of conjoining words. An explanation of this system is installed with the Tyndale Kit. To see the significance of these divisions see the TanakhML structure analysis, I can't remember all this! Don't worry ï¿½ use it for a little, and you'll soon be touch-typing. Print the summary page and pin it up in front of you. How do I copy and paste Bible texts without typing them? You can do this in various ways, eg: 1) copy and paste from Crosswire.org 2) download the InsertBible tool 3) tell your Bible program (Accordance, Logos or BibleWorks) to export in Unicode For example, in BibleWorks: - click on Tools: Options: Fonts and select "Export Fonts" - for Greek & Hebrew tick "Unicode" a choose a Unicode font such as Cardo Right-to-left does not work in Windows XP: Open the Control Panel for "Regional and Language Options" (click on "Start", "Control Panels") Click on tab "Languages" - if there is no tick on "Install files for... right to left languages", tick it and restart the computer (you may be asked for your Windows installation discs). Hebrew accents are not working correctly. Perhaps you have not turned on the Cardo font? Cardo contains positioning data which is not available in Times New Roman and most other Unicode fonts containing Hebrew. Other good academic fonts include SIL Hebrew, SBL Hebrew, Code 2000 and TITUS. Perhaps you are trying to write Hebrew in Word on a Mac? Unfortunately Word on the Mac is years behind the PC for Unicode. Fortunately NeoOffice is as just as good (if not better), and is fairly good at Hebrew, and it is free! For flawless Hebrew use Melel. Perhaps you are using a non-standard keyboard (Croatian or whatever)? Keys such as single quote may not be indicated the same - try the key at the bottom left of the Enter key. Other keys may also need to be found by hunting round! How do I write macros in Word to change fonts? In Word 2003 (other versions are similar): First make a copy of your "normal.dot" file which contains all the Word settings (just in case). It is usually at C:\Documents and Settings\YOUR ID\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\ Then: - click on menu "Tools", "Macro", "Record New Macro..." - name the macro "TypeHebrew" and click on "Keyboard" - press a shortcut keystroke, eg Alt+H and click on "Assign" then "Close" - change the font in Word to "Cardo" - change the keyboard by changing "EN" to "HE" (in the bottom-right language bar) - click on menu "Tools", "Macro", "Stop recording" Make a similar macro for Greek (Alt+G - select "EL" and Cardo) and for (ie English) (Alt+N - select "EN" and Times New Roman, or whatever you use). Now, when you are in Word and press Arl+H you should be writing Hebrew from Right to Left, and when you press Alt+N you go back to English. The macros should look something like this: Sub TypeHebrew() How do I insert the rare accents missing from the keyboard? The Hebrew keyboard canï¿½t contain all the Masoretic punctuation, though the common punctuation is available on the top number line when you turn on Caps Lock ï¿½ use Shift to put the mark above a letter. Punctuation which isnï¿½t there has to be inserted manually, - ie click on menu ï¿½Insertï¿½, then ï¿½Symbolï¿½, find the character and click ï¿½Insertï¿½. For example, the Hebrew Accent Zarqa' or ï¿½sinnorï¿½ is code 05AE. How do I move a furtive patach and other accents left or right? The furtive patach and a few other accents should not be central, eg: This is a little fiddly to do. First, highlight just the accent (ie the left half of the character), then press Ctrl-D (to edit the font), click on ï¿½Character Spacingï¿½, and set Scale at 130%. Hebrew and Greek on my Mac insists on being Times New Roman or a Logos font! I don't know why this happens, but if you reinstall Cardo it seems to cure it. How do I write a diaresis? To get a simple diaresis, type shift-hyphen before the letter. To type a diaresis combined with an accent, type the same as you would for the accent by itself, plus shift eg type shift with forward slash then u to get a lightly quizzical smiley. How do I stop line spacing from growing when I write Hebrew? Set the Line Spacing to an "Exact" (ie a fixed) amount. You can do this for individual paragraphs or styles, but if you set the "Normal" style, this should mean that everything else inherits it, though you may wish to set footnotes to a smaller Line Spacing. To set fixed line spacing for "Normal": - Click on menu "Format", "Styles", - right-click on "Normal", "Modify", - click on "Format", "Paragraph", and set "Line spacing" to "Exactly" - 12pt or 14pt should look good - try it and see This setting will also fix a common problem with footnotes which sometimes don't appear on the same page as the footnote marker without setting "Exact" line spacing. I don't know why this should fix it, but it does. How do I stop sigma turning into stigma before an accent? If you type "προσώπον" in Word, you will get "προςώπον" This is a Word problem. Wordpad and Open Office don't do it. The clever guys at Tavultesoft posted a solution How do I type common transliteration characters like e or ( ? A transliteration keyboard is included:ï¿½ turn on Greek and click on Caps Lock (see the details above) However, this doesnï¿½t include simple things like superscript "e" and "(". Partly I didn't include these because I don't use transliteration much, and partly because you already have them. First, a rant about why I don't like transliteration: Real Hebrew is written in Hebrew, or in simple transliteration such as or 'ayin (sing. 'eye') or 'eimim (dual 'eye') - ie no superscripts or accents or curly breathings to indicate which sound you are not pronouncing. The purpose of transliteration used to be to represent the Hebrew letters when we didn't have a Hebrew font, or to help those who don't know how to pronounce the Hebrew, or to quickly write some Hebrew without bothering to change font. The first reason is no longer needed, and the other two are best done without accents and curlies. But if you do need transliteration, (ie if your old-fashioned publisher insists), the Transliteration font in the Tyndale Unicode kit does most things, and here is how to do other simpler things: To write a superscript "(" without leaving the keyboard: - press Ctrl+Shift+"=" - press Ctrl+Shift+"="ï¿½ï¿½ again If this becomes tedious, or if you want something a little more nuanced, create an auto-correct, eg: (the following assumes you have a menu bar, which was standard upto Word 2003 and an optional extra there-after) - make a superscript "("ï¿½ as above, then highlight it and: - click on "Format" > "Font" > "Character Spacing" tab - change the "Scale" to "80%" (to make the curlie smaller) - increase the "Spacing" to "1 pt" (to increase the gap before the next character) - and increase the "Position" to "1 pt" (to increase the vertical position) - click OK and see it if is as you want it. If it isn't, adjust some more. - highlight your perfect curlie and click on Tools > Auto-correct options - in "Replace" type ".(" - select "Formatted text" instead of "Plain text" and click OK From now on, whenever you type ".(" it turns into your perfect curlie. You can do this for a whole bunch of different characters. I canï¿½t see the Language Bar (the EL or EN etc) in Win.XP This happens sometimes, the the following may fix it. Go to Control panel>Regional and Language Options>Languages>Details - you should see that the EL and HE fonts are installed. If they arenï¿½t, re-run the installation. In the Details tab, click on "Language Bar" - make sure "Show the Language bar..." is ticked. Now untick it. Now click on "Langauge Bar" again" and tick "Show the Language bar..." AND tick "Show text labels on the Language bar" If you still can't see it, right-click near the Task Manager (on the bottom-right of the screen by default) ï¿½ï¿½ till you get the option for "Toolbar", and tick "Language bar" Use Unicode charï¿½ï¿½ 0305 (recommended by SBL) - this is typed after a letter, but in some fonts it looks better if you also add a preceding char ̅θ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = θεος ̅ι̅η̅λ̅ï¿½ = ισραηλ ̅υ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = υιος ̅χ̅ς̅ï¿½ï¿½ = χριστος ï¿½θ̅ς̅ = Times New Roman ï¿½θ̅ς̅ = Arial ï¿½θ̅ς̅ï¿½ = SBL Greek To type it, change to TH Greek keyboard, and 1) type the letter (eg "a" for α) 2) press Alt-Grï¿½ (to the right of the space bar) with "-"ï¿½ (the hyphen key) 3) press any other key ï¿½ ie the next letter or space If you already have the font you should be able to see an ornate P here: 𝔓 You may not see them in the Symbol Insert tool in Word because their number is higher than Hex FFFF, so enter them manually, ie: eg to insert the Majority Text symbol: hold down Alt and type ï¿½120080″ (all on the number pad) then let go of Alt (remember to use the + on the number pad) Papyrus symbol = 120083 Septuagint, Greek Old Testament = 120086 Lectionary symbol = 119897 Some symbols for textual criticism arenï¿½t available on any free Unicode font I know of. (Even the SIL Apparatus font doesnï¿½t have the Gothic M etc for OT TC) The best commercial fonts are probably those from Linguist Software . The only free alternative I know of is the non-Unicode font Garys.ttf from CSNTM but even that isnï¿½t perfect. I think it is time for OT TC to move on and use MT, LXX, and SP. Why do I get a curly circumflex instead of a rounded one? Originally the Greek circumflex was a combined acute + grave, ie ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ nï¿½ï¿½sï¿½ →ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ nï¿½ï¿½sï¿½ →ï¿½ï¿½ noï¿½sï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ orï¿½ noũs The two forms of the accent ( ^ï¿½ orï¿½ ~ï¿½ ) are a matter of style or taste. Cardo (which is installed with the Tyndale Unicode keyboard) has the style ~ like most Greek fonts. Galaxie Unicode Greek has a rounded ^ So, if you like that style, you could use that font instead of Cardo. ï¿½are a few symbols which are available in the latest copy of Cardo from How can I make nice dots under Greek to indicate uncertain characters? The dot-under character is on the top left of most keyboards. Try this: Change to the Tyndale Keyboard, then type "a" and Shift+"ï¿½" ï¿½ (ie press Shift + the key to the left of "1" in the top row) You should get α̣ This works fine for characters that don't have a descender but not with eg γ̣ To make it look better, try using New Athena font (from http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/New-Athena-Unicode ) This makes all the characters look good on printout, (though on the screen it still doesn't look perfect).	i don't know
Power lifter Micky Yule became Britain’s first gold medal winner at which games last week?	Prince Harry pays tribute to athletes at Invictus Games closing ceremony \| Daily Mail Online Harry's heroines! Prince pays tribute to the bravery of wounded US Army medic who gave her medal back, 9/11 hero and all 485 competitors as he closes Invictus Games in spectacular ceremony Prince Harry closed the second ever Invictus Games on Thursday night thanking all the competitors He singled out Sarah Rudder, a 9/11 survivor who scooped seven medals, and swimming Elizabeth Marks for praise Earlier he delighted 95-year-old Ruth Ullerman with a kiss on the cheek on the final day of the Invictus Games The royal chatted with the cheerful pensioner outside the wheelchair tennis finals at the games this morning Harry beamed as he presented the British tennis team with gold medals at the match in Orlando, Florida The prince will later watch the wheelchair basket ball match finals ahead of the closing ceremony this evening	Invictus Games
Which Briton was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953?	EH Fitness Magazine - Issue 2 by GladstoneMedia - issuu CYCLING GRAB LIFE BY THE HANDLEBARS NUTRITION FUELLING PERFORMANCE FOR ENDURANCE EVENTS PARKOUR URBAN FUN FOR EVERYONE CROSSFIT MORE THAN JUST A GYM FREE FREE BRITISH MILITARY FITNESS SESSION SPECIAL OFFER 25% TRAINING WITH FINELY TUNED FITNESS WIN FANTASTIC GEAR FROM FLARE CLOTHING The dedicated health & fitness magazine for Edinburgh & the Lothians Welcome Publisher Mark Eaton [email protected] Admin/Subscriptions Diane Reid [email protected] Design Mad Creative www.mad-creative.co.uk Welcome to the second issue of EH Fitness – the dedicated health, fitness and well-being magazine exclusively for the people of Edinburgh and the Lothians. The feedback since launching our first issue at the start of April has been incredible and we’re very proud of the positive comments we’ve received so far, a selection of which are shown below. It reinforces what we’re doing and what we believe in and spurs us on to make EH Fitness the first resource you think of for local health, fitness and general well-being advice, hints and tips. In this issue, we’ve got some fantastic content for you including an exclusive chat with our cover hero, Micky Yule, who recently won gold at the Invictus Games – a true inspiration to us all; a special feature on cycling and the many ways you can bring it into your life; there’s a competition to win some stunning cycle-wear; in our nutrition article we take a look at the importance of fuelling your body and there’s some exclusive reader offers including discounts on training and a free boot camp session. We hope you enjoy Issue 2 and, as always, if you have any comments or suggestions you’d like to share with us, please do get in touch using the contact details to the left. Enjoy! Disclaimer: The health and fitness information presented in this publication is intended as an educational and informative resource and is not intended as a substitute for any professional advice you may have received. Consult a doctor, healthcare professional, qualified personal trainer, dietitian or nutritionist before undertaking any of the exercises, fitness or nutrition programmes described in this magazine, particularly if you are pregnant, or are elderly or have chronic or recurring medical conditions. Discontinue any exercise that causes you pain or severe discomfort and consult a medical expert. “I’ve been meaning to start yoga again for ages and after reading your yoga article I’m really motivated to do so!” “I think the magazine had a good mixture of articles and I will definitely read the next one” “I especially like your philosophy that it is for the average Joe” “Magazine looks fab!” EH Fitness magazine is published by: All contents copyright Gladstone Media Ltd. All rights reserved. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy, no responsibility can be accepted for inaccuracies, howsoever caused. No liability can be accepted for illustrations, photographs, artwork or advertising materials while in transmission or with the publisher or their agents. GLADSTONE MEDIA Publishing House, 85 Gladstone’s Gait, Bonnyrigg, EH19 3GA 0131 663 5305 \| www.ehfitness.co.uk \| www.gladstonemedia.co.uk www.ehfitness.co.uk EHFitnessMagazine 28 36 Contents 6 MICKY YULE Straight after winning gold at the Invictus Games, EH Fitness manages to hear exclusively from the powerlifter 10 NEWS Drumbrae Leisure Centre refurb; Healthy Living Yearbook reader offer; new trail running event... and much more 16 CYCLING Lots of reasons to get on your bike 19 READER COMPETITION Your chance to win cycling gear courtesy of Flare Clothing and EH Fitness 26 NUTRITION We help you understand the importance of fuelling your body 28 FIGHTING FIT Exercises to help with speed, reaction, core strength and punching 34 FOAM ROLLING If you’ve never considered it before, you surely will after reading this 36 CROSSFIT With a huge increase in the popularity of CrossFit, we find out what it’s all about 04 24a Melville Street Edinburgh, EH3 7NS Call: 07707 412 033 Are you suffering from aches and pains? Do you want to improve your sporting performance, prevent injuries or treat an injury you may have picked up along the way? Call now for a FREE consultation and physical/postural assessment! Range of Movement Sports Injuries Runners Knee At Bodyworks we aim to get to the root cause of your problem by tailoring the treatment completely to your needs as your health and wellbeing is important to us. We have a fantastic team of highly qualified therapists treating a range of clients from Olympic athletes to office workers. We also offer complementary treatments such as Swedish, Hot Stones, Aromatherapy, Indian Head Massage and Reflexology if you are looking to de stress/relax. Please visit our website for further information on our treatments and prices. Back & Neck Pain Tendon Injuries www.bodyworksedinburgh.com/prices We are also continually looking for more partnerships with Sports teams/clubs offering drop in sessions, pitch side support, events and much more! Please do not hesitate to get in touch with us to book your FREE consultation and assessment or if you have any questions. [email protected] 07707 412 033 COVER STORY Invictus Games gold medal winner Micky Yule speaks to EH Fitness about how sport has given him something back in his life and looking forward to Rio 2016 I joined the army in 1996 as a 17 year old boy – it was the only job I ever had and I never envisaged doing anything else. The Army was my life and I loved every minute. On 1st July 2010 my world changed. I lost both legs above the knee when I stepped on an IED in Helmand Province. I felt the whole impact go straight through my feet and then out my head. I knew straight away that I was in a bad way. The injuries I received in Afghanistan meant that my life would now be as a double amputee. I had some dark days in the beginning, wondering how I could continue to live a worthwhile life. Sport does give you a reason to get out of bed. I quickly decided to get back into my love for sport and initially used it as a method of losing weight and getting stronger again. I started powerlifting and was invited to compete in regional disability competitions. My motivation and dedication to train went 06 “sport does give you a reason to get out of bed” through the roof after watching the London 2012 Paralympics and I promised myself to do everything in my control to compete in Rio 2016. In June 2014 I first heard about the Invictus Games – the competition being organised by Prince Harry for wounded, injured and sick servicemen and women around the world which were going to be held in London in September that year. This was something I felt I had to be part of. I had missed the feeling of being one of the lads and felt I really needed to be around that atmosphere again. London was a tremendous success both on and off the lifting platform for myself. I managed to win a gold medal in my COVER STORY “I hope that I can be an inspiration for other people….it’s important to never give up” weight class but more importantly found a piece of me that had been missing since my injury. I found the soldier again who had been lost during the rehab and recovery. At the closing ceremony Prince Harry said that he hoped the Invictus Games would continue long after London. I, as well as every other Invictus Games competitor, vowed to do their best to be selected again. Fast forward 18 months and I found myself stepping onto the Virgin Atlantic plane heading to defend my title on the American’s home patch. I again had missed the once familiar surroundings of soldiers and found myself at ease amongst the banter and tales that everyone had. And I was loving how the Americans had put a showbiz twist to the London 2014 Invictus Games - everything was bigger and louder. After 4 years of ups and downs, injuries and illness I was so proud to be a part of the Invictus Games 2016. I’m now looking forward to the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. All of the hard work and thousands of hours training have paid off and now I get to look forward to representing my country again but this time in sport. I hope that I can be an inspiration for other people and that they’ll understand that it’s important to never give up on their goals, no matter how crazy they may seem to others. I was given a second chance at life and there’s no way I’m giving it up. All competition was taking place at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the atmosphere was electric. And once again I won gold with a lift of 190kg weighing in at 64kg body weight. A massive one for me. www.ehfitness.co.uk 07 FEATURE For people with a physical, sensory or learning disability, one organisation leads the development and promotion of sport and physical recreation across the Lothians Background Aims Lothian Disability Sport (LDS) aim to provide opportunities to participate in physical activity for all individuals with a disability regardless of age and sporting ability. The organisation was originally set up as Lothian Sports Association for the Disabled back in 1962 and has evolved over the decades, culminating in the creation of the registered Scottish Charity Lothian Disability Sport in 1998. This aim is facilitated in collaboration with a number of key partners across the region, including all four local authorities and National Governing Bodies of Sport. LDS are a branch member of the governing body for disability sport, Scottish Disability Sport (SDS) and work closely to achieve goals and undertake work that will enhance opportunities to access and enjoy sport in the region. Further partnership work extends to local clubs and additional key organisations like Lothian Special Olympics (LSO) who offer participatory and competitive pathways for athletes and players with a learning disability only. LDS is predominantly a voluntary led organisation with committee members from a range of backgrounds providing their skills and expertise to support the Disability Sport Coordinator to drive the aims and objectives of the board forward. The underlying principles of LDS are to promote sport and physical activity for people with a physical, learning or sensory impairment through the following ways: • support individuals to develop confidence through participation in sport and therefore promote health and well being • encourage individuals to develop any particular sporting abilities which they may have and • support them in furthering their sporting potential • provide and promote opportunities for clubs and club members to participate in a range of sporting and leisure activities • publish and distribute regular upto-date information on activities and opportunities. To help LDS achieve these goals, the organisation offer: • a Lothian wide programme of competitive and participatory events in selected sports, for both school aged and senior athletes. The school calendar alone engaged 748 young people in 2015/2016. • co-ordination of athletes and teams at Scottish Disability Sport National sports events, extending the pathway for individuals to gain experience outwith the region and the chance to participate against and alongside their peers from across the country • information surrounding coaching and training opportunities and access to coach education courses, in addition to supporting the UK Disability Inclusion Training – the inclusive education opportunity delivered by SDS • provide support to established and developing clubs in the local area – this is achieved through volunteer recruitment, support with governance and athlete identification, all part of the benefits of affiliating to LDS • provide grant aid for athletes, clubs, coaches and volunteers where appropriate – LDS provided financial support for 6 athletes and 3 coaches in 2015 / 2016 and are currently developing a specific fund to support athletes on the performance pathway. If any of the information has whetted your appetite to become involved with disability sport then please get in touch to discuss these opportunities in more depth. You can find more info through the following ways: 08 FEATURE Calendar of Events As highlighted earlier, the calendar of events is a key area of work for LDS and helps introduce athletes of all ages and abilities to sport and physical activity. The ongoing development of the school calendar relies on close collaborative work between Active Schools Co-ordinators and Sports Development Officers in all four local authorities to facilitate the Schools Programme. The Regional Schools Programme continues to provide the young people from Lothian the opportunity to participate within a range of sports at grass root level and exposes them to a range of events in football, boccia, swimming, badminton and athletics, both sportshall and track & field. The fifteen Regional events have seen 748 young people access the School Programme throughout the 2015/2016 academic year and engaged over 30 schools from across Edinburgh and the Lothians, showing how well established the calendar is throughout the region. In addition to these opportunities, Lothian has had representation at six Scottish Disability Sport National Junior events. Some highlights of the 2015/2016 calendar include the Paralympic Experience Events and the Sportshall Athletics Event. Both events display excellent partnership work and underline the tremendous amount of work that is undertaken in the planning, co-ordinating and delivery of the events. The fifth Paralympic Experience Event seen an increase in participation with 62 young people with a physical disability or sensory impairment originally signed up and this significant elevation in numbers can be strongly related to the work and support that the Active Schools teams across Edinburgh and East Lothian have contributed. The Sportshall Athletics event has been a staple in the School Calendar for a number of years and partnership working has developed over this time. The event is held at West Lothian College, with the students from the Sports & Fitness course undertaking Adapted Sportshall Athletics training facilitated by Scottish Athletics allowing them to help deliver the event on the day. This support is supplemented by the Sports Development and Active Schools teams in West Lothian who significantly contribute to the planning, co-ordination and delivery stages of the process. Club Opportunities LDS work closely with a range of clubs in the region and are proud to boast some of the strongest club opportunities across the entire country, with many athletes previously and currently flourishing under the guidance of the vastly experienced coaches. Some of the club opportunities in the local area that can be accessed are highlighted below: • Archery • Badminton • Bowls • Judo • Basketball (Wheelchair) • Tennis (Wheelchair) • Athletics • Swimming • Boccia • Football • Fencing (Wheelchair) Athlete Case Study A current example of the pathway opportunities that are provided by LDS are evident with swimmer Scott Quin and athlete Maria Lyle both excelling on the International stage with the Paralympics in Rio firmly on the agenda for later in the year. Midlothian man Scott Quin has LDS firmly embedded in his considerable development as an elite athlete, accessing calendar opportunities while at school in Midlothian before progressing through the club pathway with local disability swimming clubs Loanhead Dolphins and Lothian Racers. Quin has gone from strength to strength and claimed a Gold medal at the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) European Swimming Championships in Madeira, Portugal earlier this month. Loanhead swimmer Quin, competes in the category dedicated to swimmers with a learning disability (S14) and will be looking to add to his gold tally when he travels to Brazil in September. In addition to performing at top level as a full time athlete, Scott continues to support local disability sport and regularly attends LDS swim gala’s, providing excellent motivation for the young swimmers of today and future stars of tomorrow. This is just one example of a host of success stories and LDS will support athletes into sport and physical activity regardless of the level they aspire to. Tel: 0131 475 2364 or 0770 939 3514 Email: [email protected] Facebook: LothianDisabilitySport Twitter: LDS_Sport www.ehfitness.co.uk 09 NEWS Rough Runner heading for Scotland Rough Runner – an obstacle course challenge combining distance running with a variety of obstacles along the way, each inspired by game shows such as Total Wipeout, Takeshi’s Castle, Gladiators, Ninja Warrior and Fun House – is coming to Scotland this August. With obstacles including a punching wall, giant pigeon battles, sweeper arms, big balls and yes, The Travelator, participants can bring all the nostalgia from watching these shows to life and finally take them on themselves! Taking place at Hopetoun House on Saturday 6th and Sunday 7th August, participants have a choice of a 5km route with around 10 obstacles, a 10km route with around 15 obstacles or, for those up for the toughest challenge, around 20 obstacles on a 15km route. No matter which one participants take part in, everyone will cross the Travelator at the finish line so you can consider that particular childhood dream fulfilled! For more information, visit www.roughrunner.com CrossFit JXL REGISTER YOUR INTEREST AND START THE NEW YOU COMMUNITY \| PROVEN RESULTS \| GROUP CLASSES FOR ALL SKILL LEVELS BELIEVE \| ACHIEVE \| SUCCEED Tired of the same routine? Come and experience CrossFit! Whether a beginner or accomplished athlete, all workouts are scalable to your personal fitness level. Gain strength, power, endurance and get in the best shape of your life whilst having fun! Come try it out, the first session is FREE. [email protected] \| 07921 991530 \| 0131 665 1658 \| www.crossfitjxl.com 10 NEWS Reader Offer EH Fitness has secured an exclusive offer for all readers on this inspirational Healthy Living Yearbook. Written by Edinburgh based personal trainer Tracy Griffen who specialises in designing personalised exercise programmes to fit in with busy lives, this 192-page book is jam-packed with lots of hints and tips to look and feel great throughout the year. Covering topics such as what’s good to eat in season; easy healthy seasonal recipes; hints and tips for resisting temptation for those times when indulgence beckons; fitness ideas no matter the weather and realistic information on nutrition, well-being and exercise. If you need some motivation to live a little healthier, this is the book for you. If you need any more motivation, we’ve secured a whopping 25% off bringing the price down to only £7.49. Visit www.ehfitness.co.uk to order your copy and get free delivery. Get fit and enjoy it! New Trail Running Event For anyone who enjoys trail running, Saturday 1st October is a date you must keep clear as a new event suitable for all runners takes place. The Tweed Valley Tunnel Trail Run, organised by Hillside Outside, is a beautiful off-road run through a stunning natural environment with an awesome ‘son et lumière’ twist in the tail at the end. Starting and finishing in Peebles, there’s a choice of two fully waymarked routes – 10km and 20km – with electronic chip timing and everyone who takes part receives a goody bag. Visit www.tunneltrailrun.com for more information and entry details. Aqua Relax Sessions at Portobello Conscious of the fact not everyone enjoys the busy atmosphere of a swimming pool, Edinburgh Leisure has launched a weekly, adults only aqua session specifically designed to be calm, relaxing and informal at Portobello Swimming Pool. The session runs every Thursday from 12:00 – 13:00 and people are invited to come and swim or simply walk and exercise. Features of the session include no lanes or lane swimmers, warmer water and relaxing music. There’s no need to book – just turn up and relax. www.ehfitness.co.uk 11 NEWS SiMBA Fundraising Appeal On September 3rd and 4th this year, Jonny Kermode, one of the talented designers working on EH Fitness magazine, is set to canoe the length of Loch Lomond and climb the Munro of Ben Lomond to raise money for SiMBA – an amazing charity that supports anyone who has suffered the loss of a baby during pregnancy or close to the time of birth. In 2014, Jonny and his partner, Sara, endured such an experience when, at 37 weeks, their baby Rose was stillborn, and although it was a very traumatic time, it was made a little easier by SiMBA. They help families to gather precious items for a Memory Box which can be treasured forever. They also offer drop in support groups, 24 hour on-line support and additional training for midwives and hospital staff. They support parents and families when they need them most and to enhance the bereavement services that are currently available. SiMBA do not charge for any of their services and rely heavily on the generosity of, and assistance from, supporters including fundraising events such as these so, EH Fitness readers, if you can spare anything at all to show our support for Jonny and to help SiMBA continue to offer their special services, please visit: uk.virginmoneygiving.com/SomeoneSpecial/rose RAMBLING & ROWING DARE FITNESS IS ON FACEBOOK & INSTAGRAM 12 Growth Plans Fuel Re-branding for Anytime Leisure WE’RE HIRING Scottish-based fitness equipment company Anytime Leisure is embarking on an ambitious five year strategy to increase its turnover to around £20 million during the next few years through a major programme of international growth and, to support its ambitious targets, is also refocusing and re-branding as Origin Fitness to better reflect its core business. The company, based in Edinburgh, already enjoys a dominant position in the Scottish market, working with local authorities, hotels, health clubs, corporates, sports organisations and the personal training sector in the design, creation and equipping of gyms with their own range of fitness products, flooring and accessories which it designs and produces under the “Origin” brand. Already, Origin Fitness does business in several European countries including Poland, France, Sweden and Belgium but wants to see significant expansion beyond these countries and key people have also been recruited to strengthen and increase its profile and business south of the Border. Happy Birthday Edinburgh based DARE Fitness has recently celebrated its first year in business. When starting out 12 months ago, owner Dale Roy knew he wanted to be a little different to other trainers and make a real difference to the people he trained but, as with any ‘job’, knew it wouldn’t go 100% with everyone. Now, one year later, Dale honestly feels he’s made a difference to some people and claims to have seen some phenomenal results with clients, not just physically but with the self confidence his training has given them. COMMISSION BASED SALES EXECUTIVES Gladstone Media, publishers of this very magazine you’re reading right now, are looking for confident, friendly, success-driven sales people to sell display advertising in EH Fitness. Working from home on a commission only basis, you will be paid up to 40% of the value of every advert you sell and with the commission structure being uncapped, the amount you earn is entirely up to the effort you put in. Commission payments will be made every two weeks and immediate interviews/starts are available. FOR MORE INFORMATION AND TO DISCUSS THIS OPPORTUNITY IN CONFIDENCE, CALL US TODAY: 0131 663 5305 / 07443 425125 OR APPLY BY EMAIL: [email protected] www.ehfitness.co.uk 13 NEWS Midlothian Sports Awards They are testament that age is no barrier to sporting success. One of the youngest winners of last year’s Midlothian Sports Awards, 18-yearold Amy Sanderson has teamed up with the oldest winner, Peter Collins, 84, to encourage as many people as possible to nominate their own sporting heroes this year. Speaking at the launch of this year’s event, Peter, whose Walking Football Team took the Senior Team of the Year title, said winning last year was “really encouraging”. He said: “It’s great fun playing in the Walking Football and it’s good to be recognised. I’d certainly encourage everyone to get voting this year.” Amy, who coaches rugby and won Coach of Year said: “I was quite young and it felt like a big achievement. It makes what you are doing worthwhile and it’s nice to get a reward.” The categories in this year’s Awards are: Senior Sports Personality; Junior Sports Personality; Senior Team Award; Junior Team Award; Coach of the Year; Service to Local Sport and Volunteer of the Year Nomination forms can be picked up from all Midlothian leisure centres, libraries and swimming pools, via www.activemidlothian.org.uk or email allan.blair@midlothian. gov.uk and the closing date for nominations is on Friday 7th August. The winners will be announced at an event on Friday 7th October at the Lasswade Centre. Drumbrae Leisure Centre’s City-wide programme launches to help cancer patients summer makeover Drumbrae Leisure Centre is getting a £1 million plus refurbishment during summer 2016 and will be closing its doors from 10pm on Friday, 17 June, with an estimated re-opening date of 3 October. The improvements will include: Move More • more fitness classes, the creation of a brand new low intensity fitness studio and a refurbishment of the existing studio; • a brand new cycle studio with Matrix bikes and a brand new programme of cycle classes • the Drumbrae gym was recently refurbished with the latest equipment (over 60 pieces) a few months ago but Edinburgh Leisure will be adding to this and creating extra space so there’ll be more room to work out. The experienced gym team will also be launching some new gym classes as well as being on hand to help customers achieve their personal goals. • a new sauna in the pool area • improvements to all the changing areas, toilets and showers • a makeover in the reception area and a refresh of the café area. Whilst the refurbishment is taking place, an alternative fitness class timetable will be happening, using other Edinburgh Leisure centres across the city and customers looking to swim can choose between Ainslie Park Leisure Centre, Dalry and Glenogle Swim Centres. Updates on the refurbishment are available on a dedicated webpage on the Edinburgh Leisure website. 14 A new programme has been launched in Edinburgh to help people affected by cancer get active. Macmillan Cancer Support has invested over £240,000 to develop Move More Edinburgh in partnership with Edinburgh Leisure. The programme has been specifically designed for people affected by cancer and includes walking groups, gardening groups, gentle movement classes, and group activity classes. Helping people who have been diagnosed with cancer to ‘move more’ is a key focus for Macmillan Cancer Support and the activities, which are all free of charge, will not only help people cope with the side effects of treatment, but also provide them with an opportunity to meet others in a similar situation and reduce the loneliness and isolation that the disease can create for those affected. Move More Edinburgh is offering activities in ten locations across the city, which includes five Edinburgh Leisure venues, and anyone interested in finding out more should call 0131 458 2190 or email [email protected] FEATURE Serious Fun For Everyone British Military Fitness was founded in April 1999 by Major Robin Cope and Sergeant Harry Sowerby as an alternative form of group fitness training to gyms. More Than A Boot Camp The idea was, and still is, to get people of all fitness abilities outdoors training in parks, with motivation provided by military trained instructors. While many people refer to BMF as a boot camp, it was never the intention to make BMF an intimidating, hard out boot camp. Instead the aim was always for us to give everyone a fun and effective form of training using the highly professional skills learnt in the military to get people fit. We have over 400 classes in more than 140 locations all across the UK, and turned 17 years old this year. Military Fitness Suitable For Everyone We understand that our classes are only effective and fun if you’re exercising at the right ability level for you. This is why we divide all class participants into three main ability groups: BLUE for beginners RED for intermediates GREEN for advanced participants Whichever group you join you’ll be guaranteed an effective workout with people with a similar level of fitness. We pride ourselves on our coaching ability, and always make sure to give you feedback on your technique to ensure that you get the most from each and every exercise repetition. We have developed a ‘civilian friendly’ version of physical exercise (‘phys’) used to improve and maintain the fitness levels of the British Army, Navy and RAF - some of the fittest individuals on the planet. Locally you can come along and try a session for FREE at one of the following venues: We often get asked - am I fit enough to do a BMF class? The answer is YES. Musselburgh: Fisherrow Links Edinburgh: Meadows, Inverleith Park, Holyrood Park or Edinburgh Business Park For more information, visit: www.britmilfit.com/where-we-train/edinburgh In 2016 and try a British military fitness class for FREE. START YOUR TRAINING TODAY WITH A FREE SIGN UP AT SIGN UP AT BRITISHMILITARYFITNESS.COM BRITISH MILITARY FITNESS SESSION BRITISHMILITARYFITNESS.COM AT ANY OF OUR 140 PARKS NATIONWIDE A5 Flyer.indd 1 23/12/2015 15:18 FEATURE GRAB LIFE BY THE HANDLEBARS As the better weather makes an appearance, it’s a good time to explore the many and varied ways you can wake your bike, and your legs, from hibernation and start to add cycling journeys to your everyday life, whether that’s enjoying an evening ride with friends, commuting by bike or exploring your local cycle routes. Getting started The school run So you’ve been waiting patiently for summer to arrive before dusting off your bike. The time has come and you’ll likely have some questions. Here are a few pointers to help you on your way. The school run offers a great opportunity to explore the independence of cycling. A kid’s bike is freedom and the more cycling you do together as a family, the safer and more confident they will be when the time comes for those first solo flights. Until then, there is a range of bike seats, trailers and cargo bikes available There are many ways you can incorporate travelling by bike in to your life. The average cycling journey in Scotland is 4.4km which means you shouldn’t need to wear special clothing and a simple low maintenance bike will see you right. Commuting Commuting is one of the easiest ways to add cycling in to your daily routine, and moderate daily exercise can be more beneficial than single intense sessions. You will become familiar with surroundings you never knew existed and have a nice glow when you arrive at your desk. If you live out of town, try splitting the journey between bus or train and cycling. You could always increase the distance as you become at home on the road. Facilities such as cycle parking, lockers and showers make life easier for employees who commute by bike. Cycling Scotland’s Cycle Friendly Employer Award recognises workplaces that provide these facilities and helps others to put these things in place. The Essential Cycling Skills app, available on Apple and Android, takes you step by step through getting your bike ready and becoming confident on the roads. Download The Essential Cycling Skills app from the App Store and Google Play. for transporting small people from A to B. Like workplaces, schools can work towards the nationally recognised Cycle Friendly School Award. Add to this Bikeability Scotland cycle training - designed to give children the skills and confidence they need to make independent journeys by bike – and cycling to school becomes much more appealing. For more information on both these schemes, visit: www.cyclefriendlyschool.org www.bikeabilityscotland.org 16 Shopping Planning your route While your weekly shop may not be best suited to a bike journey, many shopping trips are. With the aid of a basket, pannier rack or back pack you may find you buy less, more often and experience fresher food as a result. If you’re a regular public transport user, or often drive to school, work or study, your first thought may be to travel the way your bus goes or the way you would drive. This may not be the best way to get there by bike however. By cycling, you can often sneak along a side road or through a park – experiencing new surroundings as you go. Keep it sociable Cycling doesn’t have to be a purely functional affair. Riding with friends and family on a sunny weekend is a real pleasure. It’s fast enough to cover the ground, but slow enough that take it all in. There are many community groups and cycling organisations out there who specialise getting more people cycling, no matter their age or ability. It’s wise to plan ahead and select a route that avoids fast and narrow roads, you might want to include some off road paths if you are new to cycling. Many local authorities produce route maps of their areas and Sustrans has a web based bike map for the National Cycle Network (NCN). It’s also worth checking out the journey planner on CycleStreets.net and never underestimate the power of Google maps. Of course, the best tips come from those who are well versed with the two-wheeled world. An email or a phone call to a friend or colleague who cycles, or even an impromptu chat at the traffic lights can shed some valuable insider knowledge. www.sustrans.org.uk www.cyclestreets.net EDINBURGH BIKE FITTING Experienced rider or just getting into cycling? Uncomfortable on your bike? Looking for an edge over the competition? [email protected] 07411 195119 www.ehfitness.co.uk CYCLING WITH CHILDREN Cycling with a child adds a whole new dimension to any bike journey, from a short spin to the shops to a full blown cycle tour. Even familiar journeys can present new hazards, as well as delights, when you take a small person along – either on their own bike or a trailer or bike seat. Whatever the size of your trip, I’d recommend the following: Get the equipment that works for you Learn from my mistakes and don’t buy a trailer that doesn’t fit through your front door or a toddler seat that doesn’t fit your bike. If you know other people that ride with their children, try and cycle with them or borrow their gear for a test run. Many cycling organisations run family rides or events and these can be a great way to meet other cycling families and check out their equipment. Local bike shops should be able help you get the right equipment that will fit your bike. Plan your route in advance Many people see familiar routes in a completely different way once they become parents. Steps, poor road conditions and unexpected path barriers can all become serious obstacles when you have your most precious cargo with you. Longer but quieter routes, paths through parks and green spaces can all make the journey more enjoyable for everyone. Prepare for the weather Little ones can get cold quickly on the back of your bike or in a trailer. Wrap them up warmly, and take a blanket for longer trailer journeys in the winter plus the usual layers of coats, gloves and hats. The fundamental importance of snacks Ensure everyone remains cheery through the regular use of snacks. Pack them away in different places and keep a few special treats for bribery if required! It can be hard to motivate happy youngsters to leave the playground or park and get back on the bike, so I find a little treat works well sometimes, as well as keeping the energy levels up. There is a great Facebook group for family cycling It’s a really friendly and helpful community, with plenty of members in Scotland. Suzanne is Head of Development Scotland for Cycling UK. She got back on her bike with her son three years ago, and hasn’t looked back. Suzanne’s family completed their first short cycle tour in the Netherlands last year, which you can read about on her blog about family cycling. CTC run a range of family cycling opportunities, including Bike Curious Family workshops to help people meet other families that cycle. www.backonmybikeblog.wordpress.com 18 FEATURE Flare Clothing Co is the brainchild of Hannah Myers. After years of wearing illfitting clothes and late nights with a pencil and paper, Flare was born. Seeds were finally sown in the summer of 2012 and, after a year of research, prototyping and development they launched their first women’s jersey collection. This was closely followed by a complete range including jerseys, shorts as well as casual t-shirts and hoodies. Now, in their third year, Flare has grown to offer a full complement of Men’s and Women’s riding clothing and accessories whilst incorporating some well-established technical materials and features into their garments. Flare is more than just a clothing brand they love cycling and want more people to experience the fun of racing downhill, riding familiar trails with friends or just having a blast at the pump track. Whatever your preferred discipline of biking, Flare have got something to keep you looking cool, comfortable and contemporary. WIN! EH Fitness has teamed up with the wonderful people at Flare Clothing to give you a chance to win £75 worth of cycle-wear. We’ve got a signature t-shirt and Stage Enduro jersey each for one lucky man and woman. The t-shirts, worth £25 each, are a classic slim fit made from technical fibres that will keep you cool while the long-sleeved jerseys, worth £50 each, are made from a wicking, breathable polyester perfect for chilly days out on the trail or when you need some more protection. Loose fitting and comfortable, the jerseys also have a small hidden zip pocket in the left side seam, perfect for a key or some change. Designed in Britain; worn worldwide. TO ENTER: For a chance to win, visit www.ehfitness.co.uk by 9am on 1st July and enter your email address. The winner will then be selected at random and notified by email. www.ehfitness.co.uk EHFitnessMagazine 19 FEATURE Get ready to Pedal for Scotland Scotland’s biggest bike event, Pedal for Scotland, returns on 11 September for its 18th year. The event encompasses three rides of varying distance and difficulty, perfect for anyone no matter their age or ability. The Classic Challenge is the most popular ride, with 7500 participants heading off from Glasgow Green, crossing the central belt, and arriving, exhilarated, energised and accomplished, in Edinburgh with 50 miles under their belts. The ride’s huge popularity is due to the combination of a great route* that uses a mixture of closed roads, quiet back roads and cycle paths and the fact that it takes in Scotland’s two largest cities via stunning countryside. It’s the perfect challenge for both regular riders and those who haven’t cycled in a while – a few weeks training should be enough to get in shape. There are rest stops around every ten miles or so serving free refreshments, plus a free lunch at the beautiful Linlithgow Palace, topped off with entertainment and stalls in Edinburgh, making for the perfect active day out for groups of friends, family or work mates. Transport can also be booked to get you and your bike to the start at Glasgow Green, or home from the finish line in Edinburgh. The Classic Challenge is just that, a classic route, now in its 18th year, which offers riders the opportunity to challenge themselves in a sociable and fun atmosphere. The Pedal for Scotland Big Belter® is a Sportive ride of 110 miles from Glasgow to Edinburgh. The ride uses the same start and finish 20 points as the Classic Challenge ride, but takes a completely separate route through the Scottish Borders, meaning you get the buzz of Scotland’s biggest bike event on a quieter route designed for road cyclists. The transport service will serve Big Belter® riders too, meaning there is an easy and hassle free way to get you and your bike to the start in Glasgow Green, or back home from Edinburgh at the finish. The Wee Jaunt® provides a fantastic (and almost entirely traffic-free) route taking in the last nine miles of the Classic Challenge route and joining the festival atmosphere with the rest of the Pedal for Scotland Classic Challenge and Big Belter® riders at the finish line in Edinburgh. Everyone taking part will have the chance to raise money to help children living in poverty in Scotland through the STV Children’s Appeal, Pedal for Scotland’s official charity partner. *The new 2016 route is stilling in planning and discussion with Local Authorities. All three Pedal for Scotland events will take place on Sunday 11 September. To find out more and enter, visit www.pedalforscotland.org. FEATURE Cycle with us and join our inspiring fundraisers. Help us to reach the 50,000 people in Scotland living with autism. 18 June, 2016 â€“ Edinburgh Night Ride 11 September, 2016 â€“ Pedal for Scotland scottishautism scottishautism E [email protected] T 01259 720 044 www.scottishautism.org FEATURE How To Ride A Successful Sportive Richard Lord gives his advice on how you can finish strong and have your best event yet. Sportive events have really taken off in recent years and there are some great challenges for every ability. Now that you’ve chosen your event, you want to enjoy the ride. However, there’s more to cycling than ‘just going out for a ride’. Follow these simple tips for a great Sportive. Tip 2) Stay hydrated We’re made up of about 70% water. If we don’t drink enough, the fluid in the blood and muscles is reduced and then we don’t function as well. It’s possible to go all scientific and weigh yourself before and after exercise but the easiest way is to check the colour of your pee. Generally we’ll need to drink approximately 500-1000ml per hour depending on the temperature and your sweat rate. Before your event: Tip 1) Fuel your body for exercise during training and your event Nutrition is the biggest limiting factor in fatigue. Our bodies only store enough glycogen (our energy source) for up to 90 minutes of exercise. If your event is longer, you’ll need to take up to 60g carbohydrates per hour. This can be in the form of energy drinks, gels or solid foods. Finding the right combination for you takes time so test this in training. Don’t try anything new in your event!! 22 fuel and drink is needed to get there and re-stock for the next section. If it’s wet, windy or both, it will take longer to get there so take more supplies. Tip 4) Fuel up the day before If it’s a particularly long event, it’s important to ensure glycogen stores are fully loaded. You’ll need to increase your carbohydrate intake throughout the day. To find out how many carbs you need in grams, multiply your weight by 10. For example, an 80 kg rider should eat approximately 800g of carbs throughout the day. On the day: Tip 3) Check the course If the course is long enough there will be feed stations along the way. With this information you can work out how much Tip 5) Use tips 1 and 2 These tips are here for a reason. Now you need to stick to what works. Tip 6) Have a good breakfast Have a good breakfast high FEATURE in carbs 2-3 hours before your start. Don’t leave it too late as this could cause stomach cramps! It’s also important to drink 500-1000ml of your chosen energy drink during this time. Tip 7) Start slow and finish fast It’s easy to get caught up in the excitement of your event and set off too fast but you’ll blow the doors off long before you reach the finish. If your group is too fast then slow down. You’ll be caught by another group so join them. If they’re too slow, join a faster group as you’re caught. Using a Heart rate monitor or power meter will help you avoid going too hard. Don’t go above zones 3 or 4 (depending on your fitness level). When you’re near the finish you can push the pace up. Tip 8) Communicate with others to avoid accidents As with every bike ride it’s important to communicate with others to avoid any unnecessary accidents. Simple things like pointing out potholes, speed bumps and road furniture. Looking over your shoulder before moving out. Letting other people know you’re overtaking and on what side. Tell others stopping!! when you’re By following these simple tips, you’re sure to have a great day out. Richard Lord has a degree in Sports Science, is a British Cycling Level 3 Road and Time Trial coach and owner of Equipe Cycle Coaching where he enjoys supporting sportive and road racers to achieve their goals. “Since working with Richard I’ve lost 2st and now I’m fitter, stronger and more skilful than ever before. I love riding my bike” BE THE BEST A GREAT FUN WEEKEND FOR ALL THE FAMILY ENTER ONLINE AT WWW.GREATSCOTTISHEVENTS.ORG.UK NEW RUN FOR 2016! FEATURE SPONSORS OF THE HOLYROOD PARK EDINBURGH SATURDAY 25TH JUNE 2016 A one mile Endurance Run, carrying a sack of tatties above your shoulders. Plus many other “tattie” themed races to suit all the family. FUN ACTIVITIES ALL DAY AS WE ALSO CELEBRATE “ARMED FORCES DAY” “KEEP THE TATTIES” PRIZES AND MEDALS INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM RACES Sign up at www.greatscottishevents.org.uk Email: [email protected] for further information. Telephone: 0131 620 0190 Part of the FEATURE FUELLING PERFORMANCE Endurance nutrition Whether you’re new to endurance events or a seasoned athlete, getting your nutrition ‘right’ can be difficult. Here, Michael Ulloa – a certified nutrition coach – tells us just how important it is to fuel your body correctly. If you are making changes to your diet for a marathon in two months time, or simply looking to improve your health and well being, everyone’s diet will be different. We are all unique so there is no broad stroke approach that can be applied to all athletes. Allergies, intolerances and personal preferences all play a part. Endurance events, like long distance running or cycling, can be very taxing on the body so appropriate nutrition can be the difference between cruising an event and ‘hitting the wall’ half way through. Just always ensure that you are fuelling your health before you fuel exercise performance. If you have any macronutrient or micronutrient deficiencies before getting started, you’re sure to know about it once your training is underway. The main goal of endurance nutrition is to avoid illness and injury through stresses of training. To be able to maintain sporting performance, you need to ensure you are eating enough to match your energy demands and that you are 26 consuming the right foods to function optimally. I always recommend clients to download a calorie-tracking app and to monitor food intake as this will help highlight any deficiencies. High intensity exercise can temporarily dampen the immune system and getting sick when training can set you back considerably. Add the cold and wet weather of Edinburgh into the mix and you’re just asking for trouble. To limit the chance of getting ill, increase your fruit and vegetable intake. Every meal that you eat should contain two different types of vegetable. Make those salads as colourful as possible and be strict on yourself. Supplementing with a multi-vitamin can be a good addition, particularly during the winter months. “appropriate nutrition can be the difference between cruising an event and ‘hitting the wall’ half way through” FEATURE You need to be taking on enough calories to at least maintain your body weight. Buy yourself some weighing scales and keep track. Unless you have a diagnosed illness, your bodyweight is a result of calories in vs. calories out. If your bodyweight is dropping, you are eating fewer calories than your body is burning and you need to eat more. On the other hand, if your bodyweight is increasing, you are consuming too many calories and you may need to address that post-run Snickers addiction… Next: master your protein consumption. When exercising, your body will use any energy source it can to keep going. If you don’t consume enough protein within your diet, the body may resort to breaking down muscle tissue to obtain the amino acids that it needs. You don’t want this to happen. Pounding the pavement for a prolonged period of time will also cause micro tears in muscle fibres that need repairing. This is where protein steps in. To ensure maintenance of lean muscle mass, I recommend between 1.6 – 2 grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight. You can use your calorie-tracking app to monitor this. Real food should always come first, but if you are struggling to consistently eat high quality protein foods, a good whey or vegan protein shake will help make things easier. Personally, I prefer a diet that is higher in healthy fats. Eating large quantities of daily carbohydrates makes me feel slow and lethargic. I have found a way to eat that I enjoy and that matches my energy demands. However, when completing longer endurance exercise, increasing carbohydrate intake gets the best results. Carbs are the body’s go to energy source. If possible, save those larger portions of pasta or rice for when you finish exercising. This should be your biggest meal of the day. After exercise your muscles become like sponges so this is the time to refill those muscle energy stores and for protein to repair damaged muscle tissue. Your approach to nutrition should have sustainability in mind. It is all well and good following a set diet plan written by an online coach or personal trainer, but if it doesn’t fit in with your lifestyle or doesn’t include your preferred food sources, then the chances are you won’t stick to it. Your training plan and nutritional approach should compliment your lifestyle. Fuel your body correctly and focus on enjoying your training. Michael Ulloa is a Certified Nutrition Coach and PT with Finely Tuned Fitness www.ehfitness.co.uk FEATURE FIGHTING FIT With the growth of MMA, Brian Fernie helps with some wise words regarding strength, conditioning and movement and gives examples of some fantastic exercises to help with speed, reaction, core strength and punching. MMA is the new ultimate combat sport and has been for a number years with a growth market worth billions worldwide. From local promotions to world promotions, the sport grows year on year from hardened fighters to general population fitness enthusiasts. Everyone wants to train like a fighter and have the physique of a fighter but not everyone wants to fight….and that’s created a boom market in the fitness industry. From boxercise and cage fit to MMA fighter fit classes, you can find hundreds of attendees at local gyms and fight centres all taking part in various versions on any given day of the week. MMA fights originated in Ancient Greece as hand-to-hand combat performed as a sport called pankration – from the Greek words pan and kratos meaning “all powers” – and modern day MMA consists of the same basic principles of grappling and striking. 28 Training for MMA means you have to take into account the stand up game and the ground game and incorporate as much functional movement and strength as you can. The word strength sends panic and fear into many an athlete and conjures up the image of the stereotypical pumped up steroid junkie or strongman athlete. This is far from what strength and conditioning really means so let’s break each of the two elements down. Strength, or absolute strength, is the greatest amount of total force any one individual can generate. Conditioning can best be described as the specific demands of the sport which in turn refers to the S.A.I.D. principal: Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands. FEATURE So what is movement? Quite simply, movement is the ability to move the body through the pillars of movement in a multi-directional plane. It’s important that you understand the needs of strength in your movement patterns; this will ensure that you’re prepared for any situation thrown at you. THE FIVE NATURAL PILLARS OF FUNCTIONAL HUMAN MOVEMENT: www.ehfitness.co.uk Pull – the ability to pull something towards yourself Push – the ability to push something away from you Level change – squats, get ups, get downs, drop Locomotion – crawl, walk, run, swim Rotation – swing, strike (any form of twisting action) EHFitnessMagazine EHFitnessMag 29 FEATURE In order to achieve greater strength in movement of any type, we need to add a variable such as a weight to ensure that there is some form of resistance to work against. A sandbag – also know as Power bag, Bison bag, X-bag, Battle bag – is one of the best counter balances for promoting strength and movement functionally, they come in a range of weights and are great for the following exercises. • Clean and press (fig 1) • Snatches • Slams (fig 2) • Squat jumps • Rotational lunges (fig 3) • Bent over row • Anyhow get ups • Overhead squat (fig 4) CLEAN AND PRESS (fig 1) SLAMS (fig 2) ROTATIONAL LUNGES (fig 3) To add power endurance to your workout, try these exercises along with a power matrix set which is quite simple to implement. Every time you do the circuit, or any workout, start on a different exercise each time so the body tires at different points during the set. Pick an exercise and complete the following work to rest ratios so that your body tires at different points during the set, ie: OVERHEAD SQUAT (fig 4) Exercise 1: Clean and press Work 40secs/Rest 20secs Work 30secs/Rest 30secs Work 20secs/Rest 40secs Then move onto Exercise 2 in your workout and repeat the work to rest ratio again. 30 FEATURE Functional and bodyweight training are essential parts of your strength and conditioning, so here are a few drills you can incorporate into any workout in order to compliment your programme. A few are for fun but do have benefits, give them a go. Scarecrow (fig 5) Scarecrow (fig 5) Have your partner stand with legs and arms out stretched, jump on their back and then attempt to circumnavigate your partnerâ€™s body without touching the ground, so you go around the front and return to the back positionâ€Ś.your partner may assist you. This promotes grip, strength and flexibility and also gives your partner a good core workout. Punch and Crunch Have your partner stand or kneel above you as if in the guard position wearing focus mitts. You do as many crunches and punches as you can in thirty seconds then jump up and hit the pads from the en guard position, again as many times as you can, for thirty seconds. This drill is great as a core and punching workout from the ground and standing positions and it also allows quick level changes. This drill should be done for a set time. Turn and Tap Stand with your back to your partner, gloves on. Your partner should be within your fighting arc and wearing focus mitts behind you. Your partner taps one of your shoulders and holds the pads in any format. You have to turn quickly and punch the pads as you see them, then turn back. The process is repeated and can either be done for time or for a set number of combinations. This drill is good for speed, reaction and punching. www.ehfitness.co.uk Happy Slaps (fig 6) Happy Slaps (fig 6) Stand facing your partner. Both partners hold their right hand in a slap position, as if to slap the others face. Both of you grab the right wrist of your partner with your left hand in a parallel grip and on the command “Go”, you attempt to slap your partner. If you get slapped a forfeit has to be done. Good strength and control exercise. Duck and Dive Face your partner and hit the pads as they appear then, either after a set time or number of repetitions, sprawl to the ground and dive through your partners legs, turn and leapfrog over them before facing the pads and repeating. This is a great drill for punching, level change and plyometrics. Hustle and Muscle One partner executes press ups whilst the other, starting on the left side of their partner, executes the first part of a burpee. On the jump phase, jump over your partner then crawl under your partner whilst they hold the up position of the press up, then carry on with the burpee and press ups. This drill sees strength, plyometrics, level change and CV all being covered for both partners. 32 Walk the dog (fig 7) Shake the snake Stand facing each other. One partner grabs the ankle of the others right or left leg then, holding the leg in line with the hip and with the leg extended straight, start walking your partner around in a circle, forwards, backwards and making him jump on the opposite leg to keep up. Do this for time then swap legs. This works the leg muscles, acts plyometricaly and also overloads the hip flexors. Stand back to back with your partner and, placing your right hand through your legs, grab your partners right wrist. On the command “Go”, both fighters attempt to pull their partner in the opposite direction from which they face. Do this for time then swap hands, then double hands. DON’T LET GO! This helps promote strength, drive and flexibility. FEATURE Walk the Dog (fig 7) Rocking and wriggling (fig 8) Both partners sit on the floor, partner one with legs wide and arms out-stretched in line with the shoulders. Partner two comes from behind and hooks their legs over the top of partner one’s legs. Partner two then place’s their arms around the chest of partner one and pushes in close to their back placing their head down between the shoulder blades and holds partner one in a gable lock. Leg-o-war Face each other as above and hold each others right or left leg. Attempt to bounce your partner in different directions or pull them your way – the winner is the one still standing. When done, hold the other leg and go again! strength, flexibility and ground work. There are a huge number of partner workouts out there…. these are just a few and have many variations. Give them a go and see how you get on. Rocking & Wriggling (fig 8 ) Partner one drops their hands, the object is for partner one without using their hands to break partner two’s grip, and break out of the hold. Normally done for time or the break which ever comes first. This is done by wriggling and rocking side to side back and forward placing your partner off balance. Promotes core Brian Fernie MMA CSCC is a leading combat sports strength and conditioning coach, international presenter and author working with athletes from all levels and sports and owner of T.O.D Coaching Gym and dojo, T.O.D Combat and T.O.D Physical Training Institute www.ehfitness.co.uk FEATURE Why You Should Be Foam Rolling Foam rolling has become the latest craze in the health and fitness industry. Micheala Strain tells us of its numerous physiological benefits. Although foam rolling may seem to be the new kid on the health and fitness block, actually its benefits and methods have been studied for decades. Scientifically known as self-myofascial release, foam rolling is a great asset to have in any fitness programme. Designed to reduce tension in the fascia surrounding your muscles, it has only been in the last few years that foam rolling has increased in popularity. The self-myofascial release method has been used for many years to treat plantar fasciitis however its principle has been found to also treat muscles all over the body. New fascia is being created by our bodies every day and without the correct movements the new fascia can often not form in the correct position, similar to scar tissue, which can cause limited range of motion and pain Foam rolling can help educate the new fascia to lay in the correct position to prevent muscle dysfunction. In addition to improving quality of range of movement, foam rolling can also help improve strength and core stability with certain exercises. What is fascia? Fascia is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre, individual muscles and muscle groups. According to Brooks (1999) fascia can be responsible for up to 50% of resistance placed on a muscle, therefore reducing fascia tension can increase range of motion and improve sporting performance. 34 How do I foam roll effectively? The great thing with foam rolling is that you can control the pressure therefore it can be tailored to work within your comfort zone. There is some controversy over the length of time to foam roll and research is continually being conducted to confirm the optimum time to produce the desired results. Foam rolling should be done until you can feel the muscle releasing yourself….this is normally felt after approximately 90 seconds for most people although it does vary however, it’s important to ensure you always foam roll the entire length of the muscle including the muscle-tendon junction. Foam rolling for specific muscles: Variations of foam rolling have been used for many years to treat injuries such as plantar fasciitis which is a common injury and most predominant in runners. One recommendation to alleviate its painful symptoms has been to roll your foot over a frozen can or bottle….this is a form of foam rolling as the aim is to loosen the fascia in the sole of your foot. Here are a few other examples: “Plantar fasciitis – a common injury most predominant in runners – can be alleviated with foam rolling” FEATURE To foam roll your piriformis: To foam roll your Hamstrings: • Start by sitting on the foam roller with your knees bent • Place the foam roller under your glutes at the top of the hamstrings • Place one ankle on top of the other knee, this will adjust your hips and you will find yourself leaning to one side • Lift your body weight up onto your hands so you can move backwards and forwards • Start with the foam roller at the top of the glutes beside the lower back • Using the foot which is planted on the floor you can move yourself backwards and forwards ensuring you are foam rolling the entire length of your glutes and piriformis • You can do one leg at a time or both at the same time • Make sure you foam roll the entire length of the hamstrings Micheala Strain MSc. BSc (Hons) is a Sports & Remedial Massage Therapist with Bodyworks Edinburgh which regularly runs foam rolling workshops to ensure the correct techniques are being used. To foam roll your calves: • Place one calf on the foam roller and have the other leg bent and foot firmly planted on the floor • Using your other foot and upper body roll from the Achilles tendon up to the back of the knee “Foam rolling can help improve strength and core stability.” • If you would prefer to get more pressure, place one ankle on top of the other taking all your body weight onto the arms www.ehfitness.co.uk FEATURE CrossFit Forging Elite Fitness What is CrossFit I hear you ask? CrossFit is a training methodology, a sport and a community. As humans, we have a desire to be healthy, connected and competitive; we can be all of those things inside a CrossFit gym, or ‘box’ as they’re known. Wull Graham who opened CrossFit Murrayfield just over one year ago and claims that, since then, some members have had the best year of their lives, tells us more. Regarding the training methodology; if it makes you a fitter, healthier and more well rounded human you will likely see it in the programme. If running backwards while eating ice cream was proven to make you fitter, we would do it! The goal is not to specialise, we aim to be the Jack of all trades, master of none. Think about it this way - you are out hunting with a bow and arrow. To be safe and successful you need a few things: 1) the ability to sprint away and climb a tree should something turn on you, 2) the cardiovascular capacity to run for an hour or two to chase down the target after the shot lands, 3) the strength to carry your catch back to the table. One without the other limits your success. CrossFit state that you should perform constantly varied, high intensity, functional movements across broad time and modal domains. When our members show up to train, they can expect anything from a 5k run to setting a new Olympic weightlifting total and everything in between. We rarely repeat workouts as routine is known to be the enemy….. it doesn’t take your body long to get used to a chest/back day, a biceps/triceps day and leg day (or another chest day). As a sport CrossFit is huge, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of people participating in The Open. Every year by CrossFit’s definition of fitness they set out to find the fittest male and female on the planet, the first stage of this process is the online Open. This year almost thee hundred thousand people competed worldwide, completing 5 workouts over 5 weeks. We had close to 50 CrossFit Murrayfield members sign up! 36 FEATURE RECIPE “it’s a community; everyone grows together” World Class Fitness in 100 Words “Eat meat and vegetables, nuts and seeds, some fruit, little starch and no sugar. Keep intake to levels that will support exercise but not body fat. Practice and train major lifts: deadlift, clean, squat, presses, clean and jerk, and snatch. Similarly, master the basics of gymnastics: pull-ups, dips, rope climbs, push-ups, sit-ups, presses to handstand, pirouettes, flips, splits, and holds. Bike, run, swim, row, etc, hard and fast. Five or six days per week mix these elements in as many combinations and patterns as creativity will allow. Routine is the enemy. Keep workouts short and intense. Regularly learn and play new sports.” - Greg Glassman, CrossFit CEO and Founder www.ehfitness.co.uk 37 FEATURE “this year almost 300,000 people competed worldwide in the CrossFit Open” If you perform well enough in The Open, you will be invited to regionals, do well enough there and you’ll be asked to The CrossFit Games in California. The Games really is a spectacle of human performance, athletes who can hold a 5:20min/mile pace while putting 150+ kilograms overhead in the same day! Many sports scientists in years past would claim this not to be possible. Most importantly, CrossFit is a community. There’s no better catalyst to becoming a better human that surrounding yourself with people on the same path as you. You are an average of the 5 people you spend most time with, choose wisely! When the people around you care about your progress as much as you do, you will really start to take strides forward. When you get a message saying “where are you?!” when you don’t show up, you get better. When you have the best athlete in your gym doing handstand push ups beside the oldest member in your gym doing a shoulder press with pvc pipe, we all get better. Everyone gets a very similar stimulus from the workout, meaning everyone grows together. Misery loves company! Readers of the online version of the magazine can click on the video stills (right) to watch footage from CrossFit Murrayfield. Alternatively, visit YouTube and search for CrossFit Murrayfield 38 (also parcour) noun the activity or sport of moving rapidly through an area, typically in an urban obstacles by running, jumping, and climbing. Parkour originates from France and has been said to be the fastest growing discipline in the last few years yet many people still have no idea what it ORIGIN actually is despite it being a fantastic and very playful way of getting fit. Anna Grupka, who is part of the thriving parkour community in Edinburgh, early 21stand cent.: alteration gives us an insight tells usFrench, it’s much more than typically perceived by the public. The most basic and common definition describes parkour as an art of overcoming obstacles in an efficient manner. I like this definition because it doesn’t differentiate between physical and mental obstacles. Parkour practitioners, known as traceurs, deal with both every time they train. Most typically, parkour is associated with young people doing flips and jumping off rooftops. This, admittedly, can be a small part of it, but this perception completely dismisses the time and hard work put into drilling smaller movements until they are absolutely perfected. It can appear to be a dangerous discipline, but through proper training, it is not more dangerous than other sports. Traceurs turn their bodies into portable laboratories, testing the limits and in time gradually overcoming them. I went to my first ever Parkour class because I was promised I would only do small jumps (and believe me, in this case, the size really does not matter). Since then, of parcours ‘route, parkour has become a bigcourse.’ part of my life and I’m now working towards a coaching qualification. My main motivation for becoming a coach is to empower other women and girls by serving as an example of a female practitioner who had not been particularly confident or powerful to start with, but was not stopped by that. Wikipedia Traceurs continuously train within their growth zone (just outside comfort zone, but not so far that things are too terrifying). I like to call this sweet spot the biting point. It’s a game of being almost there, but not quite, and then getting it. This incremental progress in my training is what makes it safe, yet exciting. “Edinburgh has a thriving parkour community” 40 FEATURE “power, control and flow are all brought together under the overarching idea of challenge” Parkour is a broad discipline and there is always something to work on and to play with. Common techniques involve precision jumps, vaults, balancing, climbing and quadrupedal movement. It is foremost about the quality of movement, not the size of the movement. Can you perform a particular technique with no error over a period of time, in any weather, on any surface? The idea of power, control and flow are all brought together under the overarching idea of challenge. This is where our minds come into play. At first, we’re not really sure what we’re capable of. We might stick to smaller and relatively easier movements, but over time and through proper training we begin to surprise ourselves by doing something we never even dreamt of doing before. This creates a pattern of self-belief and confidence that we can in fact overcome difficulties, which contributes to the overall happiness of an individual. We begin to spend more time with ourselves and become intimately familiar with our capabilities. We begin to trust our body – it knows what to do. It knows how much power to put into a jump to make it to that far away ledge or to catch a wall. Some days we don’t feel it, and that’s a skill too, to know when not to do the jump. We’re very lucky in Edinburgh to have a thriving community of practitioners who support and help each other progress. Edinburgh Parkour and its sub-division, Edinburgh Parkour Women, host regular jams every Saturday at 12pm, meeting at the Scottish Parliament, and there are womenonly jams run every second Wednesday of the month at 6.30pm starting from different spots around the city centre (check the Edinburgh Parkour Women Facebook page for details). Jams are a space for experienced practitioners and beginners to get together, train, learn and support each other. They’re informal and they don’t cost anything. Most practitioners are in their 20s and 30s, but you can work on moving well at any age (the oldest practitioner I’ve met was 63!). If you prefer a more structured environment, Access Parkour – an Edinburgh based coaching organisation – run regular classes for kids and adults….check them out, they’re a friendly bunch. Anna Grupka has been practising parkour for nearly 2 years and is working towards qualifying as a coach. www.ehfitness.co.uk All our products are fresh to freeze!! in Edinburgh & Lothians Bodybuilders Basics 4 x Sirloin Steaks, hand-trimmed 2 x 500g Extra Lean Steak Mince 5 x Chicken Fillets – 100% natural Grade A 4 x Steak Burgers – 95% beef 4 x Pork Steaks – lean, thick cut Brian Hill Gym Owner & Caledonian Foods customer The Gym Pack 10 x Sirloin Steaks, hand-trimmed 2 x 1kg Extra Lean Steak Mince 20 x Chicken Fillets – 100% natural Grade A Lewis Benson Caledonian Foods sponsored pro-boxer Alison Todd Top female bodybuilder & Caledonian Foods customer The Bulk Box 10 x Sirloin Steaks, hand-trimmed 2 x 1kg Extra Lean Steak Mince 20 x Chicken Fillets – 100% natural Grade A 8 x Steak Burgers – 95% beef 4 x Pork Steaks – lean, thick cut 4 x Haddock Fillets, hand filleted 2 x 100% natural Salmon Fillets 30 x Fresh Large Eggs Caledonian Foods Like us on Facebook where you can place your orders and keep up to date with the latest offers and packs available. Unit 1, Hardengreen Ind. Est., Dalkeith, EH22 3NX Tel: 07525 842 223 £25 ONLY £75 ONLY RECIPE CHILLI BEEF STIR FRY Thin strips of steak, pepper and green beans and a tasty combination of sauces make up this sensational easy, healthy stir fry and the aroma of the kaffir lime leaves as you stir them around the wok is enticing. Enjoy! YOU WILL NEED 1 tsp. olive oil 320g frying steak, thinly sliced 1 large onion, thinly sliced 10 30 2 cloves garlic, crushed 2 kaffir lime leaves, finely chopped 1 large red chilli, de-seeded and finely chopped 160 green beans 1 medium red pepper (capsicum), thinly sliced 2 tbsp. light soy sauce 40 1 tsp. fish sauce 2 tsp. freshly squeezed lime juice INSTRUCTIONS 1. Heat the oil in a wok over a high heat. 2. Add the beef in 2 batches, stir frying for 2 – 3 minutes until browned, then remove with a slotted spoon and transfer to a plate. 3. Add the onion and garlic and stir fry for a further 2 minutes. 4. Add the kaffir lime leaves and chilli then stir fry together for about 30 – 60 seconds until you can smell the fragrance of the lime. 5. Add the green beans and pepper, stir fry for another 30 – 60 seconds until combined, then add the soy sauce, fish stock and lime juice. Stir fry until the green beans are just tender. 6. Return the beef strips to the wok. Stir fry until re-heated and combined well with vegetables. 7. Serve in bowls on their own, making the recipe low carb, or on plates with just a little rice. Visit http://neilshealthymeals.com/ for more tasty recipes like this www.ehfitness.co.uk 43 RECIPE KALE & PEPPER FRITTATA This kale and pepper frittata is not only really tasty but it’s packed with protein and full of healthy nutritional ingredients too. This is a great brunch for the weekend and hits the spot perfectly. The peppers which are rich in vitamins A, C and K add a delicious sweetness and crunch to this hearty recipe. YOU WILL NEED 4 medium sized eggs 3 tbsp. fat free yoghurt Salt and pepper to season 1 tbsp. olive oil 2 spring onions finely chopped 10 ¼ red pepper chopped ¼ orange pepper chopped 30g freshly chopped kale 2 tbsp. freshly grated parmesan cheese 1 tbsp. freshly chopped parsley 10 20 INSTRUCTIONS 1. Pre-heat a grill on medium setting with the shelf in an upper position but not too close to the heat. 8. Remove the pan from the heat and sprinkle the parmesan cheese over the top. 2. Break the eggs into a bowl, add the yoghurt and beat together well then season with salt and pepper. 9. Place the pan under the grill for 4 – 5 minutes until the frittata is golden brown. 3. Heat the oil in a shallow pan. 10. Garnish with the parsley and then serve. 4. Add the spring onions and peppers, sauté for about 5 minutes until soft. 5. Add the kale, sauté everything for a further 2 minutes. 6. Pour the egg mixture into the pan and distribute it around to cover all the vegetables. 7. Cook the frittata without stirring until the bottom is firm and light brown. Do not allow to burn. The frittata on its own serves 2 but could easily serve 4 for dinner if coupled with a good quality complex carbohydrate such as wholegrain rice. Visit http://neilshealthymeals.com/ for more tasty recipes like this 44 “Feel Amazing” with FIT FACTORY EDINBURGH GROUP FITNESS CLASSES FOR ALL Fun, effective and friendly classes for all ranges of fitness levels. Classes at StudioD on Monday, Tuesday & Thursday evenings. The Basement, 4 Hutchison Terrace (behind The Paint Shed) www.d-fit.co.uk 07545 551217 [email protected] BURN CALORIES \| BLAST FAT \| BOOST CONFIDENCE Classes held at: Juniper Green Village Hall & Carrickvale Community Centre Zumba Fitness Bokwa Fit Konga Jb Trampburn Clubbercise Punch N Strike Call: 07967 883247 Email: [email protected] EXTREME WORKOUTS BOOTCAMPS AT ARMY BOXING FITNESS ONE TO ONE PERSONAL TRAINING GROUP PERSONAL TRAINING CARRIE DOUGLAS 07931 256197 TOM HARLOW 07803 584752 WWW.FABEDINBURGH.CO.UK JEWEL MINER’S CLUB 56 DUDDINGSTON PARK SOUTH EDINBURGH EH15 3LJ FOR MORE INFORMATION TEL: 07790 370865 facebook.com/Dereksgym www.ehfitness.co.uk EHFitnessMag 45 In the next issue... THAT’S A WRAP! With inch loss, body wrap and body sculpting treatments growing in popularity, we explore what’s involved, what treatments and technologies are available and, ultimately... do they work? HIIT OR LISS? HIIT – or high intensity interval training – grabs all the headlines and is well known for getting and keeping your heart rate up, which helps burn calories and fat, but have you heard of its lesser known relative LISS – low intensity steady state training? EH Fitness speaks to the experts to discover the benefits of each. NO MEN ALLOWED Exercising in a male-dominated gym or fitness class can be enough to put some women off completely but there’s now a range of fitness venues and classes across the region exclusively for women. In this special report, we ask what advantages there are, if any, for women to attend single-sex gyms. WHOLESOME & HEALTHY Across Edinburgh and the Lothians, we’re blessed with a huge choice of health food shops, organic grocers, brilliant butchers, juice bars and cafes and restaurants serving tasty, nutritious and wholesome food that’ll keep your taste buds, appetite and healthy living plan satisfied. We highlight some of our favourites. If you’d like us to consider your news story, new product launch or press release for inclusion in our next issue, email the details to [email protected] FREE Digital Subscription To ensure you don’t miss out on getting your copy of EH Fitness magazine, subscribe for FREE today and we’ll email the latest issue direct to your Inbox every 2 months. Simply email [email protected], put the words DIGITAL SUBSCRIPTION in the Subject line and we’ll do the rest. Alternatively, visit www.ehfitness.co.uk and enter your email address in the Subscription section and you’ll be added for free. We respect your privacy! We will not share your email address with any third parties. 46 MADMAIL WE DESIGN BESPOKE EMAIL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS FOR YOU TO SEND TO YOUR VALUED CLIENTS AND CUSTOMERS 50	i don't know
Which organ of the human body produces insulin?	How Insulin Works in the Body How Insulin Works in the Body Search the site By Elizabeth Woolley - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated November 14, 2016 Insulin has a hand in several processes in your body: Not only does it assist with metabolizing carbohydrates and storing glucose for energy in cells, but it also helps utilize the fat, protein, and certain minerals you eat. Because this hormone is so important in helping your body use the foods you ingest, a problem with insulin can have widespread effects on all of your body's systems, tissues, and organs—either directly or indirectly. If you have type 2 diabetes, learning how insulin works can help you understand why so many other medical conditions are associated with diabetes, why certain lifestyle practices are beneficial, and how your body reacts to food. Where Insulin is Produced in the Body Insulin is a hormone made up of a small polypeptide protein that is secreted by the pancreas, which acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Endocrine glands are the system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions. Exocrine glands aid in digestion. The pancreas sits behind the stomach, nestled in the curve of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), and contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. Islets are made up of beta cells, which produce and release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin is Part of a Balancing Act Insulin affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Your body breaks these nutrients down into sugar molecules, amino acid molecules, and lipid molecules, respectively. The body can also store and reassemble these molecules into more complex forms. Insulin causes the storage of these nutrients, while another pancreatic hormone called glucagon releases them from storage. Insulin is involved in your body's careful balancing act to keep your blood sugar levels within a normal range. In simple terms: If your blood sugar is high: The pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream to lower blood sugar levels. If your blood sugar is low: The pancreas releases glucagon to help the liver release stored glucose into the bloodstream to raise blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels rise when most foods are consumed, but they rise more rapidly and drastically with carbohydrates. The digestive system releases glucose from foods and the glucose molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream. The rising glucose levels signal the pancreas to secrete insulin to clear out glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin binds with insulin receptors on cell surfaces and acts as a key to open up the cells to receive glucose. Insulin receptors are on almost all tissues, including muscle cells and fat cells. Insulin receptors have two main components—the exterior and interior portions. The exterior portion extends outside the cell and binds with insulin. When this happens, the interior part of the receptor sends out a signal inside the cell for glucose transporters to mobilize to the surface and receive glucose. As blood sugar and insulin levels decrease, the receptors empty and the glucose transporters go back into the cell. Insulin and Type 2 Diabetes In a perfect situation, glucose from carbohydrates gets cleared rapidly. However, when there is insulin resistance , this does not happen, and sustained high glucose levels become a problem. Insulin resistance can be due to a problem with the shape of the insulin (preventing receptor binding), not having enough insulin receptors, signaling problems, or glucose transporters not working properly. Whatever the specific cause, the function of insulin is impaired. Insulin resistance develops before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed. To make up for less effective insulin, the pancreas works overtime to increase insulin output. Eventually, some of the insulin works and blood sugar levels remain normal for a while. As insulin resistance worsens and the pancreas cannot keep up with the demand, glucose levels begin to rise and diabetes is diagnosed when levels get too high. How Insulin Affects Fat Metabolism Carbohydrate and fat metabolism are closely connected and both influenced by insulin. If insulin is not working properly, problems can occur. For example, high levels of insulin can send the wrong signals to the brain. These signals tell the brain that there is excess insulin and that your cells are starving for glucose. So in response, your brain creates cravings for carbohydrates, signals your body to store fat, and orders carbs to be burned for energy rather than body fat. This is why weight loss can be difficult when you have type 2 diabetes. Insulin also plays a key role in the development of high triglyceride levels: In the Liver: Insulin stimulates the creation and storage of glycogen from glucose. High insulin levels cause the liver to get saturated with glycogen. When this happens, the liver resists further storage. Glucose is used instead to create fatty acids that are converted into lipoproteins and released into the bloodstream. These break down into free fatty acids and are used in other tissues. Some tissues use these to create triglycerides. In Fat Cells: Insulin stops the breakdown of fat and prevents the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids. When glucose enters these cells, it can be used to create a compound called glycerol. Glycerol can be used along with the excess free fatty acids from the liver to make triglycerides. This can cause triglycerides to build up in the fat cells. How Insulin Affects Protein and Minerals Insulin helps amino acids from protein to enter cells. When this process is hindered, it can make it difficult to build muscle mass. Insulin also makes cells more receptive to potassium, magnesium, and phosphate. These substances are also known as electrolytes, which help conduct electricity within the body. They influence muscle function, blood pH, and the amount of water in your body. An electrolyte imbalance can be worsened by high blood sugar levels as this can cause excessive urination with water and electrolyte loss. Normal and Impaired Insulin Function To break things down in an easy-to-remember format, this list illustrates what happens with normal and impaired insulin function. Normal function: Insulin transports glucose into cells to clear glucose from the bloodstream. Impaired function: Glucose is not cleared from the bloodstream. Normal function: Insulin helps convert glucose to glycogen (the storage form of glucose) in liver and muscle cells. Impaired function: Glucose is not easily stored as glycogen. Cells "starve," which can cause the body to behave as if there are starvation conditions and even cause cravings for sweet carbohydrates, although there are high levels of glucose in the body. Normal function: Insulin slows down the creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like protein in the liver. An example of this is when the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream when blood sugar levels are too low. Impaired function: The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream inappropriately even when blood sugar levels are high. Normal function: Insulin stops the breakdown of fat and stimulates the creation of fat under the right circumstances. Impaired function: High insulin levels can signal for less fat loss and more fat storage. Normal function: Insulin regulates the formation of fat from simple sugars, which can eventually become triglycerides . Impaired function Triglycerides levels increase inappropriately. Normal function: Insulin stimulates protein synthesis (creation), which affects muscle growth. Impaired function: You may have difficulty building muscle. How to Help Insulin Work Better These strategies may help you increase insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance:	Pancreas
Dave Brock has been leader of which psychedelic rock group for over 40 years?	Insulin's role in the human body Insulin's role in the human body By Yolanda Smith , BPharm Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that has a number of important functions in the human body, particularly in the control of blood glucose levels and preventing hyperglycemia. It also has an effect on several other areas of the body, including the synthesis of lipids and regulation of enzymatic activity. Image Copyright: Designua, Image ID: 283557914 via Shutterstock.com Insulin and Metabolic Processes The most important role of insulin in the human body is its interaction with glucose to allow the cells of the body to use glucose as energy. The pancreas usually produces more insulin in response to a spike in blood sugar level, for example after eating a meal high in energy. This is because the insulin acts as a “key” to open up the cells in the body and allows the glucose to be used as an energy source. Additionally, when there is excess glucose in the bloodstream, known as hyperglycemia, insulin encourages the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, muscle and fat cells. These stores can then be used at a later date when energy requirements are higher. As a result of this, there is less insulin in the bloodstream, and normal blood glucose levels are restored. Insulin stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver, but when the liver is saturated with glycogen, an alternative pathway takes over. This involves the uptake of additional glucose into adipose tissue, leading to the synthesis of lipoproteins. Image Copyright: Alila Medical Media, Image ID:114645271 via Shutterstock.com Results Without Insulin Researchers developing novel formulation to improve longevity of insulin infusion implants In the absence of insulin, the body is not able to utilize the glucose as energy in the cells. As a result, the glucose remains in the bloodstream and can lead to high blood sugar , known as hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia is characteristic of diabetes mellitus and, if untreated, is associated with severe complications, such as damage to the nervous system, eyes, kidneys and extremities. In severe cases, lack of insulin and reduced ability to use glucose as a source of energy can lead to a reliance of fat stores as the sole source of energy. The breakdown of these fats can release ketones into the bloodstream, which can lead to a serious condition called ketoacidosis. Other Functions of Insulin In addition to the regulation of glucose, insulin also plays a role in other areas of the body. It may be involved in all of the following functions to: Modify the activity of enzymes and the resulting reactions in the body. Build muscle following sickness or injury via the transportation of amino acids to the muscle tissue, which is required to repair muscular damage and increase size and strength. It helps to regulate the uptake of amino acids, DNA replication and the synthesis of proteins. Manage synthesis of lipids by uptake into fat cells, which are converted to triglycerides. Manage breakdown or protein and lipids due to changes in fat cells. Uptake of amino acids and potassium into the cells that cannot take place in the absence of insulin. Manage excretion of sodium and fluid volume in the urine. Enhance learning and memory of the brain functions. It is evident that insulin plays a number of essential roles in the body, including the management of sugar levels in the blood and many other areas.	i don't know
Complete the proverb; “The devil finds work for...”?	English Proverbs: The devil finds work for idle hands… \| Famous Inspirational Proverbs, Quotes, Sayings The devil finds work for idle hands. More English Proverbs:	Idle Hands
In Astronomy what name is given to the supermassive Black-Hole at the centre of our Galaxy?	The devil finds work for idle hands - Idioms by The Free Dictionary The devil finds work for idle hands - Idioms by The Free Dictionary http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/The+devil+finds+work+for+idle+hands The devil finds work for idle hands The devil finds work for idle hands. something that you say which means people who have no work or activity are more likely to do things they should not do, such as commit crimes There's plenty more tidying to do if you've finished the bedroom. The devil finds work for idle hands.	i don't know
To date only 3 teams have won the Women’s Rugby World Cup, England, New Zealand and which other nation’s?	Top 10 International Rugby Teams - Listverse Top 10 International Rugby Teams guy February 19, 2009 This is a list of the current top ten rugby teams as decided by the IRB (International Rugby Board) as of February 2nd, 2009. I have kept their list the same but I have added some facts and history on each team. I have also included some videos that I have found on YouTube showing the teams in play. [JFrater: when you see item one you will understand why this list had to be posted!] 10 Fiji Fiji’s national rugby team is a part of the Pacific Islands rugby Alliance along with Samoa and Tonga. Fiji was one of the sixteen teams to participate in the 1987 rugby world cup and made it to the quarter finals only to be beaten by France. Between 1987 and 2007, Fiji has only made it to the quarter finals twice, losing to England in the quarter finals in 1999 and losing to South Africa in the semi-finals in 2007. Fiji has an outstanding Rugby Sevens team and they play their fifteens very similar, with lots of exiting running rugby. 9 Scotland The Scottish Rugby Union was founded in 1873 and is one of the oldest teams in the world. They were a founding member of the IRB and participated in the first international match against England where Scotland won 4-1. Scotland participates and is a contender in the Six Nations tournament held every year in Europe. Scottish rugby players are also selected every four years to play for the Barbarians against other national teams. Scotland has taken part in all the Rugby World Cups which they have made the quarter or semi-finals every year except 2007. 8 Ireland The Irish Rugby Football Union was founded in 1874 and was another founding member or the IRB. Ireland competes annually in the Six Nations tournament which they have won eight times. They have participated in every world cup and have been eliminated in the quarter finals every year except 1999 and 2007. The Ireland national team forms a quarter of the British and Irish Lions along with England and Wales every four years. The Irish rugby team has been home to some of the world’s top class players including Brian O’Driscoll who is Irelands top try scorer and considered the best centre in world rugby. 7 France Rugby was first introduced to France in 1872 by the British and since then has become a very competitive and popular sport. France is home to one of the top rugby leagues in the world and sees players coming from all over the world to play for one of their teams. France’s national team is considered the best on continental Europe and competes annually in the Six Nations tournament. The French have competed in every world cup and have made it to more finals than any other team without winning the William Webb Ellis Cup. One of France’s most famous games was against New Zealand in the 1999 world cup where they upset the favored All Blacks in the semi-final. France plays with a free flowing flair that is rivaled by only a few teams in the rugby world and one of the best things about them is that they are always able to produce an upset. 6 England Though facing a few difficulties in the last year, The England National rugby team has always been considered one of the best sides in the world. They have produced many legends of the game such as Martin Johnson and Jonny Wilkinson who is the top point scorer in rugby world cup history. They are the only team from Europe to win the Rugby World Cup when they defeated Australia in 2003 and also came as runners up in 1991 and 2007. They participate annually in the Six Nations tournament and have been crowned champions 25 times. Their style of play can often be characterized by using their strong forwards and running with backs utilizing kicks and open field play, if that doesn’t work, they will kick for points every chance they get. 5 Wales The Wales National Rugby team was started in 1881 and that same year they had their first test match against England. Wales has had many different golden ages of rugby through the 19th and 20th centuries. During these times they have produced who some consider the best rugby players to ever play the game including J.P.R Williams, Gerald Davies, and of course Gareth Edwards. Wales competes in the Six Nations tournament every year and has won it 24 times (only second to England) with the most recent in 2008. Wales has been active in all six rugby world cups but unfortunately their best result was in 1987 when they reached the semi-finals but lost to New Zealand. Wales currently is improving rapidly and their play has always been recognized with some of the best sidestepping in the game. Just watch the video and see. 4 Argentina The Argentina National rugby team, nicknamed Los Pumas, had its first international test against a touring British Isles team in 1910. Argentina is ranked as by far the best team in the Americas and although rugby isn’t close to as popular as soccer, it has grown a following due to Argentina’s success in the Rugby World Cups. The only problem is that being on the other side of the world of the other major rugby teams; Argentina does not always get the highly publicized matches it deserves. Argentina has participated in all the Rugby World Cups but was left disappointed until a much more experienced side made it to the 1999 quarter finals. In 2007 a very strong and experienced Pumas side made it to semi finals after producing a handful of upsets. They went on to win 3rd place in the tournament which has let many of their players receive overseas contracts to play professional rugby in Europe. Argentina has generally used an outstanding forward pack mixed in with a barrage of backline passing. 3 Australia The Australian Rugby Union team is nicknamed the Wallabies and is considered one of the best teams in the history of the game. They compete annually in the Tri-Nations Tournament against New Zealand and South Africa. Australia was one of the founders of the Rugby World Cup and shared the first tournament with New Zealand in 1987. The New South Wales Rugby Union became the first team to tour overseas by playing New Zealand in 1883. Australia was later toured by a British Isles team for the first time in 1888. In the century that followed, rugby grew very fast in Australia with the national team touring across Europe on a yearly base. In 1984 the Wallabies became the first Australian team to achieve a grand slam by defeating all the large European teams in one tour. Australia has participated in all six world cups and has the best record of all the participating nations. The Wallabies are one of two teams to win the tournament twice by winning in 1991 and 1999, and they came in as runners up in 2003. In 1995 Australia along with New Zealand and South Africa formed the first professional rugby union known as the Super Ten Competition. The Wallabies have produced a large number of outstanding rugby players including Tim Horan, David Campese, John Eales, and the most capped player of all time, George Gregan. The Wallabies are always entertaining to watch because they take risks in games that other teams wouldn’t event attempt. They are usually acknowledged as having one of the best defenses in world rugby and have great ball retention which allows continuous phases. 2 South Africa The South Africa national team is nicknamed the Springboks and began playing international rugby when a British Isles team toured South Africa in 1891. In the early 20th century rugby grew so rapidly in South Africa that a cease fire was held in the Second Boer War so that the British and Boer forces could play each other. South Africa took their first tour of the British Isles and France in 1906. Although still being involved in international test matches, the Apartheid Laws saw the South Africa Rugby Union highly criticized by other teams which led to the Springboks being unable to participate in the first two Rugby World Cups although their vote won the debate on whether or not to have the tournament. This changed in 1995 when South Africa was included and hosted the third Rugby World cup and defeated the New Zealand All blacks 15 to 12 in the final. The Springboks would only go on to the semi-finals in 1999 and the quarter finals in 2003 until they defeated England in 2007 to become the second nation to win the world cup twice. The success of the 1995 tournament in South Africa influenced the rugby laws to be changed to allow professional rugby teams to emerge. South Africa plays annually in the Super Twelve tournament and the Tri-Nations against New Zealand and Australia. South Africa is one of many teams to utilize all aspects of the game to produce exiting matches incorporating running, kicking, passing, and forward drives. 1 New Zealand The New Zealand National Rugby Team, nicknamed the All Blacks is the most famous and respected team in the world with winning records against all national sides. The first team from New Zealand to compete in a match was against New South Wales in 1883 and their first international test was against Australia in 1903. Rugby has since then become New Zealand’s national sport with the All Blacks conquering just about every team in their way. They have a record of 330 wins out of 443 matches which makes them the most successful team in rugby history; the IRB has also named them team of the year in 2005, 2006 and 2008. Out of the Southern nations, the All Blacks retain the top Tri-Nations record with nine series wins while the Springboks and the Wallabies only have two. The All Blacks have also been able to retain the Bledisloe Cup from Australia for many years at a time. In addition, the All Blacks have only lost one test series to the British and Irish Lions and have won more Grand Slam tours of Europe than any other Southern Hemisphere team. The All Blacks hosted the first Rugby World Cup along with Australia and David Kirk would be the first to lift the William Webb Ellis trophy as the All Blacks easily defeated all the opposition including France in the final with the score of 29 to 9. The All Blacks have brought about many rugby legends to the field including Sean Fitzpatrick, John Kirwan, Grant Fox, Ian Kirkpatrick, Christian Cullen, Andrew Mehrtens, Tana Umaga, Carlos Spencer, Richie McCaw and of course Jonah Lomu. With the great players and talent that New Zealand has, the only question asked is why they have only won the Rugby World Cup once because they have gone into every tournament as the favorites to win. The New Zealand All Blacks have also gained fame from doing the Haka or the Kapo-o-Panga before every match. Contributor: guy	United States
Which cricketer holds the record for the highest individual score in a test innings?	England women's Rugby World Cup squad \| Rugby Union News \| Sky Sports England women's Rugby World Cup squad Last Updated: 10/07/14 12:36pm We profile the 26 players who've made Gary Street's England Women's Rugby World Cup squad. The top 12 nations in women's rugby union will compete in France this August and Sky Sports will show the semi-finals and final plus pool stage matches live. England will be hoping to lift the trophy having finished runners-up in the last three Women's Rugby World Cups and recording their only win in 1994. Find out more England squad who will be looking to repeat the success of 20 years ago... Clare Allen CLUB: Richmond England caps: 27 As if playing at centre for your country isn’t tough enough, Claire Allan mixes her rugby with her day job as a Police Officer in the Metropolitan Police – Acton Proactive Robbery Squad. Claire had a taste of World Cup action on the Sevens circuit playing in both the 2009 World Cup in Dubai and the 2013 World Cup in Moscow but was cruelly stopped from playing in the 2010 XVs World Cup when she ruptured her ACL two weeks before the tournament kicked off. She did, however, show off her skills in front of the camera as she was a lead pundit with Sky Sports. Her career began with Richmond at the age of 14 and before returning there in 2009, she represented Clifton, Wasps, Worcester and Saracens. Claire has represented England at seven levels; Under 18s, Under 19s, Under 20s, Academy, A, Sevens and Seniors and is a big fan of Olympic Gold medallist, Mo Farah. “I love his down-to-earth attitude and work ethic,” she says. Margaret Alphonsi CLUB: Saracens England caps: 70 Born with a club foot, Margaret, known by many as Maggie the Machine, has turned early adversity into a remarkable career which has seen the Saracens flanker awarded an MBE in the 2012 Queen’s Birthday Honours List for Services to Rugby, something the experienced player described as “incredible”. She has played in two XVs Rugby World Cups and in 2012 shared in a record-breaking seventh successive Six Nations title and a sixth Grand Slam in seven years. Maggie started playing rugby in the centres and then moved to the back row – her first cap for England came at 12 and her second cap for England at 7. Maggie has also picked up a number of high-profile awards. In 2011, she was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Bedfordshire for her services to rugby, she has been named in the Powerlist for three years running, a highly respected publication which profiles 100 of the most influential people of African and African-Caribbean descent in Britain. There was also the Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year prize in 2010 and the prestigious Pat Marshall award from the Rugby Union Writers’ Club, where she pipped New Zealand captain, Richie McCaw, to the gong to become the first woman to claim the prize in its50-year history. Rachael Burford CLUB: Thurrock England caps: 51 Rachael comes from a rugby family background. She played in the same Medway RFC team as her mother, Renata (who's Polish), and her sister, Louise. It was the club where Rachael spent the first ten years of her career. And, to ensure that there was a full house of Burfords at Medway, dad Michael also played for them as did her brother, Reuben. Rachael was selected to go to the RFUW Rugby Academy at Bath at the age of 16 before being advised to join a Premiership club to raise her experience levels. So, off to Henley she went before being picked for the England U19s, only for a couple of serious injuries to lead to nearly two seasons being lost. Thankfully, that did not hold her back. A talented sevens player, Rachael took part in the 2009 and 2013 Sevens World Cups, her high spots including sharing in England’s triumph over Australia in the 2012 Hong Kong Sevens final. She also played in the 2006 15-a-side World Cup, making her senior debut against Canada, and the 2010 tournament in England. Rochelle Clarke CLUB: Worcester England caps: 91 A leader in the front row, Rochelle already has a glittering career to look back on but is determined to triumph on a global stage before she hangs up her scrum hat. She has played in two World Cups, in 2006 and 2010, and remembers fondly the 2010 final: “The home crowd chanting ‘Swing Low, Sweet Chariot’ while the Kiwis did the haka gave me goosebumps and an overwhelming sense of pride.” Rocky found rugby when she was 15 with Beaconsfield and after working her way through the England ranks at U19 and Academy levels she thanks Geoff Richards for awarding her first cap. Also, she says: “Rob Drinkwater recognised my potential and gave me exposure while England forwards coach Graham Smith strives to make me better and better.” Emma Croker CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 50 Richmond hooker Emma has more reason than most to enjoy every game of rugby that she plays. The birth of her child was a complicated one that led to her being banned from any kind of training for three months after the delivery of her baby girl, Lucy. As soon as she was cleared by the doctors to resume training, Emma threw herself back into things with a vengeance. Incredibly, after four months she was back playing club rugby and after five she was in the England side selected for the European Championships. “One day I was pregnant,” she said, “the next I’m on the field. I think being a mum makes you more focused. I used to think I trained 110% but I know now that I didn’t. Now I am much more intense because every minute in the gym is time away from Lucy.” Having played in the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Dubai, Emma went on to be selected for the 2010 XVs World Cup in England and played in every game. Becky Essex CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 52 Becky only picked up rugby at Loughborough University at the age of 19. She remembered: “It was a good set-up there with good coaches. Then I joined Premiership club, Worcester. When I moved to London to do my PGCE, I joined Richmond where I was selected for the England Academy.” Becky has not looked back since. She was voted as Richmond’s Players’ Player of the Season in 2010 – some effort for someone who began life on the wing before making the unusual career move to the pack. These days she appears as a lock or blind-side flanker. She got her first taste of World Cup rugby in 2010 and played a part in all five of England's games. Her greatest World Cup memory is lining up opposite the All Blacks haka in the final and she’s now very much looking forward to playing in France. “They always have large crowds in France, which makes for a great atmosphere,” she said. Heather Fisher CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 22 Heather Fisher is one of life's achievers. She may suffer from severe alopecia but refuses to dwell on it, instead keeping the focus firmly on the sport she loves. She played a big part in the 2010 World Cup in England but missed out on the final because of a fracture to her hand. Heather first started playing rugby as a 15-year-old and says: “When I started I hated contact and could not tackle for toffee. After my confidence grew and I played more and more, the contact just became a part of the game. I took a few years out of rugby when I had an opportunity to represent GB in bobsleigh around the world. For me this made me the rugby athlete I am today and I would still love to go back to bobsleigh after I've accomplished all that I am capable of in both sevens and XVs.” Vicky Fleetwood CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 39 Born in Nuneaton, Vicky began playing rugby at the age of 14 after tiring of watching her brother play it. This took her away from athletics where she was once the UK’s number one junior hurdler. In her same year at school was England’s Manu Tuilagi. In 2008, she switched from centre to hooker and a month later she was playing for England U20s in a 31-0 victory over their Welsh counterparts in Cardiff. Vicky has never played in a World Cup but she said she's “very much looking forward to playing in France against new opposition. It’s the biggest accolade in a female rugby player’s career.” Further educated at Leeds Metropolitan University where Martin Hynes, the former England U20s forwards coach, helped mentor and develop Vicky’s skills on the pitch while off it she earned a degree in Sport and Exercise Science. She began her association with her present club Lichfield at the same time. Sophie Hemming CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 67 Prop Sophie first played rugby at Bristol University. She soon developed her rugby career to be good enough to be named as the Bristol Ladies captain. Sophie played in the 2010 World Cup in England and has taken time off from work so she can train fully in preparation for her second World Cup. She was a Grand Slam winner with England in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Sophie was named as the Bristol Ladies and the England Coaches’ Player of the Season in 2011. She has also won the RFU Linda Uttley Award, one which recognises the commitment and dedication of an individual. Emily Ryall, one of her first coaches, has been a real inspiration and was the person who persuaded Sophie not to retire from the sport she loves after breaking a leg. Natasha Hunt CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 24 Natasha initially began her rugby career as a full back, but a move from Bristol to Lichfield also saw her switch positions. She has also represented Malvern, Bath, England U20 and England A. The first time that she ran out at Twickenham in England colours was the best moment of her career to date. It was her granddad we have to thank for getting her into the sport in the first place. She remembers: “He was really big on the sport and a very good player back in his day. He used to take me down to an old, sloping pitch and teach me how to kick and pass alongside my dad and sisters. My old PE teacher was the one who got me to Malvern ladies, however, so she also has to be one to thank.” Natasha represented her county in netball, football, athletics and golf and also played regional netball before deciding to change to rugby. Her initial Test appearances came against the United States, South Africa and twice against Canada in the Nations Cup in Ontario in August 2011. Sarah Hunter - vice captain CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 63 Sarah decided at a very young age that she wanted to play rugby for England. By the age of 23 she had realised her ambitions. She played a full role in the 2010 World Cup in England and will never forget the final at the Stoop. “The moment that stands out is just before New Zealand were about to do the Haka and we were stood opposite waiting and all you could hear around us was a 14,000 home fans singing Swing Low Sweet Chariot.New Zealand were waiting for the crowd to go quiet before starting but the crowd just kept going and going until New Zealand eventually had to start and they were drowned out. It was an amazing feeling to know that all these people were there to support the team.” On top of studying Sport Science and Mathematics at Loughborough University, Sarah won the British Universities Championship, skippered Lichfield from 2005-09, played for the North East U18s and represented Northumberland at U16 level. Her international triumphs span the Six Nations five times, together with the European Championship, Nations Cup and the European Trophy twice each. Her inspirational performances have seen her captain her country on many occasions and she was rewarded when she celebrated her 40th international cap with a try when captaining England to a 61-0 thrashing of Spain in the opening European Cup match of 2012. Laura Keates CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 36 Rugby didn't find Laura that early – she first got involved with the Bishop of Hereford Bluecoat U15 team – but she has steamrolled ahead at quite a pace since. At the age of just 16 she was selected for the Under 19 England side. She then went on to captain both England U19 and U20. Laura missed out on the 2010 Rugby World Cup but picked up her first cap against USA the year after while at the Nations Cup in Canada and, sticking with her swift movement through rugby, her second came three days later against South Africa. The prop is now a firm fixture in the full England squad with 36 caps to her name so far and, after featuring in all 2012 Six Nations games, she played a part in all 12 England Test matches in 2013. She also scored her maiden try for her country in the Nations Cup match against Canada at Infinity Park, Glendale in August. During the Six Nations, there tends to be a bit of tension in Laura's home as her housemate is Scotland captain, Tracy Balmer. Indeed, Laura names Tracy as her best friend in rugby. “We get on really well and can have a good laugh at pretty much anything,” she said. Ceri Large CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 27 As a child Ceri used to ride her bike to Drybrook Rugby Club in Gloucestershire. She lived just a stone’s throw from the ground and would go along with her three rugby-mad brothers and her inspirational dad, Philip, who used to play for Rotherham. She remembers: “Dean, my eldest brother, started when he was seven and we’ve been up there with a ball ever since.” Ceri started playing at the age of six. She was to spend 12 years with the club. “I still come back to Drybrook to watch as my brother Ben plays fly half for the firsts.” She'd love to emulate Jonny Wilkinson's World Cup-winning drop goal – her fondest memory – and can't wait to play in France as she says the support there is second to none. Ceri joined Worcester in 2010, winning the Most Improved Player of the Year and the Players’ Player of the Year in 2012 and she captained the side last season. In 2011, Ceri made her England debut against France. She and fellow debutant Alexandra Matthews became the first Hartpury College students to win senior women’s international rugby caps. La Toya Mason CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 42 La Toya was brought up in Auckland, New Zealand, but is proud to represent England courtesy of her four grandparents, who were all born on English soil. She moved to England in 2009 and in a twist of fate, she made her England debut against the Kiwis later that year. Unsurprisingly, she remembers her debut as the proudest day of her rugby life, made even more special by the fact that a few of her close friends were playing for the opposition on the same day. She admitted: “I was so nervous and emotional but it was also so amazing at the same time.” La Toya played tag rugby for the New Zealand mixed team and the England mixed team but now is a firm fixture in the full England set-up. Alexandra Matthews CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 9 Alex owes England team mate Danielle Waterman a lot of thanks for getting where she is today. She was coached throughout the Hartpury College AASE (Advanced Apprenticeship in Sporting Excellence) programme by the Bristol and England player. She also points to Maggie Alphonsi as a big influence on her. The younger sister of fellow England player, Fran, Alex also says that her favourite player is Jonah Lomu. She played seven times for England Under-20s, was London Irish Club Person of the Year in 2011 and Surrey Sportswoman of the Year in 2010. She has captained both London Irish and her county. Joanna McGilchrist CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 58 Jo has already bagged more than 50 caps for her country and rates the 10-3 win over New Zealand at Twickenham in November 2009 as the outstanding moment in her career and the 2010 WRWC final against the same opponents as her most memorable game. She was named player of the match in the semi-final against Australia and this time around, she told us, she's most looking forward to: “Playing on the world stage against teams you rarely play against.” Rugby may have come late to Jo – she was 21 when she started playing the game – but she didn't hang around. She played for two years in the England Students team before she muscled her way into the Test side. And when she's not donning the Red Rose, you'll find her with her club Wasps where she was named the Newcomer of the Year and Player of the Year. Katy Mclean - captain CLUB: Darlington Mowden Park Sharks INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 69 Katy took over the captaincy reins from Catherine Spencer after the 2010 World Cup and now has an MBE to her name after receiving the honour in this year's New Year's Honours List for her Services to Rugby. She was a non-playing reserve in the 2006 World Cup but played in every game in the 2010 tournament asvice-captain, apart from England's meeting with Kazakhstan. Katy got into rugby through her dad, David, who played for Westoe. “I got involved at five or six, just wanting to have a go,” she remembers. Jonny Wilkinson became her inspiration. “He’s a top bloke and I kicked with him before the last World Cup. His work ethic is immense but he’s down to earth and easyto chat to.” Katy is a vital cog in England's machine. England Head Coach, Gary Street, calls her “my eyes on the pitch”. He said: “You need thinking players and Katy is one of those.” Katherine Merchant CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 54 Kat has a quite remarkable record of try-scoring for her country, going over the line 41 times in her first 50 Test appearances. Kat has been with Worcester for more than a decade and won the Premiership with them two seasons ago. She started with Worcester in the U16 team before moving through to win caps at England U19, A and Sevens level. She took part in the 2009 and 2013 Rugby World Cups Sevens and played a big role in the 2010 XVs World Cup in England, something she remembers fondly. Kat said: “I owe a lot to Nicky Crawford, the former Worcester and England Women wing, who nurtured my game from when I was 16. I also admire her on-field performances.” Nicky became the first women's player to score 60 international tries. Marlie Packer CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 28 Marlie left her West Country roots and moved to play for Wasps as her career went from strength to strength in 2013. The flanker played in the 2013 Sevens Rugby World Cup in Moscow but has never played in a XVs World Cup and can't wait to get involved. She said: “Competing against the best in the world in my first XVs World Cup, along with the atmosphere in France, would be amazing.” Marlie began her rugby career as a five-year-old with Ivel Barbarians, a club at which she spent 13 years. She then moved to Bath before joining Bristol in 2009. She has been voted the England Players’ Player in the 2012 Six Nations Championship and was Bristol’s Personality of the Year in 2011. She has represented England U19, U20 and England A before winning a full cap when England beat Sweden 80-3 in the European Championships in Limoges in May 2008. She was initially a hooker but moved to the second row and, in recent times, has played in every back row position. Her mentors are club coach Tracey Lane and strength and conditioning coach Andy Roda. Marlie’s favourite rugby memories are beating New Zealand twice in the 2011 Autumn International Series and her first start at Twickenham in the Six Nations against Wales. Her favourite ground is Cleve. Claire Purdy CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 41 Versatility is a big part of Claire’s game – she's the only player to have been capped in every position in the front row for England. She played in the 2010 World Cup and can't wait for this year's tournament. “Having been a part of the 2010 adventure I know what a fantastic experience it can be. Playing in France will be an amazing experience, they get tremendous support and this will help to make the tournament a success.” Since joining her club Wasps – her only one - she has been named Players’ Player of the Year in 2007, 2009 and 2011 – a pretty good effort given that history seems to forget props when it comes to awards. Amber Reed CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 17 Rugby is in Amber’s blood. With her uncle, Andy Reed, a British Lion and Scotland international and her dad a keen club player in the Bristol area there was no getting away from the game while Amber was growing up. But she wouldn't have had it any other way. Amber’s never been involved in a World Cup before but after playing in France on two occasions, once for England Women Under 20s and again in this year's Six Nations, she's very much looking forward to the atmosphere for which the French are renowned. Having secured a 2:1 in Exercise and Sports Science from the University of Exeter where, in the 2012/13 season, she won the British University Colleges Sports Person of the Year award, she now plays her rugby for Bristol – a team she also captains. Emily Scarratt CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 50 Emily may wear 13 or 15 on her back, but if you put her in any position on a rugby pitch you get the impression that she would become world class at it. In fact, you could probably say the same about a number of sports she’s been involved in. Throw her a ball, any shape, and she'd catch it, hit it or dunk it. When she burst on to the international scene in 2008 with 12 tries in 12 games, she was being touted as the Brian O'Driscoll of the women's game. Not a bad comparison to have. Her fondest Rugby World Cup memories are England's men winning in 2003 and walking out at a packed Stoop in 2010 in the WRWC final against New Zealand. She was recently named the Sky Sportswoman of the Month in March and has also won the Rugby Players Association’s England Women’s Players’ Player in 2013 while being short-listed for the same award this year. She was also nominated for the IRB Sevens Player of the Year last season. Coming from a rugby-mad family, she started her rugby journey with Leicester Forest and found her way to Lichfield. She's got time on her side and you wouldn't put it past her topping a few of the record lists, and adding to her already impressive rugby CV by the time that journey ends. Tamara Taylor CLUB: Darlington Mowden Park Sharks INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 73 Tamara played in the 2006 and 2010 World Cups and is pretty excited about playing in her third one. She said: “I’ve got vivid memories of walking towards the changing rooms at Surrey Sports Park ready for the first pool game in the 2010 World Cup, and just breathing in the atmosphere and the excitement of what was to come. I’m looking forward to being in France, I think they will put on a great tournament, and having the opportunity to take on the best teams in the world again and trying to beat them will be a fantastic experience.” Born in the West Country, Tamara made her way up to Reading, where she first started playing rugby at the age of 11 at Oratory Prep School. Back then she was a self-proclaimed “skinny winger and centre”. Now you'll see her smashing rucks and taking lineouts for her club Darlington Mowden Park Sharks and for England. Lydia Thompson CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 13 You can’t really do much better than score a hat-trick of tries on your England debut, and that’s just what Lydia managed to do when she was called into the national team for a game against Spain in the 2012 European Cup. Two of her three touchdowns came in the space of only four minutes. Lydia is a speedy winger with an eye for the try line and although she hasn't played in a World Cup, she says the 2010 tournament was a significant part in her rugby journey. “The Women’s 2010 RWC final between New Zealand and England is an important moment in my rugby career as it inspired me to carry on playing and aim to play for my country,” she said. Lydia’s first rugby experience was at the age of 11 in the South Staffordshire Tag tournament for Blakeley Heath Primary School. She later attended Ounsdale High in Wombourne and King Edward VI College inher home town of Stourbridge. She played for the local club, based in Stourton, from 2004-06 and appeared at age group level for Worcester before stepping up to the senior squad at Sixways three years ago. Danielle Waterman CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 55 It was perhaps inevitable that Danielle would end up playing rugby. After all, she is the daughter of Jim Waterman, who played more than 400 games for Bath Rugby. She recalls: “My dad started me off at Minehead when I was four and he’s still there for me, not only to work on my skills but to be my biggest critic. He has been my coach and mentor throughout my whole playing career.” Her dream is to one day play in the same side as her dad and her two brothers, Sam and Joe, who have both played county rugby at age group and senior levels. Danielle is one of the most experienced players when it comes to World Cups, having played big parts in the 2006 tournament where she featured against South Africa and France in the pool stages and started in the final against New Zealand. In 2010 she played in every game and was one of three nominees for player of the tournament. Kay Wilson CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 26 Kay started her career with a 10 on her back but you'll find her playing anywhere in the back three these days. Having bagged 26 caps so far in the XVs version of the game and with a sack full of sevens games under her belt, Kay is one of the “gas women”. She's never been involved in a World Cup before but made her debut in the Nations Cup and came off the bench in the famous 10-0 win over New Zealand at Twickenham in November 2011. Her first start came against Scotland in the 2012 Six Nations and her first try came against Wales in the 33-0 win later on in the same tournament. Given the strengths of her game – passing and speed – Sevens plays a big part in the life and rugby of Kay and beating Australia to win the Hong Kong Sevens in March 2012 rates as her most memorable success in an England shirt. Back to XVs and after two seasons with Richmond she now plays her rugby with Bristol, mixing a Sports Development course at Cardiff Met with a world record attempt at how many times she can cross the Severn Bridge in a week.	i don't know
The villages of Soultz-les-Bains, Eguisheim, Riquewihr & Soulzmatt are all located at the heart of which French wine region?	Alsace Wine Route - French Moments You are at: Home » Regions of France » Grand Est » Alsace »Alsace Wine Route The Alsace Wine Route in the vicinity of Turckheim © French Moments Alsace Wine Route Alsace , Detours of France If you're new here, you may be interested in downloading the guide "10 Amazing Offbeat Places in Paris". Click here to get your free copy now! Thanks for visiting! The Alsace Wine Route is 170 kilometres long and was inaugurated in 1953. It criss-crosses through the Alsatian vineyards from north to south and is undoubtedly France’s most beautiful tourist route, featuring charming villages and countryside, which are characteristic of the foothills of the Vosges (Le Piémont des Vosges). The Alsace Wine Route Several cities and villages along the Alsace Wine Route have since become famous and attract a very large crowd of visitors during the summer months and Christmas. These gems of the wine country are often made up of old medieval ramparts, winding alleyways that bloom with magnificent geraniums, winstubs, vaults, half-timbered houses, and medieval churches. Many town names have become synonymous with rich traditions, friendliness, prosperity and great wines. These include Molsheim, Rosheim, Obernai , Barr, Dambach , Andlau, Saint-Hippolyte, Ribeauvillé , Hunawihr , Riquewihr , Kaysersberg , Turckheim , Colmar , Eguisheim , Rouffach , Guebwiller, Cernay and Thann . Benefiting from local microclimates, these areas are bordered to the West by the natural barrier of the Vosges , and to the East by the Rhine Plain which has its own large natural border: the Black Forest in Germany. The Romans who introduced wine in Alsace and in the Upper Rhine region recognised the privileged position of the foot of the Vosges, bathed in sunlight and protected from wind and rain by the mountains. The region around Colmar is recognised as one of the sunniest in France and its average levels of precipitation are the lowest of all of France’s vineyards. Once the Romans had left, it was only under the influence of monastic orders during the Middle Ages that viticulture enjoyed a new boom and Alsace‘s reputable wines were exported to Nordic countries via the Rhine. In the 16th century, the Alsatian vineyard was twice as large as it is today. The Alsace Wine Route winds through the Alsatian vineyards across a hundred cities and villages. We have chosen to go into detail for twenty-three of the most remarkable places, located along the tourist route, from Marlenheim to Thann, including Molsheim, Obernai, Riquewihr, Kaysersberg, Eguisheim, and Rouffach. In the middle of the Route, Colmar , the capital of the Alsace wines, also deserves a closer look. Our pages on the ALSACE WINE ROUTE From Marlenheim to Dambach-la-Ville Marlenheim The northern gateway of the Alsace Wine Route is located in the little town of Marlenheim, 20 km West of Strasbourg which is overlooked by Marlenberg. The vineyards have been famous since the 6th century and now stretch over 132 hectares, mostly planted with the Pinot Noir grape. Marlenheim is built at the foot of the Marlenberg hill whose slopes take advantage of an exceptional sunny climate. Set in the beautiful Marlenberg vineyards, the Marlenberg Chapel with its imperial slate-tiled roof dates back to 1683 and 1772. The panoramic views from the top of the hill at 369 metres stretches over the Alsace Plain as far as the Black Forest range in Germany and the spire of Strasbourg Cathedral. It was from a medieval quarry located in Marlenberg that pink sandstone was taken to build the cathedral of Strasbourg. Molsheim In the Middle-Ages, the town of Molsheim belonged to the bishops of Strasbourg. This site at the entrance of the valley of the Bruche, gave the bishops a strategic position on route to the Duchy of Lorraine. In the 16th century, Molsheim was a major centre of the Counter-Reformation and dubbed with the nickname: religious capital of Alsace. The old part of town is well-preserved and visitors will discover half-timbered houses bordering the narrow streets that are typical of Alsatian architecture. There are many interesting monuments included in the old town: the former monastery La Chartreuse (1598-1792) partly dismantled during the French Revolution, the 14th century Tour des Forgerons (the most impressive remnant of the city wall), the baroque church of the Jesuites, the classical Town-Hall, and the Metzig. The Metzig is a Renaissance town-house built in the 16th century for the butchers’ corporation. While the vaulted ground floor was occupied by a butchers’ shop, the first floor with its graceful balustrade balcony housed the meetings of the guild. The double carved-stone staircase leading to the first level is reminiscent of Mulhouse’s old Town-Hall. Facing the Place de l’Hôtel de ville, it is topped by an onion-shaped turret. The Jacquemart Clock (1607) comprises two angels who strike the hours and the quarter hours. Today, the town of Molsheim is a vibrant little city proud of being the historic place of manufacture of Bugatti cars. The vineyards around the town produce the renowned Bruderthal wine. Molsheim Tourist Office: http://www.ot-molsheim-mutzig.com/ Obernai Believe it or not, the enchanting town of Obernai is the second most visited town of the Alsatian département of Bas-Rhin, after Strasbourg. The prosperous past of Obernai is linked to the Decapole, an alliance of 10 free Alsatian cities, recognised in 1354 by Emperor Charles IV: Obernai, Kaysersberg, Haguenau, Colmar, Wissembourg, Turckheim, Rosheim, Munster, Sélestat, Mulhouse (replaced by Landau from 1515) and Seltz (from 1358 to 1414). The Decapole was defined by a military alliance and, something particularly rare at the time, a financial aid in case of bankruptcy. After Alsace was joined to France, Louis XIV ordered its dissolution in 1674. The old town includes some beautiful examples of restored medieval and Renaissance houses, many of them half-timbered which are found in the streets around Place du Marché, ruelle des Juifs, Place de l’Etoile and rue des Pélerins. Obernai’s most famous monuments are the Renaissance well of the six buckets (1579), the Kappelturm Belfry (60 metres high), the Town Hall (from 1370) the Corn Exchange Market (Halle aux Blés), dating back to 1554, and the remains of the medieval ramparts. Obernai is located at the foot of the Vosges Mountains and the popular Mount Sainte Odile (760 m) topped by the Hohenburg Abbey consecrated to Saint Odile. Read more about Obernai . Barr The picturesque little town of Barr is located 8 km South of Obernai, between the Vosges and the hilly vineyards. With its old wine fair (more than 100 year old), Barr is one of Alsace wines capitals alongside Colmar. The wine growing town of Barr produces the famous Grand Cru du Kirchberg with Sylvaner, Riesling and Gewurztraminer and holds a traditional Wine Fair (Fête des vendanges ) on the first weekend of October in the Town-Hall. The fine Town-Hall of Barr dates back to 1640 and was rebuilt on the foundations of an old 13th century castle. It is embellished with a beautiful loggia and a carved balcony. Life spirals around the Town-Hall, set in the centre of the old town of Barr. Typically Alsatian with its cobbled narrow streets, most of it has been pedestrianised. During the summertime, it is worth a walk along the flower-decked streets bordered with ravishing half-timbered houses. Just outside town, pathways meander through the vineyards toward the ruined medieval castle of Landsberg in the Vosges. Barr Tourist Office: http://www.pays-de-barr.com/ Andlau The site of Andlau is remarkable: between the slopes of the Vosges and the Alsace Plain, the flower-decked village is well known for its vineyards. This is the heart of the Riesling producing area with three famous vintages found nearby. Andlau has a rich history linked to the presence of an abbey founded by Sainte Richarde in 880. The old part of the village features houses from the 15th to the 18th centuries that belonged to the wine-growers and the tradesmen (blacksmiths, carpenters, butchers…) The village is surrounded by two ruined castles: the Spesbourg and the Haut-Andlau, easily recognisable by its two cylindrical keeps flanked on both ends of the building. Andlau is also a gateway to the massif of Champ du Feu (1,100 metres) in the Vosges and to the holiday-resort village of Le Hohwald. Andlau Tourist Office: http://www.pays-de-barr.com/ Dambach-la-Ville Probably not as touristy as the neighbouring villages, Dambach-la-Ville is worth a visit with its postcard-perfect vista made up of ramparts, church spire, gateways and colourful and flowered half-timbered houses. The rampart built by the Bishops of Strasbourg dates back to 1325. With some 60 wine cellars, Dambach-la-Ville has become today the largest wine-producing village in Alsace. Its vineyards produce one of the finest Alsatian wines: the renowned Frankstein Grand Cru. Outside the village, marked pathways meanders among the vineyards towards the iconic chapel Saint Sébastien. The historic church features a Romanesque belltower, a Gothic nave and apse and a 17th century baroque altar. From there, the view extends to Sélestat , the Alsace Plain, the Kaiserstuhl and the Black Forest in Germany. In fine weather, it is possible to glimpse the spire of Strasbourg Cathedral . Read more about Dambach-la-Ville . Scherwiller Surrounded by vineyards, the village of Scherwiller is a gate to the valleys of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines and Villé. This strategic situation explains the presence of two medieval castles in ruins: the Ramstein and the Ortenbourg. Scherwiller is crossed by the scenic Alsatian Wine Route and is famous for the half-timbered guardhouse (18th c). From Châtenois to Turckheim Châtenois From Châtenois to Eguisheim, the Alsace Wine Route enters its most popular stretch as it crosses some of Alsace’s reputed villages and cities such as Ribeauvillé, Hunawihr, Riquewihr, Kaysersberg, and Colmar. The village of Châtenois is located 4 km from the town centre of Sélestat, on the route to Saint-Dié-des-Vosges and Nancy in Lorraine. There are a few interesting monuments to discover in Châtenois: the singular Romanesque bell tower of the parish church with its spire based on four timber bartizans, the Witches’ Tower (Tour des Sorcières) crowned by a stork’s nest and a few fine half-timbered houses. Find out more about Châtenois . Kintzheim The village of Kintzheim is a popular halt on the Alsace Wine Route, particularly for the three main recreational sites that are located there: the Montagne des Singes , the Volerie des Aigles and Cigoland . In addition, the village is located close by the Haut-Kœnigsbourg Castle. Find out more about Kintzheim . Saint-Hippolyte This attractive and flowery village encircled by vines and sturdy ramparts is located at the foot of the majestic medieval castle of Haut-Kœnigsbourg. The little wine-producing town is surrounded by 13th century ramparts – but out of the four original defense towers, only one still stands today, the Stork’s Tower (Tour des Cigognes). A marked path follows the line of the fortified walls around the outside of town. In the centre of Saint-Hippolyte, beautiful half-timbered houses dating back from the 16th century are completed with the 14th century parish church (whose bell tower added in 1822 is reminiscent of an Italian church) and flower-decked fountains. Saint-Hippolyte Tourist Office: http://www.ribeauville-riquewihr.com/ Bergheim Coming from Saint-Hippolyte, the fortified village of Bergheim suddenly appears at a curve of the Alsace Wine Route. Located in a beautiful landscape made up of undulating wine-growing hills, Bergheim is known as being one of the rare towns in Alsace to have kept its fortified walls intact which date back to 1311. The history of Bergheim is quite turbulent. The village prospered rapidly during the Middle-Ages under the authority of the Ribeaupierre, Lords of Ribeauvillé before suffering from the consequences of stampeding invasions. Between 1582 and 1683, many witch trials occurred in Bergheim, which resulted into 40 women being burnt at the stake for witchcraft. The Witches’ House (Maison des Sorcières) recounts the events of the trials in an attempt to reflect on the question of exclusion and intolerance. It is possible to walk outside the fortified walls along a 2km path which runs parallel to the ramparts of Bergheim. The well-preserved centre of the village features some fine monuments and half-timbered houses. At the western entrance of the village, the imposing and turreted Porte Haute is Bergheim’s only remaining gate which dates back to the 14th century. With its winding streets bordered by wine-growers houses and wrought-iron signs, Bergheim has become an inevitable stop along the Alsace Wine Route. Read more about Bergheim . Ribeauvillé A major tourist hub along the Alsace Wine Route, the town of Ribeauvillé is framed by fantastic scenery of vineyards and rolling hills lying on the edge of the Vosges. The mountain flanking the town is crowned by three ruined feudal castles, giving this site an enchanting touch. Renowned for its Riesling and Gewurztraminer white wines, the vineyards of Ribeauvillé produce local Grands Crus Kirchberg, Osterberg and Geisberg. The semi-pedestrianised street of Grand’Rue acts as the spinal cord of the town. Most of Ribeauvillé’s finest houses and monuments are found along the narrow main street, including the 13th century Butchers’ Tower (Tour des Bouchers) which separates the lower to the higher parts of town. Other houses of interest are the Pfifferhüs (former house of the fife-playing minstrels), the Halle au Blé (covered corn exchange hall), the Elephant Inn from 1522, the 18th century Town-Hall and its small museum with a prestigious collection of silver and gold items. Ribeauvillé and its vicinity were the possession of the powerful Lords of Ribeaupierre, a local dynasty who built the three castles which still dominate the town. The ruins are accessible by hiking footpaths from the town. The Saint-Ulrich castle is by far the most impressive, although the smallest at 528 metres. Saint Ulrich is also the oldest: its construction started in the 11th century. The castle features three architectural styles: Romanesque, Gothic and Early Renaissance. The Girsberg castle, built in the 13th century by the Ribeaupierre, was given to house the knights of Girsberg in 1304. The Haut-Ribeaupierre castle is the highest of the three at 642 metres. Only the circular keep stands today, on top of which there is a commanding view over the Alsace Plain and the Black Forest (Germany) in the distance. Read more about Ribeauvillé . Hunawihr Hunawihr , listed as one of France’s most beautiful villages, is renowned for its iconic fortified church which overlooks the village, the vineyards and the Alsace Plain. Hunawihr was founded by Hunon (Lord of the Franks) in the 7th century to whom it owes its name. The fortified church Saint Jacques le Majeur is surrounded by an old cemetery and 14th century walls. The square belltower of the church is as strong as a keep and dates back to the 14th century. Singularly, the church is used for combined Catholic and Protestant services. The fountain and wash-house located at the entrance of the village provides a fine view of the fortified church above and the three castles of Ribeauvillé in the distance. Read more about Hunawihr . Riquewihr Classed among the most beautiful cities in France, Riquewihr is rightly the pearl of the Alsatian vineyards. The village, with countless half-timbered houses, attracts millions of visitors each year, especially in summer and at the approach of the festive season. The shades of the half-timbered houses are typical of Alsace: in red, green or bright yellow, adding a very picturesque stamp to the site (some rumours say that it is a mini Disneyland!). Read more about Riquewihr . Kientzheim At the foot of the undulating hills covered by vineyards, the wine-growing village of Kientzheim is located between the very popular sites of Riquewihr and Kaysersberg. Founded in the 8th century, Kientzheim is still surrounded today by its ramparts. Read more about Kientzheim . Kaysersberg Kaysersberg , the “Mountain of the Emperor”, certainly deserves its prestigious name. A tourist hotspot, the little city houses the most beautiful half-timbered houses of the Renaissance in Alsace in its entirely pedestrian centre. The city of Kaysersberg and its viticulture are dominated by the castle ruins, which only consists now of a beautiful round tower. The view from its summit offers a panorama of the city, the valley of the Weiss, the vineyards and the Plain. Read more about Kaysersberg . Niedermorschwihr Between Turckheim and Katzenthal and at 6 km from Colmar , the village of Niedermorschwihr (pop. 540) was first mentioned in 1148. During the fights in the Pocket of Colmar, 60% of the village’s houses were destroyed in December 1944. The most iconic monument of Niedermorschwihr is the parish church, with its unique crooked spire. The narrow old streets of the village are bordered by a great number of beautiful stone and half-timbered houses from the Renaissance era and the 18th century. Niedermorschwihr is surrounded by the vineyards of Grand Cru Sommerberg. Find out more about the village of Niedermorschwihr . Turckheim When mentioning Turckheim to French people residing outside Alsace, they will probably think about actress Charlotte de Turckheim… without knowing that there is actually a fine medieval town of the same name in Alsace. In fact, the popular French actress’ ancestors come from the nobility of Turckheim. Commanding the entrance to the valley of Munster and the route towards Lorraine beyond the pass of Col de la Schlucht, Turckheim enjoyed a strategic position during the Middle-Ages. It is therefore not surprising to find remnants of fortified structures. The medieval ramparts that still surround Turckheim are accessed by three distinctive gateways: the Munster Gate (through that gate, the tortured witches were lead to the square to be burnt at the stake), the Brand Gate (opening onto the vineyards, it was carefully kept locked, except during the grape harvest season), and the France Gate (the gate for trading, mainly with Switzerland). In the town centre, many buildings reflect the prosperous past of Turckheim, which was a member of the Décapole: the Guardhouse, the Town-Hall, the parish church, as well as several half-timbered houses. Find out more about Turckheim . Colmar At the heart of the Alsace Wine Route, Colmar is very well located and while it may not be the capital of Alsace, it remains one of its top tourist destinations. The city has a rich architectural and cultural heritage that is impressive for its size (80,000 inhabitants in its metropolitan area). Its numerous half-timbered houses neatly lining the cobblestone streets and walkways, its peaceful canals giving it its reputation of the “ Little Venice of Alsace ”, its museums rich in altarpieces and artistic masterpieces of Gothic and Renaissance art, and its delicious restaurants offering some of the best cuisine in the region, are all the assets the city needs to perfect and maintain its international reputation. Read more about Colmar . From Éguisheim to Rouffach Éguisheim When looking at a photo of Eguisheim taken from above, it is easy to be amazed by the shape of this medieval city, which was built in three concentric circles around the octagonal Romanesque chateau. This birthplace of the Alsatian vineyards was classed as one of the Most Beautiful Villages in France in 2003, and has been awarded the National Grand Prize winner for Flowers since 1989. Located only 5km from Colmar, Eguisheim is surrounded by a 339 hectare vineyard, whose hills “Eichberg” and “Pfersigberg” are classed among the “Great Wines” of Alsace. Read more about Eguisheim . Husseren-les-Châteaux Husseren-les-Châteaux is situated above the village of Eguisheim . It is towered by the three ruined castles of the counts of Eguisheim strategically placed atop a mountain of the Vosges : the Wahlenburg, the Weckmund and the Dagsburg. At 390m high, Husseren is the highest point of the Alsace Wine Route. Its name derives from old german ‘Husen’ (at the houses) and the village was first mentioned in 1247. Its history is linked with the local noble dynasty of the Hattstatts and then of the Schauenburgs, a noble family from Lower Saxony. The village and the surrounding vineyards offer a panoramic view of Vosges , Colmar , the Plain of Alsace and the Black Forest mountains in Germany. Obermorschwihr The village of Obermorschwihr was first mentioned in 913 under the name of Morsvilare in a charter made by the bishop of Strasbourg . In 1090 a priory was founded there which would later be known as the abbey of Marbach. The village was owned by the bishop of Strasbourg until the French Revolution. The parish church devoted to St. Philip and St. James has a distinctive half-timbered bell-tower from 1720. Hattstatt Hattstatt (pop. 800) is an old wine village whose name derives from Hatton (or Otto), the first owner of the site. In the 12th century, a noble family, the Hattstatts took over the control of the village. The dynasty was momentarily forced to leave the village to the bishop of Strasbourg from 1294 to 1460. After the Hattstatts died out in 1587, the village passed into the hands of a noble family from Switzerland, the Truchsess of Rheinfelden and later to the Schauenburgs from Lower Saxony. The village became part of the Kingdom of France in 1648 at the signature of the Treaty of Westphalia. Hattstatt houses the Sainte Colombe Church (11th-18th centuries) and many wine-grower houses from the 16th to the 18th century. Gueberschwihr Overlooking the Plain of Alsace, Gueberschwihr is a beautiful village ideally set between the foothills of the Vosges and the vineyards. The village was first mentioned in 728 and its name is believed to derive from old German ‘Gebel‘ meaning gable. During the Middle-Ages the village was the possession of the bishop of Strasbourg . More than 78 monuments or houses are listed by the State or local council, including the fine Romanesque church devoted to St. Pantaléon. Rouffach Fifteen kilometres to the South of Colmar, Rouffach is a little town of less than 5,000 inhabitants which was first mentioned in the 7th century. Today, the town is worth a stop along the Alsace Wine Route for a visit of its picturesque centre. Rouffach’s principal monuments include the Church of Notre-Dame de l’Assomption, the old Corn Exchange and medieval Witches’ Tower (Tour des Sorcières). Overlooking the little town on top of a small hill covered with vineyards, the castle of Isenbourg houses a luxury hotel and restaurant. The vineyards of Rouffach are renowned for producing the Vorbourg Grand Cru, one of Alsace’s finest wines. Find out more about Rouffach . From Guebwiller to Thann Guebwiller Half-way between Mulhouse and Colmar, Guebwiller is a lively town at the entrance of the Florival Valley. Owned by the powerful Abbots of Murbach during the Middle-Ages, the town of Guebwiller often suffered from the conflicts between the churchmen and the Habsburg. From that troubled – but yet prosperous – history, Guebwiller retains some interesting monuments, particularly churches: the Church Saint-Léger (12th-13th centuries), of late Rhenish Romanesque style, the Dominican Abbey and cloister, of Gothic style, the Church Notre-Dame de Guebwiller (1762-1785) of neo-Classical style. Five kilometres deeper in the Florival Valley stands the remaining structures of the former Murbach Abbey. Only the transept remains with its two towers, and the east end with the quire. Guebwiller Tourist Office: http://www.tourisme-guebwiller-soultz.com/ Soultz-Haut-Rhin Merging into neighbouring Guebwiller, the town of Soultz comprises a well-preserved old town partly surrounded by medieval ramparts. There are several fine houses in the old town to admire, 15 of them dating back to the 16th century (1515-1590). The former seat of the episcopal bailiff from 1289 to the French Revolution was housed in the 11th century Buchenek fortress, now a local history museum. The parish church, built between 1270 and 1489, features a bell tower above the crossing of the transept. The town of Soultz takes its name from a salted water spring. “Haut-Rhin” was added later in order to avoid confusion with Soultz-sous-Forêts and Soultz-les-Bains in Northern Alsace. Soultz-Haut-Rhin Tourist Office: http://www.tourisme-guebwiller-soultz.com/ Cernay Final stage of the scenic Route des Crêtes of the Vosges, Cernay is a small industrial town with a few interesting medieval buildings in its historic centre including the Thann Gate (Porte de Thann) which hosts the local history museum. Cernay Tourist Office: http://www.cernay.net/ Thann The Alsace Wine Route ends in Thann , a historic town renowned for its Gothic church and the vines growing on the slopes of the Rangen mountain. Thann used to be an Austrian stronghold until 1648, commanding the access to the Duchy of Lorraine through the Col du Bussang. At the entrance of the historic part of town, the Saint-Thibault Collegiate is arguably Alsace’s most richly decorated church. A local saying tells us that: “if the spire of Strasbourg Cathedral is the tallest, and if the spire of Freiburg cathedral is the broadest, then the spire of Thann collegiate is the prettiest!” The church, built between the 14th and the 16th century, displayed indeed a remarkable example of Flamboyant Gothic style. The old town of Thann is worth a visit with its stoned houses which differs greatly in style with the half-timbered ones seen from Rouffach and further north. Above the town, highly perched on a mountain, lie the ruins of Thann’s feudal castle, the Engelbourg Castle, also locally nicknamed the Witch’s Eye (l’œil de la Sorcière). When Louis XIV ordered its dismantlement, one of the towers fell and overturned in such a way that it forms a large stone ring that was kept as such, standing oddly amidst the ruins. When arriving in Thann, the Route des Crêtes offers a nice journey along the ridges of the Vosges ’ highest summits northwards to Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines from where you can easily reach Sélestat and then Strasbourg. Find out more about Thann . The Christmas Markets along the Alsace Wine Route The Christmas Markets are a real institution and are deeply rooted in Alsatian tradition. When the time of the Advent arrives in Alsace, cities and villages are decorated for the occasion. The streets are adorned with sparkling decorations, animated facades, and illuminated monuments. Pretty little wooden chalets are erected in the centre of the towns of Riquewihr, Kaysersberg and Eguisheim, and are individually decorated and illuminated to spread the enchanting atmosphere of the Alsatian villages. The great Christmas markets begin at Advent and finish shortly before Christmas. A true Alsatian Christmas market displays the Christmas nativity scene and has a majestic illuminated Christmas tree in its centre. The fine aromas of mulled wine (with scents of cinnamon, orange and spices) and roasted chestnuts perfume the atmosphere. The craftsmen in the chalets offer authentic goods especially for the Christmas season: decorations for the Christmas tree, pottery decorations, blown glass, toys and chiselled wooden Christmas figures for the nativity, linen, floral art, and hampers containing foie gras, Christmas biscuits and gingerbreads. Hugely popular, the Christmas markets of the villages along the Alsace Wine Route can become congested with the flow of visitors on weekends in December – you had better come armed with patience! Learn more about Christmas celebrations in Alsace in our page: Christmas in Alsace . How to get to the Alsace Wine Route The Route des Vins d’Alsace is easily accessible by car from Alsace’s main cities Strasbourg, Colmar, and Mulhouse, as well as from Lorraine (Nancy and Metz) and Franche-Comté (Besançon). From Paris, take the N4 road (which is a dual carriageway from Vitry-le-François to Nancy), and then the express way from Nancy to Saint-Dié des Vosges. If you travel from Australia you could take a flight to Paris Charles de Gaulle, Zurich or Frankfurt Airports and rent a car from there. The TGV from Paris-Gare de l’Est takes just over 2 hours to Strasbourg, and also stops at Colmar and Mulhouse.	Alsace
George Cowling, was BBC Television’s first what? He made his debut on 11 January 1954?	Alsace Vacation Rentals Holidays Cottage Home Condo Rental Bed & Breakfast Accommodations BNB B&B Strasbourg Colmar Castle House Apartment Rental lodging Self Catering Alsace Holiday rental cottage at a wine grower who can welcome up to 12 people Location Cottage Dambach la Ville The holiday cottage of 50 m ² consists of a big room of life with kitchen and stay, of 1 Bed room with 1 sleeping around 2 people and 2 sleepings around 1 person, of a bathroom with shower and of one toilets. The[....] per week, from Sleeps : 2 to 4 pers Dambach la Ville Sleeps : 1 to 5 pers Dettwiller	i don't know
In which UK city is the Bullring Shopping centre?	Bullring Birmingham - Home Home EATING Bullring and Spiceal Street offers a choice of stylish restaurants, cafés and places to grab a snack. Visiting VISITING Bullring is easily accessible and has great transport links. All the information you need when visiting the centre. News Find out what’s new at Bullring, what others are saying and what’s happening in Birmingham. Gift Card Gift Card Whatever the occasion, you don’t have to think twice about buying the perfect present, thanks to Bullring Gift Card. Book your place at the world first event with Estee Lauder Jan 19 Too Faced Peach is back! Featured Shops Discover over 160 shops in the directory GIFT CARDS	Birmingham
What is the name of the giraffe which features in the logo and branding of Toys R Us?	0121 643 7209 We’re a short walk from all the major train stations, in the heart of the Bullring shopping centre – perfect for a pit stop to refuel yourself. We’re a large, open-fronted, 2 floor restaurant with spectacular rooftop views over central Birmingham. We can comfortably cater large groups on our 2nd floor. When we're open	i don't know
BFN, CPT, DUR & JNB are all IATA codes for airports in which country?	OR Tambo International - South Africa December 22, 2014 at 1:57 pm Good airport Chris Rae January 6, 2012 at 6:35 pm Certainly allow lots of time!! You were lucky to have six checkin people. Last time I checked in for a flight from JHB to the States there were about 100 people in line for checkin, the intercom was calling to begin boarding the flight and there were three people on the desks, one of whom promptly got up when they heard the announcement and began putting on an orange reflective vest and then left the counter. Chaos ensued as those on that flight tried to get to the front of the queue. Generally Agree Alan Reff December 25, 2008 at 7:21 pm I was at JNB twice during my trip due to flight transfer delays. It is nicely laid out with many spots to get your luggage "wrapped" (35R). Incoming passport control/customs were efficient and polite. CAUTION: If you are flying South African Airways allow a lot of time. I was stuck on a line of about 100-150 people waiting to check-in. Of 21 locations, SAA only manned six spots. Its Fantastic! Kimberly Smith June 1, 2007 at 4:39 pm Well, I stopped in at JHB international, at the start of the year and it was great! In the past it was Jan Smuts International then due to "apartheid" and it being wrong to keep that name, they changed it to Johannesburg International which was fair to both sides of the fence. Now they have changed it to Oliver Tambo. Hold Luggage Pamela Henson October 29, 2006 at 10:16 pm Nice airport with all the facilities you would expect. There is a big problem with theft from hold luggage. Recommend that you take advantage of having bags wrapped in cling-film type wrap prior to check-in. (Virgin offer this for free.) JNB Airport	South Africa
Hola Mahalla is an annual festival celebrated in which religion?	Bloemfontein Airport, Bloemfontein BFN airport Private Bag X20562, Bloemfontein 9300, SOUTH AFRICA Post Code	i don't know
The Dream Warriors, The Dream Master and The Dream Child are all subtitles of instalments of which film franchise?	Bangers n' Mash 21: A Nightmare on Our Street - YouTube Bangers n' Mash 21: A Nightmare on Our Street Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 21, 2013 This one took a lot longer then expected. Yes, Mr. Bangers and Mr. Mash finally get around to talking about the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise. We discuss in great detail: - A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) - A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985) - A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: The Dream Warriors (1987) - A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) - A Nightmare on Elm Street: The Dream Child (1989) - Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991) - New Nightmare (1994)	A Nightmare on Elm Street
How are the members of The Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers now more commonly known, this name arose from a court case heard in 1797?	KQEK.com - DVD Review: Nightmare on Elm Street III:Dream Warriors (1987) Robert Shaye Cast: Heather Langenkamp, Craig Wasson, Patricia Arquette, Robert Englund, Ken Sagoes, Rodney Eastman, Jennifer Rubin, Bradley Gregg, Ira Heiden, Laurence Fishburne, Penelope Sudrow, John Saxon, Priscilla Pointer, Clayton Landey, Nan Martin, Dick Cavett, and Zsa Zsa Gabor. Film Length: 96 mins Colour Anamorphic DVD: Yes Languages: English DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1, English Dolby Digital Mono, French Dolby Digital Mono, Spanish Dolby Digital Mono, more. Subtitles: English, French, Spanish, more. Special Features : Films: A Nightmare on Elm Street Parts II: Freddy’s Revenge (1985) / Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987) Extras: - Part II – 4 Making-of featurettes: “Heroes and Villains” (6:22) +”Psycho Sexual Circus” (3:27) + “The Male Witch” (2:46) + “Freddy of 8th Street” (5:29) / Theatrical Trailer - Part III – 7 making-of featurettes: “Fan Mail”(:45) + “Onward Christian Soldiers” (9:00_ + “Snakes and Ladders” (6:04) + “Trading 8's” (4:10) + “That's Show Biz” +(2:00) + “Burn Out” (1:13) + “The House That Freddy Built” (3:03) / Dokken: Dream Warriors Music Video (4:52) / Theatrical Trailer	i don't know
Asmara is the capital city of which country?	Asmara, capital city of Eritrea All... Asmara, capital city of Eritrea Asmara is a diamond of a city. The sun shines down on its peaceful neighborhoods for eight straight months of the year, and the streets are lined with tantalizing pastry shops, vintage-style cafes and cheerful pizza parlors. This may sound like a small Italian village, but it really is the Eritrean capital. The European atmosphere and relaxed pace of life really make you feel like you are on an entirely different continent and so will the architectural wonders that are relics of the colonial era. It is one of the most enchanting and agreeable cities in Africa, and you will leave wanting more, no matter how long you stayed. The best thing to do in Asmara is to let your feet and heart be your guide. Wander the streets, taking in the stunning Italian architecture, and let your mind wander to another time and place. The palm-lined Independence Avenue is a good place to start. Known by locals as ìKombishtato,î the avenue is lined with old cinemas, mom-and-pop shops and cafes that have perfected the art of the cappuccino. The city's tallest building, the Nyala Hotel, towers above the avenue's south end, and to the right of the cathedral is the capital's bustling and colorful marketplace. Stroll through the stalls taking in the incredible array of goods, including detailed olivewood carvings, gold-embroidered handmade garments, intoxicatingly aromatic spices and traditional goat-skin rugs. The nearby National Museum is worth a visit for a small but still impressive glimpse of Eritrea's history. The most interesting exhibits detail traditional countryside life and introduce the country's many ethnic groups. The Biet Ghiorghis Zoo and Park is located near the city outskirts, and it is worth the short trip. The zoo itself is not anything special, but the views from the eastern escarpment can't be beat. If the architecture in central Asmara makes you feel like you are in another land, the lifestyle in the nearby village of Tselot will convince you that you are in a completely different time. Located just outside the city, the village exemplifies the traditional rural lifestyle. Stone houses sit on small, dusty plots of land, herds of goat and sheep graze in front of ancient Christian and Muslim temples and locals transport themselves and their goods on camelback or mule. Martyrs National Park is a short walk away from the village. Founded in 2000, the wildlife reserve offers spectacular scenery and views, from serene valleys to dramatic ridges. If you trek to the highest viewpoint, you will feel like you are standing above the clouds because of the thick fog that usually covers the mountaintops and gorges. It is a remarkable experience, and the park is one of the highlights of Asmara. After working up an appetite strolling through the city, feast on an authentic Italian meal at one of the many restaurants in the city, or try some delicious traditional Eritrean food. It is quite spicy, so be prepared to sweat a bit, and most dishes are served with ìinjera,î a sour-dough staple that resembles flatbread or pancakes. Follow your meal with a cup of strong Italian-style coffee or a lager from the country's only brewery, located in Asmara. Asmara Geographical Location Asmara is located in the Maekel Region near the center of Eritrea. The population of Asmara is approximately 650,000 people and is the largest city in Eritrea. Asmara Language Eritrea’s three official languages are Tigrinya, Arabic, and English. Tigre, Kunama, Afar, and other Cushitic languages are spoken in smaller populations throughout the country. Asmara Predominant Religion 48% Muslim 2% Indigenous Beliefs There is almost an equal split between the populations of Muslims and Christians and for the most part they live geographically separate with the Muslims living in the lowlands and Christians living in the highlands. Asmara Currency The official currency of Eritrea is the Nakfa. Asmara Climate Asmara experiences warm summers and mild winters with subtle temperature changes between the two seasons. July and August are the rainiest months in which it rains a large portion of the annual rainfall within the two-month timeframe. Asmara Main Attractions Asmara Theater and Opera House Cathedral of Asmara Al Khulafa Al Rashiudin Mosque Denkalya Desert	Eritrea
Who was executed in the Bolivian village of La Higuera on October 9th 1967?	Eritrea - Country Profile - Hagere Ertra - Eastern Africa Info ___ Eritrea A virtual guide to Eritrea, an Eastern African country with a coastline on the Red Sea, it is bordered by Sudan in west, by Ethiopia in south and by Djibouti in south east. and Sudan. Eritrea shares also maritime borders with Saudi Arabia and Yemen . Compared its area of 117,000 km2 is almost four times the size of Belgium or slightly larger than the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Its capital and largest city Asmara is situated on the northwestern edge of the Eritrean highlands. Its population of 6 million people is made up of Tigrinya (55%), Tigre (30%) and some smaller ethnic groups. Spoken languages are Tigrinya, Arabic, and English. Read on to learn more about the many aspects of the Eritrean culture, history and geography. Get key information on Eritrea's economy, education, environment, population, and government. Asmara City Scene State of Eritrea \| Hagere Ertra Country Profile Flag of Eritrea Background: Eritrea is located in Eastern Africa in the Horn of Africa, to the North of Ethiopia and bordering the Red Sea in Northeast. It has a mixed Afro-Asiatic population that is divided by religion and language. The former Italian and British colony gained formal independence from Ethiopia, its last colonizer, in 1993. But independence did not end the wars in Eritrea. Conflicts with Yemen and Ethiopia followed. Latest UN reports (2005) warned that the humanitarian situation in Eritrea was deteriorating, mainly due to recurrent drought and the protracted stalemate in the peace process with Ethiopia. Eritrea is run by the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) with president Isaias Afewerki, who has been in office since independence in 1993. Other political groups are not allowed to organize, although the unimplemented constitution of 1997 provides for the existence of multi-party politics. National elections have been periodically scheduled and cancelled; none have ever been held in the country. (2,300 meters (7,500 ft.) above sea level; pop. 435 000) Other Cities: Keren (57,000); Assab (28,000); Massawa (25,000); Afabet (25,000); Tessenie (25,000); Mendefera (25,000); Dekemhare (20,000); Adekeieh (15,000); Barentu (15,000); Ghinda (15,000). Government: Ssingle-party presidential republic. In 2004 the U.S. State Department declared Eritrea a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) for its alleged record of religious persecution. Independence: Eritrea officially celebrated its independence on May 24, 1993 (from Ethiopia) Constitution: Ratified 24 May 1997, but not yet implemented. Geography: Location: Eastern Africa, in the Horn of Africa bordering the Red Sea in northeast. Area : 117,600 km². (45,405 sq. mi.) Terrain: Central highlands straddle escarpment associated with Rift Valley, dry coastal plains, and western lowlands. Climate: Temperate in the mountains and hot in the lowlands, hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast;. People: Nationality: Noun and adjective--Eritrean(s). Population : 6 million (about 1 million Eritreans in exile). Ethnic Groups: Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 31.4%, Saho 5%, Afar 5%, Beja 2.5%, Bilen 2.1%, Kunama 2%, Nara 1.5%, and Rashaida .5%. Religions: Christian 50% (mostly Orthodox), Muslim 48%, indigenous beliefs 2% Languages : Tigrinya (Tigrigna), Arabic, English, Tigré (second major language) and other Cushitic languages. Literacy: 53% Natural resources: Gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish. Agriculture products: Sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sisal; livestock, goats; fish. Industries: Food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles.	i don't know
Which comic hero was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939?	Batman: 70 years tribute, created in 1939 - YouTube Batman: 70 years tribute, created in 1939 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 10, 2009 Batman was first created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and this impressive character debuted in the May 1939 Detective Comics issue 27. Now, it's been 70 years since his Detective Comics debut and it's time to acknowledge that. Batman's one of the first comic book heroes and one of the few heroes from the Golden Age of comic books to still be as relevant and admired by many people to this very day. Batman's been standing the test of time and he'll continue to do so. This is my tribute to Batman, a very fascinating dark, brooding vigilante with the heart of a hero. To his creators, from the bottom of my heart, even though you're both resting in peace now, I THANK YOU. Music used from "Behold the Darkness" by Medwyn Goodall owned by New World Music and "It's not goodbye, it's see you later " by Aaron Zigman from "John Q musical score" owned by New Line Cinema Batman and all related characters is owned by DC Comics and Warner Bros. Entertainment This is entirely Non-Profit,under Fair Use Act. Category	Batman
Dr. Christian Barnard was the first person to successfully perform which type of human to human transplant?	Bill Finger \| DC Database \| Fandom powered by Wikia Personal History of Bill Finger is unknown. Professional History Writer Bill Finger co-created Batman in 1939 with artist Bob Kane . Until 2015 , Finger was not officially credited as Batman's co-creator. [2] [3] Bill Finger was a prolific writer at DC Comics for many years. He died in 1974 . Notes Since 2005 , the Bill Finger Award for Excellence in Comic Book Writing has been presented by Comic Con International: San Diego. [4] Trivia	i don't know
Which novelist wrote The Monarch of the Glen and Whisky Galore?	Famous whisky drinkers: Compton Mackenzie \| Scotch Whisky Famous whisky drinkers 13 January 2016 by Gavin D Smith The author of Whisky Galore and The Monarch of the Glen was a prolific writer with more than 100 published works to his name – not to mention a highly successful whisky advertising campaign. Gavin D Smith reports. The late writer drank more than his fair share of whisky and still lived a long and revered life. The genre of Scotch whisky fiction is not an expansive one, and would barely make a credible Mastermind specialist subject, but one title stands out above all others in terms of its profile with both aficionados and the general public. That title is Whisky Galore, penned in 1947 by Compton Mackenzie. Much of its fame rests on the Ealing comedy film of the same name, directed by Alexander Mackendrick and released to great acclaim in 1949. In it, Mackenzie himself played a cameo role as Captain of the SS Cabinet Minister. Novel and film were based on real-life events surrounding the wrecking of the SS Politician off the Hebridean island of Eriskay, near Barra, in 1941, after which many islanders were involved in a strictly unofficial ‘salvage’ operation to liberate some of the 24,000 cases of Scotch on board the vessel, allowing ample opportunities for humorous depictions of what ensued. Mackenzie was also author of The Monarch of the Glen, which – very loosely – formed the basis of the popular BBC television series. ‘Monty’, as he was known to his friends, was born in West Hartlepool, County Durham, in January 1883 with the impeccably English name of Edward Montague Compton, which he changed to Compton Mackenzie to emphasise his proud Scottish ancestry. His father was the founder and actor–manager of the Compton Comedy Company, while his sister, Fay Compton, went on to become a well-known actress. Mackenzie himself married the actress Faith Stone in 1905 and subsequently abandoned his law studies at Oxford University in order to concentrate on writing his first play, The Gentleman in Grey, which was followed by novels The Passionate Elopement (1911) and Carnival (1912), though it was his third novel, Sinister Street (1913), which earned him real critical acclaim. Mackenzie starred at the forefront of Grant's Standfast campaign in the 1950s, following the success of the screen adaptation of Whisky Galore!. The righthand poster features a scripted dialogue between Mackenzie and Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart. Later, while living on the Hebridean island of Barra, he wrote the six-volume novel The Four Winds of Love, published between 1937 and 1945, and running to almost one million words. Brevity was not Mackenzie’s forte when it came to his autobiography either, as My Life and Times ran to 10 volumes. Ironically, while Mackenzie expected to be remembered as a serious author of literary works, few people now read his ‘serious’ fiction, and his fame rests squarely on his humorous Scottish tales. Mackenzie worked hard at many varying ventures during his long and eventful life, serving during the First World War as a Lieutenant in the Royal Marines, before being recruited by MI6 and appointed director of the Aegean Intelligence Service in Syria. Mackenzie spent some of the post-war years living and writing on the island of Capri, where he was a friend of expat literary and artistic figures such as Somerset Maugham, DH Lawrence and Maxim Gorky. He was a tenant of the Channel Islands Herm and Jethou from 1920 to 1923, before returning to Scotland, and a home on the island of Barra. Mackenzie became a close friend of the talismanic poet and activist Hugh MacDiarmid, and in 1928 the pair, along with John MacCormick and Robert Cunninghame Graham, founded the National Party of Scotland. Always a figure with catholic tastes and interests, Mackenzie co-founded the classical music magazine The Gramophone in 1923 and had a lifelong love of cats, which was second only to his dedication to what he called ‘the golden leaf’ of tobacco, a subject on which he wrote with customary eloquence and wit. Mackenzie was knighted in 1952, and took part in a series of notably popular print adverts for Grant’s Stand Fast blended Scotch whisky on the back of the success of the novel and film of Whisky Galore. These came about after William Grant & Sons appointed London-based advertising agent Mather & Crowther. The result was a programme of significant investment in an advertising campaign from 1955 onwards, which involved spending in excess of £100,000 per annum over the next six years. One aspect of the print advertising campaign took the form of scripted dialogues between Mackenzie and other literary figures, musing on aspects of the heritage and lore of Scotch whisky and the specific merits of Grant’s Stand Fast. One such dialogue featured Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart , author of the book Whisky, while the novelist Eric Linklater was another participant. According to William Grant & Sons’ late life president Charles Gordon: ‘It was the Whisky Galore link that was important. The book and the film made Mackenzie a whisky guru to some people. The testimonial campaign with him was by far our most successful. It was a combination of good drawing and the Compton Mackenzie name that worked well.’ The final resting place of Compton Mackenzie. Mackenzie died in Edinburgh in 1972, aged 89, and was buried in an ancient graveyard on Barra, close to the house he had built there, and not far from the real life events that inspired Whisky Galore. Today, there is a bar on Eriskay named ‘Am Politician’, which features memorabilia relating to the headiest times in the history of the small island, and even a couple of bottles of genuine ‘Polly’ whisky. Compton Mackenzie’s biographer, Gavin Wallace, wrote: ‘Although Mackenzie's output of novels (including delightful books for children), essays, criticism, history, biography, autobiography, and travel writing was prolific – a total of 113 published titles – it can truly be said that if he had never written a word he would still have been a celebrity. ‘He had a personality as exhibitory and colourful as his writing, and remained throughout his life a gregarious man with a brilliant sense of comedy. Flamboyant, a raconteur and mimic, he was no less memorable as the formidable scourge of politicians, bureaucrats and governments, and the passionate defender of the ostracised, the shunned and the wronged.’ Would that we could all write 113 books, drink liberal quantities of whisky, smoke copious amounts of tobacco, live to the age of 89 and receive that sort of obituary! Most Read A new adaptation of Whisky Galore! deserves the iconic status of the original, says Charles MacLean. Culture 29 June 2016 The comedian, satirist and ultra-marathon runner takes on a more serious role in Whisky Galore! Features 05 February 2016 This factual tale of shipwreck and ‘salvage’ is even more remarkable than the fictional version. From the editors 10 August 2015 An occasional series on whisky reminiscences begins with a tale of film, men and Scotch. Famous whisky drinkers 23 June 2016	Compton Mackenzie
Viracocha is the creator god in the mythology of which ancient people?	Compton Mackenzie: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland Tràigh Eais: 1.5 Miles of Superb White Shell Sand on Barra, Near the House Mackenzie Built, and Near Where he is Buried Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie lived from 17 January 1883 to 30 November 1972. He was an author and novelist whose books such as "Whisky Galore" and "The Monarch of the Glen", and their film and TV adaptations, helped put little known parts of Scotland firmly on the map. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. Mackenzie was born in Hartlepool in North East England into a theatrical family with Scottish roots. He was educated at St Paul's School in London and Magdalen College, Oxford where he studied Modern History. He was an ardent Scottish Nationalist who went to great lengths to trace his Scottish ancestry and explore Gaelic culture, leading one biographer to comment: "Mackenzie wasn't born a Scot, and he didn't sound like a Scot. But nevertheless his imagination was truly Scottish." By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Mackenzie had published three novels. During the war he served with British Intelligence in the Mediterranean, later publishing four books about his experiences. Between 1920 and 1923 Mackenzie became the tenant of the Channel Islands, Herm and Jethou. In 1928 he discovered and settled on the Isle of Barra in the Western Isles, later building a large house there. It has been suggested that Compton Mackenzie was the inspiration for D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Man Who Loved Islands", though this is something Lawrence later denied. The first of Mackenzie's really enduring works, "Monarch of the Glen" was published in 1941. The seven TV series it inspired, between 2000 and 2005 were enormously successful, if some way removed from the spirit of the original book, which satirised the Anglicisation of Scottish nobility and had a distinctly Nationalist edge. Compton Mackenzie's most spectacular early hit, however, was with "Whisky Galore", published in 1947 and turned into a classic film which was made on Barra in 1949. This fictionalised real events that had taken place in 1941 when a cargo vessel bound for the United States with a cargo including 28,000 cases of Scotch Whisky had run aground on the island of Eriskay, an island visible from Mackenzie's Barra home. In all, Mackenzie published around 100 books, including his ten volume autobiography and the six volume novel "The Four Winds Of Love", which one critic declared to be "one of the greatest works of English literature produced in the Twentieth Century." In 1923, Mackenzie co-founded the classical music magazine "The Gramaphone", and as a passionate Jacobite, he became the third Governor-General of the Royal Stuart Society. He was also involved in the establishment of the Scottish National Party in 1934. Sir Compton Mackenzie was knighted in 1952. He died in Edinburgh in 1972 at the age of 89, and was buried on Barra, in an ancient graveyard not far from the house he had built.	i don't know
Clun Forest, Romney and Bluefaced Leicester are all breeds of which animal?	Sheep Breeds — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science Breeds of Livestock - Sheep Breeds Sheep: (Ovis aries) There are a number of different theories regarding the origins of domestic sheep. However, most sources agree that they originated from mouflon. There are two wild populations of mouflons still in existence: the Asiatic mouflon which is still found in the mountains of Asia Minor and southern Iran and the European mouflon of which the only existing members are on the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. These two species are closely related with the only difference being the redder coloration and different horn configuration of the Asiatic mouflon. Some sources even hypothesize that the European mouflon actually developed from the first domestic sheep in European being allowed to become feral and that all sheep are actually descendants of the Asiatic mouflon. Sheep were among the first animals domesticated. An archeological site in Iran produced a statuette of a wooled sheep which suggests that selection for woolly sheep had begun to occur over 6000 years ago. The common features of today's sheep were already appearing in Mesopotamian and Babylonian art and books by 3000 B.C. Another indication of the early domestication is the fact that they are the only species of livestock unable to return to a feral or wild state. Selection for wool type, flocking instinct and other economically important traits over the centuries has resulted in more than 200 distinct breeds of sheep occurring worldwide. Modern breeding schemes have also resulted in an increasing number of composite or synthetic breeds which are the result of a crossing of two or more established breeds.	Sheep
The secretary-general of the Tanzania China-Africa Business Council, Yang Fenglan, has gone on trial in Dar es Salaam recently, she is accused of being the kingpin of a ring involved in the illegal trade of what?	Little Prairie Cluns - About Little Prairie Cluns About Little Prairie Cluns began in 1994 on the Stute Family Farm in East Troy, Wisconsin. I read about Clun Forest sheep and was looking for a productive grazing animal, and found wonderfully helpful breeders right here in Wisconsin to get me started. For several years, I was actively producing and taining a small flock of Clun Mule ewes as well (Bluefaced Leicester X Clun Forest). Visit www.mulesheep.com for more information on Mule Sheep. In fall of 2009, I added a terminal sire breed half-English Suffolk ram to breed my Clun Mules for the final tier of the UK breeding scheme for quality grass fed lambs. Due to divorce and a re-location to smaller acreage, I sold the Clun Mule sheep in 2014, and decreased the size of the purebred flock. Little Prairie Cluns moved to my current location in September of 2014 once the pole barn and fencing was complete on the site. Little Prairie Cluns once maintained a flock of 40-50 ewes on average but now is a flock of about a dozen Registered Clun Forest Sheep. Pedigree and production records are available. Production records have been kept on the Ewebyte Sheep Management Program and Lambplan. New import genetics from the Netherlands was added in 2005. The flock is currently enrolled in the National Sheep improvement program (NSIP). Healthy Sheep! I am a Certified Veterinary Technician and know how important health is for best possible production. My flock is free of hoof rot with hooves that rarely need trimming, free of abortion disease, and tested negative for OPP (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia) --- member of OPP Concerned Sheep Breeder's Society. I have been enrolled in the Voluntary Scrapie Flock Certification Program since June 1998 and my flock became Scrapie Certified Free in 2006, and now am in the Select category for monitoring scrapie. I practice preventative health with CDT vaccinations and parasite control as needed. Mail	i don't know
Which eponymous Dickens character has a pet raven named Grip?	Charles Dickens & Grip the Raven - Aves Noir \| Aves Noir Home » Literature & History » Charles Dickens & Grip the Raven Charles Dickens & Grip the Raven Posted by vail in Literature & History Philadelphia has landmarks galore. The most unusual is this stuffed bird recently declared a “Literary Landmark” by a national library association. Certainly no bird in history contributed more to literature then this chatty raven who inspired the prose of both Charles Dickens and Edgar Allan Poe. Perched on a log, preserved with arsenic, frozen inside his shadow box he stands as a strange piece of history. Though he has been dead since 1841, his legacy is longer then most peopleâ€™s, much less other animals. When Grip died in 1841, Dickens had the bird mounted. After Dickens death, Grip was sold at auction. The mounted raven was eventually purchased by Philadelphia’s Col. Richard Gimbel, a collector of all things Poe. In 1971, Gimbel’s Poe collection was donated to the Free Library on Logan Circle where Grip holds a place of honor in the third-floor Rare Book Department. The Gimbel collection also includes the only known copy of The Raven in Poe’s hand, manuscripts of Annabel Lee and Murders in the Rue Morgue and first editions of all Poe’s works. Dickens wrote an amusing tongue-in-cheek account of Grip’s death in a letter to a friend. Grip’s last words, according to the author, included instructions for disposal of his property. ” â€œMr. Dear Maclise You will be greatly shocked and grieved to hear that the Raven is no moreâ€¦ On the clock striking twelve he appeared slightly agitated, but he soon recovered, walked twice or thrice along the coach-house, stopped to bark, staggered, exclaimed â€œHalloa old girl!â€ (his favorite expression) and died.â€ So wrote Charles Dickens to Daniel Maclise on March 12th 1841, adding â€œThe children seem rather glad of it. He bit their ankles but that was playâ€¦â€ Dickensâ€™ overblown letter has a humorous tone, but his pet raven Grip, and its death from eating lead paint chips, was quite real. This was not the first raven Dickens had owned as a pet, but it was his most beloved and when it died he had it professionally taxidermied and mounted (having oneâ€™s pet stuffed having became all the rage in England after George IV had his pet giraffe stuffed). Despite the ankle biting, it seemed Dickens children loved Grip as well. They begged their father to put the talkative pet raven into the newest story he was working on. An obliging father, Dickens did just that. So says the talkative raven Grip in Barnaby Rudge, Dickensâ€™ (somewhat less esteemed) historical novel about the â€œno-poperyâ€ riots of 1780. While Dickens may have made his children happy, there was one young man who was left unsatisfied. The young critic wrote that although he liked the book, â€œ[the raven’s] croaking might have been prophetically heard in the course of the drama.â€ But there was something about the raven character that stuck with the young critic. That and a single line from the book that read â€œWhat was that â€“ him tapping at the door?â€ Edgar Allen Poe was seriously struggling. He had quietly published a few books of poetry (one credited simply to â€œa Bostonianâ€) which no one read, he was broke, his young wife had recently died and his creative writing prospects didnâ€™t look too good. To make ends meet Poe was working as a literary critic, moving back and forth between Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City and making literary enemies all along the way. He was also drinkingâ€¦ a lot. He did however have a new poem. He called it â€œThe Raven.â€ It almost didnâ€™t get published. It was rejected from the first journal he submitted it to, but Poe hit gold with the Evening Mirror. Edited by Poeâ€™s friend Nathaniel Parker Willis, who had often encouraged Poe to â€œbe less destructive in his criticism and concentrate on his poetryâ€ the paper published an advance copy of the poem with the glowing recommendation that it was â€œunsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception, masterly ingenuity of versificationâ€¦ It will stick to the memory of everybody who reads it.â€ Willis was right, and within a few months the poem was published in numerous journals, and was a high society sensation. Poe had had his big break. Poe was gaining great popularity from his poem but along with it he was also receiving some very harsh criticism, on not just his work but his character. He was suffering retribution from those he had offended as a literary critic, as well as regularly being accused of plagiarism. Writer James Russell Lowell, a contemporary of Poeâ€™s, clearly saw the debt owed to Dickens and wrote what he called â€œA Fable for Criticsâ€ in it he says â€œHere comes Poe with his Raven, like Barnaby Rudge, / Three fifths of him genius, two fifths sheer fudge.â€ That was the least of it. T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, and Emerson all dismissed him referring to Poe as â€œa jingle man.â€ In addition, Poe was still struggling for money. Despite the poems popularity he was only paid nine dollars for its publication. He was also still drinking heavily. He did enjoy performing readings of the Raven at fancy salon parties. He would turn down all the lights and recite the poem with great drama. The women were thrilled and everyone called him â€œthe Raven.â€ Like the Miwok myth, Poe was the Raven, and the Raven was Poe. It would only be 4 years after publishing â€œThe Ravenâ€ and gaining worldwide fame that Poe was found delirious on the streets of Baltimore, and died shortly thereafter. Even after his death, Poe was subject to insult. An obituary attibuted to â€œLudwigâ€ was published in the Times stating â€œEdgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it.â€ The Raven, however, could not be so easily killed. The poem went on to be published in innumerable books, influence countless writers and is easily one of, if not, the most famous poem ever written. Today, Grip the Raven, who inspired both Dickens and Poe can still be seen, proud as ever, in the Philadelphia Rare Book Department. If a single raven can inspire two classic works, and a conspiracy of ravens can help humans hunt down a caribou, perhaps people will begin to see ravens not as a dark and ghoulish creature but as the intelligent, elegant and playful human-like bird they are? Perhaps we will disown the dim and arrogant eagle and adopt the clever, adaptable raven as our appropriate national symbol? The answer is most assuredlyâ€¦ Quoth the Ravenâ€¦Nevermore.	Barnaby Rudge
Which Gloucestershire country estate is the ancestral home of the Duke of Beaufort is famous for annual trials held there?	David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page - Dickens and Poe in Philadelphia Dickens and Poe in Philadelphia - Herb Moskovitz A Literary Meeting Dickens and Poe in Philadelphia By Herb Moskovitz Reprinted with permission of the author Young Edgar Allan Poe wanted to be the first American writer to support himself solely by his writings. Washington Irving was a diplomat, Hawthorne was a surveyor, Thoreau made pencils. Poe was an editor, a literary critic, a poet and an author of short stories. He was always writing. But he didn't get paid very well. Over in England, young Charles Dickens was becoming an author who lived on his writings. His breakthrough came with his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, which was published in 1836 through 1837. Dickens's novel is extremely humorous. Poe was writing tales of the grotesque and arabesque. Listen to this..."I remember days when I was afraid of being mad; when I used to start from my sleep, and fall upon my knees, and pray to be spared from the curse of my race; when I rushed from the sight of merriment or happiness, to hide myself in some lonely place, and spend the weary hours in watching the progress of the fever that was to consume my brain. I knew that madness was mixed up with my very blood, and the marrow of my bones! that one generation had passed away without the pestilence appearing among them, and that I was the first in whom it would revive. I knew it must be so: that so it always had been, and so it ever would be: and when I cowered in some obscure corner of a crowded room, and saw men whisper, and point, and turn their eyes towards me, I knew they were telling each other of the doomed madman; and I slunk away again to mope in solitude." The narrator goes on to literally scare his wife to death, attempts to hide his madness from the authorities and is finally incarcerated. Anybody know which story this is? Author? It's from chapter 11 of The Pickwick Papers. Pickwick Papers is moving along with increasingly funny incidents, but in the middle of the story, Dickens inserts nine dark tales. The second of these, "The Madman's Manuscript" is indeed told by a madman. Reading this tale, one can't help wonder if Poe was influenced by it. He was. Poe reviewed The Pickwick Papers for the Southern Literary Messenger and he just can't stop praising "The Madman's Manuscript." The narrator of the "Madman's Manuscript" as well as the narrator of "Ligeia", (published September 1838), are both unable to remember anything about their murdered wives other than that they were beautiful. The narrator of "The Madman's Manuscript" tells us he is mad. The narrators of "The Black Cat" and "The Tell Tale Heart" are both mad, though they try to hide their insanity from the authorities. All three narrators are murderers who tell us of their crimes, try to avoid the authorities and are found out. Other tales in Pickwick Papers are equally dark. Edgar Johnson points out in his biography of Dickens that "Save for the healing sunlight of laughter, the bitter vapors hidden within this region of his soul might well have spread and made him a fellow wanderer with Edgar Allan Poe through regions of haunted and phantasmal dread." After failing to provide for his young wife Virginia and his mother-in-law, Maria Clemm in Baltimore, Richmond and New York, Poe and his family moved to Philadelphia in the summer of 1838. Conditions were so bad that they were living on a diet of bread and molasses. Philadelphia in the 1840s was a far different city from the genteel greene towne that William Penn had founded. It was still the most enlightened, genteel and humane of American cities but there was an underside filled with horrors. Southwark â€“ the area we now call Queen Village was very much like the Five Points Dickens described in New York. This milieu influenced Philadelphia authors such as Charles Brockden Brown, Robert Montgomery Bird and George Lippard to write stories filled with horror and terror. Lippard's book about a house of horrors in Southwark, The Quaker City or The Monks of Monk Hall was the best selling novel in America for many years. These Philadelphia authors had a strong influence on Poe. One story by Brockden Brown, published in 1799 is such a strong influence on "The Pit and the Pendulum" that it borders on plagiarism. Lippard became a lifelong friend and supported Poe â€“ both financially and professionally. It was about this time that a black cat joined the household. Poe wrote about her in an article... "The writer of this article is the owner of one of the most remarkable black cats in the world â€“ and this is saying much; for it will be remembered that black cats are all of them witches. The one in question has not a white hair about her, and is of a demure and sanctified demeanor. That portion of the kitchen which she most frequents is accessible only by a door, which closes with what is termed a thumb-latch; these latches are rude in construction, and some force and dexterity are always requisite to force them down. But puss is in the daily habit of opening the door." In May of 1839 Poe finally had a job; he became editor of a literary magazine called Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. While there he published a number of successful stories including, "The Fall of the House of Usher." In the summer of 1839, an Ourang Outang was exhibited at the Masonic Hall, and no doubt this animal inspired the ape in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue." In early December, Lea and Blanchard, who were the leading publishers in Philadelphia, and who also had dealings with Dickens, published Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. This collection of twenty-five stories included "Morella", "William Wilson", "The Fall of the House of Usher", "Ligeia" and "Berenice." It received favorable reviews but it did not sell well. Poe left Burtons and tried to start his own magazine, but luck was against him and he soon was working for Graham's Magazine (in the Public Ledger Building. Across Chestnut Street is Lippard's office). As editor, Poe eventually increased the circulation of the magazine from 6,000 in January 1841 when he started, to 40,000 in May 1842, making it the most popular literary magazine in America at the time. In April of 1841 Graham's Magazine published "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", which is considered to be the first detective story (as well as the first locked room mystery). A bit later in 1841 Poe was reading Barnaby Rudge by Charles Dickens. As was typical of Dickens's works, the novel was published in installments. Barnaby Rudge has a double murder mystery as a central plot point and the editor of the Saturday Evening Post challenged Poe as the creator of the detective story, as well as an expert cryptogram solver, to solve the murder mystery when less than a fifth of the book had been published. Poe's solution, which was basically correct, was published in the Post on May 1, 1841. Dickens was shown Poe's solution before he had finished writing the end of the novel and said, "He must be possessed of the devil." Dickens (whose own name means "devil") did have a devilish character in Barnaby Rudge. Barnaby is a simpleton who owns a pet raven named Grip. Dickens himself got a raven to study, so he would portray the fictional raven properly. Dickens also named the real raven Grip and the phrases the fictional Grip said were based on what the real Grip said. One of his favorite expressions was, "I'm a devil, I'm a devil." We'll come back to Grip later. By 1842, thirty-year old Charles Dickens was one of the most famous men in the English-speaking world. His novels, The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby and The Old Curiosity Shop had been incredible successes. Poe wrote that Dickens was "the greatest British novelist." Dickens decided to visit America, partly to see the democratic society that seemed to be a beacon to the world, partly to argue for fair copyright laws, partly to gather material that may be used in either a little book or a series of essays and largely to meet his American readers. Washington Irving had written to him that (and I quote Dickens), "If I went, it would be such a triumph from one end of the States to the other, as was never known in any Nation." Before the year was out, he had written his travel book, American Notes, and he had also used his new knowledge and opinions of us when he sent two of his characters in his next novel, Martin Chuzzlewit, to have some adventures here. Dickens and his wife Catherine visited Philadelphia, March fifth through the ninth 1842. He devoted a chapter to Philadelphia in American Notes. Philadelphia was one of the first planned cities in the world, and the grid system that William Penn and Thomas Holme devised in the seventeenth century was a model for many other cities. Still, Dickens found it had faults: "It is a handsome city, but distractingly regular. After walking about it for an hour or two, I felt that I would have given the world for a crooked street. The collar of my coat appeared to stiffen, and the brim of my hat to expand, beneath its quakerly influence." Dickens stayed at the United States Hotel on Chestnut Street between 4th and 5th Streets. Catherine had become ill while they were in New York and this delayed Dickens's arrival in Philadelphia by a week. The hotel proprietor charged Dickens for the week for which he had reserved a room, but didn't use. Dickens had no problem with that, but the landlord also charged Dickens nine dollars a day for the food that he and Catherine had not eaten there. The proprietor told Dickens it was customary to do so. Dickens had another unpleasant experience at the United States Hotel. A prominent Philadelphian had asked Dickens if a few of his personal friends could call on him at the hotel. Dickens agreed and was horrified to read in the newspapers on March 8th that "Charles Dickens would be gratified to shake hands with his American friends, by holding a levee that morning at the hotel between the hours of 10 and 11:30." Dickens was forced to agree to do this, because if he failed to show there could possibly be a riot, and so for two hours he had to allow his arm to "almost be shaken off." The United States Hotel faced the Second Bank of the United States, a magnificent Greek revival building by William Strickland. "Looking out of my chamber window, before going to bed, I saw, on the opposite side of the way, a handsome building of white marble, which had a mournful, ghost-like aspect, dreary to behold. ... It was the tomb of many fortunes; the Great Catacomb of investment; the memorable United States Bank." Not far from the Second Bank of the United States, in "the historic mile" is the Pennsylvania Hospital which Dickens visited. "There are various public institutions. Among them a most excellent Hospital - a quaker establishment, but not sectarian in the great benefits it confers; ...there is a picture by West, which is exhibited for the benefit of the funds of the institution. The subject is, our Saviour healing the sick, and it is, perhaps, as favourable a specimen of the master as can be seen anywhere. Whether this be high or low praise, depends upon the reader's taste." In Fairmount Park, just behind the Art Museum, one can see the wonderful Waterworks, which Dickens had admired, recently restored to their original splendor. "Philadelphia is most bountifully provided with fresh water, which is showered and jerked about, and turned on, and poured off, everywhere. The Waterworks, which are on a height near the city, are no less ornamental than useful, being tastefully laid out as a public garden, and kept in the best and neatest order. The river is dammed at this point, and forced by its own power into certain high tanks or reservoirs, whence the whole city, to the top stories of the houses, is supplied at a very trifling expense." A few blocks north of the Waterworks is Girard College . "Near the city, is a most splendid unfinished marble structure for the Girard College, founded by a deceased gentleman of that name and of enormous wealth, which, if completed according to the original design, will be perhaps the richest edifice of modern times. But the bequest is involved in legal disputes, and pending them the work has stopped; so that like many other great undertakings in America, even this is rather going to be done one of these days, than doing now." In 1842, Eastern State Penitentiary was one of the wonders of Philadelphia. Built on a prominent hill it could be seen from the center of the city, where it could instill fear in the hearts of anyone planning a criminal act. "In the outskirts, stands a great prison, called the Eastern Penitentiary: conducted on a plan peculiar to the state of Pennsylvania. The system here, is rigid, strict, and hopeless solitary confinement. I believe it, in its effects, to be cruel and wrong. In its intention, I am well convinced that it is kind, humane, and meant for reformation; but I am persuaded that those who devised this system of Prison Discipline, and those benevolent gentlemen who carry it into execution, do not know what it is that they are doing." Dickens goes on for the rest of the American Notes chapter about Philadelphia with a vivid diatribe against the prison and solitary confinement. Before Dickens arrived in Philadelphia he received a note from the relatively unknown Edgar Allan Poe requesting an audience. We don't have Poe's letter to Dickens, but we do have Dickens's response: "My Dear Sir â€“ I shall be very glad to see you whenever you will do me the favor to call. I think I am more likely to be in the way between half past eleven and twelve than at any other time. I have glanced over the books you have been so kind as to send me, and more particularly at the papers to which you called my attention. I have the greater pleasure in expressing my desire to see you on this account." Did Dickens remember that Poe had solved the mystery of Barnaby Rudge? Poe had sent Dickens a copy of his Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque and his two very favorable reviews of Barnaby Rudge. Dickens granted him an interview on Monday, March 6th - most likely they met at the hotel. Poe wrote to James Russell Lowell and said that he had met with Dickens twice. David Wallechinsky & Irving Wallace in The People's Almanac report that "Poe wore a somber suit and mended gloves. On the first visit, Dickens received Poe wearing a green necktie in a diamond clasp under his shirt and a velvet vest with a gold chain. On the second visit, Dickens wore a dressing gown with violet facings." They discussed the state of American poetry, Poe read a poem by Emerson To the Humble Bee , and Dickens promised to try to find a British publisher for Poe's Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque and although he did try, he was unsuccessful. Dickens wrote to Poe around nine months later, "I have mentioned it to publishers with whom I have influence, but they have, one and all, declined the venture... . Do not for a moment suppose that I have ever thought of you but with a pleasant recollection; and that I am not at all times prepared to forward your views in this country." This failure on Dickens's part may have led to resentment on Poe's part, as he may not have thought that Dickens had really tried. Poe definitely did get angry at Dickens about two years later. An article on American Poetry appeared in the Foreign Quarterly Review, which was edited by Dickens's best friend, John Forster. The article praised Longfellow as the first of American Poets, and also praised Emerson, William Cullen Bryant and Fitz-Greene Halleck. The article talked about how imitative American poetry was and said "Poe was a capital artist after the manner of Tennyson." Poe was furious and thought that Dickens had written the article because many of the points made in the article were similar to the conversation he had had with Dickens in Philadelphia. He wrote to Lowell accusing Dickens of being the author. Lowell felt that it was not Dickens, but Forster who wrote it and eventually a letter written by Longfellow to Forster, thanking him for the praise, came to light and proved Dickens innocent of the accusations. On the other hand, Dickens's view of Poe remained steadfast. He wrote to Forster that he "was really indebted for a good broad grin to" Poe, "literary critic of Philadelphia and sole proprietor of the English language in its grammatical and idiomatic purity; to" Poe, "with the shiny straight hair and turned-down shirt collar, who...told me...that I had awakened a new era in his mind." The years in Philadelphia were the most productive of Poe's life. Thirty-one of his short stories were published in popular magazines while he was living here and many of them are the best he wrote. Others were taking notice of his work. In August 1843 the Walnut Street Theater in Philadelphia presented a dramatization of "The Gold Bug." "The Black Cat" was almost certainly written while Poe lived in what is now the Poe House on 7th Street with a cat named Catterina. One can still go down into the basement and see the stairs, window and false chimney in exactly the same locations as described in the story. Despite these successes, Poe would not become a household name until the publication of The Raven in 1845 when he was living in New York. Poe scholars almost universally agree that Dickens's Grip was a major inspiration for Poe. When reviewing Barnaby Rudge for Graham's Magazine Poe said, "the raven...intensely amusing as it is, might have been made, more than we now see it, a portion of the conception of the fantastic Barnaby. Its croakings might have been prophetically heard in the course of the drama." There is another clue that Poe was influenced by Dickens. At the end of chapter five of Barnaby Rudge, there is a noise and Varden, thinking it was Grip, says, (Varden) "What was that â€“ him tapping at the door?" The response is, (Barnabyâ€™s mother) "'Tis someone knocking softly at the shutter." James Russell Lowell saw the connection when he wrote in a poem about poets: "There comes Poe with his raven, like Barnaby Rudge Three-fifths of him genius and two-fifths sheer fudge." There are many other instances where scholars have found Dickens influencing Poe. Professor Michael Slater, arguably the world's leading Dickensian scholar, says that the scene in chapter 18 of Barnaby Rudge where Barnaby Rudge Senior's situation has him alone in the streets at night but trying to be near human activity might well have helped inspire Poe's story, "The Man of the Crowd." A short story by Dickens in Master Humphrey's Clock is pretty much the same story as "The Tell-Tale Heart", and "The Black Cat." "A Confession Found in a Prison in the Time of Charles the Second" has the narrator telling us of his being unsettled by the gaze of his nephew, his killing the child and burying the body in his garden and then inviting some of the soldiers looking for the child to sit with him, their chairs unknowingly over the grave. And while they are there similar events lead to the discovery of the body. Poe wrote a very positive review of this story and said of it, "a paper of remarkable Power, truly original in conception, and worked out with great ability." Poe told Frederick W. Thomas that the ultimate inspiration for "The Bells" was Dickens's Christmas story, The Chimes. Scholars have demonstrated how Dickens's motifs and repetitions are similar to parts of Poe's poem, as well as similar rhetorical and repetitive structure, even some grotesque elements are seen in stanzas 3 and 4. Nineteen years after Poe's death in 1849 at age 40, Dickens visited Poe's impoverished mother-in-law, Mrs. Maria Clemm, when he returned to America in 1868 and gave her a substantial amount of money at the end of his visit. When Dickens died, his family sold many of his possessions. One item that was sold was the pet raven Grip, who when he died, Dickens had stuffed and mounted and put on display in the entrance hall in his home in England. Colonel Richard Gimbel, of Gimbels Department Store fame, eventually purchased Grip â€“ for his Poe collection. Colonel Gimbel knew the connection between Dickens and Poe. Grip is now on permanent display in the Philadelphia Free Library's Rare Book Department . You should pay him a visit someday. You will like the place. It's where you can read and ponder over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. Sources: American Notes â€“ Charles Dickens Edgar Allan Poe â€“ His Life and Legacy, Jeffrey Myers The Poe Log, Dwight Thomas and David K. Jackson Edgar Allan Poe â€“ A to Z, Dawn B. Sova The Letters of Charles Dickens â€“ Pilgrim Edition â€“ (as compiled by Pat Vinci ) Christopher Morley's Philadelphia, Christopher Morley A Fable for Critics, page 59, James Russell Lowell Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance, Ken Silverman Charles Dickens, His Tragedy and Triumph, Edgar Johnson The Edgar Allan Poe Review, Vol X, Number 2, "Revisiting the Poe-Dickens Relationship", Fernando Galván. Jim DeWalt - Notes for the showcases for Quoth the Raven, A 200 Year Remembrance of the Life and Legacy of Edgar Allan Poe, October 2008, Rare Book Department, Philadelphia Free Library. Dr. Neil K. Fitzgerald â€“ Notes for the showcases for Philadelphia Gothic, October 2008, Library Company of Philadelphia. Mark Dawidziak - Paper: "Dickens and Poe: The Perfect Manic-Depressive" Conversations with Helen McKenna-Uff and Steve Medeiros, National Park Rangers at the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site. Conversations with Michael Slater. Conversations with Michael Patrick Hearn Herb Moskovitz is an active member of The Dickens Fellowship in both New York and Philadelphia. Copyright © 1997- David A. Perdue, All Rights Reserved. URL: http://charlesdickenspage.com/dickens_and_poe.html	i don't know
Which internet based company has its headquarters at 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, California?	The Nerdy Address Of Facebook’s New Headquarters? 1 Hacker Way \| TechCrunch The Nerdy Address Of Facebook’s New Headquarters? 1 Hacker Way Posted Watch The Dance Of The Flying Builderbots Apple has 1 Infinite Loop, Genentech has 1 DNA Way, and now Facebook has its own vanity headquarters address: 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, 94025. Seen here on a brand new business card of a Facebook employee, the address epitomizes the company’s internal motto “Move Fast and Break Things”. 1 Hacker Way should help Facebook project the image that it is an engineering company where coders can experiment and find autonomy rather than bureaucracy. Facebook is slowly transitioning from its existing buildings in Palo Alto to the new Menlo Park headquarters which you can see photos of here . Back in February, Facebook formally announced its plans to move into the former Sun Microsystems campus at 1 Network Drive, which can house up to 3600 employees. The relatively remote location was derided with the name “Sun Quentin” because employees are effectively imprisoned there due to the lack of nearby restaurants and businesses. Hopefully the playful address will make it seem more fun to commute to. 1 Hacker Way is the central address for the campus, though specific buildings have their own addresses. For example, 18 Hacker Way is the legal department . An employee tells us that the campus was originally slated to be addressed 1 Social Circle, but Google+ and its Circles friend lists led that named to be scrapped. We’ve compiled a list of some technology companies with vanity addresses, but hit us up in the comments with any we missed. Thankfully Facebook chose a less boring and narcissistic one than Dell, though the American Physical Society gets my vote as it even made the street name (or odonym) something nerdy. AOL – 22000 AOL Way American Physical Society – 1 Physics Ellipse Apple – 1 Infinite Loop Sun Microsystems (now relocated) – 1 Network Drive TRW (now Lockheed Martin) – 1 Space Way 0	Facebook
What is given to a food additive approved for use in the European Union?	Best 100 California Companies for Flexible Jobs Company Guide Best 100 California Companies for Flexible Jobs Welcome to the free California List of Best Companies for Flexible Jobs! Based on years of researching companies that hire for telecommuting, part-time, flextime, or freelance jobs, FlexJobs has compiled the best list of 100 of companies located in California that specifically have hired for jobs with at least one of these flexible working options. Below you will find the company profiles on California employers such as Wells Fargo, Carrington College, and Facebook, as well as each company's telecommuting, part-time, freelance, and flexible job posting history, a staff-written description, and the company's headquarters and website. The purpose of the free California List of Best Companies for Flexible Jobs is to help people in California to easily find and research the legitimate employers embracing workplace flexibility. We hope you find some great California company profiles that interests you! Search the List of Flexible Companies by: or Wells Fargo Headquarters: San Francisco, California Wells Fargo, founded in 1852, is a community-based financial services company that provides a diverse range of services including banking, insurance, investments, mortgages, and consumer and business finance. Headquar... Salesforce Headquarters: San Francisco, California Salesforce, the Customer Success Platform and world's #1 CRM, helps businesses of all sizes and from all industries connect with their customers in new ways. Some of the fastest-growing and most disruptive SMBs an... CyberCoders Headquarters: Irvine, California CyberCoders is an award-winning recruiting company and a division of the leading global staffing solutions firm On Assignment. Founded in 1999, CyberCoders is now a proven leader in recruiting and staffing services fo... Creative Group Headquarters: Menlo Park, California The Creative Group is a leading design and marketing staffing agency that specializes in connecting hiring companies with talented and creative professionals. The Creative Group is a division of Robert Half, a top sta... Advantage Solutions Headquarters: Irvine, California Established in 1987 by Sonny King, Advantage Solutions is one of the leading sales and marketing agencies in the country. Headquartered in Irvine, California, Advantage Solutions maintains more than 165 offices across... Kaiser Permanente Headquarters: Oakland, California Kaiser Permanente is comprised of numerous regional Permanente Medical Groups, the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, and the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan to make up one of the largest not-for-profit healthcare systems in ... Sutter Health Headquarters: Sacramento, California Sutter Health is headquartered in Sacramento, California and is a not-for-profit system of health care providers, doctors and hospitals. The mission of Sutter Health is to improve the wellbeing and health of... Oracle Headquarters: Redwood Shores, California Oracle is a cloud applications and platform service company that has an incredibly vast amount of offerings that include comprehensive, fully integrated cloud applications, platforms, and engineered methods. Oracle is... VMware Headquarters: Palo Alto, California A subsidiary of Dell Technology, VMware is a publicly-traded, global software company specializing in cloud and virtualization software and services. Serving over half a million customers around the world, VMware offe... Adobe Headquarters: San Jose, California Adobe is a software company that provides solutions and products for its customers to develop content and applications. Adobe Systems is an innovative company with a broad range of products and solutions for a variety... McKesson Corporation Headquarters: San Francisco, California A top Fortune 500 company, McKesson Corporation is a healthcare service and IT business whose mission is to optimize the business of healthcare. McKesson’s solutions help its clients improve their operation... Ajilon Headquarters: San Francisco, California Ajilon, formerly known as TRAK Company, is a leading permanent and temporary recruitment and top talent placement firm founded in 2011. Ajilon is a subsidiary of Accounting Principals, Inc., a leading financial and ac... Intuit Headquarters: Mountain View, California Intuit, founded in 1983, is a leading provider of personal and business finance tools for companies worldwide. Quicken became a household name with the release of QuickBooks, Mint, TurboTax, and Quicken; software solu... Robert Half International Headquarters: Menlo Park, California Established in 1948, Robert Half International is the preeminent global professional staffing and consulting firm. Holding the distinction of being the “world's first and largest specialized financial recrui... Syndicatebleu Headquarters: Los Angeles, California Syndicatebleu offers boutique-style staffing services and talent resources for marketing, creative, and technology career opportunities across the United States. The recruitment agency focuses in talent placement for ... Taproot Foundation Headquarters: Los Angeles, California Since 2001, the Taproot Foundation has worked to promote and ignite a pro bono movement among professionals to create profound social change. Based in Los Angeles, California, the Taproot Foundation is dedicated to he... YELP Headquarters: San Francisco, California YELP helps people find great local businesses with its crowdsourced reviews and paid advertising services. The company was founded in 2004 and has since gathered more than 108 million reviews from consumers and custom... Creative Circle Headquarters: Los Angeles, California As one of the country’s leading staffing agencies to the creative industry, Creative Circle helps creative professionals secure rewarding projects with leading companies. Creative Circle is headquartered in Los ... Stanford University Headquarters: Stanford, California Stanford University is a leading research and teaching university located between San Francisco, California and San Jose California, in the town of Stanford. In operation since 1891 and opened to “promote the pu... Dignity Health Headquarters: San Francisco, California Dignity Health is the largest hospital provider in California and the fifth largest healthcare system in the United States. The group was formerly known as Catholic Healthcare West and remains committed to the faith-b... Symantec Headquarters: Mountain View, California Symantec is a Fortune 500 company and a leading global provider of cybersecurity solutions. Founded in 1982, Symantec operates one of the largest cyber intelligence networks in the world that serves individuals, gover... Artisan Creative Headquarters: Los Angeles, California Since 1988, Artisan Creative has been providing high-quality staffing and recruiting solutions for the creative and marketing sectors. Headquartered in Los Angeles, California, this company maintains additional o... Carrington College Headquarters: Sacramento, California A division of the DeVry Education Group;,Carrington College offers college programs leading to healthcare careers. Based in Sacramento, California, Carrington College maintains 18 campus locations throughout the... University of California, Berkeley - UCB Headquarters: Berkeley, California One of the top public universities in the United States, University of California, Berkeley - UCB was founded in 1868. Based in Berkeley, California, the campus of UC Berkeley spans over 1,200 acres with the center be... Autodesk Headquarters: San Rafael, California Autodesk is an award-winning, Fortune 1000 company based in San Rafael, California. Over the years, Autodesk has made significant contributions towards revolutionizing the movement of state-of-the-art 3D and 2D techno... LanguageLine Solutions Headquarters: Monterey, California LanguageLine Solutions was established in 1982 to provide a more effective communication method for non-English speakers. Today, LanguageLine Solutions has become the leading provider of face-to-face, over-the-phone, ... Headquarters: Cupertino, California Passion works here. Apple is a place where extraordinary people gather to do their best work. Our community is made up of every kind of individual: artists and designers, engineers and scien... DataStax Headquarters: Santa Clara, California Established in 2010, DataStax is an award-winning, privately held computer software company. Headquartered in Santa Clara, California, DataStax maintains a global presence, serving more than 500 clients across 50 coun... FocusKPI Headquarters: Santa Clara, California FocusKPI is a big data analytics firm with locations in California and Massachusetts. Through a range of solutions, FocusKPI provides clients with information needed to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Addi... 80Twenty Headquarters: San Francisco, California 80Twenty is a boutique-style creative staffing agency based in San Francisco, California. 80Twenty recruits top talent to deliver marketing, graphic design, online media, front-end development, copy writing, and consu... Lindamood-Bell Learning Process Headquarters: San Luis Obispo, California Founded in 1986, Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes is dedicated to helping children and adults learn to their full potential through a balanced, interactive, and global approach. Lindamood-Bell uses research-validated... Activision Blizzard Headquarters: Santa Monica, California Activision Blizzard is a global entertainment software company that produces some of the world's most successful online, mobile and video games. Through its subsidiaries, Activision Blizzard is responsible for pro... Intel Headquarters: Santa Clara, California Intel, founded in 1968, is a technology firm located in Silicon Valley’s Santa Clara, California. With a rich history of delivering innovative products and inventions, Intel created the first silicon chip and ra... Cisco Headquarters: San Jose, California Cisco is an award-winning, publicly traded global technology solutions firm. Established in 1984 by a group of computer scientists from Stanford University, Cisco has become a powerhouse of Internet and communications... Kore1 Headquarters: Newport Beach, California Kore1 is a staffing and recruiting firm serving companies in the technology, digital, creative, engineering, accounting, finance, marketing, and sales fields. Kore1 specializes in a range of delivery models, such as o... Airbnb Headquarters: San Francisco, California San Francisco, California-based Airbnb was formed to help connect people looking to rent out their extra spaces with travelers seeking clean, comfortable and safe accommodations. Deemed the "Ebay for space" ... Tetra Tech Headquarters: Pasadena, California Established in 1996, Tetra Tech is a global provider of consulting, technical, and engineering services. With a diverse team of scientists, engineers, construction professionals, and information technology experts; Te... Walt Disney Company Headquarters: Burbank, California World-renowned Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries have been steadfast in their pursuit of creating superior family entertainment beyond compare since its founding in 1923. Based in Burbank, California, the inter... Cornerstone OnDemand Headquarters: Los Angeles, California Cornerstone OnDemand is an award-winning enterprise software development company founded in 1999. Headquartered in Los Angeles, California, Cornerstone OnDemand has offices in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia-Pac... Facebook Headquarters: Palo Alto, California Facebook is a social networking company that was stated in 2004 connecting millions of people together from around the world to share in an open and secure online space. Originally started for Harvard students to conn... netPolarity Headquarters: Campbell, California As a staffing agency, netPolarity works with several Fortune 1000 corporations. A fullservice provider, netPolarity provides solutions for several professional categories, including technology, finance, marketing, huma... Shutterfly Headquarters: Redwood City, California Shutterfly was founded in 1999 and today is the leading online photo service company providing its customers with the opportunity to store, share and make customized products with their digital photographs. Shutterfly... AddaStaff Headquarters: San Mateo, California Based in San Mateo, California, Addastaff is a privately held staffing and consulting firm dedicated to providing businesses in the financial services, healthcare, and technology sectors with access to the best resour... Clarity Consultants Headquarters: Campbell, California Clarity Consultants, founded in 1992, is an established technical communication and training consulting company. With more than 30,000 national consultants, Clarity Consultants serves a broad range of clients includin... ServiceNow Headquarters: San Diego, California Established in 2004 and based in San Diego, California, ServiceNow provides cloud-based services that automate enterprise information technology operations. This company is committed to changing the way people work, a... Ascent Services Group Headquarters: Walnut Creek, California Based in Walnut Creek, California, Ascent Services Group - ASG provides technical staffing and recruiting services in the information technology, pharmaceutical, health care, and life sciences sectors. Founded in 2000... Health Net Headquarters: Woodland Hills, California Health Net, Inc., a publicly traded company, is a managed care organization founded in 1977. Founded as a nonprofit organization, Health Net became a for-profit corporation in 1992 and now serves more than six million... Williams-Sonoma Headquarters: San Francisco, California Williams-Sonoma is a multi-brand, multi-channel specialty retailer of quality home products. Established in 1956 by Chuck Williams, Williams-Sonoma now operates retail stores throughout the U.S., Puerto Rico, Canada, ... Prosum Headquarters: El Segundo, California Prosum is a full-service technology service firm that offers IT operational and outsourcing services. Based in El Segundo, California, Prosum has offered freelance job opportunities in the past. The range of outsourci...	i don't know
Which fictional Frenchman was prisoner 24601?	44 fictional character names revealed 44 fictional character names revealed Twitter Cookie Monster has a real name, you’ve just been to big of a jerk to get to know him as a monster. Find out the real names of 44 famous fictional characters, including everyone’s favorite blue glutton, Sid. They got off to a bad start with Poppin’ Fresh, which everyone already knows, but was uphill from there. It never even occurred to me that the prisoner on a Monopoly board would have a name. I just assumed he was Prisoner #24601. Share This	Jean Valjean
Pierre Omidyar founded which company in 1995?	Translation of Jean valjean in English Free Download Now! Jean valjean in English Jean Valjean is a fictional character and the protagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables. Hugo depicts the character's 19-year-long struggle to lead a normal life after serving a prison sentence for stealing bread to feed his sister's children during a time of economic depression and various attempts to escape from prison. Valjean is also known in the novel as Monsieur Madeleine, Ultime Fauchelevent, Monsieur Leblanc, and Urbain Fabre; the libretto mentions he is Prisoner 24601. Unlike the others, Monsieur Leblanc is not an alias that Valjean uses but a nickname given to him by Marius because of his white hair. See more at Wikipedia.org...	i don't know
Who played the Penguin in the 1992 film Batman Returns?	Batman Returns (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When a corrupt businessman and the grotesque Penguin plot to take control of Gotham City, only Batman can stop them, while the Catwoman has her own agenda. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 24 titles created 14 Mar 2011 a list of 42 titles created 18 Jun 2013 a list of 21 titles created 20 Jan 2015 a list of 23 titles created 2 months ago a list of 27 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Batman Returns " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 16 nominations. See more awards » Videos The Dark Knight of Gotham City begins his war on crime with his first major enemy being the clownishly homicidal Joker. Director: Tim Burton Batman must battle Two-Face and The Riddler with help from an amorous psychologist and a young circus acrobat who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Director: Joel Schumacher A couple of recently deceased ghosts contract the services of a "bio-exorcist" in order to remove the obnoxious new owners of their house. Director: Tim Burton Superman agrees to sacrifice his powers to start a relationship with Lois Lane, unaware that three Kryptonian criminals he inadvertently released are conquering Earth. Directors: Richard Lester, Richard Donner Stars: Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder Earth is invaded by Martians with unbeatable weapons and a cruel sense of humor. Director: Tim Burton An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero. Director: Richard Donner Ichabod Crane is sent to Sleepy Hollow to investigate the decapitations of 3 people with the culprit being the legendary apparition, the Headless Horseman. Director: Tim Burton Batman and Robin try to keep their relationship together even as they must stop Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing Gotham City. Director: Joel Schumacher A gentle man, with scissors for hands, is brought into a new community after living in isolation. Director: Tim Burton The discovery of a massive river of ectoplasm and a resurgence of spectral activity allows the staff of Ghostbusters to revive the business. Director: Ivan Reitman Three former parapsychology professors set up shop as a unique ghost removal service. Director: Ivan Reitman The Gremlins are back, and this time, they've taken total control over the building of a media mogul. Director: Joe Dante Edit Storyline In the sewers of gotham city to the rooftops of the gotham city the penguin wants to know where he came from well in his villain ways catwoman plans to kill rich man of gotham max shreak but as he battles with millionaire Bruce Wayne both ladies men have their own secrets Bruce Wayne is back as Bat man trying to stop the penguin Max is helping penguin steal gotham city while selina Kyle/catwoman tries to help penguin not knowing her man murder target also her murder is helping him but all four men have their goals taking gotham from crime winning gotham city assassination for two men and more money to be gotham citys number one rich man. The Bat, the Cat, the Penguin See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for brooding, dark violence \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 19 June 1992 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Dolby Digital \| Dolby (as Dolby Stereo®) Color: Did You Know? Trivia At least 50% of the Warner Brothers lot was taken up with Gotham City sets. See more » Goofs The same switch is used in the Batmobile to turn on the rocket booster in the beginning and activate the Batmissile during the later chase. The Batmissile switch finally works, but it is in the off position. See more » Quotes (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews Tim Burton the man behind the original Batman film and Beetlejuice, brings the world the sequel to Batman, that exceeds the original in more ways than one. Firstly Michelle Pfeiffer and Danny De Vito are a great mix of Batmans enemies. The dark, deadly and sexy Catwoman works well to rattle some heads within the story and penguin works in the same way that the joker worked in the original. The sets are stunning and immaculate. Gotham city has so many dark alleyways that you could never know what's happening at one time or another. The only thing that gives it a bad name is its script, which at times seems to lapse and then not recover for while. Tim Burtons direction bring superhero films into a new realm. Beats all the superman films and the other Batman films by a mile. Though in terms of realisation the new Batman begins has a bite where this one lacks, but Burton is a more original director than Nolan. First review written by me at 16. Re-written at 21 Tim Burton has an interesting history in film, between the surreal Pee Wee's Big Adventure and mis-interpreted Alice in Wonderland, Tim Burton's career has gone from an artistic darkly comic director, to unimaginative copy-cat of his own work. I still stand by my original review in that this film is very cleverly directed, beautifully shot, with stunning towering set pieces, but a script that goes from cheesy melodrama, to cheap and nasty humour. Though with some terribly written scenes there are some, incredible ones. Mainly those concerning antagonists Catwoman and Penguin. One scene in particular concerning the two concocting a frivolous ploy to destroy batman is one that springs to mind. The acting is first class, Danny DeVito is deliciously theatrical and sinister, Michelle Pfeiffer relentlessly sexy and smooth. Since my original review Dark Knight was released. Unfortunately for Burton I retract my youthful statement of his originality over Nolan. Dark Knight surpasses Batman Returns and almost eclipses its existence, but this instalment still has great merit and will stand out as one of the greatest superhero films, not to mention cementing Batman as the greatest superhero franchise ever. 77 of 118 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Danny DeVito
The World Heritage site Cichén Itzá is in which country?	Batman Returns (1992) Batman Returns (1992) d. Tim Burton, 126 minutes Film Plot Summary During the opening pre-credits prologue sequence, a deformed baby boy was born to horrified aristocratic, wealthy parents named Cobblepot (Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger). The child was kept in a cage, and had a monstrous appetite (it ate the family's furry white cat). On a snowy Christmas night, the couple tossed their child in its stroller into Gotham City's cold river to float away into the city's underground sewers. Penguins intercepted the carriage and raised the child for many years there. Thirty-three years later, the mutant child nicknamed The Penguin (Danny DeVito), was Gotham Globe's front page news: "Penguin -- Man or Myth? Or Something Else" - with the newsboy crying out: "Penguin Sighting...Half-Penguin, Half-Man...The Possible Terror Beneath Our Feet." The film opened with the annual Christmas tree lighting ceremony in Gotham Square - the busty Ice Princess (Christi Conaway) flipped the switch. Other dignitaries included the incumbent Mayor (Michael Murphy) who was opposed by evil and corrupt Gotham City polluter-businessman Maximillian Shreck (Christopher Walken), due to his plan to build an unneeded power plant (Gotham City had a power surplus). The speech-making was interrupted by an attack of a cadre of the Penguin's macabre, skull-masked, acrobatic harlequin thieves called the Circus Gang, some riding on motorbikes with machine-guns. Bruce "Batman" Wayne (Michael Keaton) was summoned by the Batsign in his castle-like mansion, lit by Police Commissioner Gordon (Pat Hingle) - the bright spotlight shone directly on reclusive Bruce Wayne's dark face. Batman arrived in his Batmobile and saved the day (and also saved Shreck's ditzy, mousy, browbeaten and shy secretary Selina Kyle (Michelle Pfeiffer)). However, profiteer, slum-landlord and polluter Shreck was dropped through a trap door and ended up underground in the Arctic World exhibit of the city's Zoo. There, he met the hideous, deformed, and bizarre Penguin with a Humpty-Dumpty shape and lobster-claw flipper-hands. The Penguin perceived Shreck as a "well-respected monster" while he regarded himself as the opposite, and then he described his purpose - to locate his parents: "I want some respect. A recognition of my basic humanity...I want to find out who I am by finding my parents, learning my human name." Shreck proposed a "'Welcome Home' scenario...perhaps we could help each other out." After the ceremony, unmarried Selina Kyle returned to her apartment where she lived with her black cat, but returned to the Shreck business office to retrieve a file on Bruce Wayne for the next day's meeting. Returning there also, Shreck threatened his curious secretary when she discovered in his "protected files" incriminating evidence concerning his plans to build a super power plant ("a power plant in name only") and drain Gotham of its energy ("It's gonna be a big giant capacitor") through stockpiling the supply. She told him: "It's not like you can just kill me," but he replied: "Actually, it's a lot like that" - he posed like he was going to kiss her, then pushed her out a window from the top of his company's high-rise building. Resurrected by a group of stray cats from the cold hard snowy pavement, Selina was revived and returned home where she destroyed possessions of her old 'childlike' life - her neon sign changed from "Hello There" to "Hell Here." She then designed a new feline, tight black-vinyl costume, becoming the slinky, semi-psychotic Catwoman ("I am Catwoman. Hear me roar" and "Life's a bitch and now so am I") - she possessed nine lives, agile (backward-flipping) fighting skills, and a crackling whip. In Gotham Plaza, the Penguin saved the life of the Mayor's kidnapped baby infant - a staged opportunity "to announce his presence to the world." On television, the Penguin claimed that he was looking for his parents, when he was actually in league with the devious Shreck to destroy Gotham and Batman. He researched genealogical documents in the Hall of Records (and also surreptitiously gathered an enemies list). Bruce Wayne/Batman was unconvinced by the Penguin, believing that he and his Red Triangle Gang were responsible for several missing children, or child murders - Batman mused: "There's something else." The Penguin found his parents' grave tombstones in the city cemetery, and learned his name: Oswald Cobblepot ("I am a man. I have a name"). When the Penguin's plight became news (Headlines: "Penguin Forgives Parents - I'm Fully At Peace With Myself And The World"), partner-in-crime Shreck regarded him as "Gotham's new golden boy" and their duo as a "visionary alliance." After a newly-empowered Selina Kyle reappeared in Shreck's office and met Bruce Wayne, Shrek vowed: "If she tries to blackmail me, I'll drop her out a higher window." Shreck then convinced Cobblepot to run for Mayor (while threatening to recall the current mayor) and promised to fulfill the half-human's destiny that was carelessly discarded by his parents. He would play on public sympathy and the Penguin's own delusions of grandeur. Meanwhile, Batman battled against the Penguin's Red Triangle Gang as they terrorized the city - it was all part of the Penguin's scheme to look good as a prospective Mayor by promising to clean up Gotham ("Cobblepot Can Clean It Up"). Catwoman had a competitive, antagonistic relationship with Batman, and repeatedly fought against him. When knocked down, she complained: "How could you? I'm a woman," but then when he apologized, she retaliated with a swift kick and her whip: "As I was saying, I'm a woman and can't be taken for granted. Life's a bitch, now so am I." Catwoman teamed up with the Penguin in an effort to rid Gotham of Batman by framing the superhero - she claimed that Batman was their mutual enemy: "The fly in our ointment...I want to play an integral part in his degradation...The thought of busting Batman makes me feel all dirty." With a double-identity, Selina also became the love interest of Batman's alter-ego Bruce Wayne, a situation complicated by Catwoman's teaming with the Penguin to destroy Batman. A relighting ceremony of the Christmas tree, presided over by the Penguin, was marred by the kidnapping of the Ice Princess. A news report announced that Batman was suspected of being involved in the abduction - the report interrupted the dinner date of Selina and Bruce. They both hurriedly left, donned their costumes, and rushed to the plaza, to again enter into conflict with each other. As Batman attempted to rescue the Ice Princess, he was attacked by the Catwoman, and when the Ice Princess fell from the building, it appeared that Batman had pushed her. The two superheroes faced off again: Catwoman: "You're catnip to a girl like me. Handsome, dazed, and to die for." When Batman exposed the Penguin's villainous and lecherous ways by broadcasting his real statements to the public (i.e., "I played this stinking city like a harp from hell"), he ruined the Penguin's political chances to become mayor. The crowd pelted the Penguin with tomatoes, eggs and lettuce. He was forced to return to his sewer-dwelling friends, to readopt the name The Penguin ("I am not a human being! I am an animal. Cold-blooded"), and to mount a vengeful attack to kill all of Gotham's first-born male infants (recalling the story of Moses and the Pharaoh in the Bible, and also his own experience as a child) by drowning them in the toxic underground sewage water. He would use the lists of enemy's names he had earlier gathered in the Hall of Records, including the name of Shreck's beloved first-born son Chip. He was retaliating for the way he was treated as a child (earlier, he had said: "I was my parents' number one son, but they treated me like number two"). Batman foiled the Penguin's scheme by sending a note: "The children regret they're unable to attend," causing the Penguin to become even more crazed and threaten the entire city of 100,000 people. He commanded an army of penguins to attack with dynamite strapped to their backs ("Forward, march. The liberation of Gotham has begun"), and held Shreck captive in a giant bird cage above the sewer lake. Batman thwarted the Penguin's new plan by diverting the penguins from Gotham Square back to the Zoo before the dynamite was detonated. The Penguin was then wounded during a one-on-one fight with Batman above ground when the dynamite sticks rocketed into the air and stirred up some bats. As the Zoo was rocked by explosions above, Shreck escaped from his cage, and was threatened with death by the Catwoman. However, Batman appeared and pleaded with her to turn Shreck over to the police. In a confessional unmasking scene regarding their identities, he said: "Don't you see, we're the same...Split right down the center...Selina, please." She replied: "I would love to live with you in your castle forever, just like in a fairy tale (but) I just couldn't live with myself. So don't pretend this is a happy ending." With lots of remaining lives left (she recalled: "You killed me. The Penguin killed me. Batman killed me"), Catwoman challenged Shreck to finish her off - if he could. When he ran out of bullets, she still had two lives remaining - and she killed both Shreck and herself with an electrocuted kiss, using up one more of her lives. The Penguin was mortally wounded from his fall - and when he selected the wrong toy to kill Batman ("I picked a cute one" - a cute umbrella instead of a deadly one), he did not survive his injuries and died, while spewing black bile from his mouth. He collapsed flat on his face, and was tenderly dragged by a group of penguins into the cool water for his grave. Some time later as the film ended, Bruce was driving around the city on a snowy Christmas night with butler Alfred Pennyworth (Michael Gough). He ordered the car stopped when he saw Catwoman's shadowy figure silhouetted on a brick wall. Bruce searched for her but only found her black cat, which he carried in his arms back to the car. The camera then panned up to the top of the city between the towering skyscrapers. As the Bat-Signal lit up the night sky, Catwoman (with her sole life) appeared to stand and gaze at it. Film Notables (Awards, Facts, etc.) A more action-packed (but suspenseless), cartoony, gothic (or noirish), kinky, mean-spirited, and visually-stunning film than its predecessor. Typical of Tim Burton films, it contained oddball, unusual characterizations. This was the last Batman film to pair director Tim Burton with lead actor Michael Keaton. With two Academy Award nominations (and no wins): Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects. Danny DeVito received a Razzie nomination for Worst Supporting Actor. With a domestic box-office gross of $163 million (and $267 million worldwide), with a production budget of $80 million. Although the PG-13 film received critical acclaim, some of its action-oriented, relentless violence and sexual innuendo-filled dialogue also received backlash and criticism by parental groups: the Penguin's leering at a pretty mayoral campaign worker - "I'd like to fill her void...Teach her my French flipper trick" the Penguin's biting of a publicist's nose Shreck's promise to the Penguin of "unlimited poontang" if he'd run for mayor the Penguin's leering at an admiring young person's breasts as he pinned a button on her blouse Catwoman's words to two security guards: "Always confusing your pistols with your privates" the Penguin's words to Catwoman: "Just the pussy I've been looking for" Bruce Wayne	i don't know
What was the name of Elvis Presley’s entourage?	The Original Entourage: Elvis Presley's 'Memphis Mafia' BUSINESS The Original Entourage: Elvis Presley's 'Memphis Mafia' As the HBO series Entourage begins its seventh season, we find out what goes on inside a real-life entourage with Jerry Schilling, a member of Elvis Presley's famed "Memphis Mafia." Like the fictional entourage, Elvis' inner circle of homeboys lived with "The King" and accompanied him everywhere as he negotiated life in the entertainment business. LISTEN TO THIS EPISODE PLAY FROM THIS EPISODE As the HBO series Entourage begins its seventh season, we find out what goes on inside a real-life entourage with Jerry Schilling, a member of Elvis Presley's famed "Memphis Mafia." Like the fictional entourage, Elvis' inner circle of homeboys lived with "The King" and accompanied him everywhere as he negotiated life in the entertainment business. Schilling describes the psychology and social structure of this particular ecosystem and how it's even more necessary to a big star than good lighting. Jerry Schilling with Elvis	Memphis Mafia
How is Jorge Mario Bergoglio better known today?	Elvis Presley and the Memphis Mafia Home › Elvis Presley.News › Articles › Reviews › Interviews › FTD › Sitemap › Elvis Presley and the Memphis Mafia The group of friends around Elvis became known as the Memphis Mafia. A newspaper reporter tagged the group with this name during the time Elvis required them to wear dark, Mohair suits to give a respectable appearance. The guys never objected to the name, Elvis thought it was quite funny, because among themselves they referred to the group as the Guys. New men would become part of the operation, and through the years some of those who had been around would leave and do something else. It was a changing group, but the group would remain loyal to Elvis all his life. For a brief description of those who spent a portion of their lives as employees and friends of Elvis Presley :- (Click links for interviews and/or more infomation). Marty Lacker went to the last year of high school at Humes High with Elvis and Red West. He was the co-best man at Elvis' wedding. He was also the Foreman of the Memphis Mafia for a number of years, (Elvis' right hand man). He was solely responsible for the Memphis City Council to rename Highway 51, that runs in front of Graceland, Elvis Presley Boulevard in late1971. He was responsible for Elvis recording at American Studios in 1969 that basically brought Elvis back to the top of the charts. He was close to Elvis from 1957 until he died in 1977. Gene Smith - was Elvis' cousin, they grew up together and had a close friendship. In the early days, Elvis would turn to Gene for a traveling companion, Gene went everywhere with Elvis. Gene was probably the closest to Elvis for the first few years. In 1962, Elvis and Gene had a misunderstanding and parted company, but in later years, Gene would visit Elvis at Graceland . Junior Smith - Also Elvis' cousin who was disabled during the Korean War, one morning Elvis got a call that Junior had died. Elvis who was extremely fond of Junior took the news quite badly. Billy Smith - Another cousin, Bill was the youngest of the boys. Billy was Elvis' favorite. Elvis would often say he wanted to be sure Billy grew up to be a good man. Elvis was not disappointed, Billy was Elvis' constant companion and his affection and loyalty was obviously right to the end of Elvis' life. George Klein - Elvis and George graduated at Humes High School in 1953. George was always nice to Elvis and Elvis never forgot a friend, very early in Elvis' career he asked George to travel with him. Later George went into radio and became one of Memphis' most popular Disc Jockeys. George remained very close to Elvis until the end. Elvis once said, 'George will be my friend forever'. Bobby 'Red' West - he was a School mate at Humes where he was a All-Memphis football player. Red helped Elvis out of a few situations with the so-called tough guys in high school. Elvis never forgetting Reds kindness, he asked Red to travel with him. Red not only went along as a friend, but a driver and Elvis' security man. Red also worked as a stuntman and actor in Elvis' pictures. Red developed a talent for songwriting and wrote songs which Elvis and other artists recorded. Lamar Fike - 1957 left Texas and showed up at Elvis' home Graceland. He followed Elvis and the guys to Los Angeles and has been with them ever since. Elvis and Lamar got along with one another, they had their jokes and got mad at one another a lot, but the madness would last at most a day-and-a-half and then they would be back to the jokes. Lamar left Elvis in 1962 and become road manager for Brenda Lee for awhile, later he became manager of the Nashville office of Hill and Range music, then he returned to work for Elvis and at the same time he became manager of two country singers. Lamar was with Elvis until the end. George Klein introduced Alan Fortas to Elvis in 1957. Alan Fortas began working for Elvis just before he went into the army and continued with Elvis after his discharge. Alan was in charge of transportation before becoming foreman of the ranch in Mississippi, he remained there until the ranch was sold. In 1968 Alan left the group, but he and Elvis remained close friends. Joe Esposito - from Chicago, Elvis met Joe while in the army, Elvis asked Joe to work for him after they were discharged. Joe would soon become foreman of the guys. Joe worked with the books, paid personal bills and coordinated activities between Elvis and Colonel Parkers office. Joe was Elvis' right-hand man until he left for a brief time in 1964. When Joe returned the duties and responsibilities were also shared with Marty Lacker. Marty and Joe also shared the joy and honor of being Elvis' best man when he was married. Charlie Hodge also met Elvis in the army days, their common interest in music brought Elvis and Charlie together. Charlie worked on stage with Elvis and remained with him all of his life. Sonny West , cousin of Red, met Elvis in 1958 and joined the group in 1960 and became part of the security force. Sonny being a big man could always take care of himself, he also became a stuntman in Elvis' movies, as did Red, he did fight scenes with Elvis, Sonny also starred in two of his own pictures, and while on Elvis' tours he did advance work with Colonel Parker by going into each city a day ahead of the group and set-up security. Ray 'Chief' Sitton was apart of the group for a few years. Ray would often be at the gates of Graceland, before he was hired by Elvis. Ray is a huge man, not one to be missed in the crowd among the fans, always at the gates of Graceland. Elvis became accustomed to seeing Ray at the gates and would say 'hi Chief how's it going to-day?' Elvis would call everyone he didn't know 'Chief'. One night Chief stopped one of the guys and asked if he could come up to the house and see Elvis. When it was mentioned to Elvis, Elvis said, 'who the hell is Chief?' Chief was brought to the house, that's how Ray got a job and all the guys called from then on Ray Chief. Richard Davis in 1962 went to Seattle where Elvis was filming, ' It Happened At The Worlds Fair '. Elvis liked Richard and asked him to stay on, during that time Richard was in charge of Elvis' wardrobe. In the early seventies Richard left and went into promotion in the music business. Mike Keeton in 1964 briefly worked for Elvis. Elvis and Mike attended the same church, Elvis always retained a strong feeling for the Assembly of God church. Jerry Schilling , a young man who first met Elvis in 1964, Jerry began working for Elvis that year and soon became a good friend. Jerry had a manner Elvis liked, but at times Jerry's liberal views got him into miner disagreements with Elvis, however; Jerry and Elvis remained close friends until the end. Jerry left Elvis' payroll to become an actor, but soon become road manager for various recording artists, including Billy Joel. Currently Jerry is road manger for the Beach Boys. Marvin 'Gee Gee' Gambill began working for Elvis about twelve months after he married Elvis' favorite female cousin, Patsy Presley. 'Gee Gee' a happy-go-lucky guy easily made friends with Elvis. Marvin was in charge of Elvis' wardrobe while he worked with the group. After a few more years on the road, 'Gee Gee' settled in Memphis with wife Patsy and their two children. Dick Grob, a sergeant in the Palm Springs police force in 1969, Dick began accompanying Elvis as a member of the security force. Three years later, Dick quit the police force and worked full time for Elvis, Dick was with Elvis until the end. Dick lives in Memphis with his wife and three children. Rick, David and Bill Stanley, are the three sons of Dee Presley, former wife of Vernon Presley. In 1960 they arrived at Graceland, the boys were only little, as they grew older they would be with Elvis on his tours as his personal aides. Ricky and David Stanley were with Elvis until he died. Elvis Presley and The Mempis Mafia : December 1970. Above, a group picture of the Memphis Mafia - in the back row are Billy Smith, Sheriff Bill Morris, Lamar Fike, Jerry Schilling, Sheriff Roy 'Skip' Nixon, Vernon Presley, Sonny West George Klein, Charlie Hodge, Marty Lacker. Then kneeling down in the front is Dr Nick (Dr George Nichopoulos) and Red West. Al Strada came on the scene in 1972 in California. Elvis hired him to guard the house at night while Priscilla and Lisa Marie were there, and Elvis and the guys were on the road. Dave Hebler was an expert in karate and a teacher when he first met Elvis in 1972, soon after, Dave joined Elvis' payroll and became part of the security force. Sam Thompson met Elvis through his sister Linda , Elvis' long time girlfriend. Sam was a former Sheriff's Deputy in Memphis when he went to work for Elvis also as part of the security force. Sam remained until the end, and now he is with the Shelby County Sheriff's Department. Throughout the years, Elvis, for brief periods of time had a personal hairdresser travel with him, Larry Geller and Sal Orifice would fill that role. When Elvis was in Los Angeles, Patty Perry Gerson, a long time friend and talented hair stylist, was called to do the job. Pat was often a guest at Graceland and a good friend to Elvis and the guys. Pat today remains a hair stylist in Beverly Hills. Other people who briefly worked for Elvis were Arthur Hooten, Cliff Gleaves, Louis Harris, Bobby Smith, Jimmy Kingsley, Dean Nichopolous, Steve Smith and James Caughley. Its incredible that the more than twenty men who worked for Elvis, who also ate together, lived together and played together, no one was seriously hurt, as they would have their moments with one another, but also being a large group they would often keep things to themselves to avoid an argument. Elvis wouldn't tolerate a troublemaker, he would get rid of him fast, equally Elvis couldn't stand, and even hated any one who would lie or steal.	i don't know
Which musical features the lawyer Billy Flynn?	Brent Barrett Returns to Chicago on Broadway Next Week - TheaterMania.com Brent Barrett Returns to Chicago on Broadway Next Week Barrett will reprise his long-running role as lawyer Billy Flynn. David Gordon • New York City , Broadway • Jan 17, 2014 Brent Barrett will return to the role of Billy Flynn in Walter Bobbie's revival of Chicago at the Ambassador Theatre on January 20. (© Jeremy Daniel) The long-running Broadway revival of Chicago will welcome Broadway veteran Brent Barrett back to the cast on Monday, January 20, in the role of Billy Flynn. Ryan Silverman, who currently plays the role at the Ambassador Theatre , concludes his run on January 19. Barrett was most recently seen in a national tour of Peter Pan opposite Cathy Rigby. His Broadway credits include Annie Get Your Gun, Grand Hotel, West Side Story, and Kiss Me, Kate, for which he received an Olivier Award nomination in London. Chicago currently stars Bianca Marroquin as Roxie Hart, Amra-Faye Wright as Velma, Christopher Fitzgerald as Amos Hart, Bebe Neuwirth as Matron "Mama" Morton, and R. Lowe as Mary Sunshine. The musical features a score by John Kander and Fred Ebb and a book by Ebb and Bob Fosse. Walter Bobbie directs.	Chicago
Which pre-Raphaelite painted The Light of the World which shows Jesus preparing to knock on an overgrown and long-unopened door?	Tapdancing Around the Witness - Chicago (11/12) Movie CLIP (2002) HD - YouTube Tapdancing Around the Witness - Chicago (11/12) Movie CLIP (2002) HD Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 27, 2011 Chicago movie clips: http://j.mp/1uuR2gR Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr CLIP DESCRIPTION: Billy Flynn (Richard Gere) dances around Velma (Catherine Zeta-Jones) in the courtroom. FILM DESCRIPTION: A starry-eyed would-be star discovers just how far the notion that "there's no such thing as bad publicity" can go in this screen adaptation of the hit Broadway musical Chicago, originally directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse. In the mid-'20s, Roxie Hart (Renee Zellweger) is a small-time chorus dancer married to a well-meaning dunderhead named Amos (John C. Reilly). Roxie is having an affair on the side with Fred Casley (Dominic West), a smooth talker who insists he can make her a star. However, Fred strings Roxie along a bit too far for his own good, and when she realizes that his promises are empty, she becomes enraged and murders Fred in cold blood. Roxie soon finds herself behind bars alongside Velma Kelly (Catherine Zeta-Jones), a sexy vaudeville star who used to perform with her sister until Velma discovered that her sister had been sleeping with her husband. Velma shot them both dead, and, after scheming prison matron "Mama" Morton hooks Velma up with hotshot lawyer Billy Flynn (Richard Gere), Velma becomes the new Queen of the scandal sheets. Roxie is just shrewd enough to realize that her poor fortune could also bring her fame, so she convinces Amos to also hire Flynn. Soon Flynn is splashing Roxie's story -- or, more accurately, a highly melodramatic revision of Roxie's story -- all over the gutter press, and Roxy and Velma are soon battling neck-to-neck over who can win greater fame through the headlines. A project that had been moving from studio to studio since the musical opened on Broadway in 1973, Chicago also features guest appearances by Lucy Liu and Christine Baranski. CREDITS: Cast: Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Gere, John C. Reilly, Colm Feore, Sean McCann Director: Rob Marshall Producers: Jennifer Berman, Don Carmody, Sam Crothers, John M. Eckert, Julie Goldstein, Neil Meron, Meryl Poster, Martin Richards, Bob Weinstein, Harvey Weinstein, Craig Zadan Screenwriters: Bill Condon, Bob Fosse, Fred Ebb, Maurine Dallas Watkins WHO ARE WE? The MOVIECLIPS channel is the largest collection of licensed movie clips on the web. Here you will find unforgettable moments, scenes and lines from all your favorite films. Made by movie fans, for movie fans. SUBSCRIBE TO OUR MOVIE CHANNELS:	i don't know
Who was Poet Laureate between Henry James Pye and William Wordsworth?	Poets Laureate of Great Britain Poets Laureate of Great Britain Poets Laureate of Great Britain by J. Zimmerman Several of the other Laureates were famous poets, particularly Ted Hughes , Robert Southey , John Masefield , Sir John Betjeman , Cecil Day-Lewis , and the current Laureate, Andrew Motion . History and responsibilities. In Great Britain, the Poet Laureate is: The realm's official poet. A member of the royal household. Charged with writing verses for court and national occasions (such as for a Royal Wedding or the New Year). Awarded the position for life. Chosen by the British reigning monarch, from a list of nominees that the Prime Minister compiles after a poet laureate dies. Shortly after the 1668, the position became the Poet Laureate of Great Britain in 1707, when The Act of Union created "Great Britain" as the political name of England, Scotland, and Wales. The name Laureate derives from the Latin laureatus ("crowned with laurel"). It comes from an ancient Roman tradition of honoring a person (especially a poet) who has shown excellence of achievement. The honor is signified by presenting the person with a wreath of laurel leaves. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) on the Poets Laureate of Great Britain. What does "Laureate" mean? Answer . Who was the best? Most frequently this is said to be Tennyson . John Dryden (1631-1700). Laureate 1668-88. Appointed in 1668 by King Charles II, who gave John Dryden a formal royal warrant that awarded him the official titles of Poet Laureate and Historiographer Royal. This role continued under King James II. As a powerful satirist, Dryden was a strong advocate and spokesman for his monarch, and "the best poet, dramatist, translator and critic of the age" [ Levin in Verses of the Poets Laureate] In 1689, sacked [or fired] by William III for failing to take an oath of allegiance. Thomas Shadwell (1643?-1692). Laureate 1689-92. The successful dramatist Thomas Shadwell was chosen in large part because he was a Protestant Whig, essential to replace the Catholic Dryden. met an inglorious end in 1693, A weak poet, a heavy drinker, and an opium user, Shadwell died from an overdose of opium, which he took in part to relieve his gout. He was said to have found the laureateship unimportant. Disrespected by John Dryden , among others, for his poetry as well as for his politics. Shadwell wrote a yearly ode on the monarch's birthday, and introduced the tradition of writing a New Year ode; his odes are crashingly uninspired and mechanistic, as if written by an unusually dimwitted computer program. Nahum Tate (1652-1715). Laureate 1692-1715. Born in Dublin, Tate was awarded the Poet Laureate position (and its £100 per year) but the post of Historiographer Royal (and its annual £200) became a separate assignment. Tate is most known today for his authorship of the widely loved Christmas carol "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks By Night". He is notorious for his (creative?) revision of Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear, giving it a happy ending. In response to public events, Tate wrote poems for victories against the French (1704), the Act of Union between the Parliaments of England and Scotland (1707), and the signing of the Peace of Utrecht with France (1713). Nicholas Rowe (1674-1718). Laureate 1715-18. Nicholas Rowe was celebrated as a dramatist rather than as a poet. The Poet Laureate's role was now general praise of the sovereign, rather than political and historical. In addition to the annual New Year ode, the Laureate acquired the duty of writing a birthday ode to the monarch, a practice which was to last over 100 years. Laurence Eusden (1688-1730). Eusden never published a book of poetry. His work is mediocre. Colley Cibber (1671-1757). The poetry of dramatist Colley Cibber was conscientious but not inspired. William Whitehead (1715-85). Laureate 1757-85. [The appointment was first offered to and declined by Thomas Gray.] William Whitehead (a respectable though perhaps dull dramatist) was good humored and amiable. For example, he defended the poetry of Laureates in a comic poem "A Pathetic Apology For All Laureates, Past, Present, And To Come". Whitehead was conscientious, and saw himself as a non-partisan spokesman for the whole country. Astonishingly for a political appointee, he appeared to see no requirement "to defend the King or support the government". Sadly, this reflects the idea that the Laureate's influence had weakened so much that the official poems were unlikely to influence opinions, even though the times were important politically, with rebellion in the American colonies and war in Europe. Thomas Wharton (1728-90). Laureate 1785-90. Professor of Poetry at Oxford, Wharton was the only eighteenth-century laureate who was not primarily a dramatist. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge admired his work. Henry James Pye (1745-1813). Laureate 1790-1813. Before Pye's appointment, the Sovereign or the Lord Chamberlain (a member of the Royal Household) awarded the Poet Laureateship directly. William Pitt (the first Prime Minister involved in appointing a Laureate) offered the position to Henry James Pye, a politician more than a poet. Thereafter, the Prime Minister submits names for royal approval. Then the monarch commands the Lord Chamberlain to issue a warrant of appointment. Robert Southey (1774-1843). Laureate 1813-43. [In a bizarre double-offer the appointment was offered to two writers concurrently. Fortunately, Sir Walter Scott turned down the approach by Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool.] Robert Southey accepted the suggestion of the post from the Prince Regent. When Scott declined the offer, he suggested Southey also, so the situation ended well. During Southey's tenure, George IV became monarch in 1820, and abandoned the requirement for regular odes to the monarch. William Wordsworth (1770-1850). Laureate 1843-50. William Wordsworth, at 73, was the oldest Poet Laureate to be appointed. He accepted the position on the agreement that he would not have obligations to write poetry on demand. Since Wordsworth, the job of Poet Laureate has been purely honorary, and appointees have been able to interpret the role as they wish. Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-92). Laureate 1850-92. [The appointment was first offered to and (to our benefit) declined by Samuel Rogers.] Alfred Tennyson raised the stature of the Poet Laureate hugely. His laureate poems include The Charge Of The Light Brigade (the suicidal charge by the Light Brigade down a valley at Balaclava during the Crimean war). Tennyson's death was mourned publicly by millions. In respect, no appointment was made to the post of Poet Laureate for four years. Alfred Austin (1835-1913). A pompous man, least successful of the Poets Laureate. Robert Bridges (1844-1930). Uninterested in fame and praise, Bridges wrote little and destroyed his papers before his death. John Masefield (1878-1967). Laureate 1930-67. Born in Ledbury, Herefordshire, England, Masefield apprenticed to be a merchant marine officer. While training, he became ill in Chile, returned to England, then worked in factories and bars in the United States. In 1897 he returned to England, working on newspapers and his own writing (poems, stories, and plays). Masefield published his first volume of poems in 1902. He served during World War I in the Red Cross in France and on a hospital ship at Gallipoli. His simple and moving poems include the famous Sea Fever. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72). Laureate 1968-72. Anglo-Irish Cecil Day-Lewis was a poet, critic, and educator who enjoyed the honor of being the Poet Laureate. A student at Oxford with Auden. A committed Communist though naive politically. Hi poetry are often romantic and melancholy. Also he wrote detective stories (using the pseudonym Nicholas Blake). Sir John Betjeman (1906-84). Laureate 1972-84. Born in Highgate (North London). Sir John Betjeman wrote humorous and accessible poetry. Betjeman commemorated royal events such as The Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977. Ted Hughes (1930-98). Laureate 1984-1998. [Appointed on the refusal of poet Philip Larkin .] Born in Yorkshire. A fierce, sometimes ferocious, poet of the natural and the mythological worlds, of "the struggle in the soil as well as in the soul" [ Levin in Verses of the Poets Laureate] . Also authored poetry and plays for children. Despite the "no obligations" clause, Hughes did write in commemoration of royal events, such as the christening of Prince Henry of Wales in 1985. Andrew Motion (1952-present). Laureate 1999-2012. Buy Verses of the Poets Laureate: from John Dryden to Andrew Motion , by Phillis Levin (Editor) and Andrew Motion (Introduction): describes and shows the work of the first 19 poets appointed as Poet Laureate since Charles II created the first in 1668. Andrew Motion, an acclaimed poet and biographer, teaches creative writing at the University of East Anglia. He promotes poetry among young people. His poems addressing many public events as well and royal occasions, including the 100th birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. A critic, and a free-form poet who interweaves the personal, the historical, the legendary, and the political. Carol Ann Duffy (1955-present). Buy Selected Poems by Carol Ann Duffy , first female Poet Laureate. Carol Ann Duffy (poet, university professor, playwright, and freelance writer) is the first woman and the first Scottish-born poetry to be appointed Poet Laureate. She graduated with a degree in philosophy from the University of Liverpool in 1977. Her books like Feminine Gospels (2002) and Mrs Scrooge show her skill in long narrative poems, written in an accessible style and often including surreal imagery. Other work, like Rapture (2005) are poems of passion and love. She also writes poetry (such as The Hat, 2007) for children. Not-quite Poets Laureate of Great Britain. These poets were not Poets Laureate, for the reasons given. Ben Jonson (1573-1637), a playwright and poet, a volatile satirist of explosive temperament and "a great lover and praiser of himself", was not formally appointed as Poet Laureate. John Dryden was the first appointed Poet Laureate, as shown by the official royal record (starts in a new window). At best, Jonson was a "common law" poet laureate (as in "common law" husband). Some believe Jonson to be the greatest English poet and dramatist of the seventeenth century. Many praise his charm and good humor. His vigor and productivity is clear. Jonson learned the trade of bricklayer, fought with English troops in Flanders, then returned to London to become an actor and playwright, a writer of masques (short pageant-like plays), and a tutor to Sir Walter Raleigh's son. In 1597 Jonson was imprisoned for involvement in the satire The Isle of Dogs, which authorities found seditious. He was tried for killing a fellow actor in a duel in 1598. Imprisioned for this, he converted to Catholicism to be spared death for murder. He was released provided that he forfeit all his possessions, and that he receive a felon's brand on his thumb. Charged with treason for his tragedy Sejanus, His Fall (1603) and then briefly imprisoned for views in Eastward Ho (1604), Jonson (a Catholic) was under deep suspicion after Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder Plot (1605). This situation may have motivated him, shortly thereafter, to reconvert to Anglicanism. He did become court poet to King James I. One of Jonson's most famous poems, "To Celia", begins "Drink to me, only, with thine eyes...". Buried upright in Westminster Abbey, standing on his feet in the northern aisle of the Nave (and not in Poets' Corner) beneath the inscription "O Rare Ben Johnson" William Davenant, or Sir William D'Avenant. After Jonson's death, dramatist Davenant [D'Avenant] inherited Jonson's office and pension, again as an unofficial appointment. Links Poets Laureate of the United States of America . Books about the Poets Laureate of Great Britain. Buy Verses of the Poets Laureate: from John Dryden to Andrew Motion , by Phillis Levin (Editor) and Andrew Motion (Introduction): describes and shows the work of the first 19 poets appointed as Poet Laureate since Charles II created the first in 1668. Related Books.	Robert Southey
Which boy band released their first studio album Up All Night in 2011?	English Poets Laureate: Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Wordsworth, Ben Jonson, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, John Dryden, Robert Southey: Amazon.es: Books LLC: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros EUR 30,78 Precio final del producto Elige envÃos GRATIS mÃ¡s rÃ¡pidos con Amazon Premium o elige envÃo GRATIS en 4-5 dÃas No disponible temporalmente. Puedes comprarlo ya y te lo enviaremos cuando estÃ© en stock. RecibirÃ¡s un e-mail con la fecha de entrega estimada en cuanto tengamos mÃ¡s informaciÃ³n. El cobro a tu cuenta se realizarÃ¡ sÃ³lo cuando se envÃe el producto. Vendido y enviado por Amazon. Se puede envolver para regalo. Cantidad: Para ver las direcciones, por favor Iniciar sesiÃ³n Usar esta ubicaciÃ³n: Actualizar Introduce un cÃ³digo postal vÃ¡lido. Introduce un cÃ³digo postal vÃ¡lido. O AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. MÃ¡s informaciÃ³n Ver esta imagen English Poets Laureate: Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Wordsworth, Ben Jonson, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, John Dryden, Robert Southey (InglÃ©s) Tapa blanda – 15 sep 2010 Tapa blanda, 15 sep 2010 "Vuelva a intentarlo" DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Chapters: Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Wordsworth, Ben Jonson, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, John Dryden, Robert Southey, Ted Hughes, John Masefield, John Betjeman, Robert Bridges, Carol Ann Duffy, Colley Cibber, John Skelton, Nicholas Rowe, Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, Andrew Motion, William Davenant, Samuel Daniel, Alfred Austin, Thomas Shadwell, Thomas Warton, Nahum Tate, Laurence Eusden, William Whitehead, Henry James Pye, John Kay, Gulielmus Peregrinus. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 224. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Geoffrey Chaucer (pronounced ; c. 1343 25 October 1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. Chaucer as a pilgrim from the Ellesmere manuscriptChaucer was born circa 1343 in London, though the exact date and location of his birth are not known. His father and grandfather were both London vintners and before that, for several generations, the family members were merchants in Ipswich. His name is derived from the French chausseur, meaning shoemaker. In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffrey's father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the twelve-year-old boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the £250 fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure, upper middle-class, if not in the elite. John married Agnes Copton, who, in 1349, inherited properties including 24 shops in London from her uncle, Hamo de Copton, who is described ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=12787 No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple	i don't know
Who invented the spinning mule that built on the work of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?	Richard Arkwright, Cotton Entrepreneur, England, United Kingdom Weavers' Cottages in Cromford. Early Life Richard Arkwright was born 23 December 1732 at Preston in Lancashire, the youngest of 13 children of Thomas and his wife Ellen. Thomas was a small farmer and sometime tailor. Richard served his apprenticeship as a barber and wig maker in Preston with a man called Nicholson and it is believed that he was taught to read by his uncle. Later in life, at the age of 50 he undertook additional study to improve his command of English and his handwriting. Arkwright moved to Bolton in about 1750 to work with Mr. Pollitt a barber and peruke maker. Mr. Pollitt died and Arkwright continued the business for his widow until 1755. During his time at Bolton, Richard Arkwright met Thomas Ridgeway, a dyer and bleacher, and his friend, Robert Holt, a school master. Arkwright married Robert Holt's daughter, Patience, on 31 March 1755. Richard and Patience's had a son, Richard, born 19 December 1755 at Bolton. Patience Arkwright died soon afterwards. Richard left his employment with Mrs. Pollitt and set up on his own as a barber-surgeon with the support of Robert Holt. He was involved not only in wig making but also in drawing teeth, and in blood taking, a common practice at the time in medicine. On the death of his wife, Richard Arkwright's relationship with Robert Holt broke down, possibly because Holt had never approved of the marriage and blamed Arkwright for her death. Robert Holt erected a memorial for his daughter in Bolton churchyard, which does not mention her husband or son. On 24 March 1761 Richard married Margaret Biggins of Pennington at Leigh parish church. Their first daughter, Susannah was born on 20 December the same year. Margaret had £400 which the couple used to buy a buy a beer house known as the Black Boy in Bolton but later they sold up to focus on wig making. About this time Arkwright would travel the country, particularly to hiring fairs, to purchase hair from servant girls. He also had a means of dyeing hair. Developments in Cotton Spinning before Arkwright In the early 18th century English cotton usually had linen warps and cotton wefts as the thread could not be made strong enough for use as warp. There was usually a shortage of thread as the method of hand spinning produced only one thread at a time. John Wyatt (1700-1766), a carpenter, and Lewis Paul (died 1759), the son of a French emigre, working in Lichfield, invented an apparatus for spinning in 1733. It was patented in 1738. The principle was to draw the fibres through sets of rollers turning at different speeds. It was successful for a time but was superseded by Richard Arkwright's water frame in the 1770s. Paul patented a later spinning machine in 1758 that did not involve rollers and also a carding engine in 1748. John Wyatt later worked at Matthew Boulton's Soho foundry. According to Baines' History of Lancashire, Laurence Earnshaw of Mottram in Cheshire invented a spinning machine which he demonstrated in 1753. However he destroyed the machine thinking it would deprive the poor of their living. In 1738, John Kay of Bury, living at that time in Colchester, invented the flying shuttle which doubled the speed of weaving. He returned to Bury and used the process initially for woollen weaving but from 1760 it was extensively used for cotton. Robert Kay, his son, invented the drop box to allow up to three coloured wefts to be used. The increased speed of weaving created a shortage of yarn, which stimulated the development of mechanical spinning. Thomas Highs, a reed maker of Leigh was a member of the Swedenborgian sect. He worked in 1763/4 with another John Kay, a clock maker of Warrington, and developed a spinning machine using six spindles for converting roving, a loose cotton rope, into weft. Some improvements were made by James Hargreaves of Blackburn to produce the spinning jenny in 1767, which he patented in 1770. This was a hand operated machine with six spindles and by 1788 there were about 20,000 in use. Hargreaves fled Lancashire because of opposition from hand spinners and went to Nottingham. Highs employed Kay to make his double roller system out of metal; this involved two pairs of rollers the first turning slower than the second so that the thread was drawn out. The yarn produced was more suitable for warp; the product from the spinning jenny was used mainly for weft. Arkwright's Contribution to Cotton Spinning In 1767, Arkwright became acquainted with John Kay, the clock maker, who was then working in Warrington. They experimented with ideas for spinning in secret because of the fear of competition. In 1768 Kay and Arkwright moved to Preston. They had financial backing from John Smalley (died 1782) a Preston publican and David Thornley, a merchant in Liverpool. They worked in Preston on their ideas for spinning cotton but in 1768, Arkwright, Kay and Smalley left for Nottingham because of local fears about the impact of such a development. Some of Arkwright's prototypes had been damaged at Chorley and James Hargreaves premises in Blackburn had been attacked. In Nottingham, Arkwright met Ichabod Wright, a timber and iron merchant who had established a bank in 1759. He gave some financial assistance but his role was taken over by two other entrepreneurs. Samuel Need of Nottingham (died 1781) was a mercer and later a banker and Jebediah Strutt (1726-1797) of Derby was a silk mill owner and inventor of the Derby Rib Stocking. A partnership was formed, lasting for fourteen years, and a patent filed in 1769. The first mill was in Woolpack Lane near the Lace Market was horse powered. However, Arkwright would have been aware of the potential for water power from the mill on the river Derwent at Derby which had been used for spinning silk using the invention of Thomas Lombe. The Cromford mill in Derbyshire, eventually of six storeys, was built in 1771 and was water powered. This was not the Masson Mill, which was built later. Because the spinning frame was driven by water power it became known as the water frame. The new yarn was used initially in stocking making but not by the cotton manufacturing trade in Manchester. This yarn was suitable for warp as well as weft and in 1773 Arkwright produced the first cloth made entirely of cotton. For the making of stockings, fashion demanded fineness and the stocking machines required the thread to be strong. Arkwright's thread was was not quite as fine as the best quality linen thread. Such thread was finally achieved by Crompton's mule. A special act of Parliament was passed 1774 to exempt Arkwright's fabric from the double duty imposed on cottons by an act of 1736. Such taxes were introduced to protect the English woollen trade from the East India Company's importation of cotton. The change in legislation was opposed by the Lancashire manufacturers who were using linen warps. By this stage, Arkwright and his backers had spent £12,000 on capital investment. Improved spinning put pressure on the earlier processes involved. Carding was initially done by hand using two bats covered in teasel spikes or metal pins. In 1772, John Lees invented the feeder process in which cotton was carded using rollers covered in short pins. In the same year James Hargreaves, of Spinning Jenny fame, invented a process for taking the cotton off a carding cylinder to create a fleece or cardings. The following year Thomas Highs and in 1774 Mr. Wood, came up with perpetual or endless carding. The cardings went to a roving frame of rollers similar to those on a water frame to draw out the threads and give them a slight twist. This created a thick thread with little twist and low strength ready for the final spinning process. In 1775 Arkwright sought a second patent including many additions for improving the spinning process and preparing the cotton prior to spinning, including carding and roving. This led to a dispute as it was claimed that Arkwright, in including the same process in his second patent, was trying to extend the cover from his first patent. Arkwright built more mills and licensed his methods to other manufacturers. He built a new mill in Chorley which was destroyed by rioters. Arkwright developed the village of Cromford by building houses with a well-lit third storey, many of which survive today, for the use of stocking knitters. By 1782 there were 5,000 people involved in spinning employing a capital of £200,000. In the same year, Arkwright ended his partnership with Strutt and Need, retaining as his share the mill at Cromford. Arkwright was a relatively benevolent employer for the period. He did not use parish apprentices. Women and children worked in the spinning mill, often for long hours, while the stocking weavers, working in their own homes were men. The houses were in effect tied cottages and tenure depended on remaining a good employee of the Arkwright enterprise. Other services provided included funds to enable the purchase of cows for milking; he gave 27 cows to his senior workmen. In addition he was the sponsor of sick clubs and provided some elementary welfare services. There were also holidays, two balls a year at the Greyhound Hotel, and a candle lighting festival with food and drink in September. Pay rates in 1797 are recorded as follows: children from 8 to 14, 1 to 5 shillings; adult women, 3 to 5 shillings; overseers, 12 shillings a week. Arkwright expanded his interests very considerably by buying the Willersley estate and manor. In 1788, he purchased the manor of Cromford and began to build a church and Willesley Castle as a residence. In 1790 he obtained a charter for a market at Cromford and he built the Greyhound Inn next to the market place. His second mill of seven storeys was built in 1776. The Masson Mill, powered by the river Derwent, was built of brick after Arkwright acquired the site of a paper mill. The first mill was destroyed by fire in 1777 and completely rebuilt. The original partners finally split up. Samuel Need died in 1781 and Smalley in 1782. Arkwright and Strutt bought Smalley's share in the partnership from his son for £10,751 and Arkwright bought Strutt out of his share. The latter had a thriving business of his own in stockings with mills in Belper and Milford. Samuel Crompton invented the 'mule' in 1779. This was combination of Hargreaves' jenny and Arkwright's water-frame. The "mule" vastly increased productivity, making it possible for a single operator to work more than 1,000 spindles simultaneously; it was capable of spinning fine as well as coarse yarn. Demand for Crompton's yarn was heavy, but he could not afford a patent. He therefore revealed the machine's secret to a number of manufacturers on the promise that they would pay him. All he received was £60. Years later (in 1812), when there were at least 360 mills using 4,600,000 mule spindles, Parliament granted him £5,000. He used it to enter business, unsuccessfully, first as a bleacher and then as a cotton merchant and spinner. However, Crompton's mule gradually overtook Arkwright's water frame as the preferred method of spinning because of the greater productivity and high quality of the product. The Legal Challenge to Arkwright's Patents Arkwright conceded that he was the improver rather than the inventor of the process for producing a coarse thread on spindles. He claimed that this was invented by Hargreaves of Blackburn with his Spinning Jenny. Arkwright's opponents claimed that Thomas Highs had made the inventions and Arkwright had obtained the secret from John Kay, the clock maker. It was also claimed that Arkwright credited Hargreaves with this invention so as to keep his case as remote as possible from Highs who, it was said, invented the water frame too. In 1781 Arkwright brought an action against 9 cotton spinning firms to prevent them infringing his patent: the first was against Colonel Mordaunt. While Mordaunt accepted that he was using Arkwright's method of making yarn he claimed that the patent specification was insufficiently clear to allow anyone to follow it. It is a requirement of a patent that the method must be fully disclosed by the applicant in return for which he receives a monopoly for limited number of years. On this point, Arkwright's case failed and he dropped the other cases. Arkwright was eager to get his two patents recognised, the first expired in 1783 and the second would expire in 1789. In 1785 he took the case to the court of Common Pleas and won the argument that the invention could be worked from his specification. Witnesses examined included Mr. Harrison the son of the inventor of the marine chronometer, Mr. Cumming a watchmaker, Dr. Darwin and James Watt. This reinstated his monopoly to the alarm of the manufacturers who were infringing. It was estimated that up to 30,000 people were employed in the industry and the owners, who had expanded their business while the patent was believed to be invalid, now faced the possibility of paying royalties. A number combined to challenge the ruling and the case was heard at the court of the King's Bench in June 1785. It would be reasonable to assume that Arkwright's opponents, given the amount of money at stake, left no stone unturned in prosecuting their case. The key issues were whether the invention was new, invented by Arkwright and adequately described in the specification. His opponents gathered evidence that several elements of his machinery were derived from earlier inventors. Kay the watchmaker and Thomas Highs were called as witnesses. Kay claimed that he had made the original models for the process invented by Highs. However, Kay admitted that he had passed details of Highs' invention to Arkwright. Highs claimed to have made rollers for spinning in 1767 but agreed that they would not have worked. It was not until 1769, when Arkwright had already moved to Nottingham, that Highs hit on the idea of covering the rollers with leather to obtain a superior grip on the yarn. Highs claimed that he was too poor to proceed with his inventions. Under the judge's guidance the jury found against Arkwright and the patent was declared invalid. Final Years Despite the loss of his patent coverage in 1785, Arkwright had a leading position in the spinning industry. His headstart gave him an advantage over other manufacturers. In 1784 he visited Scotland to help plan the New Lanark Mills with David Dale. These mills are perhaps best known now for their association with Robert Owen. Arkwright prospered from his own business, from licences for his patents, and from taking shares in other enterprises. By 1788 there were some 143 factories using his technology and he was a shareholder in 110. Of these 22 were in Derbyshire, 17 in Nottinghamshire, 41 in Lancashire, 17 in Wales and 13 in Scotland. Arkwright built new mills in Lancashire and Derbyshire and in 1790 had a Boulton and Watt steam engine to power his mill in Nottingham. His mill in Manchester was powered from the late 1780s but in differnt sources the date is given as 1786 and 1789. Lewis's Manchester Directory for 1788 shows that Sir Richard Arkwright had a cotton twist warehouse at Cromford Court but the directory does not mention a spinning mill. Arkwright owned land in Manchester and had built the first cotton mill in the town. He had as a neighbour and tenant the firm Quincey and Drake, importers and wholesalers of Irish linen. Quincey settled in Manchester in 1780, but died of tuberculosis aged 38 in 1743, at the house he had built and named Greenway. His son was the author Thomas de Quincy. (Manchester Streets and Manchester Men, seconds series, by T. Swindells, Manchester, 1907.) Arkwright was knighted in 1786 and became High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1787. His portrait was painted by Joseph Wright of Derby. He died on 3 August 1792 and was buried intially at St. Giles in Matlock and later at his own chapel, St. Mary's. Arkwright's wife, Margaret, had left him in the 1780 to live in Wirksworth with her daughter, who was Mrs. Charles Hurt. Margaret had had two other daughters, who died in infancy. Margaret lived until 25 December 1811 when she was 79. Sir Richard's son, Richard, was brought up in the business and given a mill at Bakewell. On his father's death he succeeded to the business empire. He sold some of the mills, became a banker and is said to have doubled his fortune in his lifetime. He was the richest untitled man in England. He died at Willesley on 23 April 1843. Concluding Remarks Whenever a great invention is made there is a dispute as to who should take the credit. Frequently an advance comes from putting together a number of smaller steps made by a number of individuals. Often the inventor is not the best person to develop the invention as this needs capital, a knowledge of managing a great project and some business sense. Arkwright's real contribution to the invention of mechanical spinning is not clear as there are competing claims and several authors have been partisan in making their claims for and against Arkwright. What cannot be doubted is that Arkwright put together the various processes needed to turn raw cotton into strong yarn by mechanised processes. Where others had made contributions but failed to patent them or find financial backers, Arkwright had the business sense to see his processes commercialised and built a cotton spinning empire. Other manufacturers wanted to use his processes and Arkwright would frequently grant permission under his patents on the condition that he had a stake in the company. In this way his wealth and influence grew. The extensive article in the Dictionary of National Biography quotes several sources of information, but does not include two books from the early 19th century which I have consulted. The article claims that Arkwright showed a high level of inventive genius in devising the new way of pulling out thread using two pairs of rollers. It is claimed to be a new principle. The article makes only the briefest mention of the prior work of Wyatt and Paul, who first used rollers for spinning in the 1730s. Wyatt and Paul's work is covered in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Moreover, in Biographia Borealis, Lives of Distinguished Northerners, by Hartley Coleridge, it is stated in relation to the work of Wyatt and Paul that "no model or description of the machines now remains". This is not true; abstracts of the original patent are published and still available for view in the Patent Section of Manchester Central Library! To a Lancastrian, one of the more surprising features of the development of cotton spinning is that although the main steps were made by Lancashire men, Hargreaves, Highs, Kay, Arkwright, and Crompton they were not initially backed by Lancashire merchants and manufacturers and the first water powered spinning mill was at Cromford in Derbyshire; the second was at Belper in the same county. Arkwright's first steam powered mill was in Nottingham in 1790. Drinkwater's mill in Manchester has a claim to be the first to have a steam engine, in 1789. These were followed rapidly by McConnel Kennedy and the Chorlton Mills in the 1790s. Although Boulton and Watt had patents on their steam engines they had competitors in Sherrat and Bateman in Manchester who pirated some of their inventions and, being based locally, were able to exploit the growing demand from cotton manufacturers. Sources: Dictionary of National Biography. Cromford, - A History, by Peter J. Naylor, in The Derbyshire Heritage Series, 1999, ISBN 184173-007-6. Chapter 4: The Age of Arkwright. Biographia Borealis, Lives of Distinguished Northerners, by Hartley Coleridge, published by Whitaker & Treacher, London, Leeds and Bingley, 1833. A Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture with a disavowal of the claim of Sir Richard Arkwright, by R. Guest, published by Joseph Pratt, 1823. Hutchinson Encyclopaedia on CD ROM Encyclopaedia Britannica on CD ROM History of the Textile Industry in Manchester, a course of lectures by Chris Makepeace at Wilmslow Guild in 2000. Four Centuries of Lancashire Cotton, by Geoffrey Timmins, published by Lancashire County Books, 1996, paperback, 92 pages, ISBN 1-871236-41-X. In addition to giving a short but authoritative account of the cotton industry with numerous references to original sources, this book has many illustrations of machinery and mills. A Cotton Enterprise, 1795-1840, a history of McConnel & Kennedy, fine cotton spinners, by C. H. Lee, published by Manchester University Press, 1972, ISBN 0 7190 0486 1. Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights, the industrial revolution in Marple and Stockport, by George Unwin, first edition 1923, second edition published by Augustus Kelly, New York, 1968.	Samuel Crompton
Which War was ended by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia?	The Spinning Mule Invention by Samuel Crompton Share By Mary Bellis By definition a spinning mule is an 18th century invention that spun textile fibers into yarn by an intermittent process: in the draw stroke, the roving is pulled through and twisted; on the return it is wrapped onto the spindle. History In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame . The spinning mule gave the spinner great control over the weaving process, many different types of yarn could be produced. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813. Patent Troubles Many inventors of the eighteenth century encountered difficulty over their patents. Samuel Crompton failed to obtain a patent for his spinning mule, which was then patented by the famed industrialist Richard Arkwright . It took Samuel Crompton over five years to invent and perfect the spinning mule. Crompton supported his inventing by working as a violinist at the Bolton Theatre for pennies a show, spending all his wages on the development of the spinning mule. A British Commons Committee, dealing with Samuel Crompton's patent claims in 1812 said that "the method of reward to an inventor, as generally accepted in the eighteenth century, was that the machine, etc., should be made public, and that a subscription should be raised by those interested, as a reward to the inventor." continue reading below our video What to Do If You Can't Pay Your Student Loans This was all right before invention required much capital, but after the industrial revolution money was almost absolutely essential for the production of any great technical improvement. Samuel Crompton	i don't know
The work of graffiti artist Banksy was first seen in which English city?	Banksy - Biography of a Graffiti Street Art Legend Other Works The name Banksy ignites controversy, starts conversations and piques curiosity. Banksy is undoubtedly the most controversial street artist to emerge on the global stage. The fact that his identity remains unknown after 20 years on the graffiti scene only adds to the intrigue that surrounds his work. The works of Banksy have appeared in America, Australia, Canada, England, France, Israel, Jamaica and Palestine. Wherever Banksy goes, he makes an impact. His pictorial and satirical messages cross the boundaries between art, philosophy, politics, sociology, humor and narcissism. Banksy is the godfather of a new form of pop art that originated on the street. He used a foundation created by peers to spread powerful messages using accessible street art. Anyone can see Banksy’s stencil art, which enables him to reach a large audience and to make strong statements. City officials have the power to paint over works or allow them to stay. Even when his ephemeral art is destroyed, it draws attention to political issues. Such strong attention, that when most people visit our gallery of Banksy prints , it leads to hours of browsing. Code Name: Banksy Banksy’s Broom Rat by Infrogmation of New Orleans The works of Banksy are often inspired by other street art luminaries and classical artists. This is another controversial area. Banksy has credited 3D of the British band Massive Attack as a source of inspiration. However, connections to the French graffiti artist Blek le Rat , who is known as the Father of Stencil Graffiti, have caused much more commotion. Although Blek was initially pleased to inspire other artists, he has publicly challenged Banksy’s copycat style. On the other side, Banksy has said that every time he does something, he finds out that Blek Le Rat has done it twenty years earlier. Similarities between the rats pictured in Blek’s work show a distinct overlap. Whoever Banksy is, he has made an unforgettable impact on the world and experienced tremendous commercial success. As an unrivaled phenomenon, Banksy’s irreverent, socio-political style is paving the way for future street artists and perhaps changing the way that graffiti is seen. Banksy may recycle old ideas, but he also inspires new creations from talented and not-so-talented artists. The recent commercial success of other street artists has been dubbed the “Banksy effect.” Who is Banksy? This is an inevitable question whenever Banksy is discussed. Although the street artist’s identity is technically unknown, there have been several theories as to who the mystery artist is. The most popular of these theories is that Banksy is a Bristol native named Robin Gunningham . The UK’s Daily Mail published an extensive piece on Gunningham where they interviewed schoolmates. A photograph showing a man believed to be Gunningham working on stencils in Jamaica is the lynchpin in this theory. The man that the Daily Mail spoke to said that Gunningham was one of three artistically inclined students in his class. According to this report, Gunningham attended the prestigious Bristol Cathedral Choir School, which has an annual tuition of £9,240. A neighbor told the Daily Mail that Banksy left school at 16 and began working in graffiti often traveling for months at a time and eventually leaving home altogether. Journalist Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian newspaper is one of the only people who interviewed Banksy in person. He said that Banksy wore jeans and a T-shirt to the interview. Bansky was also sporting a silver tooth, a silver chain and one silver earring. If Banksy is Gunningham, which he has denied, he was born in 1973 and had surgery early in life to repair a cleft palate. Banksy also created a pseudo self-portrait that features a picture of Gunningham. Recent news reports have followed Mrs. Banksy, a political activist known as Joy Millward. According to anecdotal reports, the artist has successfully concealed his identity from his family and in-laws. The Early Years Banksy has been active on the graffiti scene since the early 1990s. He was first associated with a gang of underground street artists in Bristol who were known as the DryBreadZ Crew (DBZ). In Bristol, he partnered with Inkie and other notable artists who still work with Banksy. Based on personal comments, Banksy developed his stenciling technique after a brush with the law. Banksy said he was 18 when he attempted to paint bubble letters on a public train. The police came, and everyone in his gang fled. Banksy ended up hiding under a garbage truck. While lying on the ground in a puddle of oil, Banksy contemplated ways to make the graffiti process faster. At that moment, he saw stenciled letters sprayed on the bottom of the truck, and his new style was born. By 2000, Banksy moved to London and stayed with friends Luke Egan and Jamie Eastman. Eastman worked at a record label that used several of Banksy’s illustrations. Banksy was reportedly staying in a flat in London’s Hackney neighborhood when numerous works of art began appearing in the area. While in London, Banksy’s work experienced a great deal of exposure and gained notoriety that led to a series of international exhibits. International Works Banksy’s first international exhibition entitled Existencilism was held in 2002 at L.A.’s 33? gallery. This was followed by a 2003 exhibit in London entitled Turf Wars, which was held at a secret location in an East London warehouse. This controversial exhibit featured cattle painted with faces, arrows and a variety of commercial motifs. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) said the conditions were suitable, but animal activists ironically protested the exhibit that was ostensibly raising awareness about animal exploitation. Banksy’s “Show Me the Monet.” These popular exhibits were followed by a variety of subversive versions of popular paintings and a series of prints featuring Queen Victoria in an explicit position as a lesbian. Christina Aguilera purchased the original Queen Victoria print for £25,000. Banksy’s subversive works include variations of paintings by Andy Warhol , Monet, Edward Hopper and Leonardo da Vinci. Banksy has a unique way of satirizing the works of the great masters while paying homage to their acclaimed pieces. Between 2003 and 2004, Banksy completed an exhibit in the Alexandria suburb of Sydney that was attended by 1,500 people. By 2004, Banksy was producing a number of new works for future exhibits. The most famous in this era was his spoof on the British £10 note, which features the head of Princess Diana. The notes also featured altered text that read Banksy of England instead of Bank of England. Banksy of England £10 Notes These notes were distributed at the Notting Hill Carnival and at the Reading Festival. While some tried to spend them at local shops, a few of the notes have sold for £200 on eBay. Several limited-edition posters featuring 10 uncut notes sold for £100 on the anniversary of Diana’s death. Several years later, the Bonhams auction house sold one of the posters for £24,000. The Big Time Bethlehem Wall Graffiti by Pawel Ryszawa By 2006, Banksy was a fringe street artist who had reached the big time in a big way. In 2005, Banksy traveled to Palestine and the West Bank where he stenciled nine images on the Bethlehem Wall. These works show children digging and playing near the wall, an armored dove with an olive branch, a girl frisking a soldier, a ladder ascending the wall, a girl floating over the wall with balloons and several other pieces. This groundbreaking series led to a second exhibit in Los Angeles entitled Barely Legal. This three-day exhibit featured a variety of vandalized art and a pink “elephant in the room,” which symbolizes the ever-present issue of world poverty. The elephant featured a flashy Indo-style print with gold motifs set over the elephant’s painted skin. Elephant in the Room At the same time, Banksy was crafting a series of prints featuring British model Kate Moss. These silkscreen prints done in the style of Andy Warhol sold at Sotheby’s for £50,400, which was five times the estimate. During the same auction, a stencil of the Mona Lisa with paint dripping from her eyes sold for a record-setting £57,600. These groundbreaking sales turned Banksy from an outsider into a commercial success. Banksy at Auction Due to demand, a number of Banksy’s works sold for prices that exceeded all expectations. Bombing Middle England sold for £102,000, Balloon Girl sold for £37,200, and Bomb Hugger sold for £31,200. Several other works received incredible amounts. Ballerina with Action Man Parts sold for £96,000, Glory sold for £72,000, and Untitled (2004) sold for £33,600. In 2007, a new record for Banksy pieces was set when Space Girl & Bird sold for £288,000 at Bonhams of London. The various mediums that Banksy uses make it difficult to preserve his pieces and to market them, but this hasn’t stopped people from trying. In 2007, a Bristol couple attempted to sell their home, which featured a prominent Banksy mural. Although offers fell through due to logistics, the couple is marketing the property as a mural with a house attached. In Norfolk, a couple listed a mobile home that Banksy doodled on a decade earlier for £500,000. According to reports, the couple purchased the home for £1,000, which would be quite a profitable investment. Whether Banksy is pleased with the profits remains a mystery. In a post on his website, the artist featured a picture of auction attendees with the caption “I can’t believe you morons buy this sh**!” Major Installations Banksy’s Stonehenge by Rodw Bored by his success, Banksy embarked on a new mission to organize collective exhibits and major installations. The most famous of these was Banksy’s Stonehenge. This monumental installation featured at the Glastonbury Festival was built entirely from portable toilets in an archetypically Banksy manner. One of Banksy’s most iconic works is a crumpled phone booth that is lying on its side, stabbed with an ax and dripping blood. This installation appeared on a Soho street in 2006 and was quickly removed by Westminster officials. Banksy’s Crumpled Phone Booth In May 2008, Banksy organized the Cans Festival, a street-art pun on France’s famous Cannes Film Festival. This event was held in an abandoned tunnel and featured 39 international street artists, including Mr. Brainwash , Blek le Rat, Jef Aéroso and many others. After the Cans Festival, he put together his first official exhibition in New York. Opening in early October, the Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill exhibit featured a variety of animatronic pets, including a rabbit applying makeup and a mother hen tending her McNugget babies as they pecked at a container of barbecue sauce. More International Appearances Rocking Chair Man by Infrogmation of New Orleans While visiting the states, Banksy embarked on a stenciling tour of hurricane-ravaged New Orleans that included his signature rats and a variety of human figures. Taking advantage of derelict buildings in the Lower 9th Ward, Banksy stenciled looters entering windows and a boy swinging on a rescue tube. He also stenciled a man in a rocking chair under a no loitering sign, and he painted a hooded KKK member hanging from a noose. This final work was quickly covered. Success or Bust – Has Banksy been Arrested? Always upping the ante, Banksy is breaking boundaries and taking street art to places where it has never been. In 2009, the Banksy vs. Bristol Museum show opened at the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery in his purported hometown. The show featured 100 unique pieces, including animatronic displays and large installations. More than 300,000 visitors attended the exhibition. During his career, Banksy’s work has made many controversial appearances. In 2005, he placed subverted paintings in several prominent New York museums, including the Museum of Modern Art, The Met, the Brooklyn Museum and the American Museum of Natural History. He also hung a primitive a cave painting depicting hunter-gatherers pushing a shopping cart in the British Museum of London. This piece was promptly destroyed. In 2006, Banksy replaced 500 copies of Paris Hilton’s first CD with a mix of Danger Mouse songs and his own digitally altered cover art. The tracks included “Why Am I Famous?” and “What Have I Done?” Only a few copies were sold before workers pulled the items. Copies of the altered CDs have sold for £750 online. The same year, Bansky placed an inflatable doll dressed as a Guantanamo prisoner in California’s Disneyland theme park. Banksy’s stencil art has appeared at the Bristol Zoo and the London Zoo where he printed animals’ thoughts. He also created a series of pieces commemorating the 2012 London Olympics. These works include a pole vaulter jumping over barbed wire and landing on an abandoned mattress. Another stenciled image featured a javelin thrower aiming a surface missile. This was designed to highlight a military installation that was defending the site. Keep it, or Clean it? Despite Banksy’s status, city officials, property owners and fellow street artists have destroyed his work. One piece in Melbourne, Australia, was protected by Plexiglas, but a group of artists managed to pour silver paint behind the sheet, which completely obliterated the image. Banksy created seven pieces in Toronto, but most of the images were destroyed. In Detroit, an art group excavated a piece of Banksy’s work for preservation. Even in Banksy’s home country, officials struggle to cover up the stencils as quickly as he makes them. However, there have been several instances of inadvertent destruction. A Muslim community center painted over an image on the side of their new building, and a team of plumbers in Australia accidentally destroyed a parachuting rat that was applied in the late 1990s. Other Works In addition to his status as an acclaimed artist, Banksy is a successful author and filmmaker. His 2010 film “ Exit Through the Gift Shop ,” which featured Mr. Brainwash, was nominated for an Oscar. Before the premier at the Sundance Film Festival, he created 10 pieces of street art in Park City and Salt Lake City, Utah, to promote the premier. To date, Banksy has published six books featuring his art and opinions. Wall and Piece was published by Random House in 2005, and Banksy: “You Are an Acceptable Level of Threat” was released in 2012. Although critics say that Banksy is merely a vandal and his work is dazzlingly clever to idiots, his fame is undeniable. Virtually every aspect of Banksy’s work is controversial, and perhaps that is the secret behind his success.	Bristol
Two battleships of the Bismarck class were built for the German Navy. The first was Bismarck. What was the name of the second?	The Bridges of Graffiti: A Story in Street Art \| AnOther The Bridges of Graffiti: A Story in Street Art — June 10, 2015 — A show at the Venice Biennale takes us on a journey through the story of street art – here we present our five graffiti highlights from World War II to now Paddle Ball, 1974Photography by Jon Naar Text Sam Johnson Art or vandalism? Violent expression or expressing yourself? Basquiat or Banksy? Even in the ever contentious world of art, the heated debate surrounding graffiti is more scalding than most. So as a new show, The Bridges of Graffiti , opens in Venice to celebrate both the history of the form and the newest, most exciting voices working within it, we trace back through more than 60 years of the spray can, remembering the pioneers and tags who have shaped its story. Engraving of Kilroy on the WWII Memorial in Washington, D.C. WWII: Kilroy Was Here Graffiti had a modest beginning. Looking back, beyond its associations with New York City subways and position as a central tenet to an emerging hip-hop culture, it first came to public attention in the 1940s in the form of Kilroy – a cartoon face with a large comical nose peering from behind a wall, alongside the text ‘Kilroy Was Here’. Throughout the 40s the popularity of this icon increased, as Kilroy became associated with American soldiers during WWII, appearing at barracks and on military equipment. The origins of its titular character was the cause of much speculation – in December 1946, the New York Times ran an article on the emblem, trying to attribute it to the spraycan of a shipyard employee who was using ‘Kilroy Was Here’ as a means of proving to his employers that Mr Kilroy had performed his duties. No one really knows but the image of Kilroy was so prolific it became a transatlantic phenomenon, taking on the name of Mr Chad in the UK, but from the 1950s the appearance of this graphic icon lessened as more diverse forms graffiti started to appear. Mother and child walking with Kip Jump sign and graffiti including: City Vanguards and The Moons. Coney Island, 1973Photography by Jon Naar 1960s New York Beginnings In New York, TAKI183 started appearing on subway cars from 1971. It was the abbreviation of the writer’s name – Demetraki – and his address, 183rd Street in Washington Heights. Taki was 17 at the time the article was published and had been working as a foot messenger, a job which gave him access to subway cars and streets all over New York City. The trend proliferated, and in 1974, Norman Mailer wrote an essay titled The Faith of Graffiti, published in book form alongside images by Jon Naar , in which he aligned the likes of CAY161 and TAKI183 with Giotto and Michelangelo, de Kooning and Rauschenberg – “What a quintessential marriage of cool and style to write your name in giant separate living letters, large as animals, lithe as snakes, mysterious as Arabic and Chinese curls of alphabet.” SAMO© Graffiti by John Paul Basquiat, 1979Photography by Henry Flynt 1980s boom The graffiti boom during the 1980s is mostly thought of as a countercultural phenomenon synonymous with the New York City subways and streets. Born in New York in 1960, Jean-Michel Basquiat began inscribing SAMO© on buildings in Lower Manhattan from as early as 1976. The tag, which Basquiat said emerged from a stoned conversation with his friend and collaborator Al Diaz talking about the marijuana they were smoking being “the same old shit”, caught on, and evolved into longer, more poetic sentences. But in 1979, after an altercation between Diaz and Basquiat, Basquiat started to write ‘SAMO IS DEAD’ signalling the end of the principal movement. By the 1980s his solo work had been exhibited in galleries and museums across the globe. Yet, regardless of its location, whether on the street or in the gallery, Basquiat’s art continued to critique social systems and power structures, with art critic Jeffrey Deitch describing Basquiat’s work as “disjointed street poetry.” Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith HaringPhotography by George Hirose Another key practitioner in the New York graffiti movement was Keith Haring who, after meeting Basquiat in 1979, started to draw white-chalk pictures on the plain black paper pasted over old ads in subway stations. By 1984 Haring was invited to create a temporary mural for the National Gallery of Victoria and the Australian Centre for Contemporary Arts. His boldly drawn and vividly coloured figures are easily recognisable and tackled subjects such as sexuality, AIDS and war. During the 1980s there were a number of exhibitions devoted to this energetic art movement. Washington Project for the Arts held an exhibition entitled Street Works in 1981 and in 1984 Francesca Alinovi curated the exhibition of New York graffiti Arte di Frontiera in Italy, including the likes of Haring and Basquiat, and which its curator described as “an intermediate space between culture and nature, mass and elite.” Artwork by Banksy Banksy and his imitators Despite being active for nearly three decades, the identity of English graffiti artist Banksy is still unknown, and much debated. His work is easily recognisable – creating stencilled murals that shrewdly satirise and critique the establishment and general complacency of society. Banksy began working in Bristol in 1990 as part of the larger Bristol underground scene and his work can now be seen in cities all over the world from Bethlehem and Philadelphia to Melbourne. He is thought to have been inspired by Parisian graffiti artist Blek le Rat, who in 1981 began to paint stencils of rats onto walls around Paris. Banksy’s work can be ambiguous as well as abrupt. In one of his more poetic pieces a young girl releases a red heart shaped balloon and she watches as it starts to drift away whilst his more literal approach can be seen in the “We’re Bored of Fish” which was painted in the penguin enclosure at London Zoo. Banksy has become enormously commercially successful – one of his works sold for £288,000 in 2007 – and his rise has seen innumerable imitators as well as a conversation begin in earnest about the value and ownership of street art. Todd James, Time Waits For No One, 2013Courtesy of The Bridges of Graffiti The Bridges of Graffiti Thirty years on from the Arte di Frontiera exhibition in Italy, a new exhibition titled The Bridges of Graffiti at the 2015 Venice Biennale positions itself as the sequel to the 1984 show. As well as a section dedicated to the history of the art form, ten international artists including Doze Green, Eron and Futura have created new works and collaborated to produce a Hall of Fame piece. Self-taught artist Todd James, also known as REAS, contributes vivid, amusing yet disturbing musings on themes that range across war, sexual exposure and capitalism. Time Waits For No One is strikingly similar in style to a Matisse cut-out, featuring four faceless figures and disembodied hands lurching from inside the work brandishing large guns. Meanwhile the graphic flourishes of Mode 2 fill a large wall with a mural that draws powerful influences from a childhood spent immersed in science fiction literature and comic books. Zero-T, A Bag Full Of Cans & Partners, 2015Courtesy of The Bridges of Graffiti The Bridges of Graffiti not only references the long and energetic history of graffiti but also its future. Whether the works appear inside in an exhibition or on the street, they continue to enrapture their audience because of the ever-evolving relevance of street art and its unrivalled ability to speak to the masses. Due to the distinct style of all its practitioners, it is a varied and fragmented cultural phenomenon that, like any contemporary art form, continues to negotiate its own parameters and boundaries. The Bridges of Graffiti is at Arterminal c/o Terminal S. Basilio, Fondamenta Zattere Ponte di Legno, Venice, until November 22.	i don't know
Which word completes the title of the 1926 D H Lawrence novel - The ______ Serpent?	The Plumed Serpent by D.H. Lawrence — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Aug 16, 2012 Richard Lodge rated it liked it OK. It's a mad book, no doubt about it. It's full of ferocity and discontent. And it does seem to ask us to take its ideas about cults and gods and blood seriously. It has stupid notions about race. It is infected with a misanthropic disdain for most people. But it is also struggling with all this, fighting against these damaging instincts. It is rescued, as a book, by its ambivalences and self-questioning. It is also dramatic and powerful. It is a kind of challenge, a kind of poison, but it is OK. It's a mad book, no doubt about it. It's full of ferocity and discontent. And it does seem to ask us to take its ideas about cults and gods and blood seriously. It has stupid notions about race. It is infected with a misanthropic disdain for most people. But it is also struggling with all this, fighting against these damaging instincts. It is rescued, as a book, by its ambivalences and self-questioning. It is also dramatic and powerful. It is a kind of challenge, a kind of poison, but it is something, not nothing, not a novel about petty, dull, self-important people. More a novel about grand, pompous, absurd, self-important creatures. I'm happy I've read it. I would not re-read it. ...more Jan 26, 2009 Typewriter rated it really liked it As a writer, Lawrence emits a sense of greatness, of towering above the ordinary and rendering nearly everyone else small-minded by comparison; this is thoroughly in keeping with the attitudes of this very Nietzschean novel. It is the intensity and passion of Lawrence's vision, complemented by astute acerbic insight, that makes him a giant. His stance does tower above more modern, more reasonable, more charitable ones. Do not dismiss him on account of his unpleasant conclusions. It's not what he As a writer, Lawrence emits a sense of greatness, of towering above the ordinary and rendering nearly everyone else small-minded by comparison; this is thoroughly in keeping with the attitudes of this very Nietzschean novel. It is the intensity and passion of Lawrence's vision, complemented by astute acerbic insight, that makes him a giant. His stance does tower above more modern, more reasonable, more charitable ones. Do not dismiss him on account of his unpleasant conclusions. It's not what he believes in, it's how he believes in it that matters. Lawrence is not a slick storyteller, nor does he write with a consistently fluid style. Story, style and Lawrentian philosophy synthesise to produce true greatness at intermittent moments; elsewhere the going can be tough, but there's is always a latent sense of true power. Lawrence's almost relentless misanthropy almost gets too much, but his passion for a life - albeit as an abstract or unrealistic ideal - almost justifies it. By comparison to today's norms, it is perhaps his uncompromising high seriousness that ultimately most appeals. How he would loathe postmodernism. After a brilliant description of a bullfight in the first chapter, The Plumed Serpent seems to decline into a sour fictionalised travel memoir (of Mexico), but the plot gradually picks up again, from about a third of the way through. I find Lawrence's short stories the most compelling, and I agree with the consensus that Sons And Lovers, The Rainbow and Women In Love are his greatest novels, but The Plumed Serpent is a powerful, memorable work by a most vital original master, with whom it is bracing to engage. ...more Shelves: big-white-square DH Lawrence takes a trip to Mishima Country! This was so crazy I just had to love it. It's about Kate, Irish widow, who is in Mexico and pretty much hating it and everyone in it. We open at a bullfight (Mishima loved a good matador!) where everything's a bit sad and unEuropean. Kate goes on to say lots of racist things about Mexicans. Which is a downer. But then she meets a local warlord, and then his warlord boyfriend (Mishima loved a man in uniform!), moves to a lakeside villa, and starts falli DH Lawrence takes a trip to Mishima Country! This was so crazy I just had to love it. It's about Kate, Irish widow, who is in Mexico and pretty much hating it and everyone in it. We open at a bullfight (Mishima loved a good matador!) where everything's a bit sad and unEuropean. Kate goes on to say lots of racist things about Mexicans. Which is a downer. But then she meets a local warlord, and then his warlord boyfriend (Mishima loved a man in uniform!), moves to a lakeside villa, and starts falling in love with them and their unique brand of pagan fascism (Mishima loved fascism!). So crazy. The words "erect", "manhood" or "sperm" are on almost every page. No prizes for guessing what the plumed serpent represents. But Mexico seems really beautiful. And I'd love to know if Mishima read it. Mishima bits: "Cipriano was watching Ramon with black, guarded eyes, in which was an element of love, and of fear, and of trust, but also incomprehension, and the suspicion that goes with incomprehension." and "With Cipriano he was most sure. Cipriano and he, even when they embraced each other with passion, when they met after an absence, embraced in the recognition of each other's eternal and abiding loneliness; like the Morning Star. But women would not have this. They wanted intimacy - and intimacy means disgust. Carlota wanted to be eternally and closely identified with Ramon, consequently she hated him and hated everything which she thought drew him away from this eternal close identification with herself. It was just a horror and he knew it." and "'When he comes, all you who strive shall find the second strength. And when you have it, where will you feel it? Not here!' - and he struck his forehead. 'Not where the cunning gringos have it, in the head, and in their books. Not we. We are men, we are not spiders. We shall have it here!' - he struck his breast - 'and here!' - he struck his belly - 'and here!' - he struck his loins." and "Ramon knelt and pressed his arms close round Cipriano's waist, pressing his black head against his side. And Cipriano began to feel as if his mind, his head were melting away in the darkness; like a pearl in black wine, the other circle of sleep began to swing, vast. And he was a man without a head, moving like a dark wind over the face of the dark waters." and "She walked across the beach to the jetty, feeling the life surging vivid and resistant within her. 'It is sex,' she said to herself. 'How wonderful sex can be, when men keep it powerful and sacred, and it fills the world! Like sunshine through and through one!'" ...more Jul 20, 2014 Gregg Bell rated it it was amazing D.H. Lawrence came from a day and age when writing was self discovery. It was a way to find out who you were, a way to open up new worlds within yourself. And the people loved reading about it. You grasped a sense of a writer's psyche, his mind, his emotions and soul. Reading The Plumed Serpent you get all that and more. Lawrence is most famous for Lady Chatterley’s Lover but The Plumed Serpent is by far the superior novel. Always an autobiographical writer, The Plumed Serpent catches Lawrence i D.H. Lawrence came from a day and age when writing was self discovery. It was a way to find out who you were, a way to open up new worlds within yourself. And the people loved reading about it. You grasped a sense of a writer's psyche, his mind, his emotions and soul. Reading The Plumed Serpent you get all that and more. Lawrence is most famous for Lady Chatterley’s Lover but The Plumed Serpent is by far the superior novel. Always an autobiographical writer, The Plumed Serpent catches Lawrence in the midst of his famed "savage pilgrimage's" North American swing, specifically Mexico. Well, let me tell you, Lawrence will put you there! You'll be sweaty and a bit dirty too. The flies will buzz and bite your ankles. The sun shining off the matador’s sword will blind you. Simply put—it's an experience. And, oh yeah, there's a story running through it too. A woman from Ireland, Kate Leslie, is exposed to the brutality of Mexican culture. The novel opens at a bullfight in Mexico City, and you need to remember that Lawrence is no ordinary writer. Catch this description of how a bull runs into the bullfighting ring for the first time: He ran out, blindly, as if from the dark, probably thinking that now he was free. Then he stopped short, seeing he was not free, but surrounded in an unknown way. He was utterly at a loss. Back to the story. Kate Leslie (the Irish woman) is repulsed by what she sees, but then she meets General Cipriano, a pure-bred Indian, and then eventually is introduced to his friend, Don Ramon, a political leader. Both men want to revive the old pagan ways (and this is where Lawrence, obsessed with sexuality and blood, comes in with his phallic power notions), and little by little Kate is drawn under their spell. The book will impact you. It is powerful and yes, in a pagan, rudimentary, life-force way. In this snippet Kate begins to realize General Cipriano' primeval appeal: In the shadowy world where men were visionless, and winds of fury rose up from the earth, Cipriano was still a power. Once you entered his mystery the scale of all things changed, and he became a living male power, undefined, and unconfined. The smallness, the limitation ceased to exist. The Plumed Serpent is pure Lawrence. It may be a bit strong for some, but for others, perhaps the majority, it will be a welcome literary wallop. Free download available at eBooks@Adelaide . Quotations: She felt again, as the felt before, that Mexico lay in her destiny almost as a doom. Something so heavy, so oppressive, like the folds of some huge serpent that seemed as if it could hardly raise itself. "There is no such thing as liberty,The greatest liberators are usually slaves of an idea. The freest people are slaves to convention and public opinion, and more still, slaves to the industrial machine. There is no such thi My rating: 3,5 stars Free download available at eBooks@Adelaide . Quotations: She felt again, as the felt before, that Mexico lay in her destiny almost as a doom. Something so heavy, so oppressive, like the folds of some huge serpent that seemed as if it could hardly raise itself. "There is no such thing as liberty,The greatest liberators are usually slaves of an idea. The freest people are slaves to convention and public opinion, and more still, slaves to the industrial machine. There is no such thing as liberty. You only change one sort of domination for another. All we can do is to choose our master." ...more Mar 08, 2015 Dillwynia Peter rated it liked it · review of another edition Thank you, Mr Lawrence – I think. Much to think about here, but also much that isn’t acceptable or comfortable in a 21st Century world. As the academic wrote in the Introduction to my edition: “if you want a handbook for how to set up your own Fascist group this has it all.” The main theme of this book is the establishment of a Fascist group in Mexico using pre-European type gods to influence the native Indian population to join. The publication date is really important when reading this book, be Thank you, Mr Lawrence – I think. Much to think about here, but also much that isn’t acceptable or comfortable in a 21st Century world. As the academic wrote in the Introduction to my edition: “if you want a handbook for how to set up your own Fascist group this has it all.” The main theme of this book is the establishment of a Fascist group in Mexico using pre-European type gods to influence the native Indian population to join. The publication date is really important when reading this book, because if you don’t then you can easily run along claiming Lawrence is a supporter of Mussolini & Hitler. The fact that he pre-empts them for almost 10 years says a lot. Intellectual adults who had survived the Great War wanted a change in how governments were run: they felt the previous types – monarchy & democratic capitalism had failed the people. It was a common belief that a charismatic person could rise & save the populous; the two extreme ways were socialist/ communism, or right-wing oligarchies. It is really important that people in Britain thought Mussolini & Hitler were doing great things as they repatriated Italy & Germany. So, I feel we must not condemn Lawrence for his intellectual experiment in this novel. Why he supported an oligarchy of men, ruling over others is a little beyond me- especially as he was a collier’s son. The concepts of “eugenics” in a broad sense (so, no mixing of blood/ races), new order that uses old religions to break down the power of the Europeans and their corrupt ways - culture, ideas and religion – and thus anti-colonialism, and feminism, are all played out here. The serious problem is Lawrence doesn’t deal well with any of these: he waivers from point of view within the characters and not between the characters. And even her, he is heavy handed. Kate, the European women getting bound up in the all the fervour and excitement is a good case in point. I have no problems with Kate vacillating between getting away from the Mexican madness and joining the cult, but for a satisfactory outcome for the reader, she needed to make a decision on that final page! And then there is the feminist aspect – he produces a free-thinking, independent woman, who then considers being a second fiddle to the men. Really, Mr Lawrence!!!! Finally, there is the sensuality & sexuality in the book. The men spend most of their bare from the waist up (all very titillating for the early 1920s), the word sperm is used to describe the colour of the water at least 4 times, and we have esoteric metaphysical descriptions of the blood rush when one is sexuality roused, for both men and women. Everywhere the feeling of sensuality abounds – in the raw descriptions of the plants and flowers, the animals, particularly the stallion and oxen scenes. It has that exotic, steamy tropical sensual excitement about it. My other problem with this novel is the writing style. Lawrence is stodgy. I always forget how stodgy he can be – think swimming through molasses or porridge. For this reason, he can slow down action and description to a boring mess of sentences. However, on the other hand, there are moments of poetic brilliance and beauty. Some of the sentences, aiming to be poetic, instead do feel contrived. Will I recommend this others?? No. However, if you want to read a book about fascist ideas from an English intellectual, or you want to read all of Lawrence’s novels, then go for it. Shelves: reviewed-books Remember Mexico was still fresh from revolution. Lawrence does tap into the 'political' here, but from that vision of his always textured with body-psychology. Any reader not expecting immersion in liquids denser than simple bathwater should be forewarned. Lawrence comes as close as any, for a man, to getting at a woman's psyche. Granted, all relationships for him reverberate in a mind encased by nature and saturate the mind with a nature humid with August and not devoid of insects. His world sme Remember Mexico was still fresh from revolution. Lawrence does tap into the 'political' here, but from that vision of his always textured with body-psychology. Any reader not expecting immersion in liquids denser than simple bathwater should be forewarned. Lawrence comes as close as any, for a man, to getting at a woman's psyche. Granted, all relationships for him reverberate in a mind encased by nature and saturate the mind with a nature humid with August and not devoid of insects. His world smells and gets felt, annoys and perturbs. In short, it means itself in a context that strikes a reader as seriously real. Is it possible for moderns to become Aztec gods? Is it possible for two men and a woman to find their 'place' together? We, ourselves, are so blanched with 'science' -- the overnight anchovy left over on the kitchen platter -- that when we reach for myth to explain ourselves, we find cartoons. DHL records the succulence of life. Sometimes it's pretty, and it's largely frightening. ...more Oct 08, 2012 Lee Holz rated it it was ok Although one hesitates to give any book by D. H. Lawrence two stars, in this case I must. The Plumed Serpent is no Son’s and Lovers. This late Lawrence book is filled with long-winded, pretentious and repetitive passages of ersatz Aztec religious claptrap and equally ill-conceived mysticism about the savage Mexican Indian as a race. Couple these with a sort of proto-fascism, and one has a pretty nasty book. Lawrence’s take on gender relations in this world of neo-Aztec revival is equally unattra Although one hesitates to give any book by D. H. Lawrence two stars, in this case I must. The Plumed Serpent is no Son’s and Lovers. This late Lawrence book is filled with long-winded, pretentious and repetitive passages of ersatz Aztec religious claptrap and equally ill-conceived mysticism about the savage Mexican Indian as a race. Couple these with a sort of proto-fascism, and one has a pretty nasty book. Lawrence’s take on gender relations in this world of neo-Aztec revival is equally unattractive. At the same time, there are the descriptive passages of great lyric beauty that are pure Lawrence and some earnest wrestling with questions of individualism versus the commonality of humankind. I didn’t like the book, but I’m glad I read it. ...more Feb 02, 2014 Jess rated it did not like it Disappointing read. I had a very hard time staying with this story as it was slow and negative. I wanted to put it down multiple times but stayed with it hoping for a lovely finish. Would not recommend like I would Lady C's Lover. Sep 16, 2015 Robert Spencer rated it liked it · review of another edition Hardly a stranger to controversy, DH Lawrence really went to town on some of society’s more sensitive aspects with his largely unheralded later work, The Plumed Serpent. Mixing blasphemy, violence, sensuality and issues of race and gender with a sneering contempt for both developed and third world contemporary cultures, it’s an explosive work even for today’s readers. For the folks back in 1926, it must have seemed an utterly alien piece of literature, which probably helps explain why it was con Hardly a stranger to controversy, DH Lawrence really went to town on some of society’s more sensitive aspects with his largely unheralded later work, The Plumed Serpent. Mixing blasphemy, violence, sensuality and issues of race and gender with a sneering contempt for both developed and third world contemporary cultures, it’s an explosive work even for today’s readers. For the folks back in 1926, it must have seemed an utterly alien piece of literature, which probably helps explain why it was considered a critical failure at the time. The story revolves around Irish widow Kate Leslie, who has relocated to Mexico following the death of her husband. Appalled by what she sees as the elemental barbarity of Mexican culture, she is drawn inexorably into the orbit of two powerfully charismatic men. Don Ramon is a prominent politician who has undergone some sort of epiphany and now sees himself as a kind of messiah for Mexico; he sets himself the task of expelling Christian worship from the land and replacing it with a return to the old pagan worship of Quetzalcouatl and the other Aztec gods. His right hand man is Cipriano, a General of purely indigenous descent; the controller of a devoted section of the Mexican Army, he is a powerful man. Quickly becoming enamoured of Kate, he influences her to move to the lake town of Sayula - the centre of Don Ramon’s new cult. The Plumed Serpent is a work of such intense criticism of - well - just about everything, actually - that it is kind of the literary equivalent of being bashed about the head with a cricket bat. But there’s no doubt that, in amongst the diatribes against religion, Americans, English, Mexicans and women there are some passages of truly astounding insight and beauty. Much of the book is devoted to recounting Don Ramon’s sermons to the people, word for word; although often containing some beautiful poetry, the length of these can be quite exhausting. Conversely, there are some scenes of extraordinarily exciting action and violence. Lawrence seems to have had a close to peerless skill in describing movement and conflict with a languid economy of meaning that is supremely effective in conveying the scene. The scene where Don Ramon’s house is attacked by bandits is as desperate and graphically violent as anything from a modern thriller writer. Although not considered one of his greatest novels, The Plumed Serpent is a profound and savage work. ...more Aug 04, 2014 Brian rated it liked it 'The Plumed Serpent' is the strangest D.H. Lawrence novel I've read, and I did nearly give it up altogether a couple of times. Once I allowed myself to skim or skip the lengthy, nonsensical Quetzalcoatl 'sermons' I was able to enjoy much of the book. Lush descriptions of the lake, based upon Lake Chapala in Jalisco and Michoacán, expanded the middle of the book and provided a backdrop to the main protagonist's existential quest; a bit reminiscent of Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'. Lawrence tends t 'The Plumed Serpent' is the strangest D.H. Lawrence novel I've read, and I did nearly give it up altogether a couple of times. Once I allowed myself to skim or skip the lengthy, nonsensical Quetzalcoatl 'sermons' I was able to enjoy much of the book. Lush descriptions of the lake, based upon Lake Chapala in Jalisco and Michoacán, expanded the middle of the book and provided a backdrop to the main protagonist's existential quest; a bit reminiscent of Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'. Lawrence tends to hammer one over the head sometimes with his heavy repetition of imagery and symbolism, and in this novel it is the constant reference to images of darkness: the darkness of the night, or the dark people and their inscrutable motivations. However much Lawrence might have disparaged the English class system in his other novels, 'The Plumed Serpent' betrays this system at work in the author. The central Mexican characters in the novel speak Castilian and have European heritage, the Indians are peons and/or bandits--and are the darkest metaphorically. Modern readers, particularly, in reacting to this book have charged Lawrence with racism, and in fact the novel makes some pretty distasteful, disparaging remarks about the Indians. I've tried to balance the argument about the era that the writer lived in against the way that people and history have come to be perceived now, with mixed results; I did, however continue to read and find value in the novel. ...more Shelves: classic-literature D. H. Lawrence's epic about Mexico reclaiming its old Aztec gods is both overlong and overblown, especially the many pages he spends unfolding one religious chant after another. It's also a little annoying that his desire to return to primitive consciousness is dependent upon so many people being stupid. On the other hand, you can often read his prose for hour after hour never caring what he's actually blathering about, because it is so damn well written that the words themselves mesmerize you. E D. H. Lawrence's epic about Mexico reclaiming its old Aztec gods is both overlong and overblown, especially the many pages he spends unfolding one religious chant after another. It's also a little annoying that his desire to return to primitive consciousness is dependent upon so many people being stupid. On the other hand, you can often read his prose for hour after hour never caring what he's actually blathering about, because it is so damn well written that the words themselves mesmerize you. Even in his failures, Lawrence remains a great writer. Still, four stars, not five, with advice to skip the religious chants. ...more Shelves: lawrence , religion The best and worst of Lawrence: on one hand a powerful feeling for the environment of Mexico and some beautiful descriptions of rituals of regeneration and duality, on the other hand an almost punishing harangue of characters and entire peoples "beneath" the writer's contempt and, notoriously, a seriously problematic flirtation with the fascistic side of neo-paganist "cults of the body." Still, I'd rather learn and feel something new from an impassioned writer whose justified detestation of mach The best and worst of Lawrence: on one hand a powerful feeling for the environment of Mexico and some beautiful descriptions of rituals of regeneration and duality, on the other hand an almost punishing harangue of characters and entire peoples "beneath" the writer's contempt and, notoriously, a seriously problematic flirtation with the fascistic side of neo-paganist "cults of the body." Still, I'd rather learn and feel something new from an impassioned writer whose justified detestation of machine-age soullessness took him into dangerous areas of thought than follow the lead of a milquetoast talent content with the absence of philosophical or aesthetic risk. ...more Jul 12, 2007 Anne rated it did not like it So, I love DH Lawrence--I devoured most of his novels while in highschool and decided to pick this up at the bookstore because it was a DH Lawrence taking place in one of my favorite places: Mexico. I thought I'd love it, well, other than the frenetic, fantastic description of Mexico City, I really hated this book. The tempo was slow, the story line not compelling and in the end I didn't even finish reading it, which I never do. I'm not sure if my adoration of Lawrence's other books was just a hi So, I love DH Lawrence--I devoured most of his novels while in highschool and decided to pick this up at the bookstore because it was a DH Lawrence taking place in one of my favorite places: Mexico. I thought I'd love it, well, other than the frenetic, fantastic description of Mexico City, I really hated this book. The tempo was slow, the story line not compelling and in the end I didn't even finish reading it, which I never do. I'm not sure if my adoration of Lawrence's other books was just a highschool crush or if this one was just horrible, but I was sincerely disappointed by this book. ...more Shelves: books-i-own "Пернатата змия" доста се отличава от останалите творби на Лорънс, въпреки че отново се усеща яркото проявление на индивидуалността на модерния човек (в случая жена), противопоставено на традицията, миналото и закостенелостта. Книгата е хубава, на моменти религиозното идва в повече, но не може да се отрече, че авторът е тънък познавач на човешката психика и успява много добре да обрисува противоречивите чувства на човешката душа. Колкото и да е свободна и независима, Кейт въпреки всичко си остав "Пернатата змия" доста се отличава от останалите творби на Лорънс, въпреки че отново се усеща яркото проявление на индивидуалността на модерния човек (в случая жена), противопоставено на традицията, миналото и закостенелостта. Книгата е хубава, на моменти религиозното идва в повече, но не може да се отрече, че авторът е тънък познавач на човешката психика и успява много добре да обрисува противоречивите чувства на човешката душа. Колкото и да е свободна и независима, Кейт въпреки всичко си остава жена, която иска да бъде обичана, а Сиприано и Рамон - предимно отправени към божественото, гледащи с други очи на света. Интересни сблъсъци и противопоставяния в цялята книга. ...more Oct 24, 2008 D Warner rated it really liked it When I read this book I was fascinated by the feminist implications of a mother of two boys leaving her family behind and starting a new life in an exotic land. Now, putting these theoretical interests on the backburner, I would be interested to reread this book as a work of fiction first and foremost. I believe my finding that this book would be deeply flawed, if for not other reason than the fact that, as I remember it, the arrival of Kate to Mexico is poorly explained. In this way the book co When I read this book I was fascinated by the feminist implications of a mother of two boys leaving her family behind and starting a new life in an exotic land. Now, putting these theoretical interests on the backburner, I would be interested to reread this book as a work of fiction first and foremost. I believe my finding that this book would be deeply flawed, if for not other reason than the fact that, as I remember it, the arrival of Kate to Mexico is poorly explained. In this way the book contains the same kind of inexplicable action as "Sister Carrie." ...more Aug 01, 2015 Marcus Schantz rated it it was amazing I found this book interesting. It is a mix of religion, philosophy, mysticism, cultism and is essentially about rebirth and letting go of what you think you know and giving all of yourself to something. It was like nothing else I've read of Lawrence, but it's a book that will make you think if you read it with an open mind. Dec 30, 2016 Skip rated it it was amazing This line aptly applies to the U.S. today, given the recent election: "They seem to love criminals and ghastly things. All the foulness that lies at the bottom, they want to stir up to the top. They seem to enjoy it. To enjoy making everything fouler." That was written nearly a hundred years ago. It has only gotten worse, as we see now with the recent election. This is a writer with the clearest insight who lives on the high shelf with Shakespeare. Shelves: favourite "Защото именно в това - единственото, което превъзхожда всичкатачовешка власт, а в същото време е властта; което превишава познанието; странната звезда между небето и водите на първия космос - в това се състои божествеността на човека." Nov 09, 2016 Adam Harris rated it it was amazing All about that quietcoddle and hootchlipotli. Yeah, cults! Aug 23, 2013 Adam O'leary rated it it was ok D H Lawrence imagines the Mexican Revolution taking a spiritual turn, as indigenous Mexicans have supposedly failed to comprehend Christianity, capitalism and socialism due to their specific cultural character, Don Ramón and General Viedma create a cult in which they are the living embodiments of the resurrected Aztec gods, Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli. Lawrence places Irishwoman Kate Leslie in their midst, travelling with her American friends. She is at once fascinated and revolted by indig D H Lawrence imagines the Mexican Revolution taking a spiritual turn, as indigenous Mexicans have supposedly failed to comprehend Christianity, capitalism and socialism due to their specific cultural character, Don Ramón and General Viedma create a cult in which they are the living embodiments of the resurrected Aztec gods, Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli. Lawrence places Irishwoman Kate Leslie in their midst, travelling with her American friends. She is at once fascinated and revolted by indigenous Mexican culture, and while at first being drawn to the vitality of the resurrected rituals she gradually becomes uncomfortable with the violence and subjugation of individuality, precious to her as a European, that the cult requires. This novel makes for an unsettling read that analyses the mechanisms of fascistic personality politics that cultivated myths of national identity and racial difference or superiority. It would be interesting to know how a contemporary reader would have responded to this novel, without the feeling that the sense of doom overshadowing the whole work had been confirmed by events in Germany, Italy and Spain only a few years after publication. However, despite the intellectual content, I found the book quite a chore to read, especially given the possibilities when a novel deals with gods, revolutions, ritual and exotic landscapes. It was very dry and at times, attempts to imbue the landscape with vital, anthropomorphic, mostly masculine qualities bordered on the ridiculous: Kate goes sailing on a 'sperm-coloured' lake and gets blown by 'phallic winds' - these descriptions seem over-laboured and clunky compared to earlier Lawrence novels I've read, like The White Peacock and The Rainbow. All in all, I'm quite disappointed. ...more Shelves: 1001-books , international This novel appears to be an existential exploration for Lawrence. I almost got the sense he was exploring his belief, not just expounding it. But may be not. Told from the point of view of Kate Leslie, a middle-aged Irishwoman visiting Mexico, who becomes acquainted with two men trying to re-establish the Aztec religion in place of Catholicism, which they feel doesn't "suit" the Mexican people, it seems to ask and sometimes answer quite a few questions? What is soul? What is spirit? What is will This novel appears to be an existential exploration for Lawrence. I almost got the sense he was exploring his belief, not just expounding it. But may be not. Told from the point of view of Kate Leslie, a middle-aged Irishwoman visiting Mexico, who becomes acquainted with two men trying to re-establish the Aztec religion in place of Catholicism, which they feel doesn't "suit" the Mexican people, it seems to ask and sometimes answer quite a few questions? What is soul? What is spirit? What is will? What is body? What is life? How are they related, connected, and yet different? Lawrence ties these questions not just to the lives and spirits (etc) of the individual characters, but to the societies of the people - Mexican, European and American (US). He touches on yin/yang concepts, ultimately appearing to conclude that neither women nor men are 'complete' unless they are united (in a romantic relationship). It does come off a bit misogynistic although I suspect not by design. (I haven't researched real-world Lawrence, so wouldn't know.) Although I didn't really "enjoy" this overall, and felt very loooooong, there were a number of passages I marked as really well portrayed or expressed. [Examples too long to post...] A big question I have is what impressions do Mexican readers have of Lawrence's portrayal of Mexico - does it ring true TO YOU when you read it? I wonder how much of it is reflective of what Mexico might really have felt like to a foreign visitor of the time versus how much of it is simply intended to serve Lawrence's design purpose and not truly mirror reality. ...more Apr 07, 2008 Lucia rated it liked it I expected this book to be really difficult. It was in some ways. I loved it at first. I love the complicated, conflicted, complex and compelling woman main character Kate. I love how he captures the dread of the mexican spirit. The feeling of negative death swamping over everything that even I see in Mexico. The aztec culture mixed with catholocism, two idealogies obsessed with death, with epic suffering leading to gods without pleasure. Pure seriousness. But it is too much, overall. Lawrence r I expected this book to be really difficult. It was in some ways. I loved it at first. I love the complicated, conflicted, complex and compelling woman main character Kate. I love how he captures the dread of the mexican spirit. The feeling of negative death swamping over everything that even I see in Mexico. The aztec culture mixed with catholocism, two idealogies obsessed with death, with epic suffering leading to gods without pleasure. Pure seriousness. But it is too much, overall. Lawrence repeats himself over and over, the same ideas, the same scenes even. Maybe I’m too dense to get it, but I’d really have like to have about 150 less pages. Two Passages I Like: "Politics must go their own way, and society must do as it will…Politics and all this social religion…is like washing the outside of the egg, to make it look clean. But I, myself, want to get to the inside of the egg, right to the middle, to start growing it into a new bird." "Men and women should know that they cannot, absolutely, meet on earth. In the closest kiss, the dearest touch, there is the small gulf which is none the less complete because it is so narrow, so nearly non-existant. They must bow and submit in reverence, to the gulf. Even though I eat the body and drink the blood of Christ, Christ is Christ and I am I, and the gulf is impassable…That which we get from the beyond we get alone." Shelves: classic There is a great peculiarity at work in the writing of DH Lawrence, and this is a strange and complex work, with its colourful, grandiose themes, coupled with a kind of awkwardness; sentences that refuse to flow, that tumble, rather than wash, over you. At times it has a kind of angular poetry to it, and with time - say 200 pages - it becomes oddly compelling. There is a great depth of feeling here, a sense of alienation from religion, from politics, from society, and from oneself, and a desire There is a great peculiarity at work in the writing of DH Lawrence, and this is a strange and complex work, with its colourful, grandiose themes, coupled with a kind of awkwardness; sentences that refuse to flow, that tumble, rather than wash, over you. At times it has a kind of angular poetry to it, and with time - say 200 pages - it becomes oddly compelling. There is a great depth of feeling here, a sense of alienation from religion, from politics, from society, and from oneself, and a desire to reach back in order to make something new, think and do something else. So cast out are the old icons and disembodied symbols of the old religion, and a new, physical, visceral, embodied spirituality is made in the images of the ancient gods. And yet it is also a love story, a little like Twelfth Night, 2 pairs of lovers, a little mystery, a hint of betrayal, and the question of what love might be. ...more Jul 30, 2011 Phyllis rated it it was ok When the unabridged edition of Lady Chatterly's Lover came out, I was working in the college library (Ohio) It was in a locked case in the stacks. I now confess that every time I was sent for a book I took the key with me. I'd read a fast five pages, and rush back with a book. Heavens knows how long it took me to read it, but I was probably one of the first persons in Ohio to do so. I also read Women in Love and mostly remember the colors red and yellow. When I moved to Mexico I first began read When the unabridged edition of Lady Chatterly's Lover came out, I was working in the college library (Ohio) It was in a locked case in the stacks. I now confess that every time I was sent for a book I took the key with me. I'd read a fast five pages, and rush back with a book. Heavens knows how long it took me to read it, but I was probably one of the first persons in Ohio to do so. I also read Women in Love and mostly remember the colors red and yellow. When I moved to Mexico I first began reading the Plumed Serpent. A year later I tried again...and again. I finally determined to finish it so I'd never have to begin this terribly boring book again. The only thing that remained from the final reading was also a color. Lawrence claimed that Lake Chapala, which I can see from my terrace as I'm writing, was the color of semen. Unfortunately that has made this book unforgettable for me. ...more Feb 23, 2015 Elias Westerberg rated it liked it Tone and themes remind me of JG Ballard. Even the naming of the chapters are similar. I guess DH Lawrence must have been a great influence on him. What's basically a weird s/m love story between the narrator and Mexico, quickly evolves into a complex multi-layered male/female new world/old world dialectic. You have to be on your toes all the time because very strange and not entirely pleasant ideas are put forward by the author in a quite convincing (and poetic) way. Being a real Aztec nerd, the Tone and themes remind me of JG Ballard. Even the naming of the chapters are similar. I guess DH Lawrence must have been a great influence on him. What's basically a weird s/m love story between the narrator and Mexico, quickly evolves into a complex multi-layered male/female new world/old world dialectic. You have to be on your toes all the time because very strange and not entirely pleasant ideas are put forward by the author in a quite convincing (and poetic) way. Being a real Aztec nerd, the overall concept of emerging neo-aztecs was thrilling. It's also set in an interesting time in Mexican history. But apart from that and some high energy action scenes it was actually pretty boring. Beautiful and weird but boring. Mar 07, 2012 Adam rated it liked it First let me start off by saying that the preface or introduction was quite helpful in putting this book into context. It was a challenge to keep with the storyline at times. So slow. There are moments of introspection and philosophy which I felt really added a needed depth to the story. But the real gem in this book for me was the symbols present. Sure I looked some up, but saying so much through the book and not using your character dialogue (internal and otherwise) was truly beautiful. The on First let me start off by saying that the preface or introduction was quite helpful in putting this book into context. It was a challenge to keep with the storyline at times. So slow. There are moments of introspection and philosophy which I felt really added a needed depth to the story. But the real gem in this book for me was the symbols present. Sure I looked some up, but saying so much through the book and not using your character dialogue (internal and otherwise) was truly beautiful. The only reason I liked and not really liked this book was it did get a bit tedious at the end. The love story between Cipriano, Kate and Kate with herself could only carry this story so far. But, like I said earlier Lawrence paints a wonderful picture of Mexico and of Ramon's religion. ...more Mar 16, 2010 Kristin Carlisle rated it it was ok I made it to page 200 and decided to quit. Some gorgeous passages, but this book is seriously WAAAY too new-agey. And the constant romanticism of Mexico's "dark races" and "masses of black-eyed peons" is, well, racist. I know it was written in the early 20th century... but I cant handle it! Oh, and the heroine, Kate, is this weak, frightened Irishwoman who basically does nothing but stand transfixed by "the dark eyed" Mexicans, who, by the way, have no authentic voice...they are always just bang I made it to page 200 and decided to quit. Some gorgeous passages, but this book is seriously WAAAY too new-agey. And the constant romanticism of Mexico's "dark races" and "masses of black-eyed peons" is, well, racist. I know it was written in the early 20th century... but I cant handle it! Oh, and the heroine, Kate, is this weak, frightened Irishwoman who basically does nothing but stand transfixed by "the dark eyed" Mexicans, who, by the way, have no authentic voice...they are always just banging drums and chanting to the god Quetzalcoatl. I enjoyed Lady Chatterly's Lover and Ill read Sons and Lovers one of these days. But Im tossing The Plumed Serpent! ...more Jul 30, 2011 Rashad Raoufi rated it really liked it its a very confusing and complex book, a masterpiece of writing but confusing to read, it has his whole critic of the dryness of the curopean christian tradition and his own white european guilt whilst still thinking he is somehow superior than non-whites. its defo nt lady chatterleys's lover which was a joy to read. although absorbing at times mostly it was nt a bore but hard to grasp. its very clear that he put alot of labour into it and the writing shoes, the characters are complex yet someho its a very confusing and complex book, a masterpiece of writing but confusing to read, it has his whole critic of the dryness of the curopean christian tradition and his own white european guilt whilst still thinking he is somehow superior than non-whites. its defo nt lady chatterleys's lover which was a joy to read. although absorbing at times mostly it was nt a bore but hard to grasp. its very clear that he put alot of labour into it and the writing shoes, the characters are complex yet somehow i think his own confusion is shwn in kate, or maybe he thought he was a master like ramon! haha either a gud read but nt very enjoybale. ...more	plumed
In which 1988 film did Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito play Julius and Vincent Benedict?	DH Lawrence \| Article about DH Lawrence by The Free Dictionary DH Lawrence \| Article about DH Lawrence by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/DH+Lawrence Related to DH Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia Lawrence, D. H. (David Herbert Lawrence), 1885–1930, English author, one of the primary shapers of 20th-century fiction. Life The son of a Nottingham coal miner, Lawrence was a sickly child, devoted to his refined but domineering mother, who insisted upon his education. He graduated from the teacher-training course at University College, Nottingham, in 1905 and became a schoolmaster in a London suburb. In 1909 some of his poems were published in the English Review, edited by Ford Madox Ford Ford, Ford Madox, 1873–1939, English author; grandson of Ford Madox Brown. He changed his name legally from Ford Madox Hueffer in 1919. The author of over 60 works including novels, poems, criticism, travel essays, and reminiscences, Ford also edited the ..... Click the link for more information. , who was also instrumental in the publication of Lawrence's first novel, The White Peacock (1911). Lawrence eloped to the Continent in 1912 with Frieda von Richthofen Weekley, a German noblewoman who was the wife of a Nottingham professor; they were married in 1914. During World War I the couple was forced to remain in England; Lawrence's outspoken opposition to the war and Frieda's German birth aroused suspicion that they were spies. In 1919 they left England, returning only for brief visits. Their nomadic existence was spent variously in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Australia, the United States (New Mexico), and Mexico. Lawrence died at the age of 45 of tuberculosis, a disease with which he had struggled for years. Works Lawrence believed that industrialized Western culture was dehumanizing because it emphasized intellectual attributes to the exclusion of natural or physical instincts. He thought, however, that this culture was in decline and that humanity would soon evolve into a new awareness of itself as being a part of nature. One aspect of this "blood consciousness" would be an acceptance of the need for sexual fulfillment. His three great novels, Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), and Women in Love (1921), concern the consequences of trying to deny humanity's union with nature. After World War I, Lawrence began to believe that society needed to be reorganized under one superhuman leader. The novels containing this theme—Aaron's Rod (1922), Kangaroo (1923), and The Plumed Serpent (1926)—are all considered failures. Lawrence's most controversial novel is Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), the story of an English noblewoman who finds love and sexual fulfillment with her husband's gamekeeper. Because their lovemaking is described in intimate detail (for the 1920s), the novel caused a sensation and was banned in England and the United States until 1959. All of Lawrence's novels are written in a lyrical, sensuous, often rhapsodic prose style. He had an extraordinary ability to convey a sense of specific time and place, and his writings often reflected his complex personality. Lawrence's works include volumes of stories, poems, and essays. He also wrote a number of plays, travel books such as Etruscan Places (1932), and volumes of literary criticism, notably Studies in Classic American Literature (1916). Bibliography See the Portable D. H. Lawrence, ed. by D. Trilling (1947); his collected letters (ed. with introduction by H. T. Moore, 1962); his complete poems, ed. by V. De Sola Pinto and F. W. Roberts (1977); biographies by J. M. Murray (1931), G. Trease (1973), H. T. Moore (rev. ed. 1974), J. Meyers (1990), P. Callow (1998 and 2003), and J. Worthen (2005), and series biography by J. Worthen (Vol. I, 1991), M. Kinkead-Weekes (Vol. II, 1996), and D. Ellis (Vol III., 1998); D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage (1994) by B. Maddox; and The Cambridge Biography; studies by D. Cavitch (1970), R. E. Pritchard (1972), S. Spender, ed. (1973), S. Sanders (1974), and J. Meyers (1982 and 1985).	i don't know
Which rugby league club played at Thrum Hall between 1886 and 1998?	Club History \| Halifax RLFC Club History Login / Register Basket Checkout Halifax Rugby League Club Halifax Rugby League Club was formed way back in 1873. It was a Rugby Union club in those days, as all rugby clubs were before the birth of Rugby League in 1895, and was very successful in that code. After becoming the first ever winners of the Yorkshire Cup in 1878, Halifax went on to win it on four further occasions. Several players were supplied for the Yorkshire County side in these years, and five were picked for the full England Rugby Union team. The club moved into their previous home of Thrum Hall in 1886, their home for the next 112 years until the move in 1998 to the re-developed 'Shay Stadium' to ground-share with local footballing neighbours, Halifax Town AFC. Halifax were founder members of the Rugby League (then known as the Northern Union) in 1895. They continued to be very successful, producing one of their best ever teams in the early years of the twentieth century. In season 1902-03 they achieved the 'double' by winning the Challenge Cup and finishing top of Division One. They won the cup again the following season, and were the first ever Championship Play-off winners in season 1906-07. When the Challenge Cup Final was taken to Wembley in 1929, Halifax became one of the first teams to sample its special magic, beating York in the 1931 final. They have since been to Wembley six more times, winning in 1939 and 1987, with their last appearance being in 1988 when they lost to Wigan. A History of Success They were the last Yorkshire team to win at Wembley, before Sheffield in 1998 and were the last Yorkshire team to finish top of Division One, achieved in 1985-86, before Bradford Bulls in 1997, the club were also the first winners of the John Player Trophy Special/Regal Trophy in 1972. The Club reached a major final in the early 1990s when, as a Second Division side, they lost to Wigan in the 1990 Regal Trophy final at Headingley, and again in the 1991 Second Division Premiership Final to Salford who had also beaten them to the league title that same year. An addition to the Halifax R.L.F.C. name was required upon the formation of 'Super League' in 1996 when pre-match entertainment, mascots and summer rugby became the norm when the club was renamed Halifax Blue Sox R.L.F.C. - however the club returned to the traditional Halifax R.L.F.C. at the start of 2003. The club reached the Cooperative Championship Grand Final in 2009 when they lost narrowly to Barrow 26 -18, but in 2010 the Club went one better and beat Featherstone Rovers in a memorable Grand Final 23-22, Ben Black dropping a goal for the golden point in extra time, Fax having come back from a 22-4 deficit halfway through the second half. In 2011 the Club reached the Finals of the Northern Rail Cup Final at Blackpool, narrowly losing to Leigh in the last minute. In 2012 Fax went further than the previous year, winning the Northern Rail Cup at Blackpool, beating the old rivals Featherstone Rovers 21-12. The sides of the late 1930s and mid-1980s were outstanding teams, but many would claim the best of all was the team of the 1950s. During this decade they were Championship runners-up three times, Yorkshire Cup winners twice, and Yorkshire League winners four times. They figured in two Wembley finals, featuring in the first ever drawn final in 1954, and then in the replay at Odsal Stadium appearing in front of a world record Rugby League crowd of 102,569. Top Players There have been many top players over the years, including internationals, tourists and overseas stars. The leading 38 of these are featured in a "Hall of Fame" in the Asda Store at Thrum hall and is also on display in the Bar in the East Stand Dining Function Room at The Shay Stadium. Karl Harrison holds the record for the Halifax player with the most Great Britain appearances. Karl took over as Coach for the Club at the end of season 2011. Club Records	Halifax (bank)
What was the first name of the hymn-writing younger brother of John Wesley?	Halifax rugby club in pay dispute with Council - Todmorden News Halifax rugby club in pay dispute with Council Actions from Fax v Whitehaven, at the Shay, Halifax 12:30 Friday 26 February 2016 A row has erupted between Halifax Rugby League Football Club and Calderdale Council over their payments to play at The Mbi Shay stadium. The situation was raised at Calderdale’s full Council meeting with the leader Councillor Tim Swift confirming that meetings have taken place between the respective legal departments. A Calderdale Council spokesperson said: “The Council is taking appropriate enforcement action to require the rugby club to pay the arrears.” A Freedom of Information request published at the start of February showed the club’s annual rent for 2015/16 was £51,480 - £11,880 more than what FC Halifax Town paid. According to the FOI eight payments are outstanding totalling £34,320. The Council’s head of Democratic and partnership Services Ian Hughes stated ‘there is a dispute over the recovery of the arrears due to an alleged offset of them from a claim put forward by HRLFC that has yet to be resolved’. A HRLFC spokesperson insisted the FOI information was not accurate and said: “The Club’s issues with Calderdale Council remain outstanding, but it is inappropriate to discuss them in the public domain at this time. “The FOI response which is currently in circulation is out of date and substantially understates the club’s payments.” The rugby league club was founded in 1873, and played at Thrum Hall for 112 years until they sold the land for £1.5 million to ASDA to move to a new stadium in the Super League era. The club first played at The Shay in the 1998 Super League season. Calderdale Council signed a sponsorship deal with Sowerby Bridge based MBi Consulting last year which saw the stadium renamed The MBi Shay Stadium. Trending	i don't know
Which Asian country has the fourth largest population after China, India and Indonesia?	Asia Map / Map of Asia - Maps, Facts and Geography of Asia - Worldatlas.com Asia Photographs Description Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world, sharing borders with Europe and Africa to its West, Oceania to its South, and North America to its East. Its North helps form part of the Arctic alongside North America and Europe. Though most of its continental borders are clearly defined, there are gray areas. Europe and Asia are technically located on the same overall landmass, and combined the two are referred to as Eurasia. As a result of its porous land border, some countries on Asia’s western border have been at times referred to as part of Europe’s East. Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia are sometimes referred to as Asian and other times as European. Russia and Turkey tend to be cut into regions. Russia is generally split along the Ural Mountains, with its western half called “European Russia” and its East as simply “Russia.” The land between Turkey’s largest city, Istanbul, and its direct borders with Bulgaria and Greece is at times referred to as a part of Europe called “Thrace,” while the rest of its territory is called “Anatolia” and is part of Asia. On the other side of the continent, the islands which separate Asia from Oceania can also be difficult to delineate. Indonesia and parts of the Philippines are sometimes categorized as part of Oceania rather than as Asian. This being said, it is important to note that these divided regions do not constitute separate countries or autonomous regions claiming sovereignty (such as the cases of Hong Kong or Palestine). “European Russia” and “Russia” are both simply Russia, and the “Thrace” and “Anatolia” parts of Turkey are both undisputedly part of Turkey, but sometimes the regions are shaded differently on maps in order to help delineate the borders between Asia and Europe. Asia is often divided into culturally and geographically similar regions. Although definitions, names, and borders can vary, generally the regions of Asia include West Asia (which is part of the Middle East), the Caucasus (sometimes also considered as part of the Middle East), Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia (also called the India n Subcontinent), and Southeast Asia. West Asia is sometimes referred to as the Middle East, with is actually a misnomer since the cultural region we define as the Middle East often included countries outside of Asia, such as Egypt in Africa and Cyprus in Europe. West Asia specifically includes the countries within the region of Asia bordered by the Mediterranean and Red Seas to the West and the Persian Gulf, the Gulfs of Aden and Oman , and the Arabian Sea to the South. Countries within West Asia include Afghanistan , Bahrain , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman, Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates , and Yemen . Just northeast of Turkey lies the Caucasus, a mountainous region wedged between the Black Sea to the West and the Caspian Sea to the East. The Caucasus includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Russia. Central Asia is located just north of Iran and Afghanistan and south of Russia, consisting of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . East Asia defines the region between Central Asia, Russia, and the Pacific Ocean roughly up to the beginning of the Tropic of Cancer. The countries of East Asia include China , Japan , North Korea , South Korea , and Mongolia (as well as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan ). South Asia is also referred to as the Indian Subcontinent, separated from East Asia by the Himalayan Mountains between China and India and defined largely by the Indian Tectonic Plate on which its countries largely rest. South Asian countries include Bangladesh , Bhutan , India, Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . Lastly, the Southeast Asian region defines the tropical and equatorial countries between South and East Asia to the North and Oceania to the South. The countries of Southeast Asia include Brunei, Cambodia , Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia , Myanmar (or Burma ), the Philippines, Singapore , Thailand , East Timor (or Timor-Leste ), and Vietnam . It is worth reiterating that these regional borders are as porous as Asia’s continental borders, and some countries can be organized differently. Pakistan can be West instead of South Asian, Afghanistan can be Central or South rather than West Asian, and so on. Finally, it is also worth noting that Russia is not included in any of these regions. As it is the largest country in the world, Russia’s territory actually stretches across the entirety of Asia’s border from East to West. It cannot be categorized into any of these regions alone and so is kept separate. There are also several unrecognized and partially recognized states within Asia. Palestine, which is made up of the Gaza Strip and West Bank regions in and around Israel, declared its independence in 1988 and is currently recognized as independent by 134 countries, though it is not an official member of the United Nations and is not considered to be its own country by every G-8 nation except Russia. Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and South Ossetia are all located in the Caucasus and all declared their independence during the 1990s, with limited recognition internationally. Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983 but is only recognized as a sovereign state within the UN by Turkey, with every other member considering it as simply part of Cyprus. Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are all considered by China to be a part of its territory, but each see themselves as either entirely independent (in the case of Taiwan) or fully autonomous (in the cases of Hong Kong and Macau), operate largely autonomously in terms of currency and government, and have varying degrees of international recognition as separate states. Taiwan actually operates under various names as a result of its contested statehood: it refers to itself officially as the Republic of China (or ROC), invoking the state which governed the mainland until the Chinese Civil War and takeover of power by the Communist Party of China in 1949, and today’s mainland China (officially the People’s Republic of China, or PRC) calls it Chinese Taipei, but internationally it is most commonly called Taiwan (the name of the state’s largest island). Geography Asia’s immense size lends itself to a variety of different geographical landscapes, depending on its region. West Asia has some of the highest temperatures on the planet as a result of its warm desert climate. Factoring in the heat index and wind speeds, summers in the region have risen to dangerous temperatures, with parts of Iraq and Iran having recorded feel-like temperatures of over 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius). Inversely, Asia is also home to the coldest weather in the populated world (excluding Antarctica), which was recorded as -90 degrees Fahrenheit (-67.7 degrees Celsius) and occurred in two Russia n towns: Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. Most of the northern half of Russia is characterized by continental subarctic climates similar to Alaska and much of Canada , and its far north is classified as an arctic tundra comparable to the far north of the Canadian territories or the coasts of Greenland . Both extremes in precipitation can also be found on the Asian continent. Some of the driest places on Earth are located in the desert climates of West Asia, the steppes of Central Asia, and parts of China and Mongolia . At the same time, the northeast India n village of Mawsynram is the absolute wettest place on Earth, with an average of 467.4 inches (11,872 millimeters) of rainfall per year. South Asia has a mixture of the monsoon weather which lends itself to such heavy precipitation along with tropical savannas with intense heat. Climate patterns involving the Indian and Pacific Oceans cause much of East Asia to have temperate weather with a heavy monsoon season, particularly in Eastern China, Hong Kong , Macau, Taiwan , South Korea and most of southern Japan . Much of continental Southeast Asia has a savannah climate similar to some of the drier parts of South Asia, while its island portions between Asia and Oceania are distinct for their tropical rainforests. The various climates of Asia also allow it to have many different geographical features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts. The Himalayas, home to Bhutan and Nepal and separating South Asia from China, is the tallest mountain range in the world and its highest peak, Mount Everest, is the tallest mountain on Earth. Three major Asian rivers are also sourced from the Himalayas, the Brahmaputra, the Ganges, and the Indus, which each approach 2,000 miles (3,219 kilometers) in length. However, the longest river in Asia is actually the Yangtze River, which runs from the southwest region of Tibet all the way to the Pacific coastal city of Shanghai and measures at 1,790 miles (2,880 kilometers) in length. The Syrian and Arabian Deserts of West Asia count among the world’s largest deserts, as does the Gobi Desert between China and Mongolia, in Central Asia. It is also worth noting that many of these massive landscapes are actually the underlying causes of Asia’s various weather patterns. The height of the Himalayas, for example, blocks rainclouds coming from the Indian Ocean and pushes them back into the Indian Subcontinent while simultaneously keeping northern cold air from travelling any farther south, accounting for both the hot monsoon weather of South Asia and the cold deserts and steppes of Central Asia. The largest continent on Earth, Asia’s total size is roughly 17,212,048 square miles (44,579,000 square kilometers), or 30% of the planet’s total landmass. The largest countries of Asia include Russia (6.6 million square miles or 17.1 million square kilometers), China (3.7 million square miles or 9.6 million square kilometers), India (1.3 million square miles or 3.3 million square kilometers), and Kazakhstan (1.05 million square miles or 2.7 million square kilometers). Asia’s smallest countries are Maldives (120 square miles or 300 square kilometers), Singapore (278 square miles or 719 square kilometers), Bahrain (295 square miles or 765 square kilometers), and Brunei (2,226 square miles or 5,765 square kilometers). If Hong Kong and Macau are recognized as separate countries, then Macau (12.1 square miles or 31.3 square kilometers) is the smallest country in Asia and Hong Kong (1,064 square miles or 2,755 square kilometers) is the fourth-smallest. History Due to its immense size and diverse populations, it is nearly impossible to offer a unified history of Asia. The continent is the birthplace of nearly all major religions in the world today, as well as a vast number of technological and civilizational advancements. West Asia is at times called the “Cradle of Civilization,” as it was here that Neolithic humans first began its transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle, inventing the wheel and basic agriculture in order to do so. The West Asia was also home to the first known human civilizations, such as Ancient Sumer and the ancient Assyrian, Babylonian, and Akkadian empires. Meanwhile, the Indus Valley Civilization (or Harappan Civilization) was the first known civilization formed in South Asia, and in East Asia the Xia Dynasty would be the first recorded account of Ancient China . Most of the world’s earliest belief systems trace their origins back to Asia. West Asia saw the creation of the first Kingdom of Israel , which fostered early Judaism, the birth of Jesus Christ and onset of early Christianity, and the birth of the Prophet Muhammad and the initial spread of Islam. Forms of early Hinduism were practiced in South Asia as far back as the Indus Valley Civilization, and it was codified as a religion during the Vedic Period which followed it. The South Asian country of Nepal was the birthplace of the initial Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, and the subsequent proliferation of Buddhism influenced much of Central, East, South, and Southeast Asia. Parshvanatha, the oldest historical leader of Jainism, was born in South Asia, as was Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Taoism has origins in East Asia stretching back to the very onset of Ancient China, perhaps even prehistoric China. East Asia also saw the birth of Kong Qiu, known in the West as Confucius, and the spread of Confucianism. The Shinto religion has ancient origins on the Japan ese islands, though its first recorded history began alongside the rise of early imperial dynasties there during the Medieval Period. Demographics With a population of roughly 4.4 billion, or 62% of the global population (about 7.1 billion), Asia is by far the most populated continent on the planet. The most populous countries in Asia are China (1.4 billion people), India (1.3 billion people), Indonesia (259 million people), and Pakistan (193 million people). Asia’s least populated countries are Maldives (341 thousand people), Brunei (412 thousand people), Bhutan (771 thousand people), and East Timor (1.2 million people). If Hong Kong and Macau are included as countries, then Macau (647 thousand people) becomes the third-least populous country in Asia. Several different religions are widely spread throughout the Asian continent. This being said, Islam is followed by about 1.1 billion people, or 25% of the continent, making it the most popular religion in Asia. Islam is particularly popular in West Asia, where it is the sole official religion of many countries and is practiced by close to 100% of the populations of countries like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . However, most Muslims actually live in South and Southeast Asia. Bangladesh , India, and Pakistan have Muslim populations of well over 100 million, while the Southeast Asian country of Indonesia has more adherents to Islam than any other country, with over 200 million Muslims. The second-largest religion in Asia is Hinduism, which follows close behind Islam with roughly 1 billion adherents. Hinduism is strongest in India and Nepal (where it is followed by over 80% of the population), but it also has strong minority populations in several Southeast and West Asian countries. Christianity is also fairly widespread, with the majority of people in Armenia , Georgia , and Russia following various Orthodox churches, East Timor and the Philippines adhering to Roman Catholicism, and South Korea largely following Protestantism (though with a sizeable minority of Roman Catholics). Other notable religions in Asia include Sikhism and Jainism (which are found mostly in India and Pakistan), Judaism (with Israel being the only country in the world with a majority Jewish population), and Zoroastrianism (the first Iran ian religion and still practiced in parts of modern Iran and other countries). After Islam and Hinduism, however, irreligion technically counts as the third-widest “religion” in Asia. Roughly 21% of the continent claims not to have any particular religious affiliation, especially in China, Hong Kong, Japan , and North Korea . This fact can be partly explained by Communist state policies in China and North Korea regarding religion, but also by the nature of the traditionally prevalent religions of East Asia. Confucianism and Taoism (or Daoism) are more akin to philosophical traditions than the organized religions practiced in other societies, and indeed the Chinese state promotes some specifically Confucian tenants, while Japan’s Shinto belief system involves a relatively disunified set of religious traditions and folkloric tales. Thus it is the case that much of China’s population can be considered as somewhere between Confucian, Taoist, or irreligious, and that roughly 80% of Japanese citizens practice Shinto but less than 5% can really be called “Shintoist.” Asia is home to a staggering number of languages ranging from local tongues spoken by only a few inhabitants to international languages used in entire regions. Regarding international languages, the most widely spoken language on the continent is Mandarin, which is spoken by 1.3 billion people and is an official language in China, Singapore , and Taiwan . Russian also crosses official language borders, being the official language of Russia, Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan (alongside various other state and regional languages) and having roughly 260 million speakers. Arabic is perhaps the third major international language, recognized as official in most of the countries in West Asia and spoken by about 230 million people. It is also worth mentioning that English is internationally popular throughout Asia. Though it does not have many recognized native speakers, it is recognized as an official or regional language in Hong Kong, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Singapore. For languages concentrated around specific countries, Hindi is India’s national language (though it recognized a plethora of regional tongues), and with roughly 400 million speakers it is also the second-most popular language in Asia. Other populous national languages include Indonesian (240 million speakers), Bengali (150 million speakers), Japanese (120 million speakers), and Filipino (90 million speakers), though most other countries in Asia also have their own national languages. Additional Asia Geography Notes Burma : Military authorities have promoted the name Myanmar since 1989 as the conventional name for their state. That decision was not (and is not) approved by any sitting legislature in Burma , and is not accepted by the U.S. government. However, Myanmar is widely accepted by numerous countries, and by the United Nations. European Russia : The Russian landmass west of the Ural Mountains is commonly referred to as European Russia in most educational atlases, and by the vast majority of geography experts. It is not a separate country, but rather called that because of its political, cultural and geographical blendings with Europe. For reference purposes it is shown above to the west of the dashed-line, however, the entire country (as a whole) is still considered part of the continent of Asia. Middle East: Countries considered part of the Middle East (or West Asia) are shown in a lighter shade of gray. Note that they are all still a part of the continent of Asia. Opinions vary as to what countries make up the modern definition of Asia and the Middle East. Historically, Armenia and Azerbaijan have been long associated with the Middle East, but in recent years, some sources now consider them to be more closely aligned with Europe based on their modern economic and political trends. We have moved in that direction, and the same can be said for the island country of Cyprus . Taiwan is still considered by China to be its 23rd province, and not an independent country. Very few other country governments accept China's claims of sovereignty over Taiwan. Turkey is officially, politically and geographically considered part of both Asia and Europe. The small northwestern portion of Turkey named (Thrace) is a recognized part of Europe, while the largest part (Anatolia) is located in the Middle East, a part of Asia.	Pakistan
Which word can be a flightless bird, a Greek goddess or the second largest moon of Saturn?	The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency Background: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty, which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power. Geography :: INDIA Languages: Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9% note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census) geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 29 states and 7 union territories; Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal note: although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi chief of state: President Pranab MUKHERJEE (since 22 July 2012); Vice President Mohammad Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007) head of government: Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014) cabinet: Union Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 19 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 August 2012 (next to be held in August 2017); following legislative elections, the prime minister is elected by parliamentary members of the majority party election results: Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE (INC prior to election) 69.3%, Purno SANGMA (independent) 30.7%; Mohammad Hamid ANSARI reelected vice president; electoral college vote - Mohammad Hamid ANSARI 490, Jaswant SINGH 238 Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote, and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms) and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms) elections: People's Assembly - last held April-May 2014 in 10 phases; (next to be held by May 2019) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP 31.0%, INC 19.3%, AITC 3.8%, SP 3.4%, AIADMK 3.3%, CPI(M) 3.3%, TDP 2.6%, YSRC 2.5%, AAP 2.1%, SAD 1.8%, BJD 1.7%, SS 1.7%, NCP 1.6%, RJD 1.3%, TRS 1.3%, LJP 0.4%, other 15.9%, independent 3.0%; seats by party - BJP 282, INC 44, AIADMK 37, AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP 16, TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9, LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5, AAP 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, other 33, independent 3 highest court(s): Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices) judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president to serve until age 65 subordinate courts: High Courts; District Courts; Labour Court note: in mid-2011, India’s Cabinet approved the "National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reform" to eliminate judicial corruption and reduce the backlog of cases; as of mid-July 2015, the Indian Government was considering the introduction of pre-trial hearing as a method for reducing the backlog Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL] All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA] All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE] Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI] Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Amit SHAH] Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK] Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) [Prakash KARAT] Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI] Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN] Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR] Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV] Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV] Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL] Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY] Telegana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) [K. Chandrashekar RAO] Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU] YSR Congress (YSRC) [Jaganmohan REDDY] note: India has dozens of national and regional political parties All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) Bajrang Dal (militant religious organization) Jamiat Ulema-e Hind [Mahmood MADANI] (religious organization) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (nationalist organization) Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Pravin TOGADIA] (militant religious organization) other: hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level; numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy International organization participation: ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Arun Kumar SINGH (since 18 May 2015) chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone: [1](202) 939-7000 telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 name: "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) lyrics/music: Rabindranath TAGORE note: adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem Economy :: INDIA Economy - overview: India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major sourc India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and inve Growth rebounded in 2014 through 2016, with exceeding 7% each year. Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inboun The outlook for India's long-term growth is moderately positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. However, India's discrimination aga note: this is the Indian central bank's policy rate - the repurchase rate country comparison to the world: 41 9.3% (31 December 2016 est.) 10.01% (31 December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 90 $385.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $370.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 14 $1.728 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.704 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 10 $1.579 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.57 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 14 $1.516 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) $1.558 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) $1.139 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 1.218 trillion kWh (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 4 973 billion kWh (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 5 200 million kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 76 5 billion kWh (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 42 311 million kW (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 5 68.7% of total installed capacity (26 February 2014 ) country comparison to the world: 113 2% of total installed capacity (26 February 2014 ) country comparison to the world: 29 16.9% of total installed capacity (26 February 2014 ) country comparison to the world: 98 12.4% of total installed capacity (26 February 2014 ) country comparison to the world: 26 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 81 (July 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 2 Telephone system: general assessment: supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 1 billion in 2015, an overall teledensi domestic: mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles, each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity international: country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at (2015) broad gauge: 58,404 km 1.676-m gauge (23,654 electrified) narrow gauge: 9,499 km 1.000-m gauge; 622 km 0.762-m gauge (2014) country comparison to the world: 5 Roadways: total: 4,699,024 km note: includes 96,214 km of national highways and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2015) country comparison to the world: 2 14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012) country comparison to the world: 9 Merchant marine: total: 340 by type: bulk carrier 104, cargo 78, chemical tanker 22, container 14, liquefied gas 11, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 92 foreign-owned: 10 (China 1, Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2, Malaysia 1, UAE 4) registered in other countries: 76 (Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 10, Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore 21, unknown 1) (2010) country comparison to the world: 29 major seaport(s): Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam container port(s) (TEUs): Chennai (1,558,343), Jawaharal Nehru Port (4,307,622) LNG terminal(s) (import): Dabhol, Dahej, Hazira Military and Security :: INDIA country comparison to the world: 31 Transnational Issues :: INDIA Disputes - international: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal refugees (country of origin): 110,098 (Tibet/China); 64,208 (Sri Lanka); 15,735 (Burma); 10,196 (Afghanistan) (2015) IDPs: 612,000 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2015) Illicit drugs: world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production	i don't know
Which cartoonist and illustrator who made complicated drawings of simple machines was born on this day in 1872?	1000+ images about William Heath Robinson on Pinterest \| Rudyard kipling, Miguel de cervantes and Galleries Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas William Heath Robinson William Heath Robinson (1872-1944) was an English cartoonist and illustrator. His father Thomas and brothers Thomas Heath and Charles were also illustrators. His early career involved illustrating books, among others by Hans Christian Andersen and Rudyard Kipling. He is best known for drawing ridiculously complicated machines used to achieve simple objectives, often powered by steam boilers or kettles, heated by candles or a spirit lamp and kept running by balding bespectacled men in overalls 146 Pins30.9k Followers	W. Heath Robinson
What name is given to the shortest hole on the Old Course at Royal Troon Golf Club?	Learn and talk about Rube Goldberg machine, English phrases, Mechanisms (engineering) Origin[ edit ] Professor Butts and the Self-Operating Napkin (1931) Rube Goldberg's cartoons became well known for depicting complicated devices that performed simple tasks in indirect convoluted ways. The example on the right is Goldberg's "Professor Butts and the Self-Operating Napkin", which was later reprinted in a few book collections, including the postcard book Rube Goldberg's Inventions! and the hardcover Rube Goldberg: Inventions, both compiled by Maynard Frank Wolfe from the Rube Goldberg Archives. [3] The "Self-Operating Napkin" is activated when soup spoon (A) is raised to mouth, pulling string (B) and thereby jerking ladle (C), which throws cracker (D) past parrot (E). Parrot jumps after cracker and perch (F) tilts, upsetting seeds (G) into pail (H). Extra weight in pail pulls cord (I), which opens and ignites lighter (J), setting off skyrocket (K), which causes sickle (L) to cut string (M), allowing pendulum with attached napkin to swing back and forth, thereby wiping chin. In 1931, the Merriam-Webster dictionary adopted the word "Rube Goldberg" as an adjective defined as accomplishing something simple through complicated means. [4] Similar expressions worldwide[ edit ] Australia — cartoonist Bruce Petty depicts such themes as the economy, international relations or other social issues as complicated interlocking machines that manipulate, or are manipulated by, people. Austria — Franz Gsellmann worked for decades on a machine that he named the Weltmaschine ("world machine"), [5] having many similarities to a Rube Goldberg machine. Denmark — called Storm P maskiner ("Storm P machines"), after the Danish inventor and cartoonist Robert Storm Petersen (1882–1949). France — a similar machine is called usine à gaz, or gas refinery , suggesting a very complicated factory with pipes running everywhere and a risk of explosion. It is now used mainly among programmers to indicate a complicated program, or in journalism to refer to a bewildering law or regulation. Germany — such machines are often called "Was-passiert-dann-Maschine" ("What happens next machine") for the German name of similar devices used by Kermit the Frog in the children's TV show Sesame Street . United Kingdom — a "Heath Robinson contraption", named after the fantastical comic machinery illustrated by British cartoonist W. Heath Robinson , has a similar meaning but predates the Rube Goldberg machine, originating in the UK in 1912. [6] Though Heath Robinson's drawings are extremely similar to the example shown and described above, the expression has gained more a sense of a ramshackle solution to a problem that nevertheless works (though with the implication that it might not do so for long, unlike the 'proper' solution), rather than something needlessly complicated, though it shared that sense initially. India — the humorist and children's author Sukumar Ray , in his nonsense poem " Abol tabol ", had a character (Uncle) with a Rube Goldberg-like machine called "Uncle's contraption"(khuror kol). This word is used colloquially in Bengali to mean a complicated and useless object. Japan — "Pythagorean devices" or "Pythagoras switch". PythagoraSwitch (ピタゴラスイッチ, "Pitagora Suicchi") is the name of a TV show featuring such devices. Another related genre is the Japanese art of chindōgu , which involves inventions that are hypothetically useful but of limited actual utility. Norway — cartoonist and storyteller Kjell Aukrust created a cartoon character named Reodor Felgen , who constantly invented complicated machinery. Though it was often built out of unlikely parts, it always performed very well. Felgen stars as the inventor of an extremely powerful but over-complicated car, Il Tempo Gigante , in the Ivo Caprino animated puppet film Flåklypa Grand Prix (1975). Spain — devices akin to Goldberg's machines are known as Inventos del TBO (tebeo), named after those that several cartoonists (Nit, Tínez , Marino Benejam , Frances Tur and finally Ramón Sabatés ) made up and drew for a section in the TBO magazine , allegedly designed by some "Professor Franz" from Copenhagen . Turkey — such devices are known as Zihni Sinir Projeleri, allegedly invented by a certain Prof. Zihni Sinir ("Crabby Mind"), a curious scientist character created by İrfan Sayar in 1977 for the cartoon magazine Gırgır . The cartoonist later went on to open a studio selling actual working implementations of his designs. Many of his ideas were utilized in movies and TV shows for the comedic effect of creating such rigmarole for such a simple task, such as the breakfast machine on television's 'Pee Wee's Playhouse'. In 'Ernest Goes to Jail', Ernest P. Worrell uses his invention simply to turn his TV on. Other movies such as 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang' and 'Diving into the Money Pit' have featured Goldberg's idea. Professional artists[ edit ] Heath Robinson was an English cartoonist and illustrator best known for drawings of ludicrously complex machines for achieving simple objectives. Peter Fischli & David Weiss , Swiss artists known for their art installation movie Der Lauf der Dinge ( The Way Things Go , 1987). It documents a 30-minute-long causal chain assembled of everyday objects, resembling a Rube Goldberg machine. Tim Hawkinson has made several art pieces that contain complicated apparatuses that are generally used to make abstract art or music. Many of them are centered on the randomness of other devices (such as a slot machine ) and are dependent on them to create some menial effect. Joseph's Machines has made several YouTube videos using this concept, notably Jiwi's Machines, a four-part web series featuring physical comedy and mechanical mayhem. It is also the world's first sitcom with a single-take Rube Goldberg machine in every episode. Competitions[ edit ] Rube Goldberg machine designers participating in a competition in New Mexico. In early 1987, Purdue University in Indiana started the annual National Rube Goldberg Machine Contest , organized by the Phi Chapter of Theta Tau , a national engineering fraternity. In 2009, the Epsilon Chapter of Theta Tau established a similar annual contest at the University of California, Berkeley . Since around 1997, the kinetic artist Arthur Ganson has been the emcee of the annual "Friday After Thanksgiving" (FAT) competition sponsored by the MIT Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Teams of contestants construct elaborate Rube Goldberg style chain-reaction machines on tables arranged around a large gymnasium. Each apparatus is linked by a string to its predecessor and successor machine. The initial string is ceremonially pulled, and the ensuing events are videotaped in closeup, and simultaneously projected on large screens for viewing by the live audience. After the entire cascade of events has finished, prizes are then awarded in various categories and age levels. Videos from several previous years' contests are view-able on the MIT Museum website. [7] The Chain Reaction Contraption Contest is an annual event hosted at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, PA where high school teams each build a Rube Goldberg machine to complete some simple task (which changes from year to year) in 20 steps or more (with some additional constraints on size, timing, safety, etc.). On the TV show Food Network Challenge , competitors in 2011 were once required to create a Rube Goldberg machine out of sugar. [8] An event called Mission Possible in Science Olympiad involves students building a Rube Goldberg-like device to perform a certain series of tasks. In April 2012, the Bosch company hosted an event called the "Playground of Engineers" in Hungary where the participant teams had to perform a series of tasks wherein they collected coins. Later that day, the main challenge was to build an over-complicated Goldberg Machine, the goal of which was to switch on a car dashboard. The teams were able to buy additional items with their collected coins above the standard issue equipment to make their machine more complicated. The main criteria of the judges were complexity, operating time and the number of components used.[ citation needed ]	i don't know
Creighton-Ward is the surname of which character in a TV puppet series set between 2065 and 2067?	Characters by Series 2 - The World of Supermarionation The World of Supermarionation Paul Metcalfe (Born December 17, 2036 in Winchester, Hampshire, England) is a senior staff officer and Spectrum’s number one agent. Paul was born into a family with a long military history; his father, grand-father and great-grandfather all served in the World Army, where they all distinguished themselves. It was natural that Paul would also follow the family tradition by choosing a military career. He graduated from Winchester University in 2057, at the age of 21, with degrees in History, Technology and employment of Mathematics, and then went to West Point Military University in New York State, U.S.A., where he was trained in field combat duty, how to pilot a variety of aircraft and to become an expert with hundreds of weapons, from the most sophisticated to the most ancient (2059-2063). Drilled to survive in any conditions, he demonstrated a strong mental resilience, a concern for others over his own safety, and an ability to command. Acclaimed as ‘Supreme Soldier’ by fellow students and lecturers alike, Paul left West Point and joined – or was transferred – to the World Army/Air-Force. Nevertheless, with his ability to command and his professional military outlook, he gained promotion after promotion, until, within two years, he had reached the rank of Colonel – the youngest the WAAF had known to date - and had seen action in all the corners of the globe. The selection committee charged with finding candidates for the formation of the new organization of Spectrum, had followed Paul’s career, and recognized his qualities of leadership, initiative, combat strategy, integrity and his dedication to his work within the WAAF. Therefore, in 2065, he was approached by them and accepted the offer to become a field agent for Spectrum, with the rank of Captain, and the colour-code name ‘Scarlet’. Scarlet was killed in the first episode of the series, in a car accident brought about by the Mysterons, which also resulted in the death of Captain Brown. Both men were reconstructed by the aliens to assassinate the World President and Brown was turned into a walking bomb for this purpose. When this attempt failed, Scarlet kidnapped the President from Cloudbase and flew him to England, taking him to the top of the London Car-Vu, a large car park tower. Cornered while holding the President at gunpoint over the city below, Scarlet was shot by Captain Blue and fell 800 feet to his apparent destruction. However, at the end of the episode it was revealed that Scarlet was returning to life and had become incapable of dying due to the powers of the Mysterons, although the fall had broken the Mysteron programming and returned him to his original personality. This extraordinary ability heals Scarlet of physical injuries within hours, making him virtually indestructible. Scarlet, like all Mysterons, is still vulnerable to electricity and impervious to X-rays. He also has a "sixth sense" when in the presence of a strong Mysteron influence - he becomes nauseous, sweats, and gets a terrible headache - but this sense sometimes does not indicate all Mysteron presence in an area. Though Scarlet "dies" several times in the course of the series - usually quite violently - he always returns to life. Captain Scarlet’s voice was provided by English actor Francis Matthews. Francis’ most famous roles were for Hammer Studios in the 1950s and '60s, including as the Baron's assistant in “The Revenge of Frankenstein” (1958), and as the dashing heroes of “Dracula, Prince of Darkness” and “Rasputin, the Mad Monk”, both filmed in 1965. Captain Scarlet’s appearance and voice was said to be based off of a young Cary Grant. Scarlet’s puppet was later revamped for use as the bumbling Agent Paul Blake in “The Secret Service”. Connections between the two characters are made, saying that Blake is the Great Grandfather of Captain Scarlet. In the 2005 CGI Reboot of the series, Captain Scarlet’s personality is about the same though his back-story is rather different. Instead of being killed in a Car-crash, he attends the Mars mission with Captain Black and is killed and reconstructed by the Mysterons. In the reboot his voice was provided by Wayne Forester and Oliver Hollis in the motion capture trailer. Captain Blue Adam Svenson (Born on August 26, 2035 in Boston, Massachusetts, United States) is a senior staff officer in Spectrum and the usual partner of Captain Scarlet. The eldest son of a wealthy family from Boston, his father was a successful financier. The family fortune ensured he had a first-rate education and Adam was very successful at school; winning a full scholarship to the renown Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the early age of 16. Here he gained first-class honours degrees in economics, technology, applied mathematics, aerodynamics and computer control. It seemed as if Adam was destined for a successful career in the family business, but he disappointed his father by choosing a very different career that appealed more to his yearning for an exciting, action-packed lifestyle. Adam enrolled in the World Aeronautic Society in 2055, at the age of 20, and whilst serving there received training in military-based strategy and piloting skills, in order to become an aircraft test pilot. Possessing courage and drive, Adam was acclaimed as a fearless pilot. In 2057 his superiors at the WAS, observing his energy and courage, believed that his inherent qualities could be put to better use and transferred him from the job of test pilot to that of an active field agent in the security department. At first dismayed by this change in his career, Adam soon realised the challenges this new job provided. The WAS’s security was persistently being compromised by the infiltration of enemy agents, and saboteurs, so with the help of twenty hand-picked officers, it was his job to take care of the problem. He did so with enthusiasm, determination and ruthlessness. Hampered by unseen forces, and always unsure if the people working alongside him were double or triple agents working for the enemy, Adam suffered many setbacks on the way to achieving his target. In his first six months of joining the WAS security department, three assassination attempts were made on his life by Bereznian agents, but he finally succeeded in bringing the reign of sabotage and spy infiltration to an end, proving his ability to get results despite the odds against him. Adam Svenson’s success at the WAS, as well as his strong personality and vitality, brought him to the attention of the Spectrum selection committee in 2065, and he was amongst the first men to be approached with the offer of the rank and colour code of Captain Blue – a new challenge that Adam accepted. He can competently drive most Spectrum vehicles. He is brave, diligent, patient and a natural leader, but is also obedient and respects the orders of Colonel White. He partners Captain Scarlet on most missions and, although his friend is indestructible, constantly fears for his safety. Physically active, Blue enjoys visiting Australia to go surfing, water-skiing and deep-sea fishing. Captain Blue’s voice was provided by American actor Ed Bishop. Although Blue’s appearance was intended to be based off of Bishop, the sculptor Terry Curtis says that Captain Blue was “kinda a version of myself”. Ed Bishop would later be the star for Gerry Anderson’s first live action series “UFO” playing Commander Ed Straker. He made his acting debut first in Stanley Kubrick’s 1962 adaptation of “Lolita”. Also having small roles in the James Bond films “You Only Live Twice” and “Diamonds Are Forever” and “2001: A Space Odyssey” (a role in which he was originally meant to speak, though this was cut). Bishop died on June 8, 2005 from a chest infection contracted while undergoing treatment for leukemia. He died only five days after the death of his “UFO” co-star, Michael Billington. Captain Blues puppet was revamped under a dark wig for use in “The Secret Service” playing Dr. Graham and Toymaker Joe. In the 2005 CGI reboot Blue is voiced by Robbie Stevens. In the series Blue still retains his courage and real name. However, he is of a tougher build and speaks with a harsher accent. He prefers to confront situations quickly and is more prepared to use violence against the Mysterons than his previous incarnation. Colonel White Charles Gray (Born July 14, 2017 in London, England) is the commander in chief of Cloudbase, Spectrum HQ. Born in England, and growing up under Britain's Military Regime, Charles Gray studied at King’s College, Canterbury, Kent, a private school, until the age of 17, and then moved to a branch of the Norwich Military College of Vermont based at the University of East Anglia in Norfolk. In 2038, at the age of 21, he gained first class honours in degrees for computer control, navigation and technology. When he left university, he put his hard-won qualifications to use by enlisting with the British Navy, and served on submarines and destroyers, in various hot spots of the time – such as South East Asia in 2040, the Iceland dispute in 2042, and the Panama-Isthmus rebellion of 2042-43. In a remarkably short time, Charles Gray rose through the ranks to become Captain in 2046, at the age of 29. The same year, in December, the British civil war erupted. At the time he was the captain of an un-named British Navy Destroyer in the Atlantic, and Charles Gray presumably went against his superiors’ orders and sided with the rebels, heading back to Britain to join them and help overthrow the military dictatorship which then ruled Britain. The rebellion was over in a matter of weeks, and Britain finally joined the World Government in February of 2047. Charles was offered full command of a World Navy Destroyer by the World Government, and his continuingly successful career eventually culminated in his being made Admiral of the Fleet, at the very young age of 30. Often in the headlines, Charles Gray became a public hero for his daring escapades. His coolness in tricky situations and extraordinary leadership qualities had gained him the respect of top military staff all around the world. For that reason his friends and military peers were taken by surprise when, at the age of only thirty years old, he announced his retirement from military service. In fact, this was a carefully prepared cover-story because Gray had been selected to serve in the Universal Secret Service, as a field agent. It was around this time that he married. After two years of active service as a field agent, during which he completed his various missions with success, Charles Gray was promoted, in 2049, to reorganise the British section of the USS. This is where he demonstrated the full extent of his innate talents for leadership. In 2050, he was officially promoted to head of the British section of the USS, receiving command of the London section of the World Intelligence Network. This division, which was in disarray due to infiltration by enemy agents, was the disgrace of the entire USS. Gray ruthlessly cleansed the London HQ of all enemy agents and infiltrators within a year of his appointment, a seemingly impossible task. Through his ruthlessness in command, determination and tactics, Gray successfully transformed the USS London section into a high standard, efficient and smooth-running office. It was also about that time that Charles became a widower. Because of his dedication, his ability to obtain results and his astounding leadership qualities, in 2065 Gray was offered the post of Supreme Commander of the USS, but he rejected this in favour of accepting the offer made to him by the Spectrum Selection committee. This was the position of supreme Commander-in-Chief of the new Spectrum security organization, and of its Cloudbase Headquarters, as well as the rank and colour-codename of Colonel White. White is dedicated to his work and expects high levels of discipline from his agents. However, he has complete faith in their abilities. White spends much of his time at his rounded desk in the Cloudbase control room. Lieutenant Green is his assistant. Colonel White was voiced by South African Actor Donald Gray, whom his appearance and voice was also based upon. Gray also provided the voices of Captain Black and the Mysterons. He earlier starred as one-armed detective Mark Saber in the British series which ran for 156 episodes from 1955 to 1961. The series was originally called “The Vise” in the United States and “Mark Saber” in the UK, but was later called “Detective's Diary” and “Saber of London”. Gray had lost an arm during World War II. Gray died while on Holiday in East London, South Africa on April 7, 1978 at the age of 64. Colonel White’s puppet was revamped for further use in “Joe 90” and “The Secret Service” In the 2005 CGI Revamp of the Series, Colonel White kept most of his personality though White has a wife, Diana, and a daughter, Victoria, who live on an estate in Gloucestershire, England. The CGI White’s voice was provided by Mike Hayley. Lieutenant Green Seymour Griffiths (Born on January 18, 2041 in the Port of Spain, Trinidad) is Colonel White’s aide, Communications Officer, Computer expert and Color Code Senior Lieutenant Seymour Griffiths is the eldest of a family of nine children. When he was twelve, tragedy struck the family: his parents died in an air disaster, and the children were left to fend for themselves. As the eldest son, Seymour took it upon himself to take care of his brothers and sisters, realising that for the family to survive and stay together, they had to organise themselves. Seymour had to mature quickly after the tragedy and under his wise guidance the hardest jobs were divided amongst the three eldest brothers, while his sisters took care of the housework and the three youngest children. Despite the resolve of the Welfare Services to disperse the family to different foster homes, Seymour was able to convince them that the children could cope, and his courage and determination to hold his family together won the day. He worked during the day to provide for the family’s needs and attended education classes in the evenings at the school his brothers and sisters attended in the day. On completion of his courses and after ensuring his younger siblings could now cope without him, he moved to Kingston, Jamaica, and enrolled in the University there, where he gained degrees in telecommunications, technology – and music… While studying for his post graduate diploma Seymour proved his intelligence and capabilities, by constructing the world’s first pocket radio-telescope. Concluding his studies in Kingston, the resourceful young man – he was still only 21 years of age - joined the relatively new World Aquanaut Security Patrol, as a junior hydrophones operator in 2062. While on active duty with the WASP submarine Corps (on an unnamed vessel) Seymour served on some dangerous assignments and his quick thinking and alertness saved the craft many times during enemy attacks. Around this time, one of his brothers, who it seems was also serving in the WASP, was killed, and Seymour made the request to be transferred to the WASP communications centre at Marineville. Whether his demand was related to his brother’s death or not is unknown. As his request was granted, Seymour quickly took an advanced course in communications. In nine out of the ten exams he had to take, he passed with an incredible mark of 100%, an achievement previously unheard of in that field. It didn’t take very long for the WASP to recognise Seymour Griffiths' unsurpassable talents, and he soon became sole chief of all communications installations for Marineville Control Tower. Under his guidance, the Control Tower was run with such efficiency that WASP officials eventually created a new communications section, and assigned twenty skilled new operators and technicians, all under Seymour’s command. The young man showed that he was more that up to the task he faced with this new challenge, and gained a reputation that had, by the time he was 24, in 2065, reached the ears of the Spectrum selection committee. Because of his expert knowledge in technology, communications and computers, and considering his very successful experience at command level with the WASP, the selection committee realised that Seymour Griffiths would be a tremendous asset to the new Spectrum organisation. He was offered the rank and colour code of Lieutenant Green, and received the position of Colonel White’s assistant, as well as chief of communications for Cloudbase, with a complex, computer-controlled, communications console to help him. Thus, Seymour Griffiths became one of the first members to join Spectrum, he assisted Colonel White in the months when the organisation entered the last phase of its creation, and new members were signed up and trained, such as the Angel pilots. It is through Lieutenant Green that all of the Colonel’s orders for the Spectrum organisation, and Cloudbase in particular, are relayed. Although he very rarely gets the chance to leave the confines of Cloudbase during mission status, the Lieutenant has relinquished his position at Cloudbase’s communications console to others on a few occasions Lieutenant Green along with Melody Angel were the first colored characters of a TV Series to play a major role. Lieutenant Green was voiced by and based on Guyanese actor Cy Grant. The idea that Green enjoys Calypso music derives from the fact that Grant was a real Calypso singer in the BBC series “Tonight” Cy Grant is an actor, singer, guitarist and writer. He served as a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force during World War II, and when his plane was shot down over Germany, he was captured and subsequently spent two years as a prisoner of war at the Stalag Luft III camp. His picture even appeared in the German newspapers, under the caption, “A Member of the RAF of Indeterminate Race”. Freed after the war, he qualified as a barrister, but decided on a career as an actor on stage and in film (“Shaft in Africa”, “At the Earth’s Core” and “Sea Wife”), as well as a singer in films, concerts and nightclubs, where he sang folksongs and calypsos. Cy Grant died on February 13, 2010 at age 90. In the 2005 CGI revamp, Lieutenant Green was given a huge revamp. He was re-imagined as a female character named “Serena Louis”, an attractive, 27-year-old female officer with a broad American accent. She remains confined to Skybase (Cloudbase), but her desk is smaller and her computer is holographic. She is knowledgeable about all aspects of Spectrum, and used to work for the United Nations. Serena’s voice was provided by Jules de Jongh. Captain Black Conrad Turner (Born March 17, 2029 in Manchester, England) is an ex-Spectrum senior staff officer. Conrad is now a wanted terrorist and principal agent of the Mysterons. Tragedy marked the life of Conrad Turner from an early age: his parents were victims of the Atomic War that rages from 2028 to 2034; he was only seven months old. Raised by distant relatives who provided a decent home, but deprived him of any affection or emotional support, he grew up to reflect the cold and hard environment that was all he’d experienced. Conrad Turner received a good education and when he was fifteen, he entered Manchester Academy, a part of the Northern University. Unable to overcome his natural reclusiveness, Conrad devoted himself to his studies and after only eighteen months he graduated with diplomas in Physics, Space Navigation and International Law. He entered Northern University and obtained degrees in Science and Technology in a further eighteen months. Now eighteen years old, Turner joined the British Air Force. The following year (2047) Britain was plunged into a civil war. Turner was badly burned in the incident that earned him the recognition of the World Government. Disobeying his orders, the young pilot flew a sabotaged plane away from his base out over the Atlantic, where it exploded harmlessly. Ejecting moments before the explosion, Turner’s body was found charred almost beyond recognition. Surgeons worked for six hours to save his life. Turner believed that he had escaped death because of his ambition to see a world at peace. His statement: ‘Peace is what I want to see. A secure world. I can’t do much about it if I’m dead,’ made him front page news. Six months later, with his face reconstructed by plastic surgeons and having recovered from his injuries, Turner accepted a posting to the World Army Airforce as an agent/pilot and to his satisfaction, faded from public gaze. Several years later, he transferred to the World Space Patrol as the commander of Fireball XL3, which brought him more media attention, and he became one of the WSP’s most famous officers. His achievements were constantly praised by the Government and he was one of the first men considered when Spectrum was being planned. Hired early on, it was under his supervision that the individual components of Cloudbase were assembled together in space by WSP and WAAF engineers, who used an apparently decommissioned weather satellite as their base. Turner pushed his crew to finish the work in record time, and, when Cloudbase was ready, he piloted the huge craft down into Earth’s atmosphere, 40,000 miles above the surface. Given the codename Captain Black, Turner was appointed to teach the other recruits espionage, self-defence, mechanics and flying. He was responsible for many new techniques and was considered to be Spectrum’s number one agent. Captain Black was the obvious choice of Spectrum agent to lead the second Zero-X mission to Mars. Until then, Human kind was aware only of rock snakes inhabiting the planet. Black, with a crew of two men, Lieutenant Dean and Lieutenant Conway took the Martian Exploration Vehicle to explore a hitherto unknown region of the red planet. Black was shocked to find an alien city on the Martian plains. The alien city, inhabited by an alien race called the Mysterons, a peaceful race, tries to get a closer look on their Martian Exploration Vehicle (MEV). However Black mistook the intentions of the Mysterons and believed they were hostile. He destroyed the city and watched as the Mysterons revealed their power of reversing matter – retrometabolisation – as they re-created their devastated city before the eyes of the Earthmen. Determined to be revenged for this unprovoked attack, the Mysterons took control of Black. The Zero X was sent returning to Earth, and thereafter Black was left as the instrument of the Mysterons' campaign of vengeance against Earth for what they saw as unwarranted aggression. It is unclear if Captain Black is truly dead and a Mysteron reconstruction or simply a “zombie” controlled by the Mysterons. Either way, Captain Black became a cold, calculating, and unemotional individual, now seemingly completely under the control of his new masters. His human emotions and individuality seemed to have disappeared, or at least, to have been buried very deeply. Through Captain Black, the Mysterons relay instructions to other agents on Earth and compel him to undertake acts of terrorism and murder through their disembodied voice. However, even under the influence of the Mysterons, Black is not completely devoid of humanity. Under this guise, he has a pale complexion, sunken, dark eyes, that seem inexpressive and very cold, and his chin is covered with a dark five o’clock shadow. Captain Black’s reconstruction seems to have been give a sixth sense by the Mysterons, as well as the ability to teleport himself if under the threat of capture, It is not known if this power of teleportation is Black’s own, or if this is the Mysterons’ direct influence, because we are never shown another individual agent using this escape method. Before being Mysteronized, Conrad Turner was voiced by Jeremy Wilkin, who previously voiced Virgil Tracy in the second series of “Thunderbirds”. Afterwards, Black was voiced by Donald Gray with the same booming voice as the Mysterons. The Captain Black puppet was later reused as General Valdes in “Joe 90” and Kroner in “The Secret Service”. In the CGI series, Captain Black is voiced by Nigel Plaskitt. Conrad’s last name is changed to “Lefkon”. His background is also different from the original Captain Black: he’s now the son of a Brooklyn crime lord, George Lefkon, who chose to join the army to escape the “family business”. When under Mysteron control he still speaks with his normal voice. Captain Brown Alan Stephens (Born January 14, 2033 in Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom) was a Color coded possibly junior captain. Stephens left college and joined the World Army Air Force, where he gained degrees in aerospace design management, metal structural engineering and space related mathematics. His superiors were greatly impressed by his capacities in these various fields, and so they promoted him to head the organization responsible for research and development on a new top secret space ship project called ‘Zero X’. His success with the Zero X project led to Stephens working on a new, even more secret assignment: the design of the floating headquarters of a new security organization, to be called Spectrum. While working on this project, Stephens became a firm friend of Colonel White’s. White recognized Stephens’ expertise with cameras and electronic surveillance, gained during his time in the WAAF. Considering these skills, and his involvement in the conception of Cloudbase, Stephens was one of the first men to be chosen to become a Spectrum captain, and he received the codename of Brown. Colonel White gave Captain Brown his first taste of a field command by assigning him and Captain Scarlet to protect the World President. While Brown and Scarlet are driving to the rendezvous, the Mysterons make their move, and they are killed when their Spectrum saloon car is forced to crash and career down a ravine. Both men are Mysteronized, and Brown sets about implementing the Mysterons’ instructions. His true nature unbeknown to all, the Mysteronized Brown continues the assignment of the original, and escorts the World President to a Spectrum Maximum Security building in New York. There, he transforms into a living bomb and explodes. However, his assassination attempt fails; suspicious of Brown’s strange behaviour – and probably seeing the smoke coming out of the man’s collar – the World President activates a safety mechanism, which propels his chair into a safe room, just as the explosion occurs. It must be assumed that the Mysteronized Brown dies in the explosion, as the Maximum Security building collapses on top of him, and the Mysterons rarely re-activate an agent that has failed in their allotted mission. At first, Spectrum believes that the Captain Brown who attacked the World President was an impostor, and that he carried a bomb on his person, which detonated a larger bomb, hidden somewhere in the complex. However, they later learn that in reality, this man was an exact copy of the real Brown, created by the Mysterons’ inexplicable powers. It is also revealed in a later episode, that Brown did not carry a bomb, but actually became the bomb. While off duty, Captain Brown was a keen fisherman. He also liked photography and restoring antique clocks. Captain Brown was voiced by Australian actor Charles Tingwell who was the voice of the main character Dr. Fawn (see Dr. Fawn for information). After dying off in the first episode, Captain Brown’s puppet was re-used in several other episodes. Below is a graph of his appearances. Episode “Codename Europa” Professor Gabriel Carney (right) In addition to that, Captain Brown’s puppet is used farther in “Joe 90” as Dr. Blakemore and Harry Sloane. He also appears in “The Secret Service” as George Grey, General Brompton and Professor Soames, the latter in which the puppet was heavily disguised under a grey wig and mustache. In the CGI Reboot, Captain Brown is seen though has no prominent role in the series whatsoever. The character is named Ricky Nolan and the character never speaks. Captain Ochre Richard Fraser (Born February 23, 2035 in Detroit, Michigan) is a senior staff officer of Spectrum. Like many teenage boys, Richard Fraser hated high school and spent much of his time designing and building model aircraft, rather than studying. Therefore, he is unique amongst the Spectrum agents in that he has no outstanding academic credentials. A keen amateur pilot, he learned to fly at 16, gaining his pilot’s license. When he left school at 18, lacking the necessary grades for University and having failed the University entrance exams, he applied for a post in the World Army Air Force, but was rejected due to his lack of degree-level qualifications. Presumably, rather than take a post at a lower rank that was not what he wanted to do, Fraser made the decision to join the World Government Police Corps in 2054; his ‘second best’ option. After three years of basic training from cadet to officer (rank unknown), Richard Fraser became thoroughly engrossed in detective work and his real character and abilities began to emerge. Transferred to Chicago in 2059, he tackled one of the toughest crime syndicates in the U.S. at the time. That the syndicate was smashed was largely due to Fraser’s ingenuity and vivid imagination, plus his ability to spot the smallest clue, which made him such a brilliant detective. He also demonstrated excellent leadership qualities. He rose quickly through the WGPC ranks, until, when the supreme commander retired, Richard Fraser became the leading candidate to replace him. To general surprise, Fraser, now a commander, refused the post, which would have kept him tied to largely administrative tasks, preferring to take command of a smaller division, which would offer him greater chances of continuing to do field work – with all the action and excitement that entailed. It was this loyalty to his convictions, his inspired detective skills and his evident common sense, which, in 2065, prompted the Spectrum selection committee to approach him with a view to joining the fledgling organisation. The nature of the challenging work promised by Spectrum made it an easy choice for Fraser, and he accepted the commission. Given that he was well-known in the public eye and a possible target for underworld reprisals, Spectrum orchestrated a fake assassination, known as ‘Operation Jigsaw’ with Fraser’s consent. On June 19th, 2066, Richard Fraser was apparently assassinated and the news relayed around the world. In fact, he was shot with a tranquillizer dart and his ‘body’ taken to the National Hospital of Chicago, where he was revived. Some sources say that while he was there, Fraser also had ‘plastic surgery’ to alter his appearance and give him the freedom to work unhindered. In July 2066 Richard Fraser became Captain Ochre of Spectrum. Captain Ochre was voiced by Canadian actor Jeremy Wilkin, who also did the voice of Captain Black before Mysteronization. Born on June 6, 1930, Wilkin would obtain a professional relationship with the Anderson’s, replacing American actor David Holliday as the voice of Virgil Tracy in "Thunderbirds" during Season Two and the feature films as well as various voice acting roles in "Joe 90" and "The Secret Service". Along with that, Wilkin played a role of a member of the Skydiver crew in "UFO" (right). Aside from Anderson related roles, Wilkin is also known for his roles as Captain Forsyth in the 1977 James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me", as Kellman in "Doctor Who"'s "Revenge of the Cybermen" serial and as Dev Tarrant in the first episode of "Blake 7". Captain Ochre’s puppet was later on reused in “Joe 90” and “The Secret Service” as various characters. In the CGI reboot, Captain Ochre was re-imagined as an Irish Female character named Elaine McGee. Elaine was voiced by Julia Brahms. On a sidenot, a similar looking Captain that appears in the first episode who never speaks also bears an "Ochre" or "Beige" colored uniform. Could this possibly be a hint that the original male Ochre might have been in the series? Captain Magenta Patrick Donaghue (Born on May 17, 2034 in Dublin Republic of Ireland) is a Spectrum senior staff officer. Patrick Donaghue is the odd one out amongst the Spectrum agents and flight crews, because, unlike most of his colleagues, he doesn’t have a background in the military or law-enforcement services; quite the contrary, he comes from what is called the wrong side of the tracks. He was three when his parents immigrated to the United States, perhaps due to the political situation in nearby Great Britain at that time. Not having a great amount of money, the Irish family settled in a poor neighbourhood of Manhattan Island, New York. Patrick grew up in an atmosphere of poverty and street crime; he mixed with street gangs, learning to pick pockets, which seemed to be more important and certainly had greater rewards and more appeal than learning to read and write. But his mother encouraged Patrick to study hard at the local high school, and eventually, almost against all odds, he won a scholarship to Yale New Haven, Connecticut. However, when he started his studies at Yale, Patrick soon became involved with a small gang of political extremists known as “Group 22”. Because of his participation in the “anti-Bereznik riots” of 2052, young Patrick was sent to Rikers Island, a New York prison, for a term of 90 days, where he spent much of his jail time in the prison library, continuing his university studies via correspondence, and returning to Yale after his term in prison. Graduating from Yale University at the age of 22, in 2055, with degrees in physics, electrical engineering and technology, he joined a large, unnamed firm in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, as a computer programmer. But the boring, repetitive desk job he was chained to made him yearn for a chance of action and adventure. To make a better life for himself and his family, he decided he needed more money than this job could earn him. So once again, Patrick turned to a life of crime. He created a small but efficient crime ring, to operate in New York State, when he organised the smaller street gangs together, and soon, Donaghue transformed the individual “arms” of these criminal gangs into a combined and efficient group. Within two years, through meticulously detailed ingenuity, and ruthless instigation, the ambitious and imaginative Donaghue had become a kingpin of crime, highly regarded and well-respected in the underworld of crime, deriving much of his financial gain from computerized crime, and eventually controlling nearly two-thirds of the criminal organisations of New York State. The selection committee charged with creating Spectrum considered that they needed to recruit someone from the “underworld” if their security organisation was to succeed in beating infiltration by criminal and terrorist organisations. Someone who knew how such criminal groups worked and who was respected and trusted within the “underworld”, and who could provide invaluable inside information, and even work safely on the inside, when necessary. Their choice fell on Patrick Donaghue, whose background they had studied and who they considered could be brought back to the right side of the law, with the right incentive. They contacted him through a coded advertisement placed in the ‘Help Wanted’ section of the “Daily USA” newspaper, offering him a position as a field agent within the Spectrum organisation. This new challenge interested Donaghue and after consideration, and on the terms that he would be granted a full pardon by the World Government, he accepted the offer. Whilst usually acting as a field agent, when he was not on duty as such, his competence at computer work, often leads to Captain Magenta acting as a replacement officer for Lieutenant Green, at the Control Room desk. A security expert and an electronics genius, Magenta also spends some of this time designing ways to make World Government security buildings even more impregnable. Captain Magenta’s voice was provided by Australian/Canadian actor Gary Files. After lending his voice to Magenta, he obtained a professional relationship with the Anderson’s, doing the voices of The Hood in “Thunderbird 6” (A role which was previously lent to Australian actor Ray Barrett) and Matthew Harding in “The Secret Service”. Files has appeared in several Australian films, “The Money Movers”, “The Club”, “Evil Angels”, “Mull” and “Dead End”. As well as two animated features “The Littlest Convict” and “Abra-Cadabra”. He also manipulated and voiced the lead muppets Simon Smedley and Aunt Matilda in “The Arcade Show” and “Smedley's Weekly” two TV series for children for the ABC. He has appeared in over 35 television series and features for Australian television, the most memorable being “Desert Foxes”, Corp. Captain Magenta’s puppet was reused as background characters in both “Joe 90” and “The Secret Service”. In the CGI reboot of the series, Captain Magenta’s personality is far more different from that of the original. The new Magenta is of Italian origin and named Mario Moro. He has been personified as a womanizer. The new Magenta was voiced by American actor Jeremy Hitchen, who had lent his voice to an earlier Anderson Supermarionation production, “Terrahawks” in 1983. Captain Grey Bradley Holden (Born March 4, 2034 in Chicago, Illinois) is a Spectrum senior staff officer, but seldom leaves Cloudbase. Bradley ‘Brad’ Holden was educated at the World San Diego, California, where he gained degrees in navigation, aqua-technology and computer control. Graduating at 21, Brad lost no time in enlisting in the World Navy submarine service. Stationed in Sydney, Australia, he trained to become an officer and was eventually given command of an unnamed World Navy submarine. In the following years, Holden demonstrated courage, alertness and coolness on many occasions during assignments, and saved his crew and craft from death or capture by the enemy. In 2062, he was transferred to the newly founded World Aquanaut Security Patrol (WASP), and promoted to security chief with a rank of lieutenant commander. He was assigned to the prototype combat submarine which would later be known as Stingray (2062-2064). While in command of this new vessel, Holden became a real credit to the service, and gained a formidable reputation because of his heroic encounters with enemies of the World Government, pirates and spies. This reputation compares to that of his more famous successor, Troy Tempest, who would subsequently become Stingray’s captain. Unfortunately, in late 2064, some unspecified back injury cut short Holden’s glorious career, and forced him to leave command of the Stingray prototype for a desk job, which he hated. Two years later, the Spectrum organisation’s selection committee approached Brad Holden, impressed by his reputation in active service and his superb handling of security measures. His back problems were obviously not an issue anymore at this point, and Brad Holden accepted Spectrum’s offer of becoming a field agent, with the rank of captain and the colour codename ‘Grey’. Off duty, Grey is a cool, logical thinker; his calm acceptance in the face of danger can make him appear emotionless. His love of water has never left him and, even while stationed on Cloudbase, 40 000 feet above sea level, Captain Grey is dedicated to his passion of swimming. He spends long hours in the Cloudbase swimming pool. Captain Grey’s voice was provided by Paul Maxwell who previously provided the voice of the titular character Steve Zodiac in one of the previous Supermarionation series “Fireball XL5”. Like his predecessors, Scott Tracy and Captain Paul Travers, Captain Grey’s appearance is based heavily off the likeness of Sean Connery. Half way through the series, both Maxwell and Charles Tingwell left the series; their last episode being “Shadow of Fear”. Like most other puppets, Captain Grey’s puppet was re-used as various background characters in later series. In “The Secret Service”, his puppet was almost unrecognizable behind a new hairstyle and glasses. In the CGI reboot, Grey was voiced by Robbie Stevens. Grey was now of Scottish origin and now named Iain Taggart. His character is less developed than the original, however appears more often than his Supermarionation predecessor. Captain Indigo Andrew Laurence (Born January 9, 2033 in Little Rock, Arkansas) was presumably a junior Spectrum captain. Andrew was only a few months old when his parents were killed in an air crash. He was adopted by an Irish family and spent his early life in Dublin. After studying physics and biology at college, he decided to join the police force, specializing in forensic and ballistic science. His crime solving abilities soon brought him to the notice of Spectrum. Given the code name Captain Indigo, he was put in charge of the Spectrum ground forces intelligence service. On special assignment at Spectrum’s security lodge in Africa, Indigo was shot by Captain Black and Mysteronized, only the second Spectrum Captain to die this way (the first being Captain Brown). Now under Mysteron control he attempted to kill the World President, Colonel White and Captain Blue by trying to crush them under the lodge. Whilst making his escape, he was pursued by Captain Scarlet who ‘killed’ him using the new anti-Mysteron Electron gun – a weapon Captain Indigo himself had been involved with developing. Like Captain Brown, Captain Indigo only appeared in one episode, “Spectrum Strikes Back”. In this episode, Indigo never wore the Spectrum uniform (the image you see at the right is only a photoshop of Captain Scarlet with Indigo's head edited in), presumably because of the cost of making another Spectrum uniform for the tailors for the puppets. His bartender’s uniform however was colored Indigo. Captain Indigo’s voice was performed by Gary Files who provided the voice for the regular character, Captain Magenta. Before and after Captain Indigo appeared, his puppet was used variously for different roles, first appearing most famously in the third episode “Big Ben Strikes Again” as Macey the Truck Driver, and later appearing as Tribune Reporter Mervin Brand in “The Launching”. As a note of interest, when Brand shows his ID to Harmony Angel, it’s the same photo of Indigo when processed from the Mysteron Detector. As with the other puppets, Captain Indigo’s puppet was re-used in later Anderson series. In the first episode of “The Secret Service” the puppet appears as the Police officer in the famous scene when Father Unwin confuses him by using his ‘Unwinese’ In the CGI reboot of the series, Captain Indigo is now an African American man with a goatee named “John Roach”. The character never speaks within the series. Dr. Fawn Edward Wilkie (Born June 10, 2031 in Yalumba, Australia) is the Supreme Medical Commander of Cloudbase. The son of a renowned medical specialist, Edward followed in his father’s footsteps and studied to become a doctor. He gained high standards in biology at school, which provided great help later, when he entered Brisbane University, Queensland, Australia, to follow medical studies at the tender age of 17. The young man graduated with honours degrees in medicine and biology in 2055, and at age 24, entered the World Medical Organisation (WMO), as Assistant Medical Controller for the Australian sector. Although only a short term post, in a small region, it would permit Edward to gain valuable and considerable background experience. It was during this tenure, that Wilkie recognised the need to modernise the techniques used by the Australian medical service, which was still being run on twentieth century concepts. It was when he was promoted to Health Controller for the Scandinavian sector that Edward Wilkie set himself the task to work on this problem, devoting all of his free time to plan a reorganization of the World Medical Organisation. He studied computerised systems and believed that their integration into the medical field would revolutionize applied medicine. Within two years (2057), he had successfully outlined a new system which would revitalize the WMO. Wilkie was responsible for the design and creation of the so-called ‘robot doctors’: computerized medical beds, programmed with very advanced ‘near free minds’ capable of medical analysis and assessment. They used scanner cameras and numerous other devices to check on a patient’s needs, producing required data in a matter of seconds, and were even able to make their own prognostics and present solutions. A similar design was used to create the ‘auto nurses’, which would be used by the World Aquanaut Security Patrol. In view of his ground-breaking achievements, the WMO promoted Edward Wilkie to Administrator for the Advancement of Medicine and Medical Science Division, a post he held from 2057 to 2064. This new position permitted Wilkie to receive all the man-power he needed to put his systems and ideas into practice. According to some sources, it was sometime between these dates that Edward Wilkie is said to have married (wife’s name unknown, and date unspecified). Because of his outstanding ability to discover and develop new ways of healing, Edward Wilkie attracted the attention of the selection committee for the new Spectrum organisation. He was approached in 2065 and offered the job of Supreme Medical Commander of Cloudbase, receiving the colour codename of ‘Doctor Fawn’ and a rank of Captain. Dr. Fawn’s voice was provided by Australian actor Charles ‘Bud’ Tingwell. In the audio production “Introducing Captain Scarlet”, Jeremy Wilken voiced Dr. Fawn. Prior to “Captain Scarlet”, Tingwell provided voices in “Thunderbirds Are Go!” and further voices in the second series of “Thunderbirds” in 1966. He was later in the “UFO” episode “Mindbender”. In addition to Gerry’s series, he appeared in the first series of the cult television show “Catweazle”. A character actor, Charles Tingwell had many roles outside of Century 21 Productions. His most noticeable was that of Inspector Craddock in the Margaret Rutherford’s “Miss Marple” movies, where he would almost invariably end up being knocked over the head… including in “Murder Ahoy”, in 1964, in which actor Francis Matthews (Captain Scarlet’s voice actor), played a secondary part. The two of them would meet again, two years later in 1966, playing two brothers, for the Hammer movie "Dracula, Prince of Darkness", in which Matthews would play the main hero facing Christopher Lee. Tingwell died in Melbourne from prostate cancer on May 15, 2009 at the age of 86. Dr. Fawn’s puppet appeared further in “Joe 90” as Fearless Foley in the episode “Attack of the Tiger” and in two episodes of “The Secret Service” as Agent Saunders. In both roles, his puppet was disguised under a moustache. Dr. Fawn did not appear in the CGI reboot; instead he was replaced with an Austrian Doctor named Dr. Gold. Destiny Angel Juliette Pontoin (Born on August 23, 2040 in Paris, France) is an Angel aircraft fighter pilot, often acting as pact leader. Juliette Pontoin is the daughter of a wealthy French textile manufacturer. She was educated at an unnamed Parisian convent, and in 2057, went to Rome University, in Italy. She enjoyed her time at University, particularly the social side, and as a consequence, she only gained degrees in Weather Control and Telecommunications. With such unusual qualifications, Juliette was at a loss which career to choose and so she joined the World Army Air Force in 2060, as a stop gap. The commanders in the WAAF transferred her to the Intelligence Corps, which suited her far more, and she decided to make intelligence her chosen career. As part of her job, Juliette started training to become an aircraft pilot; she began to make a name for herself amongst WAAF officials for her flying skills as much as her ruthless efficiency in dealing with Intelligence Department assignments. It was due to her superb work, that many enemy organisations were quashed during this period. As a reward for her tremendous contribution to the service, the WAAF promoted her to commanding officer of the newly formed, Women’s Fighter Squadron. She excelled in air-combat tactics and her leadership was such that she quickly gained the respect and admiration of the other squadrons, and she became the ace pilot of the WAAF. However, this wasn’t to last. After three years, tired of the lack of personal freedom and the strict regulations of the Armed Forces, Juliette decided to leave, and started her own firm of flying contractors. Though she imagined she was through with the military life, Juliette found out very soon it wasn’t quite the case. Her prowess in the field of Intelligence gathering, her remarkable skills as a pilot, and her flawless record with the WAAF brought her to the attention of the Spectrum selection committee. She was approached in 2065, and, probably tempted by this new challenge, she happily accepted the job of pilot in the new organisation’s squadron of Angel fighters, and received the code name of Destiny Angel. Destiny’s voice was provided by British actress Elizabeth ‘Liz’ Morgan. At the time of “Captain Scarlet”, she was known for presenting “Finding Out”, a school’s program. After “Captain Scarlet”, she appeared in “Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed”, and starred in “The Old Devils” for BBC Wales. She has also performed in various TV series, and she’s written over 24 plays for BBC Radio 4, and taken her one-woman show to the National Theatre and on a tour to America Destiny’s appearance was based off of Swiss actress Ursula Andress. Destiny Angel’s puppet would later make appearances in “Joe 90” and “The Secret Service”. In the CGI revamp, Destiny’s character was changed drastically, now named Simone Giraudoux and despite having a French name, her nationality was now changed to American. In the CGI series Destiny now has a romantic relationship with Captain Scarlet, though prior to the Mysteron threat she was with Captain Black. The CGI Destiny was voiced by Emma Tate. Symphony Angel Karen Wainwright (Born January 6, 2042 in Cedar Hills, Iowa) is an Angel aircraft fighter pilot and at times Spectrum Helicopter Pilot. Karen Wainwright displayed such amazing gifted talents at her unnamed high school in Boston, Massachusetts, where she often was top of the class, that consequently, still a teenager, she was sent at 16 to Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. There, she showed herself better than other students much older than she was, gaining seven degrees in the study and employment of mathematics and technology. So amazing were her academic abilities that Karen was nominated “student of the year” by the combined university committee. Her abilities attracted the attention of the Universal Secret Service and soon after she graduated from Yale, Karen was contacted and offered employment by them. An adventurous young person eager for excitement, the USS offer greatly appealed to Karen and she readily accepted it. She followed the USS comprehensive training course and such was her adaptability and swift and intelligent thinking that she passed it in only two years, while the norm was at least five years. By early 2062, Karen was a fully fledged USS field agent, dealing solely with industrial espionage, and she became a great credit to the organisation. During her career, she handled many tricky assignments, and in five years had become the USS’s number one secret agent. This allowed her to develop techniques that helped revamp the way the USS was dealing with espionage, and these methods became a model to be used by other espionage and security agencies. While training as an aircraft pilot for a special USS mission, Karen literally fell in love with flying, and it wasn’t long before she came to realise that the one ambition in her life was to become an aircraft pilot. She left the service in early 2067, and joined up with an unnamed charter company, dealing with worldwide passenger transport. Karen’s flying skills were so good that she soon gained worldwide recognition, and even became headline news. Her many talents and her potential were recognised by the Spectrum selection committee and, she was offered the chance to become one of their ace pilots (some sources say at late as late 2067). Karen passed the entrance exam with ease and was enlisted by Spectrum to become Symphony Angel. Symphony’s voice was provided by actress Janna Hill. Hill’s career does not progress very far apart from her voice acting in the series. Her roles in other Television series usually are only limited to just one episode guest roles. Symphony’s puppet is later reused in “Joe 90”. In the CGI reboot of the series, Symphony’s character was changed drastically. The CGI Symphony is now of Japanese origin and named Yoko Inukai. The character was voiced by Jules de Jongh. Rhapsody Angel Dianne Simms (Born on April 27, 2043 in Chelsea, United Kingdom) is an Angel aircraft fighter pilot. Dianne Simms was educated at an unnamed girls’ public school, and then moved onto London University, England, taking degree levels courses in law and sociology. During her studies, she entered into the swinging party life of a debutante from a wealthy family, but it wasn’t long before the endless parties and the hangers-on began to bore her, and Dianne longed for some adventure and excitement in her life. During one particularly dreary party, she was introduced to Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward, Britain’s top secret-agent, and head of the Federal Agents Bureau, the world’s largest independent detective agency. Lady Penelope recognised the younger woman’s longing for a life of action and adventure, and offered Dianne a position in the FAB, which she accepted, and in early 2063 she commenced her special training. On completion of that training, Dianne was sent on many difficult and dangerous assignments around the world, sometimes alongside Lady Penelope, and sometimes alone. Many times she outwitted her enemies, and brought several notorious espionage agents to justice. Lady Penelope retired from the FAB, in order to concentrate on International Rescue, and Dianne was offered the role of supreme commander, which she accepted, and under her auspices, the organisation became even more distinguished and respected. Dianne’s intellect, ingenuity, and her ability to retain a cool head in the face of danger, made her the most sought after free agent in Europe. Offers from other security organisations flooded in, and she repeatedly turned them down, until in 2065, for an unnamed reason, the FAB was forced to close. In a perhaps surprising choice, Dianne joined the Euro-Charter Airline Company as its chief security officer, and it was during her tenure there, that she was approached by the Spectrum organisation’s selection committee. They had followed her career with interest, and realised her tremendous potential. In late 2066, Dianne became an Angel pilot, codenamed Rhapsody. Rhapsody was voiced by Liz Morgan, who was also the voice of Destiny and Harmony Angels. Her appearance was based off of 60’s model Jean Shrimpton. Rhapsody’s puppet was used as a nurse in a “Joe 90” episode, the puppet still bearing the same auburn red hair. In the CGI series, Rhapsody is voiced by Julia Brahms. The CGI Rhapsody Angel is named Caroline Foster-Finch and bears little to no resemblance to the original Rhapsody. Harmony Angel Chan Kwan (Born June 19, 2042 in Tokyo Island of Honshu, Japan) is an Angel aircraft fighter pilot. The only daughter of a successful and wealthy family of Chinese entrepreneurs, Chan Kwan was born in Tokyo, Edo Province, on the Island of Honshu, Japan, whilst her mother accompanied her father on official business. The Peking Taxi Corps was a very lucrative flying-taxi business and had offices both in Peking and Tokyo. Chan grew up in a world of jet-planes and high speed aircraft, and her love for flying most certainly came from there. In order to receive a high school education in Tokyo, she stayed with relatives of her mother, while travelling between China and Chan went to London, England, until she was seventeen, to complete her education. Mostly influenced by her family background, Chan realised that flying was the only career she would ever want. However, she gave in to her father’s request, and went to Tokyo University to take degree level courses in aerodynamics, physics, and electro-mechanics. Her love of flying was so great that, despite the demands of her university studies, Chan spent all the spare time she had taking flying lessons with her friends of the Tokyo Flying Club. Chan left the university in 2062, at age 20, having gained grade-1 degrees in her subjects. Although having graduated with honours, her only ambition now was to prove that she could pilot a small jet-engined aircraft single-handedly around the world. She prepared herself for the next two years (2062 to 2064), perfecting her flying skills. Her father, apparently believing in her project, set up a fund for her, and with the money, she was able to purchase an old second-hand, single-seater, flight-trainer jet. In the three months that followed, using her family’s flying taxi company workshops, she enhanced the craft to meet her own personal requirements for the project ahead. It was on March 2, 2064 that Chan Kwan set off on her solo flight around the world. However, this first attempt failed; after only thirty-six hours she answered to a distress call while flying over the Pacific Ocean and found helpless men stranded aboard a blazing fuel tanker. Without a second thought, Chan successfully landed her small craft on the deck of the burning ship to rescue the three men. Knowing that her craft would now be too heavy with the four of them, she stripped the fuselage down to the bare essentials, and flew it back to land, to safety. With this daring rescue, Chan Kwan was acclaimed as a hero all over the world. However, her ambitious project was not forgotten, although she had to wait a further six months to finally start her round the world solo flight all over again. This time, she was successful, and she broke all previous records. When Chan’s father died in September of 2065, she inherited full command of Peking Taxi Corps. In the following year, the firm became one of the swiftest freight and flying taxi services in the East, under her direction. In the middle of 2066, Chan Kwan’s dedication to her cause and her astonishing flying abilities attracted the attention of the Spectrum selection committee, who unanimously decided that she should become one of the organization’s Angel pilots. She accepted the honour, and was given the code name of Harmony Angel. Harmony’s voice was provided by Liz Morgan. Contrary to the credits of the series, Japanese actress Lian-Shin only did Harmony Angel’s voice in the episode “The Launching”. It is unclear whether or not Shin would have continued voicing Harmony as the episode was her last speaking role in the series all together. Harmony Angel’s appearance is based off of Chinese actress Tsai-Chin. In the CGI series, Harmony was named Rebecca Drake and was voiced by Jules de Jongh. The New Harmony was no longer of Asian Origin (this role now being held by Symphony) but rather of African origin (which Melody Angel held in the original series). Melody Angel Magnolia Jones (Born on January 10, 2043) is an Angel aircraft fighter pilot and at times Spectrum Helicopter Pilot. Born January 10 2043, on a cotton farm in the Deep South of the United States, near Atlanta, Georgia, Magnolia Jones was the sole girl in her large family. With four older brothers it wasn’t surprising that she grew up as a ‘tomboy’, and, to the probable despair of her parents, played truant alongside the boys. Magnolia gave the impression of not being very bright at school, presumably a direct consequence of missing so many lessons, with the result that she left full-time education aged fifteen, a typical ‘high-school dropout’. Magnolia however, was passionate about fast cars and motorbikes, and immediately took up professional motor-racing, something she excelled at. Her parents however, thought differently, and finally decided it was about time their only daughter stopped behaving like a boy and began to act like a lady. Against her wishes, Magnolia was packed off to an un-named finishing school for girls in Switzerland. The feisty girl naturally detested this, until she found out that she was allowed to fly. This became her second obsession, exceeding even that of motor-racing, and after being expelled from school for unruly behaviour, she joined the World Army Air Force in 2061 aged 18. Magnolia took to the air force life at once, loving every minute of it. She began training immediately as a test pilot, and her courage and nerves of steel quickly garnered her reputation as one of the youngest and most renowned test pilots in the WAAF in that period. However, one fateful day, as she took aircraft XKF.115 on a test flight, base control lost radio contact with her somewhere over the South Seas. The WAAF searched for three weeks, but they finally gave up hope, and Magnolia was feared dead. Almost exactly one year later, in 2063, she miraculously reappeared, having rebuilt an air-worthy craft from scratch from the salvageable wreckage of the XKF.115 and flown it back to civilisation. She left the WAAF shortly after, in order to concentrate purely on her flying. Backed by money given to her by her father, thankful for her return to safety, she set up a freelance flying taxi service, providing luxury inter-city flights for business executives. In 2065 her great determination and flying skills brought her to the attention of the selection committee for the new Spectrum organisation. She eagerly accepted the challenge of becoming one of their pilots, and took the codename Melody Angel. Melody Angel’s voice was provided by Sylvia Anderson, who previously voiced Lady Penelope in “Thunderbirds” and Dr. Venus in “Fireball XL5”. Melody’s appearance was based off renowned singer and actress Eartha Kitt, whose best, remembered as Catwoman in the 60’s “Batman” movies starring Adam West. Melody’s puppet appeared again in “Joe 90” episode “Viva Cordova” as Dorina Cordova, wife of President Juan Cordova. Interestingly Dorina was voiced by Liz Morgan; the one time in the series she voiced a character. In the CGI series, Melody is voiced by Heather Tobias. In the series, the new Melody is now Caucasian and of Iranian descent, and now named Esther Jackson. The Mysterons The Mysterons are the main antagonists of the series; they are a race of pure energy hailing from an unknown planet, residing on Mars. Hostilities between the Mysteron race and Earth began in 2068 following a Zero-X expedition led by Captain Black of Earth security organization, Spectrum. The purpose of the mission had been to locate the source of radio signals that Spectrum had detected emanating from the planet. Following the transmissions, the party discovered an alien complex on the surface. The complex, run by the Mysterons, who were curious, revealed a camera emerging from the ground, though Captain Black mistook this for a weapon placement; Captain Black feared an attack and, in violation of his orders, launched an assault on the complex that destroyed it completely. However, the city was almost immediately rebuilt before their eyes as a blue beam of light passed over the ruins. Identifying themselves as the Mysterons, the aliens claimed to have discovered the secret of traversing matter. Mysterons have the ability to change matter with some sort of teleportation technology, and the ability to heal any physical injury. They proved to have the ability to re-create an exact likeness of an object or person. A power they could exercise only after the original object had been destroyed or after the original person had been killed. Despite being a peaceful race, they planned on Devoting themselves to retaliation for the unprovoked attack on their complex, retaliation they declare "will be slow, but nonetheless effective," they take over Captain Black and send him back to Earth under their control, making him instrumental in avenging the Mysterons by recruiting other persons and objects in a similar fashion. But their attempt to assassinate the World President, for which purpose they re-create Captain Brown (who is used as a “bomb” to kill him only for this plan to fail) and Captain Scarlet himself, fails when his likeness is shot, and killed, in a fall during his unsuccessful attempt to kidnap the World President, and regains the normal personality of the original Captain Scarlet. The merciless Mysterons themselves are never actually seen on screen. They broadcast their threats by radio, often disguising their intentions with word play, and they are only represented visually by twin rings of green light, suggestive of eyes, that they project onto the scenes of destructions and killings from which likenesses emerge. From one point of view, the Mysterons' hostility to humans, to the extent of their intending "the ultimate destruction of life on Earth," seems to make little sense. While their anger at the destruction of their city is understandable, it is unclear why, since they were able to re-create their complex, they ignore Earth's gestures of reconciliation. The Mysterons were voiced by Donald Gray, who also voiced Colonel White and Captain Black. Gray’s voice for both the Mysterons and Captain Black was slowed and deepened down for the loud bass booming voice the Mysterons are known for. In the Compilation films, "Captain Scarlet vs. The Mysterons" and "The Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars", in addition to Gray's voice, in various new segments an American voice of the Mysterons performed by an unknown actor is heard. In the CGI revamp series, the Mysterons were voiced by Mike Hayley. Their hostility toward the humans is a bit more reasonable in the series too, stating that they have viewed their people for centuries and that their violence disgusts them greatly. Joe 90 Joseph McClaine (Born April 5, 2003 in Hampstead, London) is W.I.N’s “Most Special Agent” and at just a mere age of 9 Joe was orphaned at the age of 12 months when both his parents were killed in a car crash. With no close relatives to care for him, the boy was sent to the Caxton Manor Orphanage in East London where he was simply known as “Joe”. It was Joe’s interest in cars that brought him to Professor McClaine. In the summer of 2008, whilst on an Orphanage field trip to London, Mac’s Air Jet Car caught Joe’s eye. He parted from the group of uniformed children and climbed inside to investigate and stowed away when Mac returned. On reaching the McClaines house, Joe made his presence noted. Instantly, the McClaines and Joe became united in friendship. The friendship was stimulated so much that the McClaines paid regular visits to the orphanage and, in turn, Joe was allowed to spend weekends at their home in Culver Bay. Mac and his wife eventually adopted Joe and raised him as their own son. When Mary died in 2009, Joe became more and more involved in his father’s work and research. His life changed forever when Professor McClaine allowed the World Intelligence Network to use the BIG RAT on their agents and young Joe. Joe donned the glasses to activate the experts’ brain waves and became W.I.N.’s most special agent, undertaking dangerous assignments under the guise of an ordinary nine year old schoolboy. It was a dream come true, but just another of so many dreams that have come true in the nine year life of Joe McClaine, known throughout the world as JOE 90. Joe’s voice was provided by child actor Len Jones. According to Gerry he wanted to get a real child to do the voice as female actors had previously done the voices which to him always sounded fake. Len guest starred in many television series in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including “Z Cars”, “Adam Adamant Lives!”, “Here Comes The Double Deckers!” and “The Adventures of Black Beauty”. Probably his most famous film appearance was as Wilfred, son of Rafe Crompton (James Mason) in “Spring and Port Wine”. Professor McClaine Professor Ian “Mac” McClaine (Born on June 24, 1964 in Baron’s Court, London, United Kingdom) is an Electronics Engineer. At the age of 48, Ian McClaine, an electronics engineer, has become one of the scientific geniuses of the twenty-first century. His brains, his know-how and his invention of the BIG RAT have helped to keep the present world politically stable, and through him world peace has been stimulated. He is a quiet, stubborn and determined man. His illustrious academic career included honors in physics, aerodynamics and electronics, and scholarships at Cambridge and Stanford University (where he met his life-long friend, Sam Loover). Born in Baron’s Court, London, Ian McClaine was the son of a British Government research physicist father and a novelist mother. Mac’s first bout with disaster occurred in 1986, when his parents were killed in a chemical explosion at the family home. Mac used his inheritance to buy a cottage at Culver Bay, under which he built a luxury research laboratory where he worked on his brain pattern experiments, published the occasional book and built his dream Jet Air Car. He married his secretary, Mary Reed, and the two lived an uneventful life until Mac discovered five-year-old Joe stowed away in his car in 2008. The couple adopted Joe and spent a year together before Mary tragically died in a car accident. Mac buried himself in his work, and completed his brain pattern transplant machine in three years. He sold the BIG RAT to W.I.N. and allowed his son to become W.I.N.’s most special agent Professor McClaine’s voice was supplied by British actor Rupert Davies, best known for his portrayal of “Maigret” in the 1960s BBC Television series of the same name. Davies was born in Liverpool. After serving in the British Merchant Navy, during the Second World War he served as a Sub-Lieutenant Observer with the Fleet Air Arm. In 1940 the 'Swordfish' in which he was flying ditched in the sea off the Dutch Coast. Davies was captured and interned in the famous Stalag Luft III POW camp. He made three attempts to escape. All failed. It was during his captivity that he began to take part in theatre performances, entertaining his fellow prisoners. On his release, Davies resumed his career in acting almost immediately, starring in an ex Prisoner Of War show, 'Back Home', which was hosted at the Stoll Theatre, London. After the war Davies became a staple of British television appearing in numerous plays and series, including “Quatermass II”, “Ivanhoe”, “Emergency - Ward 10", “Danger Man”, “The Champions” and “Doctor at Large” Davies died of Cancer in London on November 22, 1976. Sam Loover Samuel William Loover (Born December 15, 1968 in Flagstaff, Arizona) is the Deputy Head of W.I.N. London Office. Born in the Shadow of the Pueblo Mountains, Sam was the son of Willy Loover, an eminent geologist. Sam lost his mother in 1981 when she was killed in a freak sandstorm. Sam met fellow electronics student Ian McClaine at Stanford and the two became firm friends until they were separated in 1989 when McClaine returned to England after graduation. Sam went to work for the American Government, and was quickly promoted to the position of Chief Security Advisor to the Secretary of Defense. When his boss was appointed as Supreme Head of W.I.N. in 1997, the former Defense Secretary enrolled Sam as his top agent. For the next 15 years, Sam Loover was W.I.N.’s number one agent based at the US Office in Washington. In 2012, Sam was promoted to Deputy Head of the W.I.N. London Office, under London Supreme Commander Shane Weston, and oversaw control of agent operations. One of his first actions in this new post was to recruit Ian McClaine and his young son Joe into W.I.N. as unofficial operatives. Sam Loover was voiced by Keith Alexander, who had previously done the voice of John Tracy and the Narrator in “Thunderbird 6”. Keith would obtain a professional relationship with the Anderson’s appearing in “UFO” as Lieutenant Keith Ford, Flight Director in "Doppelgänger" and performing the voice of Agent Blake in “The Secret Service”. Apart from the Andersons, Alexander is known for his roles on TV in "The New Avengers", "Minder" and "The Day of the Triffids". He also had experience voicing another very different puppet character; the mouse Topo Gigio. He has had big screen appearances in "Submarine X-1" (1968), "Superman" (1978) and "Hanover Street" (1979). Prior to being Sam Loover, the puppet was the 19th of 44 revamp puppets (puppets used for various roles) making various appearances in episodes of “Captain Scarlet & the Mysterons”. The puppet was most famously used for Supreme Commander Earth Forces in “Point 783”, Lunarville 7 Controller in “Lunarville 7” and President Roberts in “The Launching”. Even so, various new heads for expressions were made for “Joe 90”. Shane Weston Shane Weston (Born March 22, 1967 in Carson City, Nevada) is the W.I.N. Deputy Controller and Supreme Commander of W.I.N. London Office. Shane was born into a family of ranchers with a Cherokee Indian mother, who died of an incurable illness in 1974. The hardship and uncertainty that ended her life affected the boy’s early life. It affected him so much in fact that he became very much a "loner", preferring to spend days on end in the wide expanse of the desert, climbing and swimming, rather than spend his time with his father, whom he had grown to dislike. Being alone for so many days on end and so far removed from his father, Shane Weston grew so far away from his only parent that he treated him as a stranger. And so, at the age of 12, Shane decided that the best thing to do was leave home. The next four years were spent on the road. In and out of menial jobs, he earned enough money to travel further, living rough and sleeping at the roadside. In 1983, Shane joined the US Army as a Marine where he earned many promotions, medals and eventually a purple heart. He spent his last three years in the Army stationed in America, working on defense security. When he ended his service as a Marine, Shane joined the Army Intelligence Network as a Commander, and worked as an undercover agent for the C.I.A. While on active service in Britain, Shane met and married a young English girl, Susan Denver. In 1997, the C.I.A. was co-opted into the new World Intelligence Network and Shane was chosen as the Network’s top agent attached to the United States divisional section. In 2006, while on assignment in South America, an accident left Shane hospitalized for two years with a severely damaged spine. He retired from active service and became the Deputy Head of W.I.N.’s supreme headquarters in Washington, planning campaigns and training agents. In 2011, he was promoted once again, and moved to London to head European W.I.N. headquarters. For two years now, Shane Weston has been in charge of W.I.N. in the London office, working hand in hand with his deputy, Sam Loover. To his own active agents he is the boss - the man who knows the game and how to play it! He has the experience and know-how to back up this statement. At the age of 45, Weston knows the capabilities of his men: he trains them himself and is sure that they are the best in the world. His career with W.I.N. is at its peak now; his record will remain legend forever. Shane’s voice was provided by American actor David Healy. Healy had previously done voice acting for supporting characters in “Captain Scarlet & the Mysterons” and continued doing voices into “The Secret Service”. He also appears in the “UFO” episode “Ordeal” and small roles in Anderson’s later 1994 series “Space Precinct”. On the big screen, he gave uncredited performances in the James Bond films “You Only Live Twice” and “Diamonds Are Forever”. Healy died on October 24, 1995 following a Heart Operation in London. Shane Weston’s puppet, like Sam Loover’s was recycled from one of the revamp puppets from “Captain Scarlet & the Mysterons”. Apart from being one of the Spectrum guards, the puppets most notable role was as Dr. Kurnitz in “Dangerous Rendezvous”. Mrs. Harris Mrs. Ada Harris (Age 55, born in 1957; in London, England) is the house keeper of the McClaines. She visits the cottage every day to clean and sometimes makes small meals. She is thoroughly dependable but not very imaginative when it comes to understanding the unusual interests and activities of the McClaine family. Not much interesting info or back story is given about Mrs. Harris, seeing as she only appears in four episodes. The writers of her bio were obviously less than taken with Mrs. Harris. Mrs. Harris was voiced by Sylvia Anderson Though Mrs. Harris’ puppet was made especially for “Joe 90”, her puppet was later reused in the last episode of “The Secret Service” named “More Haste, Less Speed”. She was disguised under long grey hair as Lady Martha Hazlewell and voiced by Keith Alexander. “The Secret Service” Father Unwin Father Stanley Unwin (Born on June 7, 1911 in Pretoria, South Africa) is an old country vicar and BISHOP Secret Agent on permanent assignment to Operation Priest. Father Unwin leads a double life - to his parishioners he is a humble priest, but behind closed doors he is a Secret Service agent, ready to save the country one criminal mastermind at a time. Operating out of his quaint parish in the English countryside, Father Unwin appears ill-equipped to thwart the deviants and ne’er-do-wells thrown at him but he has at his disposal a gardener and handyman, Matthew Harding, who is of course an undercover assistant, and more importantly a devilishly useful invention - a miniaturizer, which he keeps hidden inside a copy of The Good Book.... The miniaturizer formerly belonged to one of Father Unwin's parishioners, Professor Humbolt. It was his dying wish that Unwin look after the invention at all costs. This compact device is capable of shrinking a human to one-third their normal size. Father Unwin did the right thing and shared this secret with the British Government who, in turn, recruited him to B.I.S.H.O.P. and assigned him agent Harding to partner him on his missions. Invariably, it is Harding who is miniaturized each episode and transported inside Father Unwin's specially-adapted briefcase. Father Unwin was voiced and based upon the late British comedian and comic writer Stanley Unwin, who also provided his physical actions when needed. Unwin is the inventor of his own language called ‘Unwinese’ (referred to as gobbledygook in the film “Carry On Regardless”) which is used frequently by Father Unwin in the series as a form of confusal, A factor which led to the downfall of the series. Unwinese was a mangled form of English in which many of the words were corrupted in playful and humorous ways. Unwin claimed his gift came from his mother, who once told him that on the way home she had "falolloped over and grazed her kneeclabbers". Stanley Unwin died on January 12, 2002 at Danetre Hospital in Devantry, Northamptonshire. Matthew Harding Matthew Harding (Age 28, born 1941, other details ungiven) is a BISHOP agent paired with Father Unwin, who serves as his accomplice while on assignment and as gardener of the vicarage in public life. Matthew is the regular target for Father Unwin’s Minimizer, reducing him to a height of two feet (0.6 m) so as to infiltrate situations to which no full-size individual could gain access. The Minimiser can also be used to shrink enemy agents, bringing them down to Matthew's size in a quite literal sense. When miniaturized, Matthew is often transported into high-risk situations in Unwin's adapted briefcase, which is fitted with equipment such as a periscope, can store other gadgets as required, and can open from the inside. The Father's hearing aid is in fact a transmitter that enables covert communication with Matthew, who wears a corresponding unit. Matthew’s voice was provided by Gary Files, who previously provided the voice of Captain Magenta in “Captain Scarlet” Prior to becoming Matthew, his puppet was one of the 44 revamp puppets made for “Captain Scarlet & the Mysterons”. The only notable role of the puppet was in the episode “Treble Cross” as Dr. Mitchell. The puppet was disguised under freckles and a blonde wig for the role of Matthew, and more head duplicates were made for more facial expressions. Mrs. Appleby Mrs. Appleby (Age 55, born in 1914, other details unknown) is the faithful housekeeper of Father Unwin’s vicarage. Blissfully unaware of the adventures of Father Unwin and Matthew, Mrs. Appleby has little patience for Matthew thanks to him disappearing hours at a time, this leading her to believe he keeps taking days off without any notice. She complains that Father Unwin can’t see bad in anyone, contributing as to why he won’t fire him. Mrs. Appleby usually serves the father up meals, mostly shown serving him a boiled egg in a cup for breakfast. Father Unwin seems to be taken with her phenomenal cooking skills, anything that isn’t fried carrots anyhow. Mrs. Appleby was of course voiced by Sylvia Anderson. The Bishop The Bishop (Real name unknown, Age 52, born in 1917, other details unknown) is the head of Operation Priest. The Bishop is a high-ranking figure in British Intelligence and the director of B.I.S.H.O.P. (British Intelligence Service Head Quarters, Operation Priest) and is the immediate superior of Father Unwin. The Bishop’s office resides at Whitehall in Westminster, London. The Bishop usually receives his orders from Agent Saunders, the Head of British Intelligence in London. Junior Agent Blake is the Bishop’s on-off assistant. The Bishop was voiced by Jeremy Wilken, whom provided the voices of Virgil in “Thunderbirds” and Captain Ochre in “Captain Scarlet”. Agent Blake Agent Paul Blake (Birth date and age unknown, born in Winchester, Hampshire, England) is the junior agent and assistant to the Bishop. Blake enjoyed a grammar school education before joining the British Intelligence service as an office boy. Blake is often shown doing medial and at times degrading tasks for the Bishop usually to help Father Unwin and Matthew within their missions. Budget constraints mean that Agent Blake is only available on a part time basis. Blake is happily married and lives with his wife and three children in Windsor, Berkshire. Agent Blake has had a couple of short sci-fi stories published using the pen-name “Metcalfe”. Paul Blake has been in many annuals and books regarded as the Grandfather (or more likely Great Grandfather due to time indifferences) of Paul Metcalfe; Captain Scarlet of Spectrum. Despite their appearance, both Scarlet and Blake have very little in common. Agent Blake’s voice was provided by Keith Alexander who voiced John Tracy in “Thunderbird 6” and Sam Loover in “Joe 90”. The puppet of Agent Blake was in fact that of “Captain Scarlet” of the series of the same name. Despite being disguised under a brown wig and glasses. This factor is an obvious one as to why Blake is regarded as Scarlet’s relative. Agent Saunders Agent Saunders (real name and birth date unknown) is the Head of British Intelligence. Not much is to be said about Saunders, personality wise. Residing in London, Saunders and his deputy Patterson assign various missions to the Bishop. Saunders and Patterson only appear in two episodes, though are still significant characters being the heads of British Intelligence. Agent Saunders was voiced by Keith Alexander. Saunders is also named after series production supervisor, Desmond Saunders. Saunders puppet was revamped from that of Dr. Fawn though disguised under a brown wig and mustache. Fawns puppet was reused in a similar appearance in “Joe 90” episode "Attack of the Tiger" as Fearless Foley though the hair was still black. Agent Patterson Patterson (real name and birth date unknown) is Saunders deputy. Like Saunders, very little it to be said about Patterson. Patterson is usually the first to be informed on situations for the Intelligence agency to work on, then relaying it to Saunders. Saunders and Patterson only appear in two episodes, though are still significant characters being the heads of British Intelligence. Patterson's puppet is rather hard to identify due to being disguised under a mustache and glasses. He was #47 of 49 revamp puppets made for "Captain Scarlet & the Mysterons", used to portray President Conrad Olafsen in "Codename Europa" and Harris in "Treble Cross". His puppet was also used in the "Joe 90" episode "Splashdown" Patterson was voiced by Jeremy Wilkin.	Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward
What is the last word of the fourth line of the hymn Hark! The Herald Angels Sing – the last word of the third line is ‘mild’?	The science fiction of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson \| Xenorama The science fiction of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson Post by Zone Fighter on Aug 20, 2004 16:39:36 GMT -8 TV SERIES Stingray (first color series, or colour if you're British) Thunderbirds Captain Scarlet And The Mysterons Joe 90 39 episodes, 5 disk DVD set 1st season (26 episodes) David Graham - Dr. Horatio Beaker/Mitch Sylvia Thamm - Jimmy Gibson Cyril Shaps - Professor Popkiss and Masterspy David Graham - Dr. Horatio Beaker/Mitch Sylvia Anderson - Jimmy Gibson Cyril Shaps died January 01, 2003 This is the oldest Gerry Anderson/Sylvia Anderson series available and the first "Supermarionation" (puppet) series. Super Car was filmed in black and white. It's different from the later series in that its not about a government agency but a private lab (somewhere in Nevada). Mike Mercury takes off in Supercar to rescue people (Jimmy and his brother in first episode) or to deal with his archenemy Masterspy. It was apparently during the filming of the first season (or series according to the British) that Gerry Anderson and Sylvia Thamm decided to get married. They would divorce between the two seasons of Space: 1999 (1975). Mike Mecury is the driver/pilot of Super Car. Dr. Horatio Beaker invented Super Car with help from Professor Popkiss. Jimmy Gibson lives with the Super Car teem since the death of his parents even though he has an an adult brother he could be living with. Mitch is Jimmy's pet chimp. Masterspy frequently tries to steal Super Car. The first DVD in the set has an audio commentary by Sylvia Anderson.She said they received alot of criticism for setting the series in Nevada. They did it because (A) their largest market was the USA rather than the UK and (B) at the time a lot of testing was going on in Nevada so it made sense that a secret lab would exist in the desert in Nevada. Their previous series was western set in the USA, so my guess is some Brits resented another series set in the USA. When producing these shows they would always inflate the budget by at least 25% because they knew it would be cut and adding more then they needed insured that they would actually get what they needed. Sounds like government. In fact using puppets allowed them to create shows they couldn't have afforded to do otherwise. Those puppets were 1/3 the size of human actors and they could make miniature sets of any place in the universe. Most of the people who worked on Supercar would go on to work with the Andersons on their later series. According to Sylvia Anderson one of the secrets to making good childrens TV shows is not treating them like children shows, but putting in the same effort as you would for a major motion picture. I've seen all 39 episodes (rented). It's not a bad little series. I like some of the others better, but it was a good start. Supercar... Supercar... as swift as can be, watch it flying through the air. It travels in space, and it can journey anywhere. Supercar... Supercar... through a heavens stormy rage, It's Mercury-manned, "it's the marvel of the age!" Supercar... Supercar... Supercar! -- Supercar theme, season 1 Next week: the second "Supermarionation" series and source of my favorite Anderson show ending theme song, "Fireball XL5". Last Edit: Nov 20, 2005 5:17:56 GMT -8 by Zone Fighter Pinky, you are a fistful of stupidity. Posts: 80 Post by Xenorama ™ on Aug 20, 2004 17:33:44 GMT -8 I've seen all of Fireball, and it's very enjoyable, with a great theme (ending, I know). "One of the most striking differences between a cat and a lie is that a cat has only nine lives." Mark Twain Back to Top Post by Zone Fighter on Aug 20, 2004 18:04:15 GMT -8 I just received volume 4 in today's mail. Expecting the final volume next week. I really liked the color production photos on volume 3. Though they made me with Fireball XL5 had been in color. Post by Zone Fighter on Aug 25, 2004 19:38:40 GMT -8 Fireball XL5 - 1962, 39 episodes of 25 minutes each Producer: Gerry Anderson Paul Maxwell as voice of Colonel Steve Zodiac Sylvia Anderson as voice of Venus David Graham as voice of Professor Matt Matic/Zoonie/Lt. Ninety Gerry Anderson as voice of Robert John Bluthal as voice of Commander Zero The interplanetary adventures of the crew of the World Space Patrol ship Fireball XL5, patrolling Sector 25 in the year 2062. This series was in b/w. British television stations were still broadcasting in b/w into the 70s. Colonel Steve Zodiac is the pilot of Fireball XL5 Venus is World Space Patrol's Doctor of Space Medicine and member of XL5's crew Professor Matic is Fireball XL5's navigator Robert is XL5's robot co-pilot Commander Zero is the head of Space City, headquarters of World Space Patrol Lt. Ninety is Commander Zero's assistant Zoonie is Venus' pet La Zoon When Colonel Zodiac with Venus or with the professor or with both leave Fireball in orbit, landing on the planet with "Fireball Junior", the ship's nose cone, Robert maintanes Fireball's orbit. The colonel also leaves Robert in charge of getting Fireball home on many occasions so he can relax with the rest of the crew in the ship's lounge. Venus' pet, Zoonie, has a very limited vocabulary, it can most often be heared repeating "Welcome home!" over and over again. Robert also has a limited vocabulary, only repeating commands given it. When left alone with Zoonie, the constant refrain of "Welcome home" requires Robert to respond that he's maintining the course for home. Eventually Robert short-circuits and smoke pours out of him. Fortunantly Robert is still able to maintain the course. Zoonie's other phrase is "Howdy folks". Zoonie has limited inteligence and a great curiosity, not a good combination. It never means any harm but it still manages to demage or destroy equipment. Commander Zero is often infuriated by the creature but he's too tender hearted to kill it or have it locked up permenantly. Robert is the only character Gerry Andserson has ever voiced, though Sylvia has voiced several characters in several series. Fireball XL5 is one of an uncertain number of World Space Patrol vessels which guard the friendly planets of the universe. There are other XLs but of course the series focuses on XL5. There are also other smaller vessels such as the LP, light patrol vessels. XL5 goes on explority missions as well as rescue missions. Sometimes they encounter friendly aliens, sometimes hostile, the crew of XL5 has saved the Earth from invasion several times. Rockets must be extremely powerful in the year 2062 as Fireball XL5 can reach planets far from Earth in relatively short time periods. In one episode they left charted space on a journey that took 3 weeks. I enjoyed Fireball Xl5, along with Captain Scarlet, it's my favorite supermarionation series. It's an enjoyable series if you can ignore the wires and don't expect anything too deep, every problem has to be solved by the end of each 25 minute episode. In episode 38 the XL5 crew appears on television performing a musical number, just as the Supercar crew did at the end of that series. Because Colonel Zodiac sings the ending theme in the episode the ending credits featuring an instrumental version of the song. In the final episode Fireball XL5 nearly becomes a real fireball when it encounters a space cloud of flameble gases. There is nothing in the episode itself to indicate that the series was concluding. I wish I was a spaceman, The fastest guy alive I'd fly you 'round the universe In Fireball XL5 Way out in space together Conquerers of the sky My heart would be a fireball, a fireball Every time I gaze into your starry eyes We'd take the path to Jupiter And maybe very soon We'd cruise along the Milky Way And land upon the moon To a wonderland of stardust We'd zoom away to Mars My heart would be a fireball, a fireball 'Cause you would be my Venus of the stars [But though I'm not a spaceman Famous and renowned I'm just a guy that's down to earth With both feet on the ground It's all imagination I'll never reach the stars My heart is still a fireball, a fireball Every time I gaze into your starry eyes Fireball, fireball Every time I gaze into your starry eyes Firebal, fireball Every time I gaze into your starry eyes] -- ending theme Fireball XL5 [extra lyrics not heard on TV] composed by Barry Gray vocal by Don Spencer released as a single, reached 32 in UK I found a web page that has mp3 files of some of the music from Gerry Anderson shows, including this extended version of the ending theme to Fireball XL5 ufoseries.com/barry/ Post by Zone Fighter on Sept 14, 2004 14:24:15 GMT -8 Stingray - 1964 39 episodes, available in a 5 DVD set Captain Troy Tempest - Don Mason Lt. George 'Phones' Sheridan/X20 - Robert Easton Lt. Atlanta Shore - Lois Maxwell Commander Sam Shore/Lt. Fisher/Titan - Ray Barrett Incendental voices by David Graham who did voices in Supercar, Fireball XL5. Thunderirds, The Secret Service and was the voice of many Daleks. Incentdental female voices by Sylvia Anderson. Its 2064 Titan the evil leader of an underwater city decides to wage war on the surface dwellers. It's up to the World Aqua Security Patrol (WASP) and the super submarine Stingray, to stop him. Captain Troy Tempest is in command of Stingray. Lt. George 'Phones' Sheridan monitors Stingray's sonar system, he's also the weapons officer. Marina came to WASP from a race of people who live under the sea. She understands English perfectly but cannot speak. All of her people are mute. Unlike Tittan and his people Marina's people are friends of the surface dwellers. Marina rides along in Stingray in case they need someone who can breath underwater with special equipment and can swim fast. Commander Sam Shore is the commanding officer of Marineville, WASP's command center. Marineville can slide underground in an emergency. Stingray is stored in an undeground bonker reached by an undersea tunnel. The Commander has the same personality as the Space City commander. Commander Shore is assisted by his daughter Atlanta. Atlanta and Troy were apparently an item until Troy met Marina. The ending theme song is in fact a love song about "Aqua Marina". The resident animal for this series is a seal named Oink. Singray was the first Supermarionation series to be filmed in color. It's not nearlly as good as the two b/w series, Super Car and Fireball XL5. It's very slow moving much of the time. "Marina, Aqua Marina What are these strange enchanments that start whenever you're near? Marina, Aqua Marina What can't you whisper the words that my heart is longing to hear? Marina, Aqua Marina I'm certain to fall I know because you enthrall me so Marina, Aqua Marina Why don't you say that you'll always stay close to my heart?" -- vocals Gary Miller Sylvia Anderson - Lady Penelope Creighton Ward David Holliday - Virgil Tracy David Graham - Brains/Aloysius 'Nosey' Parker/Gordon Tracy/Kyrano Christine Finn - Tin-Tin Kyrano/Grandma Tracy Ray Barrett - John Tracy/The Hood Operating from a secret island base, the Tracy family run the International Rescue service in the years 2065-2067, using five amazing Thunderbirds vehicles. Thunderbirds is the first supermarination series to be made up of hour long (with commercials) episodes. It's also the first not to have vocals in the ending theme. In the UK this is the most popular Gerry & Sylvia Anderson series. Sylvia Anderson provided the voice for secret agent Lady Penelope Creighton Ward. The entire series is available on DVD, 12 disks. The 1st DVD includes the first 3 episodes and a short making of documentary, which describes the series as being in black and white, this is probably because TV stations in the UK were still b/w into the 1970s. Both movies are available on individual DVDs, which are not part of the series set. "Thunderbird 6" actually came out after the series was finished. "Zone Fighter, FAB" Back to Top Post by Zone Fighter on Mar 12, 2005 13:34:40 GMT -8 A documentary on Anderson really needs to have both Gerry and Sylvia because she had a lot to do with creating most of the shows. But I don't know that you could get them together. I read that when Fanderson was created and Gerry made president they club originators had to promise not to involve Sylvia. They credit her for their various roles but don't interview her for the fan magazine and don't have a link to her web page. Sylvia has done commentaries on the DVDs. Back to Top Post by Zone Fighter on Mar 18, 2005 16:34:22 GMT -8 The 5th and final disc of Stingray includes a short making of documentary which explains that there acutally was a water tank in the studio for the underwater shots. The marionettes were wired up to a device that was supposed to keep the movements of their lips insync with the pre-recorded dialogue, but sometimes a wire got crossed or the sound operator flipped the wrong switch resulting in a voice coming from the wrong puppet. The puppeteers were up high and could only see the tops of the puppets heads so an extra camera had to be added which was linked to a screen they could watch otherwise Captain Tempest might be staring at a wall while talking to Atlanta. VWOR Liz Morgan - Rhapsody Angel & Destiny Angel Paul Maxwell - Captain Grey Donald Gray - Colonel White, Captain Black & Voice of The Mysterons Gary Files - Captain Magenta Cy Grant - Lieutenant Green Charles Tingwel - Dr. Fawn "The Mysterons, Sworn enemies of Earth, Possessing the ability to recreate an exact likeness of an object or person, But first, they must destroy. Leading the fight, one man fate has made indestructable. His name, Captain Scarlet." -- opening sequence narration, by Ed Bishop (not credited but I recognized his voice) The year is 2068. The security of Earth is in the hands of the top secret agency, Spectrum. To protect Spectrum agents true identities each male agent is refered to only by a code name consisting of rank and a color: Colonel White (head of Spectrum), Captain Blue, Lieutenant Green, etc. Female jet pilots are called "angels". Due to a misunderunstanding Spectrum agents exploring the planet Mars open fire on an alien outpost discovered there. The alien's massive computer system is able to instantly repair the damage never the less it declares war on the human race. The aliens, who call themselves the Mysterons, kill Captains Brown, Black and Scarlet, replacing them with duplicates which are complete with each man's memories and abilities, but programmed to serve the Mysterons. The fake Captain Brown is destroyed in an explosion during an attempt to assassinate the World President. An accident results in the fake Captain Scarlet regaining the real Captain Scarlet's loyalties to mankind and Spectrum. This Captain Scarlet is viritually indestructable (he can be wounded and feel pain but even normally fatal injuries heal) becomes the Mysterons greatest enemy. The Captain Black replica remains under the control of the Mysterons. In providing the voice for Captain Scarlet actor Francis Matthews mimics Cary Grant. Which I find odd. In the few roles I've seen Cary Grant he was the hero by accident. Ed Bishop (Captain Blue) would go on to play Commander Edward Straker, head of SHADO, in the Anderson's first live action series "UFO". Ed Bishop died June 8, 2005 Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons is the first supermarionation series produced by Century 21 Television, all previous series were by AP Films. This is probably the darkest of the Andersons' series. Although the other supermarionation shows had reacuring villains this is the first entirely about a group of hostile aliens bent on the destruction of the human race. And the good guys don't always win. The entire series is available on a 4 disc DVD set. The first DVD includes an audio commentary by Gerry Anderson linked to the first episode. There is also a photo gallery. In his commentary Gerry Anderson mentioned that his staff thought he was nuts when he came up with the microphones in the Spectrum agent's hats, because microphones could never be that small. Now microphones are about 1/4 smaller than the size he invisioned. I prefer Captain Blue's voice over Captain Scarlet's. In the first few episodes Captain Blue takes charge of missions, Captain Scarlet follows his orders. In these episodes Captain Scarlet keeps getting "killed". After awhile though Captain Scarlet takes charge with Captain Blue following his orders. For awhile Captain Scarlet doesn't get involved in these super dangerous situations but just when you may be wondering if they forgot the premise of the show he gets blown up again. Characters in Captain Scarlet were created by Sylvia Anderson. Gerry Anderson was executive producer. Ending theme (episodes 1-14): "Captain Scarlet (followed by an electronic sounding echo) (musical interlude) Captain Scarlet (followed by an electronic sounding echo) (musical interlude) Captain Scarlet (followed by an electronic sounding echo) (musical interlude) Captain Scarlet (followed by an electronic sounding echo) (musical interlude) Born: Winchester, England December 17, 2036 Rank: Field Agent World Army Airforce Colonel by age 24, recruited to Spectrum as agent #1. Killed by Mysterons who created a doppleganger which has his knowledge and memories but personality supressed, accident caused Paul Metcalfe's personality to amerge. Doppleganger now serves as Spectrum's Captain Scarlet. Code name: Captain Blue Born: Boston, Mass, USA August 26, 2035 Rank: Field Agent World Aeoronautic Society test pilot, then WAS Security agent reponsible for discovering identities of enemy agents who had infiltrated the agency this led to recruitment as Spectrum agent #2. Code name: Captain Black Born: Manchester, England March 11, 2029 Rank: Former Field Agent / Mysteron Agent Served in British Airforce during civil war of 2047, then World Space Patrol ("Fireball XL5"), recruited as Spectrum agent #3, chosen to lead mission to Mars. Mistaking Mysteron probe for a weapon he opened fire, starting the Mysteron war against humanity. Killed by Mysterons who replaced him with a doppleganger which is their most dangerous agent on Earth as he knows Spectrum's secrets. Code name: Colonel White Born: London, England July 14, 2017 Rank: Commander-In-Chief Officer in World Navy, Chief of Universal Secret Service British Branch, recruited to serve as Spectrum's Commander-In-Chief. Code name: Lieutenent Green Born: Port of Spain, Trinidad January 18, 2041 Rank: Communications Officer Wold Aquanat Security Patrol ("Stingray") Commander of Communications Installations, recruited to Spectrum as Chief Controller. Code name: Captain Ochre Born: Detroit, Mich, USA February 23, 2035 Rank: Field Agent Licenesed pilot at age 16, recruited to Spectrum from World Government Police Corps. Code name: Captain Magenta Born: Dublin, Ireland May 17, 2034 Rank: Field Agent Parents moved family to New York, New York. Patrick became involved with Group 22 terrorists, served a prison term, joined New York mafia. Recruited to Specturm for knowledge of crime and criminals. Pardoned for all crimes by World Government. (from DVD volume 3) Born: Paris, France August 23, 2040 Rank: Interceptor Pilot Word Army Airforce pilot, commanding officer Women's Fighter Squadron, left to start own company. Code name: Symphony Angel Born: Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA January 6, 2042 Rank: Interceptor Pilot Universal Secret Service agent, left to work for Charter Airlines as pilot. Code name: Rhampsody Angel Born: London, England April 27, 2043 Rank: Interceptor Pilot Federal Agents Bureau agent working under Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward, taking command after Lady Penelope left to join International Rescue ("Thunderbirds"). After FAB closed down she went to work for Charter Airlines. Code name: Harmony Angel Born: Tokyo, Japan June 18, 2042 Rank: Interceptor Pilot Built own custom airplane for solo flight around the world. Black belt in karate. Code name: Melody Angel Born: Atlanta, Georgia, USA January 10, 2043 Rank: Interceptor Pilot World Army Airforce pilot. Interested in languages, currently learning Japanese (from Harmony Angel?) Note: except for Colonel White who is a widower the martial status of all other listed personnel is "single". [There is no refrence to "Supercar" in these character biographies.] Ending theme (15-32): Post by Zone Fighter on Nov 25, 2005 22:54:44 GMT -8 Colonel White and Captain Black: If you're thinking that the leader of Spectrum is Colonel White and the chief Mysteron agent is Captain Black because white symbolises good and black evil you would be wrong. According to Gerry Anderson, the leader of Spectrum is Colonel White because when you combine all the colors of the spectrum you get white. He doesn't say so, in his commentary on "Attack on Cloudbase", but the chief villains must be Captain Black because black is the abscence of color. Captain Blue and Symphony Angel: They're in love. Which is probably against the rules. Since all the male officers and all the female fighter pilots are single it would appear they were chosen in part because they had no spouse or children depending on them. Captain Scarlet and Captain Black: They can be killed, permenantly, by very high voltage electric shock. Why Captain Scarlet and Captain Black are superior to other Mysteron duplicates is not explained as far as I can recall. The final line of the episode entitled "Inferno" is: "Well, the Mysteron's won this round but the fight is not over yet" Unfortunantly Captain Scarlet was wrong the fight was over as the series was canceled. I was disappointed though not surprised that we did not see the capture of Captain Black, the Mysterons defeated or talked into ending the war. Instead it ends with a Spectrum failure and Mysteron success. What a way to end it. "UFO" and "Space: 1999" are also ended without resolution, and I expect Terrhawks is too. "SIR"	i don't know
Which country in the Americas has the fourth largest population after U S A, Brazil and Mexico?	Export.gov - Colombia Market Overview Doing Business in Colombia Market Overview The Republic of Colombia is the fourth largest economy in Latin America, after Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina, and has the third largest population with approximately 46 million inhabitants. It is the only country in South America with two seacoasts (Pacific and Caribbean), which provides tactical shipping advantages in today’s global market. Aided by major security improvements, steady economic growth, and moderate inflation, Colombia has become a free market economy with major commercial and investment ties to the United States, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. With the implementation of the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement on May 15, 2012, Colombia is the third largest market for U.S. exports in Latin America. Nevertheless, in the eyes of many U.S. exporters, Colombia still more suffers from the perceptions of the past than the realities of the present. The reality is that the past 10 years have brought extraordinary change to the country in terms of economic development due to improvements in the security situation. Strong political stability, a growing middle class (35.3% of the population), and improved security has created an economic boom in Colombia that, coupled with the government’s conservative fiscal policies, lessened the impact of the global economic crisis. Key economic indicators demonstrating the positive long-term effect of Colombia’s political and economic policies include: GDP growth of 5.5 percent in 2011 and 4 percent in 2012; foreign direct investment of USD 15.8 billion in 2012, a record for Colombia, which is an increase over the previous record of USD 14.8 billion in 2011, and inflation of 4 percent in 2012 and 4.3 percent in 2011. These are all signs of a strong and growing economy. Due to Colombia’s close ties to the United States and Colombians’ appreciation for the quality and reliability of U.S products, consumers in Colombia often favor U.S. products and services over those of our foreign competitors. The United States is Colombia’s largest trading partner and Colombia is the 22nd largest market for U.S. exports in 2012. U.S. exports to Colombia in 2012 topped USD 16 billion, an increase of more than 14 percent over 2011. Colombia is unique in that there are five bona fide commercial hubs in the country: Bogota, Medellin, Barranquilla, Cali, and Cartagena. As opposed to the majority of Latin American countries that have one or two major cities, Colombia offers U.S exporters access through multiple commercial hubs, each of which has its own American Chamber of Commerce. While these cities, and many other secondary cities, offer unique market opportunities, they are close enough via air routes that is common to have one partner (agent, distributer, or representative) to cover the whole country. Regarding foreign direct investment by U.S. companies, coal mining and oil and gas exploration/production are the principal areas of U.S. investment, followed by the consumer goods, high-tech and tourism/franchising sectors. A sample of the major U.S. companies in Colombia include: 3M , Citibank, ChevronTexaco, Chicago Bridge and Iron , Drummond, ExxonMobil, Goodyear, General Electric, General Motors, Johnson and Johnson, Kimberly Clark, Kraft, Microsoft, Marriott, Marriott International, Occidental Petroleum, Sonesta Collection Hotels and Unisys. 2013 will bring greater investment in infrastructure projects ranging from roads (USD 26 billion allocated over the next 4 years), airport modernizations, port construction, and railway projects. New FDI will begin to be reflected in major hotel (Hilton and Hyatt) and infrastructure (highway, mass transportation, ports and airport) projects. The Colombian government has implemented bilateral or multilateral trade agreements with most countries in North and South America, including the United States and Canada. The European Union ratified a Free Trade Agreement with Colombian in December 2012, but must be passed by each member country before being implemented. Colombia has an ambitious trade agenda and has initiated FTA negotiations with South Korea, Panama, Japan, and Turkey. Regarding the U.S.-Colombia FTA, on May 15, 2012, the agreement went into force, immediately eliminating import tariffs on 80 percent of U.S. exports of consumer and industrial products to Colombia, with remaining tariffs phased out over one to ten years. Other provisions include strong protection for U.S. investors (legal stability), expanded access to service markets, greater intellectual property rights protection, market access for remanufactured goods, increased transparency and improved dispute settlement mechanisms (arbitration). Return to top Market Challenges As with any market, there are numerous challenges to doing business in Colombia (some of which were eliminated with implementation of the Free Trade Agreement): While working to improve the issue, Colombia has struggled with the requirements of the existing government procurement framework, which calls for open bidding in public tenders. As such there can be a lack of transparency, fairness, and truly competitive bidding conditions in many tenders. Only firms licensed under Colombian law may provide legal services. Foreign law firms can operate in Colombia by forming a joint venture with a Colombian law firm and operating under the licenses of the Colombian lawyers in the firm. Economic needs tests are required when foreign providers of professional services operate temporarily; and residency requirements restrict transborder trade of certain professional services, such as accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, architecture, engineering, urban planning, and medical and dental services. A commercial presence is required to provide information processing services or to bid on Colombian government contracts. Telecommunications barriers to entry include cross subsidies, the requirement for a commercial presence in Colombia, and an economic needs tests. For firms with more than ten employees, no more than 10 percent of the general workforce and 20 percent of specialists may be foreign nationals. International banking institutions are required to maintain a commercial presence in Colombia through subsidiary offices. Insurance companies are restricted from offering policies to underwrite risk on government sponsored infrastructure projects due to Colombian regulations that do not recognize insurance policies as equivalent to bank guarantees. Colombia has been on the Special 301 “Watch List” every year since 1991, reflecting on-going challenges in the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Customs duties have been consolidated into four tariff levels: 0 to 5 percent on capital goods, industrial goods and raw materials not produced in Colombia, 10 percent on manufactured goods with some exemptions, and 15 to 20 percent on consumer and “sensitive” goods. Exceptions include automobiles, which are subject to a 35 percent duty (except Sports Utility Vehicles). A group of agricultural products is protected by a price band mechanism that offers variable duties as high as 100 percent, but will eventually decrease to zero over the next xx to 19 years. Market Opportunities Despite these market challenges, Colombia provides significant opportunities for U.S. exporters: Colombia's extensive planned infrastructure projects will require: project financing, public works subcontracting, logistics, construction equipment for public roads and airports; water treatment, water supply, electric power generation, oil and gas exploration and pollution control equipment, air navigational and port security aids, railway construction, transportation equipment, security and defense items and services, and mass transit systems. Awarded to the OPAIN company in 2006, Bogota’s El Dorado International Airport still requires massive upgrades. The Medellin/Rio Negro airport upgrade is underway and the Northeast airports concession has been awarded. All concessionaires are seeking equipment to modernize their facilities. The United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) and EXIM Bank support U.S. companies as they craft solutions to development challenges and make inroads in key sectors such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, renewable energy, telecommunications, and ports. USTDA grants have resulted in big U.S. company wins at the country’s two newest refineries. EXIM’s preliminary commitment of USD 1 billion to Colombia’s major oil company Ecopetrol and USD 2.8 billion to the Reficar refinery project will provide a myriad of export opportunities for U.S. exporters of oil and gas equipment and services. USTDA grants for customs security and operational enhancements at the ports in Cartagena, Buenaventura, and Puerto Salgar should also increase prospects for U.S. exporters. Significant U.S. export opportunities not already mentioned include: cotton, wheat, corn soy products, automotive parts and accessories, tourism, computer hardware and software services, IT equipment and services, plastics materials and resins, electrical power systems, safety and security equipment, food and beverage processing and packaging equipment and medical equipment. Market Entry Strategies Market entry strategies are as follows: Secure an agent, representative, or distributor in Colombia, which requires a contract that meets the provisions of the Colombian Commercial Code. Focus on formality, personal relationships, and trust when negotiating agreements and contracts. Communicate with the U.S. Commercial Service and the Economic sections of the U.S. Embassy in Bogotá regarding specific concerns. Offer excellent after-sales service arrangements and maintain the sales relationship. Warranties or guarantees on imports are critical for supporting after sales service in Colombia. Provide high quality products and/or services, affordable financing and competitive pricing. Support your local partner’s marketing efforts with advertising campaigns or by participating in trade shows. Do not be hands off; visit often. Spanish-language sales collateral and service manuals are essential, and may be required in certain sectors, like medical products. U.S.-based staff with a strong knowledge of Spanish is certainly helpful.	Colombia
Which negotiator who was held hostage in Beirut from 1987 to 1991 was born on this day in 1939?	Mexico Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Fact Sheet July 12, 2016 More information about Mexico is available on the Mexico Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet. U.S.-MEXICO RELATIONS U.S. relations with Mexico are strong and vital. The two countries share a 2,000-mile border, and bilateral relations between the two have a direct impact on the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans, whether the issue is trade and economic reform, education exchange, citizen security, drug control, migration, entrepreneurship and innovation, or the environment. The scope of U.S.-Mexican relations is broad and goes beyond diplomatic and official relations. It entails extensive commercial, cultural, and educational ties, with some 1.4 billion dollars of two-way trade and hundreds of thousands of legal border crossings each day. In addition, a million American citizens live in Mexico. U.S. tourists to Mexico numbered over 20 million in 2013 making Mexico the top destination of U.S. travelers. Mexican tourists to the U.S. were over 14 million in 2013, and they spent an estimated $10.5 billion. Bilateral Economic Issues In September 2013, Vice President Biden and his Mexican government counterparts launched the High Level Economic Dialogue (HLED) to further elevate and strengthen the U.S.-Mexico bilateral commercial and economic relationship. The HLED, which is led at the cabinet level by the Secretaries of State and Commerce and the U.S. Trade Representative, is envisioned as a flexible platform intended to advance strategic economic and commercial priorities central to promoting mutual economic growth, job creation, and competitiveness. It serves to facilitate dialogue and joint initiatives and to promote shared approaches to regional and global economic leadership. It will build on, but not duplicate, a range of existing successful bilateral dialogues and working groups. The HLED had its first meeting in September 2013 chaired by the Vice President, and will meet again at that level in late 2014. Cabinet and sub-cabinet level meetings throughout 2014 have been driving forward the HLED’s priorities. Mexico is the United States’ second-largest export market (after Canada) and third-largest trading partner (after Canada and China). In 2013, two-way trade in goods and services was more than $550 billion. Mexico's exports rely heavily on supplying the U.S. market, but the country has also sought to diversify its export destinations. Nearly 80 percent of Mexico’s exports in 2013 went to the United States. In 2013, Mexico was the third-largest supplier of foreign crude oil to the United States, as well as the largest export market for U.S. refined petroleum products and a growing market for U.S. natural gas. Top U.S. exports to Mexico include electrical machinery, nuclear equipment, motor vehicle parts, mineral fuels and oils, and plastics. Stock foreign direct investment by U.S. companies in Mexico stands at $101 billion, while Mexican investment is $17.6 billion, and has grown by over 35 percent the past five years. It is the seventh fastest growing investor country in the United States. Through the North American Leaders’ Summits, the United States, Canada, and Mexico cooperate to improve North American competitiveness, ensure the safety of their citizens, and promote clean energy and a healthy environment. The three nations also cooperate on hemispheric and global challenges, such as managing transborder infectious diseases and seeking greater integration to respond to challenges of transnational organized crime. The U.S. and Mexico, along with Canada, are partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and enjoy a broad and expanding trade relationship. All three countries are also negotiating partners in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an agreement slated to elevate the standards for global trade and improve North American access to Asian markets. Mexico is currently President Pro Tempore of the Pacific Alliance, a regional economic integration effort spearheaded also by Chile, Colombia, and Peru. Mexico is a champion of free trade, having more free trade agreements than any other country in the world, including pacts with Japan, the EU, and many Latin American partners. Mexico joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations in 2012, which will establish new and higher standards for global trade. Also in 2012, Mexico joined Chile, Colombia, and Peru to launch an ambitious regional economic integration effort, the Pacific Alliance, focused on liberalizing trade and investment, as well as facilitating the movement of citizens. Mexico is a major recipient of remittances, sent mostly from Mexicans in the United States, totaling over $22.4 billion in 2012. Most remittances are used for immediate consumption -- food, housing, health care, education -- but some collective remittances, sent from Mexican migrants in the U.S. to their community of origin, are used for shared projects and infrastructure improvements under Mexico’s “3 for 1” program that matches contributions with federal, state, and local funds. Protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) is essential to foster economic growth and innovation. Mexico has seen moderate success and continued challenges on the IPR front, particularly on enforcement of IPR. The 2014 U.S. Trade Representative Special 301 Report, a yearly evaluation of IPR and market access conditions that exist with U.S. trading partners, designated Mexico as a “Watch List” country. The 2014 report noted the widespread availability of pirated and counterfeit goods in Mexico and the lack of coordination between authorities responsible for enforcing IPR. The U.S. continues to support and urge Mexico to take the necessary steps to improve the IPR protection and enforcement environment in Mexico. U.S. Mexico Border The border region, defined as the ten U.S. and Mexican border states, represents a combined population of nearly 100 million people and the world’s fourth largest economy. Cooperation between the United States and Mexico along our border includes state and local problem-solving mechanisms; transportation planning; and collaboration in institutions that address resource, environment, and health issues. In 2010, a high level Executive Steering Committee for 21st Century Border Management was created to spur advancements in creating a modern, secure, and efficient border. The multi-agency U.S.-Mexico Binational Group on Bridges and Border Crossings meets three times a year to improve the efficiency of existing crossings and coordinate planning for new ones. The ten U.S. and Mexican border states are active participants in these meetings. Chaired by U.S. and Mexican consuls, Border Liaison Mechanisms operate in "sister city" pairs and have proven to be an effective means of dealing with a variety of local issues including border infrastructure, accidental violation of sovereignty by law enforcement officials, charges of mistreatment of foreign nationals, and cooperation in public health matters. We have many other mechanisms involving out border region, including Border Master Plans to coordinate infrastructure and development, and close collaboration on transportation and customs issues. The United States and Mexico have a long history of cooperation on environmental and natural resource issues, particularly in the border area, where there are serious environmental problems caused by rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Cooperative activities between the U.S. and Mexico take place under a number of arrangements such as the U.S.-Mexico Border 2012/2020 Program; the North American Development Bank and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission; the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation; the Border Health Commission; and a variety of other agreements that address border health, wildlife and migratory birds, national parks, forests, and marine and atmospheric resources. The International Boundary and Water Commission, created by a treaty between the United States and Mexico, is an international organization responsible for managing a wide variety of water resource and boundary preservation issues. The two countries also have cooperated on telecommunications services in the border area for more than 50 years. Recent border agreements cover mobile broadband services, including smartphones, and similar devices. The High Level Consultative Commission on Telecommunications continues to serve as the primary bilateral arena for both governments to promote growth in the sector and to ensure compatible services in the border area. The United States and Mexico are implementing an agreement to improve cross-border public security communications in the border area. Education Exchange In May 2013, President Obama and President Peña Nieto announced the U.S.-Mexico Bilateral Forum on Higher Education, Innovation and Research (herein referred to as the Bilateral Forum) to expand opportunities for educational exchanges, scientific research partnerships, and cross-border innovation to help both countries develop a 21st century workforce for both our mutual economic prosperity and sustainable social development. The Bilateral Forum complements President Obama’s 100,000 Strong in the Americas initiative, which seeks to increase student mobility between the United States and the countries of the Western Hemisphere, including Mexico. It also complements Mexico’s program Proyecta 100,000 that aims to send 100,000 Mexican students to the United States and to bring 50, 000 US students to Mexico by 2018. Entrepreneurship And Innovation Another related effort is the Mexico-U.S. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Council (MUSEIC) which seeks to enhance regional competitiveness by strengthening the North American high-impact entrepreneurship ecosystem. MUSEIC is made up of public and private sector representatives from both countries who are working to develop new initiatives along with public policies to promote entrepreneurship and innovation. This work through the Bilateral Forum and MUSEIC builds upon and augments the many existing productive educational and research linkages between U.S. and Mexican academic institutions, civil society, and the private sector. U.S. Security Cooperation with Mexico The Merida Initiative is an unprecedented partnership between the United States and Mexico to address violence and criminality while strengthening the rule of law and the respect for human rights. Since 2010, our Merida Initiative cooperation has been organized under four strategic pillars. The first pillar aims to disrupt the capacity of organized crime to operate and the second pillar focuses on enhancing the capacity of Mexico’s government and institutions to sustain the rule of law. The Merida Initiative’s third pillar aims to improve border management to facilitate legitimate trade and movement of people while thwarting the flow of drugs, arms, and cash. Finally, the fourth pillar seeks to build strong and resilient communities. U.S. cooperation with Mexico under the Merida Initiative directly supports programs to help Mexico train and equip its law enforcement agencies, promote a culture of lawfulness, implement key justice reforms, and modernize Mexico’s borders. Through fiscal year 2013, the U.S. Congress has appropriated $2.15 billion for the Merida Initiative. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs under the Merida Initiative support Mexican efforts to address key challenges to improving citizen security and well-being, developing and testing models to mitigate the community-level impact of crime and violence, and support Mexico’s implementation of criminal justice constitutional reforms that protect citizens’ rights. In addition to the Merida Initiative, the U.S. and Mexico collaborate on security policy through high-level exchanges to develop strategies for work on security matters that affect both countries. Through this process, the U.S and Mexico develop joint approaches to combat transnational organized crime, enhance law enforcement cooperation, and stem the flow of illicit money and arms across our common border. Mexico's Membership in International Organizations Mexico is a strong supporter of the United Nations (UN) and Organization of American States (OAS) systems, and hosted the G-20 Leaders’ Summit in 2012. Mexico and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), and World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2012, Mexico became a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement, a multilateral export control regime for conventional arms and dual-use goods. Mexico was elected in late 2013 to a three-year tour on the UN Human Rights Council. In 2013, Mexico joined the Australia Group, an informal forum of countries which, through the harmonization of export controls, seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. Bilateral Representation The U.S. Ambassador to Mexico is Roberta S. Jacobson ; other principal embassy officials are listed in the Department's Key Officers List . Mexico maintains an embassy in the United States at 1911 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006 (tel. 202-728-1600). More information about Mexico is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here:	i don't know
At which meeting will a race renamed for 2016 as the Gold Cup in Honour of The Queen’s 90th Birthday be run on June 16th?	Ascot to rename Gold Cup to honour Queen's 90th birthday - Allsportintheworld England’s Eddie Jones to be left angered by Northampton’s shun of Paul Hill ahead of Wales This year’s Gold Cup at the Royal meeting will be renamed to mark the Queen’s 90th birthday, Ascot racecourse has announced. The two-and-a-half mile race, won by Her Majesty’s Estimate in 2013, will now be called the Gold Cup in Honour of The Queen’s 90th birthday. Her Majesty’s representative at Ascot, Johnny Weatherby, said the Queen is “delighted” by the decision. The race, which will be run on 16 June, will revert to the Gold Cup in 2017. Mr Weatherby added: “The Gold Cup, recently won of course by the Queen herself, is the historic centrepiece of Royal Ascot, and is very much the race which resonates most with the public.” The Queen’s birthday is on 21 April.	Ascot Racecourse
The play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard expands on two characters from which Shakespeare play?	The Queen’s Guy Fawkes is put down after suffering a serious injury The Queen’s Guy Fawkes is put down after suffering a serious injury The Queen ’s hopes of seeing her colours carried to victory at Royal Ascot in the week of her 90th birthday celebrations suffered a miserable reverse here on Thursday as Guy Fawkes , her runner in the King George V Handicap, sustained a serious injury in the early stages of the race and was subsequently put down. Guy Fawkes sustained a compound fracture of his right foot after about two furlongs of the 12-furlong contest and unseated Pat Smullen, his jockey, who emerged from the incident unscathed. He was immediately assessed by racecourse vets, but his injury was so severe that he could not be saved. The Queen has not had a winner at Royal Ascot since 2013, when Estimate famously came home in front in the Gold Cup , the meeting’s feature event, which was run in honour of her 90th birthday on Thursday. Related: Queen's horse Estimate wins Gold Cup at Royal Ascot Ladies' Day Guy Fawkes was her fourth runner of the week, with all three horses to carry the royal colours on Wednesday finishing unplaced. She has three more chances to register a win this week, with Fabricate and Daphne declared for the Duke Of Edinburgh Stakes and Queen’s Vase respectively on Friday’s card, and Dartmouth, who recorded a win at Ascot in July last year, due to line up for the Group Two Hardwicke Stakes on Saturday. Related: Frankel the talk of Ascot as offspring given a head start make debuts Frankel, who recorded one of his most impressive successes in the Queen Anne Stakes, has enjoyed an excellent start to his new career as a stallion, with four of his five foals to reach the track so far returning to the winner’s enclosure. Queen Kindly, who is trained by Richard Fahey and will be ridden by Jamie Spencer, is out of the Lowther Stakes winner Lady Of The Desert, who was twice a runner-up at Group One level. She eased clear of her field to win by five lengths in a five-furlong race at Catterick on 3 June, and is expected to start as one of the market leaders for Friday’s race. Frankel will also be represented by two more of his early winners on Saturday, when Cunco, the first Frankel foal to race when winning at Newbury on 13 May, lines up against Frankuus, who took a race at Haydock this month, in the Chesham Stakes. guardian.co.uk © Guardian News and Media Limited 2010	i don't know
Of which Kansas town was Tex Tucker the sheriff in a Gerry Anderson T V puppet show?	Four Feather Falls \| TVmaze Four Feather Falls Gallery (1) Follow "Four Feather Falls" was an animated puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television that aired on the ITV network in 1960. The setting is the late 19th-century fictional Kansas town of Four Feather Falls, where the hero of the series, Tex Tucker, is a sheriff. The four feathers of the title refers to four magical feathers given to Tex by the Indian chief Kalamakooya as a reward for saving his grandson: two allowed Tex's guns to swivel and fire without being touched whenever he was in danger, and two conferred the power of speech on Tex's horse and dog. Share this on:	Four Feather Falls
What is the title of the painting by William Holman Hunt which features an animal with a red cloth wrapped around its horns on the Day of Atonement?	FOUR FEATHER FALLS \| A TELEVISION HEAVEN REVIEW FOUR FEATHER FALLS (1960) Whilst working on Roberta Leigh’s 'Torchy the Battery Boy', Gerry Anderson and Arthur Provis of AP Films, decided that they wanted to branch out and produce a puppet series of their own creation. With £6,000 in the bank and an idea given to them by their music composer, Barry Gray, they set about making a pilot episode for a western called 'Four Feather Falls.' However, fearing that Leigh would find out and cancel their contract for 'Torchy' and withhold payment, they began creating the puppets and sets for their new series under the utmost secrecy. At this time, the owners of Islet Park, the mansion that AP Films rented to use as their film studios, offered to sell them the property for £16,500. Realising that this was a fantastic asking price from a buyer’s point of view, Anderson would have readily accepted. But Provis thought it too much of a gamble and wouldn’t agree to the purchase. Anderson was understandably frustrated at Provis’ reluctance to expand the company and eventually the pair decided to part company. In the event, they broke without acrimony, and Provis later joined forces with Roberta Leigh and together they produced another children’s puppet series called Space Patrol. The pilot episode of Four Feather Falls was "in the can" by April 1959. Set in Kansas at the end of the 19th Century where pioneers of the West have settled into the frontier town of Four Feather Falls near Silver City, the series was intended to be a Western with certain fantasy elements. Tex Tucker is crossing the desert in company with his faithful dog, Dusty, and preparing to ride into town on his trusty steed, Rocky, when the trio come across a small lost Indian boy, Makooya –the son of a powerful chief called Kallamakooya. After rescuing the boy they arrive at a watering hole only to discover that it has run dry. But Kallamakooya appears to them in a cloud of smoke and uses his mystical powers to replenish the waterfall before rewarding Tex for saving his sons life by presenting him with four magic feathers. The first two feathers give both Dusty and Rocky the power of speech (although only Tex can understand them), whilst the second two feathers bring Tex’s guns to life, enabling them to swivel and shoot of their own accord whenever danger threatened. Tex arrives at Four Feather Falls to take up the post of Sheriff, using his unique abilities to protect the townsfolk from rustlers, robbers and swindlers –especially two desperate Mexican bandits called Pedro and Fernando. Meanwhile, our hero becomes a firm favourite with the law-abiding citizens of Four Feather Falls who include Grandpa Twink and his grandson Little Jake, saloon owner Slim Jim, telegraph operator Dan Morse, bank manager Marvin Jackson, store owner Ma Jones and Doc Haggerty –all of whom are happy to take time out to listen to one of Tex’s songs. Four Feather Falls was AP Films’ most ambitious project to date, with much more detailed sets than used in The Adventures of Twizzle or Torchy the Battery Boy. The puppets became more sophisticated, too. The heads were now made from fibreglass, which was stronger and lighter than previous materials. This in itself caused more work because of the distribution of weight. If the puppets were too heavy they would require a thicker wire to operate them, which would make them more visible on screen. But Anderson was attempting to make his shows more realistic so this wasn’t really an option. Conversely, if the puppets were too light a thinner wire could be used but they wouldn’t respond to control. Anderson and his team had also experimented with electronics to match the puppets mouth movements to the dialogue. The head of the puppet was fitted with a solenoid connected to a tungsten wire 1/5,000th of an inch thick and pulses were fed down it from a tape recording of the actors’ voices. When each shot was ready, a switch was thrown and the pulses of direct current went out onto the stage, up the bridge and into power lines running in front of the puppeteers. The director would inform the control room staff which puppet was on which channel and with the use of crocodile clips the appropriate channel was selected. It was important that the operators didn’t touch these wires by hand because they had around sixty volts running through them. By the time the current reached the puppets head it was reduced to about twelve volts, which was just enough to activate the mouth movements. The electronic lip synch mechanism had, according to Gerry Anderson, about a 90 per cent success rate. This technique was one of the earliest developments for a process that Anderson eventually named Supermarionation. The character of Tex Tucker was voiced by Nicholas Parsons, who had worked for years with Arthur Haynes as his ‘straight man’ on Haynes’ hit comedy series and Kenneth Connor returned once again to voice Rocky, Dusty, Marvin Jackson, Doc Haggerty, Slim Jim, Chief Kallamakooya and the villain, Pedro. Parsons also supplied the voice of Dan Morse. Denise Bryer was Little Jake, Ma Jones and Makooya. During the series another actor joined to give voice to Grandpa Twink, Fernando, Big Ben and Indian Chief Red Scalp. He was a friend of Gerry Anderson from his days working at Elstree Studios and he stayed with Anderson for many years. His name was David Graham. Following the example of Roberta Leigh’s previous stories, Anderson decided to include a number of songs in the show. Michael Holliday was a popular recording artist who had a voice very similar to Bing Crosby. He had enjoyed chart success with a number of singles, the most popular of which was ‘The Story of My Life’, a Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition that had topped the UK singles charts. He cost Anderson £2,000 of his £6,000 budget for the pilot but Anderson ensured he got his money’s worth by signing Holiday to a contract that resulted in six songs for the series: ‘Four Feather Falls’, ‘The Phantom Rider’, ‘The Rick-Rick-A-Rackety Train’, ‘Happy Hearts and Friendly Faces’, ‘My Home Town’, and ‘Two Gun Tex of Texas’, which was used to close each episode. Contrary to popular belief, ‘Four Feather Falls’ was not the show’s theme song and only appears in a few episodes when sung by Tex. Michael Holliday was a much troubled star, and after his career took a downturn in the early 1960s he committed suicide, his body was discovered at his Surrey home on October 29th 1963 – he was 34. Four Feather Falls’ harmonica player was Tommy Reilly, a leading classical performer who had established a recording career in the 1950s at Parlophone where he was teamed up with a young producer named George Martin. Reilly soon became much in demand for radio, television and films and recorded themes for The Navy Lark, Dixon of Dock Green, Last Of The Summer Wine, The Singing Detective and the movies Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines and Midnight Cowboy, (both of which he scored). He was awarded an MBE in 1992 and passed away in September 2000, aged 81. Anderson took the pilot to Granada Television who commissioned 34 episodes. But that pilot was the last filming AP Films did at Islet Park. Gerry wanted larger premises and with Arthur Provis now gone he decided to go ahead with the expansion of the business. As a result of this he took a lease on a former warehouse at Ipswich Road on the Slough Trading Estate, just four miles away. Les Bowie, an SFX man who Gerry Anderson had tried to entice to AP Films previously, had up to that time occupied the building. When Bowie declined the offer to join AP it was he who suggested Derek Meddings for the job. The benefit of Anderson taking over this place was that it needed very little work in the way of adaptation, was about four times larger than Islet Park and boasted space for offices, two cutting rooms, a screening theatre, special effects and stage areas, an area for set construction and a small reception area. As mentioned previously, the idea for Four Feather Falls came from music composer Barry Gray, who also wrote the first episode. Anderson later admitted that he didn’t credit Gray as series creator for no other reason other than he did not know such a title existed. “It’s difficult to imagine,” said Gerry Anderson some years later, “but we were desperately naïve in those days.” Gray’s original idea was to be called 'Two Gun Tex Tucker.' The original setting was in the fictional wild-west town of Spelltown, Kansas. Tex Tucker was a lawman renowned for being able to hit two flying nickels with a double gun draw. He was aided by his obese assistant Buster and the story included two other characters called Slim Jim and Jake Jollymop. These ideas were later refined and the story was renamed 'Two Gun Tex Of Texas.' Jake was replaced by Timothy Twinkle known as Ole Twink, the town’s oldest resident, and the town was now known as Four Feather Falls. An element of fantasy was introduced for the first time, and Tex’s dog, Dusty, and his horse could both converse with him due to the town’s magical properties. Martha Lollipop was the storekeeper and she was assisted by Red Feather of the Kiowa tribe. The town’s doctor was Angus McDougall, known to residents as Jock the Doc, and he was also the storyteller for each episode. Other characters that didn’t make it into the final version were Merry Myrtle, Mary Lou, Big Chief Four Feather and Saucy Sal. The first episode of Four Feather Falls was shown in the UK just two days after Anderson and Leigh’s previous series Torchy the Battery Boy had begun in the London area. It debuted on Thursday 25th February 1960 at 500pm and featured on the cover of that week’s edition of TV Times. With the success of Four Feather Falls to add to Anderson’s impressive CV of children’s puppet series, AP Films fully expected Granada to ask for more. Instead he recalls that on delivery of the last programme he was handed a cheque and met with stony silence. Anderson felt this was a great shame because he and his crew had already worked out a concept for their next series. They even had a name for it. It was called...Supercar.	i don't know
Which Belfast born comedian, resident in Blackpool for many years, had a catchphrase ‘It’s the way I tell ‘em’?	Roy Walker - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Roy Walker Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Roy Walker www.roywalker.co.uk For other people named Roy Walker, see Roy Walker (disambiguation) . Robert 'Roy' Walker (born 31 July 1940) is a television personality and comedian from Northern Ireland , who worked for many years as both a television presenter and comedy actor. He is best known as the original host of the game show , Catchphrase between 1986 and 1999, and one of the stars of The Comedians . Contents 5 External links Early life Born in Belfast , as a teenager Walker performed in the Francis Longford Choir, then worked as a riveter in the shipyard . He was the Northern Ireland champion hammer thrower for two years, and represented his country internationally. [1] He spent a short time as a comedy partner of James Young [citation needed] before spending seven years in the British Army . [2] Walker, who first went to work at the age of twelve, "to bring a few extra pennies into the house", ran a fruit shop whilst working in the evenings as the compère at the Talk of the Town club during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. One day he was confronted by two men who stuck a browning pistol in his face and demanded to know: "Are you married to a Fenian ?" Walker later recalled, "Protestants and Catholics drank together in the Talk of the Town – integration happened in front of my eyes every night. As a Protestant myself, I had lots of Catholic friends – the Army had been full of them. Bob Hope said you should never admit to anything and that day I didn't. But then I was told: 'We're giving everyone 24 hours – that's you and them Fenian lovers across the street.' I got one of the cards I'd used for the apple prices and on the back I wrote: 'The owner of this shop served Queen and country for six years'. I stuck it in the window, closed up and walked down the Woodstock Road for the last time." [3] The shop was then firebombed and Walker fled with his family to England where he toured as a professional comedian, in Working men's clubs and cabaret. [1] [3] ""I'd been 'Mr Belfast' but in Sunderland I had to wait by the phone at nine o'clock hoping that some other poor comic had been paid off after his first act. That seven quid got me my digs." — Walker talking about his move to England [3] Career Walker came to fame in 1977 when he won the ITV talent show New Faces , receiving the highest mark ever given to a comedian. [1] He was also a regular on the 1970s ITV stand-up comedy show The Comedians. [4] He appeared on the BBC show Seaside Special on 15 July 1978. [5] Also in 1978 he appeared in two episodes of Blackpool Bonanza. [6] In 1984 he appeared in an episode of the comedy series The Main Attraction. [6] “ A well-dressed gent with thick greying hair and a polite air, Walker's soft Ulster voice, his lack of aggression, the composed expression hiding a gentle smile, his amazing pauses which defied interruption, somehow overawing and silencing hecklers… ” — Bob Monkhouse summing up Walker's comedy [3] Walker is most famous for the game show Catchphrase, which he co-hosted with his computer character friend that he created, Mr Chips, from 1986 to 1999. Walker coined his own catchphrases for the show: "Say what you see" "It's close, but it's not the one" and "It's good but it's not right!" [3] On 12 June 1994 he appeared on Surprise, Surprise . [7] Other television appearances in the 1990s included You Bet! , Gagtat , Light Lunch , Wipeout (celebrity special) and TV Nightmares. [6] Walker appeared as himself in the first episode of Phoenix Nights on 14 January 2001. In 2002 he took part in the comedy game show "It's Only TV... But I Like It" and also appeared on Harry Hill's TV Burp . [6] In 2004 he appeared in the third series of the reality television series I'm Famous and Frightened! on Living . In 2005 , Walker appeared as Monsignor in the romantic drama film , The Jealous God , which was released on 9 September. On 4 March 2006 he was the Northern Ireland Regional Presenter in the UK's Eurovision Song Contest selection show, Making Your Mind Up. On 12 August 2006 he appeared in an episode entitled The Comics of the documentary The Story of Light Entertainment. And on 14 October appeared on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway . [6] He appeared on The Paul O'Grady Show in 2006 with Frank Carson as mystery guests, they were in disguise in the audience.[citation needed] On 19 February 2007 he was a guest on the Irish chat show , The Podge and Rodge Show on RTÉ . And on 30 November he was a guest on the day time chat show Loose Women . In 2008 Walker was a guest on The Alan Titchmarsh Show . He presented a six-part comedy series for BBC Radio Ulster , The Way We Tell 'Em, as well as appearing on Ready Steady Cook on 5 June 2008. On 10 June, Walker appeared on Big Brother's Big Mouth as a secret special guest. Walker is a noted after dinner speaker and in June 2008 spoke and presented awards at the AIS Presidents Launch at the Dorchester Hotel in London . In 2008 he performed at the Edinburgh Comedy Festival in his own one hour show entitled Goodbye Mr Chips debuting on 31 July, his 68th birthday. [3] He was also team captain on the first series of the BBC Radio 4 panel game Act Your Age . Walker has appeared (in pre-recorded audiobite form) on The Chris Moyles Show on BBC Radio 1 , in features called "Car Park Catchphrase" and "Beep Beep Busters", a spoof of the game show Blockbusters . Walker starred in the Churchill Insurance adverts , alongside model Megan Hall, seen at an Indian restaurant with the Churchill Dog in 2009. On 26 May 2009 he appeared on the Britain's Got Talent show Britain's Got More Talent. Also in 2009, he appeared in a celebrity edition of the reality cookery show Come Dine With Me , which aired on 1 November - in which he came first. The other contestants were Most Haunted presenter Yvette Fielding , Natasha Hamilton of pop group Atomic Kitten , and former Coronation Street actor Bruce Jones . Personal life Walker lives in Lytham St Annes , Lancashire . He has three children with his wife Jean, who died of cancer in 1989. [3] His son Mark presented the short-lived game show, Steal which involved the cartoon cat-burglar, Jools in 1990.[citation needed] Walker's nephew, Stephen, voiced the character "Shiggy Biggs" in the adult cartoon Biggy My Shiggs which aired in Ireland in 2009.[citation needed] References	Frank Carson
Which boy band, active from 2008 to 2013, included Marvin Humes and Aston Merrygold?	Comedians 4U - Comedian Archives - Comedians 4U Archive Aaron James is a sporting impressionist, who has gained a reputation as a first- class speaker. Taking stars from a wide range of sports, including football, rugby, cricket, golf, and adding hilarious comedy, makes Aaron James an experience not to be missed. His inoffensive humour means Aaron is ideal for any function, be it sportsmans dinner, golf day, rotary, round table, company dinner or conference. Aaron’s fast-growing reputation has led to some prestigious work, including a starring role in the “Match of the Day Live” show at the NEC. His ability to adapt to any audience has made him extremely popular for pre-match entertainment at a host of sporting events. As well as domestic football clubs like Manchester United, Chelsea and Aston Villa. Aaron has performed at FA Cup finals, England home games and was in Charleroi for Euro 2000. In rugby, he entertained throughout the World Cup and Six Nations, and has even popped up at Ascot! On the after-dinner circuit, Aaron has appeared with most of the top names around today, working extensively in Great Britain and abroad. With the release of his own video, television beckons and Aaron recently appeared on “The Big Breakfast” where he did, what Johnny Vaughn quoted as being “the best Chris Eubanks I’ve ever heard.” Adger Brown Introducing one of the South’s leading and most sought after mainstream comedians. A veteran of the after-dinner circuit and a consummate professional. He has performed with many sports stars and celebrities at events up and down the country. Now in his 25th year in show-business, Adger works mainly on the Corporate and Sporting dinner circuit along with Corporate and Charity Golf Days. He is an active member of The Variety Club Golfing Society, A barker with The Variety Club of Great Britain and a proud member of the Grand Order of Water Rats. Adger Brown is one of the most versatile comedians on the mainstream circuit of cabaret and variety. If you have a sense of humour then you must simply listen to Adger. Adger is a naturally funny man who can supply a stream of laughs on just about every topic while successfully raising funds in an auction. For a versatile performer who can adapt his act to suit your requirements, you need look no further than Adger Brown for your event. “Check out Andy, hilarious in Beauty and the Beast” “One of the quickest and most efficient in the world” He cruises with many top cruising companies including the prestigious P&O Oriana and Arcadia Cruises, entertaining the guests with his humour. Austin Knight (Represented By Our Agency) Austin Knight began his career whilst still attending school, during holidays he regularly travelled around the UK with an act called the BROOKLYN CLOWNS which was based at the former BELLE VUE leisure park at Manchester. This involved the usual antics of custard pie and bucket of water slapstick scenarios which was the foundation on which the present act was formed. Having caused much havoc in the classroom by imitating teachers, a school chum (JOHN ANTHONY FINN) made the suggestion that this talent should be taken up professionally. Rehearsals duly commenced and Austin made his debut at a local pub, at the tender age of 16, performing vocal impressions of the comedy icons of the seventies era and subsequently ‘died a death’. This did not deter him however, and after a year or so appearing at local talent contests, and showbiz auditions he finally won the “Search for a Star” competition at Blighty’s cabaret club at Farnworth, many quality gigs ensued and Austin was firmly established as a regular support on the cabaret circuit and worked with the likes of Neil Sedaka, Lulu, Martha Reeves and many more during the golden mid 70’s era, when the cabaret boom was in its heyday. Towards the late eighties, when impressionists became unfashionable, he developed a stand-up act featuring topical news items of the day, a wry glance at life’s quirks and idiosyncrasies from a skewiff viewpoint. He currently writes a humorous weekly newspaper column ‘Life With Austin’ which comments on the weeks events and is syndicated in newspapers covering Tameside, Glossop, Derbyshire, Ashton – Under -Lyne, East Manchester, Hyde, North Cheshire, Mossley, Saddleworth, Stalybridge and Stockport. He has also written many comedy scripts, both for TV & Radio, done studio warm-up (or down as the case may be!) His writing career commenced by compiling sketches for Tommy Cooper, Les Dawson, and many more. Austin has appeared as an actor/presenter in various TV productions which include Coronation St, Krypton Factor, Sandbaggers, Takeover TV, Taggart, Fallen Hero, Crib the Detective, and THE NEW COMEDIANS the list goes on and on. In 2005 he played ‘The Funniest Man on Earth’ in the feature film ‘ZEMANOVALOAD’. 2005 gigs included, The Carlsberg Comedy Festival in Koh Samui, Thailand in Jan/Feb, The Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium, pre-match entertainment at Manchester United FC, a four week provincial theatre tour with ‘The New Comedians’, many sporting dinners, players testimonials and high profile corporate events for major companies and professional associations nationwide. Today, Austin concentrates full time as an after-dinner speaker and is able to work either super clean or more adult, depending on what the audience requires. Recent dinners this year have featured DENIS LAW, JACK CHARLTON, JIMMY GREAVES, SIR GEOFF HURST, DAVID GOWER, TOMMY DOCHERTY, RORY BREMNER, JOHN INVERDALE and SIR HENRY COOPER to name just a few. With many years experience in the business, you cannot go wrong in booking Austin for your function and have confidence that the evening will be enhanced by his hilarious and outrageous view of life itself. If we cannot laugh at life and our own shortcomings, then what indeed can we laugh at? Barry York One of the most versatile comedy entertainers we handle, Barry York has certainly built up a reputation as the ideal act for almost any situation. A stand up comedian, Barry began his professional career fronting a “showgroup” who incorporated comedy and music. Barry has worked as a solo artiste for 20 years and has concentrated purely on comedy for the past 10 years. Barry works predominantly in the after dinner market where his clean, yet “cheeky” act, combined with his sharp wit are a match for all audiences, whether mixed, or all male. The sportsmans dinner environment, where he particularly excels, has seen Barry work alongside some of the biggest names on the circuit. As a master of ceremonies, Barry is equally at home. His clear and easy to understand voice makes him an ideal corporate host, yet his wit and charm lend his style to more laid back events. So what is this unique comedy talent all about then ? Over the past few years, Berni has been constantly in work with artists as diverse as ‘Jethro’ (over 100 dates), The Seekers, Houghton Weavers, Shane Ritchie and the late Marti Caine and Frankie Vaughan. Berni has worked extensively with Jim Davidson, both in Summer Season and at Jim’s own Theatre in Great Yarmouth as well as on his Nationwide Theatre Tours. He continues to appear in both cabaret and clubland with equal success. He has recently returned to pantomime where his innate, good humour has been put to good work in mixed vocal and comedy roles. Berni owes his original success to ‘Opportunity Knocks’ but the truth is that if his talents had been diverse then as they are now, even greater fame and success would inevitably have ensued. As it is, Berni Flint has proven to be a great survivor and long after that TV programme is forgotten, he will continue to entertain audiences nationwide with his own brand of vocals and comedy. A naturally funny man who’s relaxed warm, friendly style is complimented by excellent fresh, and highly original material making his comedy accessible to all audiences. Observational original humour delivered in a friendly chatty style allowing a spontaneous and natural delivery. Quick witted, up to date, modern , and topical his humour appeals to audiences of any agewith the ability to read a room and adapt his act to each occasion he is quite simply very versatile and very funny. Due to this wide appeal Bill has been successfully performing internationally at, comedy clubs, on cruises, weddings, cabaret nights, corporate events, after dinner and has supported TV Comedians on national tours a truly versatile comedian . Bill excels as a host and compere his warm personality, spontaneity and improvisational skills creates exceptional audience rapport. Formally working for national companies as a Sales Manager and Trainer Bill is mindful of a corporate clients needs and is able to tailor and personalise to suit each client. Billy Flywheel (Represented By Our Agency) Billy Flywheel is a comedy talent not to be missed. Laughs galore are guaranteed from this zany and most original of entertainers with his quick fire jokes, send-ups, impressions and bizarre happenings during his performance. With over two hours of clean, non offensive, comedy material, Billy is the ideal choice for any after-dinner occasion, be it single or mixed. Billy and his unique show have proved to be a big hit both on the corporate market and the after-dinner circuit. At Sportsman’s dinners he has appeared with numerous sporting legends such as Bob Champion, John Parrot, Alex Stepney, Barry Fry, Duncan McKenzie, Joey Jones, Mickey Thomas and Paul Merson to name but a few. He has been Match day comedian and done various corporate events for several Premiership, Championship and Football League Clubs. He is also a popular choice at Golfing dinners, Conferences, high profile Social, Masonic and Rotary functions and other Black tie events. Billy has been a professional Comedy Entertainer for eighteen years and has appeared on National and Satellite television eight times and has won five Comedy awards. He has appeared at all the major holiday venues and has appeared on the Blackpool Command Show and the Ultimate Laughter Show alongside such comedy greats as Frank Carson, Norman Collier and Johnnie Casson. In the 1990’s he supported such legendry names as Edwin Starr, The Drifters, The Searchers, Dave Berry, Billy J. Kramer, The Real Thing and The Brotherhood of Man in Theatres and Cabaret Nightclubs all over the UK. Without doubt, with Billy Flywheel, you will have a Fantastic night to remember. Visit his website at : www.billyflywheel.co.uk Bob Webb Bob moved to Wales in 1977 from London where his career began, and has emerged as one of the leading comedians in the U.K. He is a firm favourite on the after dinner circuit and is a highly successful comedy speaker in his own right. He also performs at various sporting functions as the comedian working alongside a celebrity speaker. Bob’s unique, relaxed comedy style, along with some very funny original material, is suitable for most occasions. Bob is always in great demand and is regularly seen and heard at corporate golf days and business lunches as well as soccer and rugby club presentations. Bob also works regularly on the cruise liners enabling him to perform his cabaret act which has been successful throughout his career. When engaging Bob, you can be sure of booking a true professional entertainer who is as pleasant and amusing off the stage as he is on it. Bobby Davro Bobby Davro made his TV debut in 1981, but his major breakthrough came with an appearance on Live From Her Majesty’s in 1983. This led to his Saturday night series Bobby Davro On The Box which immediately topped the ratings for six consecutive years. In 1991 Bobby moved to the BBC and made three series, Public Enemy Number One, Rock With Laughter and Run The Risk. He returned to our screens as host of Yorkshire Television’s Winner Takes All for 65 programmes. Versatility is the key to Bobby’s longevity, as a high profile personality. Be it in television, pantomime, summer shows or in late night cabaret, Bobby Davro is in constant demand as major attraction. Bobby Davro also made the Cast of long running soap Eastenders in 2008. He played character Vinnie Monks, and spent a year as a member of the cast. Carl Schofield Carl is one Lancashires top comedians who is equally at home whether working to a mixed or all male audience. With his own style and plenty of clean and very funny material he is an entertainer who is always in demand. He has performed at venues all around the country and is always a regular in his home county of Lancashire and particularly popular in the cabaret venues of Blackpool, where he has appeared in many shows in both the summer and winter seasons at the Grand theatre as well as the prestigious Opera House. Carl comes to us direct from his headlining summer season at the “Talk of the coast” Blackpool which was extremely successful. He is renowned for his prestigious after dinner speaking as well as a top class cabaret comedian. Carl’s talents make him available to work on the top cruise ships around the world, he also enjoys pre match entertainment around the country for many sporting events. One of the cleanest comedians in the country, he is able to perform at any level, he can be summed up as one of the most original comedians in the business, in one word: Refreshing. Chris Britten Comedians are easy to come by – singers are available by the bucket load, and comperes ten a penny! Finding someone however, capable of mixing top class comedy with vocal talent and the ability to run the evening professionally is a slightly harder task. Chris Britten is that man! Chris also specialises in Masonic and Rotary work. Being a freemason himself (currently WM at his Lodge) Chris knows exactly what is required for these events. He has done, Ladies Nights, Cabaret & Social Nights and after dinner work both at Provincial as well as Lodge level. He also sings the songs at the social board such as the ‘Masters song’, ‘the entered apprentice song’ and ‘May the Queen live forever’. Chris also does the ‘Ladies songs’ whilst presenting the roses. As an after dinner comedian, Chris has a superb range of gags to suit all tastes. The normal comedy routine is cheeky, but not blue, however have a quiet word with Chris first and he will do exactly as required. His act consists sports gags and general humour, aimed at an all male or mixed audience As a singer, Chris possesses a wonderful voice, and will happily run through the musical years as both a cabaret spot and his preferred, dance spot – specialising in the sounds of the 60s – 70s, but not exclusive. As an MC, Chris has worked with stars from many sporting backgrounds, including Dennis Taylor, Alan Kennedy, Johnny Giles and Tommy Docherty and such notorious celebrities as John McVicar! He is a great fundraiser, interspersing comedy with the games, auctions and raffles to great effect and is a pleasure to work with. Chris always carries the latest in sound systems allowing for any unexpected hitch with the house PA! “Never, in all the occasions I have attended functions at Coxmoor Golf Club, have I witnessed an entertainer enjoying himself so much and an audience so much enjoying themselves. They didn’t want him to stop! His standing ovation at the end of a marathon session was well and truly deserved. His name – Chris Britten” Chris McGlade One of the few comics with the ability to entertain most audiences, Chris has spent a number of years working the comedy clubs in and around London, alongside speaking at engagements further North. Chris’s act is often described as adult, though he is suited to both mixed and male only audiences. More recently, he has proved a massive success in front of family audiences, leading to regular worldwide bookings on P & O Cruise ships. His style combines stand up comedy and joke telling with his off the cuff approach to whatever situation he is in. Often putting down the microphone to get amongst the audience, Chris delivers his observational view of life, touching on most subjects and whilst he was once no stranger to controversy, he has mellowed somewhat over the years! Very original, his aim is to poke fun at everything, including himself, and hopefully break down a few of the barriers that exist in the world today. Ideal for most types of event, Chris particularly excels in Sporting Functions, where the first two he ever performed at resulted in standing ovations! He is equally at home in cabaret. Colin ‘Fingers’ Henry Colin ‘Fingers’ Henry first appeared on the local club scene in his home town, as a twelve year old, being part of a juvenile trio, and supported such stars as Lonnie Donegan, Freddie Frinton and Al Read. For over 35 years since then, he has enjoyed a career in show business faceted with success all the way. He was with the brilliant Doncaster group ‘The Travellers’ during the 1960’s and left them in 1974 to go solo. He quickly established himself as star material and won ‘New Faces’ which led to a four year relationship with ‘The Delfont Organisation’. Summer seasons followed, supporting a galaxy of stars including Paul Daniels and Marti Caine. His career has embraced most aspects of the entertainment world, including cruising in America, Cabaret in South Africa, and all over Europe, as well as pantomime. He even entered into a straight acting with a leading role in a play for Channel 4 TV show called ‘After the Ball’. An enthusiastic golfer, Colin is in demand both the play and entertain, particularly in celebrity events and also in cabaret at Golf Club social events. Recent years have seen him become involved in corporate entertainment, both domestic and overseas. Like most entertainers, he is asked to give his time for charity at local and national levels, which naturally, he is more than willing to do. A specialist in After Dinner entertainment, Colin can be relied on to provide a superb show. His clean humour coupled with excellent piano playing have endeared him to audiences world wide. Colin is avaliable as a solo act, and can also provide a comprehensive package show suitable for all occassions. David Copperfield David Copperfield is a man of many talents and a complete entertainer. Now he is one of the slickest comedy impressionists in show business, he is also a multi instrumentalist, being proficient on violin, piano, guitar and mandolin, an accomplished magician, an expert ventriloquist and a superb vocalist. In fact, he is the complete entertainer. He started his professional career in Yorkshire, where he grew up. The many cabaret venues where he has appeared, plus his many TV appearances has moulded him into a versatile thoroughbred in entertaining. He is best known through television, his credits include ‘Cliff and Friends’, ‘Who Do You Do’, ‘Wogan’, ‘Coppers and Co’, ‘Copperfield Comedy Company’, and ‘Three of a Kind’ with Lenny Henry and Tracey Ullman. ‘Three of a Kind’ won the prestigious Silver Rose Award at Montreux, and David won BBC Television Personality of the Year. Whether it be a conference, after dinner or cabaret, with David Copperfield you can’t go wrong. His vast experience in show business enables him to excel in any given situation. Dominic Woodward Dominic is always in demand on the professional stand-up circuit and performs in comedy clubs all over the UK. His acting background shines through as he tells hilarious stories about his everyday life and brings to life the quirky people he meets. His TV work includes, It’s Adam and Shelly (BBC3), Stakeout (Hatrick), Comedy Shuffle (BBC 3), Running Late (BBC 2) and Made up North (ITV). Dominic is part of The Unbroadcastable Radio Show, a well-established monthly show at Manchester’s Comedy Store. He was also a regular in MEN@Work The Comedy Store’s topical show in Manchester. Having been nominated for Best Breakthrough Act at the Northwest Comedy Awards, Dominic is always in demand as a headliner, support and compare, performing regularly in UK clubs including Jongleurs, Last Laugh Comedy (Sheffield), The Stand, Opus Comedy Lounge and many more. ‘Insightful and humorous observations.’ Guardian ‘Dominic has a keen eye for observational comedy and genuine funny bones.’ BBC.co.uk ‘Great show, we’ll be having him back next year for our annual dinner.’ Coventry Cricket Club ‘Saw this guy in Hartlepool, and he hit the nail right on the head with his original and clever material. Definitely worth seeing if you get the chance.’ The Studio, Hartlepool Don Reid The list of theatres Don has worked in, probably is second only to the great man himself “Ken Dodd” with whom he has worked with on many occasions over the last 25 years, and too long to list here. Star performers he has supported include household names such as “Barbara Windsor”, “Russ Conway”, “Vince Hill”, “Val Doonican”, in Cabaret, Theatre, and Music Hall. Don has produced, directed, and starred in many shows, successfully and one not quite so, that resulted in my bankruptcy and the loss of my house, but that is another story. He has written material for people so varied; from John Conteh and Eddie “The Eagle” Edwards, to Ken Dodd, for his appearance on the “1999 Royal Command Performance”. He also received the rating as Britain’s Number one production comic a few years ago, from the top producers at the time. Comedy, fire eating, juggling, sword swallowing, have all been given that touch of comedy magic by Don over the years. Nowadays Don works extensively on the after dinner circuit and cabaret circuit. He is also always in great demand for corporate events, rotary dinners, round table dinners and golf day dinners.For a number of weeks each year he also works on the Arcadia and Oriana cruise liners for P & O, on Fred Olsen Lines and Air Tours. Don also produced the video “Take Courage I Did !” which was a comedy tribute to his brush with a Granada 2.9. Ghia which came off worse as it’s scrapped now. Finbar Healy (Represented By Our Agency) Finbar is the son of the late, great and much loved north east comedian Brendan Healy. Growing up with Brendan as his father has certainly given Finbar the knowledge, humour and skill to follow in such a top comedians footsteps. He has performed in many northern venues, such as Victoria Hall in Hexham, Newcastle Assembly Rooms, Newcastle Biscuit Factory and he also performed at The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre alongside his father. He has appeared at Comedy Clubs and Working Men’s Clubs, and he is now performing on the Sporting After Dinner Circuit for football, rugby and cricket clubs. He also lends his brand of humour to comedy nights and cabaret evenings including mixed audiences. Gary Marshall Award-winning comedian Gary Marshall has been a professional now for over 20 years and has established himself as one the most popular comics working on the after-dinner circuit, with his unique style and deadpan delivery it gives him an abundant charm which makes him equally at home with both all male and mixed audiences. Being a third generation comedian, his Dad was Jimmy Marshall (of Granada TV’s The Comedians) and his Grandfather was Jock Duncan (a renowned Scots comic) you could say comedy runs in the blood. Gary’s first TV appearance came in 1988 on “Bob says Opportunity Knocks” – LOST !!!!. He must have made a big impression as his next TV break came 9 years later on Sky TV’s Stand and Deliver. The following year Gary recorded two series of The Comedians for Sky and a Live TV performance on ITV’s Big Big Talent Show – LOST!!!. Victory finally came in 1998 when he won Ready Steady Cook!!!!! – Get In!!!!! He is a regular entertainer at sporting dinners, golf day dinner, rotary and round table dinner where clients will often request him back year after year. Gary Skyner Laugh your head off to one of the funniest Scousers to ever come out of Liverpool. Gary is unlike any other comedian on the circuit today. His wit and tenacity will overpower the room, keeping even the most brilliant heckler at bay. Having appeared live (dead costs extra) at famous venues, Gary leaves them laughing with tears in their eyes, egg on their face and gagging for more. Besides the honour of being the ‘Award Winning Merseyside Comedian of the Year’, three years running, Gary has also been seen on LWT, BBC, Sky TV, and Granada Plus. Laugh your head off to one of the funniest Scousers to ever come out of Liverpool Greg Cook Greg Cook’s deadpan style and mastery of the spoken word led John Plowman, head of BBC Comedy to describe him as ‘Les Dawson for the 21st century’. A prolific writer of comedy, he has several hours of tested material to draw on, but reserves the right to dish up a blistering set drawn from this morning’s newspapers. Religion, politics, sport, terrorism, poetry, the police, philosophy, royalty and his long-suffering mum have all been given the Greg Cook treatment, since he began performing in May 2002. Open spots on the Manchester circuit have given way to regular headline work all over the UK and as far afield as the Middle East. He abandoned a law degree after 2 years to devote more time to writing and performing comedy. ‘Law and comedy are essentially the same gig,’ says Greg, ‘telling lies for money. But this way I don’t have to wear a tie.’ Ian ‘Sludge’ Lees In the ’70’s Ian was lead vocalist with two of the top comedy showgroups of the era, The Montanas and Light Fantastic. In the late 70’s Ian went solo as a stand-up comedian and quickly shot to fame with 3 award-winning appearances on New Faces. He was twice voted Midlands Comedian Of The Year and came runner-up to Tom O’Connor in the Club Mirror Awards. Ian then became a regular member of the popular T.V. Show Tizwaz and this was followed with regular T.V. appearances through the ’80’s and ’90’s on such programmes as The Comedians, Summertime Special, Live From Her Majesty’s, The Patter Merchants, Do I Not Like That etc. Ian is currently much in demand both as a cabaret act and also as an accomplished after dinner speaker specialising in sporting functions particularly his personal favourites, soccer and golf. Ian is also a member of the Comedians Golfing Society. Some views of Ian include: “Fantastic … very original, immediate impact…he’s an incredibly funny man, he has a marvellous technique … very tasteful, one of the funniest men I’ve seen for a long time.” “Comedy came next in the safe and capable hands of IAN “Sludge” LEES – what a terrific entertainer, he had the whole house literally falling about … very original stand-up patter and side-splitting visual comedy sketches … 55 minutes of terrific audience related comedy and not a blue gag in sight.” Jamie Sutherland This Wigan based scouser will keep you amused with tales, stories, gags, and all his own teeth. Since launching himself into the comedy world two years ago, Jamie has established himself on the comedy circuit, and has more recently moved to the more traditional setting of mainstream comedy. An act who has the ability to adapt to suit any event, Jamie has played to audiences of four, up to four hundred. His act is enjoyed by many, and he is very well received playing to mixed rooms. Jamie is also resident compere at two comedy venues, Global Comedy, Wigan, and Brinsop Comedy in Bolton. For an audience who like a comic who is both modern, yet gag filled in his approach, then Jamie is your man. He is also a much sought after compere, and a popular choice for sportsmans dinners and corporate events The mouth for all occasions Jamie Sutherland. View some of his work by clicking on this link. www.youtube.com/watch Jed Stone After 10 years fronting top comedy showband “Scholar”, Jed went solo as a comedian and has never looked back. He is equally at home on stage in cabaret, as he is speaking at sportsmans dinners. He performs at men’s stag shows right through to Officers Mess military shows and everything in between. In 1999 Jed appeared on SkyT.V’s “THE COMEDIANS” on Granada Plus to great acclaim. He has also appeared on Central T.V’s “JOKER IN THE PACK” with Marti Caine, and “POT OF GOLD” with Des O’Conner, as well as many credits on “RADIO MERSEYSIDE” and BBC “RADIO LANCASHIRE”. He has worked with the best in entertainment “TheThree Degrees”, “The Drifters”, “Stan Boardman”, “The Supremes”, “Leo Sayer”, “Alexander O’Neill”, “The Real Thing”, “Showaddywaddy”, “Hot Chocolate” and “Frank Carson” all in 2002 alone. On the after-dinner ciruit he has worked with such top sporting legends as Jack Charlton, Alan Minter, Dennis Taylor,Tommy Docherty, , Norman Hunter, Gordon Banks, Frank Worthington, WillieThome, Alex Murphy, Norman Whiteside, Alan Ball, Alan Kennedy, Sir Bobby Charlton and many many more. Jed is always in demand with top corporate clients, induding “BritishTelecom”, “Tate and Lyle”, “Lufthansa”, “Royal Bank of Scotland”, “The Labour Party Conference, Blackpool 2002”, and “Allied Dunbar” to name but a few. He has completed highly successful summer seasons for Airtours, Thompson Holidays, British Holidays, Haven Holidays, home and abroad. Added to that Jed is also in demand with Her Majestys’ armed forces home and abroad, having completed countless tours of Germany and Cyprus during the last two years, he works equally well to young Junior ranks as he does to Sergeants and Officers Messes. He was compere/comedian for the massive 3 day Rhine Army Summer Show, 4 years in a row from 1998 to 2001 performing to 3,000 plus every time. Jed’s nutty and cheeky style appeals to all, he is deadly quick but never offensive, naughty but not crude, but best of all he’s FUNNY. Jeff Stevenson Jeff Stevenson is one of the most versatile comedians in the business. His career has spanned almost every area of the entertainment business. Jeff is the ideal choice for a corporate function due to the fact that he can adapt to most audiences. He is at home on stage where ever it may be. In a corporate function, a TV studio or in a comedy club (where he performs as his alter ego Harvey Oliver). Jeff is also at home in front of American as well as British audiences, he has performed many times on the worlds leading cruise ships such as The QM2, The QE2 and on the Royal Caribbean cruise line. In 2004 Jeff was honoured to be asked to appear on the maiden voyage of the QM2 along side Dame Shirley Bassey and Des O’Connor. His many TV appearances include his own stand-up show on Channel 4, Stand and Deliver for SKY 1 and he hosted the ITV game show Jumble in the 90’s. Jeff will also be remembered for playing the comedian at Rodney Trotters stag night in the legendary series Only Fools and Horses. He also played PC Parker in ‘To Hull and Back’, one of the classic Christmas day films of Only Fools and Horses. With his vast experience as a TV studio warm up man, he can slot in to many different situations. Jeff is often asked to host award ceremonies, quizzes, product launches as well as performing stand-up comedy. Jeff will tailor his material to suit the client. Jimmy Carol One of Yorkshire’s most in-demand comedians, and somewhat of an institution in his home town of Sheffield, who currently works for BBC Radio Sheffield. Jimmy is unique, his brother is an only child! He is working very hard at the moment, because he only has 2 weeks to live! His wife has gone to Benidorm for a fortnight. Quotes from agents and the press about Jimmy include: The Stage…”Never heard of him!” Blackpool Concert Secs…”Get him off!” Yorkshire Evening Post…Escort for sale …taxed & M.O.T. £275 ono. Jimmy is currently working for Sky TV. You may actually see him in your area, nailing up dishes at a house near you! Jimmy Cricket Jimmy is a Irish Comedian. He left school at 16 and spent the next two years working in a betting shop, before spending the summer of 1966 working as a Red Coat in Butlins Holiday camp at Mosney, County Meath. He spent the following two summers at the Butlins Holiday Camp in Clacton. By the early 1970s he was living in Manchester. From 1972 he worked at the Pontins holiday camps in Southport and Morecambe. He returned to Clacton-on-Sea in 2006 to star in the eight week summer show, Summer Special, at the West Cliff Theatre. With Matt Lucas and Peter Kay he appeared in the comic relief video of The Proclaimers song I would walk 500 Miles. Cricket’s humour is entirely clean, in marked contrast to some other Irish comedians. A popular theme of his comedy is Irish logic, and the ubiquitous letter from his “Mammy”. He almost always appears in his trademark outfit of cut-off evening trousers, tuxedo, hat (given to him by the BBC to wear on The Good Old Days) and wellies marked “L” and “R” for left and right, but worn on the wrong feet. Jimmy also has catchphrases which include “come ‘ere” and “…and there’s more.” Jimmy Quinn An international comedian, with over 25 years of experience, who has an endless repetoire of jokes, stories and material to suit all tastes. Having travelled all over the world while serving in the royal navy, played semi-professional football and admits to being a golf fanatic, it is clear that he is well versed in many walks of life. He is able to vary his routine to accomodate most people, and his sharp wit and one liners make him one of the country’s finest stand ups, but he will admit that it is in the after dinner circuit when he really shines. He also has plenty of experience within sporting dinners, having worked with the likes of George Best, Rodney Marsh, Tommy Docherty, Jimmy Greaves, Gareth Chilcott, Ian Botham, Sir Geoff Hurst and Many More. Suitable for all types of functions, whether it be holiday camps, where he will involve children, to the working mens club circuit, he’ll find the the perfect level of comedy to please everyone. His rendition of the William Tell Overture is a show-stopper and the audience partition of the Music Man will have the crowd in hysterics, that is guaranteed. John Evans In the entertainment world John Evans is unique. Commanding a strong stage presence and an excellent audience rapport, John exudes professionalism to captivate audiences everywhere. His clever thinking and clean comedy has taken John to a wide spectrum. Entertaining British Forces in Belize, Central America and across Northern Ireland to the worlds finest cruise liners. He has made himself an automatic choice for P&O Cruises on board each of their top ships. John proved himself to be so popular that he was asked to be the first comedian to appear on board ‘Oriana’, on her maiden world cruise which enhanced his appeal to international audiences. Several other major cruise lines have been quick to engage his talents for their own ships and John has since made many successful appearances for these companies all over the world. John is also in great demand by Thompson Holidays for their 5 star Thompson Gold resort hotels throughout Europe. John’s wonderful timing and warm style gained nationwide recognition with his appearances on Granada Televisions’ ‘The Comedians’. So successful were his performances that he was an obvious choice to be featured in their video release, ‘The Best of the Comedians’. Further television credits include, ‘The Big Breakfast’ for channel 4 and ‘The Jonathon Ross Show’. John’s work at corporate events is unrivalled including shows for BMW, Dundee United Football Club and at The Birmingham International Convention Centre, The Observer News Group. For the UK production company Qdos Entertainments, John has appeared to great acclaim in pantomime at many theatres alongside some of the countries top stars including, John Inman and Su Pollard. “Very fast, very funny. In fact quite excellent…” The Stage. ” John Evans was hilarious from start to finish … ” The Scottish Times. ” … A natural performer with a great ability to make you laugh” Scene around. John Gillan John Gillan is a comedian who has established himself as one of the most in demand entertainers on the circuit. He has a natural comedic standpoint on life and as one review of him said ‘He can make you laugh talking about a brown paper bag.’ John’s comedy can be clean or risqué, depending on the requirements, but a great night’s entertainment is always assured. John has over 11 Clubland accolades to his name, including the Lancashire Show Guest Comedian in 2009, NFES Guest Comedian in 2014 and the Blackpool Command Guest Comedian in 2015. He has also worked alongside some of the country’s top TV comedy stars, such as Jimmy Cricket, Al Murray & Johnny Casson to name a few. His non-stop humour will have you roaring with laughter throughout his brilliant repartee of topical and varied stories mixed in with quick one-liners, all delivered in his attractive walk-about style. Here’s a man who knows how to work an audience, get the most laughs per second than anyone you’ll ever come across. If you book him, make sure you turn your mobile off and definitely don’t go to the toilet! From an early age, this young man was destined to spend his life doing one thing, and one thing only…. making people laugh! John’s professional career began in the early 90’s, perfecting his trade in the pubs and clubs across the South of England, leading on to several years performing for all the major holiday and hotel chains around the UK, along with some of the most prestigious theatres in the country. Twenty years on, and John’s talent has taken him worldwide, performing to audiences in over 30 countries, including South Africa, Australia and Dubai, whilst writing with, and working alongside some of the biggest names in the industry. Recently a regular headline act for Carnival Cruises, entertaining American and Canadian audiences alike, he was also officially the most frequently booked comedian on the P&O flagship ‘Ocean Village’, recording a run of 135 shows, a fact he is very proud of. In 2009, whilst back on British soil, John broke onto the ‘after dinner’ scene, and now, with tailor-made material delivered in his own imitable style, has become one of the most sought after comedians on the circuit today. Much of this success has been attributed to one thing, his unique ability to subtly bridge the gap between mainstream and alternative humour, a feat few other comics can achieve. From a cheeky ‘family friendly’ show to a more risqué set for his ‘adult only’ nights, John effortlessly adjusts to any environment, making him the perfect choice for sporting and golf day dinners, Rotary and Round Table events, general cabaret evenings and themed comedy nights. Simply put, John Lory is a very funny man, and anyone who has seen him work will agree that it is his sheer force of personality and audience contact that makes him quite literally, ‘the face of comedy today’! John Martin John Martin’s outstanding talent is comedy both as a performer and a writer. He has the unique ability to tailor his material perfectly to suit the wide range of work that today’s business demands. Companies requiring the ultimate professional have called upon John’s services to entertain at their dinners where his expertise enables him to weave requested company information into his performances and were, being a writer of topical comedy, he is always fresh and up-to-date with his material. This originality coupled with his encyclopaedic knowledge of jokes makes John a true master of comedy! This was confIrmed by a joumalist who described him as a ‘humanjoke factory’ when John smashed the World Record for continuous joke telling which lasted an amazing 101 hours 39 minutes – no mean feat! John has an extraordinary gift of ad-lib and whether it be a corporate or cabaret performance he enjoys utilising this talent to the full, often receiving standing ovations for his razor-sharp wit. His ability to do this, with rapier-like speed, has earned John the title ‘The World’s First Interactive Comedian’. John is also very much in demand by people with knowledge and power; having performed for the Institute of Directors and at The Houses of Parliament. He has also performed for the Labour Party and at the Conservative Party Conference Dinner. So impressed were the latter organisers that they immediately booked John’s services for the following year. John has also appeared on numerous television shows, the latest being, ITV’s Today With Des & Mel Show. When organising major events it is imperative that the Comedian / Compere / Host not only ‘delivers the goods’, but does so without offending his audience and it is here that John Martin’s ability is par excellence, be it After-Dinner Speaking; Corporate Hospitality; Sporting Functions; Company Events; Product Launches or Hosting Award Ceremonies. John Scott John Scott first stepped on stage as a stand up in May 1999 at the Stand comedy club. The promoters of the club were so impressed with his debut they asked him to participate in their Edinburgh festival Fringe show Stand up Scotland and two months later he found himself participating in the first of his six Edinburgh runs. It was shortly after his final fringe that John decided to move to England and pursue a full time career as a stand-up comic. Just prior to departing he managed to win the Scottish segment of The Spike Milligan Award for new talent. Within a year of arriving he was hosting and headlining many of the established clubs on the British circuit. Outside of the UK he has worked in many parts of Europe and as far afield as the Middle East and Australia. More recently John was chosen from over 200 applicants to participate in the BBC’s Jesting About project, a showcase for comedy writers and performers from the North East. The radio sketch show he was involved in is at this moment being considered for a BBC radio 4 slot. Outside awards and fringe runs as a comic John has hosted shows for such established names as Ross Noble, Michael Mcintyre, Reginald D Hunter and many more. He also works extensively on the corporate circuit and has appeared alongside such names as Jack Charlton, Peter Shilton, Nick Leeson (Rouge Trader) and again many more. His TV and Radio work includes Radio Scotland’s Fred Macaulay show, BBC Radio Newcastle (Various) The Hour, Edinburgh Nights, The Rovers Pub Quiz and Late Nite. As a writer he has contributed to Top 50 Greatest Scots, The Live Floorshow and has recently been asked to contribute to a new comedy show for BBC radio Newcastle. John Stiles Born in Manchester in 1964, John Stiles was a professional footballer, including five years at Leeds United. John will always be known however as a son of Nobby. His father is World Cup Winning hero Nobby Stiles. After finishing his playing career on a high with Doncaster Rovers John then went into the football agency industry, including working for the same Management Company that looked after the Spice Girls. He then started working as an ‘After Dinner’ Speaker and Master of Ceremonies which then developed into him turning to the world of comedy where he has now established himslef as one of the most popular acts on the circuit. John also prides himself on the fact that his act is very original and funny with a great emphasis on voices and impressions which sets him apart. He is also proud to say that he can cater for mixed and men-only audiences. If you are having a function of any sort and want to be entertained in a hilarious and unique way, look no further. www.johnstiles.co.uk Johnnie Casson Johnnie Casson has become a legend amongst comedians the length and breadth of Britain and has found a popularity envied by many bigger name performers. A unique style of delivery, some clever material and an exceptional warmth, this dynamic and genuinely funny Yorkshireman, with the ‘mixed-up metaphors’, has a very natural asset, ‘like-ability’, illustated within minutes of him commencing his original blend of comedy when smiles and titters soon turn into uncontrollable laughter. As well as being a popular Cabaret Comedian, the demand for Johnnie’s services as an After Dinner entertainer are quite phenomenal, making him a leading name on the function market. Proof of his popularity can be found in that wherever he has been booked to entertain demand soon finds him booked to return. Johnnie is regarded by fellow professionals as one of the best comedians in the business. From your first encounter with Johnnie Casson, you soon realise he not only tells funny stories, based on his situations in life, he is a genuine funnyman. Josh Daniels A charming, comedy natural, Josh Daniels guarantees laughs from the moment he walks on stage, to long after the lights go out. It all started by making friends and family laugh after changing the lyrics to songs, (he’s been doing it since he was given his first guitar as a 12 year old), and is what led Josh on the road to what is now a very successful comedy career. Josh was intent on becoming a professional musician and songwriter but found his sense of humour increasingly taking centre stage. Three years ago, when a newspaper review described him as a “comedian”, Josh decided it was time to take comedy seriously and started writing and performing his own unique brand of stand-up comedy. Whilst on holiday in the Canary Islands, Josh was invited on stage by a resident rock band to sing and play guitar. Josh could have ‘played it safe’ but instead decided to take a risk and perform his own material. The audience loved it -and so did the management who persuaded him to stay on. Equipped with a wealth of his own tried and tested material, and the ability to think fast on his feet in front of a variety of audiences, (crafted through literally hundreds of live performances), Josh returned to establish himself in the UK by entering various comedy competitions – eventually leading to him being accepted by the Jongleurs comedy circuit and also invited to perform at the famous “Comedy Store”. His determination found him travelling the U.K generating belly laughs at almost every comedy club in the land, and causing ‘jaw-dropping’ reactions’ from promoters who now book him on a regular basis. It was soon discovered that Josh’s style & material was not only very much admired in the comedy clubs, but equally in the corporate and after dinner market. Corporate performances and motivational speeches truly make Josh shine. It’s obvious how much research goes into each individual show – guaranteeing that it will be both funny and tailor-made for each company or organisation. Even senior members of the public sector are able to sit back, relax and enjoy Josh with the confidence that whilst he likes to push the comedy boundaries, nobody will be offended. When speaking to Josh, he has his own theories on what is funny. He has proven on many occasions that audiences deserve more than just ‘pub jokes’ and even the smartest of comedians find it impossible to steal his hilarious true stories. Promoters, agents and audiences alike find it difficult to describe his act. It’s only because of the positive feed back and rave reviews throughout the country, that comedy bookers consider Josh Daniels, ‘a breath of fresh air’. Be it a comedy club, an after dinner function (where Josh has become a firm favourite), a holiday centre, a cruise ship or a corporate event, Josh can adapt his material to accommodate a wide range of venues from a small room to a sell out theatre. Keith O’Keefe Keith O’Keefe has now established himself as one of the top after-dinner speakers in the country. His irreverent style of humour is appreciated not only by clients and their guests, but has gained him enormous respect among some of the biggest names in the world of entertainment. A family man based in Hertfordshire, Keith spends much of the year travelling extensively throughout Britain and Europe. His enormous love of sport, particularly golf and football, has made him many friends in the sporting world. This love also adds many miles of travel as Keith spends much of the summer playing in and entertaining at many corporate and charity golf events, plus entertaining at all types of sporting functions and award ceremonies. Royalty have also enjoyed the talents and humour of Keith on several occasions. The O’Keefe sense of humour has been enjoyed and used by many businesses and professional bodies, often leading to repeat bookings at frequent intervals, which is helped by the regularity with which his material is changed and kept up to date. Added to this is the bonus that Keith is a man who enjoys what he does immensely, and it shows. He has often stated that he would not swap jobs with anybody. If you or your company or club is looking for the best after-dinner entertainment, your search is over with Keith O’Keefe. Lea Roberts When comedian Lea was elected by the viewers of the TV series “Stand Up Britain” as outright winner, comedy had a new star. Lea had however been working as a stand up comedian for many years but finally got his big break when he scooped the title, trophy and a 1st prize of £7000 on the live final screened by ITV1 in October 2002. Lea was up against 6 other comedians from the 144 who started in the competition, and winning the final with 75% of the total vote, including first place in London, North West, and Yorkshire regions. With a sporting background (following retirement from professional rugby league (playing for Halifax RLFC), he still coaches a local rugby club) Lea is a well known face on the after dinner circuit in and around the North of England, and has worked with numerous sporting celebrities, and following his success on Stand Up Britain is now beginning to carve out a career further a field. Lea’s comedy is traditional Northern humour, but with a more modern approach; Lea was runner up in the Cup A Soup Comedy challenge in 2000, where the heats were held in various Yates’s Lodges across the country, before finally playing at the Comedy Club in London, proving his adaptability. 2004 sees him appear on the ITV variety show “That’s Entertainment” with a host of other well known entertainers. One of the few comedians able to work in both “mainstream” and “alternative” environments. Offering a traditional stand up act, Lea appeals to audiences young and old, with an adult, yet inoffensive and clean speech. Lea recently accepted his first cruise for P & O and has proved his versatility for this market. Whether it is an Institute dinner, Company function, Sporting occasion or simply a private event, you can be assured that Lea is the ideal choice for your event. Lee Lard Lee Lard is still being voted the most popular comedy tribute act in the UK! Lee’s outstanding tribute to Bolton’s funny man Peter Kay has now been enjoyed by thousands of fans throughout the UK and abroad. From Corporate Events to Weddings, Hotels to Theatres, Lee Lard’s Peter Kay Tribute Show is as popular now as ever and continues to ‘sell out’ wherever he goes. Delivering his own hilarious ‘Peter Kay’ style of stand-up comedy, Lee appeals to audiences of all ages. Well known catch phrases such as ‘Garlic Bread’ and Cheese Cake’ obviously make an appearance during the show, as does ‘Brian Potter’ from ‘Phoenix Nights’ and ‘Max’ from ‘Max and Paddy’s Road to Nowhere’. Yes….complete with wheelchair and attitude, Lee brings the popular Brian Potter character to the stage where no-one escapes his sharp tongue and quick wit!! Lee is also performing his very own ‘show stopping’ version of ‘The Winners Song’ as ‘Britain’s Got The Pop Factor’s’ own superstar, Geraldine McQueen. This is a grand finale with a twist definitely not to be missed!! Complete with stage banners, backdrop, costume changes and props, it is guaranteed to satisfy even the most avid of Peter Kay fans. Martin Gold Martin’s natural ability to make people laugh quickly guaranteed his progression into stand up comedy – soon becoming a huge hit with theatre audiences throughout the country. As a comedian, Martin has shared top billing in four sell-out summer shows on the island of Jersey, and has since gone on to star alongside such legends as Gene Pitney, Tammy Wynette, Ken Dodd, Les Dawson to name but a few. His talent was subsequently recognised by the Variety Club when they named him “Comedian Of The Year” 2 years running. Today, Martin still enjoys working cabaret, and is always a sought after choice on the entertainment circuit. He is constantly in demand from many cruise lines, including P & O, Airtours and many other well known holiday companies where his clean, immaculately presented comedy is appreciated by all. One of the most versatile entertainers today, Martin is perhaps best known for his performances from the top table. His ability to deliver a corporate speech to a corporate audience without a trace of smut or bad language makes him without doubt one of the most popular after dinner speakers in the country. Martin has also proved a big hit on the “Sportsman’s Dinner” circuit, and regularly works alongside such sporting legends as Fred Trueman, Jack Charlton, Jimmy Greaves, Bill Beaumont and John Conteh. Max has built a great reputation with his cheeky quick fire humour and visually exciting style. He has a superb talent for making people laugh and dishing out the feel good factor. He is a fantastic comic who has worked as a warm up artiste on many popular TV Shows. Max is a tried and tested comedy professional, who can tailor his performance to fit his audience. Mick Martin Mick started on the comedy scene by chance back in 1993, compering for established comedy performers. By 1995 Mick was becoming established as a stand up comedian in his own right. From there, his popularity and demand has grown and over the last few years his talent has been recognised and used by some of the leading adult entertainment groups, making regular guest appearances with the adult channel and the Sunday Sport Road Shows. Following regular appearances at Round Table, Rotary and British Lion functions, the Lions invited him to Tenerife to entertain them and compere the annual auction. Mick helped to raise £9000 for the charity. His act has been tailored to compliment sporting personalities, having worked alongside Jimmy Greaves, Jack Charlton, Frank Worthington plus many more sporting legends. In a relatively short time, Mick has firmly established himself as a performer of the highest calibre. A Midlands man with a countrywide appeal! Mick Monroe International comedian pretty much sums up the career of Mick Monroe. Originating from Middlesborough, Mick started out life as a professional drummer at one of the local clubs – working, for many years alongside top vocal and comedy entertainers, and eventually building up his own act, which he finally took to the stage in 1991. Mick has since entertained most nationalities across the globe, including a number of cruises ships and holiday hotels, but more recently has come into his own working the Armed Forces circuit, alongside Jim Davison, Bobby Davro, and other star names. Since 2000, Mick has worked in Sierra Leone, The Falklands, Bosnia, Kosovo and Dubai. More locally, he works regularly in cabaret and military functions, as well as television warm-ups, and local radio. Indeed, on a live transmission to British military bases around the globe, Mick was not only heard in the UK, but also in Europe. One of the few comedians able to handle boxing events, Mick learnt his trade performing at stag shows in the North East and local oil rigs. He now does the After Dinner Circuit, but can use his background to fall back on if anything gets out of hand. Mike Cassidy Mike Cassidy is a very experienced and established Comedian on the After Dinner, Corporate & Cabaret scene with an impeccable repertoire of top class entertainment. Mike is a very funny comedian, his act full of topical one liners, comic observations and off the cuff remarks, which alone bring roars of laughter from the audience, but that’s not all, he also incorporates the skills of the con-artist and pickpocket in some clever mischief, with members of the audience which never fails to have a huge impact! Mike is a very versatile performer and will skilfully handle clients requirements including being a MC / Compere, Charity Auctioneer and performing Close Up magic. Mike Lancaster Mike Lancaster is known for constantly re-inventing and updating his material so that heenables himself to stay at the forefront of comedy, and successfully compete with exponents of alternate stand-up. As well as his live performance work, Mike has appeared very regularly on television, in such shows as ‘Bobby Davro’s TV Weekly’, ‘Summertime Special’ and ‘Sunday Night at the London Palladium’. Mike has been equally busy on the corporate circuit, performing at After Dinner Functions, Promotional Events and Product Launches. In fact, Mike is comfortable in any situation, and is well known for doing an excellent job with the minimal amount of fuss. Nicky Newsome Nicky began his show-business career as a front-man in Rock & Pop bands on the club and pub scene with such names as ‘The Jet Blacks’, ‘The Renegades’, ‘The Atlantics’, ‘The Vortex’ and ‘Common Bond’ to name a few. Embarking on a solo career, Nicky soon had a strong reputation as a strong reputation as a polished comedian on the club circuit and is now rated as one of ‘The Best in the Business’ achieving the acolade of nine clubland awards in a seven year period. TV appearances include Compere of BBC2’s ‘Pints and Puchini’ and recently starring on the Sky TV show ‘The New Comedians’ shown throughout Europe, and is now on it’s fourth repeat series. Nicky also has strong vocal talents and one of his great loves is songwriting. He is also owner of Shellbell Publishing, with an album release of his own, several tracks of which are used by other well-known entertainers. His composition ‘When a were a lad’ has been recorded by Ther Houghton Weavers, in the UK, and by Barnbrack in Ireland. The song is also part of Tom O’Connor’s show. Another of Nicky’s past activities has been organising Celebrity Golf Days and Concerts for the benefit of Cancer Charities, and the organisation ‘Clubland against Cancer’ was founded by Nicky himself. Nicky has spoken and performed on the After Dinner Comedy Circuit at hundreds of sporting and celebration dinners, and has worked successfully alongside most of the star recognised speaking sportsmen on the After Dinner Circuit in the United Kingdom. Norman Prince Norman Prince has been involved in the ‘World of Entertainment’ for over 40 years! After leaving the hugely popular Houghton Weavers Folk Group, of which he was the Leader and front man for 24 years, he has spent the past 14 years as a Comedian, Compere, Radio Presenter, Singer/Musician and general all-round entertainer and is now established as a regular Guest Comedian for the P&O Cruise Line, entertaining passengers from Bolton to Boston, from Queensland to Quebec, and all points in between! Norman has been the cornerstone for hundreds of successful dinners and evening events, spanning a massive range of venues and occasions. Equally at home either as Compere or Speaker, Norman’s unique skills and sense of humour are guaranteed to bring a flare and polish to any event. He is acknowledged by many of his peers as the ‘King of Comperes’ and his natural personality and good humour have also made him a ‘must’ for auctioneering at fund-raising events – he may not be able to get blood out of a stone but he can certainly smooth it down, change its colour, and get a lot better price for it! He has worked as Host/MC raising money for Wigan and Leigh Hospice, Bolton Hospice, and Springhill Hospice, Rochdale, of which he has been a Patron for 15 years, and he was the main auctioneer responsible for raising a record-breaking £65,000 for the Bury Hospice Chrystal Fundraising Ball in 2008. Ollie Spencer The new century has been a great time for Ollie as he has won not just one but three comedy awards adding to his long lists of acheivements in the world of comedy. Ollie has built a solid reputation as a relaible funny man who always gives 100%. His off stage manner makes him great company in a social situation. His T.V. Credits lnclude 7 consecutive appearances on Granada T.V’s original “The Comedians”. Scottish T.V’s “Patter Merchants”. South West T. V.’s “15/40 Show’ with Nick Owen. In his Rock ‘n’ roll days Ollie was the drummer with cult band The Idle Race that also featured Jeff Lynne of ELO fame. At this time Ollie was known as Roger Spencer and Ollie was a nickname that has stayed with him. He has remained firm friends with Jeff Lynne. In his career Ollie has done so many varied things inclucling Rock On’ Roll bands. Working with many major bands ie. The Beatles, The Who, Fleetwood Mac, Moody Blues. and of course ELO, in 1980 Ollie left the music scene and his solo career took him into TV working as a -warm-up man on Tiswas & The Premiership, ‘The Eamon Holmes Sports Programme’ and on shows featuring Jimmy Cricket, Gary Wilmot. Ollie has become a very popular After Dinner Comedian, with his easy delivery of both observational and topical material. His scrapbooks are full of many memories of some of his fellow speakers from Jonah Loma to Jack Charlton, Best to Law, Bayfield to cowdroy, Willy John McBride to The Honourable Dennis Howell plus many many more. Paul Boardman (Represented By Our Agency) Paul is a stand -up comedian/speaker, writing and performing his material and with a sharp line in observational comedy. He is a regular on the ‘Jongleurs’ comedy circuit, and the corporate scene working for the top brand clients in the country such as Sony, Vodaphone, British Airways, British Telecom, Manchester United, American Airlines, Hilton, and Insurance Institute. He is equally at home on the Sporting Dinner circuit building a fine reputation working with all the big names including George Best, Jack Charlton, Dennis Law, Martin Bayfield, Sir Geoff Hurst, Geoffrey Boycott, Gareth Chilcott, Barry Mcguigan, John Conteh, Geoff Miller, and many others.Paul recently was asked to be top table speaker at the prestigious ‘Annual Variety Club Stag Dinner’ at the Royal Lancaster Hotel, London hosted by Jimmy Tarbuck and Bruce Forsyth, and was very well received indeed. He played all the major arenas in every major city in the UK as part of the Michael Buble Tour from Dublin, Glasgow, Newcastle, Nottingham, Cardiff including a storming show at Manchester’s MEN arena in front of over 9,000 people. The tour also took in a 3 night run at London’s Hammersmith Apollo to great success.He is versatile and can adapt to all audiences and his favourite experience to date was working to US and British troops in war-torn Bosnia as part of a 10 date comedy tour. Paul has plenty of television experience performing on ‘Friday Night Live’ and also working as a free-lance presenter on Sky Sports for past 8 years, where he has hosted ‘Goals on Sunday’ with Chris Kamara for an entire season, and also ‘Football First’ Sky Sports’ Saturday night equivalent of’ ‘Match of the Day’. He is an ideal person for sportsmen’s dinners, benefit dinners, testimonials or events to recognise sporting achievements. He is also an excellent comedian able to work to either a mixed audience at a cabaret evening or an all male audience at a sporting dinner or golf day dinner. Phil Walker Comedy Clubs to corporate events award winning Phil is the comedian for all occasions. Phil`s act has taken him to some weird & wonderful places, from a scout hut in Unst in the Shetland Isles to a portacabin on mount Alice in the Falkland Islands, basically he`ll go anywhere for a laugh! He even once performed in a theater in Sarajevo to an audience of wartime soldiers on standby to which he describes, “I`ve played to some tough crowds in my time but they where never armed to the teeth with machine guns before, thank God they liked me! His act has become a firm favorite with the armed forces & has seen him touring places as far afield as The Falkland Islands, Kosovo, Kuwait, Bosnia & Germany, appearing with such megastars as eighties icons Tony Hadley & Bucks Fizz! Phil started his career on the tough holiday park circuit working for the likes of Butlins & Pontins & abroad for Airtours & Thomson. He then went on to tour as support act for the likes of Superstar singer Michael Ball & legendary Welshman Max Boyce. In the last couple of years Phil has turned his attentions to the Comedy Club scene & has made several successful appearances at The Comedy Store where he was recently voted City Life Comedian of the year, Previous winners include Peter Kay & Steve Coogan. As well as regular gigs at the Comedy Store he can be seen at most of the leading Comedy clubs throughout the country including:Jongleurs,The Glee, The Buzz, The Frog and Bucket & Rawhide. Phil`s television credits to date include, Granada TV`s The Comedians ,Talking telephone numbers, Live at Jongleurs, The Big Stage, & more recently Today with Des & Mel where he has since been asked back to appear three times! As well as performing his standup Phil also works as a voice over artiste. After being approached at a recent gig by a producer from the legendary Cosgrove Hall Films who was impressed with his talents for mimicry he was asked to work for them on their new cartoon series The Oddkinsons in conjunction with Manchester United football team! of whom Phil is a life long fan & season ticket holder. Phil has also appeared in Pantomime after being asked by Stageworks world wide productions to star as Buttons in Cinderella on Ice at King Georges Hall, Blackburn.He has since appeared in several productions including Jack & the Beanstalk,Dick Whittington,Aladdin & Sleeping beauty.His association with Stageworks continued this year when he performed as host of Mystique at Blackpool Pleasure beach. His great act, along with his warm personality charm (& great looks!) has made Phil one of the most sought after comics around today. Rod Woodward The judges, stars, audiences and newspapers alike love this young and fast-rising comedian. He has won the “Encore Comedian Of The Year” in London. He has recently been on Sky’s new series of The Comedians. His exceptional delivery and material have attracted the praise of some of the business’ most respected names and critics. Tipped for great things, Rod prides himself on the original and topical content of his performances. Rod’s professionalism goes before him – literally. He always tries to be a step ahead by planning each individual performance to suit the occasion, therefore bringing a unique personal touch to his speeches. Rod is also one of the most versatile comedians, and is equally at home with professional, round-table and business audiences as he is in a cabaret environment, a theatre, a comedy club or even a students’ union. Media credits include: Wrote and performed in his own Radio Wales Comedy series, “Doing It For A Laugh” – 3 Series. Wrote and presented the ten-part series, “A Bit Off The Fringe” for BBC2 Wales. Appeared as the subject of the BBC documentary, “Am I Talking To You”, which followed Rod on his journey to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Roy Walker Roy Walker, well known to TV viewers through the ITV game show, Catchphrase, has emerged as one of the driest comedians in Britain today. His lugubrious style of humour his dead-pan expression and his approach to entertaining have paid handsome dividends. His casual line in patter has endeared him to audiences all over the country. Following a short spell working as a partner to comedian James Young, Roy was summoned for national service and joined the army. He spent the next seven years in uniform yet still found time to entertain regularly. When he eventually left the service his sights were firmly set on a career in showbusiness. It was make or break time for the Belfast comedian and at first the going was extremely tough as he tried to establish a name for himself in comedy. To supplement his income during the day, while he toured the clubs at night, Roy took any job he could find, and in rapid succession, he became a baker, a postman, milkman, Physical Training Instructor, a clerk, bingo caller…..and even washed dishes. However, he was slowly building a reputation as a comedian, emerging as a very funny man in his own right and a firm favourite in clubland. In 1977, Roy broke through to success and national prominence when he recorded the highest marks ever given to a comedian on television’s New Faces. It was the start of a television career that has blossomed ever since and has seem him starring on all the major TV variety shows. He also headlined such series as The Comedians and his own show, Licensed For Singing And Dancing. Pantomimes, have also played a big part in his career and he has consolidated his success with Christmas seasons at the Southport Theatre. Roy recently appeared in Channel 4’s hit TV series Phoenix Nights and presented a six part comedy series for BBC Radio, Northern Ireland. He continues to headline concert, theatre and cabaret engagements throughout Britain and overseas. Rudi West (Represented By Our Agency) Multi-award winning comedian Rudi West; his experiences in comedy have taken in T.V. appearances on “New Faces” “The Next Step” and “Summertime Special” in the eighties, his own half hour T.V. special “Stand and Deliver” in the nineties. And in 2004 he appeared on TV’s “That’s Entertainment”. During this time he also performed countless live shows around the U.K. and abroad. His ability to tailor his material to a given audience ensured he moved effortlessly into performing on cruise ships, at corporate events and on the after dinner circuit. He has now become a popular and constantly re booked performer for golf club dinners, masonic, round table and rotary club evenings, cabaret evenings and also all types of sporting dinners. His original brand of humour blends the observational and the topical, seamlessly into an evening of hilarious entertainment. Sean Percival Sean Percival is a standup comedian from Dudley of which he says “It’s a lovely place to come from but bloody horrible to go back to”. Dudley is, of course, also the home town of Lenny Henry and while Sean admits to being jealous of Lenny’s INCREDIBLY SUCCESSFUL TV career, he’s glad he never had to sleep with Dawn French. Sean has never been a REGULAR PANELIST on HAVE I GOT NEWS FOR YOU neither has he appeared on MOCK THE WEEK, but he did recently spend two years writing and performing on Capital FMs drive time radio show in Birmingham. Although the show was never NOMINATED FOR A SONY AWARD it did receive a RECORD AMOUNT of complaints. Sean enjoys moaning and feeling sorry for himself and dislikes reading misleading biogs with made up quotes in them. If you want to find out how FUNNY Sean is go and see him live. He performs regularly at all major UK comedy venues. Sean’s brand of comedy steers clear of the surreal and confronts realism in an explosively funny way. Hailing from the Black Country, Sean is an ex-welder from Dudley (“It’s a lovely place to come from but bloody horrible to go back to”) whose act is down to earth but bang up to date with its upfront attitude. A festival favourite, he has performed at the Edinburgh, Glastonbury and Reading Festivals, and as an established headliner he plays regularly at all major comedy clubs around the UK. Sean is also a popular and regular booking for the armed forces entertainment services, both in the UK and at bases abroad. radio credits – comedy In demand as a script writer, Sean has worked for the Capital Radio group and spent two years writing and performing on Capital fm’s drive time radio show in Birmingham and for Heart fm. He also provided the voice for “Black Country Bob” on both those shows fronted by Talk Radio’s host and impressionist Ian Danter. quotes “Sean’s comedy is the comedy of honesty. His act is the working man’s revenge on the safe, middle-class, politically correct humour that has dominated comedy. Sean’s humour is not surreal, it’s not wacky, it’s just bloody funny. This is not smile humour, this is bust your gut rubber underpants stuff“ (Joan Serone Bungalow, What’s On) “…the big gold star of the show must be the long-haired man from Dudley. He came. He spoke. He had us curled up begging for more …” (Evening Mail TV) Sean Styles To anyone visiting Liverpool for the first time, evidence of the’ wicked’ sense of humour of the inhabitants of this mort vibrant of citys, is immedietaly evident, the city seems full of people always ready with a witty retort and the ability to make the most of any opportunity that comes their way to demonstrate their natural wit. There has always been an affinity between sportsmen and entertainers perticularly comedians. The great football clubs of Liverpool and Everton over the years heve been likened to Schools of Science, If that is the case the clubs and theatres of the’ Pool ‘ can surely be classed as the University Campus of Comedy. For sure many comedy greats have graduated with honours from this background. Some of its most famous graduates such as Ted Ray – Arthur Askey – Jimmy Tarbuck and perheps the greatest of them all the, ‘Don’ of comedy the unique Ken Dodd have over the years, all, become national comedy icons. On the Corporate and sporting after dinner entertainment sceen, fast earning the right to attend shoulder to shoulder with these greats of comedy and join the list of comedy greats who took their first faltering strokes in the’Pool’ into tha world of comedy, is the vary telented and very, very funny Sean Styles. It is easy for those who represent them to write glowing testimonials about any entertainer, but at the end of the day it is the endorsement of those who pick up the ‘tab’ which carries the most weight and credibility. The best testimony to Sean Styles’ talent to make people laugh, and leave them laughing, at all levels of society right across the country, and his ever increasing popularlty, are the events he has appeared at , the companies he has appeared for, and the ‘names’, he has shared the top table with over the pest few years. Simon Evans As a stand up comedian, Simon is a veteran of sell out shows not just at the Edinburgh festival but also Montreal’s Just for Laughs and the Aspen International comedy festival. Hugely popular both in comedy clubs and on the after-dinner and corporate circuit, Simon excels in routines that are adult in the best sense of the world, prompting reviewers to describe him as “Demonically dry” and “Sublime”. He is if anything even more respected by his peers, being the writer of choice for Dara O’Briain, Sean Lock and Lee Mack among others, while he is a familiar voice on Radio Four, as a regular on The News Quiz, The Unbelievable Truth and Armando Iannucci’s Charm Offensive among others, as well as having anchored and written seven series of news satire The Way It Is. TV viewers may also have recently seen him labouring bravely in the face of ultimately overwhelming opposition as part of the Comedians team on University Challenge – The Professionals. As well as the usual comedy clubs and festivals, Evans has, more than most comics of his generation, focused on making in-roads into the sports and fundraising after-dinner speaking circuit and corporate events. He performs regularly for organisations such as the Variety Club and the Lord’s Taverners and bookers such as JLA, David Trick and Roger de Courcey. His style of comedy, his ability to perform an entirely clean set without compromising on the laughs and his relative maturity and reference points have made him a great hit with audiences perhaps used to hearing the same old jokes from some of the more “mainstream” style of comedians. Stan Boardman In 1976 he made his television debut on Hughie Green’s Opportunity Knocks which lead to his first presenting job as host of ITV’s children’s programme Runaround. ITV’s The Comedians followed and Stan became a household name. With his comedy and presenting skills, he was never off our screens, hosting, The Video Entertainers, The Railway Carriage Game, The Fame Game, Success with Stan. Other television appearances include, Des O’Connor Tonight (Stan and The Fokkers! Made Headline News!) Live at Her Majesty’s, Entertainment Express, Mike Reid’s Mates and Music, Russell Harty, A Question of Entertainment, Give Us A Clue, Celebrity Squares and Blankety Blank Stan’s approachable, down to earth manner has made him a favourite with the public for over 25 years and has recently been a guest on Des O’Connor Tonight, Can’t Cook Won’t Cook, The Big Breakfast, GMTV, Jumpers for Goalposts, A Question of Sport and has even received the big red book on, This is Your Life. The versatility of Stan’s performance has paved the way for, pantomimes, summer seasons, concerts and cabarets at venues up and down the country. His talent has also extended into acting and has recently made his big screen debut in the British Movie “Going off Big Time” His hobbies include Gardening and Golf and is a regular player on the Charity Golf Circuit, contributing to a number of charities including, The Roy Castle Foundation, Variety Club of Great Britain, The Sam Appeal, Alderhey Children’s Hospital, Clare House and many more. Steve Womack Steve Womack has long been established as one of the country’s finest comedy entertainers, the bulk of his work being in the corporate market. His work has taken him all around the world and back again stopping off in France, Germany, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Rhodes, Corfu, Belgium, Spain, Tenerife, Holland Norway, Sweden, Jersey, Guernsey, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand,South Africa, Dubai, Bahrain, Abu Dhabi, Oman, The Lebannon, Kzakhstanm, The Carribean and of course every corner of the British Mainland. His humour sharp, fresh and – without being the slightest bit bland – unlikely to offend. “In summing up its fair to say that Steve Womack is unique. His ability to maintain equal credibility in both music and comedy is unrivalled. If you haven’t booked him already it’s time you booked him now.” Tank Sherman In the last few years, Tank has certainly pushed his way upwards and forwards in the comedy business and is one of the well known, well loved and well respected comics in the West Country. Tank has always been a ‘joker’ and sacrificed his academic career for 12 years of honing his ability to make people laugh. Leaving school, he took up a job with a company on a trading estate in Exeter, 3 years later joining BT – Post Office Telecommunications as it was then. In 1980, whilst on a holiday in Weymouth, he entered the adult talent contest as a crazy looking soldier telling jokes and singing – and the Entertainments team told him they were going to announce him as the Sherman Tank as it would be funny. 10 seconds before going on stage, Graham, his real name, suggested they swap the names around – and so TANK SHERMAN was born! Well, he won that contest, went on to the National Semi Finals – and got through to the finals. But Tank got disqualified because the time limit on stage was only 10 minutes. After making the audience roar and clap for over 25 minutes he was told that he was out – but he didn’t care. He had made over 600 people laugh ……………. Now to look for the next talent contest! This came 6 months later when a friend entered him in to a Golf Club Talent Contest – AND ….well, he won it! And there were agents in the audience! And one of them started to work him and that’s how his career started. He is now a firm favorite at holiday venues and clubs throughout the country. Tank works on the After Dinner Speaking circuit, supporting a host of stars and sports personalities, at private functions and at theatres. Tank also loves cabaret, corporate, TV work, holiday centres, private clubs etc. and can be seen nationwide bringing his brand of humour to audiences that always shout for more. Tank was seen on ITV in 2000 on the talent show GIVE YOUR MATE A BREAK – which he won!! He has appeared as a guest comic on 5 of Jethro’s DVD’s and appeared on SKY TV in his show – TANK SHERMAN, A MAN AND HIS BAT. He also appeared on the series THE NEW VARIETY SHOW which is where he was spotted by talent scouts for a cruise line. That has led to working on the cruises and fly-backs to the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Television work has included SOCCERNIGHT where he appeared giving his comical view on the South West regions sporting events. Tank headlined at the Babbacombe Theatre for 3 YEARS – 2007—2009! And you should have been at the great Blackpool Showcase KEEPING IT LIVE, where he tore the roof off the Horseshoe Cabaret Bar!!! He has also spent an extremely successful and busy 2011 in the UK and abroad, whilst also headlining in Eastbourne at The Royal Hippodrome Theatre in a fantastic variety show, STRICTLY COMEDY & DANCING. And that is the story so far……. Go on, pick up that phone , book him now for a night that you’ll never forget. Tom O’Connor Tom O’Connor is now a full time comedian, but used to live a double life, teacher by day, comedian by night. His reputation spread throughout show business and soon became obvious that he would have to make a decision about his future career. In 1974, Tom hung up his cap and gown for good to become a full time comedian. Tom O’Connor has become a household name through the realms of television hosting his own shows. Not only that, Tom has carved a fine reputation for himself as a most accomplished quiz and game show host with no less than seven successful series to his credit. Tom’s success, however, has not only been confined to television. In cabaret he starred at every major nightspot in the country, and headlined his own successful summer season shows in the country’s top resorts. His work has taken him to most English speaking countries including America where he featured at the prestigious Carnegie Hall in Manhattan. Tom is in constant demand as an after dinner speaker and awards host for corporate functions both in this country and abroad and, as a result of his two best selling humorous golf books ‘From the Wood to the Tees’ and ‘One Flew Over the Club House’ he receives countless invitations to appear as the guest celebrity speaker at golf society functions both here and as far a field as Spain, Portugal and the Middle East. Tom Pepper Tom received accolades from all corners of the entertainment industry after his blistering appearance on ‘Live at her Majesty’s’ with Jimmy Tarbuck after which he was immediately booked for ‘Live form the Piccadilly’ with Tarby, Saturday Night at the Palladium and many more too numerous to mention. Tom Pepper certainly lives up to his huge reputation. As a stand-up comedian he is the real deal. Armed with the breadth of material required and the potential for a swing-shift in comedic styles, Tom always retains that hint of mischief in the delivery, which suggests that he could turn on the ‘adult stuff’ if he needed to, although of course he can have a variety of material that us clean and suitable for all audiences. Tom Sutton Tom Sutton has been a top professional entertainer for over 30 years and is one of the funniest After Dinner Speakers on the circuit. He is clean, witty and topical. As a mark of his professionalism, he is a regular performer on many of the world’s top cruise liners, where as well as keeping the passengers entertained, his corporate work includes such big name clients as Guinness; Saatchi and Saatchi; British Gas; Royal Mail; Express Newspapers; IBM; Hewlett Packard; Dunlop; and the Mail on Sunday. He has made many TV appearances – the most recent being a guest on the Des O’Connor chat show and the Gag Tag panel game as well as The Comedians and Celebrity Squares. Following one of his TV shows, he was flown to Euro Disney in Paris to speak at an event for the TSB. Such was the success of this performance, that he was then asked to appear at Montreux for Abbey Life and Nice for ICI. On two occasions, Lord Sterling, the head of P and O has flown him home from foreign parts to appear at functions for the charity Motability at London’s Grosvenor Hotel. His ability to entertain sports audiences is endorsed by the number of top sporting venues he has spoken at including: Manchester Utd.; Coventry City; Wycombe Wanderers; Man. City; Everton; Liverpool FC; Lancashire CC; Wigan RLFC; the Anglo American Sporting Club, to name but a few. You can see why Tom is in great demand on the after dinner circuit – his clean approach to humour means he is welcome anywhere. Tony Jo (Represented By Our Agency) Tony Jo is one of the most talented, versatile and funniest comedians in showbusiness. Tony has worked in all aspects of his field and always to the highest standards. In 1997, 1999 and 2001 Tony was awarded the After Dinner Speaker of The Year Award. There is, nobody better more in demand than Tony Jo. He is one of the few after dinner speakers in the country who can adapt to any situation, all male, all female or mixed. For this reason he known on the circuit as “The Governor”. Tony is equally at home whether it be Corporate Hospitality, Sporting functions, Company dinners, Product launches or hosting award ceremonies. He is also first class compere or Master of ceremonies. As a regular on the after dinner ciruit, Tony has appeared with many of the sporting legends including: Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Geoff Hurst, Gordon Banks OBE, Alan Ball MBE, Jack Charlton MBE, Nobby Stiles MBE, Martin Peters MBE, the late George Best, Dennis Law, Fred Trueman OBE, Ian Botham OBE, Graham Gooch OBE, Bill Beaumont OBE, Gareth Edwards MBE, Sir Henry Cooper, Barry McGuigan MBE to name but a few. He has written material for many TV shows including: You’ve Been Framed, Stars in Your Eyes, Chain Letters, Crosswitts and Born Lucky. Tony also worked on the production team of A Question Of Sport for ten years. Television appearances have included Jim Davidson’s Generation Game, The Comedians (Four series) Live at Her Majesty’s and three Royal Command Shows and numerous appearances on local networks. Tony Jo has toured with Dr. Hook for seven years and supported many big stars such as Ton Jones, Engelbert Humperdinck, Gebe Pitney, Dame Shirly Bassey and Vic Damone, appearing in major theatres all over the country, including the Royal Albert Hall, London Palladium, Wembley, NEC Arena, Bournemouth BIC and the MEN Arena. Tony has worked on QE2 and Fred Olsen cruise liners, both as a member of the Grumbleweeds and also as a solo artiste. He has also worked on many major cruise ships as a solo entertainer. With Tony Jo, you have one of the most sought after and reliable entertainers on the circuit, and most importantly someone who is very funny, in fact “A Comedy Genius!” Tony Wallace Tony’s one man show really does have something for everyone and has earned him numerous awards throughout the UK, including the Midlands, Yorkshire and Blackpool. This cheeky faced entertainer easily pleases all age groups and, with his style of comedy being of the ‘clean and clever variety’, even family audiences find nothing offensive from this obliging and accommodating entertainer. Firmly established and highly respected on the cabaret circuit, Tony’s experience in the corporate and theatre market is equally impressive. His sharp wit and hilarious, up to date anecdotes regarding the latest news stories and worldwide events have made him a popular and much requested choice for the corporate companies, sporting events and celebrity lunches throughout the UK and Overseas. Tony has recently proved a huge success whilst performing as support entertainer for international recording artiste and ITV’s Loose Women presenter Jane McDonald at prestigious theatres throughout the UK. Thomson Holidays, P & O Cruise Line, Fred Olsen Cruise Line, Airtours Holidays and Warner Holidays are just a few of the many national and international companies who have discovered the popularity of this supreme comedy, vocal talent. Whatever the event, Tony has them ‘rolling in the aisles’ with his ever changing subjects, props and ‘tongue in cheek’ observations. Often described by The Stage Newspaper as being one of the country’s greatest and brightest comedy talents, Tony Wallace is a consummate professional and comedy genius! Venn Tracey Venn is a well established stand up comedian who’s jokes and stories will have any audience aching with laughter. From Sportsman’s dinners to club cabaret evenings Venn has all the experience required to tackle even the most difficult of venues. Venn has been fortunate enought to work with a vast array of celebrities during his career and is held in very high esteem amongst his peers. Very funny comedian from Manchester, an original from TV’s “The Comedians”. Venn is well respected on the after dinner speaker circuit in the UK, due to his unique talent at turning everyday events into hilarious stories, which, combined with his amazing comedy talent, and an ability to adapt his material to suit any type of audience, makes Venn a winner every time he performs. He is also heavily involved in theatre, radio and television these days. Book him now and prepare to watch a real pro! Vince Earl Vince Earl is one of the original Merseyside Rockers. He started in the business when he was eleven years old and has been singing ever since. He and his band, The Talismen were very much part of the sixties’ scene, performing at virtually every major venue in the UK whilst under the label of Oriole Records. Eventually Vince joined Rory Storm and The Hurricanes to tour Germany and the continent. Their recording of America reached the charts and even made the number one slot in the state of Texas. In 1973, Vince formed The Vince Earl Attraction and became one of the top rated acts on the cabaret circuit. His TV and radio credits are numerous and include Starburst, Entertainment Express, Live from, etc., and was a regular performer on Granada TV’s The Comedians. He has worked extensively abroad and is also a frequent cruise line entertainer. Receiving wide acclaim for his acting skills, some of the productions portraying his talents include ‘Boys from the Blackstuff’ and the film ‘No Surrender’. He is currently known as Ron Dixon, one of the main characters in Channel 4’s critically acclaimed Brookside, where he has had more than his fair share of dramatic storylines, love and heartbreak. With the best in comedy and music your whole evening is catered for. Zak Stevens Think daft, zany comedy, and think Zak Stevens. Freddie Starr, but for a lot less money! Whatever the situation, Zak never fails to impress; in cabaret, the full show will suit most adult audiences, yet with only a trace of innuendo. For after dinner functions, his stand up routine will have you in stitches. A keen golfer, Zak has been a massive hit on the celebrity golf tour, and is also a member of the Comedians’ Golfing Society. He is equally at home in both all male and mixed environments. Zak entered show business as a member of the band “The Internationals,” and, following a stint with “Fashion Fever”, he progressed into comedy, forming the duo “Twins.” After a number of very successful years touring Europe and making a name for themselves over here, he finally made the decision to go solo. More recently, he has secured another summer season working on the Butlins circuit, and has returned from Costa Del Sol in Spain, with an open invite to go back whenever he wants. He is also a regular on the Cruise Circuit.	i don't know
Manningham, Tong and Wyke are wards in which Metropolitan Borough Council?	City of Bradford : definition of City of Bradford and synonyms of City of Bradford (English) 13 External links History Bradford was granted the status of a city in 1897. Bradford was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1847, covering the parishes of Bradford, Horton and Manningham. It became a county borough with the passing of the Local Government Act 1888. The county borough was granted city status by Letters Patent in 1897. Bradford was expanded in 1882 to include Allerton, Bolton, Bowling, Heaton, Thornbury and Tyersall. In 1899 it was further expanded by adding North Bierley, Eccleshill, Idle, Thornton, Tong and Wyke. Clayton was added in 1930. The current city boundaries date from 1 April 1974, when the county borough of Bradford was merged with the borough of Keighley, the urban districts of Baildon , Bingley, Denholme, Ilkley, Shipley and Silsden, along with the Queensbury parts of Queensbury and Shelf Urban District and the parishes of Addingham , and Steeton with Eastburn from Skipton Rural District . Kildwick was part of Bradford at this time, but has since been moved into the Craven District (part of North Yorkshire). In October 2007, Bradford was voted the greenest city in the United Kingdom .[ citation needed ] The city was revealed to have the lowest environmental impact of any British city, in spite of its undeniably large role in the Industrial Revolution . Contrary to popular belief, Bradford's rivers were not polluted beyond redemption during this period in its history, and the streams surrounding the city are now a veritable haven of wildlife .[ citation needed ] The City of Bradford has areas of green space , and recycling schemes. [12] Geography The City of Bradford is situated on the edge of the Pennines , and is bounded to the east by the City of Leeds , the south east by the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees and the south west by the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale . The Lancashire borough of Pendle lies to the west, whilst North Yorkshire boroughs of Craven and Harrogate lie to the north west and north east respectively. Bradford district has 3636 hectares of upland heathland, including Ilkley Moor where the peat bogs rise to 402 m (1,319 ft) above sea level. Less than 5% of the Bradford district is woodland. Greenspace accounts for 73.8% of the City of Bradford's total area, domestic buildings and gardens comprise 12.1%, and the rest is made up of roads and non-domestic buildings. [13] Three river systems serve the City of Bradford, along with 23 km of canal. The Airedale towns of Keighley, Bingley and Shipley lie on the River Aire . The River Wharfe runs through Ilkley and Burley in Wharfedale , and tributaries of the River Calder run through the district. Unusually for a major settlement, Bradford is not built on any substantial body of water. The ford from which it takes its name (Broad-Ford) was a crossing of the stream called Bradford Beck. Parishes Most of Bradford is unparished , there are parish and town councils for most of the outlying towns and villages in the District. From April 2004, the parishes are: Bradford City Hall Parliamentary constituencies The residents of Bradford are represented in the British Parliament by Members of Parliament (MPs) for five separate parliamentary constituencies. Bradford East is represented by David Ward (Liberal Democrat), Bradford West is represented by George Galloway (Respect), Bradford South is represented by Gerry Sutcliffe (Labour), Shipley is represented by Philip Davies (Conservative), and Keighley is represented by Kris Hopkins (Conservative). The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party . A mural on the back of the Priestley Centre For The Arts (visible from Leeds Road) commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in 1893. [14] Bradford is within the Yorkshire and the Humber European constituency, which is represented by one Conservative , one Labour, one UKIP , two Liberal Democrat and one BNP MEPs . The voting figures for Bradford in the European Parliament election in June 2009 were: Conservative 24.7%, Labour 22.6%, UKIP 14.9%, Lib Dem 13.4%, BNP 9.4%, Green 8.8%. [15] Council In 1974, City Of Bradford Metropolitan District Council was created to administer the newly formed metropolitan borough. The county borough of Bradford was merged with the Borough of Keighley, the Urban Districts of Baildon, Bingley, Cullingworth , Denholme, Ilkley, Shipley and Silsden, along with part of Queensbury and Shelf Urban District and part of Skipton Rural District by the Local Government Act 1972 . The Council, which is based at Bradford City Hall in Centenary Square, governs the whole metropolitan district. The city is divided into 30 Electoral Wards , each ward electing three Councillors . Elections are held in May, where one third of the 90 seats (one for each ward) are contested and the successful candidate is elected for a period of four years. Coat of arms Bradford Coat of Arms The coat of arms of Bradford City council is based on that of the former City and County Borough Council, with additions to indicate the merger of eleven Yorkshire councils. [47] The boar's head, as in the former city council's crest, refers to the legend of the boar of Cliffe Wood. This was a ferocious wild boar that terrorized the populace and caused much damage to land and property; so much so that the Lord of the Manor offered a reward for anyone brave enough to slay the boar and bring its head to the Manor House. The mural crown is a frequent symbol of local government, but here also suggests a well head. [48] The stag is derived from the device of the Denholme Urban District Council and the arms of the former Borough of Keighley, but represents the District as a whole. The white angora goat is retained from the former arms, recalling that the wool of this animal was used in the local industries. The roses on the collars refer to the Yorkshire rose and the compartment resembles the area's hills and dales . [48] Demographics As of the 2001 UK census , the City of Bradford had a population of 467,665. [49] Of the 180,246 households in Bradford, 36.5% were married couples living together, 28% were one-person households, 10.8% were lone parents and 8.4% were co-habiting couples, following a similar trend to the rest of England. [49] The population density was 1,290 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,341/sq mi) and for every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. Of those aged 16–74, 24.5% had no academic qualifications, lower than the 28.9% in all of England. 11.8% of Bradford residents were born outside the United Kingdom, higher than the England average of 9.2%. [49] In 2006, it was estimated that 74.9% of the city's population was White (72.2% White British , 0.7% White Irish and 2.1% as Other White ), 2.9% Mixed Race , 20.5% Asian or Asian British , 1.6% Black and 0.6% from other races. 16.8% of the population are of South Asian origin, this being part of the 20.5% figure given above, representing the third highest proportion in England and Wales . Nearly half of all Asians living in Yorkshire and the Humber live in Bradford, with one district, Frizinghall, having the highest concentration of Pakistanis in England and Wales, making up 73% of the local population. [50] Accordingly, 60.14 of the population of the city identified themselves as Christian in the 2001 census, 16.08 were Muslim , 1.02% Sikhs , 0.95% Hindus and 13.3% were identified as having no religion . [51] The percentage of Jews , Buddhists and those following other religions each amounted to fewer than 0.5% of the city's population. [51] The ONS Regional Trends report, published in June 2009, showed that most of the urban core [52] and 41% of the district as a whole were among the most deprived in the country, it also showed that 11% of the district as a whole were among the least deprived in the country. [53] Bradford has one of the highest unemployment rates in England, [54] with the economic inactivity rates of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups standing at over 50% of the working age population. [55] [56] The crime rate in Bradford is significantly higher than the national average, [57] but lower than that of similar cities such as Manchester [58] or Leeds . [59] In July 2006, the think tank Reform calculated rates of crime for different offences, relating this to populations of major urban areas (defined as towns over 100,000 population). The study ranked Bradford as the second most dangerous city in England and Wales with 98.3 serious offences per 1,000 population, behind Nottingham . [60] The city was shown to have the highest level of gun violence in the country with 12.53 crimes per 10,000 residents, followed by Leeds (12.45) and Northampton (10.24), and was amongst the top 5 for incidents of burglary, rape, assault and vehicle crime. [60] [61] Tourism The Bradford District contains some of the most visited ‘hotspots’ in the UK and the numbers descending on them are increasing every year.[ citation needed ] Brontë Country is an area including Western parts of the City as well as the area to the west. The City of Bradford includes the town of Haworth and the village of Thornton , the birthplace of the Brontë sisters . Main Street in Haworth Economy The economy of Bradford is worth around £7 billion, contributing around 8.4% of the region's output, and making the district the third largest after Leeds and Sheffield in Yorkshire & Humber. [64] Traditionally based on the wool and textile industries, manufacturing is still strong, accounting for around 1 in 5 jobs. The city’s service-sector economy accounts for 77% of the district's 195,000 jobs, with today's fastest-growing sectors including information technology , financial services , tourism and retail headquarters and distribution. [65] The district is home to a number of large businesses with recognised brands operating on a national and international scale such as Morrisons , Pace Plc and Hallmark Cards . Three of the UK’s biggest financial institutions are based in Bradford: Yorkshire Building Society , Bradford & Bingley Building Society and Provident Financial . It is also home to nationally outstanding cultural businesses, a strong group of new media companies, and a significant national institution in the National Media Museum . Tourism is worth over £400 million to the local economy, and employs over 10,000 people. Bradford’s exports are worth almost £700 million. [65] The city’s working-age population has risen by 3.3% since 2000—faster than any UK city outside London, whilst the population of the city itself is growing by twice the national average. Bradford has a younger age profile than the Yorkshire & Humber regional average and the national average, with the younger age groups forming a greater proportion of the population in comparison. [4] Bradford has been named by research group OMIS as one of the top six cities in the UK equipped for future growth, and the CBI reports that business confidence is higher in Bradford than in the UK as a whole, whilst £1.5 billion of construction work is transforming Bradford in a bid to attract further investment. [65] As of the 2001 UK census, Bradford had 326,774 residents aged 16 to 74. 2.5% of these people were students with jobs, 7.6% looking after home or family, 6.1% permanently sick or disabled and 4.5% economically inactive for other reasons. [66] The City of Bradford has a lower economic activity rate than West Yorkshire, the regional average for Yorkshire and the Humber and the national average. Conversely Bradford has a higher economic inactivity rate than all these areas and also has a lower employment rate. [67] Manufacturing is still strong in Bradford and accounts for almost 12% of all jobs, and the city’s service-sector economy accounts for 82% of the district's 192,000 jobs. The entrepreneurial spirit is more present in Bradford than generally in the UK, with start-ups accounting for 12% of the business community. [65] Bradford’s GVA is over £6 billion. [65] Education Education in the city is provided for by a number of schools and colleges . State schooling is managed by Bradford local education authority . There are also a number of independent (private) schools, such as Bradford Grammar School and Bradford Girls' Grammar School . Bradford College and the University of Bradford are the main further and higher education providers. Transport The Wharfedale line connects direct to Ilkley , Ben Rhydding , Burley-in-Wharfedale , Menston , Guiseley , Baildon , Shipley and Frizinghall railway stations with Bradford Forster Square . The Airedale Line connects the stations at Morecambe , Lancaster , Settle , Carlisle , Skipton , Steeton and Silsden , Keighley (change for the Bronte Country and the Worth Valley Railway ), Crossflatts , Bingley , Saltaire ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) and Shipley , continuing to either Frizinghall and Bradford Forster Square or to Leeds to the east of the district. Both Bradford Forster Square and the districts major and busiest railway station Bradford Interchange are served by the Leeds-Bradford line with direct routes to Leeds, Selby and York . Bradford Interchange , via the Caldervale Line , also connects direct to stations at Manchester , Halifax , Rochdale , Burnley , Blackburn , Preston , Poulton-le-Fylde , Blackpool , Huddersfield , Wakefield , Doncaster and London . There are bus stations in Bradford, Ilkley, Keighley and Shipley. The majority of services are provided by First Bradford and Transdev Keighley & District . The M606 , a spur off the M62 motorway , connects the district with the national motorway network. The M606 was originally laid out to reach the centre of Bradford and beyond, but connects instead to the A6177 Bradford outer ring road, making the motorway one of the shortest in the country at less than three miles (5 km) long. Another motorway was planned in the 1970s, envisaging a link between Bradford, the Aire valley in the north of the district and the M65 at Colne, roughly mirroring the existing A650 road . It has since been upgraded to dual carriageway along much of its length, bypassing the towns of Bingley and Keighley. The A658 road passes through a tunnel underneath the main Leeds-Bradford airport runway as it heads north-east from Bradford to Knaresborough . Leeds Bradford International Airport itself is located in Yeadon , about 10 miles (16 km) to the north-east of the city centre, and has both charter and scheduled flights to destinations within Europe plus Egypt , Pakistan , Turkey and the USA . There are connections to the rest of the world via London Heathrow Airport , Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . There are also navigable waterways that run through the district. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through numerous towns and villages in the borough, with the Grade I listed Five Rise Locks at Bingley generally considered to be one of the finest feats of canal engineering in the country. [68] There are also proposals to restore and re-open the Bradford Canal , which closed in 1922, as part of a wider regeneration of the city. [69] Twin towns The City of Bradford, and the various towns and villages that make up the Metropolitan District, have Twin Town and Sister City Friendship Agreements with several other communities. [70] Each was originally twinned with a place within the City of Bradford. Country	Bradford
Which medical instrument was invented by René Laennec at the Necker Hospital in Paris in 1816?	Wyke - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Wyke NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the area of Bradford, West Yorkshire. For the hamlet near Leeds, West Yorkshire, see Wike, West Yorkshire . For other uses, see Wyke (disambiguation) . Wyke Wyke shown within West Yorkshire Population Coordinates : 53°44′13″N 1°46′12″W / 53.73693°N 1.77000°W / 53.73693; -1.77000 Wyke (population 14,180 - 2001 UK census ) is a Ward in Bradford Metropolitan District in the county of West Yorkshire , England, named after the village of Wyke. The population taken at the 2011 Census was 14,958. [1] As well as the area of Wyke, the ward includes the adjoining hamlet of Lower Wyke, the area around Carr House, known as Carr House Gate , part of Oakenshaw (the main part of which is in Kirklees ), and most of Low Moor . It is bordered on the east side by the M606 motorway and extends up to the Staygate roundabout on the north. Wyke Methodist Church is located at Laverack Field in Wyke. [2] The South Bradford Local History Alliance reports that "the Wesleyan movement held meetings in Wyke in the mid-19th century at a property in Wyke Lane known as Bink’s Cottage, and later at the home of Joseph Clark near the Temperance Hall. The original chapel was built in 1869 and was officially opened in 1871. A Sunday School was added in 1913." [3] References[ edit ] ^	i don't know
The Bulgarian born artist Christo is associated with wrapping buildings including the Reichstag in Berlin in 1995 and which Paris bridge in 1985?	1000+ images about christo & jeanne claude on Pinterest \| Environmental art, Wraps and Bulgaria Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas christo & jeanne claude Christo (born Christo Vladimirov Javacheff, June 13, 1935) and Jeanne-Claude (born Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon, June 13, 1935 – November 18, 2009) were a married couple who created environmental works of art. Christo Yavacheff is Bulgarian born and Jeanne-Claude was born in Morocco. Their works include the wrapping of the Reichstag in Berlin and the Pont-Neuf bridge in Paris. 42 Pins2.28k Followers	Pont Neuf
Tirpitz was sunk on November 1944 during Operation Catechism by bombers from Number 9 Squadron and which other numbered squadron, well known from Operation Chastise the previous year?	Maintenance teams around the clock, in uniform and with radios, Removal workers. The 5 inch (12,7 cm) square vertical and horizontal poles will be extruded in 65 miles (104,6 km) of recyclable saffron colored vinyl. The vertical poles will be secured by 15,000 narrow, steel base footings, 600 pounds (275 Kilograms) each, positioned on the paved surfaces. There will be no holes in the ground at all. The off-site fabrication of the gates structures and assembly of the 7500 fabric panels made of 1,089,882 square feet (101,250 square meters) of fabric will be done in local workshops, and factories. The on-site installation of the bases, by small teams, spread in the park, will neither disturb the maintenance and management of Central Park nor the every day use of the park by the people of New York. In teams of eight, 600 workers wearing "The Gates" uniforms, will be responsible for installing 100 gates per team. All workers will be financially compensated and receive one hot meal per day. Professional security will work in the park after dark. The unfurling of the fabric panels will bloom in one day. A written contract has been drafted between the City of New York and the Department of Parks and Recreation and the artists. The contract requires the artists to provide, among other terms and conditions: Personal and property liability insurance holding harmless the City, the Department of Parks and Recreation and the Central Park Conservancy. Restoration Bond providing funds for complete removal. Full cooperation with the Department of Parks and Recreation, the Central Park Conservancy, the New York Police Department, the New York City Arts Commission, the Landmarks Commission and the Community Boards. Clearance for the usual activities in the park and access of Rangers, maintenance, clean-up, police and emergency vehicles. The artists shall pay all costs of the Park’s supervision directly related to the project. Neither vegetation nor rock formations shall be disturbed. The Gates will be clear of rocks, tree roots and low branches. Only vehicles of small size will be used and will be confined to existing walkways during installation and removal. The people of New York will continue to use Central Park as usual. After the removal, the site shall be inspected by the Department of Parks and Recreation which will be holding the security until satisfaction. For those who will walk through The Gates, following the walkways, and staying away from the grass, The Gates will be a golden ceiling creating warm shadows. When seen from the buildings surrounding Central Park, The Gates will seem like a golden river appearing and disappearing through the bare branches of the trees and will highlight the shape of the footpaths. The 16 day duration work of art, free to all, will be a long-to-be-remembered joyous experience for every New Yorker, as a democratic expression that Olmsted invoked when he conceived a “central” park. The luminous moving fabric will underline the organic design of the park, while the rectangular poles will be a reminder fo the geometric grid pattern of the city blocks around the park. The Gates will harmonize with the beauty of Central Park. Vince Davenport is the chief engineer and director of construction. Jonita Davenport is the project director. All materials are being shipped to the rented 25,000 square foot (2,250 square meter) assembly plant in Queens, NY. Six manufacturing plants are preparing the materials, plus a sewing plant. Some of the materials ordered for 7,500 GATES (as of September 7, 2003): (Numbers might change slightly.) All materials will be recycled. • 5,290 US Tons of steel (4,799 Metric Tons) (10,580,000 pounds) (equal to 2/3 the steel in the Eiffel Tower) for 15,000 specially designed steel footing weights, varying between 615 and 837 pounds each, according to the width of the gate, (279 - 379 Kg.). Gates vary in width because there are 25 different widths of walkways in Central Park. The weights are resting on the hard surface of the walkways. There will be no holes in Central Park. • 315,491 linear feet (60 miles) (96.5 Km.) of Vinyl tube, 5 inch x 5 inch square, (12,7 x 12,7 cm.) extruded in saffron color, recyclable, specially designed, (for each gate: 2 vertical 16 feet long (4,87 meter), and one horizontal (varying between 6 and 18 feet, because the width of the walkways varies) • 15,000 specially designed, recyclable, cast aluminum upper corner reinforcements which hold together the 2 vertical poles to the horizontal pole. • 15,000 base anchor sleeves. Which will be bolted to the steel footing weights. • 15,000 (1/2 inch x 8 inch x 8 inch) (1.27 x 22,8 x 22,8 cm.) steel leveling plates. The leveling plate is between the base anchor sleeve and the steel base, it has a pivoting bolt which will ensure the perfect verticality of the poles, even when the walkways are inclined. • 165,000 bolts and self locking nuts. (7,500 x 22) • 15,000 (8 x 8 x 8 inch) (22,8 x 22,8 x 22,8 cm.) Vinyl leveling plate covers, to hide the bolts. • 116,389 miles (187,311 Km.) of nylon thread to be extruded in saffron color and specially woven into 1,067,330 square feet (99,155 square meters) of recyclable, rip-stop fabric, and then shipped to the sewing factory to be cut and sewn into 7,500 fabric panels of various widths. 46 miles (74 Km.) of hems. On January 3, 2005, weather permitting, our professional workers will enter Central Park. Using forklifts and pallet jacks, they will place the 15,000 steel weights bases at their specific positions on the edges of the walkways, usually at 12 foot intervals, unless there are low branches. On Monday, February 7, 2005, weather permitting, approximately 700 non-skilled workers (in teams of 7) will elevate The Gates assemblies -- 2 vertical and one horizontal pole, the upper and lower aluminum corners and base assembly and the fabric panel in a cocoon, attached to the upper horizontal pole. The fabric panels will not initially be seen because they will be restrained in the cocoons which will remain closed until Saturday, February 12, when all the cocoons will be opened, in one day (maybe in one morning), weather permitting, as with all our projects. The Gates will remain in Central park for 16 days, then the removal will start. With thanks to www.christojeanneclaude.net February 16, 2005 The Gates In Central Park Are Vandalized After a grand unveiling over the weekend, “The Gates” in Central Park have apparently been vandalized. Some graffiti was reportedly found on one of the gates, and pieces of the fabric were cut as well. No arrests have been made. But the artists, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, did not seem bothered when they heard of the vandalism. “We don’t react,” said Jeanne-Claude. “We are not reactors; we are creators.” Over 7,500 gates draped with flowing saffron-colored fabric have been erected over 23 miles of pathways in Central Park to create the largest public artwork in the city’s history. “The Gates” will be up through February 27. Copyright © 2005 NY1 News Young Critics See 'The Gates' and Offer Their Reviews: Mixed By JULIE SALAMON Bella, 9, and Samuel Glanville, 11, visitors from London. Samuel uses terms like Fauvism and Pointillism. esterday morning, unusually balmy for February, the gentle slopes north of the Delacorte Theater in Central Park resembled a giant schoolyard. Swarms of students were led to "The Gates" by their teachers, to observe, to draw, to meditate - and in many cases to pontificate - on the meaning of art and nature. For Kate Rosenberg, 9, a third-grade student at Rodeph Sholom, a private school on the Upper West Side, the saffron-colored gates dreamed up by the artist Christo and his wife, Jeanne-Claude, have altered her vision of Central Park. "Before I didn't really look at the park," she said. "I didn't see how beautiful it is. "These gates, and there are billions of them, make me feel I will not look at the park the same way again." There are actually 7,532 gates spread along 23 miles of the park's pathways - not quite billions, but more than enough to loom large in a child's imagination. And in the opinion of some children, far too many. Perhaps especially in New York, it is never too soon to become a critic. Many youngsters wondered if this was art at all, and if it was, did it have to cost $21 million? "They just wasted their money on nothing," declared Ikim Powell, 10, who attends P.S. 368 in the Bushwick section of Brooklyn. "They should at least have paintings behind them." His classmate, Tyre Brooks, felt "The Gates" was an unnecessary artificial imposition on the park's natural beauty. "Now it looks like a stage, like on wrestling," he said. "I just want to ride my bike and play. I'd like to come back to the park when the flags aren't here. They look cheap." But another student from P.S. 368, Tyquam Nimmons, on his first visit to Central Park, disagreed. "It is artistic," he said. "There are a lot of them all around, and they're the same color and they give me a good feeling." He was about to elaborate but instead ran off to catch a football being tossed around by a group from his school. Martha Epstein, a Rodeph Sholom third-grader, sitting with her classmates on a hill made of boulders, had just finished a sketch of one of the gates. "This is about my millionth time seeing 'The Gates,' " she sighed. She said she was not much impressed on her first visit last weekend with her family, right after the 116,389 miles of saffron fabric were unfurled. "It was really crowded and I didn't like the orange," she said. "I wished it was green, a park color." Subsequent visits have somewhat altered her view. "I don't like the look of them but I like the way everybody is at the park and happy," she said. Lucinda Gresswell brought her two children to New York from London for their midterm break, in part because the Christo gates would be up. In the 1970's, Ms. Gresswell's father had bought a Christo drawing of either a pyramid or a sphinx, she could not remember which. So two weeks ago she booked a flight. Her 11-year-old son, Samuel Glanville, had no doubt that the gates were art. "Art is Fauvism, Pointillism, abstract," he said, looking at rows of pleated nylon fabric floating slightly at the whiff of a breeze. "This is Christo - is that his name, I forget? - this is his art, his own interpretation." Samuel liked knowing that "The Gates" would be on view for only two weeks. "Like all art, if it's always there it doesn't feel so special," he said, with the savvy of a shrewd museum director. "It's like a special Matisse show at a museum. You feel lucky if you get to see it." For his 9-year-old sister, Bella, on her first visit to New York, confronting "The Gates" was another in a series of crucial discoveries: the brilliant lights of Times Square, and Century 21, the bargain store near ground zero, where Bella acquired the very cool shirt she was wearing. She was not as certain as her brother of the artistic merit of the gates. "Well, yeah," she said, when asked if they were art. Then, she amended. "Not so much," she said. "They're kind of like flags. I prefer messy art, like blobs." But she was happy that Christo's project helped lure her family to Central Park, where she and Samuel worked up a healthy glow climbing on the rocks. "It wouldn't be too ordinary even without the flags," she said. "Most parks have grass and trees, not rocks. In England, unless it's a heath, you wouldn't have big rocks and stones." Sean Springer, a student from the Rhode Island School of Design on leave to work as a volunteer for "The Gates," said he had learned from the school groups wandering through. "There was an English class writing about their feelings, and I was wondering about the connections between literature and this work," he said. "My opinion is the art makes a poetic statement, and they said art is a form of poetry." Mr. Springer helped install "The Gates," will help take it down, and stands at the ready to untangle fabric with a pole capped by a tennis ball. He also answers questions and hands out swatches of the nylon saffron fabric to passers-by. "That's one thing that's the same for kids and adults," he said. "If they know about the swatches, they want them." A student records impressions of "The Gates." In City of Ads, 'The Gates' Stand Apart By DAVID W. DUNLAP NOT a word. That may be one of the greatest gifts of "The Gates" to New York City: a sponsor-free public installation in Central Park. At a time when the civic realm is blanketed with corporate promotion, from lampposts to landmarks, the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude have shown that it is possible to hang 1,067,330 square feet of nylon in the heart of Manhattan - almost 50 acres of potential display space - without a slogan, trademark or logo. "I would have had a much more difficult time going to community boards, the Municipal Art Society and other civic groups making a case for it if there had been corporate logos on it," said Adrian Benepe, the parks commissioner. The artists are paying the estimated $21 million cost of the 16-day installation. They refuse sponsors, they say, because they want to work "in total freedom." Of course, in one sense, their work promotes themselves. Whether on the gray smocks worn by monitors along the walkways or in the piles of merchandise at the gift shops, there is no mistaking who gets top billing: Christo and Jeanne-Claude. But the couple are not trying to sell real estate or financial services, airline or museum tickets. To the extent that they may be trying to move "Gates" merchandise - or at least to satisfy the demand for it - they are not receiving income from the sales, which largely benefit city parks, said Megan Sheekey, a spokeswoman for the project. And the 16-foot-high orange gates are free of advertising. "There is not one image stamped on it," marveled Vanessa Gruen, director of special projects at the Municipal Art Society. "We're so used to seeing that kind of fabric used to drape buildings and for huge signs." For instance, the society has criticized as "obnoxious" a billboard modeled on a $10 bill that temporarily covers the front of the landmark New-York Historical Society on Central Park West, promoting the Alexander Hamilton exhibition. Another landmark near the park, the former United States Rubber Company Building at Broadway and 58th Street, now partly cocooned in scaffolding, has been turned into a temporary advertising kiosk for Independence Air. Around the park itself are dozens of three-by-eight-foot lamppost banners maintained by NYC & Company, the city's tourism marketing organization. Some currently feature paintings of dancers by Susan Rothenberg. These come emblazoned with the logo of the financial service firm UBS, in connection with a show at the Museum of Modern Art. Other banners along Central Park South are more like pure advertising. They show the logo of the real estate company CB Richard Ellis under a picture of Times Square with the legend "Real Estate Capital of the World." Cristyne L. Nicholas, the president and chief executive of NYC & Company, said banners around the city generate about $600,000 a year for the nonprofit organization, which in turn helps promote cultural institutions and events. "As far as corporate logos," she said, "that pays for the program, so that's necessary. All public art projects can't be funded by the generosity of Christo and Jeanne-Claude." Through the CVJ Corporation, of which Jeanne-Claude is president, the couple finance their projects by selling drawings, models, studies, lithographs and other artwork. TO date, more than 1 million visitors have viewed "The Gates," Ms. Sheekey said. You would think some corporation would salivate at this prospect, maybe one whose graphic identity is dominated by the color orange - like Home Depot or the ING Group - or one whose products might be conjured in viewers' minds by billowing curtains or rivers of orange, like the Coca-Cola Company (Minute Maid and Fanta) or Procter & Gamble (Downy fabric softener). "In other projects, we have received offers of sponsorship and have always said a flat no," Jeanne-Claude said in a telephone interview on Tuesday. "But for 'The Gates,' we have not received any offers of sponsorship because we think - Christo and I - that by now, they know we don't say yes, ever. So nobody even bothered." Asked about the proliferation of commercial imagery elsewhere in the city, Jeanne-Claude conferred briefly with her husband before she returned to the phone. "Christo answered, and I repeat word for word, 'I never think of advertising.' " How Banners Navigated the Hurdles By JOYCE PURNICK FOR nearly three years, Vince Davenport has lived and worked in New York, planning and directing installation of "The Gates" in Central Park. He chose the materials, devised engineering solutions, negotiated with suppliers, selected contractors and dealt with park neighbors and a municipal hierarchy as muddled as rush-hour traffic. The project's engineer says he can't quite yet believe that he and his team pulled it off, but they did. And now seems a good time to ask what he thinks of New York. How tough did he find the city, once it finally gave the project the go-ahead? "It is a difficult place to work, but I don't think it's that difficult if you do it right," Mr. Davenport said yesterday. "Do your homework, and don't try to beat the system, but work with it. There are so many bureaucracies. Everybody wants to be in charge of their own domain, and I can understand that. But go through the hierarchy, sit down and draw a plan and present it - as opposed to trying to bulldoze your way through." With occasional exceptions, he didn't even find New Yorkers rude, said Mr. Davenport, a general contractor originally from Kansas City who sounds uncannily like another Missouri native, Harry S. Truman, and seems just as direct (if less crusty). Told that some who worked on the project say that they considered it to be his - becoming Christo and Jeanne-Claude's only when the saffron material was unfurled on Saturday - he chose different language, but acknowledged that the technical translation of the artistic design, the engineering, "was strictly mine." Though working in New York for the first time, he seems to have anticipated most problems, except one. Mr. Davenport said that while he fully expected New York to be expensive, he found that labor, trucking and parking were so much more expensive than he anticipated that the project's costs grew to more than $20 million from the $15 million he originally projected. What about that entrenched New York institution, bribes - what did they cost? "Not a dime," he said. "The suggestion was made a few times, 'Is there something we can do for you?' But never out and out, and I don't believe in it." Even for someone who's worked in Los Angeles and Berlin, the city's complexity sounds as though it was bewildering - the multiple rules from multiple agencies. "But I don't have a problem with it," continued Mr. Davenport, sitting in his trailer near the Boathouse yesterday morning. "To me, Central Park is the eighth wonder of the world - a gorgeous, beautiful park. I understand why you have to have so many rules. It's the only way, when so many people are coming into the park daily." IT was the rule not to disturb the park that complicated approval of the project, first proposed over a quarter-century ago and rejected. That was mostly because Central Park was in bad shape, partly because the park design called for making it worse by drilling 15,000 holes in the park to anchor the gates. When the artists decided to try again in 2002, Mr. Davenport told them: " 'This is impossible, I can't do this job.' I said the geology of the park will not allow you, even if you got permission, to drill simple six-inch-by-three-foot holes. You will wind up with a two-foot-diameter hole by the time you take out all the rocks you are going to hit." Even without having a solution, he recommended telling the city that the design would require no drilling. By that spring, he came up with an innovative design using heavy bases with anchor plates that serve as leveling devices to anchor the 7,500 vinyl gates. Doug Blonsky, president of the Central Park Conservancy, said yesterday that the revised design was "one of the most important factors that helped us change our feelings." Mr. Davenport, who had built tracks of houses and industrial buildings but is not a trained engineer, started working with Christo and Jeanne-Claude in 1989, when a contractor-friend from Missouri, working on the couple's umbrella installation in the Los Angeles area, needed an associate with a California license. Mr. Davenport was licensed, and intrigued. He and his wife, Jonita, have been with the two artists ever since. The couple have been living on Manhattan's East Side since February 2002, but after "The Gates" closes in 10 days, they will return to their home in Leavenworth, Wash. "I'd love to stay," he said. "But I can't afford it." Seeing Orange By TED CAPLOW HE exhibit that began last weekend in Central Park is many things to many people. For me and my beagle, Hazel, with whom I share a daily walk to work through the park, "The Gates" is just a distraction. What she wants to know is, where have all the squirrels gone? What I want to know is, from the standpoint of industrial ecology, how can Christo and Jeanne-Claude justify the environmental impact of this project? On their Web site, the artists, with apparent pride, declare that "The Gates" has required 10½ million pounds of steel, 60 miles of vinyl tubing and one million square feet of nylon fabric, plus thousands upon thousands of steel plates, bolts and nuts to hold the whole thing together. The plastic tubes and fabric are described as "recyclable," but no mention is made of the fate of the steel. According to the United States Department of Energy, the steel industry in this country consumes about 18 million B.T.U.'s of raw energy to produce one ton of steel. If the cast steel in "The Gates" is typical American steel, then making it has required 97 billion B.T.U.'s, an amount equivalent to the entire annual energy consumption - including that used to run cars, furnaces, air conditioners and home appliances - of nearly 500 New York state residents. Energy for the steel industry is supplied in roughly equal thirds by coal, natural gas and electricity from the grid. Based on generally accepted rates of carbon dioxide emissions for these three sources, it appears that making steel for "The Gates" churned out 7,000 tons of carbon dioxide, equivalent to the combined output of about 1,600 average American cars for a year (carbon dioxide is viewed by most scientists as a threat to the global climate system). We would have to plant more than 200 acres of trees and grow them for 10 years to remove this carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Central Park has an area of about 800 acres, but only part of this has trees; and the mature trees that dominate the park do not absorb carbon dioxide effectively, so we cannot look to the park to clean up the mess. In terms of sheer mass, the amount of plastic in "The Gates" is dwarfed by the steel, but emissions of carbon dioxide, dioxins and other toxins from plastics manufacturing are also a concern. The plastic chosen for the supports, polyvinyl chloride, or P.V.C., is an increasingly controversial material that releases dioxins and other carcinogens to the air and water during manufacture (and possibly afterward). Polyvinyl chloride has been singled out as "the poison plastic" by Greenpeace and other environmental groups. We now have 60 miles of it in the park. Clearly, the squirrels were not consulted on this choice. If the plastic used in "The Gates" is in fact recycled (Greenpeace warns of the "false promise" of polyvinyl chloride recycling, noting that only 1 percent gets recycled), some credit might be allowed, but at best this credit would account for only a fraction of the energy used and emissions produced. Nearly all steel is "recyclable," but the recycling rate (around 70 percent nationwide) is already accounted for in the energy intensity calculations above. More fundamentally, one cannot dismiss responsibility for the use of a primary material simply by claiming that this material could be reused. That's like claiming that no mink were harmed in making your fur coat, because you might donate it to good will someday. This is an unenlightened view of ecology. Why could the artists not have chosen a 100 percent postconsumer material, or better yet, a biologically derived material, to begin with? Such a choice would have reduced toxic emissions from the material itself, although we would still be left with the diesel trucks and propane forklifts scuttling to and from the park to carry this enormous mass in and out. It has also been loudly declared that the artists are paying for all of this out of their own pockets, through the sale of spinoff drawings and paintings to art collectors. These drawings can be viewed on the artists' Web site, and all share a pattern of coloration in which the city and the park, the buildings, the trees, the grass, are devoid of life, while the "The Gates" are portrayed in vivid color - the only objects of apparent interest to the artist. The setting could have just as easily been any other city, or no city at all, and little would change in the paintings. These depictions of a lifeless New York City are supposedly financing the materials, manpower and energy required to bring us "The Gates," but there is no mention of any fee paid for the pollution of the air and water, to say nothing of the threat to Hazel's squirrels. The choice of such an unfortunate orange hue - "saffron" to the artists, but to the rest of us more evocative of sanitation trucks, prison uniforms or road pylons - becomes clear: this is the color of hazard and danger. Hazel and I have chosen to interpret the whole business as an ecological warning sign. Ted Caplow, an environmental engineer, is the executive director of Fish Navy, a nonprofit organization that promotes sustainable technology. Although The Gates are a nice distraction from the bitter Winter weather and leafless tree landscape, I agree with this op-ed. The Gates and employment $21 Million…for what? As one of the “paid volunteers” on Christo-Jeanne Claude’s The Gates, Central Park, New York City, the most frequent comment I heard was something about the $21 million that had been spent. While describing my experience on The Gates project to my husband, he commented that it was collectively realized. Bingo! Christo-Jeanne Claude’s art is always a project that involves hundreds, if not thousands, of people…people who help them bring that dream to reality. So now let’s talk about the $21 million. The people who help Christo-Jeanne Claude bring that dream to reality do not do it for free. There would be salaries for the project engineer, the project director, the project assistants, and the rest of Christo-Jeanne Claude’s team. And some of these people have been working over two years on this. But let’s get to the real nuts and bolts of the money – employing workers at the Gupta Permold plant outside of Pittsburgh who constructed the aluminum corner sleeves; employing workers at the ISG steel mill in Coatesville, PA who produced 5,290 tons of steel sheets for the base weights; employing workers at the C. C. Lewis steel plants in Conshohocken, PA AND in Springfield, MA who took the ISG steel sheets and turned them into the base weights; employing workers at the J. Schilgen Company in Emsdetten, Germany who produced the saffron, recyclable rip-stop nylon fabric; employing workers at Bieri-Zeltaplan in Taucha, Germany who cut, sewed and rolled the fabric panels and cocooned them with Velcro; employing workers at the North American Profiles Group plant in Holmes, NY who manufactured the vinyl poles; employing people who helped with the 10 containers shipped by boat from Germany; employing workers at the LMT-Mercer Group in Lawrenceville, NJ who produced the base plate covers, used to conceal the leveling plate. Now let’s add the employment of the truck drivers to get those materials from the New York Harbor, Pittsburgh, Coatesville, Conshohocken, Springfield, Holmes, Lawrenceville to the assembly plant in Queens, and the employment of workers at the assembly plant. And my guess is that was all before November 2004. Keep going? The workers who put down the base weights throughout Central Park were paid; more truck drivers were employed to bring the finished supplies from Queens to Central Park; and how about the bus drivers employed to take the paid volunteers to training sessions in Queens and to shuttle them back and forth in Central Park. And remember they’re paying for the extra security in Central Park, also. Then we could add in the food. From January 3rd to February 27th, all the workers in Central Park have been fed lunch every day, and coffee and pastry in the morning. Does YOUR boss do that for you? When an artist sells a piece of art, he employs 2 people – himself and the dealer. Christo-Jeanne Claude spent $21 million and my guess is that at least ½ to 2/3 of that went towards employing thousands of people. Hmmmmmmmm…art as employment. Maybe Christo-Jeanne Claude should be meeting with President Bush. February 14, 2005 It's a Park Whose Time Has Come By JOYCE PURNICK IT took nearly a quarter-century to bring Christo and Jeanne-Claude's "Gates" to Central Park. That does seem a bit extreme, even for New York. Why so long? Fortunately, it was easy to find out, because standing near the Sheep Meadow on Saturday morning, watching the curtains of cheerful saffron fabric being unfurled, was the very man who first said no, Gordon J. Davis. Mr. Davis, the former commissioner of parks and recreation, is now such a fan of the installation that he was wearing an orange hat and lapel ribbon. But in 1981, he called the original proposal "the wrong place, the wrong time." It called for a much larger installation and, unlike the current design, it would have left holes in the dirt and asphalt. The artists also wanted their show in the fall, rather than in winter. But those were not the main complications, Mr. Davis explained. "The basic reason was, the park was a disaster," he said. Central Park, hurt by the city's fiscal crisis, had deteriorated and was dangerous. The Central Park Conservancy, its privately financed savior, had only been founded in 1980. "My view was, there will be this wonderful thing for two weeks, and when it was gone people will look around the park and it will be a disaster," Mr. Davis said. "This time, the park has been completely revived, and it's a wonderful place." But back then, just imagine the public reaction to lavish spending - even of private dollars - on an artistic fancy in an otherwise shabby park. That would not have gone over well in a city where every decision has a political rationale. Today Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's enthusiastic support for the project barely produced a ripple of dissent. If there really is a time for everything, this is the time for "The Gates." Spend a moment in the park and it's apparent. The installation has transformed the park into a public party. Like Operation Sail celebrating the bicentennial in 1976, or the fireworks commemorating the Brooklyn Bridge's 100th birthday in 1983, this is one of those moments in New York - the kind that gets people together to share something different, exuberant or in this instance, purely "preposterous," as Heather Tow-Yick put it yesterday in the park near Harlem. Ms. Tow-Yick, an assistant to the schools chancellor, quickly added, "I mean that in a fond way. It's classic New York." The apricot-tinged park this weekend seemed to mute the city's snarls, to grant a temporary respite from its insistent frustrations. Maybe "The Gates" is art, maybe it isn't. But it is uncomplicated fun to meet people from everywhere, to hear their stories and even become a fleeting part of them. Who could not smile at encountering Louise Kershaw and Glynn Moss of Manchester, England. Despite the winter weather, the young couple had decided to hold their wedding ceremony in Central Park, knowing nothing about "The Gates." The new husband and wife pronounced themselves delighted, if surprised. "Everyone's been wishing us well," said the bride, looking slightly dazed, as she and her husband posed for photographs near the Bethesda Fountain, surrounded by family and a friendly throng of strangers. THAT'S the story of the installation - the people, suggested Carl Petzhold, a retired writer from Hanover, Germany. In Berlin, where the same artists wrapped the Reichstag with fabric in 1995, "there were 5 million people, and they all excitedly talked to each other, and here is the same thing," said Mr. Petzhold, who came to New York with his wife, Sigrid, specifically to see "The Gates." "People will talk to you, no matter where you come from." Sophia Ginzburg of Albany, a medical technician, had a similar reaction. It is, she said, "like a holiday in here." Barbara Colon, walking her dog, Maxie, near West 104th Street yesterday was just happy to see more people in the park than usual, though many fewer than south of 96th Street. "And at last, they finally did something uptown," added Ms. Colon, who works in investment banking. The installation had its critics. But there is no doubt that the 16-day exhibit is a hit. Just as there was no doubt in 1981 that it would have been a dud. "E. B. White wrote that to live in New York you have to be lucky," said Mr. Davis, the former parks commissioner. "My corollary is, it's great to live in a city where you are allowed to change your mind." 'The Gates' Unfurling to High Hopes By RANDY KENNEDY With 45 television cameras in front of him and a view of bright orange vinyl gates stretching through Central Park behind him, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg said yesterday that the city expected an infusion of $80 million in tourism and other spending by people flocking to see "The Gates," the vast public art project by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Worldwide interest in the project was clear at the news conference at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where journalists from more than 200 media outlets, including networks in Sweden, Mexico City and Tokyo and others as unusual as Bulgarian national television, crowded into the Temple of Dendur to hear the mayor and the two artists discuss the project, whose saffron-colored fabric panels will be unfurled this morning. For Mr. Bloomberg - who has reduced the city's arts budget amid general cutbacks but has also emerged as the strongest promoter of public art at City Hall in decades - the event was a chance to bask in the glow of a near-perfect blockbuster project: one that comes at no cost to the city (the artists are paying for everything, including extra police officers) and that will attract thousands of art pilgrims to New York during a month when tourism is traditionally at its lowest. "With no ticket sales of any kind it's impossible to predict exactly how big an impact 'The Gates' will have during its 16-day stay here," Mr. Bloomberg said, "but based on attendance at similar events and other factors, the city's Economic Development Corporation estimates that the project will generate more than $80 million in economic activity for our city." The $20 million project was originally conceived by the artists in 1979 and was rejected by three mayoral administrations before Mr. Bloomberg's, in part because of concerns about its cost and about damage to the park. The mayor, who first became interested in the notion of "The Gates" in 1995 as a trustee of the Central Park Conservancy, made light of the project's long history yesterday, saying that it took Michelangelo four years to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and Beethoven five years to write the Ninth Symphony. "Mere blinks of an eye," he said, "compared to the time that it took to build the masterpiece that we are celebrating today." "I can't promise," he added, "particularly since this is New York, that every single person will love 'The Gates,' but I guarantee that they will all talk about it." "And that's really what innovative, provocative art is supposed to do," he added, as Jeanne-Claude and Christo sat next to him. Vince Davenport, the project's engineer, said that teams of workers would be standing by in case any of the 16-foot-high gates broke or were pushed down, and that a gate could be replaced in less than an hour. But both he and Raymond W. Kelly, the police commissioner, said they did not anticipate many problems, from either vandals or the weather. Mr. Davenport said that teams would begin manually unfurling the fabric at 8:30 a.m. and that all of the panels should be released by about 11. Asked often yesterday to explain the meaning of the project, Christo and Jeanne-Claude emphasized that its meaning would have to be found by those who walked through the 7,500 gates, spread over 23 miles of walkways. "It has no purpose," Jeanne-Claude said. "It is not a symbol. It is not a message. It is only a work of art." But Christo explained that it related in some ways to the unrealized plans of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, the park's designers, to place iron gates at many of the entrances to the park. He added that the fabric panels, which will blow and curve in the wind, are also meant to remind viewers of the park's serpentine paths and the curves of the empty branches of the trees above them. After answering several questions, however, Christo became clearly frustrated by trying to explain his work and emphatically urged experience over rational inquiry. "This project is not involved with talk," he said. "It is real physical space. You need to spend time walking in the cold air - sunny day, rainy day, even snow. It is not necessary to talk." EDITORIAL NOTEBOOK At Last, the Gates Wave in Central Park By CAROLYN CURIEL Few artists can make a global splash like Christo and Jeanne-Claude, who are spouses and collaborators. Their public art creations are not so much displayed as audaciously imposed: installations that employ landscapes and buildings as mannequins and pincushions. They put pink skirts on islands off Florida, silver draping around the Reichstag in Berlin and colorful umbrellas in fields in Southern California and Japan. As a successor to these phenomena, "The Gates," which unfurls today in Central Park, adds another dimension, a certain humanity within the grandeur. The artists' earlier inventions were often remote, away from urban areas or other easily accessible settings. The splendor depended on what photographs or aerial video could capture. Not so with "The Gates." For 16 days, "The Gates" will be in place, with 7,500 saffron-colored panels hanging above pedestrians like slices of sunlight. Streaming along 23 miles of walkways in Central Park - the most-visited park in the nation's largest city - the installation invites interaction and exploration. The artists have said the saffron color of the fabric and frames was chosen simply because they like it, but it seems a prompt for meditation and reflection. Still, visitors shouldn't expect a lot of peace and quiet. New Yorkers and tourists are expected to crowd the park, an unusual circumstance in the month of February. As with their previous 18 large works, Christo and Jeanne-Claude financed the full cost, some $20 million. They also paid with time and perseverance. It took a quarter-century to realize their vision, which finally won approval after the election of Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Only in the last few weeks did the scope of the project become clear, with the frames springing up as if ready for a giant round of croquet. On one recent day, crew members hoisted poles into place and took in early reviews from passers-by. One called it an abomination, but others seemed more enthralled. One woman, who described herself as a landscape painter, called the work in progress "an environmental happening." Another woman, on skates and carrying a Bergdorf Goodman bag, tried unsuccessfully to volunteer to help on the spot. In the dead of winter, when sensations can go as numb as uncovered ears, Christo and Jeanne-Claude and their legions of helpers are at the very least succeeding in awakening sentiments. Critics can argue that Central Park does not need the fuss. But maybe New Yorkers do, in the form of this bright respite. Central Park Makeover: Reality Show, in a Way By CAROL VOGEL Video: Work Begins on "The Gates" At 6:45 a.m. on Tuesday, as the sun was beginning to rise over Central Park, the Loeb Boathouse was buzzing. The artist Christo stood outside, admiring the way the soft morning light bathed the orange gates that teams of workers had put into place on Monday. It was Day Two of installing his vast $20 million public art project, created with his wife, Jeanne-Claude, and there was a sense that there was no time to lose. So far, 261 16-foot-tall gates had sprouted around the park. By tomorrow evening, 7,500 will have to be in place along the park's pedestrian walkways from 59th Street to 110th Street, in time for the saffron-colored fabric that adorns the gates to be unfurled around 8:30 on Saturday morning. (The project will remain through Feb. 27.) Inside the boathouse, the 600-odd paid volunteers enlisted for the five-day job were chatting over coffee and rolls, waiting to head off to their assigned areas. Things had gotten off to a slow start on Monday. It had taken time for the workers to assemble, find their work areas and figure out the most efficient way to work. Still, every team seemed competitively conscious of its accomplishments. "We installed 27 gates yesterday," boasted Ann W. Richards, the former governor from Texas. "There's something magical about people coming together for a common purpose without something for them to gain," she added. "I'm having a ball." "There's real energy," agreed Antoine Douaihy, who oversees 150 people in 14 teams as the leader of Area One - extending from 59th Street to 65th Street and from Fifth Avenue to Central Park West - and in real life works in film production. "One team refused to stop until they had put up 25 gates." Also savoring the scene was Anne L. Strauss, a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art who organized an exhibition of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's "Gates"-related drawings, collages, photographs and maps last year. "There are a lot of art people here," she said. While each team seemed diverse in age and profession, from college students to retired teachers and doctors, all had a common bond: a resolve to be a part of the city's biggest public-art happening ever. By 7:30 a.m., after a pep talk from Vince Davenport, the project's chief engineer and construction director, and from Capt. Andrew Capul, commanding officer of the Central Park Precinct, everyone headed off to their assigned areas. Although Mr. Douaihy called the 261 gates installed on Monday a "respectable" figure, he said that 400 to 500 more would have to go up Tuesday if the effort was to be completed by Friday. Cruising around the park in a golf cart, he consulted with Guy Efrat, one of the area's so-called "zone supervisors." (Each area is divided into zones, and each zone into teams.) Mr. Efrat, who also works in movie production, was overseeing three teams in Mr. Douaihy's area. Like mutual strangers in a reality television show, each team felt somewhat randomly thrown together. But often, the common strand was art: Area One, Section 10, for instance, was made up of a performance artist, an advertising art director, a retired doctor/Yale University professor, a sculptor/gilder, an architect, an architectural draftsman, a freelance stagehand and a recent college graduate who is on his way to become an intern at the Chinati Foundation, a contemporary-art organization in Marfa, Tex. "I've never seen so many artsy people in my life," said Huascar Pimentel, the stagehand, who is one of the professional workers that was assigned to the team. "These guys are great - they don't mind getting their hands dirty." Nor did the men mind taking directions from a woman, although some of them joked about it. ("You don't see this much cooperation in the workplace," said Robert Steigelman, the advertising art director.) Catherine Courter, the sculptor and gilder, had been named the team's captain by the organizers. Michael Bianco, the recent graduate, and Arvin Garay-Cruz, the architect, had been asked to be the "levelers," the team members who made sure that the steel plates anchoring the poles in heavy bases were installed correctly. Each worker had attended a four-hour training session last week where the professionals took notes on those who demonstrated leadership ability (potential team captains) or mechanical ability (levelers). It took only about three minutes for the workers to actually hoist a gate into place. The hard part was using the right size horizontal poles (which depended on the width of walkways) and wielding nuts, bolts and wrenches to attach parts like the orange boxlike sleeves that conceal the metal plates. And some spots were more difficult than others. On heavily trafficked paths, installers often had to stop working to let pedestrians pass. Hilly or narrow paths were harder to work on. And then there was the saccharine music emanating nonstop from the ice rink. And the remarks of passersby. "I can't work it out - it horrifies me that this is costing $20 million, I don't care who's paying for it," a man carrying a briefcase said as he hurried past the workers of Area One, Section 10, on West 59th Street behind the Wollman Skating Rink. Still, most people who stopped to chat had positive reactions. "I'm not sure about the color, but I'm a fan," Douglas F. Eaton, a United States District Court judge, said after his daily round of skating. On Monday the team members installed only 18 gates. But by 10:15 on Tuesday morning they were already putting up the 11th of the day. The key was establishing a rhythm: one person repeatedly readied the equipment for the levelers, and the levelers would begin their task as others trundled the gates over to their assigned positions. "This is my cheap and cheerful vacation," Robert Condon, the architectural draftsman, said, holding a pole in position. By noon the team headed back to the boathouse for lunch, leaving Mr. Pimentel behind to watch the equipment. (That job rotates among teammates each day.) "Can you believe it, this was conceived the year I was born?" Mr. Cruz, 26, said as the group ambled toward the boathouse. (Christo and Jeanne-Claude have been working on "The Gates" since 1979.) "If you look at one gate, it's ugly, it looks like a guillotine," he mused. "It's the multiplicity of them that makes it a total artwork." "The more go up, the cooler it looks," Ms. Courter agreed over lunch in the packed boathouse. Team members sat together, chatting happily while keeping a wary ear open to find out how many gates the other teams had installed. Then it was back to their assigned area near the rink. By 4 p.m., Area One, Section 10, had managed to install a total of 35 gates. Exhausted, the team members returned their supplies to a nearby staging area and began planning for Wednesday. After ticking off the completed gates on a map, Ms. Courter started counting those that would have to be installed on Wednesday. "Thirty-five again tomorrow," she said. "No problem." 11-Jan-2005 New York Art Project Made in Germany Ever since they shrouded Berlin's Reichstag, most Germans know artist duo Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Germany plays a role in their latest work in New York too, this time weaving and stitching their trademark fabric. A decade ago, Christo and Jeanne-Claude created a sensation when they swaddled the German Reichstag or parliament building in shimmering silver fabric for two weeks in a statement of Berlin's Cold War east-west political divide. As the artist duo prepare for their latest art installation in New York -- setting up 7,500 gates hung with panels of saffron-colored fabric in Central Park -- Germany is once again involved. Few know that much of the handiwork for "The Gates," as the New York art installation is called, was done across the Atlantic in small workshops in sleepy German towns. And, as if in a continuing vein of the artists' Reichstag project, Germany's once divided halves are in it together: a manufacturing company in Taucha near Leipzig in eastern Germany and a weaving mill in the town of Emsdette, near Münster in western Germany, have labored separately to ensure that "The Gates" opens as scheduled on Feb. 12. Both companies have worked for the Bulgarian-born Christo and his French wife and co-artist Jeanne-Claude before. There's little doubt that the high-profile New York project is a further feather in their cap. Klaus Schirmer, head of production at the Schilden company, which wove the sturdy sheets of polyamide imprinted with an intricate honeycomb design in saffron yellow for "The Gates," said it wasn't a routine commission. "It is definitely special. It's probably not everyday that one can associate art with a technical weaving mill. Thus this whole Christo thing is really special and of course very, very important to us," Schirmer told Deutsche Welle during the manufacturing stage last year. Christo reportedly paid the weaving mill around €400,000 ($524,000) for 100,000 square meters of polyamide textile, the normal price according to the company. For the tiny sewing workshop in Taucha, which belonged to the Communist East German government and has now been bought over by the Swiss Bieri Group, the Christo commission brought welcome relief to its workers. "It's a nice change," Susann Reihe, who has been stitching together the fabric panels for Christo and Jeanne-Claude's New York artwork for the past year in Taucha, told German broadcaster WDR. "We normally do protective weather-proof covers for cars, party-tents and the like, that demands a whole lot of painstaking work," Reihe said. "This is really lovely in contrast." Christo's project manager Wolfgang Volz said that the Taucha-based Bieri Zeltaplan company had already proven its skills and quality during the Reichstag wrapping project. "At the time we had a really good experience with them," Volz told WDR. "That's why we approached them again." Roland Eilenberger, head of Bieri Zeltaplan is clear that the commission has also brought the company much prestige in their line of work. "Naturally, you can't market such a project in the same way that you would perhaps bring out a luxurious product on the market," Eilenberger said. "But, overall, in the textile industry it's pretty unique to able to work and complete such a mammoth project." The company shipped off the last of the fabric panels to New York last November. "The Gates" is just the latest in a string of gigantic public art pieces that the conceptual artists are known for, most of which have involved wrapping swathes of fabric around massive objects. Among their more memorable projects, was a hanging of a curtain between two peaks in a Colorado valley, wrapping the Pont Neuf in Paris, embellishing several islands off Florida with tutus, the wrapping of the Reichstag and opening 3,100 umbrellas in Japan and California. "The Gates," which like most of the artist duo's works is monumental but temporary, will consist of five-meter-high gates placed at intervals of about 3.5 meters along 37 kilometers of footpaths throughout New York's Central Park. The saffron-colored fabric panels will be suspended from each gate, falling to two meters above the ground. The installation is designed to pay tribute to the park's half-planned topography as well as to evoke the structure of the surrounding city blocks. As with most of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's projects, the fabric is central to the installation. This time the saffron color is meant to symbolize a park in full bloom. Author DW staff (sp) New York Daily News - http://www.nydailynews.com/ Open shutter on 'Gates' Monday, January 17th, 2005 It took 26 years for landscape artist Christo and his wife, Jeanne-Claude, to get permission to erect their "Gates" project in Central Park. Legendary documentary film maker Albert Maysles caught the process on tape. About 100 hours of it, anyway. And although Christo's 7,500 tubular gates with saffron-colored fabric panels will decorate 23 miles of pathways in the park for a mere 15 days, Feb. 12-27, Maysles, 71, and directing partner Antonio Ferrera, 28, promise a film for the ages. They also pledge to make a distinctly New York film, starring Central Park and what Maysles calls "the collage" of people around it. "Central Park is sort of this egalitarian place, this Arcadia, where all of New York comes together to play and do their thing," Ferrera said. "'The Gates'" sort of underlines that." Maysles and his late brother, David, used hand-held cameras and sound equipment to revolutionize documentaries with films like "The Beatles: First U.S. Visit" and "Gimme Shelter," their 1974 film about the Rolling Stones tour that culminates in the disastrous California concert at Altamont. The brothers caught on film a Hells Angels member, hired to provide security, killing a fan who tried to rush the stage. Maysles has one of the cameras used at Altamont in his home at the Dakota on Central Park West. Maysles and the Christos have a long history together - "The Gates" will be the sixth documentary Maysles has done with them since he and his brother met the pair in Paris in 1962. The collaboration has worked because their methods are the same, a sort of Zen acceptance that whatever happens, happens and becomes a part of the artistic process. "In a good documentary, you never know what will happen next. Half or more of the Christos' projects is the unknown reaction to it," Maysles said. "They don't know what the weather is going to be. That's okay. Maybe it will snow. Maybe a rainbow crosses the park at that time. So much the better." The city's reluctance to approve the "Gates" project added a bit of cinéma vérité to the film. Because they have film spanning each of the Christos' requests and city rejections since the artists' first attempt in 1979, the audience gets to watch various officials, and the Christos, age on film. "So the viewer gets to watch these evolutions of the project and the people involved," Ferrara said. "People go from being young people in the '70s to who they are today. One guy who was against it has hair in the '70s. Now he's bald." "So many people think of interviews in documentaries, but what is important is that person you are filming experiencing something," Maysles said. "You are experiencing things those people experience." The Christos modified their proposal over the years to win city approval. For instance, they abandoned the idea of drilling holes to anchor each gate in the pathway and instead constructed portable stands for each. And the couple's success over the years with their massive works - they covered the Reichstag in Germany in silver fabric and strung yellow umbrellas across the California countryside, for example - made the Central Park project more palatable to local officials. Maysles said he is also proud that this is a film without a point. "At our best, we are making a film that has no particular purpose," he said. "You talk to the Christos, they say there is no purpose to their art, just a thing of beauty to be enjoyed. So is this film. When you think about it, Shakespeare, what is the purpose?" The documentary crew spends hours a day filming all aspects of "The Gates" assembly and construction. The filmmakers expect to winnow the estimated 100 hours of videotape to a 90-minute film. Then there is the money. Unlike the Christos, who pay for all of their projects by selling the equivalent of storyboard sketches of each - Maysles has two of them - the filmmaker is still raising the estimated $80,000 he will need to complete the documentary. A Filmmaker's 50 Years of Reassuring Intimacy By KATHRYN SHATTUCK The scene left a lot to the imagination. On a sun-drenched day last week in Central Park, the only evidence of "The Gates," New York City's biggest public art project ever, was several thousand dark steel bases poking through a layer of snow. But for the 78-year-old filmmaker Albert Maysles , whose mission it has been to record a quarter-century of work on the project by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude, the site had potential. The saffron-colored panels that will billow across 23 miles of park footpaths will not be unfurled until Saturday, but 11 days in advance, Mr. Maysles knew that people would already be talking about it. "I'd like to find a group already involved in a discussion about the work," he said, alighting from a golf cart at the Great Lawn. A barely perceptible frown clouded the white-haired filmmaker's face, framed by black spectacles. Except for a few pedestrians wandering by, nothing much was happening. Finally, camera in hand, he approached a tattooed woman who was sitting on a bench in a spaghetti-strapped camisole and trousers, her two white dogs the only apparent source of warmth. "Let me feel you," he said after a few minutes of casual conversation, placing his hand on her bare shoulder. "My God, it's warm." He turned to Antonio Ferrera, his co-filmmaker, and motioned him over. "Feel her shoulder," he said. "Do you believe it?" Mr. Ferrera reached out and touched her. It was the Maysles technique - intimate to the point of being unnerving yet somehow, reassuringly safe. Touched by strange men in the middle of Central Park, the woman did not flinch. And so began the first of Mr. Maysles's explorations that afternoon as he and Mr. Ferrera sidled up to bench-sitters, waved at passers-by, basked in recognition and filmed - or not, depending on their subjects' willingness - reactions to The Gates, a project that just about everyone seemed to have an opinion about, once Mr. Maysles had coaxed them into revealing it. A chat with a transplanted Russian couple veered from Mr. Maysles's visit to Russia in 1955, when as a psychology teacher from Boston University he cajoled his way into psychiatric hospitals and recorded what was to become his first film, to the eccentricities of the pianist Vladimir Horowitz, the subject of another of his documentaries, to the Russian man's own work as an artist in Central Park upon his arrival in this country in 1979. "Christo and I are alike," said the man, Eric Freyman. "We both relied on the park to survive." A woman who described herself as "a product of Germany after World War II" and refused to be filmed, was less enthusiastic about the project. "Nature does not need adornment," she said, her brow crinkling. Mr. Maysles sat down, turned off his camera and began to talk. Soon, the conversation moved to Prague, where, the woman said, her Jewish mother had been forced to work in a church during the war. "My family name is well known there, but spelled differently," he said: "Maisels." "Ah, yes, you are Albert Maysles," she replied, her face brightening. "Gimme Shelter." "Salesman." "Grey Gardens." She knew his documentaries well. They talked a bit longer - about her former career as a language teacher, about his continuing one. "Well, I still can't say that I approve of this," she said, finally, gesturing to the base that she was using as a footrest. "But you've convinced me to keep an open mind." Mr. Maysles picked up his camera and walked on. "You know, one experience leads to another," he said, inching closer to his listener until their noses were almost touching. "In the end, 'The Gates' become connectors between lives." Mr. Maysles is well practiced in finding the connections between the environmental art visualized by Christo and Jeanne-Claude and the people who experience it. "The Gates," his sixth project with the couple, is to be shown on HBO in the fall. Tomorrow, the Museum of Modern Art will begin screenings of "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Projects Recorded, 1969-1998," which includes Mr. Maysles's films of the previous five collaborations. Mr. Maysles met Christo and Jeanne-Claude through a friend in Paris in 1960, and they became like family, Jeanne-Claude said, when the Christos moved to New York in 1964. With his brother and co-filmmaker, David, Mr. Maysles followed the couple as they strung a rippled sheet of orange fabric between mountains in "Christo's Valley Curtain" (1974), stretched an 18-foot wall of white across Northern California in "Running Fence" (1978), skirted Biscayne Bay islands in flamingo pink in "Islands" (1986) and wrapped the Pont Neuf in gold in "Christo in Paris" (1990). He completed "Umbrellas" (1995), about the simultaneous opening of 3,100 umbrellas in California and Japan, without David, who died in 1987. For now, all that exists of "The Gates" documentary is a five-minute trailer and a mass of film taken across more than two decades - and left to editors in Mr. Maysles's studio on West 54th Street to make sense of. "It's a talent I don't have," he said of the editing, noting that a late-in-life diagnosis of attention deficit disorder had helped him better understand what he had always viewed as his weaknesses. "I haven't the eye." But that disability has helped to nurture some strengths. "I am a very, very good listener," he said. "My innate difficulty with concentration forced me to be." A pioneer in direct cinema, the American version of French cinéma vérité, Mr. Maysles is an old-school documentarian, preferring to remain out of frame and let life speak for itself. "When you ask a question," he said, "you already know what the answer will be." And so he has sought out what he doesn't already know. It was Mr. Maysles's team who filmed a man being stabbed to death during a Rolling Stones concert at Altamont in the 1970 film "Gimme Shelter," Mr. Maysles who ferreted out the aspirations and disappointments of a reclusive mother and daughter in their decaying house in East Hampton, on Long Island, in "Grey Gardens" (1976). And it is Mr. Maysles whom the Christos have allowed to accompany them from intimacy to intimacy for more than three decades, from Christo's freak-out session as he watched their Colorado curtain become snagged during its unfurling in 1972 to Jeanne-Claude's singing "Oh, What a Beautiful Day," a bit off-key, in the back of a taxi cab in 2003. "We used to tease David and Al when we were younger because once I remember they said, they want to be with us all the time, everywhere," Jeanne-Claude said in a telephone interview from her downtown loft last week. "But they have not yet caught us brushing our teeth." "It's not only about the films of Christo," she continued. "You will see that in all of their film, David and Albert, always, they just can't help it - no matter what is happening, they cannot help but throw in a little a bit of tenderness." David was mostly the sound, she recalled, and Albert the cameraman. David's role on "The Gates" has fallen to Mr. Ferrera, a 35-year-old writer and filmmaker with a fondness for quoting Thomas Hardy whose romantic vision seems to mesh with Mr. Maysles's own. For "The Gates," the men have been camped out "like nomads," Mr. Ferrera said, coming and going until late into the night from their trailer next to the Central Park Boathouse, just across the park from Mr. Maysles's apartment in the Dakota. Inside, young assistants tap away on laptops and answer phones, maintaining filming and interview schedules, keeping Mr. Maysles sated with miniature chocolate bars and, given that it is in 50th year in filmmaking, monitoring the recent run on lifetime achievement awards. Mr. Ferrera, who met Mr. Maysles by timidly approaching him at a Film Forum screening, has worked with him since 1999. "The greatest thing I've learned from Al is the way that compassion and openness are the only true things that will allow you to find the fullness in that which is before you," he said. "Al does that with his camera. He's like a heat-seeking missile. It's not about shots or any of that stuff. It's about discovering what happens in life through the lens." 'The Gates' shall be unfurled Artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude see their fleeting installation finally come to fruition BY ARIELLA BUDICK STAFF WRITER Why would any artist devote decades of planning and millions of dollars to create a new project with the intention of destroying it a few weeks later? Christo and Jeanne-Claude, who long ago became famous for draping fabric across buildings, canyons and entire counties, first proposed festooning Central Park in 1979. Three mayors and countless hearings later, the couple has spent $21 million on "The Gates," a 23-mile procession of billowing, saffron-colored curtains that will be unfurled Saturday and dismantled on Feb. 28. Why it's transitory "One of our workers on the night shift asked me why is it temporary," Jeanne-Claude says. "I told him to think of the rainbow. And he grabbed my arm and says, 'I think I got it: If the gates were there all the time, after a while nobody would be looking at them and the magic would be gone.' And I said, 'You've got it better than most art historians.'" Precisely because it is such a colossal undertaking, the transience of "The Gates" is central to the project's meaning. Ours is an era of great migrations, in which whole populations live with the feeling that shelter is fragile and landscape can be suddenly reshaped. The artists themselves are transplants to New York - he from Bulgaria, she from France - and their work reflects the sense of impermanence. "Nomads one day arrive and they unfold their fabric tent and they build an entire town, and weeks later they fold up their tents and they are gone, and this nomadic quality is reflected in the fabric," says Jeanne-Claude. Then, as if to offer assurance that "The Gates" will be no didactic enterprise but a thing of visceral beauty, she segues into a different metaphor. "Fabric is also sensual, like a second skin," she says. "It moves in the wind. It is alive." The installation has an economic life, too. It has generated more than 1,000 temporary jobs. It will probably lure hundreds of thousands of tourists who will buy meals and Broadway tickets. Sales of related posters and merchandise will benefit the nonprofit organizations Nurture New York's Nature and the Central Park Conservancy. But nobody gets rich: The artists sell preparatory sketches, as well as works they have been hoarding for decades, and that revenue covers the expenses of this extravaganza or gets plowed into the next, a project over the Arkansas River in Colorado. If the weather or some other glitch drives up the cost by $1 million or $2 million of the artists' own money, then so be it. "Each work is like a child of ours," Jeanne-Claude shrugs. "A father and a mother do not have a budget for a child." Speaking as one In the months leading up to opening day, the gangly Christo has been cloistered in the studio above the couple's SoHo loft, churning out the drawings and collages that will be the only permanent trace of "The Gates" once the vinyl poles and the nylon material have been recycled. He sleeps just a few hours a night, eats hurried meals of raw garlic with yogurt, and gives no interviews. His partner waves all such requests away, explaining that they have fused into a single entity: Christo and Jeanne-Claude. "I live with him for 47 years, and I know exactly what he would have said. We do everything together - except we don't fly together, I do not draw and Christo never works with our accountant." Like most of the pair's other projects - wrapping the Reichstag in Berlin and the Pont Neuf in Paris, spanning a valley in Colorado, stretching a cloth fence across Sonoma and Marin counties in northern California, dotting whole landscapes with thousands of bright umbrellas - "The Gates" had to overcome a mountain range of logistical barriers. The city equivocated and objected until their fan Michael Bloomberg became mayor. Then it was just a matter of turning 5,290 tons of steel into 15,000 supports capable of withstanding February bluster, without damaging the Central Park turf or pathways. The obstacles and the expense, while central to the process, have tended to arouse hostility, which usually takes the form of accusations that the artists are wasteful publicity-seekers. Christo and Jeanne-Claude both deny and embrace those criticisms. "If the project was a movie set for Hollywood ... there would be no opposition," Christo told the art historian Jonathan Fineberg, discussing a work that involved encircling 11 Miami islets in floating fabric. "The great power of the project is that it's absolutely irrational, and that disturbs, angers the sound human perception of a capitalist society. That is also a part of the project ... to put in doubt all the values of everything." Will it work in New York? According to John Elderfield, chief curator at the Museum of Modern Art, such large, theatrical and subversive work belongs in a tradition of the politically charged avant-garde of the Russian Revolution. It's hard to know how well that social critique will translate to New York City. "Public art thrives best in periods where there are widely understood communal beliefs," Elderfield says. "How can this work in a city where nobody agrees about anything? Therefore, there's something wonderfully ingenuous about the wish to do it." Fomenting doubt about social conventions is not the same as spreading confusion, however. Perhaps because they have mystified so many people over the course of their joint career, Christo and Jeanne-Claude insist on fact-checking every article about themselves (including this one). Their Web site ( http://www.christojeanneclaude/ .net) features a list of common journalistic errors, such as the recommendation: "See the artwork best by flying." The written retort resonates with Jeanne-Claude's Gallic scorn: "No! None of their work is designed for the birds, all have a scale to be enjoyed by human beings who are on the ground." Nothing annoys them more than to be described as "wrap artists," since they also put fabric to many other uses. "When people think that we wrap everything, it means that they don't have eyes," Jeanne-Claude sputters. "It's close to cretinism." As for the charge that they are merely chasing fame, Jeanne-Claude's answer is that their desire for recognition is profoundly human and inseparable from their desire to be good at their job. "If someone is the best garbage collector in town, he is proud of being known as the best garbage collector," she says. "Or butcher or baker." Video: The making of 'Gates' (NYNewsday.com) Feb 1, 2005 Barbarians (Well, Mostly Art Lovers) at 'The Gates' By JENNIFER STEINHAUER In 1991 David Yust clocked 22 hours staring at a forest of yellow umbrellas in a valley north of Los Angeles. He spent 13 days in Berlin in 1995 marveling at the aluminum-surfaced fabric that draped the Reichstag, once rising at 2 a.m. for a reverential photo session of the sun rising over the enfolded neo-Renaissance landmark. And next week he plans to photograph a saffron-cloaked Central Park at dawn. Mr. Yust, 65, is part of a far-flung group of followers of the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude, whose latest public art project, "The Gates," is scheduled to open along 23 miles of the park's pedestrian walkways on Saturday. These loyal fans plot distant vacations, organize group trips and sometimes abandon jobs to bear witness to the artists' installations. They are like the fans that long traipsed after the Grateful Dead, but with far fewer tour dates. They share the passion of people who collect milk glass, Manolo Blahniks or rare teapots, although their holdings are limited to books, pieces of fabric or, in the case of Caryl Unger, a shovel that was used to install "Surrounded Islands" in Biscayne Bay, off Miami. Groupies? Gate-heads? They resist monikers. But their ardor for the Christo and Jeanne-Claude happenings is passionate. Mr. Yust, an art professor at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, said he was first bitten by the Christo bug in 1983, when he signed on to work on "Surrounded Islands," in which 11 Florida islands were encircled by pink floating fabric, after hearing the artists speak at the university. Since then he has tried to see as many of the installations as he can. "I thought about that project every day for the next two years," said Mr. Yust, who, like many of those who travel the country or world to see the team's work, is an artist himself. "I thought he was a big nut at that time. And I still think he is a big nut. But I am totally supportive of what he and Jeanne-Claude do. I feel they are among the last of the true idealists on the planet." From art collectors to museum groups, tourists to paid Christo volunteers, the city expects 200,000 to flock to the city for the installation, which will remain through Feb. 27. Such figures, of course, are mere guesses for now. But there does seem to be universal agreement that in a traditionally slow tourism period, New York will draw record numbers of visitors, thanks to "The Gates." Hotels that are usually half full or worse this time of year are reporting strong bookings, especially at establishments that line the park's perimeter. For the coming weekend, the Carlyle Hotel is 75 percent booked, a 30 percent increase over last year, said James McBride, the hotel's managing director. The hotel is offering a "Gates" package, which includes a park-view suite with catering for two hours for 25 people, at $6,000. "We booked one of them already," Mr. McBride said. The Mark is sold out this weekend; last February, only half of the 176 rooms were booked, managers there said. The artists estimate that thousands of people around the globe make a point of traveling to see their work, often signing on to help install the pieces. Smaller Christo communities hammer beams, tread water, twist fabric, answer phones or perform myriad other tasks to help bring a work together. There is even a blog on which visitors can record their reactions: nycgates.blogspot.com . Those fans, as well as thousands of other visitors who are landing in New York over the next several days to behold the ornamented park, are expected to lift the city's tourism economy, usually lackluster this time of year. "You don't go running up to New York in the middle of February from Miami," said Mrs. Unger, who is flying in on Thursday from Miami to see the installation. "But when I heard it was going to be in New York, I said to my husband, 'Please, let's go.' " New York merchants, of course, hope the experience will be as remunerative as it is enriching. The Mandarin Oriental will offer a package including binoculars in each of its Central Park View rooms, as well as breakfast at Asiate and a Metropolitan Museum of Art book on the project, starting at $1,050 a night. La Prima Donna Restaurant will serve sautéed Prince Edward Island mussels, in a saffron cream sauce. You get the idea. For the record, the artists do not earn income from the detritus left behind once a project is over. "The Gates" will be industrially recycled, and proceeds from the sale of "Gates" sweatshirts and other souvenirs will be donated to Nurture New York's Nature and the Central Park Conservancy. The project, which will cost more than $20 million to install, will be paid for by the artists. Organized groups are coming from Japan, Germany and many American cities to see the work, a great many of them made up of artists or art collectors. Ruth Halperin, chairwoman of Contemporary Collectors Circle of the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, will fly in with 25 museum members on her fourth Christo trip. "We went to Fresno to see the umbrellas," said Ms. Halperin, who is 77. "We went to Paris, and we saw "Running Fence," she said, referring to the draping of the Pont-Neuf in Champagne-colored cloth in 1985 and a 24-mile nylon curtain that stretched through Sonoma and Marin Counties in California in 1976. " 'Running Fence' - to me that was the most beautiful one," she said. "The hills were beautiful and soft, and the light as the wind blew was magic. I will never forget that for the rest of my life." About 100 hard-core fans live out their commitment by helping to assemble the projects. Iris Sandkuhler, an artist from San Francisco, has worked on seven Christo installations to date. "I did my first one as a teenager, and now I am in my 40's," Ms. Sandkuhler said. "In 1978, an art instructor in North Carolina piled us into a van and said you have to do this," she said, describing her initiation, a modest Christo project involving the wrapping of some streets in Kansas City. The commitment is not without its physical challenges. "Working in water in the Biscayne Bay," she said, "we had to lace the panels together, and there was nothing to stand on, so we were in the water floundering around." "But the hardest one for me," Ms. Sandkuhler mused, "was when I worked for them in Paris, and I was sleeping on a couch in the office right next to the bathroom." Artist's Plan to Drape Central Park in Fabric Is Approved By ROBIN POGREBIN A scaled-down version of a plan by the artist Christo to festoon 26 miles of Central Park's walkways with swatches of translucent saffron-colored fabric has been given a crucial vote of support by the Central Park Conservancy, which helps manage the park. The project, which would be installed in February and remain in place for two weeks, still awaits approval by the city's parks department, but the vote on Monday by the Conservancy's board is significant. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, too, has said he supports the project, making approval by the parks department likelier. The project was rejected in 1981 in the wake of vehement opposition to what was seen by critics as a gross intrusion into the city's most beloved and important green space. This time, a "policy statement" approved by a majority of the park conservancy's board concluded that the project "could move forward without damage to the park and without impeding the recreational use of the park by the public," provided that issues including financing and security were resolved. Evelyn H. Lauder, who serves on the conservancy committee that studied the project, said: "My position has always been caution in terms of ecological impact. All those problems have been answered by them. So I'm very happy because I think it is a very exciting and dynamic possibility." In a much-chronicled career, the Bulgarian-born artist and his wife, Jeanne-Claude, have wrapped the German Reichstag and the Pont Neuf in Paris in cloth. They surrounded part of the coast of Australia in sand-colored fabric, hung an orange curtain across a gap in the Grand Hogback Mountain Range in Colorado and dispersed several thousand umbrellas across southern California. The Central Park project would include a trail of thousands of rectangular steel gates, each 15 feet tall, supporting individual panels of billowing cloth that would outline the park's winding promenades. The gates would begin at the park's pedestrian entrances and continue at nine-foot intervals. Among the Central Park Conservancy board members to vote in favor this time was Gordon J. Davis, who as parks commissioner 21 years ago rejected the project in a 107-page document that concluded the project was "in the wrong place at the wrong time and in the wrong scale." Among those to vote against the project on Monday was Richard Gilder, an investment manager who pledged a $17 million challenge grant to refurbish the Great Lawn and is a conservancy founding trustee. The conservancy's approval came with the condition that the work, known as "the Gates project," undergo significant modification: construction and installation with no excavation; fewer than 7,500 gates rather than the 15,000 originally proposed; no interference with trees or sensitive park areas like the reservoir and Ramble; and minimal use of large trucks and forklifts. The board also stipulated that the February installation date replace the original October proposal. The conservancy still wants more information on such issues as the project's financing, the impact on wildlife, and what will be done to keep parkgoers off grassy areas where bulbs are growing. The project has been given new life in part because of support from the mayor, who has generally championed the importance of public art, particularly since the events of Sept. 11. Deputy Mayor Patricia E. Harris said it was premature to comment on the development. Christo collaborates on his creations with his wife, and they finance their projects themselves from sales of Christo's work. Reached yesterday by phone at home in Manhattan, Jeanne-Claude said she was unaware of the conservancy's support. "We don't even know that," she said. To the artists, the process of seeking approval is part of the art itself. "The negotiation is part of the artistic focus," Mrs. Lauder of the conservancy said. "To eliminate obstacles is part of what they perceive as their process." December 24, 2002 The Fabric of Life in the Park Christo Plan Advances By MICHAEL KIMMELMAN The artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude came up with a plan 23 years ago to erect gates draped in saffron-colored fabric in Central Park. Thousands of them would meander along pathways for two weeks during the winter when the trees are bare so the gates could be seen. Then they would be removed. A simple, slightly mad idea, and beautiful. Since then this husband-and-wife team has wrapped buildings, surrounded islands with pink floating fabric, installed giant blue and yellow umbrellas, and strung miles of curtains at locales from Florida to California to Japan to Europe, turning doubters into converts, while New York City, art's supposed capital, has dragged its heels. Until now. Maybe. Last week the Central Park Conservancy passed a resolution giving its support, basically. Christo and Jeanne-Claude said yesterday that they still had not heard from the conservancy, a private organization, which donates millions to maintain the park. Meanwhile it turns out that the artists have been negotiating a contract with the Parks Department. They are reluctant to talk about it. They don't want anything to spoil progress, having got so close to approval after so many years. Yesterday they told me that an announcement by the city may come very soon. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg has already said he likes the idea. Charlatans? Shamans? With their hard-sell tactics, their followers trailing them like Deadheads from one gig to the next, their feel-good populism and phenomenally expensive, grandiose ambitions, it's no wonder Christo and Jeanne-Claude have made skeptics of people who haven't seen their work, don't understand it or don't want to, and who won't take them seriously. I remember going to the "Wrapped Reichstag" in 1995, expecting the worst. Then, like so many people, I was won over by the whole giddy event: the revelers who turned the fields around the Reichstag into Woodstock East, the art students sketching the building, the street vendors, the grumpy politicians, the store windows full of wrapped objects — above all by the beauty of the project. Briefly the hulking building became a kind of shimmery gift to the city, swathed in a million square feet of silvery polypropylene fabric held in place by 10 miles of bright blue rope. When the last roll of fabric was unfurled by a crew of climbers resembling Lilliputians atop Gulliver, someone cranked up a hurdy-gurdy. The crowd applauded. Then the building was unwrapped a few weeks later, leaving nothing behind except the economic benefits of tourist dollars: Christo and Jeanne-Claude always pay for their own projects by selling his art. The Reichstag wrapping cost $13 million. Berlin, a German newspaper said, made about $700 million in increased tourism. The artists also bequeathed to the city the worldwide afterimage of a gentler Reichstag. The symbolism was a new Germany emerging from the chrysalis of the wrapped building. They came up with the Reichstag idea in 1971. Resistance and negotiation are part of their work: everything that happens from concept to completion belongs to the project, they say; this is a basic tenet of Conceptual Art. They have been pondering something big in New York since the mid-60's, shortly after immigrating from Paris. First Christo proposed wrapping two downtown buildings, then wrapping the Museum of Modern Art, One Times Square and the Whitney Museum. By the 70's they imagined the gates to celebrate the rambling, organic system of pathways through Central Park, in contrast to the grid of streets. This interaction between order and disorder encapsulated art at that moment. The rectangular shape of the gates combined with the windblown fabric made a classic Post-Minimalist statement about man-made systems and nature. The project was turned down in 1981, when the Parks Department feared it would damage the grounds and set a dangerous precedent. Gordon J. Davis, then the parks commissioner, produced a report arguing against it. Mr. Davis is now a conservancy board member, and he voted for it this time. In 1995 Disney showed "Pocahontas" in the park on four 80-foot-high screens to tens of thousands of people crammed onto 120,000 square feet of artificial turf under 56,000 watts of light, listening to a 400,000-watt sound system before a gigantic inflatable Mickey. So much for dangerous precedent. If the legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, the park's legendary designers, could survive that, what's the problem with the gates? Anodyne, critics say about Christo. But public art does not consist only of artists leaving black boxes with "Fear" on them in subway stations. There's a fruitful territory between yelling "Fire!" in a crowded theater and erecting a statue of a forgotten hero holding a sword. Christo's work derives from 60's happenings and Earth Art, from the general move out of galleries and museums into the real world, and from the utopianism of Socialist Realism (he was born in Bulgaria in 1935), with its belief in art for everyman, agitprop and the gigantism of Soviet monuments. He has transformed all this into a transient brand of visual entertainment. A little of that wouldn't hurt New York City now. After 9/11 the project can show the world the city's creative vitality, emotional health and sense of humor, and be a complement to the proposals for downtown. It would require at least another year, and probably a few years, for the project to be realized even if a contract were signed today and no legal hitches occurred. (They better act while this mayor is still in office.) Besides the money to be raised (Jeanne-Claude mentioned to me $20 million as a possible amount), there are 74 tons of steel to be designed, around a million square feet of fabric to be woven, cut and sewn, and workers to be hired and trained. And more planning. Last June, with Douglas Blonsky, the Central Park administrator, Christo and Jeanne-Claude surveyed the park, recording the precise width of walkways and heights of the lowest branches. The present plan is for about 7,400 gates, each 16 feet high (a foot higher than they originally proposed), with an average of 12 feet between gates. (There will be some gaps to avoid branches and other obstacles.) The widths of the gates will vary from 6 feet to 18 feet, to match the widths of walkways. Instead of slender steel poles, as first proposed, the gates are now to be 5 inch by 5 inch fabricated recyclable vinyl poles extruded in the saffron color of the fabric, which is no longer attached like a shower curtain but built right into the frame, like sails into masts. Each gate will have a slender one-ton steel base. The gates will rest only on walkways, so no holes with be dug or grass disturbed. Teams hired by the artists will take about six weeks, using small forklifts, to install the bases, another week to raise the gates. The park will be open as usual. Then the fabric will be unfurled in a day, ceremoniously. The teams will maintain and guard the gates, hand out fabric samples as gifts, act as docents to the curious, then take the gates down after two weeks. Six weeks later everything should be gone. At Christo's and Jeanne-Claude's studio I watched a short video of models of the gates, tested in Washington State, where the artists' chief engineer, Vince Davenport, lives. A van drove through the gates to make sure emergency vehicles wouldn't be obstructed. The fabric (it doesn't hang lower than seven feet) billowed nicely in a breeze. Christo pulled out some drawings and a book about the project. The gates are shown to fill the park, drawing orange paths up and down hills and stairs, around the lake, zoo and Met Museum — a vast, whimsical abstraction in the land. To the city, as "Wrapped Reichstag" was to Berlin, "The Gates" could be more than a popular attraction and profitable. Art, even a temporary installation, maybe especially a temporary installation, when it is good has a way of leaving an indelible mark on a place and the people who see it. Its value is civic and psychological. As a successor to the image of the collapsing Twin Towers, the picture of a winter park filled with people streaming through gates of fabric could be priceless. At the least, it would show New York City was willing to take a gamble on art. Here's hoping a contract is signed. Then it will be up to private donors to decide whether the project is worth the cost. Museums pay millions for some exhibitions. Knicks players are paid millions and lose. Who's to say what's too much? Considering how much money street vendors make hawking postcards and geegaws of the World Trade Center these days, it shouldn't be too hard for Christo to sell images of his project to raise cash. Meanwhile temporary public sculptures, as part of the last Whitney Biennial, have proved that Central Park can accommodate art and survive. The park is gorgeous without gates. It might be gorgeous with them, too. There's only one way to find out. April 9, 2004 ART REVIEW \| 'THE GATES, CENTRAL PARK' Christo's Feat: 25 Years' Work for 16 Days By GRACE GLUECK A collage depicting part of Christo's plan to bring saffron to Central Park next February, the culmination of a quarter century of effort. You might think that after more than 40 years of grand-scale achievements, like hanging a curtain between two peaks in a Colorado valley; running miles of fence through two California counties; outfitting several islands off Florida with tutus; wrapping the Pont Neuf in Paris; and swaddling the Reichstag in Berlin, the indefatigable team of Christo and his wife-collaborator, Jeanne-Claude, would at last run out of ambition. But no. With their eyes ever on the Big Apple, the two had long plotted a Christofest in Central Park. And after two and a half decades of refining the work and banging on official doors for a hearing, they are about — thanks to Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's approval — to achieve their goal, with a project called "The Gates." It is logistically one of the team's most complicated to date, and certainly, at 25 years, the longest in gestation. Weather permitting, Saturday, Feb. 12, 2005, will see the formal opening in Central Park of the team's 16-day installation of 7,500 saffron-colored fabric panels, each suspended within a free-standing framework 16 feet high and swinging at the whim of the wind. Placed at 12-foot intervals and well over a stroller's head, the panels will occupy 23 miles of park walkways. The installation is meant not only to salute the park's half-planned, half-natural topography, but to evoke the grid structure of the surrounding city blocks. The saffron color recalls the park in fall foliage, a particularly expressive device when set against a mélange of February-bare trees. A preview of what's to come has been mounted by the Metropolitan Museum: "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates, Central Park, New York," a show of 51 preparatory drawings and collages by Christo, 64 photographs, 11 maps and tech-y diagrams, along with actual samples of the steel posts, fittings, footings and such that will support the banners along the walkways without making holes in them. (The title, "The Gates," is taken from the name used by the park's architects, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, for the openings in the stone wall surrounding it.) Christo's feat is hailed as "a tribute to the grandeur of Central Park and New York City" by Philippe de Montebello, director of the Met (which will itself be in direct line of the enfilade). But the installation is also a testimony to the team's inexhaustible skill and patience in the manipulation of officialdom, the imposition of an artist's will on a very public domain. Does Central Park really need Christo's embellishment? With Christo and Jeanne-Claude, the conceptual process — the technical problems, the political arm-twisting, the fund-raising, the public relations-maneuvering and the documentation relating to their projects and, of course, the power play involved in achieving them — is as much a part of their art as the visible, sometimes beautiful but always temporary, end product. Like everything else the team does, the chronological documentation of the forthcoming event on view at the Met is as yawningly thoroughgoing as, say, a space exploration log, sparing the viewer no detail. Christo's drawings and collages show the installation from every vantage point, close-up to panoramic. Some are small and humdrum, others elaborate and impressive, like an eight-foot-long collage dated 2003, depicting the banners close up and receding on their long march, with buildings in the background. This work is topped by an aerial photograph of Central Park and a sketch of some technical details with an actual snippet of fabric. The photographs, mostly by Wolfgang Volz, exclusive photographer for Christo's projects since 1972, range from the first meeting between Christo and Jeanne-Claude and their lawyer, Theodore W. Kheel, with Gordon J. Davis, then the New York City parks commissioner, in April 1980 (a poignant note here is the visible advance in age of the participants as the years roll by), to a meeting of Community Board 8 in March 2003, at which the artist's contract with the city is explained by Jack T. Linn, an assistant commissioner of parks and recreation. Slightly less repetitive are color shots of the various manufacturing processes: the making of steel plates (5,290 tons of them) for the base weights at the ISG steel mill in Coatesville, Pa.; the weaving of more than 119,556 miles of saffron-colored nylon thread into 1,006,620 square feet of recyclable nylon fabric at the J. Schilgen Company in Emsdetten, Germany; the manufacture of the vinyl poles that hold the panels at the North American Profiles Group plant in Holmes, N.Y. (No one can say the Christo team doesn't do its bit toward fuller employment.) And then there are samples of the tangible results of all this busyness: solid steel bases each weighing between 614 and 815 pounds; steel leveling plates to ensure the verticality of the poles; the vinyl poles themselves; the fabric panels (each rolled around a cardboard tube three inches in diameter in preparation for unfurling); bolts and self-locking nuts that will total 165,704. Whew! These dumbfounding statistics make it clear why the cost of this enterprise is estimated to approach $20 million (including a $3 million donation by Christo to the Central Park Conservancy). The artist has always said he supports his enterprises through the sale of drawings and models, with no government funds involved. And as for the materials themselves, Christo says they are all subject to recycling. But what about the end product of all this? In all fairness, that can't be weighed until the actual installation is in place. Supposedly that installation will result in no damage to the park. Yet there's no denying that Christo's work has in the past achieved some beautiful effects. I will always remember the magical sight in 1972 of the orange Valley Curtain suspended between two hills against a background of grayish peaks in Rifle, Colo., lasting for nearly a day before the wind destroyed it. Nor will I forget the stunning view, from a helicopter, of the bright pink skirts inflecting the tiny green bits of land they billowed out from in the "Surrounded Islands" project of 1983 in Miami's Biscayne Bay. Neither of these, nor any of Christo's other projects, as far as I know, was destined to be permanent. The successful struggle to realize them, and then to document their existence, seemed to satisfy the artist. Paradoxically, it's the ephemerality of his ambitious projects that give them their true strength. Operating on a grand scale, boldly moving in on nature or man-made architectural schemes, he has the chutzpah to work his way with them, then walk away, leaving echoes in living minds and documents for the archives. It's not a bad way of imposing art on us; after all, look at the ugly public statues that now pepper the park. Unlike Christo's work, they aren't temporary. "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates, Central Park, New York" is on view at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street, (212) 535-7710, through July 25. Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company	i don't know
The Hungarian Rhapsodies is a set of 19 piano pieces based on folk themes by which composer?	Franz Liszt - Hungarian Rhapsody No. 19 in D minor - YouTube Franz Liszt - Hungarian Rhapsody No. 19 in D minor Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 22, 2011 Happy 200th Birthday to Franz Liszt! Franz Liszt (October 22, 1811 -- July 31, 1886) was a 19th-century Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher. Liszt became renowned throughout Europe during the nineteenth century for his virtuosic skill as a pianist. He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age and perhaps the greatest pianist of all time. Hungarian Rhapsodies. The Hungarian Rhapsodies, S.244, R106, (French: Rhapsodies hongroises, German: Ungarische Rhapsodien, Hungarian: Magyar rapszódiák) is a set of 19 piano pieces based on Hungarian folk themes, composed by Franz Liszt during 1846-1853, and later in 1882 and 1885. Liszt additionally arranged versions for orchestra, piano duet and piano trio. Piano: Artur Pizarro	Franz Liszt
Who plays both of the Kray twins in the 2015 film Legend?	Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies - Wild Gypsy Fun Contact Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies - Wild Gypsy-inspired Fun Franz Liszt's 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies use gypsy tunes from his native Hungary, and combine them with his own dazzling piano writing. The colorful and flamboyant pieces which result tax pianists as much as delight listeners! They're some of the composer's most amazing and popular pieces (especially the No. 2). For me, the pieces evoke images of stormy and passionate Hungarian gypsies, traveling slowly through romantic Eastern European countryside. Liszt was really proud of being Hungarian. But he was a little guilty that he couldn't speak the language very well and didn't live there. I think he wrote the Rhapsodies to try to promote Hungarian music and nationalism. He did a good job! Hungarian Music Liszt uses the gypsy scale heavily in the Rhapsodies, which is a series of notes that have a really exotic and Hungarian flavor. Liszt published the first set of the Rhapsodies in 1853. He then added four more towards the last years of his life, and made alterations to some of the earlier ones. I actually prefer a few of the older versions, but you can't argue with the composer himself! Liszt uses the piano to imitate the sounds in a gypsy band. One important element of these groups is the the accompaniment, which is played on a cimbalon (a box with strings which the player hits with small hammers). I've heard one of these played live, and I have to say Liszt does an excellent job of reproducing the effect on the piano! Because they're Liszt pieces, they have astoundingly difficult passages, and loads of cadenzas (basically flashy show-off parts). They also have all sorts of crazy tricks, like three-hand illusions, where Liszt writes the music in such a way that it sounds like the pianist is playing with 3 hands! Here's an example of a three-hand illusion, from the Hungarian Rhapsody No. 9: When they're played by an extremely skilled pianist, they're really really fun to listen to. Here's one of my favorite melodies, for example: Liszt also used that melody in his lavish Hungarian Fantasia, a huge piece for piano and orchestra. Famous composer Johannes Brahms was also inspired by Hungarian music, and created another popular set of pieces based on those dizzying rhythms and exotic melodies: the Hungarian Dances . Hungarian Rhapsody no. 2 in C-sharp Minor The Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C-sharp Minor is by far the most famous of the lot. It's been used countless times in movies and cartoons, and the main theme from the fast section is so well-known most people recognize the melody but not the composer! This is the first of the set I heard, and it became one of my favorite pieces after I listened to it a few more times. I even tried to play some of the melodies from it on the piano, but struggled a bit with some of the jumps in the left hand. It was probably (OK, definitely...) a few notches above my skill level at the time! The piece is really accessible for non-musicians, since the structure is quite simple. It's basically a slow section, then a fast section. That's it! It also helps that it has some extremely appealing melodies, and some amazing piano tricks for pianists to show off with. Here is my absolute favorite performance of this piece, by the famous pianist Alfred Brendel . Brendel - Rhapsodies He manages to capture the powerful and mature feeling of the slow section, and also keep rhythm incredibly well in the fast part (which is something I think a lot of pianists get wrong). Listen to the way he controls the melody at 6:40 in this video to get an idea of what I mean. Incredible! My Favorites One of my favorite Rhapsodies is No. 5 in E Minor. I love the romantic power of the last segment - it always moves me. I think it's some of Liszt's most inspiring music. I also really like No. 8 in F-sharp Minor. It has everything that makes a Hungarian Rhapsody: a passionate, free-flowing slow segment, fantastic and brilliant piano acrobatics, and a blazingly fast finale with lively melodies. The Hungarian Rhapsodies are popular for their powerful melodies and virtuoso fireworks. The pieces are a perfect example of Liszt's superb piano composition skills, and his love for his native country. The question now is: which one is your favorite??	i don't know
Only two grounds have hosted England football internationals, an England test match and an FA Cup Final replay. One is the Oval. Which ground is the other?	Bramall Lane, United Kingdom : map, ticket booth, seat, parking, events, hotels near, photo, guided tours, entry fee, reviews Bramall Lane - {CATEGORY} Bramall Lane Stadium is the home of Sheffield United Football Club in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England and also the city's rugby league team, Sheffield Eagles. It is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional football matches. . The stadium was built on a Sheffield road named after the Bramall family (who were file and graver manufacturers). The Bramalls owned "The Old White House" on the corner of Bramall Lane and Cherry Street, and subsequently built the Sheaf House, now a public house that still stands at the top of Bramall Lane. The stadium was originally opened as a cricket ground. It was also used for football games in the 19th century by Sheffield F. C. and Sheffield Wednesday but since 1889 it has been the home of Sheffield United. Bramall Lane is one of only two grounds (the other being the Oval) which has hosted England football internationals (five games prior to 1930), an England cricket test match in 1902 against Australia and a FA Cup Final Replay in 1912, when Barnsley beat West Bromwich Albion 1 - 0. It also regularly hosted FA Cup Semi Finals and replays between 1889 and 1938. The ground has also hosted rugby league games for the Sheffield Eagles, a Billy Graham Evangelist meeting in 1985 and even a rock concert for Bruce Springsteen in 1988. The record attendance for the ground is 68,287, set at an FA Cup 5th Round tie between Sheffield United and Leeds United on 15 February 1936. The ground has now been extensively renovated in the wake of the Taylor Report, and has an all-seated capacity of 32,702. Bramall Lane - {CATEGORY} Bramall Lane Stadium is the home of Sheffield United Football Club in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England and also the city's rugby league team, Sheffield Eagles. It is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional football matches. . The stadium was built on a Sheffield road named after the Bramall family (who were file and graver manufacturers). The Bramalls owned "The Old White House" on the corner of Bramall Lane and Cherry Street, and subsequently built the Sheaf House, now a public house that still stands at the top of Bramall Lane. The stadium was originally opened as a cricket ground. It was also used for football games in the 19th century by Sheffield F. C. and Sheffield Wednesday but since 1889 it has been the home of Sheffield United. Bramall Lane is one of only two grounds (the other being the Oval) which has hosted England football internationals (five games prior to 1930), an England cricket test match in 1902 against Australia and a FA Cup Final Replay in 1912, when Barnsley beat West Bromwich Albion 1 - 0. It also regularly hosted FA Cup Semi Finals and replays between 1889 and 1938. The ground has also hosted rugby league games for the Sheffield Eagles, a Billy Graham Evangelist meeting in 1985 and even a rock concert for Bruce Springsteen in 1988. The record attendance for the ground is 68,287, set at an FA Cup 5th Round tie between Sheffield United and Leeds United on 15 February 1936. The ground has now been extensively renovated in the wake of the Taylor Report, and has an all-seated capacity of 32,702. Sign up to receive the TVtrip newsletter Sign up	Bramall Lane
What name is given to the sequence of numbers that begins 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13?	International \| Venues \| The Oval London - SuperSport - Cricket 1st - 290 - G Pullar/MC Cowdrey (Eng) 2nd - 451 - WH Ponsford/DG Bradman (Aus) 3rd - 377* - HM Amla/JH Kallis (SA) 4th - 266 - WR Hammond/TS Worthington (Eng) 5th - 191 - Javed Miandad/Imran Khan (Pak) 6th - 215 - L Hutton/J Hardstaff (Jnr) (Eng) 7th - 142 - J Sharp/KL Hutchings (Eng) 8th - 217 - TW Graveney/JT Murray (Eng) 9th - 190 - Asif Iqbal/Intikhab Alam (Pak) 10th - 128 - K Higgs/JA Snow (Eng) 1st - 200 - ME Trescothick/VS Solanki (Eng) 2nd - 166 - Majid Khan/Zaheer Abbas (Pak) 3rd - 163 - NJ Astle/SB Styris (NZ) 4th - 123 - ADR Campbell/A Flower (Zim) 5th - 174 - A Flintoff/PD Collingwood (Eng) 6th - 112 - MS Dhoni/RA Jadeja (Ind) 7th - 93 - KP Pietersen/VS Solanki (Eng) 8th - 76 - AU Rashid/LE Plunkett (Eng) 9th - 95 - DA Miller/RK Kleinveldt (SA) 10th - 64 - Harbhajan Singh/L Balaji (Ind) 1st - 133 - CH Gayle/ADS Fletcher (WI) 2nd - 114 - HD Rutherford/BB McCullum (NZ) 3rd - 66 - KP Pietersen/OA Shah (Eng) 4th - 66 - DA Warner/BJ Haddin (Aus) 5th - 59 - MN Samuels/D Ramdin (WI) 6th - 69* - OA Shah/AD Mascarenhas (Eng) 7th - 91 - PD Collingwood/MH Yardy (Eng) 8th - 23 - JC Butler/SG Borthwick (Eng) 9th - 16 - D Ramdin/SJ Benn (WI) 10th - 9* - WK McCallan/WB Rankin (Ire) It is an international cricket ground situated in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth. This ground is still commonly referred to by its original name of The Oval, even though it had many name changes due to commercial sponsorship deals. The Oval is the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club, and also traditionally hosts the final Test match of each English summer season in late August or early September. The Oval was the first ground in the United Kingdom and second in the world (after the Melbourne Cricket Ground) to host Test cricket. The nearest Tube station is Oval, but Vauxhall is only half a mile away. History In 1844, the Oval was a market garden. The Oval was then (and still is) owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. Surrey County Cricket Club was set up in 1845. The Duchy was willing to grant a lease of the land for the purpose of a cricket ground, and, on 10 March, 1845, the club signed a lease with the Otter Trustees, who held the land from the Duchy of Cornwall, 'to convert it into a subscription cricket ground', for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum plus taxes (£20 more). The original contract for turfing the Oval cost £300; 10,000 grass turfs came from Tooting Common. In 1868, 20,000 spectators gathered at the Oval for the first game of the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England, the first tour of England by any foreign side. Thanks to C. W. Alcock, the Secretary of Surrey from 1872 to 1907, the first ever Test match in England was played at the Oval in 1880 between England and Australia. The Oval thereby became the second ground to stage a Test, after the MCG. In 1882, Australia won the Ashes Test by seven runs within two days. The Sporting Times printed a mocking obituary notice for English cricket, which led to the creation of the Ashes trophy, which is still contested whenever England plays Australia. The first Test double century was scored at the Oval in 1884 by Australia's Billy Murdoch. The current pavilion was completed in time for the 1898 season. In 1907, South Africa became the 2nd visiting Test team to play a Test match at this venue. In 1928, West Indies played its first Test match at this venue followed by New Zealand in 1931. In 1936, India became the 5th foreign visiting Test side to play at the Oval, followed by Pakistan in 1954 and Sri Lanka in 1998. Zimbabwe and Bangladesh are yet to play a Test match at the venue. During the Second World War, the Oval was intended for use as a prisoner of war camp, although it was never employed as such. The Oval is referenced by the poet Philip Larkin in his poem about the First World War, MCMXIV. The first One Day International match at this venue was played on September 7, 1973 between England and West Indies. It had the privilege of hosting matches of the 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1999 World Cups. It also hosted five of the fifteen matches in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, including the final. No floodlit day/night international match has been played here to date, although Surrey have played several floodlit one-day matches. In fact, Surrey's ground is noted as having the first floodlights at a sport arena in the form of gas-lamps dating back to 1889. The ground also had a Zeppelin and later a hot air balloon employed for aerial views during tests but this was never commercially viable and was gone by the turn of the millennium. Several other British grounds had this feature also such as Edgbaston. The Oval once held the record for the largest playing area of any Test venue in the world, but that record has since been surpassed by Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan (though it is still the largest in Britain). The billionaire Paul Getty, who had a great affinity for cricket and was at one time Surrey CCC President built a replica of the Oval on his Wormsley Park estate. The famous gasholders at the Oval are actually newer than the ground by several years, having been built circa 1853. There has been much speculation of late as to whether they should be demolished, however many believe they are part of the Oval's landscape and therefore their future looks secure. It is also a general sports ground in the world which staged the first FA Cup final in 1872. It has also witnessed rock concerts, ice skating and the now traditional end-of-season Aussie Rules match. 21st Century development At the end of the 2002 cricket season, Surrey started redeveloping the Vauxhall End. The development included knocking down the outdated Surridge, Fender, Jardine and Peter May north stands and creating in their place a single four tier grandstand known as the OCS Stand. This work was completed in May 2005, increasing ground capacity to around 23,000. In January 2007 Surrey announced plans to increase capacity by a further 2,000 seats, this time by redeveloping the Pavilion End. This is subject to the planning application being approved by Lambeth Council. The Lock, Laker and Peter May south stands will be replaced with a new stand, which will have a hotel backing on to it. The Surrey Tavern at the entrance to the ground will be demolished and a new pedestrian plaza will be created in its place, improving access to the ground and opening up views of the historic pavilion. However, these plans have been delayed due to fears over health and safety as the ground is very close to a gasometer. In 2009, permanent floodlights were installed for use in day/night matches. The floodlights are telescopic and can be retracted when not in use. Football The Oval was also an important site in the historical development of football, before the game had its own separate national stadium. Football had been played in this part of London for many years prior to the inauguration of the Oval: "The Gymnastic Society" – arguably the world's first Football club – met regularly at Kennington Common during the second half of the eighteenth century to play football. The Oval was home to the first ever international football match on 5 March 1870, England against Scotland, organised by the Football Association. The game resulted in a 1–1 draw. Similar international matches between England and Scotland took place at the Oval in 1871, in February 1872 and 1873. On 8 March 1873, the England national team beat Scotland 4–2. England would continue to play occasionally at the Oval until 1889. First FA Cup final On 16 March 1872, The Wanderers beat the Royal Engineers 1–0 to win the first ever FA Cup. This final was notable for the Engineers' modern footballing style of teamwork rather than individual play. C. W. Alcock, Secretary of the Football Association, was the prime mover of the competition. He had just become Secretary of Surrey, so that The Oval was the natural choice of venue for the final. Alcock also captained the successful Wanderers side. The Oval hosted all subsequent FA Cup finals (1873 excluded) up until 1892. The Oval is one of two grounds (Bramall Lane in Sheffield being the other) to have staged both England football and cricket internationals, and also FA Cup finals. The Oval also hosted the second ever Rugby Union international between England and Scotland in 1872 (the first was hosted at Raeburn Place a year earlier). Other events The ground has hosted many other events, including hockey fixtures, as well as concerts. The Oval has hosted several exhibition matches for Australian rules football. The first such match was held between Carlton and a team of All-Stars in 1972. In 2005, a record crowd for Australian rules football in England (18,884) saw the Fremantle Dockers defeat the West Coast Eagles. In October 2011 the grounds served as the practice facility for the NFL's Chicago Bears. The Bears were in London to play a match against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium. As at May 11, 2016 Event Streaming	i don't know
Which word completes the full title of the novel by Henry Fielding - The History of Tom Jones, a ______?	The History of Tom Jones by Henry Fielding - Read Online About Reviews From the Publisher A foundling of mysterious parentage brought up by Mr. Allworthy on his country estate, Tom Jones is deeply in love with the seemingly unattainable Sophia Western, the beautiful daughter of the neighboring squire—though he sometimes succumbs to the charms of the local girls. When Tom is banished to make his own fortune and Sophia follows him to London to escape an arranged marriage, the adventure begins. A vivid Hogarthian panorama of eighteenth-century life, spiced with danger and intrigue, bawdy exuberance and good-natured authorial interjections, Tom Jones is one of the greatest and most ambitious comic novels in English literature.	Foundling
In the first two series of which TV comedy drama did Ben Miller play D I Richard Poole?	the history of tom jones a foundling : definition of the history of tom jones a foundling and synonyms of the history of tom jones a foundling (English) 10 External links Plot introduction Tom Jones is a foundling discovered on the property of a very kind, wealthy landowner, Squire Allworthy, in Somerset in England's West Country . Tom grows into a vigorous and lusty, yet honest and kind-hearted, youth. He develops affection for his neighbour's daughter, Sophia Western. On one hand, their love reflects the romantic comedy genre that was popular in 18th-century Britain. However, Tom's status as a bastard causes Sophia's father and Allworthy to oppose their love; this criticism of class friction in society acted as a biting social commentary . The inclusion of prostitution and sexual promiscuity in the plot was also original for its time, and the foundation for criticism of the book's "lowness." [2] Themes The main theme of the novel is the contrast between Tom Jones’ good nature, flawed but eventually corrected by his love for virtuous Sophia Western, and his half-brother Blifil’s hypocrisy . Secondary themes include several other examples of virtue (especially that of Squire Allworthy), hypocrisy (especially that of Thwackum) and just villainy (for example Mrs. Western, ensign Northerton), sometimes tempered by repentance (for instance Square, Mrs. Waters née Jones). Both introductory chapters to each book and interspersed commentary introduce further themes. For instance, introductory chapters dwell extensively on bad writers and critics, quite unrelated to the plot but apologetic to the author and the novel itself; and authorial commentary on several characters show strong opposition to Methodism , calling it fanatical , heretical , and implying association of hypocrites, such as the younger Blifil, with it. As a background, the author interweaves the Forty-Five , and characters bring in events from the attempts of restoration of Romanism as the established religion of England to the Glorious revolution . They even mistake Sophia Western for Jenny Cameron , the supposed lover of Bonnie Prince Charles . Good-natured characters are often modestly loyalist and Anglican , even Hanoverian , while ill-natured characters (Mrs. Western) or only mistaken ones (Partridge) can be Jacobites or (like Squire Western) just anti-Hanoverians. List of Characters Caption at bottom: SOPHIA WESTERN: Adorned with all the charms in which Nature can array her, bedecked with beauty, youth, sprightliness, innocence, modesty and tenderness, breathing sweetness from her rosy lips and darting brightness from her sparkling eyes, the lovely Sophia comes! It's somewhat inadvertently humorous that this depicts the heroine of the novel, but shows her in the latest fashions of 1800, rather than in the very different historically-accurate hoopskirts of 1749 -- it would have been extremely difficult to jump rope in the clothing styles (and high-heeled shoes) of 1749... The dishevelment of her clothes in the picture was not meant to contradict the word "modesty" in the caption, but was supposed to be understood as being the accidental and unintentional effect of her strenuous physical activity... Tom Jones (bastard/ward of Squire Allworthy, eventually revealed his nephew and the son of a long-deceased parson’s son, Mr Summers) Squire Allworthy (a wealthy squire with an estate in Somerset, of irreprochable character and good nature, eventually revealed to having unknowingly been Tom Jones’ uncle) Mrs. Bridget Allworthy-Blifil (Squire Allworthy's sister, Tom Jones’ real mother) Captain Blifil (Captain in the navy and Bridget Allworthy's husband, with Methodist tendencies) Master Blifil (son of Captain Blifil and Bridget, a hypocrite and Tom Jones’ foe) Benjamin Partridge (a teacher, later barber/surgeon, erroneously suspected to be Tom Jones’ father due to the extreme ill-nature of his first wife) Mrs. Jenny Jones-Waters (the Partridges' servant, a very intelligent woman who is used by Mrs Allworthy-Blifil to deflect suspicions on Tom Jones’ maternity from herself) Black George Seagrim (gamekeeper to Squire Allworthy & later Squire Western, recipient of many benefits from Tom Jones but eventually betrying him in an hour of need) Molly Seagrim (Black George's second daughter, Tom Jones’ first lover and having a bastard, possibly by him) Mr. Thwackum (Reverend/school teacher to Tom and Master Blifil, a hypocrite who hates Tom Jones, favors Master Blifil and conspires with the latter against the former) Mr. Square (Philosopher/school teacher to Tom and Master Blifil, also a hypocrite who hates Jones and favors Blifil, but who refrains from conspiration and eventually repents) Squire Western (Hunter/wealthy squire who owns neighbouring estate to Squire Allworthy, a simpleton who wants to marry his daughter Sophia to Squire Allworthy’s heir, first Blifil and then Jones, against her will, with quite violent, if not physically, means) Sophia Western (the Squire's only daughter, the model of virtue, beauty and all good qualities) Honour (Sophia's maid, egotistical and inconstant to her employer) Mrs. Harriet Fitzpatrick (ward of Mrs Western and wife of Fitzpatrick, an Irishman, abused by him, a cousin and friend of Sophia but lacking her virtue) Miss Western (the Squire's unmarried sister, who wrongly believes herself to ‘know the World‘ both in international and national politics and in social mores, tries to impose Blifil to Sophia but with less violent means than her brother’s) Mr. Dowling (a Lawyer) Lady Bellaston (Tom's lover and a leading figure in London society, who tries to force Sophia into marriage to a Lord by having her raped by him, so she would have Jones to herself) Mr. Nightingale (a young gentleman of leisure, who is saved from ruining his first true love by Jones’ entreaties) Lord Fellamar (a peer and socialite, who unsuccessfully conspires with Lady Bellaston to rape Sophia so as to force her into marriage) Mrs. Miller and her two daughters, Nancy (later Mrs Nightingale, a good-natured girl who is imposed on by Mr Nightingale and would be ruined by him, together with her family, by lack of constancy in virtue) and pre-adolescent Betty Mr. Summer (son of a clergyman and revealed to be the father of Tom Jones) Plot summary The novel's events occupy eighteen books. Book I Squire Allworthy and his sister Bridget are introduced in their wealthy estate in Somerset . Allworthy returns from London after an extended business trip and finds a baby sleeping in his bed. He summons his housekeeper, Mrs Deborah Wilkins, to take care of the child. After searching the nearby village, Mrs Wilkins is told about a young woman called Jenny Jones, servant of a schoolmaster and his wife, as the most likely person to have committed the deed (she is also considered above herself for studying Latin with the schoolmaster). Jenny is brought before them and admits being the baby's mother but refuses to reveal the father's identity. Mr Allworthy mercifully gives her a lecture of morals and removes Jenny to a place where her reputation will be unknown. Furthermore, he promises his sister to raise the boy, whom he names Thomas, in his household. Two brothers, Dr Blifil and Captain Blifil, regularly visit the Allworthy estate. The doctor introduces the captain to Bridget in hopes of marrying into Allworthy's wealth. The couple fall in love and marry. After the marriage, Captain Blifil begins to show a coldness to his brother, who eventually feels obliged to leave the house for London where he soon dies 'of a broken heart'. Book II Eight months after celebrating their wedding, Mrs Blifil has a baby boy and Mr Allworthy states that he and Tom will be raised together. The plot then turns to Mrs Partridge, wife of the schoolteacher, who has discovered that Jenny gave birth to a bastard and had mistakenly thought that she had left their service of her own free will. Mrs Partridge immediately suspects her husband and physically assaults him. Captain Blifil informs Mr Allworthy, and Mrs Wilkins is dispatched once more to Little Baddington to ascertain the truth of the matter. Partridge is put on trial before Mr Allworthy and denies paternity. Mr Allworthy, wanting to prove his innocence, sends for Jenny but she cannot be found, having left her place of residence in company with a recruiting officer. Partridge is found guilty and deprived of his annuity by Mr Allworthy. Now that they are poor, Mrs Partridge regrets her accusations, and begs Mrs Blifil to intercede with her brother to restore Mr Partridge's annuity, but he refuses. Mrs Partridge dies soon after and her husband, being deprived of his annuity, his school and his wife, leaves the area. Captain Blifil and his wife start to grow cool towards one another, and the former is found dead from Apoplexy one evening after taking his customary evening stroll prior to dinner. Two doctors arrive to debate the cause of his death and Mrs Blifil, struck with grief, remains bed-ridden for a month. Meanwhile, Mr Allworthy commissions a generous epitaph for the Captain's grave. Book III Tom, who goes from fourteen-years-old to nineteen-years-old by the end of Book III, gets into trouble for killing a partridge on a neighbour's land. In fact he did it at the instigation of Black George, Allworthy's gamekeeper, but he refuses to tell Mr Allworthy who his partner-in-crime was. He is beaten by his master, Mr Thwackum, who resides at the house with another schoolmaster, a philosopher called Mr Square. Later, Blifil reveals that Black George was Tom's partner and Mr Allworthy is pacified by Tom's sense of honour. To make amends, Mr Allworthy gives Tom a young horse but dismisses Black George from his position. Tom sells the horse a year and a half later at a fair. Mr Thwackum finds out and asks Tom what he has done with the money but the latter refuses to tell him. He is about to be beaten when Mr Allworthy enters. Tom confesses that he sold the horse and gave the money to Black George and his family, now in financial straits after being dismissed. Mr Allworthy feels ready to re-employ Black George, but he blots his copybook by poaching a hare on Squire Western's land and this is confirmed by Master Blifil. Tom resolves to have George employed by Mr Western by speaking to the seventeen-year-old Sophia and getting her to persuade her father on the matter. Book IV An incident occurs in which Master Blifil lets go the small bird of Sophia's, given to her by Tom as a young boy. Tom tries to retrieve it but, in doing so, falls into a canal. This incident turns Sophia against Blifil but puts Tom in her favour. Tom speaks to Sophia about George, and she persuades her father to drop any charges and to employ him. Sophia is falling for Tom but his heart is given over to Molly, the second of Black George's daughters and a local beauty. She throws herself at Tom, and he gets her pregnant and then feels obliged to offer her his protection. Molly wears a dress to church — given to her mother by Sophia Western — to show off her beauty. The Somersetshire parishioners are infuriated by her vanity and assault her in the churchyard afterwards. Tom comes to her defence and she is taken home by Square, Blifil and Tom. In the meantime, Sophia has taken pity on Molly and requests her father to ask her to be her maid, but the family council decides to put everything on hold until Tom's intentions become clearer. Squire Western, the local parson, Tom and Sophia are having dinner when the parson informs Western of Molly's condition, at which Tom leaves the dining table. Squire Western immediately jumps to the conclusion that Tom is the father of the bastard, much to Sophia's consternation. Tom returns to his home to find Molly in the arms of a constable and being taken to prison. He bids him free her, and they go to speak to Mr Allworthy where Tom reveals he is the father, saying the guilt is his. However, Mr Allworthy is ultimately forgiving of Tom's sowing his wild oats: 'While he was angry, therefore, with the incontinence of Jones, he was no less pleased with the honour and honesty of his self-accusation. He began now to form in his mind the same opinion of this young fellow, which, we hope, our reader may have conceived. And in balancing his faults and his perfections, the latter seemed rather to preponderate.' An incident now occurs in which Tom comes to the aid of Sophia. She goes out hunting with her father and, on her way home, is thrown by her horse. Tom, who is riding close behind, is able to catch her but breaks his left arm in the process. The accident brings them closer and there is the first stirring of love. Tom is seen by a surgeon and ordered into bed and Sophia is bled at her father's orders. Book IV concludes with a conversation between Sophia and Mrs Honour, her maid, who is extolling Tom's virtues to the former and Sophia becomes annoyed by her presumptuousness. Book V Tom thinks about his love for Sophia but knows that her father would not agree to any union; so his thoughts turn back to Molly who he believes is 'in all the circumstances of wretchedness.' Tom, once he is recovered, makes his way to Molly's home only to discover her in bed with his teacher, Square. Tom still feels some affection for her until he is told by Betty, Molly's older sister, that her innocence had been taken before Tom by Will Barnes, a country gallant. In the meantime, Mr Allworthy has become ill and is told by his doctor that it may be fatal. He summons all his relatives and household servants to his bedside and informs them of his will — Blifil will inherit the estate and Tom will be given a £1,000 lump sum and £500 per annum (Thwackum and Square will get a £1,000 each and the household servants some token payments which displeases Mrs Wilkins, the housekeeper). However, Allworthy recovers; and Tom is so pleased that he gets drunk in his pleasure which displeases Blifil who is in mourning after receiving news that his mother has died. A scuffle ensues, but the two are parted and made to make peace with each other. After this fight, Tom, still drunk, is wandering the gardens thinking about Sophia when Molly makes an appearance. After a quarter of an hour's conversation, the two disappear into the bushes. Blifil and Thwackum likewise take an evening stroll, and Blifil spots Tom with a woman. He informs Thwackum who becomes furious and is determined to punish Tom. Tom guards the entrance to the shrubbery to prevent them seeing who the girl is, and, while Molly escapes, a fight ensues which Tom starts to lose until Squire Western intervenes to make it two against two. Sophia faints at the sight of all the blood, and Tom carries her to a nearby brook, giving her a caress which she does not spurn. Sophia recovers much to her father's delight. Tom returns to Western's house and Blifil and Thwackum to theirs. Book VI Miss Western is the cultured sister of Squire Western and Sophia's aunt. Although unmarried herself, she recognises the signs of love and notices that Sophia is showing these. She informs her brother that his daughter is in love with Blifil — Miss Western had noted Sophia's behaviour in his presence — and Squire Western informs Allworthy when he visits for dinner. Allworthy says he will give his approval if the young couple agree and consults Blifil who, thinking of Sophia's fortune, agrees to his uncle's request. (No one knows of Sophia's love for Tom.) Miss Western then speaks to Sophia to reveal her amour, and is enraged when she finds out it is not Blifil but Tom. With her aunt agreeing to keep the whole thing a secret, Mr Western tells Sophia about his intentions and she is obliged to meet Blifil that afternoon. Sophia is determined to go through with the meeting, even though she hates and despises Blifil. After a difficult meeting, in which Blifil thinks he has won her heart, he is accosted by Squire Western before he leaves and Blifil announces that he is satisfied with Sophia, much to the father's delight. However, once he is gone, Sophia reveals her true feelings for Blifil, but he ignores her pleadings and grows enraged. Tom is in the house and is asked by Western to go to Sophia to encourage her to marry Blifil. The two young lovers are in agony and reveal they can never part from each other as they take each other's hands. However, whilst they have been conversing, Miss Western has revealed all to the Squire, who threatens to assault Jones but is only prevented from doing so by the parson. Mr Western then visits his neighbour Allworthy and informs him of the situation in heated tones. After his departure, Mr Allworthy asks Blifil if he still wants to proceed with the marriage, and the latter replies in the affirmative, mainly to spite Tom. Blifil also takes the opportunity to inform his uncle about the bust up in the shrubbery, saying that Tom assaulted his tutor, Thwackum. Allworthy summons Tom before him to plead his case, but Tom is sunk too low from hearing the news about Sophia to make a robust defence. As such, he is commanded by his foster father to leave the house immediately after being given a sum of £500. Tom walks about a mile and, thinking beside a little brook, is resolved to quit Sophia rather than bring her to ruin. He pens a letter from a neighbouring house but discovers, in searching his pockets for his wax, that he has lost his wallet and returns to the brook to look for it. Here he meets George and together they look for it although George has already picked it up on coming to the same spot earlier. Tom asks him to deliver his letter for Sophia to Mrs Honour and, on doing so, George receives one back for Tom. In it, Sophia professes her affection for him but also warns him to steer clear of her father, 'As you know his temper, I beg you will, for my sake, avoid him.' Sophia is locked up in her room by her father but Honour manages to give her Tom's letter. She also tells her that the squire 'stripped him half naked and turned him out of doors!'. Sophia gives her all the money she has — amounting to a purse of sixteen guineas — telling her to give it to Tom. Honour gives the money to Black George, who is tempted to steal it like the £500 earlier — but the danger of the theft being discovered outweighs his greed, and he delivers the money to Jones. The Book ends with the return of Miss Western to the house and her being informed of Sophia's captivity. She rebukes her brother and sets Sophia free. Book VII Tom receives a note from Blifil along with his effects, informing him that his uncle requires him to immediately quit the neighbourhood. Sophia speaks to her aunt who tries to persuade her of the advantages of marrying Blifil. However, Mr Western overhears their conversation and storms into the room. He and his sister get into a furious argument over his behaviour, and she threatens to quit the house. However, on the sound advice of Sophia, she is recalled by Mr Western who makes efforts to pacify her. Having become reconciled, both are determined to have Sophia married as quickly as possible, and Blifil makes a second visit. Mr Allworthy is satisfied by what his nephew and Western tell him concerning Sophia and the marriage treaty is set two days hence. Sophia is now fixed on avoiding the marriage and in a conversation with Honour says she will quit the house and stay with a lady of quality in London who is her close acquaintance. Honour agrees to accompany her and agrees to get herself discharged so that their clothes can be packed for the journey without any undue suspicion. Honour deliberately provokes the chambermaid of Miss Western by abusing her mistress, and the lady herself is told of their conversation and vows to have Honour discharged for her impudence. There follows a dispute between Mr Western and his sister over the legality of dismissing Honour, but in the end the latter has the satisfaction of seeing Honour turned away. Sophia is conscience-stricken about her infidelity to her relations, but her love for Tom prevails. Tom is on the road to Bristol, being determined to take to sea. However, his guide gets lost, and they take shelter at a public house on the advice of a Quaker. The Quaker gets into a conversation with Tom, even though the latter wants to be alone, telling him about his own misfortune of having his daughter run off with a penniless man of low birth — vowing he will never see them again, and Tom pushes him out of the room. A company of soldiers enter the ale-house as Tom is sleeping on a chair, and, getting into a dispute over who will pay for the beer, Tom agrees to cover the bill. He strikes up a conversation with the sergeant who tells him they are marching against the Roman Catholic rebels who had invaded England, expecting to be commanded by the glorious Duke of Cumberland. Tom, being "a hearty well-wisher to the glorious cause of liberty and of the Protestant religion", agrees to join them as a volunteer. The soldiers march off, and that evening Tom is introduced to the lieutenant, a man who is sixty years of age. Looking like a gentleman, he is invited to dinner with the small company of officers. Tom gets into an argument with Ensign Northerton, who then proceeds to abuse the good name of Sophia after Tom has proposed a toast to her. Tom rebukes him, saying 'you are one of the most impudent scoundrels on earth,' and Northerton responds by throwing a bottle at Tom's head which poleaxes him. The lieutenant proceeds to put Northerton under close arrest, and a surgeon is called to stem the bleeding. Tom is put to bed and the lieutenant visits him, promising he will get his satisfaction against his adversary. Later that night, Tom, who is feeling much better, wakes the sergeant and purchases a sword from him before making his way to Northerton's room. He is shot at by the guard, who thinks he is a ghost (his coat is bloodied as is the bandage around his head) and then faints. However, the bird has flown (with the connivance of the landlady), and Tom returns to his room whilst the lieutenant has the sentinel put under arrest. Tom tells the lieutenant that he is to blame for the disturbance, and the latter agrees to drop the charge against the soldier. Book VIII The landlady visits Tom after the soldiers have left and is courteous to him until he shows her his purse which has very little in it. He then dismisses the doctor, who insists on bleeding him so he can get a decent fee,and finally is able to get up and dressed. He calls for a barber to shave him after a dinner of 'buttock [beef] and carrot' and Little Benjamin turns out to be Mr Partridge, the schoolmaster. Tom reveals his whole story to him, and Partridge agrees to accompany him on his journey, secretly hoping that he can convince Tom to return to Allworthy (whom he is convinced is Tom's real father) so that he can get back into Allworthy's favour once more. They make their way on foot to Gloucester and stay at the Bell. However, there is a pettifogger (a lawyer of low status, who engages in mean practices) present who besmirches Tom's name to the landlady, Mrs Whitefield, after Tom has left their company. With Tom's name now mud, the landlady's welcome grows cold, and he is resolved to quit the house the same evening. They make their way on foot on a freezing night toward some hills that they have been informed lie not far from Worcester. Tom begs his companion to leave him, telling him he is resolved to die 'a glorious death in the service of my king and country,' but the latter refuses to leave him. Partridge eventually sees the glimmer of a light, and they make their way to an isolated house. Whilst warming themselves by the fire and conversing with the housekeeper, the owner returns and is set upon by two robbers. Tom rushes outside with a broadsword and drives them off and helps the old gentleman into the house. This gentleman, called the Man of the Hill, then recounts his life story to Tom and Partridge. A prudent and industrious student, he fell into bad company at Oxford and had to flee to London with his mistress to escape being expelled. Here, both destitute, the woman betrays him to one of her former lovers at Oxford and he is thrown into gaol, where he reflects on his sinful life. He is eventually released but, still poor, falls in with an old Oxford acquaintance, Watson, who introduces him to his gambling crowd. He lives precariously for the next two years pursuing this profession. However, he is re-united with his father, who has come to London to look for him and has been assaulted by thieves. They are re-united by chance as the son, who is walking down the same street, comes to his father's aid after the affray. He returns with his father to Somersetshire, and spends the next four years in contemplation of the works of Aristotle and Plato, and of God. His father dies, and he, being the younger son, finds it difficult to live with his brother who lives entirely for sport. He is sent to Bath by his physician to take the waters and manages to save a man from committing suicide by drowning — the very same Watson, his friend from London. Both are then caught up in Bonnie Prince Charlie's rebellion, and, when captured, the stranger tells Tom and Partridge that he was denounced by Watson. However, he manages to escape his captors and ends up living at the present house on an annuity, an exile from the world of humanity. The Book ends with the old man and Tom taking a walk together to enjoy the sight of some fine prospects in the early hours of the day. Book IX Whilst observing the view, they hear a woman screaming, and Tom rushes down the hill to help. He comes upon a woman, half-naked, being throttled by a man whom Tom knocks down. It is Ensign Northerton. Tom restrains his hands with a garter and goes back to the Man of the Hill for advice. Tom is told to take her to Upton, the nearest town. When Tom returns to the woman, Northerton has made his escape on foot, and Tom and the lady make their way to the town. On the way, Tom is sneaking peeps at her uncovered breasts at which he has gazed earlier. They eventually find an inn, and Tom instructs the lady to wait whilst he fetches her some clothes. The landlady and landlord think that something immoral is taking place and assault Tom — who is only saved from a beating by the arrival of Partridge. Susan, the hefty chambermaid joins in, and it is only the arrival of a young lady and maid that ends the battle. A sergeant arrives with his men and recognises the woman to be Mrs Waters, his Captain's wife, and the inn's hosts make their apologies and peace is restored around a bowl of liquor. Mrs Waters then retires with Tom upstairs and proceeds to make a pass at him, finding her savior extremely attractive. They end up in bed together. In the meantime, an argument takes place downstairs when the landlord abuses officers of rank in the army. The sergeant takes offense and offers to fight 'the best man of you all for twenty pound' and the coachman of the young lady takes him on, saying he is as good as any man in the army, and offers to box for a guinea. He is well mauled by the sergeant and so unable to convey the young lady on her journey. An account is then given of how Mrs Waters ended up in 'the distressful situation' from which Jones rescued her. Her husband, having accompanied her as far as Worcester, had proceeded onwards, and Northerton had joined her for an assignation. He tells her of the incident with Jones, and they decide to make for Hereford, then a Welsh seaport so that he can make his escape abroad. Mrs Waters has £90 and her jewelry to finance their journey. However, it was in the wood at the foot of Mazard Hill that Northerton tried to kill her but she, being 'not of the weakest order of females,' was able to fend him off until Tom came to her rescue. Book X An Irishman arrives at the Upton inn, a Mr Fitzpatrick, who is desperately looking for his wife. He speaks to Susan, the chambermaid, who shows him up to Mrs Water's room. He sees Tom and then a lot of women's clothes strewed around the room, and he and Tom proceed to blows until Mrs Waters cries out 'murder! robbery! and more frequently rape'. An Irishman staying in the room next door now enters the bedroom, a Mr Maclachlan, who lets his friend know that he has the wrong woman. Fitzpatrick apologises to Mrs Waters but says he will have his blood in the morning. Mrs Waters screams rape again to divert attention away from her and Tom being in the same room together, and all the men depart. Two young women in riding habits now arrive at the inn and one of them is immediately recognised as being a lady of quality. The lady retires to bed, and the maid, Mrs Honour, returns downstairs and demands food. She falls into conversation with Mr Partridge and learns that Tom is staying in the same inn. She tells Sophia that Tom is in the house and, returning downstairs, finds out from Partridge that Tom is with a woman and cannot be woken. Honour goes back upstairs and Sophia decides to leave her muff (with her name written on it for Tom to let him know she was there) and departs. Tom finds the muff and determines to give chase to Sophia. Western now arrives with some of his followers at the inn. The narrator mentions here that if he had come two hours earlier he would not only have found Sophia but also his niece — for such was the wife of Mr Fitzpatrick, who had run away with her five years before, out of the custody of Mrs Western. In fact, Mrs Fitzpatrick had heard the voice of her husband and paid the landlady for horses to make her escape at the same time as Sophia's departure. Western see Jones with Sophia's muff in his hands and tries to assault him but is restrained. Fitzpatrick, whom it turns out is married to the niece of Mrs Western, decides to help his uncle by showing him what he believes is Sophia's room, which turns out to be Mrs Waters'. A magistrate in the inn hears the case but refuses to convict Tom; and Western, in a fury, departs in pursuit of his daughter. The plot now reverts back to when Sophia left her father's house. Sophia decides to take a zigzag route before hitting the London road to avoid her father. It turns out that their guide is the same as who conducted Tom, and Sophia bribes him to take them on the same route along the Bristol road. They spend a night with Mrs Whitefield in Gloucester before ending up at the Upton inn. Book XI Sophia, making her way past the Severn , is joined by another young lady, her maid (Abigail Honour, Mrs Honour's sister) and a guide. As it is night-time, they do not speak much and can hardly see each other. However, in daylight they recognise one another — the other lady is Harriet, Sophia's cousin and another niece of Mrs Western. They determine to wait until they arrive at an inn before they tell each other their stories. Once at the inn, Sophia and Harriet share a bed as do the two maids, everyone being exhausted from their journey, and the landlord and his wife come to the conclusion that they are supporters of the rebel Charles Stuart, fleeing the Duke of Cumberland, and that Sophia is Jenny Cameron herself (the daughter of a highland supporter of Charles). Once they have rested, Mrs Fitzpatrick recounts her story to Sophia. She met Fitzpatrick whilst staying with her aunt, Mrs Western, in Bath. He paid court to her aunt, but was also very kind to herself, until he eventually professed his love for her. The aunt left Bath, and she married Fitzpatrick. However, he says they will have to return to his estate in Ireland which she is very reluctant to do, and by accident finds a debtor's letter from his tailor in which he recalls Fitzpatrick saying he would soon marry either the aunt or the niece which would settle his debts, preferring the niece as he would have quicker access to the money. Harriet reveals all to her husband but he fobs her off, and they travel to Ireland. His house is very dismal and he proves the opposite of the gallant in Bath; he is aggressive and boorish in his behaviour to her. Eventually, he imprisons her in her bedroom, but, whilst on a three month trip to England, she is able to make her escape with the help of a neighbouring aristocrat. She intended to make for Bath to plead with her aunt, and this is how she ran into Sophia. There is also an interlude when Mrs Honour assaults the landlord when she finds out that he thinks Sophia is Jenny Cameron. It happens that the same Irish peer that helped Harriet is staying at the inn, on his way to London. He pays them a call and offers them a ride in his coach-and-six to London. Whilst preparing herself, Sophia discovers that she has lost a £100 note which her father had given her, believing it fell out of her pocket. The party arrive in London but Sophia is desirous of looking up her acquaintance, having suspicions that Harriet intends to make for Bath in order to have an alliance with the Irish nobleman. She makes her farewell, repeating their aunt's maxim to Harriet that 'whenever the matrimonial alliance is broke, and war declared between husband and wife, she can hardly make a disadvantageous peace for herself on any conditions' but Mrs Fitzpatrick contemptuously dismisses this advice. Sophia then repairs to the house of Lady Bellaston who promises she will do everything in her power to protect her. Book XII Squire Western is in pursuit of his daughter but gets waylaid by a hunt and ends up returning home. Tom and Partridge come across a lame fellow in rags to whom Tom gives a shilling. The beggar offers Tom something he has found, and it turns out to be Sophia's pocket book with the £100 note tucked inside. Tom gives the man a guinea, promising more later, and they leave him very discontented. They eventually come to an ale-house, and Partridge is keen to see the puppet-show which is playing the Provoked Husband. The landlady berates her chambermaid for having a sexual dalliance with Merry Andrew, the youth who beats the drum to announce the shows. Tom retires to bed but is awoken by the sound of the master of the puppet-show beating his Merry Andrew. Tom intervenes, and the Merry Andrew mentions the puppet master trying to rob a lady in a fine riding habit the day before. Tom realizes this was Sophia and instructs the youth to show him the spot where this would have happened. He and Partridge then procure horses from the inn and also recognise the same boy who guided Sophia to the last inn. Accepting some money, he is persuaded to guide them to the same place; and they try to get post-horses at the same inn, but there are none to be had. At the same time, Tom is saluted by Mr Dowling, the lawyer with whom Tom had dined at Gloucester, and he and Partridge prevail on Tom to spend the night at the inn. Jones and Dowling share a bottle of wine, and Tom informs him of how Blifil has tried to ruin him, 'I saw the selfishness in him long ago which I despised; but it is lately, very lately, that I have found him capable of the basest and blackest designs.' Tom also assures the attorney of his deepest respect for Mr Allworthy, and not his money. Tom then takes leave of Dowling and sets forth for Coventry. He and Partridge make their way but are caught in a storm and forced to take shelter in a barn, in which a gypsy wedding feast is taking place. They are made welcome by the King of the Gypsies. Jones and Partridge then travel post in pursuit of Sophia, ending up at St Albans where they just miss Sophia. As they make their way into London, they meet a fellow traveler on horseback who, on hearing that Tom has £100, attempts to hold them up but is overcome by Tom. The highwayman confesses that it was his first robbery, and he only did it out of great need. Tom takes pity on him and gives him two guineas, and the man is overcome by his generosity. Book XIII Jones and Partridge arrive in London; but, being unfamiliar with its streets, retire to the Bull and Gate in Holborn. Tom then finds out where the lord's residence is. After bribing a footman, Tom is admitted into the presence of Mrs Fitzpatrick. She, thinking that he is the suitor Sophia is trying to avoid, dissembles, and Tom leaves the house but stands watch nearby. Mrs Fitzpatrick communicates her suspicions to her maid, Abigail, and is informed that the man was Jones himself. Tom is admitted once more to see Mrs Fitzpatrick, and Lady Bellaston joins them — as does the noble lord, who ignores Tom. Mrs Fitzpatrick designs to get rid of Tom. He then thinks about the gentlewoman at whose house Mr Allworthy is accustomed to lodge when in town and dispatches Partridge to the house where he is able to secure two rooms. The landlady is Mrs Miller, and she has two daughters: Nancy is seventeen and Betty ten. There is a young gentleman lodger, a Mr Nightingale, who gets into a fight with his footman. Tom intervenes to save him from being throttled, and the two become friends over a shared bottle of wine. Tom then receives a bundle inside which is a domino, a mask and a masquerade ticket and a card signed the 'queen of the fairies'. He is determined to go to the masque, thinking that he might find Sophia there, and Nightingale lends him some of his clothes and offers to accompany him. Tom talks to a variety of women who look or sound like Sophia, until he meets a lady in a domino who talks to him about Sophia. Afterwards, she quits the masquerade to return home, forbidding Tom to follow her. He, however, ignores her warning and follows her chair to a street near Hanover Square and walks in after her, suspecting her to be Mrs Fitzpatrick. The woman turns out to be Lady Bellaston, and they sleep together. Lady Bellaston promises Tom she will try to find out Sophia's whereabouts. Returning to his lodgings, Mrs Miller tells the household about a cousin of hers whose family is living in extreme poverty. Tom, after hearing her narrative, gives her his purse containing £50, asking her to use it for the poor people, and she joyfully takes ten guineas. Tom tries to find out from Lady Bellaston where Sophia is but cannot (the latter now seeing Sophia as a rival in love). He is also in a very difficult position as she is now supporting him financially. He receives a note from her asking for a meeting at her house, having arranged for Sophia, Mrs Honour and her own maid, Mrs Etoff, to see a play together. Tom meets Mrs Miller's cousin who turns out to be the highwayman who tried to rob him, and the man is effusive in his thanks for Tom's kindness to his family who are now all restored to health. Tom goes to Lady Bellaston's house, but she is not there. He is waiting in the drawing-room when Sophia enters, having left the play early in distaste under the protection of a young gentleman. Both are as surprised as each other. After reprimanding him for bandying her name around in inns, with Tom protesting it was Partridge, not he, she starts crying; and Tom kisses away her tears. Lady Bellaston enters, and Sophia makes the pretence that Tom has only come to return her pocket-book and the banknote. Tom takes the opportunity to leave, asking Lady Bellaston for permission to pay another visit to which she politely consents. The Book concludes with Sophia attempting to ward off her cousin's questions about the young gentleman. Book XIV Lady Bellaston pays a surprise visit to Tom's apartments. However, they are interrupted by the arrival of Mrs Honour bearing a letter for Tom from Sophia, and Lady Bellaston is forced to hide behind a curtain. Honour assures Tom of her mistress' regard, and, after she has left, Lady Bellaston emerges from her place of concealment as, 'streams of fire darted from her eyes, and well indeed they might, for her heart was all in a flame.' However, Tom makes his peace with her and they agree that future visits to her house will appear as though they are for Sophia's sake, Bellaston being "convinced that Sophia possessed the first place in Jones's affections" and "...she submitted at last to bear the second place." Mrs Miller talks to Tom about the house getting a reputation of one of ill-fame. Tom assures her that he will change his place of lodgings. Nightingale tells him that he too has resolved to quit the house, although Tom reminds him that Nancy, the eldest daughter, is in love with him; but Nightingale is not unduly concerned, liking to boast about his skill at gaining women, much to Tom's dismay. Nightingale, however, quits the house, and Mrs Miller is distraught, revealing to Tom that Nancy is with child by him. All he has left her is a note stating that he cannot marry her as his father has insisted on his paying his addresses to a young lady of fortune whom he has chosen for him as a wife. Jones promises to go and talk to Nightingale and attempts to persuade him to change his mind. During the conversation, he resolves to speak to Nightingale's father and inform him that Nightingale is already married to Ms Miller, a proposal to which the son readily assents. A farcical conversation takes place in a coffee house with Tom speaking about Nancy Miller whereas the father presumes he is talking about Miss Harris, and Tom saying he is already married. Old Mr Nightingale's brother then makes an appearance and also helps to persuade his brother against a union with Miss Harris, for, as he is her neighbour, he knows her to be "very tall, very thin, very ugly, very affected, very silly, and very ill-natured." Jones finally agrees to conduct the uncle to his nephew in Mrs Miller's house. Mrs Miller informs Jones that all matters are settled between Nightingale and Nancy and that they are to be married the next day. The uncle, however, takes his nephew upstairs and, on finding out that he is not married, tells him to call off the wedding as it is both foolish and preposterous. They return downstairs and the others feel that something is amiss, especially Tom as the uncle departs with Nightingale. However, Tom receives a visit from Mrs Honour who informs him she has dreadful news regarding her mistress. Book XV Lady Bellaston is now determined to get Sophia out of the way. The young nobleman who escorted Sophia from the play, Lord Fellamar, approaches Lady Bellaston and declares his love for Sophia, and she says she will promote his cause with her father, although pointing out that he has a rival for her affection — 'a beggar, a bastard, a foundling, a fellow in meaner circumstances than one of your lordship's own footmen.' She persuades an acquaintance, Tom Edwards, to announce in front of Sophia that Jones has been killed in a duel, and Sophia retires to her room in dismay. Bellaston and Fellamar then hatch a plan for the latter to ravish Sophia the next evening whilst the servants are out of the house and whilst Lady Bellaston is in an apartment distant from the scene. Despite having scruples, Fellamar falls in with her scheme and throws himself at Sophia; but the rape is interrupted by the arrival of Squire Western and his parson. The lord believes the father will accept him as his future son-in-law but is brushed aside by Western who removes Sophia to his own lodgings. Lady Bellaston is not too perturbed by the failure of her scheme with Fellamar, since at least Sophia is now out of the way. The plot now reverts back to how the Squire discovered his daughter's whereabouts. Mrs Fitzpatrick, hoping to reconcile her aunt and uncle, sent a letter to Mrs Western informing them of Sophia's present location. The lady passes the letter to her brother, and he is resolved to go to London with his sister following a day later. Honour, as mentioned earlier, comes to see Tom with the bad news. Whilst she is speaking to him, Lady Bellaston's arrival is announced, and Mrs Honour this time is forced to hide. Lady Bellaston comments on Jones' attractiveness, but he cannot reply in kind as Honour is present in the room. However, his embarrassment is ended when Mr Nightingale stumbles drunk into the room and Lady Bellaston is forced to share the hiding place with Honour. The Lady, after assuring the maid of her friendship in order to stop her repeating what she has heard, takes her leave in a fury. Mrs Honour also berates Tom for his infidelity to her mistress, but he eventually manages to calm her down. Nancy and Nightingale are married at Doctors' Commons and Tom then receives three letters from Lady Bellaston requesting his presence at her home. Nightingale confronts Tom and tells him about her reputation around town. Tom also reveals his deep love for Sophia whom he now idolizes. Jones and Nightingale ('his privy council') proceed to hatch their own plan so that he can be rid of Bellaston. Nightingale knows that she turned away a former young man when he proposed marriage to her, and he suggests that Tom does the same. The latter is reluctant in case she agrees to his proposal, but Nightingale believes the young man in question — angered by the ill offices she had done him since — would show Tom her letters, the knowledge of which he could use to break off the affair. Tom writes a letter, and Lady Bellaston writes back banishing him from her home. Mrs Miller receives notice from Mr Allworthy that he is coming to London, and Tom, Mr and Mrs Nightingale remove to new apartments. Tom, having dispatched Mrs Honour to give him more news about Sophia's state, receives a letter from her saying she now has a position with Lady Bellaston and can tell him nothing. A few days later Mr Partridge bumps into Black George and, over a few pots of beer, learns that he is working for Squire Western and can convey letters to Sophia in order to help Tom. Tom sits down to write his epistle. Book XVI The scene shifts to Squire Western's lodgings in Piccadilly, recommended by the landlord at the Hercules Pillars at Hyde Park Corner, where Sophia is locked in her room. An officer asks to be presented and informs the Squire and parson he has come on behalf of Lord Fellamar who wants to visit his daughter on the footing of a lover, but Western throws him out. Sophia, hearing the noise below her, starts screaming and her father enters her room, asking her to fulfill his demands but she once more refuses and her father storms out, once more ignoring her pleas and tears. However, Black George is able to slip Sophia Tom's letter, hidden inside a pullet, and she muses over it. Mrs Western now arrives and is highly indignant over Sophia's imprisonment. She demands that she be given complete control over the niece and, with the support of the parson, the Squire finally agrees and Mrs Western conducts her to her own more salubrious lodgings. Tom now receives a letter from Sophia, written from her aunt's lodgings and begging him to give her up in order that he may be reconciled to Mr Allworthy, and enclosing the £100 banknote as she knows Tom requires money. The plot now switches back to the past when Blifil was informed by Western about his daughter's flight to London. Blifil's case that Sophia loves him is now more uncertain. Allworthy agrees to Blifil's insistent demands that he accompany him to London but warns his nephew, I will never give my consent to any absolute force being put on her inclinations, nor shall you ever have her unless she can be brought freely of compliance. Once in London, Squire Western and Blifil barge into his sister's house, and she is furious at the incivility of their entrance. Sophia, who turns pale at the sight of Blifil, is allowed to retire to her room whilst her aunt castigates Squire Western for his rude country manners — and at the same time suggests to Blifil that perhaps he can visit Sophia again in the afternoon. Blifil now quite rightly, as the narrator points out, suspects that Mrs Western may have turned against his cause. Lady Bellaston sees Lord Fellamar and advises him to have Jones somehow pressed and sent on board a ship. She then meets Mrs Western (they are cousins), and the former tells the latter about Lord Fellamar's attachment to Sophia. It is agreed they will pursue his case. Mrs Western refers to Blifil as 'a hideous kind of fellow' with nothing but fortune to recommend him. Jones pays a visit to Mrs Fitzpatrick, who encourages him to make a sham address to Mrs Western (just as Fitzpatrick did) in order to win Sophia; but he outrightly declines the undertaking, just as he does the advances now Mrs Fitzpatrick now makes towards him. Fitzpatrick has now come up to London from Bath and sees Jones coming out of his wife's house. Having suspicions about Jones and Mrs Fitzpatrick, he draws his sword, but Jones manages to stab him with his. He '...sheathed one half of his sword in the body of the said gentleman' — but is arrested by the gang employed by Lord Fellamar and taken before a magistrate who commits him to Gatehouse. Here, he receives a letter from Sophia stating she has seen his letter with his proposal of marriage to Bellaston. Book XVII Mr Allworthy is informed by Mrs Miller of how kind-hearted Tom has been towards her and her family. However, Blifil informs his uncle that Tom has killed a man, but the conversation is interrupted by the entrance of Mr Western who complains to his neighbour about Lord Fellamar. Mr Allworthy, commenting on Sophia's good character, tells Western he will not have Sophia forced into a marriage. After finding out the true inclinations of Sophia towards Blifil, Mr Allworthy informs Western that the marriage will not proceed. Mrs Western now tries to persuade Sophia to marry Lord Fellamar, but she tells her aunt how he tried to force himself on her in Lady Bellaston's house. Thus a truce is called, and her aunt is in a better temper. Mrs Miller visits Sophia and tells her how well Tom has behaved towards her penniless cousin, Mr Anderson. She manages to make Sophia read his letter, but it does not change her attitude towards him. Fellamar pays a visit to Sophia, but she rejects his love and is berated by her aunt after the lord has left for receiving letters from Tom (she has learnt this from Mrs Miller). The action now switches to Tom in prison. Nightingale visits him and informs him that the only witnesses to the fight were from a man-of-war crew lying at Deptford; and they said that Tom had struck the first blow. Mrs Waters then visits Tom telling him to cheer up and giving him the good news that Fitzpatrick is not dead and is likely to recover. Having lived with Fitzpatrick as his wife in Bath, she is also doing so in London so she knows exactly what is happening. Book XVIII Partridge now visits Tom and, seeing Mrs Waters's face for the first time, informs Tom that he has been a-bed with his own mother, that Mrs. Waters and Jenny Jones are one and the same. Whilst he is dispatched by Tom to find her, Tom receives a letter from her that she has a matter of high importance to communicate to him. Mrs Miller and Jack Nightingale speak to Mr Allworthy about Tom's merits, and the latter says he might start to think better of the young gentleman. Mr Allworthy then receives a letter from Mr Square stating that he is dying and saying that Tom was innocent and that this young man hath the noblest generosity of heart, the most perfect capacity for friendship, the highest integrity, and indeed every virtue which can ennoble a man. Mr Partridge is now summoned before Mr Allworthy's presence, and he tells him his history since the time he lost his school. He also tells him about Tom's sleeping with his mother, at which Allworthy expresses shock, but Mrs Waters enters the room desiring to speak with him. She states that Partridge was not the father of the child but a young man named Summer, the son of a clergyman who was a great friend of Allworthy's. Summer came to reside at Allworthy's house after completing his studies and died shortly afterwards. Allworthy's sister became pregnant by him and bore the child found between the sheets in his bed. It turns out that Miss Bridget went to the house of Mrs Waters' mother, and it was arranged that mother and daughter would attend her (with Mrs Wilkins being sent to Dorsetshire to be out of the way). Having given birth, Mrs Waters was instructed to take the child to Allworthy's bed. Once her story is complete, Mr Allworthy recollects that his sister had a liking for Summer but that she had expressed the highest disdain for his unkind suspicion — so he had let the matter drop. Mrs Waters then mentions to Mr Allworthy that she had been visited by a gentleman who, taking her for Fitzpatrick's wife, informed her she would be financially assisted by a worthy gentleman if she wanted to prosecute Jones. She found out from Mr Partridge that the man's name was Dowling. Mr Western now appears, berating that fact that a lord now wants to marry Sophia; and Allworthy says he will try to speak with her once more. Mrs Waters then says she was ruined 'by a very deep scheme of villainy' which drove her into the arms of Captain Waters, whom she lived with as a wife for many years even though they remained unmarried. Dowling then appears, and Mr Allworthy confronts him in the presence of Mrs Waters. He learns the truth that it was Blifil who sent him to talk to her. Dowling also reveals that he was given a letter by Blifil's mother on her deathbed, and he also was instructed by her to tell Allworthy that Jones was his nephew. However, as Allworthy had been ill at the time, he delivered the letter into Blifil's hands who said he would convey it to Allworthy. Allworthy leaves to have his interview with Sophia at Western's house. After assuring her that she will not have to marry Blifil owing to his villainy, he proposes to have another young man visit her. Sophia is bemused but, on being informed that it is Jones, refuses outright to meet him, saying it would be as disagreeable as a meeting with Blifil. Squire Western bursts into the room and, on being informed by Allworthy that Tom is his nephew, now becomes as eager for Sophia to marry Jones as he was about Blifil. Allworthy returns to his lodgings and his reunion with Tom now takes place. To compound his joy, Tom is also informed by Mrs Miller that, after speaking with her son, she has told Sophia all about the Bellaston letter and that Tom had also refused a proposal of marriage from a pretty widow called Hunt (which occurs earlier in the novel). Tom informs Mr Allworthy that his liberty had been procured by two noble lords, One of these was Lord Fellamar who, on finding out from Fitzpatrick that he took all the blame and that Tom was the nephew to a gentleman of great fortune, went with the Irish peer to obtain Tom's release. Mrs Miller asks Allworthy about Blifil, and the latter replies that I cannot be easy while such a villain is in my house. Tom pleads with him to be lenient, but Allworthy sends him to Blifil's room. Tom tells him he has to leave but that he will also do everything in his powers to help his younger brother, "and would leave nothing unattempted to effectuate a reconciliation with his uncle." Jones, now fully kitted-out as a young gentleman of wealth, then accompanies his uncle to Mr Western's house. Sophia is also decked out in all her finery, and the two are left alone by the uncle and father and are eventually reconciled when Tom kisses her on her dear lips. Western once more bursts into the room, and Sophia says she will be obedient to her father by agreeing to marry Tom. The pair are privately married the next day in the chapel at Doctors' Commons but a joint wedding feast is held afterwards at Mrs Miller's house with Nightingale and his bride, Nancy (who have been reconciled with old Mr Nightingale through the mediation of Mr Allworthy). So, the story reaches its conclusion. The narrator informs his reader of the fate of his characters. Allworthy refused to see Blifil; but he settled an annual income of £200 on his nephew. The latter moved to one of the northern counties, hoping to purchase a seat in the next parliament and turning Methodist in the hope of ensnaring a rich wife. Mrs Fitzpatrick divorces her husband and maintains a close friendship with the Irish peer who aided her escape from Ireland. Mr Nightingale and his wife purchase an estate in the neighbourhood of Jones. Mrs Waters receives a £60 annual pension from Allworthy and marries Western's Parson Supple. Partridge sets up a school and a marriage to Molly Seagrim is on the cards. Mr Western moved out of his country seat into a smaller house, liking to play with his granddaughter and grandson, while Tom and Sophia love Mr Allworthy as a father. And, as for Tom: "Whatever in the nature of Jones had a tendency to vice, has been corrected by continual conversation with this good man, and by his union with the lovely and virtuous Sophia. He hath also, by reflection on his past follies, acquired a discretion and prudence very uncommon in one of his lively parts." Film, TV, operas, and theatrical adaptations 1963 saw the release of Tom Jones , a film directed by Tony Richardson and starring Albert Finney as Tom. The book was also three times used as the basis for an opera, by François-André Philidor in 1765 (see Philidor's opera ), by Edward German in 1907 (see German's opera ), and by Stephen Oliver in 1975. A BBC adaptation was broadcast in 1997 with Max Beesley in the title role, dramatised by Simon Burke. Release details Fielding (28 February 1749) (First ed.), UK: A Millar . (1809) (Two volumes hardback ed.), St. Paul's Church Yard, London, ENG, UK: J Walker, Paternoster Row and J Harris . (1950) (hardback ed.), UK: Modern Library . (February 1973) (hardback ed.), UK: William Collins, ISBN 978-0-00-423529-5 . (1975) (paperback ed.), USA: Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 978-0-8195-6048-3 . (May 1992) (paperback ed.), UK: Wordsworth Editions, ISBN 978-1-85326-021-6 . (2 February 1998) (paperback ed.), USA: Phoenix Press, ISBN 978-0-460-87833-3 . (30 September 2002), Modern Library (paperback ed.), USA: Random House, ISBN 978-0-8129-6607-7 . (2004), Classics (paperback ed.), USA: Barnes & Noble, ISBN 1-59308-070-0 . (28 April 2005) (paperback ed.), UK: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-043622-8 . See also Illegitimacy in fiction Notes ^ Yardley, Jonathan (9 December 2003). "'Tom Jones,' as Fresh as Ever" . The Washington Post : p. C1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47728-2003Dec8.html . Retrieved 2006-12-31. ^ Fielding, H (1950), "Introduction", The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, New York: Modern Library, p. viii . References Tom Jones, Wordsworth Classics, Introduction and Notes Doreen Roberts, Canterbury: Rutherford College, University of Kent, 1999 [1992], ISBN 1-85326-021-5 . Words, Words, Words: From the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century, La Spiga languages, 2003 . Battestin, Martin. The Providence of Wit: Aspects of Form in Augustan Literature and the Arts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1974. Hunter, J. Paul. Before Novels: The Cultural Context of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction. New York: WW Norton and Co., 1990. McKeon, Michael. The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. Paulson, Ronald. Satire and the Novel in the Eighteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967. Richetti, John. "Representing an Under Class: Servants and Prolatarians in Fielding and Smollett." The New Eighteenth Century: Theory, Politics, English Literature. Eds. Felicity Nussbaum and Laura Brown. London: Routledge, 1987. Richetti, John. "The Old Order and the New Novel of the Mid-Eighteenth Century: Narrative Authority in Fielding and Smollett." Eighteenth-Century Fiction 2 (1990): 99–126. Smallwood, Angela J. Fielding and the Woman Question. New York: St. Martin's, 1989. Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Desire and Truth: Functions of Plot in Eighteenth-Century English Novels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957. External links	i don't know
What colour is the head of an adult male mallard?	Mallard, Identification, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology Similar to adult male Mallard Very different shape with shaggy crest and thin, serrated bill Bold white collar on neck White stripe on sides separates gray flanks from dark back. © Kim Taylor , March 2011 Similar Species The American Black Duck of eastern North America looks like a female Mallard but has a darker body, greenish-yellow bill, and a purplish “speculum” patch in the wings that does not have white borders. Identification is complicated by the frequent occurrence of hybrids between the two species. The Mottled Duck of the coastal Southeast also resembles a female Mallard, but is somewhat darker, with less black on the bill (just a small black spot at the base), and lacks the broad white borders to the speculum. Female Gadwalls have a slimmer bill with a thin orange line along the edge and often show a white patch on the folded wing. Northern Shovelers have a bill that is noticeably larger and wider than any other duck’s. Its body pattern is different from a Mallard’s, too: the belly and sides are chestnut, set off by a white breast and undertail. Female Northern Shovelers, in addition to their very large bill, are paler overall, with lots of buffy and tan tones to the body. The green heads of Red-breasted Mergansers and Common Mergansers superficially resemble a male Mallard’s, but these birds’ shape and behavior are much different: mergansers are streamlined ducks with slender bills, and they dive instead of dabble.	Green (disambiguation)
In office from 1969 to 1973 who was Richard Nixon’s first Vice President?	Muscovy Duck \| birdinginformation.com Muscovy Duck Muscovy Duck Wild Muscovy ducks are native to Mexico, Central, and South America. They were domesticated by the natives long before the Europeans arrived in the new world. Muscovy ducks are the only ducks not genetically derived from the Mallard duck. They have a gamey aroma and are also called a “musk” duck. Description Muscovy ducks are large, heavy ducks with short legs and broad tails and wings. Wild Muscovy ducks are all black with white patches on the upper and under wing. Some of the ducks have a green and purple gloss. Muscovy ducks are selectively bred for their meat. They are bred to get lighter colors, and therefore to ultimately produce a lighter-colored meat for eating. Domesticated birds look both heavier and coarser than those found in the wild population. They can weigh up to 15 pounds or more! There are 10 distinctive and individual and variations of colors including: chocolate, lavender, pied-colored, and blue. Domestic Muscovies also come in three feather patterns: laced, rippled, and lacy. They have a domed feathered crest on the top of their heads; the male also has a more pronounced knob on the top of his bill than the female. Females are smaller and duller in color. Both sexes have naked and warty looking skin on their faces. The color of the skin can be black and red, to all red. It is usually a brighter shade of red in domestic birds. Muscovy ducks also have various shades of eye color. If a duck has a light feather color, it will probably have a light eye color. You will even find pale blue eyes! Muscovy ducks are powerful birds. They have sharp talon-like claws on their feet for fighting, perching and climbing. Young ducklings are mostly yellow with buff and brown markings on their tails and wings. Some domestic ducklings have dark heads and blue eyes. The juvenile Muscovy is even duller than the female and slowly acquires its white wing patches in the first winter. Range and Habitat The Muscovy duck is a tropical bird; it is native to Mexico, Central and South America. Wild birds are also found in the lower Rio Grande River Valley, and in parts of southern Florida and Texas. They prefer habitats with water and sheltered trees such as rivers, ponds, wooded swamps, and brackish coastal wetlands. Escaped birds can be found in many parks across America. Behavior Muscovy ducks are highly intelligent; they are also very aggressive. Wild ducks are shy and usually are silent. Domestic ducks are also rarely heard. They don’t actually quack unless they are in distress. The female gives a soft noise and thrilling coo, while the male gives a low breathy call; he also puffs and hisses in display. They are perching ducks, and will roost in small groups in trees. They can fly, but the males don’t usually get very far off the ground. In flight, they have a goose-like fight, with a straight neck. They can be seen flying at dawn and at dusk. Muscovy ducks will eat insects, roots, stems, leaves, seeds, fishes, reptiles, and small mammals. They do not swim as much as other ducks because their oil glands are not as well developed. This results their feathers fraying more. They are very intelligent and will wag their tails and raise their crests when talked to. Breeding and Nesting Muscovy ducks are sexually mature at one year. Males will fight other males for social status and for the right to breed with a female. They can become very aggressive; they will head bob, raise their crests, bite, and pinch, flog, and literally jump on each other’s backs to attack. Pairs do not form stable relationships and forced sexual intercourse can occur. They will mate on land or water, and can breed up to three times a year. The female will only lay until her nest is full, about 8-16 eggs. Her nest is in a hole or in a hollow of a tree. She incubates her eggs for about 35 days, only leaving her nest for about an hour once a day to take care of her own needs. She chirps as she hatches her eggs to imprint her ducklings to her. The ducklings have trouble staying warm, so they stay close to their mother for several weeks. She is a super mom and will protect her brood from predators, even if it means her own death. The male will also stay close to the ducklings for several weeks; he will walk the ducklings while they hunt for food and provide his protection. Photo Gallery Muskovy Duck	i don't know
What name is shared by a Ford car produced from 1939 to 1967 and an ITV company established in 1959?	History of The Car 19,000 cars from 1904 until 1938. 5,500 buses from 1926 until 1958. 21,000 goods and military vehicles from 1914 to 1945. More than 100,000 Crossley oil and gas engines were produced. Crouch Car History Crouch Cars was founded by JWF Crouch in 1912. They were located in Coventry, England. Their first model was a 3 wheeled cyclecar called the Carette. They produced cars unitl 1928. It closed due to the depression. Crouch produced approximately 3000 cars. Of the approximately 3000 cars made only about 5 are known to have survived. At its peak Crouch employed about 400 people and turned out 25 cars a week. John Crouch, the founder, had trained with Daimler and his son Bob worked there after the family firm closed. He eventually became head of bus sales. Daihatsu Car History The history of the Daihatsu Car started in 1907, when professors Yoshinki and Turumi from Osaka University established Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. The company was involved in the manufacture of internal combustion engines. In 1919, two prototype trucks were built which laid the foundation for the company to shift direction to Motor Car production. By 1930, Hatsudoki had launched Japans first domestically produced vehicle, the 500cc Model HA. In 1951, the company became the Daihatsu Kogyo Co. Ltd. In 1974, it became the Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. These days, Daihatsu is synonymous with small car production. Dawson Car History The Dawson Car Company was founded by AJ Dawson in 1918. Dawson had previously been a works manager at Hillman. They were located in Clay Lane, Stoke, Coventry. The only car made by the company was the 11-12 hp with a water cooled, four cylinder 1795 cc overhead camshaft engine coupled to a 3 speed gearbox. It was available in four body styles, most bodied by Charlesworth, and unusually, customers could not buy a chassis only. Only about 700 cars were produced with final production in 1921. In 1921 the Triumph Cycle Company Ltd. bought Dawson's premises and fittings in Clay Lane, Stoke, Coventry but no more of the 11-12 models were made. Dellow Car History Dellow motors was founded by Ken Delingpole and Ron Lowe. Dellow was located at Birmingham, England. They first started producing cars in 1949. The first cars used a Ford 10 engine in an A frame chassis with very light simple aluminium bodywork, early cars having no doors. These early chassis frames were made from government surplus rocket launching tubes. Dellow stopped building cars in 1959. Less then 300 cars were produced. Many sporting awards were won by drivers of Dellow cars in the early 1950s, not only in trials (for which they were mainly designed) but also in other events such as driving tests and hillclimbs. Dellows also took overall honours in the MCC organised Daily Express National Rally and the Circuit of Ireland Rally. Car History of Denmark The Anglo-Dane was manufactured by H. C. Fredriksen of Copenhagen. They originally built bicycles. The first cars produced by Anglo-Dane were light trucks. About 70 Anglo-Danes were made in total. The Thrige was produced between 1911 to 1917, in Odense, by the Thomas B. Thrige company. The first vehicles were electically powered trucks. In 1918, their auto section merged with Anglo-Dane and JAN to form De forenede Automobilfabrikker A/S manufacturing. The Kewet battery electric Car was originally produced in Hadsund Denmark from 1991 to 1995. In 1998, they were taken over by Kollega Bil. The name was later changed name to ElbilNorge AS. DeSoto Car History The DeSoto car was marketed by the Chrysler Corporation from 1928. The model was named after Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto. The logo featured an image of Hernando de Soto. By the end of 1928, there were over 1,500 agencies selling the DeSoto Car. In 1933, racing car driver Harry Hartz, drove a DeSoto backwards across the United States in a major publicity stunt. In 1934, the DeSoto Airflow car was introduced. It would revolutionize the design of all cars around the world. But despite huge promtion and booming overseas sales, the DeSoto slumped in the United States. The DeSoto soon returned to the conservative style and sales rebounded. But during world war two, car production stopped and the DeSoto factories started military production. Car production resumed in late 1945. The DeSoto model was discontinued on November 30, 1960. The DeSoto name was continued on a line of heavy trucks that were built overseas. Dodge Car History The origines of the Dodge Car can be traced back to 1897 1901, when brothers John Francis Dodge and Horace Elgin Dodge set up a bicycle manufacturing business. After a few years they sold the bicycle business. By 1900, they had set up a machine shop in Detroit where they produced bearings and other parts. They also designed motor parts for early Oldsmobiles. They were soon building engines for Ford Motor Company. By 1910, they built a new plant in Hamtramck, Michigan. In 1914, they founded the Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company. On Nov. 14, 1914, the first Dodge car was introduced. In 1917, they started production of motor trucks. In 1925,Dillon, Read & Company purchased the Dodge Brothers Company for US$146 million. In 1928, Dillon Read sold Dodge to the Chrysler Corporation. In 1977, with the collapse of Chrysler Europe, Peugeot took control, then Renault. Dodge was later taken over by DaimlerChrysler. Elva Car History Elva was founded by Frank G. Nichols in 1955. Elva was originally located in Hastings, United Kingdom. They produced sports cars. The original model used Standard front suspension and Ford Anglia rear axle with an overhead valve conversion of a Ford 10 engine. This went through various changes up to the 1958 Mark IV with 1100 cc Coventry-Climax engine and independent rear suspension with inboard brakes. In 1961, Elva was sold to Trojan. Production moved to Rye, Sussex; and again in 1966 to the main Trojan factory in Croydon. Production ended in 1968. Fairthorpe Car History Fairthorpe Ltd was founded by Donald Bennett in England. Fairthorpe cars were produced from 1954 to 1976. The Fairthorpe Atom car was produced from 1954 to 1957. In 1958, the Fairthorpe Atomata was released. The popular Fairthorpe Electron was intorduced in 1956. The 2 seat coupe Fairthorpe TX-GT was intorduced in 1967. Fiat Car History The Fiat car business was founded on July 11, 1899 in Palazzo Bricherasio. By 1900, the first Fiat factory opened in Corso Dante employing 150 workers. In 1904, the Fiat Logo was adopted. The Lingotto factory opened in 1922 making it the biggest car factory in Europe. Fiat suffered a lot during both world war 1 and 2, having its factories destroyed during the later. But the company recovered and in 1953, Fiat produced its first Fiat diesel engine vehicle. By the 1980`s Fiat had expanded and invested into other care makers such as Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Ferrari and Maserati. Ford Car History Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. Car production took place in its factory located on Mack Avenue, Detroit. In 1908, Ford introduced the Ford Model T. In 1913, Ford introduced the worlds first moving assembly line. Ford also pioneered the 40 hour work week and the minimum wage. In 1919, Edsel Ford had succeeded his father as president of the company. By 1921, Ford production had exceeded one million cars per year. In 1925, Ford aquired the Lincoln Motor Company. In 1926, Ford Australia is founded. The Lincoln Zephyr is introduced in 1936. During World War Two, production of civilian vehicles is stopped so Ford can focus on producing B-24 bombers and other military equipment for the army. The Lincoln Continental is introduced in 1948. In 1960, both the Ford Falcon and the Ford Galaxie are introduced. In 1967, Ford of Europe is founded. Ford acquires Aston Martin Lagonda and Hertz Rent-a-Car in 1987 and acquires Jaguar in 1989. In 1999, Ford takes control of the Volvo car division. Frazer Nash Founded in 1922 by Archibald Frazer-Nash. Some 400 cars were produced until the mid-1930s. Then again from 1948 to 1957 another 85 cars were made. From 1934 to 1939 they were the official British importer for BMW. They were rebadged as Frazer-Nash-BMW. With the onset of war, manufacturing switched to armaments. From 1948 to 1957, 85 sports and racing cars were produced. Car History of Germany Production of the Amphicar started in 1961 and ceased in 1968. Total production was 3,878 cars. The Amphicar was designed by Hanns Trippel. The Arimofa car was produced by Ari-Motorfahrzeugbau GmbH of Plauen, Vogtland, between 1921 and 1922. Borgward was founded by Carl F. W. Borgward. They produced cars with the four brand names Borgward, Hansa, Goliath and Lloyd. The company went into bankruptcy in 1961. Fendt was founded by Xaver Fendt in 1937. They produced agricultural tractors and machines. In 1997, they were purchased by AGCO. Glas was founded by Hans Glas in Dingolfing. They are best known for the Goggomobil. They were taken over by BMW. Gutbrod was was founded in 1926 by Wilhelm Gutbrod. A total of 7,726 cars were produced between 1950 and 1954. August Horch & Cie was founded by August Horch and a partner in 1899, at Ehrenfeld. Car production started in 1901. Kleinschnittger produced microcars from 1950 to 1957. Magirus Feuerwehrwerke Ulm was founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus in 1864, and went on to produce fire-fighting vehicles, trucks and buses. In 1975, Magirus was purchased by Iveco. Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH was founded by Wilhelm and Karl Maybach. They were a producer of engines for Zeppelins. Later, they produced luxury automobiles. Gilbern Car History Gilbern Sports Cars (Components) Ltd was founded by Giles Smith(a butcher) and Bernard Friese(engineer) in Wales. Gilbern cars were produced between 1959 and 1973. They were one of a few car manufacturers in Wales. Initial development of the Gilbern car took place behind the butchers shop, in a large shed. Gilbern produced just over 1,000 cars during its time. Three models included: Gilbern GT - 1959 to 1967 Gilbern Genie - 1966 to 1969 Gilbern Invader - 1969 to 1973. Ginetta Car History Founded in 1958, in Suffolk, England by the four Walklett brothers. Ginetta were mainly race cars. The first car, the G2, was produced in kit form. About 100 were made. The G3 was introduced with glass fibre body in 1959 to be followed by the G4 in 1961. In 1989, Ginetta Cars was sold but failed. An international group of enthusiasts based in Sheffield then took control and Ginetta still operates today. Hillman Car History Hillman originated in Coventry in the 1880s as a bicycle manufacturer. Founded by William Hillman, the company was taken over in 1928 by Humber and then in 1931, taken over by Rootes. In 1907 Hillman produced their first car the 24HP Hillman-Coatalen. In 1967, Chrysler took control of Rootes. In 1970, they prodeuced the Avenger. These days, Peugeot owns the rights to the Hillman name. Humber Car History The history of the Humber Car can be traced back to 1868 and the founding of Thomas Humber's bicycle company. In 1898 a three-wheeled tricar was produced. In 1901, a Humber released a four-wheeled car. By 1913, Humber had become the second largest manufacturer of cars in the United Kingdom. In 1931, Humber was taken over by the Rootes brothers. The Humber Sceptre was the last Humber to be made. Imperial Car History The Imperial Autocar Manufacturing company was based in Manchester, England and produced cars from 1901 to around 1906. The company also sold French Lacoste et Battman models with Imperial bodies. The last ones seem to have been sold around 1906. Imperial (Croydon) 1904-1905 Another Imperial was made by the Anti-Vibrator company of Croydon, Surrey. These were electrically powered with a motor in each rear wheel. Imperial (London) 1914 The Imperial cyclecar was made by Impolitico, a theatre lighting company in London, for one year only immediately before the First World War. The power came from a 8hp V-twin Precision engine with a "gearbox" giving seven forward speeds and optional reverse using belts and pulleys. The Model A cost �110 and had reverse, the Model B at �95 did without. About 12 cars were made. Invicta Car History Invicta cars were made in England from 1925 to 1950. The company was founded by Noel Macklin with Oliver Lyle. They started out producing Invicta cars from Macklins home garage. Initially, the manufacturer was based in Cobham, Surrey, England from 1925 to 1933, then in Chelsea, London, England from 1933 to 1938 and finally in Virginia Water, Surrey, England from 1946 to 1950. During the 1930`s, production of Invicta almost ceased, but in 1946, the company was reformed in Surrey. The new company lasted until 1950 when it was bought by Frazer Nash makers, AFN Ltd. Isuzu Car History The Isuzu car gets its name from the Isuzu River in Japan. The river flows through a province dotted with ancient Shinto shrines. Its beginnings date back to 1916 when Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd. and Tokyo Gas and Electric Industrial Co. make plans to produce automobiles. The first truck is produced in 1924, although it is not until 1934 that the trucks are called Isuzu. In 1949 the name Isuzu is officially adopted as the company name. In 1971, Isuzu entered into a partnership with General Motors and the Gemini was produced. In 1972, The Chevrolet LUV becomes the first Isuzu-built car to be sold in the United States. In 1999, GM raises its stake in Isuzu to 49% , but in 2002 reduces this to 12%. Isuzus corporate mark is the twin pillars representing corporate and societal growth against a sunburst red background. Car History of Italy Abarth was founded by Carlo Abarth. They were a producer of Italian racing cars. In 1971, Fiat took control of Abarth. From 1925 to 1928, Amilcar Italiana produced some French Amilcar cars under licence. The Ansaldo car was built from from 1921 to 1931 and was considered to be of top quality. The ASA automobile was created by Giotto Bizzarrini. The car was manufactured by the Bizzarrini company in Milan. Production took place from 1962 to 1969. ATS produced a road-going sports car and a Formula One car between 1963 and 1965. Autobianchi was founded in 1955 by Bianchi, Pirelli and Fiat. They were best know for small cars. Autobianchi was eventaully bought by the Fiat group. It was integrated into Lancia. Gruppo Bertone was founded by Giovanni Bertone in 1914, as Carrozzeria Bertone. Bertone has styled cars for Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Fiat, Lancia and Lamborghini. During its peak, the company produced as many as 40,000 cars per year. Bizzarrini was founded by Giotto Bizzarrini in the 1960`s. Car production ceased in 1969. Autotecnica Conrero was founded in 1951, by Virgilio Conrero. From 1958 to 1960, they produced sports cars, designed by Michelotti. De Tomaso Modena SpA was founded by Alejandro de Tomaso in 1959, in Modena. Their first model was the Vallelunga, introduced in 1963. In 2004, the company went into liquidation. Fornasari was founded in 2002 by Giuseppe Fonasari as a sportive car producer. Jaguar Car History In 1935, the name Jaguar was used for the first time. Previously it had been called the Swallow Sidecar Company, then the Swallow Sidecar and Coachbuilding Co., then the SS Cars Ltd. before finally taking on the famous Jaguar name. Jaguar was originally founded by William Lyons and William Walmsley. The company became famous for its 3.5-litre SS 100 model Jaguar. After World War 2, the company changed its name again to Jaguar Cars Ltd. By 1948, Jaguar had produced the worlds fastest motorcar, the XK 120 Roadster. In 1960, Jaguar took control of Daimler. In 1968 Jaguar merged with Leyland. What followed was a period of confussion and downturn. In 1980, the new chief executive John Egan turned the company around for a brighter future. In 1984, Jaguar was floated on the stock market, only to be taken over by Ford later on. Jensen Car History The history of Jensen Cars can be traced to the brothers Richard and Alan Jensen. They originally started out as coach builders. In 1936, they took control of W.J. Smiths & Sons body works and renamed it Jensen Motors. They started building cars, but had to stop production during World War 2. But by 1946, the luxery Jensen PW saloon was produced. Jensen ceased production in 1971. In 2001, Jensen again produced a small number of cars, but had ceased by 2002. Jensen Car History The history of Jensen Cars can be traced to the brothers Richard and Alan Jensen. They originally started out as coach builders. In 1936, they took control of W.J. Smiths & Sons body works and renamed it Jensen Motors. They started building cars, but had to stop production during World War 2. But by 1946, the luxery Jensen PW saloon was produced. Jensen ceased production in 1971. In 2001, Jensen again produced a small number of cars, but had ceased by 2002. Jowett Car History Jowett was founded by the brothers Benjamin and William Jowett. In 1904, the brothers founded the Jowett Motor Manufacturing Company, in Back Burlington Street, Bradford. The first Jowett was designed in 1906, and went into production in 1910. During World War One, the factory became a munitions manufacture. Car production started again in 1920 with a new name, "Jowett Cars Ltd". In 1935, the company was floated to the public. The company stopped producing cars by 1954. Kieft Car History Was founded by Cyril Kieft. Located at a factory in Wolverhampton, Kieft built Formula 3 racing cars and road going sports cars. In 1954 Kieft started to make a two seater sports car which could also be used as a road car. In 1954, Kieft sold the company to racing driver Berwyn Baxter. In 1956, they moved to nearby Birmingham. The company was sold again in 1960 and changed its name to Burmans. Lagonda Car History Lagonda was founded in 1906, in Middlesex, England by Wilbur Gunn. He named the company after a river near his home town of Springfield, Ohio. The first car, The Torpedo, was launched in 1907. A number of cars were exported to Russia. In 1935, Lagonda was purchased by Alan Good. During World War I Lagonda made artillery shells. In 1947, Lagonda was purchased by Aston Martin. Between 1974 and 1976, seven Lagonda saloons were produced on the basis of the Aston Martin V8. Lamborghini Car History The Lamborghini Automobili company was founded in 1963 by Ferrucio Lamborghini. Ferrucio Lamborghini, who was born in April, used his birth sign, "Taurus the bull" as the new cars symbol. Ferrucio set up a top of the line factory in the town of Sant'Agata. He then set about hiring the best people money could buy. The first Lamborghini cars were the 350GT and 400GT. But the Lamborghini car went on to have a difficult histroy. Georges Henri Rosetti bought 51% of its shares and in 1974, Rene Leimer bought the other 49%. By 1980, Lamborghini had gone into receivership and the Bologna Court sold the company to the Mimran Brothers. In 1987, Chrysler took control of Lamborghini. In 1994, Chrysler Corporation sold Lamborghini to Mega Tech. In 1998, Audi gained full control. Though it has been through difficult times, the future of the car company looks bright. Lammas Car History Lammas Limited was based in Sunbury-on-Thames, England and produced cars from 1936 to 1938. About 30 cars were produced and were called the Lammas-Graham. Both the chassis and the engines were from Graham in the United States. The engines were also from Graham and were supercharged 3562 cc 6 cylinder side valve units with a special alloy cylinder head and SU carburettor. The cars cost between �620 and �695. Lanchester Car History Lanchester Motor Company in England, was founded by Frederick Lanchester and produced cars from 1895 to 1955. They were located at Birmingham, England. The first car was the Lanchester Five which used a 1311 cc single cylinder air cooled engine. In 1904, in spite of a full order book, the company ran out of money and receivers were called in. The company was re-organised and registered as the Lanchester Motor Company later that year. During World War One, the company made artillery shells and some aircraft engines but some vehicle production continued with the Lanchester 4x2 Armoured Cars built on the Lanchester 38hp chassis for use by the Royal Naval Air Service on the Western Front. In 1931, BSA took control of Lanchester. The last model produced was the Sprite, although only prototypes were produced. Lancia Car History Lancia was founded by Vincenzo Lancia in 1906. Vincenzo had previously worked for Fiat. He set up a factory in Turin and by 1907, produced his first production model, the 2543cc Alpha. In 1922, Lancia introduced the Lambda car, which was the first car to have independent front suspension. Lancia was the first company to produce a V4 and a V6 engine. Lancia produced its first military vehicle in 1912, and supplied the Italian Military during World War 1. In 1969, Lancia became part of the Fiat group. Lancias were sold in the Ubited States from 1977 to 1984. In 1994, Lancia pulled out of the UK market are suffering an image problem caused by a rust problem in their cars. One of the trademarks of Lancia is the use of letters of the Greek alphabet as names for its models. Land Rover Car History The term Land Rover originally referred to a specific vehicle which was a civilian all-terrain utility launched at the Amsterdam Motor Show, on April 30, 1948. It was only later, that it was used as a brand for several distinct four-wheel drive models. Land Rover originally starting out as an internal division of Rover. The first Land Rover was designed by Maurice Wilks in 1947. A distinctive feature of the bodies was that it was constructed using a lightweight rustproof proprietary alloy of aluminium and magnesium called Birmabright. In 1976 the one millionth Land Rover was produced. Land Rover has had a number of owners, including British Leyland, British Aerospace, BMW and the Premier Automotive Group, a division of the Ford Motor Company. British Leyland History The British Leyland Motor Corporation was founded in 1968 in the United Kingdom. The new company had been created after the merger of British Motor Holdings and Leyland Motor Corporation. During its peak, British Leyland owned some 40 different manufacturing plants across the United Kingdom. British Leyland was forced into bankruptcy in 1975 as a result of extremist trade unions. After an enquiry, British Leyland was restructed wit the government becoming the major shareholder. In 1986 it changed its name to the Rover Group. In 1988 Rover Group was sold to British Aerospace (BAe). Lincoln Car History The Lincoln Motor Company was founded in 1917, by Henry M. Leland. Leland was previously the founder of Cadillac. Lincoln originally build Liberty aircraft engines. But after the end of the war, Lincoln moved into production of luxury automobiles. Leland had named the brand after his Presdent Abraham Lincoln. In 1922, Ford Motor Company took control of Lincoln for just $8 million dollars. In 1927, Lincoln adopted the greyhound as their emblem. This was later replaced with diamond. In 1936, the Lincoln Zephyr was produced. Production ceases in early 1942 due to World War Two. In 1955, the Continental Mark II was introduced at the Paris Motor Show. The Lincoln Continental Mark III was produced from 1969 to 1971. Lincoln has also had a long history of providing limousines for U.S. Presidents. These days, there is over 1500 Lincoln dealerships worldwide. Lister Car History Lister Cars was founded in 1954 by Brian Lister. Inspired by Cooper, he used a tubular ladder chassis, de Dion rear axle, and inboard drum brakes. Like others, he used a tuned MG engine and stock gearbox. It made its debut at the British Empire Trophy at Oulton Park in 1954. Lister had good success on the racetrack with a number of wins. Lister cars stopped production in 1959 but resumed production in the 1980s. The Lister company returned in 1986 as Lister Cars Ltd based in Leatherhead, Surrey. In 1993, they released the "Lister Storm", which used the largest V12 engine ever fitted to a production road car at the time. Lloyd Car History Lloyd Cars was founded by Roland Lloyd in Lincolnshire, England, in 1936. Two models were made, separated by World War II, and the company was unusual for a small manufacturer in making nearly all components in-house. The first Lloyed car was basically a cyclecar, that was powered by a single cylinder, water cooled Villiers two-stroke engine. During World War II the company made components for Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engines. Production started again in 1946 with the Lloyd 650. Production of Lloyed cars stopped in 1951, but the company continued in general engineering until 1983. About 15 Lloyd cars are thought to survive. Lotus Car History Lotus Cars was originally formed in 1952 as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by the Colin Chapman in the United Kingdom. The first Lotus factory occupied an old stable behind the Railway Hotel in Hornsea. During the 1960s, Lotus relocated to a factory at Hethel, where they still are today. The Lotus Car Company has changed hands a number of times during its history. General Motors took control of Lotus in 1986, then in 1993 they sold out to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg. In 1996, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Bhd (Proton) took control of a majority share in Lotus. Marauder Car History Marauder Cars was founded in 1950, by engineers George Mackie and Peter Wilks. They were originally located in Dorridge, West Midlands but later moved to Kenilworth, Warwickshire. Originally they were called Wilks, Mackie and Company, but in 1951 the name was changed to the Marauder Car Company. Between 1950 and 1952 about 15 cars were made before they closed. Rising costs and tax changes priced the cars out of the market. In 1950 the car cost �1236 rising to over �2000 in 1952. Both George Mackie and Peter Wilks rejoined Rover. Marcos Car History Marcos Cars was founded in 1959 by Jem Marsh and Frank Costin, in Bedfordshire, England. The chassis of the Marcos cars were wooden, using techniques employed on the wartime British Mosquito bombers. In 1963, Marcos Cars moved to Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire. In 1971, Marcos cars moved to nearby Westbury, but the business soon closed after financial problems. In 1976, Jem Marsh bought back the rights to the Marcos name. In 1981 the Marcos V6 Coupe car was launched in kit form. In 2000, Marcos GT cars win both British and Spanish GT Championship. Although Marcos again went out of business in 2000, it is now back producing cars again. The Marcos racing car side of the business was sold to Dutch engineering firm, Eurotech. Marendaz Car History DMK Marendaz Ltd was foubed by Donald Marcus Kelway Marendaz in 1926, in the premises of the London Cab Company in Brixton. Marendaz had served as a pilot during World War One and had attained the rank of Captain. Up to 50 cars were produced that mostly used Anzani engines. In 1932, the company changed its name to Marendaz Special Cars Ltd and moved to Cornwallis Works, Maidenhead. Production of the Marendaz car stopped around 1937, with up to 120 cars produced. Marendaz eventually moved to South Africa where he produced diesel engines. Maserati The name Maserati is a family name that comes from the family that built the car. It has a history of proud car making. The first real headquarters of Maserati was in 1914 in the Bologna's historical district at Via de Pepoli. The first Maserati car was built by Carlo Maserati. In 1926, the first Maserati production car made its appearence at the Targa Florio. It was also the first car to bear the Maserati Trident. The Maserati brothers sold out to the Orsi Group. The Company was then relocated to Modena. In 1973, Maserati went into liquidation, but was saved after government intervention. In 1975, Benelli bought into Maserati and the car maker showed improvement. Its history was looking bright. Fiat Auto purchased 100% of Maserati's shares in 1993, only to sell the shares to Ferrari in 1997. Mazda Car History The history of Mazda started in 1920 when the Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd, was founded in Japan. Originaly they produced machine tools. They moved into car production in 1931 with the Mazda-Go. Although all cars produced carried the name Mazda, it was only formally adopted in 1984. In 1979, Ford Motor Company bought into Mazda and has since gained a controlling interest. It should be noted that during World War Two, Mazda was a major producer of weapoms which were used by the Japanese army. MG Car History The MG Car attained its name from "Morris Garages", a dealer of Morris cars in Oxford. MG cars probably started in 1924, but some people debate this year. In 1923, a reference to MG with the octagon badge appearred in an Oxford newspaper. MG was originally owned by William Morris. In 1925, the company was sold to Morris Motors. In 1952, the British Motor Corporation took control of MG. And in 1968, British Leyland took control. Production of the MG car took place originally in Alfred Lane, Oxford. Howver, production soon moved to larger premises in Bainton Road. In 1927, production moved again to Edmund Road, Cowley, Oxford. In 1928, the M.G. Car Company Limited was founded. Also in 1928, MG had its own stand at the London Motor Show. In 1929, MG cars moved to a new factory in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. MG became part of the MG Rover Group in Birmingham, but they went into receivership in 2005. New owners of MG are Nanjing Automobile Group. Mitsubishi Car History The origins of the Mitsubishi car can be traced back to 1917, when Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. produced the Mitsubishi Model A car. The car was completely hand-built and only 22 were made. In 1934, The Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was created after a series of mergers. But at the end of world war two, the company was split in three with a focus on motor vehicle development. During the 1960`s Mitsubishi moved into family car production. In 1964, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was formed. In 1970, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) was formed. In 1971, Chrysler took a 15% share in the company, but this later lead to some friction. By 1980, production had exceeded one million cars a year. Nissan Car History The history of the Nissan Car can be traced back to 1911, when the the Kwaishinsha Motorcar Works was founded in Japan. In 1914, the first car the "Dat", was introduced. In 1918, the company changed its name to the Kwaishinsha Motorcar Co. In 1925, it changed again to the DAT Motorcar Co. In 1926, they merged with Osaka-based Jitsuyo Jidosha Co., Ltd. to form the DAT Automobile Manufacturing Co. Ltd. In 1931, the first Datsun was produced. It basically means son of Dat. In 1933, the company and moved to Yokohama. In 1934, there was another merger, this time with Nihon Sangyo Co. Ltd. On June 1, 1934, the company became Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. During the war, Nissan made much equipment for the Japanese Military. From 1947 to 1948, the company was called Nissan Heavy Industries. In 1958, the first Datsun sedan arrives in the United States. In 1966, Nissan merged with the Prince Motor Company. Nissan expanded setting up factories in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom and Mexico. Nissan eventually closed its Australian factory. Ogle Car History Ogle Design was founded by David Ogle, in 1954 and was based in Letchworth, Hertfordshire. Ogle originally started out as a designer of industrial and household products. In 1959, Ogle moved into car production. Production of cars ceased in 1962 with the SX250. David Ogle died in 1962 in a car crash involving one of his SX1000 cars. Tom Karen took over as Managing Director and Chief Designer of the company, and car production ceased. The final car was the SX250, an updated Daimler Dart built in 1962. Two were made but Daimler was not interested and the design was sold to Reliant where it became the basis of the Scimitar GT which was launched in 1964. Oldsmobile Car History The Olds Motor Vehicle Company was founded in 1897, by Ransom E. Olds in Lansing, Michigan. The name of "Oldsmobile", was adopted from a contest called, "Name the Car". In 1901, Oldsmobile becomes the first car to offer a speedometer. In the same year, the United States Post Office Department orders their first cars, the Oldsmobile. In 1908, General Motors purchased the company. In 1932, Oldsmobile become the first automobile to offer an automatic choke. In 1974, Oldsmobile was the first to offer a drivers side airbag. In 1997, Oldsmobile celebrates 100 years. In December 2000, General Motors announced they would be phase out the Oldsmobile brand. Final production day of the Oldsmobile was April 29, 2004. Paramount Car History Paramount Cars was founded by WA Hudson and S Underwood. The Paramount car was initially manufactured in Derbyshire in 1950. The Paramount had an aluminium over wood frame body with BMW like grille and was mounted on a separate tubular steel chassis with front transverse and rear semi elliptical leaf springs. In 1953, the company was bought by Camden Motors and production moved to Leighton Buzzard. Production of the Paramount car ceased in 1956 due to overpricing. After the end of car production the remaining chassis were sold off and several were fitted with Rochdale glass fibre bodies. Peugeot car history Peugeot originally started out as a bicycle manufacturer with the Peugeot "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882. Even after it started building cars, Peugeot continued building bikes for a long time. In 1889, the first Peugeot car was produced. It was a three-wheeled steam-powered car and the start of what would become a long history of car making. Peugeot became the first manufacturer in history to fit rubber tires to a petrol powered car. In 1903, Peugeot extended its range by also moving into motorcycle production. During the first world war, Peugeot produced mostly arms for the military. In the second world war wth Germany occupying France, the German military took control of the Peugeot factories. In 1975, Peugeot took control of Citro�n. In 1978, they took control over the European division of Chrysler. These days, Peugeot is also a major producer of power tools. Piper Car History Piper Cars was a manufacturer of specialist sports cars. The Piper company was founded by George Henrotte in 1966. The British company was originally based in Hayes. Piper Cars made a series of moves from Kent, to Wokingham, Berkshire, and eventually in 1973 to South Willingham, Lincolnshire. After the death of owner Brian Sherwood in 1969, employees Bill Atkinson and Tony Waller ownership of the company and renamed it Embrook Engineering. Production of the Piper Car ceased around the mid-1970s. Pontiac Car History In 1893, Edward M. Murphy founded the Pontiac Buggy Company in Pontiac, Michigan to produce horse drawn carriages. In 1906, the Pontiac name was first used by the Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works. In 1908, they merged with the Oakland Motor Company, to form the Oakland Motor Car Company located in Pontiac, Michigan. In 1909, General Motors purchased Oakland. In 1926, the first Pontiac debuted at the New York Auto Show. During the early years, Pontiac was marketed as a quiet and reliable car. But with the introfuction of the 1957 model, the Bonneville, marketing shifted to emphasize Pontiac performance. In 1964, the Pontiac GTO was introduced. It gained both John DeLorean and Pontiac much fame. In 1967, the Firebird was introduced. Until 1956, a Native American Headdress was used as the Pontiac logo. Currently, the Pontiac logo is a Native American arrowhead. Porsche Car History Porsche was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931. The first Porsche was produced in 1938. In 1948, the second Porsche was produced in Austraia, the Porsche 356 sports car. In 1963 the famous Porsche 911 was released. In 1969, Porsche worked with Volkswagen to produce the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6. Rambler Car History The origins of the Rambler Car can be traced back to 1897, when Thomas B. Jeffery built his first prototype automobile. Jeffery was involved in the bicycle business. Alomg with R. Philip Gormully, they produced the Rambler bicycle from 1879. He founded the Thomas B. Jeffery Company and bought the old Sterling Bicycle Co. factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where he started to produce Rambler cars. In 1902, he produced 1,500 cars making him the second largest auto manufacturer in the United States. Rambler introduced innovations such as the steering wheel and spare tires. Thomas B. Jeffery died in 1910. His son Charles, replaced the branding from Rambler to Jeffery to honor his father. The family eventually sold the business to Charles Nash. The company was renamed, Nash Motors. Nash continued with success the production of the Rambler Car. In 1954, Nash merged with Kelvinator and the Hudson Motor Car Company. The entire Rambler line received the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 1963. But after a change of direction, the Rambler name was slowly phased out, and the final Rambler branded car in the United States was in 1969. The Rambler brand continued overseas for several more years. Riley Car History In 1890, William Riley Jr. purchased the Bonnick Cycle Company of Coventry, and renamed it the Riley Cycle Company. They started to move into cars and in 1900 sold a single three-wheeled automobile. In 1903, his son, Percy Riley, started the the Riley Engine Company in Coventry and produced their first four-wheeled car in 1905. By 1912, Riley Cycle Company changed its name to Riley (Coventry) Limited and became a wheel supplier for the car industry. By 1913, the Riley Motor Manufacturing Company was founded and their first car was shown at the London Motor Show. During the 1920s and 1930s the Riley companies continued to grow at a rapid pace. But after financial problems, the Nuffield Organisation took control in 1938. After more changes in ownership, Riley Car production ceased in the 1960s. Rochdale Car History The Rochdale Car company was founded by Frank Butterworth and Harry Smith in 1948, in Hudson Street, Rochdale. Originally they started out as general motor repairs. But they 1957 to 1973 they moved into car production. The Rochdale Olympic car was a glass fibre monocoque British sports car. In 1961, a fire detroyed the Hudson Street premises and Rochdale moved a short distance to Littledale Mill. The company continued in business for a number of years mainly working in the heating and ventilation industry. Rodley Car History The Rodley Car was a British microcar built from 1954 to 1956. It was built by the Rodley Automobile Company in Leeds, United Kingdom. A total of 65 of the Rodley Car were built. At the time, the Rodley was the cheapest four wheel car on the British market. But it had a poor reputation and had major overheating problems. Although the car was advertised as a four seater and fitted with four seats, those in the back were very small and cramped. The roof was fabric and could be rolled forwards to give an opening roof. Rolls-Royce Founded in 1904 by Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stewart Rolls. In 1906, Rolls-Royce Limited company was founded. The basis of the company was to build quality cars without worrying about the ginal price. Moved from Derby to the Crewe factory in 1938. In 1998, Volkswagen took control of Rolls-Royce Motors. But BMW took control of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, giving it control of the Rolls-Royce name. Russian Car History The Volga Car of Russia was considered the ultimate status symbol. The volga which was introduced in 1956, was often used by party officials and security services. The Volga has a strong reputation as being a high quality car with a long life span. A Volga car with a V8-engine was built for the KGB. Kamaz is a Russian truck manufacture. The first Kamaz was produced in 1976, and these days is a major exporter of trucks around the world. Kamaz vehicles have won the truck category of the Dakar Rally several times. KAvZ is a bus builder that started in 1950. PAZ is a manufacturer of buses in Russia that started in 1952. SeAZ was founded in 1939, in Moscow. During 1939 to 1995 the company mainly produced various microcars. ZIL was founded in 1916. But it was not until 1924 that the first vehicle was produced. Zil is a producer of armored cars. Zil also produces buseshand-built limousines, high-end luxury sedans, and armored fighting vehicles. Rytecraft Car History The British Rytecraft Scootacar was a microcar built by the British Motorboat Manufacturing Company of Kings Cross, London. The Rytecraft in fact originated as a fair ground Dodgem. It was designed by Jack Shillan. Aboyt 1,000 of the Rytecraft microcars were produced between 1934 and 1940. The cost for the first model was �70 and �80 for the second model. A few Rytecraft were assembled after World War 2 from the remaining pieces. Saab Car History Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget, (SAAB) is founded in 1937 in Trolhattan, Sweden. It starts out as a manufacturer of aircraft. Saab first starting producing cars in 1949. Skills developed in aircraft production are used in their cars. Easly model Saab cars had a lower coefficient drag than many of todays cars. In 1969, Saab AB and Scania-Vabis AB merge under the name Saab Scania AB. In 1990, General Motors bought %50 of Saab Automobile, and eventually used an option to acquire the entire company. Singer Car History The Singer Car company was founded in Coventry, England, in 1905. Singer had previously been a bicycle maker. In 1905 Singer produced their first four wheel car. More models followed but car production stopped at the beginning of World War One. After the war production onve again started. After financial problems Singer was taken over by the Rootes Group in 1956. The Singer name disappeared after the Rootes Group was taken over by Chrysler. United States Car History From its humble beginnings as a car manufacture a little over 100 years ago, the United Sates has become the worlds leading producer of cars. However, at one stage there was more then 1,800 automobile manufacturers in the United States, yet these days the industry is dominated by just a few major companies. The Able was produced from 1917 to 1919, in Mount Vernon, New York. In 1920, the name was changed to the Vernon. The Ace was produced in Michigan, between 1920 and 1922. In 1922, the American Motor Truck Co. took control. AC Propulsion was founded in 1992, by Alan Cocconi. They produce the electric sports car, the AC Propulsion tzero. Adams-Farwell was founded by Herbert and Eugene Adams and Fay Oliver Farwell in Iowa. They built five prototypes before moving to production. They built 52 cars from 1905 to 1913. The Adelphia was a prototype car built in 1920, but never went into production. The Adria was an assembled car of which several prototypes were built from 1921 to 1922. The Aerocar was a luxury car produced in Detroit, Michigan, from 1905 to 1908. The factory was sold to Hudson. The Aland was produced in Detroit, Michigan, between 1916 and 1917. The Albany Runabout was produced from 1907 to 1908, in Albany, Indiana. The Alpena car was produced between 1910 and 1914. The Alsace car was produced for the purpose of export by Piedmont between 1920 and 1921. The Allen Kingston was produced from 1907 to 1909. The car was produced by the New York Car & Truck Company for Walter C. Allen of New York City. The Allstate Car was built by Kaiser-Frazer. The car was sold through the Allstate auto accessory chain of Sears Roebuck. The Alter Motor Company was founded in 1914, in Plymouth, Michigan. From 1914 to 1916, they produced more then 1,000 cars. The Amco was produced by the American Motors Inc. of New York City from 1919 to 1920. The Ames was produced in Kentucky from 1910 to 1915. The Anahuac was in Indianapolis by the Frontenac Motor Corp. in 1922. A total of four cars were made. The Anchor Buggy was produced in Cincinnati between 1910 and 1911. The Anderson was produced from 1916 to 1925. The Ansted was produced from 1926 to 1927. The Apperson was produced in Kokomo, Indiana, from 1902 to 1926. The Ardsley was designed by W. S. Howard. It was produced from 1905 to 1906. 24 of the Argonne were produced from 1919 to 1920. The Argo was produced in Jackson, Michigan from 1915 to 1916. The Argonne was produced from 1919 to 1920. A total of 24 were produced. The Atlas was produced in Springfield, Massachusetts from 1907 to 1913. The Aultman was a light steam carriage built in 1901, in Canton, Ohio. The Aurora was produced by Alfred A. Juliano, from 1957 to 1958. Only one Aurora was built, and it cost $30,000 to produce. The car broke down 15 times on the way to its public unveiling. The Autocar Company was founded in 1899. It was previously the Pittsburgh Motor Vehicle Company. The first car was produced in 1900. The last cars were produced in 1912. The company did continue as a truck manufacture. Stirling Car History The Sterling Car Was produced in the UK by the Rover company and sold in the American market from 1987 to 1991. marketed in the USA by ARCONA, Austin Rover Cars Of North America under the name Sterling Motor Cars, a division of the Rover car company of the UK. Stirling continued to sell in Europe till 1998. The only Sterling model that was sold was the 800 series, which was a rebadged Rover 800-series but with different specifications tailored for the American market. US sales hit a high of nearly 15,000 cars in 1988. After the withdrawal from the US Market, the Rover 800 remained popular in Europe, especially following the major R17 facelift and was kept in production until 1998 when it was replaced by the Rover 75. Subaru Car History The history of the Subaru Car can be traced to 1917, when it started as "The Aircraft Research Laboratory". In 1931, the company became "Nakajima Aircraft Co., Ltd". After World War Two, it became "Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd". More changes took place till eventually it became known as "Fuji Heavy Industries". Subaru is the automobile division. The word "Subaru" comes from the Japanese word for "unite". The Subaru logo is the star cluster Pleiades. The first car produced was the Subaru 360 Minicar in 1958. In 1965, Subaru was the first Japanese auto maker to offer front-wheel drive passenger cars in Japan. In 1972, Subaru introduced the first four-wheel drive passenger cars in the world. The first Subaru cars arrived in the United States in 1968. Car History of Sweden Allvelo was founded by Fritiof Karlstr�m in Landskrona, Sweden Between 1903 to 1907, Allvelo produced and sold CKD cars and trucks under their own name. AB Motorfabriken i G�teborg (AMG) was founded in Gothenburg, in 1897. They produced their first car in 1903. Only ten cars in total were produced. AB Nyk�pings Automobilfabrik (ANA) was founded in 1937 in Sweden. Mostly they assembled trucks for other companies. In 1960 they were bought by SAAB. Koenigsegg Automotive AB was founded in Olofstr�m, in 1994 by Christian von Koenigsegg. A production prototype was introduced at the 2000 Paris Motor Show. In 2002, the first customer took delivery of a red CC 8S. LMV was based in Lidk�ping, Sweden. In 1923 they produced a prototype car designed by �ke W Eklund. Production never started due to a change in ownership. Reva sports cars were produced by Dan Werbin and Holger Br�nby. The first car was introduced in 1964. The last car was produced in 1968. Svenska Automobilfabriken (SAF) was founded in 1919 in Bolln�s. They assembled cars based on Pullman Motor Co chassises. A total of 28 SAF cars were built. Vabis was founded in 1891, to produce railway cars. In 1897 they designed an automobile. In 1902, they introduced their first truck. In 1911, Vabis merged with Maskinfabriks AB Scania to create AB Scania-Vabis. Switzerland Car History The first Ajax car was built in 1906 by Dr. G. Aigner. In 1907, four new models were introduced. Two Ajax cars competed in the Targa Florio race in 1907. The Albar car was built from 1978 in Buochs by Alois Barmettler. Monteverdi was a luxury car founded in Binningen in 1967, by Peter Monteverdi. In 1982, Monteverdi ceased production. In 1990, Monteverdi made a brief comeback after founding the Monteverdi-Onyx-Team. Rinspeed was founded by Frank Rinderknecht in 1979. Rinspeed specialise in restoring classic cars, and modifying modern cars. Sbarro was founded by Franco Sbarro in 1971, and specializes in high performance replica and sports cars. Turicum produced cars between 1904 and 1914 in Z�rich, and then later in Uster. Tiny Car History The Tiny Cyclecar was manufactured by Nanson, Barker & Co at Esholt, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. The first car, the 8hp, produced in 1912 was powered by an air cooled JAP V-twin engine, 3 speed gearbox and chain drive. In 1912, the first Tiny car was produced and displayed at the London Motor Show. It had an asking price of about �100. The final Tiny Cyclecar cost �157 and was produced in 1914. It is uncertain how many Tinys were made but output was small. The company however went on to produce cars under the Airedale brand. Tornado Car History Founded by Bill Woodhouse in Hertfordshire, England in 1957. The first model was the Typhoon Sports and about 400 of these were produced. Around 1961 the Tempest model was introduced with about 15 being produced. A Tornado Thunderbolt was also produced using a TR3 engine and a stronger chassis and suspension. Only 1 was built. In 1962, the Talisman 2+2 coupe was introduced with a total of 196 being made before the company into liquidation. Toyota Car History The headquarters of Toyota is located in Aichi, Japan. The origins of Toyota Motor Corporation stated in September 1933. Toyoda Automatic Loom had created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles. In 1936, production of the Model AA passenger car started. In 1937, Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company. In 1950, Toyota experienced its one and only strike. In 1959, Production of vehicles outside Japan started in Brazil.	Anglia
In the Disney film Fantasia, who takes the role of the sorcerer's apprentice?	History of The Car 19,000 cars from 1904 until 1938. 5,500 buses from 1926 until 1958. 21,000 goods and military vehicles from 1914 to 1945. More than 100,000 Crossley oil and gas engines were produced. Crouch Car History Crouch Cars was founded by JWF Crouch in 1912. They were located in Coventry, England. Their first model was a 3 wheeled cyclecar called the Carette. They produced cars unitl 1928. It closed due to the depression. Crouch produced approximately 3000 cars. Of the approximately 3000 cars made only about 5 are known to have survived. At its peak Crouch employed about 400 people and turned out 25 cars a week. John Crouch, the founder, had trained with Daimler and his son Bob worked there after the family firm closed. He eventually became head of bus sales. Daihatsu Car History The history of the Daihatsu Car started in 1907, when professors Yoshinki and Turumi from Osaka University established Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. The company was involved in the manufacture of internal combustion engines. In 1919, two prototype trucks were built which laid the foundation for the company to shift direction to Motor Car production. By 1930, Hatsudoki had launched Japans first domestically produced vehicle, the 500cc Model HA. In 1951, the company became the Daihatsu Kogyo Co. Ltd. In 1974, it became the Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. These days, Daihatsu is synonymous with small car production. Dawson Car History The Dawson Car Company was founded by AJ Dawson in 1918. Dawson had previously been a works manager at Hillman. They were located in Clay Lane, Stoke, Coventry. The only car made by the company was the 11-12 hp with a water cooled, four cylinder 1795 cc overhead camshaft engine coupled to a 3 speed gearbox. It was available in four body styles, most bodied by Charlesworth, and unusually, customers could not buy a chassis only. Only about 700 cars were produced with final production in 1921. In 1921 the Triumph Cycle Company Ltd. bought Dawson's premises and fittings in Clay Lane, Stoke, Coventry but no more of the 11-12 models were made. Dellow Car History Dellow motors was founded by Ken Delingpole and Ron Lowe. Dellow was located at Birmingham, England. They first started producing cars in 1949. The first cars used a Ford 10 engine in an A frame chassis with very light simple aluminium bodywork, early cars having no doors. These early chassis frames were made from government surplus rocket launching tubes. Dellow stopped building cars in 1959. Less then 300 cars were produced. Many sporting awards were won by drivers of Dellow cars in the early 1950s, not only in trials (for which they were mainly designed) but also in other events such as driving tests and hillclimbs. Dellows also took overall honours in the MCC organised Daily Express National Rally and the Circuit of Ireland Rally. Car History of Denmark The Anglo-Dane was manufactured by H. C. Fredriksen of Copenhagen. They originally built bicycles. The first cars produced by Anglo-Dane were light trucks. About 70 Anglo-Danes were made in total. The Thrige was produced between 1911 to 1917, in Odense, by the Thomas B. Thrige company. The first vehicles were electically powered trucks. In 1918, their auto section merged with Anglo-Dane and JAN to form De forenede Automobilfabrikker A/S manufacturing. The Kewet battery electric Car was originally produced in Hadsund Denmark from 1991 to 1995. In 1998, they were taken over by Kollega Bil. The name was later changed name to ElbilNorge AS. DeSoto Car History The DeSoto car was marketed by the Chrysler Corporation from 1928. The model was named after Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto. The logo featured an image of Hernando de Soto. By the end of 1928, there were over 1,500 agencies selling the DeSoto Car. In 1933, racing car driver Harry Hartz, drove a DeSoto backwards across the United States in a major publicity stunt. In 1934, the DeSoto Airflow car was introduced. It would revolutionize the design of all cars around the world. But despite huge promtion and booming overseas sales, the DeSoto slumped in the United States. The DeSoto soon returned to the conservative style and sales rebounded. But during world war two, car production stopped and the DeSoto factories started military production. Car production resumed in late 1945. The DeSoto model was discontinued on November 30, 1960. The DeSoto name was continued on a line of heavy trucks that were built overseas. Dodge Car History The origines of the Dodge Car can be traced back to 1897 1901, when brothers John Francis Dodge and Horace Elgin Dodge set up a bicycle manufacturing business. After a few years they sold the bicycle business. By 1900, they had set up a machine shop in Detroit where they produced bearings and other parts. They also designed motor parts for early Oldsmobiles. They were soon building engines for Ford Motor Company. By 1910, they built a new plant in Hamtramck, Michigan. In 1914, they founded the Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company. On Nov. 14, 1914, the first Dodge car was introduced. In 1917, they started production of motor trucks. In 1925,Dillon, Read & Company purchased the Dodge Brothers Company for US$146 million. In 1928, Dillon Read sold Dodge to the Chrysler Corporation. In 1977, with the collapse of Chrysler Europe, Peugeot took control, then Renault. Dodge was later taken over by DaimlerChrysler. Elva Car History Elva was founded by Frank G. Nichols in 1955. Elva was originally located in Hastings, United Kingdom. They produced sports cars. The original model used Standard front suspension and Ford Anglia rear axle with an overhead valve conversion of a Ford 10 engine. This went through various changes up to the 1958 Mark IV with 1100 cc Coventry-Climax engine and independent rear suspension with inboard brakes. In 1961, Elva was sold to Trojan. Production moved to Rye, Sussex; and again in 1966 to the main Trojan factory in Croydon. Production ended in 1968. Fairthorpe Car History Fairthorpe Ltd was founded by Donald Bennett in England. Fairthorpe cars were produced from 1954 to 1976. The Fairthorpe Atom car was produced from 1954 to 1957. In 1958, the Fairthorpe Atomata was released. The popular Fairthorpe Electron was intorduced in 1956. The 2 seat coupe Fairthorpe TX-GT was intorduced in 1967. Fiat Car History The Fiat car business was founded on July 11, 1899 in Palazzo Bricherasio. By 1900, the first Fiat factory opened in Corso Dante employing 150 workers. In 1904, the Fiat Logo was adopted. The Lingotto factory opened in 1922 making it the biggest car factory in Europe. Fiat suffered a lot during both world war 1 and 2, having its factories destroyed during the later. But the company recovered and in 1953, Fiat produced its first Fiat diesel engine vehicle. By the 1980`s Fiat had expanded and invested into other care makers such as Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Ferrari and Maserati. Ford Car History Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. Car production took place in its factory located on Mack Avenue, Detroit. In 1908, Ford introduced the Ford Model T. In 1913, Ford introduced the worlds first moving assembly line. Ford also pioneered the 40 hour work week and the minimum wage. In 1919, Edsel Ford had succeeded his father as president of the company. By 1921, Ford production had exceeded one million cars per year. In 1925, Ford aquired the Lincoln Motor Company. In 1926, Ford Australia is founded. The Lincoln Zephyr is introduced in 1936. During World War Two, production of civilian vehicles is stopped so Ford can focus on producing B-24 bombers and other military equipment for the army. The Lincoln Continental is introduced in 1948. In 1960, both the Ford Falcon and the Ford Galaxie are introduced. In 1967, Ford of Europe is founded. Ford acquires Aston Martin Lagonda and Hertz Rent-a-Car in 1987 and acquires Jaguar in 1989. In 1999, Ford takes control of the Volvo car division. Frazer Nash Founded in 1922 by Archibald Frazer-Nash. Some 400 cars were produced until the mid-1930s. Then again from 1948 to 1957 another 85 cars were made. From 1934 to 1939 they were the official British importer for BMW. They were rebadged as Frazer-Nash-BMW. With the onset of war, manufacturing switched to armaments. From 1948 to 1957, 85 sports and racing cars were produced. Car History of Germany Production of the Amphicar started in 1961 and ceased in 1968. Total production was 3,878 cars. The Amphicar was designed by Hanns Trippel. The Arimofa car was produced by Ari-Motorfahrzeugbau GmbH of Plauen, Vogtland, between 1921 and 1922. Borgward was founded by Carl F. W. Borgward. They produced cars with the four brand names Borgward, Hansa, Goliath and Lloyd. The company went into bankruptcy in 1961. Fendt was founded by Xaver Fendt in 1937. They produced agricultural tractors and machines. In 1997, they were purchased by AGCO. Glas was founded by Hans Glas in Dingolfing. They are best known for the Goggomobil. They were taken over by BMW. Gutbrod was was founded in 1926 by Wilhelm Gutbrod. A total of 7,726 cars were produced between 1950 and 1954. August Horch & Cie was founded by August Horch and a partner in 1899, at Ehrenfeld. Car production started in 1901. Kleinschnittger produced microcars from 1950 to 1957. Magirus Feuerwehrwerke Ulm was founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus in 1864, and went on to produce fire-fighting vehicles, trucks and buses. In 1975, Magirus was purchased by Iveco. Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH was founded by Wilhelm and Karl Maybach. They were a producer of engines for Zeppelins. Later, they produced luxury automobiles. Gilbern Car History Gilbern Sports Cars (Components) Ltd was founded by Giles Smith(a butcher) and Bernard Friese(engineer) in Wales. Gilbern cars were produced between 1959 and 1973. They were one of a few car manufacturers in Wales. Initial development of the Gilbern car took place behind the butchers shop, in a large shed. Gilbern produced just over 1,000 cars during its time. Three models included: Gilbern GT - 1959 to 1967 Gilbern Genie - 1966 to 1969 Gilbern Invader - 1969 to 1973. Ginetta Car History Founded in 1958, in Suffolk, England by the four Walklett brothers. Ginetta were mainly race cars. The first car, the G2, was produced in kit form. About 100 were made. The G3 was introduced with glass fibre body in 1959 to be followed by the G4 in 1961. In 1989, Ginetta Cars was sold but failed. An international group of enthusiasts based in Sheffield then took control and Ginetta still operates today. Hillman Car History Hillman originated in Coventry in the 1880s as a bicycle manufacturer. Founded by William Hillman, the company was taken over in 1928 by Humber and then in 1931, taken over by Rootes. In 1907 Hillman produced their first car the 24HP Hillman-Coatalen. In 1967, Chrysler took control of Rootes. In 1970, they prodeuced the Avenger. These days, Peugeot owns the rights to the Hillman name. Humber Car History The history of the Humber Car can be traced back to 1868 and the founding of Thomas Humber's bicycle company. In 1898 a three-wheeled tricar was produced. In 1901, a Humber released a four-wheeled car. By 1913, Humber had become the second largest manufacturer of cars in the United Kingdom. In 1931, Humber was taken over by the Rootes brothers. The Humber Sceptre was the last Humber to be made. Imperial Car History The Imperial Autocar Manufacturing company was based in Manchester, England and produced cars from 1901 to around 1906. The company also sold French Lacoste et Battman models with Imperial bodies. The last ones seem to have been sold around 1906. Imperial (Croydon) 1904-1905 Another Imperial was made by the Anti-Vibrator company of Croydon, Surrey. These were electrically powered with a motor in each rear wheel. Imperial (London) 1914 The Imperial cyclecar was made by Impolitico, a theatre lighting company in London, for one year only immediately before the First World War. The power came from a 8hp V-twin Precision engine with a "gearbox" giving seven forward speeds and optional reverse using belts and pulleys. The Model A cost �110 and had reverse, the Model B at �95 did without. About 12 cars were made. Invicta Car History Invicta cars were made in England from 1925 to 1950. The company was founded by Noel Macklin with Oliver Lyle. They started out producing Invicta cars from Macklins home garage. Initially, the manufacturer was based in Cobham, Surrey, England from 1925 to 1933, then in Chelsea, London, England from 1933 to 1938 and finally in Virginia Water, Surrey, England from 1946 to 1950. During the 1930`s, production of Invicta almost ceased, but in 1946, the company was reformed in Surrey. The new company lasted until 1950 when it was bought by Frazer Nash makers, AFN Ltd. Isuzu Car History The Isuzu car gets its name from the Isuzu River in Japan. The river flows through a province dotted with ancient Shinto shrines. Its beginnings date back to 1916 when Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd. and Tokyo Gas and Electric Industrial Co. make plans to produce automobiles. The first truck is produced in 1924, although it is not until 1934 that the trucks are called Isuzu. In 1949 the name Isuzu is officially adopted as the company name. In 1971, Isuzu entered into a partnership with General Motors and the Gemini was produced. In 1972, The Chevrolet LUV becomes the first Isuzu-built car to be sold in the United States. In 1999, GM raises its stake in Isuzu to 49% , but in 2002 reduces this to 12%. Isuzus corporate mark is the twin pillars representing corporate and societal growth against a sunburst red background. Car History of Italy Abarth was founded by Carlo Abarth. They were a producer of Italian racing cars. In 1971, Fiat took control of Abarth. From 1925 to 1928, Amilcar Italiana produced some French Amilcar cars under licence. The Ansaldo car was built from from 1921 to 1931 and was considered to be of top quality. The ASA automobile was created by Giotto Bizzarrini. The car was manufactured by the Bizzarrini company in Milan. Production took place from 1962 to 1969. ATS produced a road-going sports car and a Formula One car between 1963 and 1965. Autobianchi was founded in 1955 by Bianchi, Pirelli and Fiat. They were best know for small cars. Autobianchi was eventaully bought by the Fiat group. It was integrated into Lancia. Gruppo Bertone was founded by Giovanni Bertone in 1914, as Carrozzeria Bertone. Bertone has styled cars for Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Fiat, Lancia and Lamborghini. During its peak, the company produced as many as 40,000 cars per year. Bizzarrini was founded by Giotto Bizzarrini in the 1960`s. Car production ceased in 1969. Autotecnica Conrero was founded in 1951, by Virgilio Conrero. From 1958 to 1960, they produced sports cars, designed by Michelotti. De Tomaso Modena SpA was founded by Alejandro de Tomaso in 1959, in Modena. Their first model was the Vallelunga, introduced in 1963. In 2004, the company went into liquidation. Fornasari was founded in 2002 by Giuseppe Fonasari as a sportive car producer. Jaguar Car History In 1935, the name Jaguar was used for the first time. Previously it had been called the Swallow Sidecar Company, then the Swallow Sidecar and Coachbuilding Co., then the SS Cars Ltd. before finally taking on the famous Jaguar name. Jaguar was originally founded by William Lyons and William Walmsley. The company became famous for its 3.5-litre SS 100 model Jaguar. After World War 2, the company changed its name again to Jaguar Cars Ltd. By 1948, Jaguar had produced the worlds fastest motorcar, the XK 120 Roadster. In 1960, Jaguar took control of Daimler. In 1968 Jaguar merged with Leyland. What followed was a period of confussion and downturn. In 1980, the new chief executive John Egan turned the company around for a brighter future. In 1984, Jaguar was floated on the stock market, only to be taken over by Ford later on. Jensen Car History The history of Jensen Cars can be traced to the brothers Richard and Alan Jensen. They originally started out as coach builders. In 1936, they took control of W.J. Smiths & Sons body works and renamed it Jensen Motors. They started building cars, but had to stop production during World War 2. But by 1946, the luxery Jensen PW saloon was produced. Jensen ceased production in 1971. In 2001, Jensen again produced a small number of cars, but had ceased by 2002. Jensen Car History The history of Jensen Cars can be traced to the brothers Richard and Alan Jensen. They originally started out as coach builders. In 1936, they took control of W.J. Smiths & Sons body works and renamed it Jensen Motors. They started building cars, but had to stop production during World War 2. But by 1946, the luxery Jensen PW saloon was produced. Jensen ceased production in 1971. In 2001, Jensen again produced a small number of cars, but had ceased by 2002. Jowett Car History Jowett was founded by the brothers Benjamin and William Jowett. In 1904, the brothers founded the Jowett Motor Manufacturing Company, in Back Burlington Street, Bradford. The first Jowett was designed in 1906, and went into production in 1910. During World War One, the factory became a munitions manufacture. Car production started again in 1920 with a new name, "Jowett Cars Ltd". In 1935, the company was floated to the public. The company stopped producing cars by 1954. Kieft Car History Was founded by Cyril Kieft. Located at a factory in Wolverhampton, Kieft built Formula 3 racing cars and road going sports cars. In 1954 Kieft started to make a two seater sports car which could also be used as a road car. In 1954, Kieft sold the company to racing driver Berwyn Baxter. In 1956, they moved to nearby Birmingham. The company was sold again in 1960 and changed its name to Burmans. Lagonda Car History Lagonda was founded in 1906, in Middlesex, England by Wilbur Gunn. He named the company after a river near his home town of Springfield, Ohio. The first car, The Torpedo, was launched in 1907. A number of cars were exported to Russia. In 1935, Lagonda was purchased by Alan Good. During World War I Lagonda made artillery shells. In 1947, Lagonda was purchased by Aston Martin. Between 1974 and 1976, seven Lagonda saloons were produced on the basis of the Aston Martin V8. Lamborghini Car History The Lamborghini Automobili company was founded in 1963 by Ferrucio Lamborghini. Ferrucio Lamborghini, who was born in April, used his birth sign, "Taurus the bull" as the new cars symbol. Ferrucio set up a top of the line factory in the town of Sant'Agata. He then set about hiring the best people money could buy. The first Lamborghini cars were the 350GT and 400GT. But the Lamborghini car went on to have a difficult histroy. Georges Henri Rosetti bought 51% of its shares and in 1974, Rene Leimer bought the other 49%. By 1980, Lamborghini had gone into receivership and the Bologna Court sold the company to the Mimran Brothers. In 1987, Chrysler took control of Lamborghini. In 1994, Chrysler Corporation sold Lamborghini to Mega Tech. In 1998, Audi gained full control. Though it has been through difficult times, the future of the car company looks bright. Lammas Car History Lammas Limited was based in Sunbury-on-Thames, England and produced cars from 1936 to 1938. About 30 cars were produced and were called the Lammas-Graham. Both the chassis and the engines were from Graham in the United States. The engines were also from Graham and were supercharged 3562 cc 6 cylinder side valve units with a special alloy cylinder head and SU carburettor. The cars cost between �620 and �695. Lanchester Car History Lanchester Motor Company in England, was founded by Frederick Lanchester and produced cars from 1895 to 1955. They were located at Birmingham, England. The first car was the Lanchester Five which used a 1311 cc single cylinder air cooled engine. In 1904, in spite of a full order book, the company ran out of money and receivers were called in. The company was re-organised and registered as the Lanchester Motor Company later that year. During World War One, the company made artillery shells and some aircraft engines but some vehicle production continued with the Lanchester 4x2 Armoured Cars built on the Lanchester 38hp chassis for use by the Royal Naval Air Service on the Western Front. In 1931, BSA took control of Lanchester. The last model produced was the Sprite, although only prototypes were produced. Lancia Car History Lancia was founded by Vincenzo Lancia in 1906. Vincenzo had previously worked for Fiat. He set up a factory in Turin and by 1907, produced his first production model, the 2543cc Alpha. In 1922, Lancia introduced the Lambda car, which was the first car to have independent front suspension. Lancia was the first company to produce a V4 and a V6 engine. Lancia produced its first military vehicle in 1912, and supplied the Italian Military during World War 1. In 1969, Lancia became part of the Fiat group. Lancias were sold in the Ubited States from 1977 to 1984. In 1994, Lancia pulled out of the UK market are suffering an image problem caused by a rust problem in their cars. One of the trademarks of Lancia is the use of letters of the Greek alphabet as names for its models. Land Rover Car History The term Land Rover originally referred to a specific vehicle which was a civilian all-terrain utility launched at the Amsterdam Motor Show, on April 30, 1948. It was only later, that it was used as a brand for several distinct four-wheel drive models. Land Rover originally starting out as an internal division of Rover. The first Land Rover was designed by Maurice Wilks in 1947. A distinctive feature of the bodies was that it was constructed using a lightweight rustproof proprietary alloy of aluminium and magnesium called Birmabright. In 1976 the one millionth Land Rover was produced. Land Rover has had a number of owners, including British Leyland, British Aerospace, BMW and the Premier Automotive Group, a division of the Ford Motor Company. British Leyland History The British Leyland Motor Corporation was founded in 1968 in the United Kingdom. The new company had been created after the merger of British Motor Holdings and Leyland Motor Corporation. During its peak, British Leyland owned some 40 different manufacturing plants across the United Kingdom. British Leyland was forced into bankruptcy in 1975 as a result of extremist trade unions. After an enquiry, British Leyland was restructed wit the government becoming the major shareholder. In 1986 it changed its name to the Rover Group. In 1988 Rover Group was sold to British Aerospace (BAe). Lincoln Car History The Lincoln Motor Company was founded in 1917, by Henry M. Leland. Leland was previously the founder of Cadillac. Lincoln originally build Liberty aircraft engines. But after the end of the war, Lincoln moved into production of luxury automobiles. Leland had named the brand after his Presdent Abraham Lincoln. In 1922, Ford Motor Company took control of Lincoln for just $8 million dollars. In 1927, Lincoln adopted the greyhound as their emblem. This was later replaced with diamond. In 1936, the Lincoln Zephyr was produced. Production ceases in early 1942 due to World War Two. In 1955, the Continental Mark II was introduced at the Paris Motor Show. The Lincoln Continental Mark III was produced from 1969 to 1971. Lincoln has also had a long history of providing limousines for U.S. Presidents. These days, there is over 1500 Lincoln dealerships worldwide. Lister Car History Lister Cars was founded in 1954 by Brian Lister. Inspired by Cooper, he used a tubular ladder chassis, de Dion rear axle, and inboard drum brakes. Like others, he used a tuned MG engine and stock gearbox. It made its debut at the British Empire Trophy at Oulton Park in 1954. Lister had good success on the racetrack with a number of wins. Lister cars stopped production in 1959 but resumed production in the 1980s. The Lister company returned in 1986 as Lister Cars Ltd based in Leatherhead, Surrey. In 1993, they released the "Lister Storm", which used the largest V12 engine ever fitted to a production road car at the time. Lloyd Car History Lloyd Cars was founded by Roland Lloyd in Lincolnshire, England, in 1936. Two models were made, separated by World War II, and the company was unusual for a small manufacturer in making nearly all components in-house. The first Lloyed car was basically a cyclecar, that was powered by a single cylinder, water cooled Villiers two-stroke engine. During World War II the company made components for Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engines. Production started again in 1946 with the Lloyd 650. Production of Lloyed cars stopped in 1951, but the company continued in general engineering until 1983. About 15 Lloyd cars are thought to survive. Lotus Car History Lotus Cars was originally formed in 1952 as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by the Colin Chapman in the United Kingdom. The first Lotus factory occupied an old stable behind the Railway Hotel in Hornsea. During the 1960s, Lotus relocated to a factory at Hethel, where they still are today. The Lotus Car Company has changed hands a number of times during its history. General Motors took control of Lotus in 1986, then in 1993 they sold out to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg. In 1996, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Bhd (Proton) took control of a majority share in Lotus. Marauder Car History Marauder Cars was founded in 1950, by engineers George Mackie and Peter Wilks. They were originally located in Dorridge, West Midlands but later moved to Kenilworth, Warwickshire. Originally they were called Wilks, Mackie and Company, but in 1951 the name was changed to the Marauder Car Company. Between 1950 and 1952 about 15 cars were made before they closed. Rising costs and tax changes priced the cars out of the market. In 1950 the car cost �1236 rising to over �2000 in 1952. Both George Mackie and Peter Wilks rejoined Rover. Marcos Car History Marcos Cars was founded in 1959 by Jem Marsh and Frank Costin, in Bedfordshire, England. The chassis of the Marcos cars were wooden, using techniques employed on the wartime British Mosquito bombers. In 1963, Marcos Cars moved to Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire. In 1971, Marcos cars moved to nearby Westbury, but the business soon closed after financial problems. In 1976, Jem Marsh bought back the rights to the Marcos name. In 1981 the Marcos V6 Coupe car was launched in kit form. In 2000, Marcos GT cars win both British and Spanish GT Championship. Although Marcos again went out of business in 2000, it is now back producing cars again. The Marcos racing car side of the business was sold to Dutch engineering firm, Eurotech. Marendaz Car History DMK Marendaz Ltd was foubed by Donald Marcus Kelway Marendaz in 1926, in the premises of the London Cab Company in Brixton. Marendaz had served as a pilot during World War One and had attained the rank of Captain. Up to 50 cars were produced that mostly used Anzani engines. In 1932, the company changed its name to Marendaz Special Cars Ltd and moved to Cornwallis Works, Maidenhead. Production of the Marendaz car stopped around 1937, with up to 120 cars produced. Marendaz eventually moved to South Africa where he produced diesel engines. Maserati The name Maserati is a family name that comes from the family that built the car. It has a history of proud car making. The first real headquarters of Maserati was in 1914 in the Bologna's historical district at Via de Pepoli. The first Maserati car was built by Carlo Maserati. In 1926, the first Maserati production car made its appearence at the Targa Florio. It was also the first car to bear the Maserati Trident. The Maserati brothers sold out to the Orsi Group. The Company was then relocated to Modena. In 1973, Maserati went into liquidation, but was saved after government intervention. In 1975, Benelli bought into Maserati and the car maker showed improvement. Its history was looking bright. Fiat Auto purchased 100% of Maserati's shares in 1993, only to sell the shares to Ferrari in 1997. Mazda Car History The history of Mazda started in 1920 when the Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd, was founded in Japan. Originaly they produced machine tools. They moved into car production in 1931 with the Mazda-Go. Although all cars produced carried the name Mazda, it was only formally adopted in 1984. In 1979, Ford Motor Company bought into Mazda and has since gained a controlling interest. It should be noted that during World War Two, Mazda was a major producer of weapoms which were used by the Japanese army. MG Car History The MG Car attained its name from "Morris Garages", a dealer of Morris cars in Oxford. MG cars probably started in 1924, but some people debate this year. In 1923, a reference to MG with the octagon badge appearred in an Oxford newspaper. MG was originally owned by William Morris. In 1925, the company was sold to Morris Motors. In 1952, the British Motor Corporation took control of MG. And in 1968, British Leyland took control. Production of the MG car took place originally in Alfred Lane, Oxford. Howver, production soon moved to larger premises in Bainton Road. In 1927, production moved again to Edmund Road, Cowley, Oxford. In 1928, the M.G. Car Company Limited was founded. Also in 1928, MG had its own stand at the London Motor Show. In 1929, MG cars moved to a new factory in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. MG became part of the MG Rover Group in Birmingham, but they went into receivership in 2005. New owners of MG are Nanjing Automobile Group. Mitsubishi Car History The origins of the Mitsubishi car can be traced back to 1917, when Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. produced the Mitsubishi Model A car. The car was completely hand-built and only 22 were made. In 1934, The Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was created after a series of mergers. But at the end of world war two, the company was split in three with a focus on motor vehicle development. During the 1960`s Mitsubishi moved into family car production. In 1964, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was formed. In 1970, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) was formed. In 1971, Chrysler took a 15% share in the company, but this later lead to some friction. By 1980, production had exceeded one million cars a year. Nissan Car History The history of the Nissan Car can be traced back to 1911, when the the Kwaishinsha Motorcar Works was founded in Japan. In 1914, the first car the "Dat", was introduced. In 1918, the company changed its name to the Kwaishinsha Motorcar Co. In 1925, it changed again to the DAT Motorcar Co. In 1926, they merged with Osaka-based Jitsuyo Jidosha Co., Ltd. to form the DAT Automobile Manufacturing Co. Ltd. In 1931, the first Datsun was produced. It basically means son of Dat. In 1933, the company and moved to Yokohama. In 1934, there was another merger, this time with Nihon Sangyo Co. Ltd. On June 1, 1934, the company became Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. During the war, Nissan made much equipment for the Japanese Military. From 1947 to 1948, the company was called Nissan Heavy Industries. In 1958, the first Datsun sedan arrives in the United States. In 1966, Nissan merged with the Prince Motor Company. Nissan expanded setting up factories in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom and Mexico. Nissan eventually closed its Australian factory. Ogle Car History Ogle Design was founded by David Ogle, in 1954 and was based in Letchworth, Hertfordshire. Ogle originally started out as a designer of industrial and household products. In 1959, Ogle moved into car production. Production of cars ceased in 1962 with the SX250. David Ogle died in 1962 in a car crash involving one of his SX1000 cars. Tom Karen took over as Managing Director and Chief Designer of the company, and car production ceased. The final car was the SX250, an updated Daimler Dart built in 1962. Two were made but Daimler was not interested and the design was sold to Reliant where it became the basis of the Scimitar GT which was launched in 1964. Oldsmobile Car History The Olds Motor Vehicle Company was founded in 1897, by Ransom E. Olds in Lansing, Michigan. The name of "Oldsmobile", was adopted from a contest called, "Name the Car". In 1901, Oldsmobile becomes the first car to offer a speedometer. In the same year, the United States Post Office Department orders their first cars, the Oldsmobile. In 1908, General Motors purchased the company. In 1932, Oldsmobile become the first automobile to offer an automatic choke. In 1974, Oldsmobile was the first to offer a drivers side airbag. In 1997, Oldsmobile celebrates 100 years. In December 2000, General Motors announced they would be phase out the Oldsmobile brand. Final production day of the Oldsmobile was April 29, 2004. Paramount Car History Paramount Cars was founded by WA Hudson and S Underwood. The Paramount car was initially manufactured in Derbyshire in 1950. The Paramount had an aluminium over wood frame body with BMW like grille and was mounted on a separate tubular steel chassis with front transverse and rear semi elliptical leaf springs. In 1953, the company was bought by Camden Motors and production moved to Leighton Buzzard. Production of the Paramount car ceased in 1956 due to overpricing. After the end of car production the remaining chassis were sold off and several were fitted with Rochdale glass fibre bodies. Peugeot car history Peugeot originally started out as a bicycle manufacturer with the Peugeot "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882. Even after it started building cars, Peugeot continued building bikes for a long time. In 1889, the first Peugeot car was produced. It was a three-wheeled steam-powered car and the start of what would become a long history of car making. Peugeot became the first manufacturer in history to fit rubber tires to a petrol powered car. In 1903, Peugeot extended its range by also moving into motorcycle production. During the first world war, Peugeot produced mostly arms for the military. In the second world war wth Germany occupying France, the German military took control of the Peugeot factories. In 1975, Peugeot took control of Citro�n. In 1978, they took control over the European division of Chrysler. These days, Peugeot is also a major producer of power tools. Piper Car History Piper Cars was a manufacturer of specialist sports cars. The Piper company was founded by George Henrotte in 1966. The British company was originally based in Hayes. Piper Cars made a series of moves from Kent, to Wokingham, Berkshire, and eventually in 1973 to South Willingham, Lincolnshire. After the death of owner Brian Sherwood in 1969, employees Bill Atkinson and Tony Waller ownership of the company and renamed it Embrook Engineering. Production of the Piper Car ceased around the mid-1970s. Pontiac Car History In 1893, Edward M. Murphy founded the Pontiac Buggy Company in Pontiac, Michigan to produce horse drawn carriages. In 1906, the Pontiac name was first used by the Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works. In 1908, they merged with the Oakland Motor Company, to form the Oakland Motor Car Company located in Pontiac, Michigan. In 1909, General Motors purchased Oakland. In 1926, the first Pontiac debuted at the New York Auto Show. During the early years, Pontiac was marketed as a quiet and reliable car. But with the introfuction of the 1957 model, the Bonneville, marketing shifted to emphasize Pontiac performance. In 1964, the Pontiac GTO was introduced. It gained both John DeLorean and Pontiac much fame. In 1967, the Firebird was introduced. Until 1956, a Native American Headdress was used as the Pontiac logo. Currently, the Pontiac logo is a Native American arrowhead. Porsche Car History Porsche was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931. The first Porsche was produced in 1938. In 1948, the second Porsche was produced in Austraia, the Porsche 356 sports car. In 1963 the famous Porsche 911 was released. In 1969, Porsche worked with Volkswagen to produce the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6. Rambler Car History The origins of the Rambler Car can be traced back to 1897, when Thomas B. Jeffery built his first prototype automobile. Jeffery was involved in the bicycle business. Alomg with R. Philip Gormully, they produced the Rambler bicycle from 1879. He founded the Thomas B. Jeffery Company and bought the old Sterling Bicycle Co. factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where he started to produce Rambler cars. In 1902, he produced 1,500 cars making him the second largest auto manufacturer in the United States. Rambler introduced innovations such as the steering wheel and spare tires. Thomas B. Jeffery died in 1910. His son Charles, replaced the branding from Rambler to Jeffery to honor his father. The family eventually sold the business to Charles Nash. The company was renamed, Nash Motors. Nash continued with success the production of the Rambler Car. In 1954, Nash merged with Kelvinator and the Hudson Motor Car Company. The entire Rambler line received the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 1963. But after a change of direction, the Rambler name was slowly phased out, and the final Rambler branded car in the United States was in 1969. The Rambler brand continued overseas for several more years. Riley Car History In 1890, William Riley Jr. purchased the Bonnick Cycle Company of Coventry, and renamed it the Riley Cycle Company. They started to move into cars and in 1900 sold a single three-wheeled automobile. In 1903, his son, Percy Riley, started the the Riley Engine Company in Coventry and produced their first four-wheeled car in 1905. By 1912, Riley Cycle Company changed its name to Riley (Coventry) Limited and became a wheel supplier for the car industry. By 1913, the Riley Motor Manufacturing Company was founded and their first car was shown at the London Motor Show. During the 1920s and 1930s the Riley companies continued to grow at a rapid pace. But after financial problems, the Nuffield Organisation took control in 1938. After more changes in ownership, Riley Car production ceased in the 1960s. Rochdale Car History The Rochdale Car company was founded by Frank Butterworth and Harry Smith in 1948, in Hudson Street, Rochdale. Originally they started out as general motor repairs. But they 1957 to 1973 they moved into car production. The Rochdale Olympic car was a glass fibre monocoque British sports car. In 1961, a fire detroyed the Hudson Street premises and Rochdale moved a short distance to Littledale Mill. The company continued in business for a number of years mainly working in the heating and ventilation industry. Rodley Car History The Rodley Car was a British microcar built from 1954 to 1956. It was built by the Rodley Automobile Company in Leeds, United Kingdom. A total of 65 of the Rodley Car were built. At the time, the Rodley was the cheapest four wheel car on the British market. But it had a poor reputation and had major overheating problems. Although the car was advertised as a four seater and fitted with four seats, those in the back were very small and cramped. The roof was fabric and could be rolled forwards to give an opening roof. Rolls-Royce Founded in 1904 by Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stewart Rolls. In 1906, Rolls-Royce Limited company was founded. The basis of the company was to build quality cars without worrying about the ginal price. Moved from Derby to the Crewe factory in 1938. In 1998, Volkswagen took control of Rolls-Royce Motors. But BMW took control of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, giving it control of the Rolls-Royce name. Russian Car History The Volga Car of Russia was considered the ultimate status symbol. The volga which was introduced in 1956, was often used by party officials and security services. The Volga has a strong reputation as being a high quality car with a long life span. A Volga car with a V8-engine was built for the KGB. Kamaz is a Russian truck manufacture. The first Kamaz was produced in 1976, and these days is a major exporter of trucks around the world. Kamaz vehicles have won the truck category of the Dakar Rally several times. KAvZ is a bus builder that started in 1950. PAZ is a manufacturer of buses in Russia that started in 1952. SeAZ was founded in 1939, in Moscow. During 1939 to 1995 the company mainly produced various microcars. ZIL was founded in 1916. But it was not until 1924 that the first vehicle was produced. Zil is a producer of armored cars. Zil also produces buseshand-built limousines, high-end luxury sedans, and armored fighting vehicles. Rytecraft Car History The British Rytecraft Scootacar was a microcar built by the British Motorboat Manufacturing Company of Kings Cross, London. The Rytecraft in fact originated as a fair ground Dodgem. It was designed by Jack Shillan. Aboyt 1,000 of the Rytecraft microcars were produced between 1934 and 1940. The cost for the first model was �70 and �80 for the second model. A few Rytecraft were assembled after World War 2 from the remaining pieces. Saab Car History Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget, (SAAB) is founded in 1937 in Trolhattan, Sweden. It starts out as a manufacturer of aircraft. Saab first starting producing cars in 1949. Skills developed in aircraft production are used in their cars. Easly model Saab cars had a lower coefficient drag than many of todays cars. In 1969, Saab AB and Scania-Vabis AB merge under the name Saab Scania AB. In 1990, General Motors bought %50 of Saab Automobile, and eventually used an option to acquire the entire company. Singer Car History The Singer Car company was founded in Coventry, England, in 1905. Singer had previously been a bicycle maker. In 1905 Singer produced their first four wheel car. More models followed but car production stopped at the beginning of World War One. After the war production onve again started. After financial problems Singer was taken over by the Rootes Group in 1956. The Singer name disappeared after the Rootes Group was taken over by Chrysler. United States Car History From its humble beginnings as a car manufacture a little over 100 years ago, the United Sates has become the worlds leading producer of cars. However, at one stage there was more then 1,800 automobile manufacturers in the United States, yet these days the industry is dominated by just a few major companies. The Able was produced from 1917 to 1919, in Mount Vernon, New York. In 1920, the name was changed to the Vernon. The Ace was produced in Michigan, between 1920 and 1922. In 1922, the American Motor Truck Co. took control. AC Propulsion was founded in 1992, by Alan Cocconi. They produce the electric sports car, the AC Propulsion tzero. Adams-Farwell was founded by Herbert and Eugene Adams and Fay Oliver Farwell in Iowa. They built five prototypes before moving to production. They built 52 cars from 1905 to 1913. The Adelphia was a prototype car built in 1920, but never went into production. The Adria was an assembled car of which several prototypes were built from 1921 to 1922. The Aerocar was a luxury car produced in Detroit, Michigan, from 1905 to 1908. The factory was sold to Hudson. The Aland was produced in Detroit, Michigan, between 1916 and 1917. The Albany Runabout was produced from 1907 to 1908, in Albany, Indiana. The Alpena car was produced between 1910 and 1914. The Alsace car was produced for the purpose of export by Piedmont between 1920 and 1921. The Allen Kingston was produced from 1907 to 1909. The car was produced by the New York Car & Truck Company for Walter C. Allen of New York City. The Allstate Car was built by Kaiser-Frazer. The car was sold through the Allstate auto accessory chain of Sears Roebuck. The Alter Motor Company was founded in 1914, in Plymouth, Michigan. From 1914 to 1916, they produced more then 1,000 cars. The Amco was produced by the American Motors Inc. of New York City from 1919 to 1920. The Ames was produced in Kentucky from 1910 to 1915. The Anahuac was in Indianapolis by the Frontenac Motor Corp. in 1922. A total of four cars were made. The Anchor Buggy was produced in Cincinnati between 1910 and 1911. The Anderson was produced from 1916 to 1925. The Ansted was produced from 1926 to 1927. The Apperson was produced in Kokomo, Indiana, from 1902 to 1926. The Ardsley was designed by W. S. Howard. It was produced from 1905 to 1906. 24 of the Argonne were produced from 1919 to 1920. The Argo was produced in Jackson, Michigan from 1915 to 1916. The Argonne was produced from 1919 to 1920. A total of 24 were produced. The Atlas was produced in Springfield, Massachusetts from 1907 to 1913. The Aultman was a light steam carriage built in 1901, in Canton, Ohio. The Aurora was produced by Alfred A. Juliano, from 1957 to 1958. Only one Aurora was built, and it cost $30,000 to produce. The car broke down 15 times on the way to its public unveiling. The Autocar Company was founded in 1899. It was previously the Pittsburgh Motor Vehicle Company. The first car was produced in 1900. The last cars were produced in 1912. The company did continue as a truck manufacture. Stirling Car History The Sterling Car Was produced in the UK by the Rover company and sold in the American market from 1987 to 1991. marketed in the USA by ARCONA, Austin Rover Cars Of North America under the name Sterling Motor Cars, a division of the Rover car company of the UK. Stirling continued to sell in Europe till 1998. The only Sterling model that was sold was the 800 series, which was a rebadged Rover 800-series but with different specifications tailored for the American market. US sales hit a high of nearly 15,000 cars in 1988. After the withdrawal from the US Market, the Rover 800 remained popular in Europe, especially following the major R17 facelift and was kept in production until 1998 when it was replaced by the Rover 75. Subaru Car History The history of the Subaru Car can be traced to 1917, when it started as "The Aircraft Research Laboratory". In 1931, the company became "Nakajima Aircraft Co., Ltd". After World War Two, it became "Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd". More changes took place till eventually it became known as "Fuji Heavy Industries". Subaru is the automobile division. The word "Subaru" comes from the Japanese word for "unite". The Subaru logo is the star cluster Pleiades. The first car produced was the Subaru 360 Minicar in 1958. In 1965, Subaru was the first Japanese auto maker to offer front-wheel drive passenger cars in Japan. In 1972, Subaru introduced the first four-wheel drive passenger cars in the world. The first Subaru cars arrived in the United States in 1968. Car History of Sweden Allvelo was founded by Fritiof Karlstr�m in Landskrona, Sweden Between 1903 to 1907, Allvelo produced and sold CKD cars and trucks under their own name. AB Motorfabriken i G�teborg (AMG) was founded in Gothenburg, in 1897. They produced their first car in 1903. Only ten cars in total were produced. AB Nyk�pings Automobilfabrik (ANA) was founded in 1937 in Sweden. Mostly they assembled trucks for other companies. In 1960 they were bought by SAAB. Koenigsegg Automotive AB was founded in Olofstr�m, in 1994 by Christian von Koenigsegg. A production prototype was introduced at the 2000 Paris Motor Show. In 2002, the first customer took delivery of a red CC 8S. LMV was based in Lidk�ping, Sweden. In 1923 they produced a prototype car designed by �ke W Eklund. Production never started due to a change in ownership. Reva sports cars were produced by Dan Werbin and Holger Br�nby. The first car was introduced in 1964. The last car was produced in 1968. Svenska Automobilfabriken (SAF) was founded in 1919 in Bolln�s. They assembled cars based on Pullman Motor Co chassises. A total of 28 SAF cars were built. Vabis was founded in 1891, to produce railway cars. In 1897 they designed an automobile. In 1902, they introduced their first truck. In 1911, Vabis merged with Maskinfabriks AB Scania to create AB Scania-Vabis. Switzerland Car History The first Ajax car was built in 1906 by Dr. G. Aigner. In 1907, four new models were introduced. Two Ajax cars competed in the Targa Florio race in 1907. The Albar car was built from 1978 in Buochs by Alois Barmettler. Monteverdi was a luxury car founded in Binningen in 1967, by Peter Monteverdi. In 1982, Monteverdi ceased production. In 1990, Monteverdi made a brief comeback after founding the Monteverdi-Onyx-Team. Rinspeed was founded by Frank Rinderknecht in 1979. Rinspeed specialise in restoring classic cars, and modifying modern cars. Sbarro was founded by Franco Sbarro in 1971, and specializes in high performance replica and sports cars. Turicum produced cars between 1904 and 1914 in Z�rich, and then later in Uster. Tiny Car History The Tiny Cyclecar was manufactured by Nanson, Barker & Co at Esholt, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. The first car, the 8hp, produced in 1912 was powered by an air cooled JAP V-twin engine, 3 speed gearbox and chain drive. In 1912, the first Tiny car was produced and displayed at the London Motor Show. It had an asking price of about �100. The final Tiny Cyclecar cost �157 and was produced in 1914. It is uncertain how many Tinys were made but output was small. The company however went on to produce cars under the Airedale brand. Tornado Car History Founded by Bill Woodhouse in Hertfordshire, England in 1957. The first model was the Typhoon Sports and about 400 of these were produced. Around 1961 the Tempest model was introduced with about 15 being produced. A Tornado Thunderbolt was also produced using a TR3 engine and a stronger chassis and suspension. Only 1 was built. In 1962, the Talisman 2+2 coupe was introduced with a total of 196 being made before the company into liquidation. Toyota Car History The headquarters of Toyota is located in Aichi, Japan. The origins of Toyota Motor Corporation stated in September 1933. Toyoda Automatic Loom had created a new division devoted to the production of automobiles. In 1936, production of the Model AA passenger car started. In 1937, Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company. In 1950, Toyota experienced its one and only strike. In 1959, Production of vehicles outside Japan started in Brazil.	i don't know
It was announced last month that Walter Mazzarri is to take over from Quique Sanchez Flores as manager of which Premiership football team for the 2016/17 season?	BREAKING NEWS: Watford confirm Mazzarri as manager - Goal.com 0 21 May 2016 10:15:00 The Italian is set to take the reins at Vicarage Road next term, replacing Quique Sanchez Flores at the helm of the Pozzo-owned club Watford announced the appointment of Walter Mazzarri as their new manager on Saturday. The former Napoli and Inter boss has signed a three-year deal at Vicarage Road and will take over from Quique Sanchez Flores from July 1. Flores led Watford in an impressive campaign following their return to the Premier League, with the Hornets securing survival and a comfortable 13th-placed finish. Nevertheless, the Pozzo-owned club opted to activate a break clause in Flores' contract following a difference in opinion over their performance and have moved quickly to secure his replacement before the new season starts, installing Italian Mazzarri as their new boss. OFFICIAL: #watfordfc confirms it has reached agreement with Walter Mazzarri to become Head Coach from 1st July 2016. pic.twitter.com/ExNAAxYnHK	Watford
Which song title links a 1957 single release by Carl Perkins and a 1963 single by the Dave Clark Five?	Watford manger: The contenders including Manuel Pellegrini and Roberto Martinez \| Football Predictions & Betting Tips \| News & Live Scores \| Sporting Life Premier League odds After just a season in charge, Quique Sanchez Flores has announced that he will leave Watford at the end of the season . Sanchez Flores was appointed in June 2015 and has led the Hornets to a mid-table finish in the Premier League as well as an FA Cup semi-final appearance at Wembley in April. Here we look at some of the possible contenders to replace the Spaniard as well as their Sky Bet odds to be in charge for the first league game of next season. Watford manager contenders and odds Walter Mazzarri (Sky Bet odds: 1/10) Walter Mazzarri may not be a well-known name to many people in the UK but the Italian has built himself a very good reputation in Italy. He has experience and success managing some of Italy's top teams winning the Coppa Italia with Napoli in 2012 and guiding them to a second place finish in Serie A as well as the quarter-finals of the Champions League the following season. Mazzarri's last managerial role was with Inter Milan which didn't go to plan as he was sacked after a year in charge. The Italian has proved that he can bring success in one of Europe's top leagues and could be the man to help Watford push on. Luigi De Canio (Sky Bet odds: 14/1) Luigi De Canio (no relation to Paolo) has spent his career managing various teams around Italy. De Canio does have experience managing in England, spending a year with Queens Park Rangers where he became a fan favourite due to the style and flair he bought back to their game. His biggest achievement to date was guiding Lecce to promotion to Serie A in 2010. Currently the manager of Udinese, his side sit 16th in Serie A three points above the relegation zone therefore the temptation of managing in the Premier League could be one that is too good to turn down. Jose Manuel Gonzalez Lopez (Sky Bet odds: 14/1) Another unfamiliar name in this list like De Canio, Jose Manuel Gonzalez Lopez is also a manger with much experience having spent his career managing various teams around Spain. He is currently manager of La Liga side Granada, who are 16th in the table. Gonzalez Lopez is a manager that has proved that he can bring stability which is something Watford will want. Nigel Pearson (Sky Bet odds: 14/1) Watford will not want to find themselves in a relegation battle next season and Nigel Pearson has proved that he is able keep a team in the Premier League, guiding Leicester to safety in their first season back in the top-flight. Pearson also has the ability to find good players in the transfer marker with signings include Jamie Vardy and Riyad Mahrez. Manuel Pellegrini (Sky Bet odds: 14/1) Pellegrini is definitely one of the most unexpected names to appear on this list but Watford's owners are ambitious and the outgoing Manchester City manager could be the man they are looking for. The Chilean has shown that he can bring success to some of the smaller sides around Europe, taking Villarreal to a string of top five finishes in La Liga, the semi-finals of the Champions League in 2006 as well as guiding Malaga to the Champions League in 2012 before taking them to the quarter-finals of the competition the next season. With the new money now coming into the Premier League and Pellegrini possibly at the helm, Watford could be able to attract higher calibre players. Roberto Martinez (Sky Bet odds: 14/1) After his sacking from previous club Everton, Roberto Martinez will quickly want to return to club management and Watford could be the team for him to do this. Martinez has proved that he can achieve success in England most notably guiding Wigan FA Cup glory in 2013 and taking Swansea to promotion to the Championship in 2008. His final season with Everton ended with him losing his job but it shouldn't be forgotten that he led the Toffees to sixth and fifth-place finishes in his first two seasons in charge. Verdict Watford are a club that has two options. The first is to push on from last season and compete for a place in the top half of the table and even domestic honours. If the Hornets want to do this then a manager like Walter Mazzarri or Manuel Pellegrini would be the right men for the job (although the chances of Pellegrini becoming Watford manger is highly unlikely). Nigel Pearson is a manager that does have the potential to take Watford to the top half but it purely depends on whether he has a say in the club's transfer policy. The second option is sustained stability and establishing themselves as a permanent Premier League side. If so then a manger like Roberto Martinez or Luigi De Canio would be the right option. However, Watford are a team whose owners want progression which means a top half finish and with the record of success that he possesses expect to see Mazzarri to be unveiled as the new manager of Watford. Odds correct at 1415 BST on 13/05/16.	i don't know
A blue jay named Mordecai and a raccoon named Rigby are the main protagonists of which Cartoon Network series, first broadcast in 2010, other appearing characters include Skips, a yeti who works as a groundskeeper, voiced by Mark Hamill?	animation animation Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Brandy & Mr. Whiskers is an American animated television series about a dog and a hyperactive rabbit that get stuck in the Amazon Rainforest together. The show originally aired from August 2004 to August 2006. It was televised in the United States by Disney Channel , and also aired on Toon Disney . While in the United Kingdom , the show is broadcast on the Disney Channel at 3:00am CST on weekdays. Season One Brandy and Mr. Whiskers start getting acquainted as they begin their new lives in the Amazon Rainforest. They build a tree house to live in, using debris that fell out the plane's cargo compartment. A big part of the series is Brandy's desperation to getting back to her home in Palm Beach, Florida . In the meantime, both she and Mr. Whiskers adapt by exploring the environment and making friends with the native animals. Brandy makes attempts to get the jungle to become a civilized society by introducing elements such as fashion , hygiene , and shiny rocks, their type of currency. Mr. Whiskers prefers to mix things up by using the powers of invention and imagination to occupy his time, but it usually causes havoc in the jungle. This affects his popularity. Season Two As Brandy and Mr. Whiskers get more settled in the jungle, a lot of changes are put in order. They redecorate the tree house by giving the interior a more "homely environment", which includes flowery wallpaper , tasteful decor and an indoor bathroom (this was after Mr. Whiskers' new "dream house" was destroyed). The native animals also become more anthropomorphic as they have now established a new market economy in the Amazon. Brandy and Mr. Whiskers discover the mall in the first episode of season 2, "Get a Job". They develop clothing , consumer products, restaurants , theme parks , TV commercials, a boy band called "Sugartoad" and a shopping mall . The adaptation has also lowered Brandy's desire to getting back home as she resigns herself to life in the Amazon. Brandy Harrington (of the Florida Harringtons) (voiced by Kaley Cuoco ): Brandy is an anthropomorphic mixed breed dog. Her age is unknown as there is no mention of this in the series at any point. While on her way to a spa for the first time in an aircraft's cargo room, a mishap with Mr. Whiskers (a rabbit she came across inside) caused the two of them to fall straight into the Amazon Rainforest. But after she callously traded Whiskers to Gaspar for a map back home, she realised that she cares for him deep down and rescued him. Brandy prefers to make the most out of any situation and she attempts to improve her own standing by mistreating and abusing the kindness of her friends, though she does care for her friends very much. Brandy and Whiskers have a brother-sister relationship. They often get into fights like regular sisters and brothers. However, she is always on the lookout for escape opportunities. She has had idiotic ideas, is prone to act like a drama queen, and can be more annoying than Whiskers at times. Brandy thinks she is a spaniel with a pedigree, but in the episode " Pedigree, Schmedigree ", it is revealed that she is an unspecified mixed breed from a puppy pound. She has blonde colored and straight dog ears (similar to pigtails), darker blonde skin and hazel eyes. She usually wears a pink short-sleeved shirt, red jeans and purple platform sandals. She sometimes wears a pink and black polka dot bikini. She also sometimes wears a red swimsuit. She also wears what appears to be a collar on her neck. She also tends to be motherly towards Whiskers often treating him like her son. Mr. Whiskers (voiced by Charlie Adler ): Mr. Whiskers is a 7-year-old white lop-eared rabbit who hasn't had very many friends during his lifetime. On an initial observance of Mr. Whiskers, one would perceive him as a silly, sloppy, smelly, gross, hyperactive and overall annoying pest. After further observance of Mr. Whiskers one would notice that he is actually intelligent with a fairly large vocabulary, which is exhibited at special moments. He is also very loving and caring, but he can be clumsy and clueless at times although he is arrogant and naughty. He can be selfish, short-tempered and cranky. When he first met Brandy, he was on his way to a zoo in Paraguay where he was going to be sold for 39 cents, though he soon made a mistake that caused the two of them to fall into the Amazon Rainforest (when Brandy told him turn to on the light switch, he accidentally opened the Emergency Escape Hatch). While Brandy often is embarrassed by his antics, Whiskers does his best to help out Brandy and he does cherish his friendship with her, though she doesn't always feel the same way. Brandy didn't hate Whiskers. She just gets annoyed by him. Brandy and Whiskers are like brother and sister and she gets irritated by his annoying and never-going-away kind of attitude. Mr. Whiskers' other best friend is Ed, a river otter whom he often spends his time with. He is often seen in an orange jumpsuit. Some characters such as Brandy just call him "Whiskers". Αναρτήθηκε από The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (also known as The Misadventures of Flapjack or simply Flapjack) is an American animated television series produced for Cartoon Network that premiered on June 5, 2008 and ended on August 31, 2010. The show was created by cartoonist Thurop Van Orman who has worked as a writer and storyboard artist on The Powerpuff Girls , The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Camp Lazlo . Flapjack was cancelled when the creative director JG Quintel left to work on Regular Show . The series revolves around Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles. Flapjack is a young boy raised by a talking whale named Bubbie. Flapjack leads a peaceful life until the duo rescues a pirate by the name of Captain K'nuckles, who tells Flapjack of a place called Candied Island, which is made completely of candy. Inspired by the adventurous pirate, Flapjack, Captain K'nuckles and Bubbie get into strange predicaments and "misadventures" in search of candy, Candied Island and the coveted title of "Adventurer". The three spend most of their time in Stormalong Harbor, their place of residence, and home to many strange characters. As a child, show creator Van Orman lived in Panama City, Florida, and "used to fantasize about living near the dock and having adventures all the time." When he was 13, his family moved to Utah, but Van Orman still dreamed of adventure. He worked after school as a janitor, saving money for a plane ticket back to Florida. There, he packed some rice and potatoes, and paddled a surfboard to Shell Island. He planned to live off sea urchins and "even speared a manta ray," but things soon went sour. Eventually he became badly sunburned and began to starve. He returned to the mainland, but later tried again: he "went to Mexico and lived in the jungles and found [himself] eating out of dumpsters." Orman took his failures in stride, chalking all these bad circumstances up as "part of the adventure". The original take of the theme song for the show aired a select few times. Although it is not confirmed that he composed it, Modest Mouse singer Isaac Brock provided vocals for this original version. Van Orman attempted to pitch the concept to Cartoon Network in 2001. He created a short and incorporated many childhood favorites, with visual inspiration from older adventure novels. His first pitch was rejected, but he received a lot of feedback and re-pitched the concept in 2003. The series works with Screen Novelties to produce the stop-motion and title card portions of the show. Paul Reubens was originally selected to be the voice of Flapjack, but when Reubens did not show up on the day of recording, Van Orman himself decided to voice Flapjack. The series came to an end on August 31, 2010 after 46 episodes. The final episode entitled "Fish Out of Water" included live action sequences and featured an appearance by creator Thurop Van Orman, and his son Leif, who played Flapjack. Most characters live in the fictional city of Stormalong Harbor. The city is built entirely on a series of docks in the middle of the ocean with no surrounding land. It is possible to actually swim underneath the city, and is often done by Bubbie. However, Stormalong has a sewer system and a series of underground tunnels. Most inhabitants are sailors of some sort, and sailors and/or pirates are constantly visiting from other lands. Stormalong has a great variety of (often bizarre) shops, including a bar that serves candy instead of alcohol (The Candy Barrel). The wealthier citizens live on more elevated piers, while the lower class lives lower in the city, both figuratively and literally. The city appears to be relatively dysfunctional, with a large level of crime and loitering, with the only forms of law enforcement being the dock hag and a relatively small police force. Flapjack - A boy who was found and raised by Bubbie, a talking whale. He is 8 years old. He is also shown sometimes with big blue eyes. Flapjack is very naive and oblivious to danger, [2] thus he is easily caught up in perilous situations. He holds K'nuckles in extremely high regard, with his affection for the captain sometimes bordering on obsession. His catchphrase is "Adventure!" (said whenever excited). He is caught barefoot in two episodes. He is voiced by series creator Thurop Van-Orman. In the live-action episode, Thurop's son Leif plays the role of Flapjack. Frank Welker is the voice of Flapjack in the pilot episode. Flapjack's original voice actor was meant to be Paul Reubens , but Reubens never showed up to any recording sessions. Captain K'nuckles - A washed-up and childish old sailor who claims to be the greatest adventurer the world has ever known. Nowadays, he prefers to nap and drink maple syrup, while telling outrageous tales of past adventures and getting Flapjack wrapped up in his high seas hi-jinks. In reality, his stories are either completely false, or nowhere near as adventurous or amazing as he leads Flapjack to believe. He may not be an entirely incompetent adventurer however, as he was able to steal the Mermaid Queen's heart and successfully escape her guards in "Gone Wishin'". He is a candy addict; he will do whatever it takes to get his hands on candy. Because of this, he is incredibly selfish, putting the well-being of himself and the acquisition of candy above all else. Because of his often selfish, rude, and openly villainous behavior, K'nuckles has earned the open hostility and disrespect of nearly everybody in Stormalong, but is still respected by other pirates. Although he has a habit of taking advantage of Flapjack for his own needs, he is actually fond of him and will often attempt to get him out of trouble when a scheme of theirs goes too far. He also defends Flapjack when others try to deceive him, something that he does on a regular basis. Most of his body is composed of wood: his hands are wooden, his legs are pegs and his buttocks (his "sittin' muscle", as he calls it) is a wooden board. He is also made of parts stolen by other pirates. Because of his artificial body, he makes mechanical noises when he moves. K'nuckles spends most of the adventures with Flapjack trying to find Candied Island. Flapjack often has to defend him when he is in trouble. He is voiced by Brian Doyle Murray . In the live-action episode, Thurop Van Orman plays K'nuckles. Bubbie - An anthropomorphic whale, she is Flapjack’s devoted, adoptive single mother. Bubbie serves as the primary home and transport of both Flapjack and K'nuckles. She frequently disapproves of Flapjack’s desire for adventure, but will always be won over. As told in one episode, she found Flapjack at sea in a bed of seaweed. Bubbie and K'nuckles frequently disapprove of each other's actions, especially concerning 'adventure'. She believes K'nuckles to be irresponsible , lazy, and a bad influence on Flapjack. She is voiced by Roz Ryan . Peppermint Larry - The hare-lipped owner and manager of The Candy Barrel, the only place in Stormalong where adventurers can get candy (Besides the Candy Trough, only seen in one episode.) Peppermint Larry is shown as a generally nice person, but can also be hasty and selfish at times. Peppermint Larry is lonely and unsocial, so he made a woman of candy named Candy Wife. He loves Candy Wife as if she were real, while most other residents of Stormalong "played along" to humor him; until the episode "Just One Kiss," the show was deliberately vague as to whether or not she was actually "alive" or a delusion in Larry's mind. He often buys her candy rings telling everyone she has a taste for expensive items. It is also shown he hates pickles, as when he was stranded on Pickle Island and when Candy Wife put pickle juice in his drink to strike back at Larry, who exclaims, "PICKLE JUICE? I don't like pickle juice!" He was once fired by the Dock Hag because he was using dead rats as puppets, and after wanted to be called "Mr. Larry". He is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Doctor Barber - The current doctor and barber of Stormalong. He is not only a doctor and a barber, but also a certified candyologist. Doctor barber has an odd demeanor, as do many of the characters in the show, he seems to have a driving ambition none other than to perform surgery (for the well being of patients or for his own twisted entertainment is unknown), or to give hair cuts, and as seen in the show feeds the left over hair to an odd monster living in a room beneath where is clients get their hair cut. He seems to have a very secretive lifestyle outside of what Flapjack and K'nuckles know, he sometimes gets shipments in from Candied Island. Flapjack sometimes helps Dr. Barber with his insane shenanigans, often without understanding what Dr. Barber is really up to. He is seen to live with his mother, though she resides in a dresser drawer and may simply be a voice Barber hears in his head a la Norman Bates in the film Psycho . Real or not, she seems to nag him about everything. He is obsessed with surgery, and always advises the simplest medical problems be addressed with a surgical procedure. (much to the denizens chagrin) He is often quoted to say, "Hmmm, yes." He is voiced by Steve Little . Dock Hag - The law enforcer of the Stormalong dock. She is portrayed as a semi-old woman with obvious obesity , and black hair. She is seen to was crush on K'nuckles, making a doll of him out of his "dock tickets". She never shows this outside of her home, and is usually cold and bitter to everyone who comes in contact with her. She has a rotten nephew named Lawrence, who is almost as mean as she is (though he plays tricks on people rather than just acting mean). It was shown that when she has to fill her ticket quota, she gives them to K'nuckles. She gives tickets to him even though he isn't doing anything and makes up rules so that she can give him more tickets. She was temporarily fired in "Mayor May Not" but it was never stated that she was rehired, implying that she just enforces the rules and writes her tickets for her own amusement and enjoyment. She is voiced by Daran Norris . Sally Syrup is a young girl who sells seashells in Stormalong Harbor. Her name was influenced by the old nursery rhyme 'Sally sells seashells by the sea shore'. Flapjack seemed to have a crush on her (he was producing "sweethearts" that popped out of his head whenever someone mentioned Sally, which Captain K'nuckles and Peppermint Larry sold for profit). The sweethearts turned out to be Blood Gnats, which Doctor Barber reveals to the entire Candy Barrel. When Flapjack realizes he is not in love with her, Sally sadly asks, "So you're not in love with me?" even though she had displayed disgust at the prospect earlier. As she departs, Flapjack is seen taking off his scarf and waving it at the ship, shouting, "Farewell, Sally Syrup! I don't love you!" Sally answers, waving her own handkerchief at him, "I don't love you too!" Flapjack then sighs dreamily, indicating that, despite everything, he might love Sally Syrup. By the end of the episode she drifted away to Blood Island for more shells and to get rid of the Blood Gnats. Then in The Return of Sally Syrup, we found out that Sally Syrup's dad is The Professor and niece of The Inventor and she thought Stormalong Harbor was boring until Flapjack tried to show her how fun it could be Upset Sally Added by FluxCapictator there. When she had to leave she said she actually did have fun. She and Flapjack shared a moment before she had to leave, when she was in the air and flying away she said, "The best part about today was spending it with you" (speaking to Flapjack). When he asked, "Really?" she answered, "Just kidding dummy!" but she could've just been faking it to keep up her reputation. Flapjack then said "There goes my heart." Eight-Armed Willy – An extremely large Giant Pacific Octopus with a cut sticking out of his head, resembling a hole. In the episode Skooled, Miss Leading dressed up like him to help Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles learn their left and rights. In the episode Willy! (Or Won't He?), Flapjack tried to capture him with a group of people from Stormalong's only newspaper so that Flapjack could prove to a grouchy sailor that he was an adventurer and so that they can get more ink for the newspaper, but as it turned out, Willy was happy to give them ink and also helped Flapjack with his bet. Willy is shown to be larger than 100 ft. and is constantly making it difficult for Flapjack and K'nuckles to steal candy. Aside from Candy Island, Flapjack and K'nuckles attempt to get candy from Willy's secret stash of candy, located in Willy's ship. Willy has an eye patch over his right eye, and is shown to have terrorized Stormalong for years, as he is probably the reason for the Sea Monster Alarm. He is shown to be antagonistic, but he seems to care for Flapjack. Vocal effects are provided by Richard McGonagle . The Sailors Thomas Hatch - The Big nose guy. Satch - The Black guy. The Inventor - The Inventor is a man who invents stuff to force child labor and is also the dastardly brother of The Professor. He invented a whale named W.O.O.S.H, which was designed to force children to help him achieve the goal of fastest thing in the Seven Seas. He invented the camera, but it is also powered by kids (having one of the kids draw whatever he saw). He is classed as a villain because he enforces child labor and is vengeful to Flapjack and K'nuckles, but sometimes he acts as if he weren't as bad as he seems when he tried to help an overweight police officer move faster. (This, however, was really only to help him catch Flapjack and K'nuckles during their trash-diving shenanigans.) He is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Sea Urchins – Flapjack uses all of the polish Bubbie uses on her bells, so K'nuckles takes Flapjack to the other, bad side of Stormalong Harbor to get more. The duo encounter poor street urchin kids who demand their sea urchin back but Flapjack calls them sissies and the urchins track him down and try to fight Flapjack only to be stopped by an angry Bubbie who threatens to flatten them if they come near him again. He invites them over for dinner and shelter & the urchins reward them with a song and dance routine. The next morning, however, they discover the urchins have took off with their possessions, including Bubbie's prized bell collection. Flap and K'Nuckles track them down, and the urchins challange them to a dance off. When the urchin's star dancer, Cheeks, takes a fall, the urchin's father steps in to intervene and accuses the urchins of killing his son and calls Jerry, who is the father of the urchin's leader, Oliver, but then recognizes K'nuckles long-standing idol status in the bad part of Stormalong Harbor for his ability to "Do nothing for nobody". In the end, the urchins and their fathers give the bell collection back and Flapjack invites them inside Bubbie, who can't seem to take many people into her mouth. Αναρτήθηκε από Adventure Time with Finn and Jake Adventure Time (initially titled as Adventure Time with Finn and Jake; still used in the related merchandise) is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward and produced by Frederator Studios for Cartoon Network . The series focuses on the adventures undertaken by two best friends, Finn the human boy and Jake the dog with magical powers, who dwell in the Land of Ooo. The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nickelodeon animation incubator series Random! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet, Cartoon Network picked it up for a full-length series that had a preview on March 11, 2010 and officially premiered on April 5, 2010. The series has been a critical and commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews.This series is rated TV-PG. Following the animated short, Frederator Studios pitched an Adventure Time series to Nickelodeon , but the network passed on it twice.The studio then approached Cartoon Network, with creator Pendleton Ward delivering them an early storyboard for "The Enchiridion", showing that the premise could be expanded into a series while maintaining elements from the original short: funny catchphrases and dances, an awkward kiss moment with the princess and an "Abe Lincoln moment". Cartoon Network greenlit the first season in September 2008, and "The Enchiridion" would become the first produced episode. Series creator Pendleton Ward has stated that the artistic style is influenced by his time at CalArts and later working as a storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . He tries to include "beautiful" moments like those in Hayao Miyazaki 's My Neighbor Totoro and some subversive humor, inspired by series like The Simpsons and Pee-wee's Playhouse . Executive producer Fred Seibert compares the show's animation style to that of Felix the Cat and the Max Fleischer cartoons but says its world is also equally inspired by Dungeons and Dragons and video games. [9] Ward intends the show's world to have a certain physical logic instead of "cartoony slapstick" — even though magic exists in the story, the show's writers try to create an internal consistency in how the characters interact with the world. Many of the series' writers and storyboard artists have a background in indie comics . Pendleton Ward refers to them as "really smart, smartypants people" who are responsible for inserting weirder and more spiritual ideas into the series during its third season. Ward describes the character Finn as a fiery little kid with strong morals, while Jake is based on Bill Murray 's character in the movie Meatballs , as a laid-back twenty-something who usually jokes around, but occasionally gives good advice Although not implemented in the short and not directly mentioned within the series, the setting of the "Land of Ooo" is a post-apocalyptic continent, after the Great Mushroom War . According to creator Pendleton Ward, the show takes place "after the bombs have fallen and magic has come back into the world" During a presentation at the Toronto Comics and Arts Festival, Ward said that this will likely never be directly addressed in the series but we will likely see more Easter eggs . in the holiday special "Holly Jolly Secrets", Finn and Jake discover a few secret VHS tapes by the Ice King. The last tape shows Ice King as a human. In the video, Ice King says his name is Simon Petrikov and he was studying to be an antiquarian of ancient artifacts. In his secret tape, he explains he purchased his golden crown from an old dock worker in Northern Scandinavia , a real-world location. This Easter egg almost certainly confirms that the "Land of Ooo" is actually a part of Earth. Characters Finn the Human (voiced by Zack Shada in the pilot short, where his name was "Pen", and by Jeremy Shada in the TV series) is a 13-year-old (previously 12 in the short and the series until "Mystery Train") human boy who loves nothing more than going on adventures and saving the day. He wears a self-proclaimed 'awesome hat' that covers his extremely long, beautiful, flowing blond hair (which he cuts off in "To Cut a Woman's Hair" and is seen to have grown back in "Mortal Folly", but returns to short in "No One Can Hear You", then again grows hair but is only shoulder length in "Beautopia"), and is prone to strange exclamations and outbursts. Considering himself a hero, Finn has a lust for adventure and swore long ago that he would help anyone in need (except the Ice King), but, being so full of energy, he has trouble in situations that require him to do things other than fight monsters. He is the main protagonist of the show and likely takes his name in the short, Pen, from the show's creator, Pendleton "Pen" Ward . Finn was raised by Jake's parents, as explained in "Memories of Boom Boom Mountain" and shown in "Memory of a Memory" and "Dad's Dungeon". Jake the Dog (voiced by John DiMaggio in both the pilot and series) is Finn's best friend, a 28-year-old dog with magic powers that allow him to stretch or shrink any part of his body to any shape and almost any size, ranging from becoming gigantic to cover ground quickly to becoming so small that, in "It Came from the Nightosphere," he spends the entirety of an episode in Finn's shirt pocket. Acting as a confidant and mentor to his energetic pal (though he has a tendency to give somewhat sketchy advice), Jake has a laid-back attitude in most situations, but loves adventure and will eagerly fight when he needs to. His powers help Finn considerably in combat and transportation, but are also sometimes used as nothing more than jovial forms of expression. Jake is dating Lady Rainicorn, whom he met in the pilot. He is shown to be quite skilled at playing the viola . Princess Bonnibelle Bubblegum (voiced by Paige Moss in the pilot short, and Hynden Walch in the TV series, and Isabella Acres when turned younger) - Princess Bubblegum is a bubble gum /human hybrid. She rules the Candy Kingdom, where all of the inhabitants are composed of types of dessert and are sentient or as Finn refers to as "having aspirations". Her proficiency in science and fluency in German are a testament to her high intelligence. Finn has a crush on her, but is too shy to admit it, though in the "Mortal Recoil", he finally admits to liking Bubblegum "a lot", and in "Too Young" and "Wizard Battle," the two kiss. While she is typically kind and well-mannered, her temper can be a powerful force when provoked. Marceline reveals that Bubblegum's first name is "Bonnibelle" in "Go with Me". In "Mortal Folly", she admits that she cares about Finn and gives him a sweater she knitted to keep him warm, which proves to save his life against The Lich. In "What was Missing," it is implied that she and Marceline may have had some sort of relationship in the past. In the Season 2 finale "Mortal Recoil", after being possessed by The Lich, she is accidentally shattered and returned to life as a 13-year-old due to the doctors not having enough gum to work with, though it appears that her memories have remained intact. In "Too Young," she becomes 18 again by absorbing the parts sacrificed by her candy subjects in order to reclaim her kingdom from the Earl of Lemongrab. Lady Rainicorn (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the pilot short, and Niki Yang in the TV series) - is a half- rainbow , half- unicorn rainicorn. She can turn objects and people different colors. Her origins can be traced back according to the episode "Her Parents," in which Jake explains how rainicorns and dogs have been battling over the Crystal Dimension for centuries. The episode also alludes to Rainicorns having a taste for human flesh, when her parents attempt to eat Finn, however Lady herself has never shown hostility toward Finn and always has a kind disposition with him. She can fly because her body intercepts light and can dance on it, which also explains her movement and why she has a rainbow pattern. She's Jake's girlfriend and she frequently plays the viola for him while he dances. Jake describes her as "the Rowdy Queen" because she can have fun and fight evil. In the pilot short, she makes pigeon-like sounds to communicate, but in the TV series, she speaks Korean . In both cases, despite being unable to speak the main language of the series, she is able to understand it. The Ice King (voiced by John Kassir in the short and Tom Kenny in the TV series) - The main antagonist of the series, around 1,000 years old, the Ice King frequently steals princesses throughout Ooo to forcefully marry them, Princess Bubblegum being his usual target. His magic powers (freezing things by hurling frozen lightning bolts, summoning snow monsters, and flying with his beard) come from the magical crown he wears. Though defined as a sociopath by many, the Ice King is actually lonely and misunderstood, having a generally benevolent relationship with the penguins (primarily one named Gunther, although he is shown in the two-part "Holly Jolly Secrets" episodes naming all penguins Gunther), along with the snow and ice beasts who populate the his realm, and secretly envious of Finn and Jake for being such good friends. Ice King's origins are revealed during the events of "Holly Jolly Secrets" when one of his home-video movies showed that he was originally an antiquarian named Simon Petrikov who was taping a documentary of a crown he bought from an old dock worker in northern Scandinavia , predating the Mushroom War. Wearing the crown, Petrikov begins to lose both his mind and then his fiancée Betty, the source of his subconscious need for princesses, deteriorating in both mind and body over the years into his current state.. In "Ricardio the Heart Guy," one of Ice King's schemes accidentally caused him to temporarily lose his heart, who became the namesake character of the episode, Ricardio (voiced by George Takei ). In a couple of episodes the Ice King has had a more positive role by helping Finn and Jake, and in "Hitman" saving their lives from a hitman named Scorcher (although it was the Ice King who hired Scorcher in the first place). Marceline the Vampire Queen (voiced by Olivia Olson ) - A 1,000-year-old vampire girl introduced as a villain who steals Finn and Jake's home (twice), but later reveals that she only wanted to scare them for fun. Marceline plays a bass guitar, which she made from her family's heirloom battle-axe as revealed in "It Came from the Nightosphere", and occasionally jams with Finn and Jake. She appears to be ambidextrous because she plays her bass right handed in some episodes, and opposite in others. She reveals that vampires actually drink "red" by sucking the color out of red things, and that they only occasionally choose to drink blood. Like a traditional vampire, Marceline is vulnerable to sunlight and is capable of turning into an anthropomorphic bat varying in size. The show generally portrays her as a close friend of Finn and Jake, but she often lets her own interests come before others. The two wounds on her neck imply that she was once human. Also, she is a survivor of the "mushroom war" as stated by series creator Pendleton Ward, and in "Memory of a Memory" a trip into Marceline's mind shows her as a child wandering around the outskirts of a destroyed city. Marceline is the only person to ever address Princess Bubblegum by her first name, Bonnibelle. In "What was Missing," it is implied they may have had some sort of relationship in the past. Though Marceline has many things in common with Finn and teases him for fun (kissing him on the cheek just to embarrass him on more than one occasion), the two have made it clear in "Go with Me?" that they do not "like each other in that way". The younger version of Marceline in "Memory of a Memory" was voiced by Ava Acres (the sister of Isabella Acres, voice actress of 13-year-old Princess Bubblegum). Lumpy Space Princess (voiced by Pendleton Ward ) - As her title suggests, Lumpy Space Princess, "LSP" for short, is the princess of Lumpy Space, an alternate dimension. Like all her people, LSP is an extraterrestrial creature known as a "Lumper" which looks like a floating purple cloud with arms and a face, and can convert other beings into Lumpers by biting them, as per "werewolf rules". LSP is spoiled and sarcastic, constantly seeking to impress her peers to the point of cosmetic surgery and punching herself into a ball for a clean-shaven Ice King. She is often shown living outdoors with salvaged furniture and appears to be homeless (although in "Heat Signature," Finn told Jake that LSP "lives like a hobo" instead of "being homeless"), because she has either run away from home or seeks independence as a typical rebellious teenage girl. After Finn and Jake attempt to find Lumpy Space Princess and bring her home in "The Monster", Lumpy Space Princess realizes her parents' true love for her, leading her to go home. She speaks with a thick (albeit masculine) valley girl accent. Her parents are the king and queen of Lumpy Space. It appears that LSP can only float above the ground and cannot fly, although she can turn this off by touching the star on her forehead. Beemo (a.k.a. BMO; voiced by Niki Yang ) - Beemo is a sentient video game console that lives with Finn and Jake. Its appearance contains elements of Vectrex , Game Boy , and Atari 2600 game hardware. Beemo also has the ability to transform into other household objects, such as a camera in "Conquest of Cuteness". The letters on its side spell "BMO", but it has never been stated if this actually stands for anything. Beemo has magical powers that can bring people into a video game by pressing a button on its face. The button only works if Beemo presses it, and potentially releases game monsters into reality, as revealed in "Guardians of Sunshine". Beemo speaks English with East Asian accent. Pilot The short focuses on a boy named Pen (the character who would later be renamed Finn) and a dog named Jake as they learn from Lady Rainicorn that the Ice King has kidnapped Princess Bubblegum, in the hope of marrying her. Declaring that it's "Adventure Time", Pen and Jake set off for the Ice King's mountain lair. Pen and the Ice King fight while Jake remains outside flirting with Lady Rainicorn, ignoring the battle. Just when Pen seems to be gaining the upper hand, the Ice King uses his "frozen lightning bolts" to freeze Pen in a block of ice. For unexplained reasons, this transports Pen's mind "back in time, and to Mars" where he has a short motivational conversation with Abraham Lincoln . After being told to believe in himself, Pen is returned to the present, just in time to see the Ice King fly away with Princess Bubblegum. Chasing after him using Jake's extendable legs, Pen rescues the princess from the Ice King's grasp. Jake pushes the magical crown off the Ice King's head, thereby removing the King's source of power. The Ice King then plummets off screen, yelling a long list of complex threats of things he will do when he returns. The story closes with Princess Bubblegum giving Pen a kiss, which he enjoys but which embarrasses him greatly. He attempts to leave, but Jake claims that they have nowhere else to go and that there are no adventures that need them. Fortunately, some nearby ninjas are stealing an old man's diamonds, and they both run off in pursuit. Αναρτήθηκε από Mordecai, voiced by James Garland "J. G." Quintel A 23-year-old blue jay , who is best friends with Rigby. Together, Mordecai and Rigby are employed as groundskeepers at a park, but they are both lazy and rarely get their jobs done. Mordecai is more conscientious, mature and moral about his actions, but he tends to go along with Rigby's mischief as a result of rivalry. He can also get jealous at times, causing him to get angry. He once killed Rigby, but wished him back. Mordecai enjoys playing "punchies" against Rigby, knowing Rigby always loses. Mordecai has a major crush on Margaret, a red-breasted robin and waitress at the local café. He is an art school graduate. He was originally in the short film 2 in the AM PM, which was also created by Quintel. Mitch "Muscle Man" Sorenstein, voiced by Sam Marin Another groundskeeper at the park. Mitch Sorenstein (better known by his nickname "Muscle Man") is an obese, dwarfish, green-skinned man (ironic given his nickname) who also has a slight resemblance to Frankstein. His behavior seems quite erratic and immature. Muscle Man believes himself to be macho and superior to everyone, constantly disrespecting Mordecai and Rigby and referring to them as "ladies". He is always cracking "My mom!" jokes (botched attempts at "Your mom!" jokes), much to the chagrin of everyone else (except his best friend, High Five Ghost, who enjoys them). In the episode "Muscle Woman", his real name is revealed to be Mitch Sorenstein. High Five Ghost, voiced by Jeff Bennett (early episodes), later J. G. Quintel A ghost with a hand on his head. High Five Ghost is best friends with Muscle Man. He is frequently shown giving Muscle Man a high five to accompany his "My Mom!" jokes. He rarely talks, but when he talks, he uses a quivery and high voice like a standard ghost's voice. In spite of his close friendship with Muscle Man, he doesn't seem to share in the rivalry with Mordecai and Rigby, at least not to the degree Muscle Man does. Secondary characters Margaret, voiced by Janie Haddad A robin who works at a local coffee shop. She is kind and respectful to both Mordecai and Rigby, but may be unaware that Mordecai has a crush on her. A running gag on the show is that she appears to have a new boyfriend almost every episode she is in, much to Mordecai's chagrin. However, since "Camping can be Cool", she is currently single and may be learning (albeit slowly) of Mordecai's true feelings for her and maybe warming up to him. Also in the episode, Margaret revealed that she goes to university and plans on quitting her job once she graduates. "Butt Dial" provided a more definite hint that Margaret might be starting to return some of Mordecai's feelings, as she decided to keep a song Mordecai sang about her and accidentally sent to her voicemail, making it her ringtone. Eileen, voiced by Minty Lewis A mole who looks surprisingly human. She also works at the local coffee shop alongside Margaret. She has a crush on Rigby, but he is unaware of it. She first appeared in the episode "Brain Eraser". She also appears in "Do Me a Solid", where Rigby learns of Eileen's crush on him (even though Rigby is not interested in Eileen), though he goes along with it for a while. Since the episode "Camping can be Cool", Rigby has warmed up to Eileen and considers her a cool person and praised her actions throughout the episode. Death, voiced by Julian Holloway Pictured as a grim reaper-like character with a scythe on his back speaking with a Cockney accent, Death is one of the main villains of the series. He is known to be the controller of who lives and dies, first appearing in "Over the Top" after Skips killed Rigby in a game of arm-wrestling. Skips challenged Death to an arm-wrestling match to bring Rigby back to life, and Death lost after Skips cheated with the Playco Armboy. It is shown that Death can revive people with a loogie. In the episode "Skips Strikes", Death and his team The Magical Elements tried to beat Mordecai and Rigby's team in bowling so he could kill the four due to a bet made by Rigby. However, Mordecai's team won, so Death had to fork over a magical bowling ball filled with dead souls. Αναρτήθηκε από	Regular Show
Sadly veteran actor Burt Kwouk OBE left us last month at the age of 85, what was the name of the character he played in Last of the Summer Wine?	animation animation Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Brandy & Mr. Whiskers is an American animated television series about a dog and a hyperactive rabbit that get stuck in the Amazon Rainforest together. The show originally aired from August 2004 to August 2006. It was televised in the United States by Disney Channel , and also aired on Toon Disney . While in the United Kingdom , the show is broadcast on the Disney Channel at 3:00am CST on weekdays. Season One Brandy and Mr. Whiskers start getting acquainted as they begin their new lives in the Amazon Rainforest. They build a tree house to live in, using debris that fell out the plane's cargo compartment. A big part of the series is Brandy's desperation to getting back to her home in Palm Beach, Florida . In the meantime, both she and Mr. Whiskers adapt by exploring the environment and making friends with the native animals. Brandy makes attempts to get the jungle to become a civilized society by introducing elements such as fashion , hygiene , and shiny rocks, their type of currency. Mr. Whiskers prefers to mix things up by using the powers of invention and imagination to occupy his time, but it usually causes havoc in the jungle. This affects his popularity. Season Two As Brandy and Mr. Whiskers get more settled in the jungle, a lot of changes are put in order. They redecorate the tree house by giving the interior a more "homely environment", which includes flowery wallpaper , tasteful decor and an indoor bathroom (this was after Mr. Whiskers' new "dream house" was destroyed). The native animals also become more anthropomorphic as they have now established a new market economy in the Amazon. Brandy and Mr. Whiskers discover the mall in the first episode of season 2, "Get a Job". They develop clothing , consumer products, restaurants , theme parks , TV commercials, a boy band called "Sugartoad" and a shopping mall . The adaptation has also lowered Brandy's desire to getting back home as she resigns herself to life in the Amazon. Brandy Harrington (of the Florida Harringtons) (voiced by Kaley Cuoco ): Brandy is an anthropomorphic mixed breed dog. Her age is unknown as there is no mention of this in the series at any point. While on her way to a spa for the first time in an aircraft's cargo room, a mishap with Mr. Whiskers (a rabbit she came across inside) caused the two of them to fall straight into the Amazon Rainforest. But after she callously traded Whiskers to Gaspar for a map back home, she realised that she cares for him deep down and rescued him. Brandy prefers to make the most out of any situation and she attempts to improve her own standing by mistreating and abusing the kindness of her friends, though she does care for her friends very much. Brandy and Whiskers have a brother-sister relationship. They often get into fights like regular sisters and brothers. However, she is always on the lookout for escape opportunities. She has had idiotic ideas, is prone to act like a drama queen, and can be more annoying than Whiskers at times. Brandy thinks she is a spaniel with a pedigree, but in the episode " Pedigree, Schmedigree ", it is revealed that she is an unspecified mixed breed from a puppy pound. She has blonde colored and straight dog ears (similar to pigtails), darker blonde skin and hazel eyes. She usually wears a pink short-sleeved shirt, red jeans and purple platform sandals. She sometimes wears a pink and black polka dot bikini. She also sometimes wears a red swimsuit. She also wears what appears to be a collar on her neck. She also tends to be motherly towards Whiskers often treating him like her son. Mr. Whiskers (voiced by Charlie Adler ): Mr. Whiskers is a 7-year-old white lop-eared rabbit who hasn't had very many friends during his lifetime. On an initial observance of Mr. Whiskers, one would perceive him as a silly, sloppy, smelly, gross, hyperactive and overall annoying pest. After further observance of Mr. Whiskers one would notice that he is actually intelligent with a fairly large vocabulary, which is exhibited at special moments. He is also very loving and caring, but he can be clumsy and clueless at times although he is arrogant and naughty. He can be selfish, short-tempered and cranky. When he first met Brandy, he was on his way to a zoo in Paraguay where he was going to be sold for 39 cents, though he soon made a mistake that caused the two of them to fall into the Amazon Rainforest (when Brandy told him turn to on the light switch, he accidentally opened the Emergency Escape Hatch). While Brandy often is embarrassed by his antics, Whiskers does his best to help out Brandy and he does cherish his friendship with her, though she doesn't always feel the same way. Brandy didn't hate Whiskers. She just gets annoyed by him. Brandy and Whiskers are like brother and sister and she gets irritated by his annoying and never-going-away kind of attitude. Mr. Whiskers' other best friend is Ed, a river otter whom he often spends his time with. He is often seen in an orange jumpsuit. Some characters such as Brandy just call him "Whiskers". Αναρτήθηκε από The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (also known as The Misadventures of Flapjack or simply Flapjack) is an American animated television series produced for Cartoon Network that premiered on June 5, 2008 and ended on August 31, 2010. The show was created by cartoonist Thurop Van Orman who has worked as a writer and storyboard artist on The Powerpuff Girls , The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Camp Lazlo . Flapjack was cancelled when the creative director JG Quintel left to work on Regular Show . The series revolves around Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles. Flapjack is a young boy raised by a talking whale named Bubbie. Flapjack leads a peaceful life until the duo rescues a pirate by the name of Captain K'nuckles, who tells Flapjack of a place called Candied Island, which is made completely of candy. Inspired by the adventurous pirate, Flapjack, Captain K'nuckles and Bubbie get into strange predicaments and "misadventures" in search of candy, Candied Island and the coveted title of "Adventurer". The three spend most of their time in Stormalong Harbor, their place of residence, and home to many strange characters. As a child, show creator Van Orman lived in Panama City, Florida, and "used to fantasize about living near the dock and having adventures all the time." When he was 13, his family moved to Utah, but Van Orman still dreamed of adventure. He worked after school as a janitor, saving money for a plane ticket back to Florida. There, he packed some rice and potatoes, and paddled a surfboard to Shell Island. He planned to live off sea urchins and "even speared a manta ray," but things soon went sour. Eventually he became badly sunburned and began to starve. He returned to the mainland, but later tried again: he "went to Mexico and lived in the jungles and found [himself] eating out of dumpsters." Orman took his failures in stride, chalking all these bad circumstances up as "part of the adventure". The original take of the theme song for the show aired a select few times. Although it is not confirmed that he composed it, Modest Mouse singer Isaac Brock provided vocals for this original version. Van Orman attempted to pitch the concept to Cartoon Network in 2001. He created a short and incorporated many childhood favorites, with visual inspiration from older adventure novels. His first pitch was rejected, but he received a lot of feedback and re-pitched the concept in 2003. The series works with Screen Novelties to produce the stop-motion and title card portions of the show. Paul Reubens was originally selected to be the voice of Flapjack, but when Reubens did not show up on the day of recording, Van Orman himself decided to voice Flapjack. The series came to an end on August 31, 2010 after 46 episodes. The final episode entitled "Fish Out of Water" included live action sequences and featured an appearance by creator Thurop Van Orman, and his son Leif, who played Flapjack. Most characters live in the fictional city of Stormalong Harbor. The city is built entirely on a series of docks in the middle of the ocean with no surrounding land. It is possible to actually swim underneath the city, and is often done by Bubbie. However, Stormalong has a sewer system and a series of underground tunnels. Most inhabitants are sailors of some sort, and sailors and/or pirates are constantly visiting from other lands. Stormalong has a great variety of (often bizarre) shops, including a bar that serves candy instead of alcohol (The Candy Barrel). The wealthier citizens live on more elevated piers, while the lower class lives lower in the city, both figuratively and literally. The city appears to be relatively dysfunctional, with a large level of crime and loitering, with the only forms of law enforcement being the dock hag and a relatively small police force. Flapjack - A boy who was found and raised by Bubbie, a talking whale. He is 8 years old. He is also shown sometimes with big blue eyes. Flapjack is very naive and oblivious to danger, [2] thus he is easily caught up in perilous situations. He holds K'nuckles in extremely high regard, with his affection for the captain sometimes bordering on obsession. His catchphrase is "Adventure!" (said whenever excited). He is caught barefoot in two episodes. He is voiced by series creator Thurop Van-Orman. In the live-action episode, Thurop's son Leif plays the role of Flapjack. Frank Welker is the voice of Flapjack in the pilot episode. Flapjack's original voice actor was meant to be Paul Reubens , but Reubens never showed up to any recording sessions. Captain K'nuckles - A washed-up and childish old sailor who claims to be the greatest adventurer the world has ever known. Nowadays, he prefers to nap and drink maple syrup, while telling outrageous tales of past adventures and getting Flapjack wrapped up in his high seas hi-jinks. In reality, his stories are either completely false, or nowhere near as adventurous or amazing as he leads Flapjack to believe. He may not be an entirely incompetent adventurer however, as he was able to steal the Mermaid Queen's heart and successfully escape her guards in "Gone Wishin'". He is a candy addict; he will do whatever it takes to get his hands on candy. Because of this, he is incredibly selfish, putting the well-being of himself and the acquisition of candy above all else. Because of his often selfish, rude, and openly villainous behavior, K'nuckles has earned the open hostility and disrespect of nearly everybody in Stormalong, but is still respected by other pirates. Although he has a habit of taking advantage of Flapjack for his own needs, he is actually fond of him and will often attempt to get him out of trouble when a scheme of theirs goes too far. He also defends Flapjack when others try to deceive him, something that he does on a regular basis. Most of his body is composed of wood: his hands are wooden, his legs are pegs and his buttocks (his "sittin' muscle", as he calls it) is a wooden board. He is also made of parts stolen by other pirates. Because of his artificial body, he makes mechanical noises when he moves. K'nuckles spends most of the adventures with Flapjack trying to find Candied Island. Flapjack often has to defend him when he is in trouble. He is voiced by Brian Doyle Murray . In the live-action episode, Thurop Van Orman plays K'nuckles. Bubbie - An anthropomorphic whale, she is Flapjack’s devoted, adoptive single mother. Bubbie serves as the primary home and transport of both Flapjack and K'nuckles. She frequently disapproves of Flapjack’s desire for adventure, but will always be won over. As told in one episode, she found Flapjack at sea in a bed of seaweed. Bubbie and K'nuckles frequently disapprove of each other's actions, especially concerning 'adventure'. She believes K'nuckles to be irresponsible , lazy, and a bad influence on Flapjack. She is voiced by Roz Ryan . Peppermint Larry - The hare-lipped owner and manager of The Candy Barrel, the only place in Stormalong where adventurers can get candy (Besides the Candy Trough, only seen in one episode.) Peppermint Larry is shown as a generally nice person, but can also be hasty and selfish at times. Peppermint Larry is lonely and unsocial, so he made a woman of candy named Candy Wife. He loves Candy Wife as if she were real, while most other residents of Stormalong "played along" to humor him; until the episode "Just One Kiss," the show was deliberately vague as to whether or not she was actually "alive" or a delusion in Larry's mind. He often buys her candy rings telling everyone she has a taste for expensive items. It is also shown he hates pickles, as when he was stranded on Pickle Island and when Candy Wife put pickle juice in his drink to strike back at Larry, who exclaims, "PICKLE JUICE? I don't like pickle juice!" He was once fired by the Dock Hag because he was using dead rats as puppets, and after wanted to be called "Mr. Larry". He is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Doctor Barber - The current doctor and barber of Stormalong. He is not only a doctor and a barber, but also a certified candyologist. Doctor barber has an odd demeanor, as do many of the characters in the show, he seems to have a driving ambition none other than to perform surgery (for the well being of patients or for his own twisted entertainment is unknown), or to give hair cuts, and as seen in the show feeds the left over hair to an odd monster living in a room beneath where is clients get their hair cut. He seems to have a very secretive lifestyle outside of what Flapjack and K'nuckles know, he sometimes gets shipments in from Candied Island. Flapjack sometimes helps Dr. Barber with his insane shenanigans, often without understanding what Dr. Barber is really up to. He is seen to live with his mother, though she resides in a dresser drawer and may simply be a voice Barber hears in his head a la Norman Bates in the film Psycho . Real or not, she seems to nag him about everything. He is obsessed with surgery, and always advises the simplest medical problems be addressed with a surgical procedure. (much to the denizens chagrin) He is often quoted to say, "Hmmm, yes." He is voiced by Steve Little . Dock Hag - The law enforcer of the Stormalong dock. She is portrayed as a semi-old woman with obvious obesity , and black hair. She is seen to was crush on K'nuckles, making a doll of him out of his "dock tickets". She never shows this outside of her home, and is usually cold and bitter to everyone who comes in contact with her. She has a rotten nephew named Lawrence, who is almost as mean as she is (though he plays tricks on people rather than just acting mean). It was shown that when she has to fill her ticket quota, she gives them to K'nuckles. She gives tickets to him even though he isn't doing anything and makes up rules so that she can give him more tickets. She was temporarily fired in "Mayor May Not" but it was never stated that she was rehired, implying that she just enforces the rules and writes her tickets for her own amusement and enjoyment. She is voiced by Daran Norris . Sally Syrup is a young girl who sells seashells in Stormalong Harbor. Her name was influenced by the old nursery rhyme 'Sally sells seashells by the sea shore'. Flapjack seemed to have a crush on her (he was producing "sweethearts" that popped out of his head whenever someone mentioned Sally, which Captain K'nuckles and Peppermint Larry sold for profit). The sweethearts turned out to be Blood Gnats, which Doctor Barber reveals to the entire Candy Barrel. When Flapjack realizes he is not in love with her, Sally sadly asks, "So you're not in love with me?" even though she had displayed disgust at the prospect earlier. As she departs, Flapjack is seen taking off his scarf and waving it at the ship, shouting, "Farewell, Sally Syrup! I don't love you!" Sally answers, waving her own handkerchief at him, "I don't love you too!" Flapjack then sighs dreamily, indicating that, despite everything, he might love Sally Syrup. By the end of the episode she drifted away to Blood Island for more shells and to get rid of the Blood Gnats. Then in The Return of Sally Syrup, we found out that Sally Syrup's dad is The Professor and niece of The Inventor and she thought Stormalong Harbor was boring until Flapjack tried to show her how fun it could be Upset Sally Added by FluxCapictator there. When she had to leave she said she actually did have fun. She and Flapjack shared a moment before she had to leave, when she was in the air and flying away she said, "The best part about today was spending it with you" (speaking to Flapjack). When he asked, "Really?" she answered, "Just kidding dummy!" but she could've just been faking it to keep up her reputation. Flapjack then said "There goes my heart." Eight-Armed Willy – An extremely large Giant Pacific Octopus with a cut sticking out of his head, resembling a hole. In the episode Skooled, Miss Leading dressed up like him to help Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles learn their left and rights. In the episode Willy! (Or Won't He?), Flapjack tried to capture him with a group of people from Stormalong's only newspaper so that Flapjack could prove to a grouchy sailor that he was an adventurer and so that they can get more ink for the newspaper, but as it turned out, Willy was happy to give them ink and also helped Flapjack with his bet. Willy is shown to be larger than 100 ft. and is constantly making it difficult for Flapjack and K'nuckles to steal candy. Aside from Candy Island, Flapjack and K'nuckles attempt to get candy from Willy's secret stash of candy, located in Willy's ship. Willy has an eye patch over his right eye, and is shown to have terrorized Stormalong for years, as he is probably the reason for the Sea Monster Alarm. He is shown to be antagonistic, but he seems to care for Flapjack. Vocal effects are provided by Richard McGonagle . The Sailors Thomas Hatch - The Big nose guy. Satch - The Black guy. The Inventor - The Inventor is a man who invents stuff to force child labor and is also the dastardly brother of The Professor. He invented a whale named W.O.O.S.H, which was designed to force children to help him achieve the goal of fastest thing in the Seven Seas. He invented the camera, but it is also powered by kids (having one of the kids draw whatever he saw). He is classed as a villain because he enforces child labor and is vengeful to Flapjack and K'nuckles, but sometimes he acts as if he weren't as bad as he seems when he tried to help an overweight police officer move faster. (This, however, was really only to help him catch Flapjack and K'nuckles during their trash-diving shenanigans.) He is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Sea Urchins – Flapjack uses all of the polish Bubbie uses on her bells, so K'nuckles takes Flapjack to the other, bad side of Stormalong Harbor to get more. The duo encounter poor street urchin kids who demand their sea urchin back but Flapjack calls them sissies and the urchins track him down and try to fight Flapjack only to be stopped by an angry Bubbie who threatens to flatten them if they come near him again. He invites them over for dinner and shelter & the urchins reward them with a song and dance routine. The next morning, however, they discover the urchins have took off with their possessions, including Bubbie's prized bell collection. Flap and K'Nuckles track them down, and the urchins challange them to a dance off. When the urchin's star dancer, Cheeks, takes a fall, the urchin's father steps in to intervene and accuses the urchins of killing his son and calls Jerry, who is the father of the urchin's leader, Oliver, but then recognizes K'nuckles long-standing idol status in the bad part of Stormalong Harbor for his ability to "Do nothing for nobody". In the end, the urchins and their fathers give the bell collection back and Flapjack invites them inside Bubbie, who can't seem to take many people into her mouth. Αναρτήθηκε από Adventure Time with Finn and Jake Adventure Time (initially titled as Adventure Time with Finn and Jake; still used in the related merchandise) is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward and produced by Frederator Studios for Cartoon Network . The series focuses on the adventures undertaken by two best friends, Finn the human boy and Jake the dog with magical powers, who dwell in the Land of Ooo. The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nickelodeon animation incubator series Random! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet, Cartoon Network picked it up for a full-length series that had a preview on March 11, 2010 and officially premiered on April 5, 2010. The series has been a critical and commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews.This series is rated TV-PG. Following the animated short, Frederator Studios pitched an Adventure Time series to Nickelodeon , but the network passed on it twice.The studio then approached Cartoon Network, with creator Pendleton Ward delivering them an early storyboard for "The Enchiridion", showing that the premise could be expanded into a series while maintaining elements from the original short: funny catchphrases and dances, an awkward kiss moment with the princess and an "Abe Lincoln moment". Cartoon Network greenlit the first season in September 2008, and "The Enchiridion" would become the first produced episode. Series creator Pendleton Ward has stated that the artistic style is influenced by his time at CalArts and later working as a storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . He tries to include "beautiful" moments like those in Hayao Miyazaki 's My Neighbor Totoro and some subversive humor, inspired by series like The Simpsons and Pee-wee's Playhouse . Executive producer Fred Seibert compares the show's animation style to that of Felix the Cat and the Max Fleischer cartoons but says its world is also equally inspired by Dungeons and Dragons and video games. [9] Ward intends the show's world to have a certain physical logic instead of "cartoony slapstick" — even though magic exists in the story, the show's writers try to create an internal consistency in how the characters interact with the world. Many of the series' writers and storyboard artists have a background in indie comics . Pendleton Ward refers to them as "really smart, smartypants people" who are responsible for inserting weirder and more spiritual ideas into the series during its third season. Ward describes the character Finn as a fiery little kid with strong morals, while Jake is based on Bill Murray 's character in the movie Meatballs , as a laid-back twenty-something who usually jokes around, but occasionally gives good advice Although not implemented in the short and not directly mentioned within the series, the setting of the "Land of Ooo" is a post-apocalyptic continent, after the Great Mushroom War . According to creator Pendleton Ward, the show takes place "after the bombs have fallen and magic has come back into the world" During a presentation at the Toronto Comics and Arts Festival, Ward said that this will likely never be directly addressed in the series but we will likely see more Easter eggs . in the holiday special "Holly Jolly Secrets", Finn and Jake discover a few secret VHS tapes by the Ice King. The last tape shows Ice King as a human. In the video, Ice King says his name is Simon Petrikov and he was studying to be an antiquarian of ancient artifacts. In his secret tape, he explains he purchased his golden crown from an old dock worker in Northern Scandinavia , a real-world location. This Easter egg almost certainly confirms that the "Land of Ooo" is actually a part of Earth. Characters Finn the Human (voiced by Zack Shada in the pilot short, where his name was "Pen", and by Jeremy Shada in the TV series) is a 13-year-old (previously 12 in the short and the series until "Mystery Train") human boy who loves nothing more than going on adventures and saving the day. He wears a self-proclaimed 'awesome hat' that covers his extremely long, beautiful, flowing blond hair (which he cuts off in "To Cut a Woman's Hair" and is seen to have grown back in "Mortal Folly", but returns to short in "No One Can Hear You", then again grows hair but is only shoulder length in "Beautopia"), and is prone to strange exclamations and outbursts. Considering himself a hero, Finn has a lust for adventure and swore long ago that he would help anyone in need (except the Ice King), but, being so full of energy, he has trouble in situations that require him to do things other than fight monsters. He is the main protagonist of the show and likely takes his name in the short, Pen, from the show's creator, Pendleton "Pen" Ward . Finn was raised by Jake's parents, as explained in "Memories of Boom Boom Mountain" and shown in "Memory of a Memory" and "Dad's Dungeon". Jake the Dog (voiced by John DiMaggio in both the pilot and series) is Finn's best friend, a 28-year-old dog with magic powers that allow him to stretch or shrink any part of his body to any shape and almost any size, ranging from becoming gigantic to cover ground quickly to becoming so small that, in "It Came from the Nightosphere," he spends the entirety of an episode in Finn's shirt pocket. Acting as a confidant and mentor to his energetic pal (though he has a tendency to give somewhat sketchy advice), Jake has a laid-back attitude in most situations, but loves adventure and will eagerly fight when he needs to. His powers help Finn considerably in combat and transportation, but are also sometimes used as nothing more than jovial forms of expression. Jake is dating Lady Rainicorn, whom he met in the pilot. He is shown to be quite skilled at playing the viola . Princess Bonnibelle Bubblegum (voiced by Paige Moss in the pilot short, and Hynden Walch in the TV series, and Isabella Acres when turned younger) - Princess Bubblegum is a bubble gum /human hybrid. She rules the Candy Kingdom, where all of the inhabitants are composed of types of dessert and are sentient or as Finn refers to as "having aspirations". Her proficiency in science and fluency in German are a testament to her high intelligence. Finn has a crush on her, but is too shy to admit it, though in the "Mortal Recoil", he finally admits to liking Bubblegum "a lot", and in "Too Young" and "Wizard Battle," the two kiss. While she is typically kind and well-mannered, her temper can be a powerful force when provoked. Marceline reveals that Bubblegum's first name is "Bonnibelle" in "Go with Me". In "Mortal Folly", she admits that she cares about Finn and gives him a sweater she knitted to keep him warm, which proves to save his life against The Lich. In "What was Missing," it is implied that she and Marceline may have had some sort of relationship in the past. In the Season 2 finale "Mortal Recoil", after being possessed by The Lich, she is accidentally shattered and returned to life as a 13-year-old due to the doctors not having enough gum to work with, though it appears that her memories have remained intact. In "Too Young," she becomes 18 again by absorbing the parts sacrificed by her candy subjects in order to reclaim her kingdom from the Earl of Lemongrab. Lady Rainicorn (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the pilot short, and Niki Yang in the TV series) - is a half- rainbow , half- unicorn rainicorn. She can turn objects and people different colors. Her origins can be traced back according to the episode "Her Parents," in which Jake explains how rainicorns and dogs have been battling over the Crystal Dimension for centuries. The episode also alludes to Rainicorns having a taste for human flesh, when her parents attempt to eat Finn, however Lady herself has never shown hostility toward Finn and always has a kind disposition with him. She can fly because her body intercepts light and can dance on it, which also explains her movement and why she has a rainbow pattern. She's Jake's girlfriend and she frequently plays the viola for him while he dances. Jake describes her as "the Rowdy Queen" because she can have fun and fight evil. In the pilot short, she makes pigeon-like sounds to communicate, but in the TV series, she speaks Korean . In both cases, despite being unable to speak the main language of the series, she is able to understand it. The Ice King (voiced by John Kassir in the short and Tom Kenny in the TV series) - The main antagonist of the series, around 1,000 years old, the Ice King frequently steals princesses throughout Ooo to forcefully marry them, Princess Bubblegum being his usual target. His magic powers (freezing things by hurling frozen lightning bolts, summoning snow monsters, and flying with his beard) come from the magical crown he wears. Though defined as a sociopath by many, the Ice King is actually lonely and misunderstood, having a generally benevolent relationship with the penguins (primarily one named Gunther, although he is shown in the two-part "Holly Jolly Secrets" episodes naming all penguins Gunther), along with the snow and ice beasts who populate the his realm, and secretly envious of Finn and Jake for being such good friends. Ice King's origins are revealed during the events of "Holly Jolly Secrets" when one of his home-video movies showed that he was originally an antiquarian named Simon Petrikov who was taping a documentary of a crown he bought from an old dock worker in northern Scandinavia , predating the Mushroom War. Wearing the crown, Petrikov begins to lose both his mind and then his fiancée Betty, the source of his subconscious need for princesses, deteriorating in both mind and body over the years into his current state.. In "Ricardio the Heart Guy," one of Ice King's schemes accidentally caused him to temporarily lose his heart, who became the namesake character of the episode, Ricardio (voiced by George Takei ). In a couple of episodes the Ice King has had a more positive role by helping Finn and Jake, and in "Hitman" saving their lives from a hitman named Scorcher (although it was the Ice King who hired Scorcher in the first place). Marceline the Vampire Queen (voiced by Olivia Olson ) - A 1,000-year-old vampire girl introduced as a villain who steals Finn and Jake's home (twice), but later reveals that she only wanted to scare them for fun. Marceline plays a bass guitar, which she made from her family's heirloom battle-axe as revealed in "It Came from the Nightosphere", and occasionally jams with Finn and Jake. She appears to be ambidextrous because she plays her bass right handed in some episodes, and opposite in others. She reveals that vampires actually drink "red" by sucking the color out of red things, and that they only occasionally choose to drink blood. Like a traditional vampire, Marceline is vulnerable to sunlight and is capable of turning into an anthropomorphic bat varying in size. The show generally portrays her as a close friend of Finn and Jake, but she often lets her own interests come before others. The two wounds on her neck imply that she was once human. Also, she is a survivor of the "mushroom war" as stated by series creator Pendleton Ward, and in "Memory of a Memory" a trip into Marceline's mind shows her as a child wandering around the outskirts of a destroyed city. Marceline is the only person to ever address Princess Bubblegum by her first name, Bonnibelle. In "What was Missing," it is implied they may have had some sort of relationship in the past. Though Marceline has many things in common with Finn and teases him for fun (kissing him on the cheek just to embarrass him on more than one occasion), the two have made it clear in "Go with Me?" that they do not "like each other in that way". The younger version of Marceline in "Memory of a Memory" was voiced by Ava Acres (the sister of Isabella Acres, voice actress of 13-year-old Princess Bubblegum). Lumpy Space Princess (voiced by Pendleton Ward ) - As her title suggests, Lumpy Space Princess, "LSP" for short, is the princess of Lumpy Space, an alternate dimension. Like all her people, LSP is an extraterrestrial creature known as a "Lumper" which looks like a floating purple cloud with arms and a face, and can convert other beings into Lumpers by biting them, as per "werewolf rules". LSP is spoiled and sarcastic, constantly seeking to impress her peers to the point of cosmetic surgery and punching herself into a ball for a clean-shaven Ice King. She is often shown living outdoors with salvaged furniture and appears to be homeless (although in "Heat Signature," Finn told Jake that LSP "lives like a hobo" instead of "being homeless"), because she has either run away from home or seeks independence as a typical rebellious teenage girl. After Finn and Jake attempt to find Lumpy Space Princess and bring her home in "The Monster", Lumpy Space Princess realizes her parents' true love for her, leading her to go home. She speaks with a thick (albeit masculine) valley girl accent. Her parents are the king and queen of Lumpy Space. It appears that LSP can only float above the ground and cannot fly, although she can turn this off by touching the star on her forehead. Beemo (a.k.a. BMO; voiced by Niki Yang ) - Beemo is a sentient video game console that lives with Finn and Jake. Its appearance contains elements of Vectrex , Game Boy , and Atari 2600 game hardware. Beemo also has the ability to transform into other household objects, such as a camera in "Conquest of Cuteness". The letters on its side spell "BMO", but it has never been stated if this actually stands for anything. Beemo has magical powers that can bring people into a video game by pressing a button on its face. The button only works if Beemo presses it, and potentially releases game monsters into reality, as revealed in "Guardians of Sunshine". Beemo speaks English with East Asian accent. Pilot The short focuses on a boy named Pen (the character who would later be renamed Finn) and a dog named Jake as they learn from Lady Rainicorn that the Ice King has kidnapped Princess Bubblegum, in the hope of marrying her. Declaring that it's "Adventure Time", Pen and Jake set off for the Ice King's mountain lair. Pen and the Ice King fight while Jake remains outside flirting with Lady Rainicorn, ignoring the battle. Just when Pen seems to be gaining the upper hand, the Ice King uses his "frozen lightning bolts" to freeze Pen in a block of ice. For unexplained reasons, this transports Pen's mind "back in time, and to Mars" where he has a short motivational conversation with Abraham Lincoln . After being told to believe in himself, Pen is returned to the present, just in time to see the Ice King fly away with Princess Bubblegum. Chasing after him using Jake's extendable legs, Pen rescues the princess from the Ice King's grasp. Jake pushes the magical crown off the Ice King's head, thereby removing the King's source of power. The Ice King then plummets off screen, yelling a long list of complex threats of things he will do when he returns. The story closes with Princess Bubblegum giving Pen a kiss, which he enjoys but which embarrasses him greatly. He attempts to leave, but Jake claims that they have nowhere else to go and that there are no adventures that need them. Fortunately, some nearby ninjas are stealing an old man's diamonds, and they both run off in pursuit. Αναρτήθηκε από Mordecai, voiced by James Garland "J. G." Quintel A 23-year-old blue jay , who is best friends with Rigby. Together, Mordecai and Rigby are employed as groundskeepers at a park, but they are both lazy and rarely get their jobs done. Mordecai is more conscientious, mature and moral about his actions, but he tends to go along with Rigby's mischief as a result of rivalry. He can also get jealous at times, causing him to get angry. He once killed Rigby, but wished him back. Mordecai enjoys playing "punchies" against Rigby, knowing Rigby always loses. Mordecai has a major crush on Margaret, a red-breasted robin and waitress at the local café. He is an art school graduate. He was originally in the short film 2 in the AM PM, which was also created by Quintel. Mitch "Muscle Man" Sorenstein, voiced by Sam Marin Another groundskeeper at the park. Mitch Sorenstein (better known by his nickname "Muscle Man") is an obese, dwarfish, green-skinned man (ironic given his nickname) who also has a slight resemblance to Frankstein. His behavior seems quite erratic and immature. Muscle Man believes himself to be macho and superior to everyone, constantly disrespecting Mordecai and Rigby and referring to them as "ladies". He is always cracking "My mom!" jokes (botched attempts at "Your mom!" jokes), much to the chagrin of everyone else (except his best friend, High Five Ghost, who enjoys them). In the episode "Muscle Woman", his real name is revealed to be Mitch Sorenstein. High Five Ghost, voiced by Jeff Bennett (early episodes), later J. G. Quintel A ghost with a hand on his head. High Five Ghost is best friends with Muscle Man. He is frequently shown giving Muscle Man a high five to accompany his "My Mom!" jokes. He rarely talks, but when he talks, he uses a quivery and high voice like a standard ghost's voice. In spite of his close friendship with Muscle Man, he doesn't seem to share in the rivalry with Mordecai and Rigby, at least not to the degree Muscle Man does. Secondary characters Margaret, voiced by Janie Haddad A robin who works at a local coffee shop. She is kind and respectful to both Mordecai and Rigby, but may be unaware that Mordecai has a crush on her. A running gag on the show is that she appears to have a new boyfriend almost every episode she is in, much to Mordecai's chagrin. However, since "Camping can be Cool", she is currently single and may be learning (albeit slowly) of Mordecai's true feelings for her and maybe warming up to him. Also in the episode, Margaret revealed that she goes to university and plans on quitting her job once she graduates. "Butt Dial" provided a more definite hint that Margaret might be starting to return some of Mordecai's feelings, as she decided to keep a song Mordecai sang about her and accidentally sent to her voicemail, making it her ringtone. Eileen, voiced by Minty Lewis A mole who looks surprisingly human. She also works at the local coffee shop alongside Margaret. She has a crush on Rigby, but he is unaware of it. She first appeared in the episode "Brain Eraser". She also appears in "Do Me a Solid", where Rigby learns of Eileen's crush on him (even though Rigby is not interested in Eileen), though he goes along with it for a while. Since the episode "Camping can be Cool", Rigby has warmed up to Eileen and considers her a cool person and praised her actions throughout the episode. Death, voiced by Julian Holloway Pictured as a grim reaper-like character with a scythe on his back speaking with a Cockney accent, Death is one of the main villains of the series. He is known to be the controller of who lives and dies, first appearing in "Over the Top" after Skips killed Rigby in a game of arm-wrestling. Skips challenged Death to an arm-wrestling match to bring Rigby back to life, and Death lost after Skips cheated with the Playco Armboy. It is shown that Death can revive people with a loogie. In the episode "Skips Strikes", Death and his team The Magical Elements tried to beat Mordecai and Rigby's team in bowling so he could kill the four due to a bet made by Rigby. However, Mordecai's team won, so Death had to fork over a magical bowling ball filled with dead souls. Αναρτήθηκε από	i don't know
German engineer and architect Hermann Tilke is best known for his design of over 25 what around the world?	Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing \| 3D Systems HOME / RESOURCES / SUCCESS STORIES / Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing "When a client can see a model in 3D and is able to physically pick up buildings, see how they are positioned relative to one another and how they fit into the landscape the effect is much more impressive." - Franz Schleibach, Tilke GmbH Using Color Jet Printing technology from 3D Systems , a German architecture firm famous for building state-of-the-art Formula 1 race circuits around the world can now create precision 3D colour models of new building concepts and proposed track layouts, which include the topography of the development, site. The Lie of the Land Tilke GmbH was founded by Hermann Tilke; a one-time racing driver with a background in civil engineering, and his Partner Peter Wahl. Twenty-four years later Tilke employs more than 200 people and has overseas offices in Mexico, Singapore, Abu Dhabi and Bahrain. Today, the company's expertise is in demand by clients also wishing to build unique sports facilities and clubs, including owners of private racetracks, golf courses and equestrian centres. Fifty years ago motor races were typically staged on disused aerodromes or closed stretches of public roads. These days motor sport is an international business, especially Formula 1 where countries and cities compete to host one of only 18 or so races held annually around the world. Those aspirants who are granted the opportunity often commission stunning new circuits to 'wow' visitors and to impress the global media. Challenge Modern F1 motor racing circuits are akin to small cities. Many have hotels, bars and restaurants, shopping areas and hospitality and media amenities, not to mention the usual facilities necessary to accommodate the F1 'circus' and its fans. To make matters more complicated for thedesigners, the topography of a typical race circuit can be anything but flat, with hills, crests and drops all intended to make the track more challenging for the drivers andthe race more spectacular for the audience. Building accurate models of a proposed new circuit, including faithful representations of the site, has, until now, been extremely time consuming and very expensive. Solution Since 1994, architectural and engineering firm Tilke GmbH has been the leading designer of Formula 1 circuits and on-site facilities. At one of its two offices in Aachen, Germany, the company uses a ProJet 460 (Previously sold as the Spectrum Z510) to build precision 3D colour models of proposed F1 circuits. One of the architects working at the conceptual stage of new projects is Bettina Noppeney. "Before we had the [ProJet 460], topography was very difficult to model, as were complex building structures and details," she says. "Now, using images, we are able to print 3D colour models of the track and its surrounding area. We can also print finely detailed 3D models of the many buildings we design, which make up the circuit complex. "The [ProJet 460 ] is ideally suited to the office environment. It eliminates nearly all of the hazards, waste, noise, and disposal issues that are associated with typical rapid prototyping systems and is a compact machine, which needs little space to operate. Results The man responsible for running the company's Color Jet printer is Franz Schleibach. Working with the firm's architects and engineers he provides 3D models of everything from structural components and electro-mechanical assemblies to large-scale composite layouts of a proposed site. "Using the printer we can present the client with an entire model of a proposed F1 complex. Before we invested in itr, we had to show the concept in 2D. When a client can see a model in 3D - and is able to physically pick up buildings, see how they are positioned relative to one another and how they fit into the landscape - the effect is much more impressive." "Even on the large, hand-made models we often need decorative details or extra elements to enhance our presentation," says Mr. Schleibach. "For example, we can find objects online, which we can download as 3D CAD files and print using the printer." The [ProJet 460] allows designers to output models in hours, not days, and build multiple models at the same time by stacking and nesting parts. "The result is that it takes a lot less time and money to build a large model, plus we are able to incorporate colour details." 3D models and product prototypes are about communication, and nothing communicates better than colour, which vividly renders architectural designs and landscapes. The Color Jet Printer allows firms like Tilke to produce realistic colour models without paint and to better evaluate the look, feel, and style of designs. "As well as improving our model making process, the printerhas allowed us to pitch for projects in new areas," says Frau Noppeney. "We can also produce concepts much more quickly and to higher standards of finish. The machine has changed the way we explore ideas and how we present to clients. PDF: Sustainability About 3D Systems 3D Systems provides comprehensive 3D products and services, including 3D printers, print materials, on-demand parts services and digital design tools. Its ecosystem supports advanced applications from the product design shop to the factory floor to the operating room. 3D Systems’ precision healthcare capabilities include simulation, Virtual Surgical Planning, and printing of medical and dental devices as well as patient-specific surgical instruments. As the originator of 3D printing and a shaper of future 3D solutions, 3D Systems has spent its 30 year history enabling professionals and companies to optimize their designs, transform their workflows, bring innovative products to market and drive new business models.	motor racing circuits
Who is the Greek Muse of epic poetry?	Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing \| 3D Systems HOME / RESOURCES / SUCCESS STORIES / Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing Tilke GmbH Saves Time and Money, Expands Business With Multicolour 3D Printing "When a client can see a model in 3D and is able to physically pick up buildings, see how they are positioned relative to one another and how they fit into the landscape the effect is much more impressive." - Franz Schleibach, Tilke GmbH Using Color Jet Printing technology from 3D Systems , a German architecture firm famous for building state-of-the-art Formula 1 race circuits around the world can now create precision 3D colour models of new building concepts and proposed track layouts, which include the topography of the development, site. The Lie of the Land Tilke GmbH was founded by Hermann Tilke; a one-time racing driver with a background in civil engineering, and his Partner Peter Wahl. Twenty-four years later Tilke employs more than 200 people and has overseas offices in Mexico, Singapore, Abu Dhabi and Bahrain. Today, the company's expertise is in demand by clients also wishing to build unique sports facilities and clubs, including owners of private racetracks, golf courses and equestrian centres. Fifty years ago motor races were typically staged on disused aerodromes or closed stretches of public roads. These days motor sport is an international business, especially Formula 1 where countries and cities compete to host one of only 18 or so races held annually around the world. Those aspirants who are granted the opportunity often commission stunning new circuits to 'wow' visitors and to impress the global media. Challenge Modern F1 motor racing circuits are akin to small cities. Many have hotels, bars and restaurants, shopping areas and hospitality and media amenities, not to mention the usual facilities necessary to accommodate the F1 'circus' and its fans. To make matters more complicated for thedesigners, the topography of a typical race circuit can be anything but flat, with hills, crests and drops all intended to make the track more challenging for the drivers andthe race more spectacular for the audience. Building accurate models of a proposed new circuit, including faithful representations of the site, has, until now, been extremely time consuming and very expensive. Solution Since 1994, architectural and engineering firm Tilke GmbH has been the leading designer of Formula 1 circuits and on-site facilities. At one of its two offices in Aachen, Germany, the company uses a ProJet 460 (Previously sold as the Spectrum Z510) to build precision 3D colour models of proposed F1 circuits. One of the architects working at the conceptual stage of new projects is Bettina Noppeney. "Before we had the [ProJet 460], topography was very difficult to model, as were complex building structures and details," she says. "Now, using images, we are able to print 3D colour models of the track and its surrounding area. We can also print finely detailed 3D models of the many buildings we design, which make up the circuit complex. "The [ProJet 460 ] is ideally suited to the office environment. It eliminates nearly all of the hazards, waste, noise, and disposal issues that are associated with typical rapid prototyping systems and is a compact machine, which needs little space to operate. Results The man responsible for running the company's Color Jet printer is Franz Schleibach. Working with the firm's architects and engineers he provides 3D models of everything from structural components and electro-mechanical assemblies to large-scale composite layouts of a proposed site. "Using the printer we can present the client with an entire model of a proposed F1 complex. Before we invested in itr, we had to show the concept in 2D. When a client can see a model in 3D - and is able to physically pick up buildings, see how they are positioned relative to one another and how they fit into the landscape - the effect is much more impressive." "Even on the large, hand-made models we often need decorative details or extra elements to enhance our presentation," says Mr. Schleibach. "For example, we can find objects online, which we can download as 3D CAD files and print using the printer." The [ProJet 460] allows designers to output models in hours, not days, and build multiple models at the same time by stacking and nesting parts. "The result is that it takes a lot less time and money to build a large model, plus we are able to incorporate colour details." 3D models and product prototypes are about communication, and nothing communicates better than colour, which vividly renders architectural designs and landscapes. The Color Jet Printer allows firms like Tilke to produce realistic colour models without paint and to better evaluate the look, feel, and style of designs. "As well as improving our model making process, the printerhas allowed us to pitch for projects in new areas," says Frau Noppeney. "We can also produce concepts much more quickly and to higher standards of finish. The machine has changed the way we explore ideas and how we present to clients. PDF: Sustainability About 3D Systems 3D Systems provides comprehensive 3D products and services, including 3D printers, print materials, on-demand parts services and digital design tools. Its ecosystem supports advanced applications from the product design shop to the factory floor to the operating room. 3D Systems’ precision healthcare capabilities include simulation, Virtual Surgical Planning, and printing of medical and dental devices as well as patient-specific surgical instruments. As the originator of 3D printing and a shaper of future 3D solutions, 3D Systems has spent its 30 year history enabling professionals and companies to optimize their designs, transform their workflows, bring innovative products to market and drive new business models.	i don't know
Rioja Wines come from a region in which country?	Ribera del Duero Spanish Wine Country: Rioja For many people, Rioja conjures an image of old Spain—a sepia-tinted, dust-and-old-leather traditionalism. But Rioja these days has transcended that; it's a source for some of the world's top reds, many from wineries designed by architectural luminaries such as Zaha Hadid and Frank Gehry. Located in north-central Spain, Rioja is bordered to the north and south by mountains, in essence making it a corridor where weather is defined by the push-pull of cool Atlantic and warm Mediterranean influences. That interplay gives Rioja's reds both grace and power. Of the three subregions—Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa and Rioja Baja—the best wines come from Alavesa and Alta, which is also one of the best areas to visit. The atmospheric Barrio de la Estación in Haro, in Rioja Alta, is home to some of Rioja's most historic wineries. And the old-town section of Logroño, also in Alta, is one of the best places in Spain for a late-night tapas crawl. Photo courtesy of Hotel Viura Where to Stay in Rioja Hotel Viura Next door to a 17th-century church, this design-forward hotel is one of the most striking new structures in Rioja: a stack of glass-fronted cubes set at rakish angles. Last year, the hotel added a wine shop and vinoteca, where winemakers from the region lead monthly tastings. Doubles from $150; hotelviura.com Where to Eat in Rioja Tondeluna Chef Francis Paniego earned Rioja's first Michelin star at his molecular-leaning El Portal de Echaurren. In 2011, he and his wife, Luisa Barrachina, opened this minimalist tapas bar in Logroño. Guests sit at communal blond-wood tables to sample his takes on northern Spanish classics. tondeluna.com Wineries in Rioja Cune This 134-year-old winery is one of Rioja's biggest and most famous, combining the old-school and the avant-garde in both its wines and architecture. It incorporates three wineries: one, built in Rioja Alta in 1879, produces the famed Imperial; a second, in Rioja Alavesa, launched in 1973; and the latest, which opened in Alavesa in 2004, is the new home of CUNE's elegant Viña Real wines. The Viña Real building is worth visiting for the architecture alone: It looks as though a giant wooden barrel landed right on the Cerro de la Mesa hillside. cvne.com Roda Launched in 1987, Roda is a newcomer by Rioja standards. Built over 19th-century cellars, it's demure-looking and recalls an old-fashioned farmhouse. Inside, though, it's a high-tech facility producing polished reds made with grapes from 17 different vineyards. Guests can tour nearly every part of the winery, including a circa-1890 portion built by the Duke of Moctezuma. roda.es R. López de Heredia The most visually arresting element of this 136-year-old Rioja Alta winery is its latest addition: a metallic decanter-shaped structure built by futuristic architect Zaha Hadid to house the wine shop and tasting room. But virtually everything else about R. López de Heredia is historic, and defiantly so. Its main winery headquarters is a clutch of 19th-century buildings with cobwebby cellars, and its winemakers age their classic, much-coveted wines for years, the whites taking on a dark-gold hue and a nutty aroma, and the reds acquiring complex aromas and layers of flavor. lopezdeheredia.com Spanish Wine Country: Penedès Spain’s Penedès region spreads inland from the Mediterranean coast less than an hour south of Barcelona, its rolling vineyards eventually bumping up against the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range and the saw-toothed peak of Montserrat. While Penedès produces a wide variety of wines, it is primarily known for cava, Spain’s signature sparkling wine. Whether from a producer as vast as Freixenet, which produces 140 million bottles each year (and has over seven miles of underground tunnels in which to store them), or from a boutique producer one one-hundreth that size, cava always offers distinctive lemon-lime flavors with a subtle earthy note—and a price that’s less than half that of comparable Champagnes. Where to Stay in Penedès Hotel MasTinell From above, the undulating blue and green tiles on the roof of this new winery hotel evoke a Gaudí sculpture; from the side, stacked wine bottles. Inside, guests can try seasonal Catalan cuisine from esteemed chef Jaume Balada of Mallorca's Plat d'Or. Another attraction: proximity to the artsy coastal town of Sitges. Doubles from $340; hotelmastinell.com Where to Eat in Penedès Roca Bar at Hotel Omm One of the not-to-miss new restaurants in Barcelona, about 45 minutes from Penedès, Roca Bar is run by the Roca brothers (Joan, Jordi and Josep) of the famed El Celler de Can Roca in Girona. Chef Felip Llufriu serves imaginative dishes—like artichokes with bergamot, and Spanish squash soup with pepitas—alongside classic tapas. hotelomm.es Photo courtesy of Freixenet Wineries in Penedès Freixenet Known for its black-bottled Cordon Negro brut, Freixenet is Spain's biggest cava producer. (It also owns the equally acclaimed cava house Segura Viudas and the California sparkling wine label Gloria Ferrer.) Its top wines, like the 2008 Brut Reserva, are some of the best cavas in Spain. Visitors who book in advance can take an intensive hour-and-a-half-long tour through the winery's 93-year-old cellars that ends, naturally, with samples of Freixenet in the tasting room. freixenet.es Raventós i Blanc The Raventós family has been growing grapes since the 15th century; they founded the famed Codorníu winery in the 1800s, credited with making Spain's first cava. Flash forward to 1982, when the family sold that winery but continued making cava under the label Raventós i Blanc. Last year, the 21st-generation winemaker Pepe Raventós decided to stop calling his wines cava. Instead, he's trying to create a separate, more specific Denominación de Origen (DO)—a designation that imposes strict controls on wines from a specific area—named after the local Anoia River. Meanwhile, he's continuing to make refined sparkling wines that are surprisingly affordable, at under $25. Visitors who book in advance can visit the gorgeous Raventós i Blanc estate, full of oak trees overlooking the Garraf Massif mountains. raventos.com Juvé y Camps From the vineyards at Juvé y Camps, it's easy to spot Santa María de Montserrat, the mountaintop Benedictine abbey often reputed to be the site of the Holy Grail. But the winery's grounds are a spectacular sight in their own right: The 1,250-acre property sits on green hills planted with olive groves and vineyards that have been growing cava varietals since 1796. The Juvé y Camps family founded the winery in 1921, and they still make all their wines—including their famed Reserva de la Familia cava and newer Brut Rosé—in a fairly traditional style, using estate-grown grapes. By the end of this year, they expect to have organic certification. The winery complex, redone in 1991, blends in with the area's red-roofed buildings and is open to guests who book in advance; the tours give a fascinating overview of winemaking history in this part of Spain. juveycamps.com Spanish Wine Country: Ribera del Duero Though it's in sunny Spain, Ribera del Duero is one of Europe's highest altitude wine regions, meaning that even in the height of summer, the nights are chilly. That translates to red wines with vivid acidity and powerful flavors—more muscular than the wines of Rioja, but no less balanced. And the region's austere beauty—the white-walled castle above Peñafiel, the dark medieval cellars, the rows of vines spread across the dry landscape—makes it a hauntingly memorable place to visit. Where to Stay in Ribera del Duero Hotel af Pesquera Winemaker Alejandro Fernández owns the Tinto Pesquera winery, whose intense, dark-fruited reds helped bring Ribera international acclaim in the 1980s. He transformed an early-1900s flour factory into this mod new hotel full of industrial references, like wood-beamed ceilings and stainless steel railings. Doubles from $190, hotelpesquera.com Photo courtesy of The Refectorio at Le Domaine Wineries in Ribera del Duero Abadía Retuerta and Refectorio at Le Domaine Built in 1996 on the site of a medieval monastery where monks once planted grapevines, Abadía Retuerta has grown into one of the Ribera region's most prestigious wineries, producing a number of single-vineyard wines from its own estate. Among its best bottlings are the Pago Negralada and Pago Valdebellón cuvées, both aged for two years; also look for the lower-priced Selección Especial. The winery has expanded over the past year with its new Refectorio at Le Domaine restaurant, in Abadía's plush Le Domaine hotel. Superstar chef Andoni Luis Aduriz, who runs the astonishing Mugaritz, oversees the menu, working with Refectorio's head chef Pablo Montero to create spectacular dishes like guinea fowl with lobster oil. Guests sit in a former monks' commissary with a 1670 fresco of The Last Supper. abadia-retuerta.com Pago de los Capellanes Known for its impressively complex but very fairly priced Crianza bottling (under $30), as well as its super-expensive top wine, El Picón, this 17-year-old winery is a study in geometry. Its main building is rectangular, with concrete arches and a trapezoidal wing that echoes the shape of the Cuesta Manvirgo mountain nearby. Everything is surrounded by 800-year-old walnut trees, a key reason the owners built on this site. pagodeloscapellanes.com Protos When Protos launched in 1927, it was one of the first wineries in Ribera (its name means "first"). Since then, the winery has been making the austere style of Tempranillo that is the region's signature. But the building that star architect Richard Rogers built five years ago is anything but austere. Rogers designed its massive roof, made of long terra-cotta pieces, to attract visitors looking down from the Peñafiel Castle on the hill. bodegasprotos.com Advertisement	Spain
Dave Vanian, Brian James and Rat Scabies were three of the original four members of which punk band?	Regulatory Board of Denominación de Origen Rioja Christmas has arrived in the household with a #wine! #winelover #winetime #wishuponawine #Rioja #Reserva https://t.co/tSv2hsL0Lk Date: 04/12/2016 17:57 @WineShowTV A soothing Sunday wine in our #AdventCalendar with the Rioja Reserva Bodegas Ondarre from Spain! Read about it here… https://t.co/yDW6IG23ng Date: 04/12/2016 13:00	i don't know
Who replaced Carol Vorderman as the numbers expert on Countdown in January 2009?	Carol Vorderman's replacement makes mistake on her first episode of Countdown - Telegraph Carol Vorderman's replacement makes mistake on her first episode of Countdown Carol Vorderman's replacement Rachel Riley faced embarrassment after making a mistake on her first episode of Countdown. Riley, 22, an Oxford University graduate managed to smile after writing a plus sign instead of a minus sign during the show Photo: Channel 4 By Urmee Khan, Digital and Media Correspondent 10:17PM GMT 12 Jan 2009 Riley, 22, an Oxford University graduate managed to smile after writing a plus sign instead of a minus sign during the show, which otherwise got off to a smooth start. Riley, in skyscraper black high-heeled shoes, wore a bright blue dress to match the eye-catching studio decor for the revamped show. She saw off competition from 1,000 other hopefuls to take the afternoon presenting slot. Jeff Stelling, the new presenter, eased into his first appearance as host of the long-running Channel 4 quiz with a series of football quips. The 53-year-old, best known as the frontman of Sky Sports' Soccer Saturday football results show, said: "I know what you're thinking, you're thinking who the hell am I? Related Articles 03 Jan 2009 "Stelling's the name - six consonants, two vowels. "In truth the words I'm more used to are 'foul', 'referee' and 'blind as a bat'." The football jokes kept coming from Stelling, as he said before an easy numbers round: "It's like coming on as a Cup final substitute and having an open goal with your first touch." Stelling, named Sports Broadcaster of the Year for the last three years, replaced Des O'Connor who announced he was leaving the show in July. "I'm not the only new face here today, say 'hello' to Rachel Riley. And don't worry you haven't tuned into Beauty and the Beast by mistake," he joked. Stelling has already declared his co-host to be "drop-dead gorgeous" in an interview with the Radio Times, and insisted she would be "a big hit". Asked whether she had enjoyed her Countdown debut, Riley said: "It was great. We've got some very, very good contestants here so I didn't have to do much work, did I?" The guest in Dictionary Corner was Andrew Sachs, the former Fawlty Towers actor who was caught up in controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene messages on his answerphone during a radio show. Contestant James Hurrell eventually lost out to administrator David O'Donnell by 101 points to 82, with O'Donnell sealing glory in the last minute by solving a nine-letter conundrum of 'cortisone'. Riley's predecessor, Carol Vorderman, 47 and a Cambridge graduate Vorderman, left Countdown after 26 years in December. O'Connor took over the words and numbers quiz in January 2007, replacing Des Lynam who stepped in following the death of Richard Whiteley in 2005. Countdown was the first show to be broadcast on Channel 4 when the station was launched.	Rachel Riley
Despina and Proteus are moons orbiting which planet of the solar system?	Rachel Riley - Sexiest Presenters on Television & Radio Sexiest Presenters on Television & Radio It's only fair to share... 4 (57 votes, average: 4.84 out of 5) Loading... In January 2009, Rachel Riley replaced Carol Vorderman as the co-host of Countdown doing the letters and numbers selection and mathematics solutions. She hosts the show alongside Nick Hewer. Rachel Riley has co-presented over 1,000 episodes of Countdown. Rachel Riley was encouraged to apply for the Countdown position by her mother. She did not have an ambition to be a television presenter, but decided to apply because she was interested in the numbers part of the game. Rachel Riley was chosen from more than a thousand applicants despite having no television experience. In an article for BBC News, she said, “There’s only one cool maths job around and I was lucky enough to get it so I’m absolutely thrilled”. In an interview in August 2009, Rachel Riley revealed that it had been difficult for her to step into Vorderman’s shoes, and that she had even been criticised by certain Countdown viewers for getting some of the maths puzzles wrong. Since January 2012, she has presented the programme alongside Nick Hewer, with whom she has reportedly had problems in getting on, stating on one occasion that they were “chalk and cheese”. Her 1,000th episode was shown on 25 June 2013, where she was presented with a signed shirt and a bunch of flowers by Manchester United player Ryan Giggs who had celebrated his 1,000th football pitch appearance the same year. Rachel Riley also does the letters and numbers rounds on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. Channel: C4	i don't know
Dennis Hennessy, a convicted murderer from London was last month sentenced to a six month prison sentence, after he was caught 'admiring gardens', where?	Buckingham Palace: Convicted murderer 'walks through garden admiring the view' You are here: Home » World Buckingham Palace: Convicted murderer 'walks through garden admiring the view' 20 May London, May 20 : A convicted murderer climbed over a wall and wandered the grounds of Buckingham Palace while Queen Elizabeth II was at home, British prosecutors said on Friday. Dennis Hennessy, 41, pleaded guilty to trespass during an appearance at Westminster Magistrates' Court. He was arrested in the palace grounds on Wednesday evening. Police said he was not armed, and claimed security measures had"worked effectively." Prosecutor Tom Nicholson told the court that Hennessy walked around the gardens for about 10 minutes toward the palace before being arrested. As he was detained he asked"is Ma'am in?" a courtesy term used for the queen. Prosecutors said Hennessy was on parole after being convicted of the murder of a homeless man in 1992. Judge Howard Riddle sentenced Hennessy to four months in prison for trespassing and two months, to run concurrently, for damaging an alarm system. Several intruders have breached security at the queen's London residence over the years including a naked paraglider who landed on the roof in 1994. In 2013, two men were arrested on suspicion of burglary, one in the grounds and one inside an area of the palace that's open to the public during the day. In 1982, an unemployed man named Michael Fagan managed to climb up a drainpipe and sneak into the queen's private chambers while she was still in bed. Elizabeth spent 10 minutes chatting with the intruder before calling for help when he asked for a cigarette. To keep yourself update for World news , follow us on facebook or twitter .	Buckingham Palace
The last episode of which long running T.V. series was entitled Goodbye, Farewell and Amen?	Convicted murderer who scaled walls of Buckingham Palace jailed for four months \| Myinforms Convicted murderer who scaled walls of Buckingham Palace jailed for four months Main World Convicted murderer who scaled walls of Buckingham Palace jailed for four months A man who scaled the walls of Buckingham Palace and got into the garden is jailed for four months as it is revealed he is a convicted… World A man who scaled the walls of Buckingham Palace and got into the garden is a convicted murderer, a court heard Friday, as he was jailed for four months. Dennis Hennessy, 41, repeatedly asked "is Ma'am in?" in an apparent reference to Queen Elizabeth II after being arrested by police on Wednesday night. After climbing the wall, which was up to 3 metres high, and setting off an alarm, he spent about 10 minutes walking in the palace gardens, prosecutors at Westminster Magistrates' Court said. He later told police he had been "admiring the view". The Queen, her husband Prince Philip and their son Prince Andrew were all at the palace when the incident happened. Hennessy, of Wembley in northwest London, was imprisoned for the murder of a homeless man in 1992 but was out on licence — a legal term meaning he was still serving his sentence but allowed to live in the community rather than in prison. During the hearing he admitted one charge of trespass on a protected site and one of criminal damage. District judge Howard Riddle sentenced him to four months for t… 01.20 / 09:30 www.stuff.co.nz The man who allegedly mowed down 18 people in Melbourne's CBD on Friday, killing three and injuring 15 others, has a history of drug use, violence and psychological p… 01.20 / 06:52 www.abc.net.au Hang the bunting, raise the flags, polish the silverware — it's inauguration week in the US where President-elect Donald Trump will become POTUS and a new era in American politics will officially b… 01.20 / 06:48 www.stuff.co.nz A New Zealand woman froze for a split second before running for her life from a car ploughing deliberately into pedestrians in Melbourne's … 01.20 / 05:50 www.abc.net.au To the absolute surprise of no one, Chinese economic growth came in at an annualised growth rate of 6.7 per cent in… 01.20 / 03:45 channels.nzcity.co.nz With Donald Trump on the cusp of becoming US president, it seems fair to ask: "How did we get here?" Forget the overvalued analysis, the simple reason he's president is that more than enough people voted for him in the right places, writes David… 01.20 / 03:07 www.abc.net.au China's economy shows signs of renewed strength, with better-than-expected annualised fourth quarter GDP growth of 6.8 per… 01.20 / 02:24 channels.nzcity.co.nz The new Hollywood blockbuster, Split, by M Night Shyamalan has been condemned by the mental health community for its depiction of mental… 01.19 / 23:15 www.stuff.co.nz Notorious Mexican drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman has been extradited from a prison in northern Mexico to the United States, the Mexican government said on Thursday, one day before Donald Trump assumes the US pr… 01.19 / 22:54 www.warwickdailynews.com.au When Carol Bryan visited her cosmetic surgeon for to try a dermal filler, she couldn’t have predicted that it would cause her to go blind in one e… 01.19 / 22:14 www.echo.net.au GENEVA [RAW] China will build a ‘new model’ of relations with the United States, President Xi Jinping said on Wednesday in a speech that portrayed China as the leader of a globalised world where only international cooperation could solve the... Read More → The post Xi portrays China as global leader appeared first on… 01.19 / 22:13 www.echo.net.au PENNE [RAW] Hopes of finding survivors have dwindled more than 24 hours after an avalanche struck a luxury mountain hotel in Italy, burying up to 30 people under tonnes of snow and debris. The Civil Protection department said just two... Read More → The post Hopes fade for Italian avalanche victims appeared first on… 01.19 / 21:34 www.stuff.co.nz A woman was critically injured when she plunged several metres from the balcony of an apartment on Sydney's lower north shore … 01.19 / 20:52 www.abc.net.au Michelle Obama says she's not interested in being president, but the fact she gets asked shows how powerful a voice she's become since she reluctantly became First… 01.19 / 20:33 channels.nzcity.co.nz Michelle Obama says she's not interested in being president, but the fact she gets asked shows how powerful a voice she's become since she reluctantly became First… 01.19 / 20:31 www.warwickdailynews.com.au NORTH Korea is “readying two intercontinental ballistic missiles” to figuratively “nuke” Donald’s Trump inauguration, it’s been reported… 01.19 / 19:30 www.warwickdailynews.com.au STANDING in pouring rain on Pennsylvania Ave it seemed like a sign from the weather gods to pack up and go… 01.19 / 16:55 newstalkzb.co.nz Washington will turn into a virtual fortress before Donald Trump's presidential inauguration, as the US capital braces itself for more than 250,000 protesters expected during the Republican's swearing-in. Police have forecast that about 900,000 people, both supporters and opponents, will flood Washington for the inauguration ceremony on Friday, which includes the swearing-in on the steps of the US Capitol and a parade to the White House along streets thronged with onlookers. Many… 01.19 / 14:41 www.abc.net.au Gambia's President-elect Adama Barrow is to be sworn in at the Gambian embassy in neighbouring Senegal, officials say, as West African troops prepare to back him in a showdown with a defiant incumbent Yahya…	i don't know
In 1830 which US president signed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the forced removal of Native Americans from land?	Trail of Tears - Native American History - HISTORY.com Google The “Indian Problem” White Americans, particularly those who lived on the western frontier, often feared and resented the Native Americans they encountered: To them, American Indians seemed to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted (and believed they deserved). Some officials in the early years of the American republic, such as President George Washington , believed that the best way to solve this “Indian problem” was simply to “civilize” the Native Americans. The goal of this civilization campaign was to make Native Americans as much like white Americans as possible by encouraging them convert to Christianity, learn to speak and read English, and adopt European-style economic practices such as the individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances in the South, African slaves). In the southeastern United States, many Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek and Cherokee people embraced these customs and became known as the “Five Civilized Tribes.” Did You Know? Indian removal took place in the Northern states as well. In Illinois and Wisconsin, for example, the bloody Black Hawk War in 1832 opened to white settlement millions of acres of land that had belonged to the Sauk, Fox and other native nations. But their land, located in parts of Georgia , Alabama , North Carolina , Florida and Tennessee , was valuable, and it grew to be more coveted as white settlers flooded the region. Many of these whites yearned to make their fortunes by growing cotton, and they did not care how “civilized” their native neighbors were: They wanted that land and they would do almost anything to get it. They stole livestock; burned and looted houses and towns;, and squatted on land that did not belong to them. State governments joined in this effort to drive Native Americans out of the South. Several states passed laws limiting Native American sovereignty and rights and encroaching on their territory. In a few cases, such as Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the U.S. Supreme Court objected to these practices and affirmed that native nations were sovereign nations “in which the laws of Georgia [and other states] can have no force.” Even so, the maltreatment continued. As President Andrew Jackson noted in 1832, if no one intended to enforce the Supreme Court’s rulings (which he certainly did not), then the decisions would “[fall]…still born.” Southern states were determined to take ownership of Indian lands and would go to great lengths to secure this territory. Indian Removal Andrew Jackson had long been an advocate of what he called “Indian removal.” As an Army general, he had spent years leading brutal campaigns against the Creeks in Georgia and Alabama and the Seminoles in Florida–campaigns that resulted in the transfer of hundreds of thousands of acres of land from Indian nations to white farmers. As president, he continued this crusade. In 1830, he signed the Indian Removal Act, which gave the federal government the power to exchange Native-held land in the cotton kingdom east of the Mississippi for land to the west, in the “Indian colonization zone” that the United States had acquired as part of the Louisiana Purchase. (This “Indian territory” was located in present-day Oklahoma .) The law required the government to negotiate removal treaties fairly, voluntarily and peacefully: It did not permit the president or anyone else to coerce Native nations into giving up their land. However, President Jackson and his government frequently ignored the letter of the law and forced Native Americans to vacate lands they had lived on for generations. In the winter of 1831, under threat of invasion by the U.S. Army, the Choctaw became the first nation to be expelled from its land altogether. They made the journey to Indian territory on foot (some “bound in chains and marched double file,” one historian writes) and without any food, supplies or other help from the government. Thousands of people died along the way. It was, one Choctaw leader told an Alabama newspaper, a “trail of tears and death.” The Trail of Tears The Indian-removal process continued. In 1836, the federal government drove the Creeks from their land for the last time: 3,500 of the 15,000 Creeks who set out for Oklahoma did not survive the trip. The Cherokee people were divided: What was the best way to handle the government’s determination to get its hands on their territory? Some wanted to stay and fight. Others thought it was more pragmatic to agree to leave in exchange for money and other concessions. In 1835, a few self-appointed representatives of the Cherokee nation negotiated the Treaty of New Echota, which traded all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi for $5 million, relocation assistance and compensation for lost property. To the federal government, the treaty was a done deal, but many of the Cherokee felt betrayed: After all, the negotiators did not represent the tribal government or anyone else. “The instrument in question is not the act of our nation,” wrote the nation’s principal chief, John Ross, in a letter to the U.S. Senate protesting the treaty. “We are not parties to its covenants; it has not received the sanction of our people.” Nearly 16,000 Cherokees signed Ross’s petition, but Congress approved the treaty anyway. By 1838, only about 2,000 Cherokees had left their Georgia homeland for Indian territory. President Martin Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott and 7,000 soldiers to expedite the removal process. Scott and his troops forced the Cherokee into stockades at bayonet point while whites looted their homes and belongings. Then, they marched the Indians more than 1,200 miles to Indian territory. Whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera and starvation were epidemic along the way, and historians estimate that more than 5,000 Cherokee died as a result of the journey. By 1840, tens of thousands of Native Americans had been driven off of their land in the southeastern states and forced to move across the Mississippi to Indian territory. The federal government promised that their new land would remain unmolested forever, but as the line of white settlement pushed westward, “Indian country” shrank and shrank. In 1907, Oklahoma became a state and Indian territory was gone for good. Tags	Andrew Jackson
Which company manufactured the 'Halifax' bomber, a mainstay of the RAF during WW2?	Indian removal Indian removal Resource Bank Contents Early in the 19th century, while the rapidly-growing United States expanded into the lower South, white settlers faced what they considered an obstacle. This area was home to the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations. These Indian nations, in the view of the settlers and many other white Americans, were standing in the way of progress. Eager for land to raise cotton, the settlers pressured the federal government to acquire Indian territory. Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee, was a forceful proponent of Indian removal. In 1814 he commanded the U.S. military forces that defeated a faction of the Creek nation. In their defeat, the Creeks lost 22 million acres of land in southern Georgia and central Alabama. The U.S. acquired more land in 1818 when, spurred in part by the motivation to punish the Seminoles for their practice of harboring fugitive slaves, Jackson's troops invaded Spanish Florida. From 1814 to 1824, Jackson was instrumental in negotiating nine out of eleven treaties which divested the southern tribes of their eastern lands in exchange for lands in the west. The tribes agreed to the treaties for strategic reasons. They wanted to appease the government in the hopes of retaining some of their land, and they wanted to protect themselves from white harassment. As a result of the treaties, the United States gained control over three-quarters of Alabama and Florida, as well as parts of Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina. This was a period of voluntary Indian migration, however, and only a small number of Creeks, Cherokee and Choctaws actually moved to the new lands. In 1823 the Supreme Court handed down a decision which stated that Indians could occupy lands within the United States, but could not hold title to those lands. This was because their "right of occupancy" was subordinate to the United States' "right of discovery." In response to the great threat this posed, the Creeks, Cherokee, and Chicasaw instituted policies of restricting land sales to the government. They wanted to protect what remained of their land before it was too late. Although the five Indian nations had made earlier attempts at resistance, many of their strategies were non-violent. One method was to adopt Anglo-American practices such as large-scale farming, Western education, and slave-holding. This earned the nations the designation of the "Five Civilized Tribes." They adopted this policy of assimilation in an attempt to coexist with settlers and ward off hostility. But it only made whites jealous and resentful. Other attempts involved ceding portions of their land to the United States with a view to retaining control over at least part of their territory, or of the new territory they received in exchange. Some Indian nations simply refused to leave their land -- the Creeks and the Seminoles even waged war to protect their territory. The First Seminole War lasted from 1817 to 1818. The Seminoles were aided by fugitive slaves who had found protection among them and had been living with them for years. The presence of the fugitives enraged white planters and fueled their desire to defeat the Seminoles. The Cherokee used legal means in their attempt to safeguard their rights. They sought protection from land-hungry white settlers, who continually harassed them by stealing their livestock, burning their towns, and sqatting on their land. In 1827 the Cherokee adopted a written constitution declaring themselves to be a sovereign nation. They based this on United States policy; in former treaties, Indian nations had been declared sovereign so they would be legally capable of ceding their lands. Now the Cherokee hoped to use this status to their advantage. The state of Georgia, however, did not recognize their sovereign status, but saw them as tenants living on state land. The Cherokee took their case to the Supreme Court, which ruled against them. The Cherokee went to the Supreme Court again in 1831. This time they based their appeal on an 1830 Georgia law which prohibited whites from living on Indian territory after March 31, 1831, without a license from the state. The state legislature had written this law to justify removing white missionaries who were helping the Indians resist removal. The court this time decided in favor of the Cherokee. It stated that the Cherokee had the right to self-government, and declared Georgia's extension of state law over them to be unconstitutional. The state of Georgia refused to abide by the Court decision, however, and President Jackson refused to enforce the law. In 1830, just a year after taking office, Jackson pushed a new piece of legislation called the "Indian Removal Act" through both houses of Congress. It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of their home state. This act affected not only the southeastern nations, but many others further north. The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that agreed to the conditions. But the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave. Jackson's attitude toward Native Americans was paternalistic and patronizing -- he described them as children in need of guidance. and believed the removal policy was beneficial to the Indians. Most white Americans thought that the United States would never extend beyond the Mississippi. Removal would save Indian people from the depredations of whites, and would resettle them in an area where they could govern themselves in peace. But some Americans saw this as an excuse for a brutal and inhumane course of action, and protested loudly against removal. Their protests did not save the southeastern nations from removal, however. The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty, which they did in September of 1830. Some chose to stay in Mississippi under the terms of the Removal Act.. But though the War Department made some attempts to protect those who stayed, it was no match for the land-hungry whites who squatted on Choctaw territory or cheated them out of their holdings. Soon most of the remaining Choctaws, weary of mistreatment, sold their land and moved west. For the next 28 years, the United States government struggled to force relocation of the southeastern nations. A small group of Seminoles was coerced into signing a removal treaty in 1833, but the majority of the tribe declared the treaty illegitimate and refused to leave. The resulting struggle was the Second Seminole War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842. As in the first war, fugitive slaves fought beside the Seminoles who had taken them in. Thousands of lives were lost in the war, which cost the Jackson administration approximately 40 to 60 million dollars -- ten times the amount it had allotted for Indian removal. In the end, most of the Seminoles moved to the new territory. The few who remained had to defend themselves in the Third Seminole War (1855-58), when the U.S. military attempted to drive them out. Finally, the United States paid the remaining Seminoles to move west. The Creeks also refused to emigrate. They signed a treaty in March, 1832, which opened a large portion of their Alabama land to white settlement, but guaranteed them protected ownership of the remaining portion, which was divided among the leading families. The government did not protect them from speculators, however, who quickly cheated them out of their lands. By 1835 the destitute Creeks began stealing livestock and crops from white settlers. Some eventually committed arson and murder in retaliation for their brutal treatment. In 1836 the Secretary of War ordered the removal of the Creeks as a military necessity. By 1837, approximately 15,000 Creeks had migrated west. They had never signed a removal treaty. The Chickasaws had seen removal as inevitable, and had not resisted. They signed a treaty in 1832 which stated that the federal government would provide them with suitable western land and would protect them until they moved. But once again, the onslaught of white settlers proved too much for the War Department, and it backed down on its promise. The Chickasaws were forced to pay the Choctaws for the right to live on part of their western allotment. They migrated there in the winter of 1837-38. The Cherokee, on the other hand, were tricked with an illegitimate treaty. In 1833, a small faction agreed to sign a removal agreement: the Treaty of New Echota. The leaders of this group were not the recognized leaders of the Cherokee nation, and over 15,000 Cherokees -- led by Chief John Ross -- signed a petition in protest. The Supreme Court ignored their demands and ratified the treaty in 1836. The Cherokee were given two years to migrate voluntarily, at the end of which time they would be forcibly removed. By 1838 only 2,000 had migrated; 16,000 remained on their land. The U.S. government sent in 7,000 troops, who forced the Cherokees into stockades at bayonet point. They were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left, whites looted their homes. Then began the march known as the Trail of Tears, in which 4,000 Cherokee people died of cold, hunger, and disease on their way to the western lands. By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed 46,000 Native American people from their land east of the Mississippi, and had secured treaties which led to the removal of a slightly larger number. Most members of the five southeastern nations had been relocated west, opening 25 million acres of land to white settlement and to slavery.	i don't know
Smith's Lawn is a famed venue in which sport?	Sport Venues in London \| Top London Venues \| LondonTown.com Sport Venues in London Sports fans are spoiled for choice in London, home to the two biggest stadia in the UK as well as numerous other sporting arenas. Check out our list of the top London sporting venues and see what sporting events are coming up for your diary. Britain's largest stadium and venue for the 2011 and 2013 Champions League finals Wembley Stadium Wembley Stadium, Wembley London, HA9 0WS Spectator Sport Wembley, London, HA9 0WS Enlarge Close The national stadium of the England football team, Wembley Stadium was re-opened in 2007 after a full rebuild to the tune of ï¿½757 million. The second largest stadium in Europe, Wembley took over three years to build and is located on the site of the previous 1923 Wembley Stadium, often referred to as 'The Twin Towers' or Empire Stadium, which was demolished in 2003. The much-loved old stadium played host to some incredible games during its 70-year life, starting with the infamous 'White Horse' FA Cup Final in 1923 when over 240,000 spectators crammed their way in to watch Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2-0. The famous twin towers have been replaced with the new stadium's trademark soaring 134m-high arch - the longest single span roof structure in the world - which is visible from all over London. Early teething problems with the standard of the pitch meant the turf had to be relayed 10 times in the first three years. As well as being the national home of the England football team and hosting the latter stages of various domestic club football competitions (such as the FA Cup Cup , Community Shield and Championship/League play-offs), Wembley Stadium also hosts the Rugby League Challenge Cup final and the annual NFL International Series game. In 2011, Wembley held the UEFA Champions League Final between Barcelona and Manchester United. The Stadium also hosts the 2013 Champions League final . Outside the sporting world, Wembley is also a large venue for top music acts, and has played host to the likes of Take That, Muse, Oasis, U2 and Coldplay. Saturday 17th June 2017 \| phone for availability £35-£85 The Stone Roses Wembley Stadium 2017-06-172017-06-17 Where: Wembley Stadium, Wembley London, HA9 0WS Category: Spectator Sport Four years ago The Stone Roses played their first official London concerts since the band split in 1996. Now the Mancunian indie-rockers are back for a very special gig, at Wembley Stadium. The Manchester-based group ... more Jeff Lynne's ELO Saturday 24th June 2017 - 7pm \| £35-£110 Jeff Lynne's ELO Wembley Stadium 2017-06-242017-06-24 Where: Wembley Stadium, Wembley London, HA9 0WS Category: Spectator Sport Songs from the group's first album of new music in 15 years, Alone In The Universe; plus classic rock/pop tunes from the 1970s and 1980s. 29th Jun, 30th Jun, 1st Jul and 2nd Jul 2017 \| £45-£95, Golden Circle £175, phone for availability, tickets for Jun 28, Jul 2 on sale Dec 9, 10am Adele Wembley Stadium 2017-06-292017-07-02 Where: Wembley Stadium, Wembley London, HA9 0WS Category: Spectator Sport The global superstar with an impressive 10 Grammy awards and an Oscar to her name caps off a sell-out world tour with four home town gigs at Wembley Stadium. Despite the massive size of the ... more Atmospheric home of English rugby is London's second biggest stadium with a capacity of 82,000 Twickenham Stadium Twickenham Stadium, Rugby Road, Twickenham London, TW1 1DZ Spectator Sport Rugby Road, Twickenham, London, TW1 1DZ Enlarge Close The home of English rugby at Twickenham is England's second largest stadium (after Wembley Stadium ), with steeply banked stands that create an impressive roar when an international match is in progress. While rugby remains very much a second-choice sport in the rest of southern England, the stadium has had a profound effect on the whole surrounding area: Twickenham is the only part of London where the pubs will show rugby matches in preference to football, and where you're far more likely to hear Swing Low, Sweet Chariot than any football club songs. As well as all of England's home games - including Six Nations matches - the 82,000-capacity Twickers hosts the World Series Sevens, the Aviva Premiership final, the LV Cup and Heineken Cup matches, rugby league's Challenge Cup final, Harlequins' annual Big Game on the last Saturday of December and the majority of Barbarians international matches. Twickenham Stadium has also hosted the likes of U2, The Rolling Stones and Bon Jovi - while the venue has also been used annually for over 50 years to host, oddly enough, Jehovah's Witnesses conventions. Lord's Cricket Ground The home of English cricket with a stunning Victorian pavilion and futuristic media centre Lord's Cricket Ground Lord's Cricket Ground, Lords Cricket Ground St. Johns Wood Road London, NW8 8QN Spectator Sport Lords Cricket Ground St. Johns Wood Road, St John's Wood, London, NW8 8QN Enlarge Close This revered ancient cricket ground has been the site of many a historic victory and many more England batting collapses. While Lord's Cricket Ground has long been seen as the "home of cricket" and the game's spiritual headquarters, its importance does not lie merely in its historic past. It hosts many important matches, including a Test match for every international tour, and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and the MCC Museum. There is also an excellent guided tour, which explores the history of the ground and the game. It is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club whose teams play about 500 games a year and who take their role as guardian of the laws and spirit of cricket very seriously. Lord's Test matches are amongst the most sought-after for tickets due to the prestige of the location - an Ashes (England v Australia) Test match at Lord's is thought to be just about the biggest game in cricket. The ground has a capacity of 28,000 and is a wonderful blend of the ancient and the modern, with the resplendent Victorian-era Pavilion facing the award-winning and stylishly futuristic Media Centre. During the London 2012 Olympics, Lord's played host to the Olympic Archery competitions. Wimbledon: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Home of the world-famous Wimbledon championships, the only Grand Slam tournament played on grass Wimbledon: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Wimbledon: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Church Road London, SW19 5AE Spectator Sport Church Road, London, SW19 5AE Enlarge Close The only Grand Slam tournament to be played on grass, Wimbledon is the favourite of many players and a highpoint of the tennis year. Held at the resplendent All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in south-west London since 1877, Wimbledon now no longer relies on good weather too: Centre Court's new retractable roof - unveiled in 2009 as part of a ï¿½100m renovation - means play can continue despite those very English early July showers. Grass is traditionally a very fast surface and produces thrilling games when the world's best clash. The leafy grounds of the All England Club contain 19 tournament courts, 16 other grass courts (which serve as competitors' practice courts during the championship) as well as five red shale courts, three Continental clay courts, one American clay court, and five indoor courts. Centre Court sits 15,000 spectators, No.1 Court 11,429, No.2 Court 4,000 and No.3 Court (formerly known as 'The Graveyard of Champions') 2,000. Other landmarks include the statue of Fred Perry - the last home player to win Wimbledon back in 1936 - and the grassy Aorangi terrace (known invariably as Henman Hill, Rusedski Ridge or Murray Mount) where hoards of fans gather to watch games on the outdoor big screen each year, in the hope that Britain's winless sequence will be bought to an end. There is also the award-winning Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum and plenty of shops selling the tournament staples, such as glasses of Pimm's and bowls of strawberries and cream. The Olympic Tennis competition for London 2012 Summer Games were also held at the All England Club. Home of Surrey County Cricket Club and the traditionally venue for the fifth and final Ashes Test The Kia Oval Cricket Ground The Kia Oval Cricket Ground, Harleyford Street London, SE11 5SS Spectator Sport Harleyford Street, Kennington, London, SE11 5SS Enlarge Close Though it does not have quite the same kudos as Lord's , The Kia Oval (known so because of a sponsorship deal, but usually referred to simply as The Oval) is in many ways just as pleasant to watch a day's cricket. Test matches against the West Indies and teams from the Indian subcontinent are particularly atmospheric, with south London's large Caribean and Asian populations turning out in force to support their heroes. The Oval is often the venue of the last Test match of the English summer and has played host to many famous finishes to a series, not least England's historic final day Ashes win in 2005. It is also the home of Surrey County Cricket Club and supports a busy programme of fixtures throughout the summer. Believe it or not, but The Oval was first a football ground before giving away to cricket - and the first ever FA Cup Final was played there back in 1872. As such, The Oval is one of two sports ground (Bramall Lane in Sheffield being the other) to have staged both England Football and Cricket internationals, as well as FA Cup Finals. The 23,500-capacity stadium also holds an exhibition match for Australian Rules Football in October each year - and in 2005 drew a record Aussie Rules crowd of 18,884. Multi-sports centre that plays host to the AEGON Championships tennis tournament The Queen's Club The Queen's Club, Palliser Road, West Kensington London, W14 9EQ Palliser Road, West Kensington, Hammersmith, London, W14 9EQ Enlarge Close Established in 1886 during the reign of Queen Victoria, the Queen's Club was the first multi-purpose sports complex to be built anywhere in the world. But as rugby, football and the like moved to large purpose-built stadiums, the Queen's Club came to focus increasingly on racquet sports and in particular tennis. Located in Baron's Court in west London, Queen's boasts 27 outdoor Lawn Tennis courts (of which 12 are arguably the finest grass courts in the world) and 10 indoor Lawn Tennis courts within its grounds, as well as a cluster of real tennis, rackets and squash courts, plus a gymnasium. The Queen's Club used to home of the Lawn Tennis Association until it relocated to Roehampton in 2007. Today the club still hosts the world-famous AEGON Championships (formerly Stella Artois Championships) in the second week of June. The AEGON Championships remains one of the six most prestigious grass competitions on the men's ATP Tour, attracting the biggest international stars of the men's game ahead of the grass-court Grand Slam event at Wimbledon two weeks later. The state-of-the-art 60,365 capacity stadium has been Arsenal's home since 2006 Emirates Stadium: Arsenal FC Emirates Stadium: Arsenal FC, 75 Drayton Park London, N5 1BU Sports Facilities 75 Drayton Park, London, N5 1BU Enlarge Close After a century at nearby Highbury, Arsenal FC moved to the state-of-the-art Emirates Stadium in 2006. The 60,365-capacity stadium - originally called Ashburton Grove before a 15-year sponsorship agreement was signed between the club and the Emirates airline - is a suitably slick home for London's best-supported (and historically most successful) football team. Shaking off a reputation for playing dull defensive football under George Graham in the 90s, Arsenal now vie with Spanish giants Barcelona to be the most attractive club team in world football. And yet, success has been elusive since Arsene Wenger's side left Highbury: the club are yet to win any silverware following a move that many claim has put Arsenal at a financial disadvantage to their rivals. Renowned for its flawless playing surface, the Emirates Stadium cost ï¿½470 million but has a reputation for the same tepid atmosphere that saw the Gunners' previous home labelled the 'Highbury Library'. In 2010, a clock was installed above the newly renamed Clock End of the Emirates in homage to the old, much-loved clock at Highbury in what was one of a number of measures to bring about the 'Arsenalisation' of the stadium. The Emirates has been used for music concerts - such as Bruce Springsteen and Coldplay - and it also has acted as a home-away-from-home for the Brazilian national football team's European friendly matches. The Emirates has been named as one of the stadiums that will host rugby matches during the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Tickets are hard to come by for Arsenal's home games - and remain amongst the most expensive in the league, despite Arsenal's recent barren run. Arsenal's official shop - the Armoury - is located on the southern side of the stadium. The club also operate special Emirates Stadium tours - visit www.arsenal.com for details. Enlarge Close The centrepiece of the redeveloped Millennium Dome is the O2 Arena , the first purpose-built indoor sports and live music arena in London. With a capacity of 23,000, it offers the rather soulless Wembley Arena some serious competition, with a constant stream of big name musical acts making it the most visited music arena in the world. But in recent years, The O2 has become an increasingly popular venue for sport - as emphasised during the London 2012 Olympics where the ' North Greenwich Arena ' (as it was named) hosted the basketball finals as well as artistic gymnastics and trampolining. Since 2009, the O2 Arena has hosted the ATP World Tour tennis finals - and the contract was recently prolonged until 2015. As a tennis venue, it is second only to New York's Arthur Ashe Stadium for size. A variety of other sports events take place under the dome - including darts, polo, gymnastics, martial arts, wrestling and basketball from the NBA. Enlarge Close Running from Buckingham Palace to Admiralty Arch and Trafalgar Square , The Mall is a long red tarmac road which splits St James's Park on the south side from St James's Palace and Green Park on the north. Closed to traffic on Sundays and public holidays, the tree-lined Mall offers one of London's most memorable views of the Queen's official residence. It is often decked out in Union Jack flags and is used in processions and marches - such as royal weddings and funerals. The annual London Marathon finishes on the western Buckingham Palace end of The Mall, while the London 2012 cycling road race events finished along the wide, tree-lined avenue, as well as the marathon events. In 2013, a new professional cycling race in and around London and the Surrey hills is set to finish on The Mall too. Enlarge Close Technically two different parks, Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens are in practical terms one huge, merging expanse. The 'split' dates back to 1728 when Queen Caroline, wife of George II, took almost 300 acres from Hyde Park to form Kensington Gardens . The 350 acres that remained has become one of London's best-loved parks. Almost every kind of outdoor pursuit takes place within its lush green landscape, including horse riding, rollerblading, bowls, putting and tennis, while informal games of cricket, rounders, football, touch rugby and frisbee spring up on the area to the south of the park known as The Sports Field. During the London 2012 Olympics, Hyde Park hosted the triathlon events as well as the marathon swimming in the boating lake. Every year, numerous major sporting events take in the park - including the Royal Parks Foundation Half Marathon . Friday 30th June 2017 \| £79.50 & £85, Priority Entry £99.50, Gold Circle £149.50, VIP Summer Garden £299.50, The Terrace/Diamond View £399.50 Phil Collins Hyde Park 2017-06-302017-06-30 Where: Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Category: Parks and Gardens Phil Collins is Not Dead Yet - and to prove it the Grammy award winning singer and former Genesis frontman is playing live for the first time in 10 years with five nights at the ... more Saturday 1st July 2017 \| £62.50, Priority Entry £72.50, VIP Summer Garden £139, The Terrace £199 Green Day Hyde Park 2017-07-012017-07-01 Where: Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Category: Parks and Gardens Fresh from the longest break of its 28-year run, American punk-rock band Green Dayplays live at The O2 Arena and Hyde Park this summer. Back in the UK with new album, Revolution Radio, their first ... more Thursday 6th July 2017 \| £62.50, Priority Entry £72.50, Premium View £99.50, VIP Summer Garden £149.50, The Terrace £199.50 Kings of Leon Hyde Park 2017-07-062017-07-06 Where: Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Category: Parks and Gardens The American four-piece, comprising of brothers Caleb, Nathan and Jared Followill alongside their cousin Matthew, Kings of Leon play a major London gig in Hyde Park on 6th July 2017. The popularity of the Tennessee ... more Resolution Run Hyde Park Sunday 2nd April 2017 - 11am \| £15 Resolution Run Hyde Park Hyde Park 2017-04-022017-04-02 Where: Hyde Park, Rangers Lodge London, W2 2UH Category: Parks and Gardens Enlarge Close The closest racecourse to London (just 40 minutes from Waterloo by train), Kempton Park has a very different atmosphere to the more rural courses with DJs and discos to keep the crowds entertained, cheap floodlit evening races to attract working punters on weekdays and no dress code beyond a vague adherence to respectability. The most famous races are held during the Christmas Festival on 26th and 27th December, including the King George VI Chase, which was won four times by Desert Orchid . There are around fifty race-days a year, many of them clustered in April and September. Kempton Park is now floodlit so you can enjoy a race as the sun goes down. Grab a pint, place a bet and cheer on your horse from the sidelines, gripping that lucky ticket tight, in case she comes home! A day at the races is a brilliant release from the usual humdrum activities. Between March and April the fixture list is chock-a-block with over 50 races. If you've got kids, you should try one of the family days with a creche and free activities for the little ones. Enlarge Close Now primarily a venue for live music and comedy acts, Wembley Arena is also a major indoor sports venue, hosting the annual Masters Snooker tournament, boxing, mixed martial arts, ice hockey, darts, netball, basketball, five-a-side football, wrestling and even cage fighting. The Arena, which was built in 1934, originally housed a swimming pool, which was used during the 1948 Summer Olympics. In London 2012, London's second largest indoor arena was used for the badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events . A versatile space, Wembley Arena has also been used for the filming of popular TV shows The X Factor and Strictly Come Dancing. Friday 27th January 2017 - 7pm \| £26 A Day To Remember SSE Arena, Wembley 2017-01-272017-01-27 Where: SSE Arena, Wembley, Arena Square, Engineers Way London, HA9 0DH Category: Live Music Forming in 2003, the five-piece perform their fusions of rock, pop punk and metalcore. Strictly Come Dancing 10th Anniversary Live Tour Thursday 9th and Friday 10th February 2017 - 7.30pm \| £35-£65 SSE Arena, Wembley, Arena Square, Engineers Way London, HA9 0DH Category: Live Music Ed Balls, Ore Oduba and Lesley Joseph, along with Louise Redknapp, Daisy Lowe and Danny Mac perform their most popular dances from the show, judged by Len Goodman, Craig Revel Horwood and Karen Hardy. 11th, 12th and 13th February 2017 \| £25.50-£32.50 Jack Whitehall: At Large SSE Arena, Wembley 2017-02-112017-02-13 Where: SSE Arena, Wembley, Arena Square, Engineers Way London, HA9 0DH Category: Live Music Crowned the 'King of Comedy' at the 2012, 2013 and 2014 British Comedy Awards, comedian of the moment Jack Whitehall is now 'At Large' on his solo stand-up arena tour. Having also delved into acting ... more Basketmouth Tuesday 14th February 2017 - 7pm \| phone for prices Basketmouth SSE Arena, Wembley 2017-02-142017-02-14 Where: SSE Arena, Wembley, Arena Square, Engineers Way London, HA9 0DH Category: Live Music A comedy night that aims to unite the best in African comedy under one roof to promoting African interests on an international stage. Sunidhi Chauhan Saturday 25th February 2017 - 7pm \| phone for prices Sunidhi Chauhan SSE Arena, Wembley 2017-02-252017-02-25 Where: SSE Arena, Wembley, Arena Square, Engineers Way London, HA9 0DH Category: Live Music The diva of Bollywood herself performs with top musicians and vocalists performing some of her hits, including Ishq Sufiyaana and Be Intehaan. Enlarge Close Situated in 200 acres of beautiful parkland in south-east London, just 10 miles from the city centre, the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre plays host to international athletics and swimming events. The Crystal Palace Athletics Stadium has a capacity of 15,500, which can be increased to 24,000 with temporary seating, and since 1999 has hosted the London Grand Prix annual athletics meet. The sports centre attached to the stadium also offers specialist facilities to London's Olympians-in-training, as well as indoor sports including a 50m swimming pool, squash, basketball, korfball, 5-A Side and 11-A Side, volleyball, trampolining, karate, climbing, aerobics, weight training, netball, hockey, badminton and gymnastics. With the opening of the London 2012 Olympic Stadium , the future of the Crystal Palace Athletics Stadium is up in the air. Responsibility for the Sports Centre has been transferred to the London Development Agency as part of the Olympic bid. One of the proposed plans is for Crystal Palace FC to rebuilt the stadium as a 25,000-seater football-only stadium without a running track. An earlier plan was for north London football club Tottenham Hotspur to redevelop the existing athletics stadium as part of their pledge in taking over the Olympic Stadium in Stratford - but with West Ham United winning the bid, this now looks unlikely.	Polo
Bibendum is the real name of which famous advertising mascot?	Sports stadiums in South Africa Sports stadiums in South Africa Sports stadiums in South Africa 05 Apr 2002 Tweet on Twitter South Africa is the home of world-class sporting facilities capable of accommodating tens of thousands of spectators in comfort, such as the picturesque Newlands grounds, nestled at the foot of Cape Town’s mountains, and the energy-charged Wanderers Cricket Grounds in Johannesburg. There are world-renowned rugby stadiums such as Pretoria’s Loftus Versfeld, home fortress of the feared “Blue Bulls” team; Johannesburg’s Ellis Park, where the 1995 World Cup final was staged, and Durban’s Absa Stadium (formerly Kings Park), home of the Sharks. Then there are some hugely impressive stadiums that were built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup: the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg, known to football fans as Soccer City; Durban’s Moses Mahbida Stadium, with it’s iconic arch; and the beautiful Cape Town Stadium Stadium. Keep a watch on the newspapers while you’re here – if a big international game is being played, it could be worth your while to go and watch. JOHANNESBURG Coca-Cola Park Johannesburg’s Coca-Cola Park, formerly known as Ellis Park, was built in 1927 and it wasn’t long before it hosted its first rugby international, when South Africa faced the All Blacks in the first test in 1928, won 7-6 by the New Zealanders. The Stadium has since become world famous and it played host to the 1995 Rugby World Cup final between South Africa and New Zealand, won 15-12 by the Springboks in a tension-filled atmosphere that exploded into a celebration that engulfed the entire country. The image of former President Nelson Mandela wearing the number six jersey of Bok captain Francois Pienaar is one that will remain in the memories of many people worldwide. The original Ellis Park played host to the largest ever crowd at a rugby game in South Africa in 1955, when 100 000 spectators saw the Springboks go down 23-22 to the British Lions. The original ground, which also played host to cricket tests, was rebuilt in 1979-1980 and seven years later was listed on the stock exchange. Today it is a top-class venue equipped with excellent facilities, and is home to the Golden Lions Rugby Union. It plays host to many big concerts, and some of the world’s top music superstars, including the Rolling Stones, have graced the ground in New Doornfontein. Whilst it is recognized primarily as a rugby ground, Ellis Park has also played host to some of the world’s greatest football teams, including Brazil, Manchester United and Arsenal. The ground seats just over 62 000 spectators. Bidvest Wanderers Cricket Stadium Bidvest Wanderers Stadium Affectionately referred to as the Bullring, The Wanderers Cricket Ground is South Africa’s largest test venue, capable of hosting 34 000 spectators. It is also home to 182 corporate suites and eight function rooms. The Wanderers became the third ground in South Africa to become a test cricket venue in December 1956, having been built only one year earlier. When Ellis Park was rebuilt in 1979-1980, The Wanderers also became a test rugby ground, playing host to the South American Pumas in a 24-9 victory for the Springboks. There is no doubt, however – especially since South Africa’s return to world cricket in 1991, when the country started competing against the entire world and not just Australia, England and New Zealand – that the Wanderers is a wonderful, vibrant cricket ground. Since that time over R60-million has been spent on upgrading the facilities. The Unity stand at the south end of the ground was completed in November 1992 and officially opened by England great Sir Colin Cowdrey. In October 1994 the Trust Bank Memorial Stand on the northwest side of the ground was completed, followed by work on The Western Pavilion and the rebuilding of the Main Gate. More work was done in 1996 with the upgrading of the lights, and in January 1997 The Wanderers played host to its first day-night international when South Africa beat India by four wickets. At the same time a giant screen television was installed, providing replays much to the delight of the spectators – and probably much to the horror of the umpires! The Wanderers was in the spotlight again in 2003 when it hosted the final of cricket’s biggest event, the World Cup, on 18 March. FNB Stadium (Soccer City) Take a tour of grand FNB Stadium Built in 1987, South Africa’s national soccer stadium has played host to some of the most memorable matches in South Africa’s soccer history. South Africa defeated Congo 1-0 at the ground in 1997, in front of a delirious capacity crowd, to qualify for the World Cup finals for the first time. And it was at the same venue that the 1996 African Cup of Nations kicked off and then finished with South Africa beating Tunisia by two goals to nil to give the entire country a welcome boost, especially as it followed only one year after the Springboks had won the Rugby World Cup, also in Johannesburg. It was also the venue for the first mass rally to celebrate Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990, which drew over 100 000 people. The FNB Stadium was the main venue for the 201 Fifa World Cup, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, and the World Cup final. Its seating capacity was increased to 94 700 for football’s showcase event, including 184 suites. Other changes made for the World Cup include an enciciling roof, new changing rooms and new floodlighting. The new-look stadium is certainly eye-catching with a distinctly African flavour. That’s because the design is based on the African pot known as a calabash. The stadium is a short distance from the famous Soweto township, well known for its fanatical football supporters, who produced a humming, festive, and vibrant during atmosphere for the World Cup. Orlando Stadium The Orlando Stadium is home to the popular Premier Soccer League club, Orlando Pirates, one of the most popular clubs in South Africa. The ground, which has hosted many of Soweto’s famous derbies, between Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs, celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2009. It wasn’t used for any matches during the 2010 Fifa World Cup™, but was used for training by the World Cup participants. It underwent a revamp in preparation for the event, with its capacity increasing from 24 000 to 40 000. Apart from the world class football facilities, the ground also boats a 200-seat auditorium, a conference centre, a gymnasium, and 120 hospitality suites. Rand Stadium Johannesburg’s Rand Stadium has, like the Orlando Stadium, was revamped and served as a training ground during the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It was originally built in 1951. Between 1951 and 1976, the stadium played host to some of South Africa’s top teams, including Highlands Park and Germiston Callies, while some of the visitors to grace the venue included Arsenal, Ajax Amsterdam, Newcastle United and Real Madrid. The facility, however, with time, began to lose its shine and it became a bit of a white elephant until South Africa was awarded the World Cup. After that, the stadium was redeveloped over three years in a multi-million rand project. Now, it sports a new grandstand roof and media facilties, new changing rooms, and a new pitch. However, the look and feel of the original venue has been retained, including a unique scoreboard in the north-eastern corner of the ground. Its return was celebrated in May 2009 when the Rand Stadium hosted the Nedbank Cup final between Moroka Swallows and Pretoria University. PRETORIA Blue Bulls website Situated in South Africa’s capital Pretoria and home to the Blue Bulls Currie Cup rugby side, and the Bulls Super 12 rugby team, Loftus Versfeld is one of the country’s premier sporting venues. It has been in use as a rugby ground since 1908. Largely unchanged for many years, it underwent refurbishment in 1976 and was one of the primary venues for the 1995 Rugby World Cup, playing host to five matches. For many years. the Blue Bulls (formerly known as Northern Transvaal) have been one of the most teams in South African provincial rugby and southern hemisphere competition. Loftus has also proved to be a happy hunting ground for the Springboks; their victories there include a 61-22 pounding of Australia in 1997 and their biggest victory ever over one of the top-tier nations, a 96-13 humbling of Wales in 1998. Premier Soccer League powerhosue Mamelodi Sundowns also play some of their bigger games at the ground. Loftus Versfeld is not only home to sporting events, however. It has successfully hosted a number of big concerts, and with a media centre, corporate suites and spacious parking areas, is one of South Africa’s top stadiums. Only minor improvements were needed for the 2010 Fifa World Cup, including to the floodlights, sound system and scoreboards. Seating capacity at the stadium was increased by 5 000 – from 45 000 to 50 000. SuperSport Park Nashua Titans Official Website A relatively new venue, built in 1986 to replace Berea Park, SuperSport Park in Centurion just outside Pretoria is an appealing cricket venue (no pun intended!), with lots of grassed banks and good seating on a well-equipped main stand, set in spacious surrounds. The grassed areas are conducive to a festive atmosphere and lend themselves to groups of friends and families having a good time watching the game. Corporate chalets add to the setting. The ground first hosted a first-class match in December 1986 when Northern Transvaal faced the might of the Transvaal “Mean Machine”, one of the most powerful provincial cricket combinations ever seen in South Africa. In November 1995 it was awarded its first test when it hosted England and South Africa. The match was unfortunately rained out, but it was memorable for the fact that cricket legend Shaun Pollock made his debut for South Africa. The next time the ground hosted a test the result was altogether better for home fans, both from the fact that the game was completed, and also that it resulted in a victory over Australia inside four days by eight wickets. High praise from Indian cricket legend Kapil Dev was accorded SuperSport Park in 1992, when he rated the facilities at the ground as being among the best in the world. It hosted five matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and hosted the final of the ICC Champions Trophy in 2009. CAPE TOWN Nashua Cape Cobras Cricket Acknowledged as one of the most scenic cricket grounds in the world, Newlands was officially opened in January 1888. Four years later the ground experienced its first taste of test cricket, hosting the third test between South Africa and Australia, won by the Australians by 10 wickets. The crowd attracted was estimated at 10 000, a record turnout. The picturesque ground became famous for the Oaks and the superb background of mountains and clouds, but towards the end of the twentieth century it was agreed that the ground needed to undergo some changes. This began with the revamping of the Main Stand in 1984/85, improving seating capacity by 3 000 and providing upgraded media facilities. Newlands underwent further changes in 1986 with floodlights and chalets being added. However, when South Africa was readmitted to international cricket in 1991, it became necessary to upgrade the ground once more. The R85-million development took place over a number of years, eventually ending in January 1997. This included the demolition of the much-loved Oaks, but in its place impressive stands were erected which, while they couldn’t match the natural beauty of the Oaks, were nonetheless tastefully designed. Today, Newlands remains one of South Africa’s most popular grounds, with enthusiastic crowds who like nothing more than a test in December or January, played in warm African sunshine in the shadow of the mountains. Over the years Newlands has proved to be something of a bogey ground for South Africa, but the Proteas, since March 1994, when they lost to Australia by 9 wickets, they have built up a string of victories at the ground, including wins over Sri Lanka, England, India, Australia, Zimbabwe and the West Indies. For any visitor, Newlands is a ground that breathes character and beauty, and it remains one of the most scenic settings for test cricket in the world today. Newlands Rugby Stadium Western Province Rugby Website Newlands was first used for an official match in May 1890 when club rugby sides Villagers and Stellenbosch met in a match that was won by the university. The following year, on 5 September 1891, the ground hosted its first rugby test when the touring British Lions beat South Africa by four points to nil. The ground has been pretty good to the Springboks, with the national team winning almost two-thirds of the matches they have played there. Newlands has also hosted two test matches that didn’t include the Boks. That happened during the 1995 World Cup and included the semi-final between New Zealand and England when Jonah Lomu, famouslly, scored four tries. The Springboks scored a memorable 27-18 victory over defending champions Australia in the opening match of the 1995 World Cup at Newlands. The ground also saw a big 27-9 win over England in 1994, just one week after the English had thumped South Africa 32-15 in Pretoria. In 1980, the Springboks did just enough to stay ahead of the 18-point haul of Lions’ flyhalf Tony Ward, scoring four tries to the Lions’ one in a 26-22 victory. In 1955, South Africa enjoyed a big 25-9 win over the British Lions in a four-match series that was drawn. Newlands has a capacity of 51 9000 and is the home ground of the Stormers in the Super 12 and of Western Province in the Currie Cup. The seating is close to the field and with the crowd normally sizeable and festive, the atmosphere is one of the finest of any rugby ground in the world. From time to time, the ground has also played host to Ajax Cape Town, a local Premier Soccer League team, which is an affiliate of the famous Dutch club, Ajax Amsterdam. Cape Town Stadium Cape Town Stadium – open to the public The Cape Town Stadium was built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It hosted eight games in the tournament, including the semi-final showdown between The Netherlands and Uruguay, with a capacity of 64 100. The stadium is a short distance from the ocean, with a backdrop of mountains, which makes for a spectacular setting. The stadium is also ideally located within a short walk of the transportation hub of the city. A multi-purpose venue, the has a noise-reducing cladding on the exterior, which makes it ideal as a host of major events and concerts. Premier Soccer League club, Ajax Cape Town, an affiliate of the famous ajax Amsterdam, plays regularly at Cape Town Stadium. DURBAN Dolphins Cricket Website Little more than a stone’s throw from the ocean, Kingsmead is located in humid Durban, home to wonderful sandy beaches and surfing. The ground has played host to tests since January 1923 when England and South Africa played to a draw. Highlights in the history of Kingsmead include South Africa’s innings and 129-run demolition of Australia in February 1970 when two of the game’s greats, Graeme Pollock and Barry Richards, thrashed the Australian bowling to all parts of the ground as they scored 274 and 140 respectively. The total of 622 for 9 remained SA’s record total until 2003. In that year, a new high was established at Lords when South Africa declared on 682 for 6 against England. Then, in December, Kingsmead was again the venue for the highest total in the history of tests played in South Africa, with the Proteas posted 658 for 9 declared against the West Indies. Gary Kirsten wrote his name into the record books at Kingsmead in December 1999 against England when he bettered Graeme Pollock’s 274 and equalled Darryl Cullinan’s South African record test score of 275. That score has since been bettered by Graeme Smith (277 vs England, June 2003) and AB de Villiers (278* vs Pakistan, November 2010) The ground was also the host of the longest cricket test in history, the fifth test between South Africa and England, from 3 to 14 March 1939. Play took place on 10 days, but the contest ultimately ended in a draw by agreement of the captains when the English team, ironically, ran out of time and had to catch their ship back home. Kingsmead’s warm weather encourages a casual and relaxed atmosphere as spectators soak up the sun’s rays while taking in top-class action out on the pitch. And if the humidity proves too much, it is easy to pop down to the beach for a quick dip in the ocean and then return for more cricket. Mr Price King’s Park Jacko Jackson Road, Durban Sharks Rugby Durban’s Kings Park Stadium, after a quiet history as a test venue, enjoyed a rebirth in 1990 when the ground underwent a massive upgrade and the hometown Natal Sharks won the prestigious Currie Cup for the first time. Between 1891 and 1992 the ground hosted just 12 rugby tests between, beginning in 1962 when South Africa defeated the British Lions 3-0. Since 1992, the ground has played hosted to way more than 12 tests! It has also been a favoured venue for matches featuring the South African national football side, Bafana Bafana. In fact, it played host to the team’s first international match, a friendly against Cameroon in July 1992, which was won 1-0 by South Africa. In 2003 it hosted the friendly between England and South Africa that launched the Rainbow Nation’s bid to host the 2010 Fifa World Cup. Bafana Bafana lost 2-1, but the bid was successful! In a rich history of many wonderful matches at Kings Park, three two stand out above all others. The first was mentioned above: the democratic South Africa’s introduction to international football against Cameroon in 1992. The other contests involved rugby tests. The first took place in 1995 when South Africa faced France in atrocious conditions in the semi-final of the Rugby World Cup. The game was a cliff-hanger, and only splendid and stubborn Springbok defence earned the home team a nail-biting 19-15 victory. The second memorable rugby match took place in 1998 when Natal Sharks’ favourite Gary Teichmann led the Boks to the Tri-Nations title with an unbelievable 24-23 win over the All Blacks. South Africa trailed 23-5 with 12 minutes remaining, but they lifted themselves and an ecstatic crowd as they crossed New Zealand’s try line three times to claim a famous victory. The Moses Mabhida Stadium Moses Mabhida Stadium Durban received an impressive new football stadium for the 2010 Fifa World Cup. The Moses Mabhida Stadium with its impressive arch became an eye-catching addition to the city’s fine list of sporting facilities. Situated within walking distance of the Absa Stadium, home to the Sharks and a popular rugby test venue, the Moses Mabhida Stadium had a capacity of 62 760 during the World Cup, but that was reduced to 54 000 afterwards. The stadium has the capacity, however, to accommodate 80 000, if needed. There are 150 corporate hospitality suites with 7 500 seats. The 106-metre high grand arch is not just a design feature. A cable car takes visitors up to its highest point, where they can get out and enjoy breathtaking, panoramic views of the city and ocean. The roof is made of Teflon®-coated glass fibre membranes, which produce a translucent glow when the stadium is lit. Seven Fifa World Cup matches were played at the stadium: five first round games, a second round fixture, and a semi-final. Since the World Cup, the ground has also hosted a T20 international between South Africa and India and many concerts. With its spectacular arch and big capacity, it dominates the city’s seaside sporting skykline, including the nearby Absa Stadium. PORT ELIZABETH Sahara Oval Saint George’s Park Drive, Port Elizabeth St George’s Park The Crusaders Ground in Port Elizabeth, commonly referred to as Saint George’s Park, first played host to international cricket in March 1889 when England defeated South Africa by eight wickets in South Africa’s first ever test match. Saint George’s Park became home to Eastern Province cricket, and some of South Africa’s finest players graced the ground for EP and South Africa, including Bert Vogler, Peter and Graeme Pollock, and Dave Richardson. As with many other grounds, Saint George’s underwent an upgrade after South Africa returned to international cricket, and today it is a popular venue for both test matches and one-day internationals. Situated within sight of the ocean, the ground has become well known for the enthusiastic band that plays during test matches. It is a particular favourite of spectators during the summer months, when tests take place in beautiful sunny settings, often accompanied by a cooling breeze, making Saint George’s Park an ideal venue both for fans of the game and for the players themselves. South Africa has experienced both wonderful success and agonising defeat at the ground. Two matches of more recent vintage that stand out are a painful loss to Australia by two wickets in March 1997 after the Proteas had the Aussies on the rack, having led by 101 runs on the first innings; and a superb win by 9 wickets over India in 1992 as fast bowler Allan Donald claimed 12 for 139 on a pitch that many had said favoured spin bowling and was a fast bowler’s nightmare. Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Port Elizabeth, known as “The Friendly City”, received a long overdue new stadium ahead of the 2010 Fifa World Cup™. It now accommodates almost 48 500 spectators. The stadium, with a striking roof that highlights its design, played host to the playoff for third place during the World Cup, as well as a quarter-final, a second round match, and five first round games. It has since become home to the Port Elizabeth Sevens, one of the stops on the HSBC World Sevens Series circuit. The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium is set on the shores of the North End Lake and is the first football-dedicated stadium in the city. It is located north of the city, near the industrial port development of Coega, just two kilometres from the ocean. Thanks to its proximity to the N2 Highway, access to the ground from the city is easy and fast. BLOEMFONTEIN Toyota Free State Cheetahs The upgraded Free State Stadium was completed before the 2009 Fifa Confederations Cup and it played a big role in the event, hosting the eventual winners, Brazil. Bloemfontein’s football supporters are well known for their enthusiastic support and true to form they provided each match with a party atmosphere. Five first round contests, as well as a second round match were played at the ground in in the Fifa World Cup. Formerly a 38 000-seater, the ground now hosts almost 41 000 people. Top football and rugby matches are played there. It is home to Bloemfontein Celtic of the Premier Soccer League and the Cheetahs Super 14 and Currie Cup rugby teams. Free State Stadium is part of what is possibly the finest collection of sports facilities in South Africa. Situated on the same huge block as it are an international standard athletics stadium, the OUTsurance Oval cricket ground – also used for international matches – and tennis facilities that have played host to South African satellite events. Just across the way is a top class class swimming stadium. The stadium first saw international action in 1955 when the touring British Lions faced the Junior Springboks and edged to a 15-12 victory. It included cycling and athletics tracks around the playing field for many years, but all that changed in 1994 when it was reconstructed ahead of the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The result was a beautiful stadium vastly improved on the former design. Spectators were no longer distanced from the action, with seating bordering the field creating a sense of intimacy. The All Blacks, based in Bloemfontein for their World Cup pool matches, certainly enjoyed the new stadium, thrashing a hapless Japanese team 145-17. The ground has hosted a good number of football internationals played by Bafana Bafana. It was also used during the 1996 African Cup of Nations for a group that included Zambia, Algeria, Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. OUTsurance Oval Free State Cricket Union Website Formerly known as Springbok Park, then Goodyear Park for many years, the ground is now known as the OUTsurance Oval and is a well-designed 20 000-seater. It incorporates two large stands and lots of grassed banks that attract large groups who wish to cook in the sun while enjoying their cricket. The ground hosted its first one-day international in December 1992 when South Africa cruised to an eight-wicket victory over India. In October 2000 it was accorded full test status when the Proteas defeated Zimbabwe by an innings and 13 runs at the ground. Goodyear Park played its part in South African test history when, fittingly, it became the ground on which Free State fast bowler Allan Donald became the first South African to capture 300 test wickets, during the first test against New Zealand in November 2000. One of the greatest innings ever played at the ground occurred early in 1994 when former South African captain Hansie Cronje, playing for Free State, smashed 251 against the touring Australians, hitting 28 fours and six sixes, including three in succession to hurry him along from 200 to 250. The OUTsurance Oval boasts some of the best lights for night cricket in the country and it is regularly used for day/night internationals, when the grassy banks become colourfully filled with spectators and a carnival atmosphere prevails. It is relaxed and friendly. POLOKWANE Peter Mokaba Stadium The Peter Mokaba Stadium is named after an anti-apartheid activist. It is located in Polokwane, the birthplace of Mokaba, in the Limpopo Province and seats almost 42 000 people. It is a mere five kilometres from the city centre. The design of the stadium is inspired by the iconic Baobab tree. Each corner of the stadium features giant ‘trunk’ structures which accommodate vertical circulation ramps and service cores. The venue hosted four first round matches during the Fifa World Cup. It has since been used by a number of Premier Soccer League clubs as an alternate venue, including SuperSport United, Kaizer Chiefs, and Black Leopards. RUSTENBURG Royal Bafokeng Sports Palace The Royal Bafokeng Sports Palace was opened in 1999. Not much work was needed to prepare it to host Fifa World Cup™ matches in 2010. Five matches took place at the ground: four in the first round and one in the second round. It is to be found in Rustenburg and is named after the Bafokeng people who live in the area. The Royal Bafokeng people are a rich community, whose wealth is founded on the royalties paid to it by mining companies for access to platinum, ferrochrome, rhodium, and palladium. The stadium, located 12 kilometres from the Rustenburg city centre, seats 42 000 and is home to Platinum Stars, a Premier Soccer League club in which Royal Bafokeng Sports Holdings owns a majority share. It is also a 25-minute drive from Sun City and a half-hour drive from the beautiful Pilansberg Mountains. NELSPRUIT Mbombela Stadium The Mbombela Stadium, in Nelspruit, seats close to 42 000 people and was especially built for the 2010 Fifa World Cup™, during which is hosted five first round matches. It is named after the municipality in which the stadium is found and the name, which comes from one of South Africa’s 11 official languages, Siswati, means “many people together in a small space.” The stadium is only seven kilometres from the city centre and 12 kilometres from the Kruger-Mpumalanga Airport. It is located in a part of South Africa renowned for its game reserves and wildlife. The stadium design has wildlife features, with the 18 roof supports resembling giraffes and the seating patterned in zebra stripes. The stadium was the first top class football venue built in the province of Mpumalanga. Premier Soccer League club Bidvest Wits uses it for some of the team’s home matches. Would you like to use this article in your publication or on your website? See: Using SAinfo material TAGS	i don't know
"Which U.S. born sculptor's works include ""Genesis"", ""The Rock Drill"" and ""Jacob and the Angel""?"	Jacob Epstein: Modern Sculptor, Biography For the evolution of plastic art, see: History of Sculpture . For the world's finest 3-D works, see: Greatest Sculptures . For the best artists, see: Greatest Sculptors . Introduction The American-born British sculptor Sir Jacob Epstein, was one of the most important early pioneers of Modern British sculpture during the 1930s and 40s. Although he was also a successful portraitist, sculpting the portraits of eminent people such as Winston Churchill, TS Eliot and Albert Einstein, his real desire was to create serious and meaningful sculpture that would 'confront our enfeebled generation'. Although a master of stone and marble sculpture , as well as wood-carving , many of his works proved controversial, but his Bohemian appearance and connections to high society ensured that he was not ignored. His Rock Drill (1913, original now lost) astounded many when it was exhibited in 1915, both for its brutality and its use of real mechanical parts. Other noteworthy works include The Tomb of Oscar Wilde (1912, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris) and Jacob and the Angel (1940, Granada Television Studios). He ranks alongside Henry Moore, David Hockney and Lucian Freud as one of the greatest modern artists of 20th century Britain. See also works by his German expressionist contemporary Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919). Early Life and Training Epstein was born in New York. As a child he was quite ill, so he spent long periods indoors, sketching. In 1896 he took classes at the Art Students League and then attended night school to study drawing and sculptural modeling (by day he worked in a bronze foundry). It was here that he began sculpting under George Grey Bernard (1863-1938). With the proceeds of his first commission in illustrating Hutchins Hapgood's The Spirit of the Ghetto (1902), Epstein was able to move to Paris, where he studied at the Academie Julian and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts . It was in Paris that he was greatly inspired by primitivist sculptural forms during a visit to the Trocadero Museum. In 1905 he moved to London, where he was married the following year. He surrounded himself with a bohemian artistic crowd and was determined to distinguish his art from all others. In 1907 he received his first major commission - 18 figures for the facade of the British Medical Association's head office. Instead of using forms from conventional Greek sculpture , he chose to experiment with Indian figures which were considered overtly sensual. The results were loudly deplored. Other works from this period include Maternity (1910, Leeds City); The Tomb of Oscar Wilde (1912) and a bronze Head of the Poet W.H. Davies (1916, Newport Museum of Art, UK). He became a British Citizen in 1910. In 1912 Epstein travelled to Paris, where he met three of the most famous 20th Century sculptors - all members of the Ecole de Paris - namely Modigliani (1884-1920), Picasso (1881-1973) and the Romanian Constantin Brancusi (1886-1957). Returning to England, he became a founding member of the London Group in 1913 which was an amalgamation of the Camden Town group and the English Vorticism movement. The group was reacting to the traditional influence of the Royal Academy, and were determined to organize their own exhibitions, focusing mainly on modern art , including painting and sculpture. Other key members were Percy Wyndham Lewis (18821957), Walter Richard Sickert (18601942) and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (18911915). The same year Epstein had his first solo exhibition at Gallery Twenty-One. After this he exhibited mainly at the Leicester Gallery. Rock Drill His first celebrated but highly controversial work, Rock Drill was created in 1913. A totemic figure, half-robot, half-human, it was mounted on a real drill and conveyed an image of both mechanical and physical energy. Exhibited in 1915, it astounded its audience because of its brutality and use of real mechanical parts. In 1916, following the carnage of World War I, he removed the drill and cut the figure down so that only the torso remained. He then ripped part of the arms off. The remaining torso was cast in bronze , and can be seen in the Tate Modern, UK. By removing the limbs, Epstein powerfully conveyed a victim of modern life, shorn of its virility. The once powerful man-machine is now vulnerable and impotent. Sculpture Busts Much as Epstein desired to focus on more 'meaningful' large-scale sculptures, he did gather a reputation for his innovative portrait busts , in a variety of media. In 1928 he sculpted the head of Paul Robeson, a popular film star. Working primarily in bronze and marble, Epstein received commissions to portray a wide variety of figures from all echelons of society - including industry, the arts, science and politics. One of his most significant subjects was his bust of Winston Churchill (1946), which sold in 2010 at Christie's for £75,650. Large-Scale Commissions In line with his desire to create serious works, Epstein worked on a series of commissions in the 1930s and early 1940s involving a number of huge carvings on biblical subjects. These works of Christian art included Genesis (1930, Granada TV), Behold the Man (1935, Coventry Cathedral), Adam (1939, Lord Harewood Collection) and Jacob and the Angel (1940, Granada TV). The latter work in particular was heavily criticized for its primeval violence. He also created some figurative sculptures, including his Lucifer (1945, Birmingham Museum) which was also not well received. In fact, he offered it as a gift to the Tate Modern and the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, both of which turned it down. Nonetheless, he continued to receive commissions, working literally to the end. On the day he died he completed the Bowater House Group, a group sculpture placed in Knightsbridge, London. Despite the controversy that surrounded much of his work, Epstein gradually raised sympathy for his efforts. He published 2 volumes of autobiography (1940 and 1955) which helped raise awareness of what he was trying to achieve. The Arts Council gave him a retrospective exhibition at the Tate Gallery in 1953 and he was knighted the following year. Commemorative exhibitions were held in London and Edinburgh in 1961 and a retrospective in Leeds and London in 1987. Important Sculptures By Jacob Epstein - The Tomb of Oscar Wilde (1912, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris) - Rock Drill (1913, Tate Modern, London) - Venus Marble (1917, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven) - Memorial to W.H. Hudson (Rima) (1925, Hyde Park, London) - Night and Day (1928-9, St James' Underground) - Genesis (1930, Granada TV) - Bronze Head of Albert Einstein Bronze (1933, Honolulu Academy of Arts) - Behold the Man (1935, Coventry Cathedral) - Adam (1938, Harewood House) - Jacob and the Angel (1940, Granada Television Studios) - Lucifer (1945, Birmingham Museum) - Bust of Winston Churchill (1946, Private Collection) - Lazarus (1947-48, New College Chapel, Oxford) - Madonna and Child (1950-52, Cavendish Square, London) - Social Consciousness (1951-3, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia) - Christ in Majesty (1954-5, Llandaff Cathedral) Sculptures by Jacob Epstein can be seen in some of the best art museums and sculpture gardens around the world. For more about figurative sculpture, see: Homepage .	Jacob Epstein
BOM, HYD & DEL are all IATA codes for airports in which country]?	Jacob Epstein : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Jacob Epstein Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top rankings for Jacob Epstein 47th Top sculptors Did you know ... More interesting facts on Jacob Epstein Include this on your site/blog: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other persons named Jacob Epstein, see Jacob Epstein (disambiguation) . Jacob Epstein Jacob Epstein photographed by Carl Van Vechten , 1934 Born August 19, 1959 (aged 78) Field Sculpture Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor who worked chiefly in the UK, where he pioneered modern sculpture , often producing controversial works that challenged taboos concerning what public artworks appropriately depict. He also painted, and exhibited pictures regularly in exhibitions. [1] Contents 8 External links Life Epstein's parents were Polish Jewish refugees living on New York 's Lower East Side . His family were middle-class Orthodox Jews , and he was the third of five children. His interest in drawing came from long periods of illness; as a child he suffered from pleurisy . From a young age, Epstein rejected his family's orthodoxy and grew tired of religious ceremony. He took an interest in pantheism and anarchism , but claimed in his autobiography that his only real interest was art, and that he was never politically or religiously active as an adult. He studied art in his native New York as a teenager, sketching the city, and joined the Art Students League of New York in 1900. For his livelihood, he worked in a bronze foundry by day, studying drawing and sculptural modeling at night. Epstein's first major commission was to illustrate Hutchins Hapgood 's Spirit of the Ghetto. The money from the commission was used by Epstein to move to Paris . Moving to Europe in 1902, he studied in Paris at the Académie Julian and the École des Beaux-Arts . He settled in London in 1905, and after marrying Margaret Dunlop in 1907 he became a British citizen. Many of Epstein's works were sculpted at his two cottages in Loughton , Essex, where he lived first at number 49 then 50, Baldwin's Hill (see the blue plaque on number 50). He served briefly in the 38th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers aka the Jewish Legion during World War I . Despite being married to and continuing to live with Margaret, Epstein had a number of relationships with other women that brought him his five children; Peggy Jean (born 1918), Theo (born 1924-died 1954), Kathleen (Kitty, born 1926), Esther (born 1929-died 1954) and Jackie (born 1934). His first wife, Margaret generally tolerated these relationships — even to the extent of bringing up his first and last children. Margaret, "tolerated Epstein's infidelities, allowed his models and lovers to live in the family home and raised Epstein's first child, Peggy Jean, who was the daughter of Meum Lindsell, one of Epstein's previous lovers. However, Margaret's tolerance did not extend to Epstein's relationship with Kathleen Garman, and in 1923 Margaret shot and wounded Kathleen in the shoulder." [2] In 1921 Epstein began the longest of these relationships with Kathleen Garman , one of the Garman sisters, [3] mother of his three middle children, which continued until his death. Margaret Epstein died in 1947 and after Epstein was knighted in 1954 he married Kathleen Garman in 1955. Kitty married painter Lucian Freud — grandson of Sigmund Freud — in 1948 and is mother of two of his daughters, Annie and Annabel. In 1953 they divorced. She married a second time in 1955, to economist Wynne Godley. [4] They have one daughter. The Garman Ryan Collection, [5] including several works by Epstein, was donated to the people of Walsall , by Lady Epstein in 1973. It is on display in Walsall Art Gallery . [6] Although Epstein's work was highly original for its time, its influence on the younger generation of sculptors such as Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth may have been limited , as much of Epstein's work was not on public display but in a few private collections, mainly in the United States. However, according to June Rose, in her biography, Moore was befriended by the older sculptor during the early 1920s and visited Epstein in his studio. Epstein, along with Moore and Hepworth, all expressed a deep fascination with the non-western art from the British Museum . Epstein is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery . Work Jacob Epstein, photographed in 1924 by George Charles Beresford In London, Epstein involved himself with a bohemian and artistic crowd. Revolting against ornate, pretty art, he made bold, often harsh and massive forms of bronze or stone. His sculpture is distinguished by its vigorous rough-hewn realism . Brilliantly avant-garde in concept and style, his works often shocked the general public. He often used expressively distorted figures, drawing more on non-Western art than the classical ideal. People in Liverpool nicknamed his nude male sculpture over the door of Lewis's department store "Dickie Lewis". Such factors may have focused disproportionate attention on certain aspects of Epstein's long and productive career, throughout which he aroused hostility, especially challenging taboos surrounding the depiction of sexuality . London was not ready for Epstein's first major commission — 18 large nude sculptures made in 1908 for the façade of Charles Holden 's building for the British Medical Association on The Strand (now Zimbabwe House ) were initially considered shocking to Edwardian sensibilities. One of the most famous of Epstein's early commissions is the tomb of Oscar Wilde in Pere Lachaise cemetery, Paris , "which was condemned as indecent and at one point was covered in tarpaulin by the French police." [2] However, the mutilated condition of many of the sculptures has nothing to do with prudish censorship; it was caused in the 1930s when possibly dangerous projecting features were hacked-off after pieces fell from one of the statues. Between 1913 and 1915 Epstein was associated with the short-lived Vorticism movement and produced one of his best known sculptures The Rock Drill. A commission from Holden for the new headquarters building of the London Electric Railway generated another controversy in 1929. His nude sculptures Day and Night above the entrances of 55 Broadway were again considered indecent and a debate raged for some time regarding demands to remove the offending statues which had been carved in-situ. Eventually a compromise was reached to modify the smaller of the two figures represented on Day. But the controversy affected his commissions for public work which dried up until World War II. Between the late 1930s and the mid 1950s, numerous works by Epstein were exhibited in Blackpool . Adam, Consummatum Est, Jacob and the Angel and Genesis (amongst other less notable works) were initially displayed in an old drapery shop surrounded by red velvet curtains. The crowds were ushered in at the cost of a shilling by a "barker" on the street. After a small tour of American fun fairs, the works were returned to Blackpool and were exhibited in the anatomical curiosities section of the Louis Tussaud's waxworks. The works were displayed alongside dancing marionettes , diseased body parts and Siamese twin babies in jars. Placing Epstein within the context of freakish curiosity, especially at a time of such hostility towards the Jews, perhaps added to Epstein's decision not to create further large-scale direct carvings . Bronze portrait sculpture formed one of Epstein's staple products, and perhaps the best known. These sculptures were often executed with roughly textured surfaces, expressively manipulating small surface planes and facial details. Some fine examples are in the National Portrait Gallery . Another famous example is the bust of legendary Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman that sat in the marble halls of Highbury for many years before being moved to the new Emirates Stadium . Epstein's aluminium figure of Christ in Majesty (1954-5), is suspended above the nave in Llandaff Cathedral , Cardiff , on a concrete arch designed by George Pace . His larger sculptures were his most expressive and experimental, but also his most vulnerable. His depiction of Rima, one of author W. H. Hudson 's most famous characters, graces a serene enclosure in Hyde Park . Even here, a visitor became so outraged as to defile it with paint. Epstein was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949. Enthusiastic about his work, Epstein would sculpt the images of friends, casual acquaintances, and even people dragged from the street into his studio almost at random. He worked even on his dying day. Epstein also painted. Many of his watercolours and gouaches were of Epping Forest , where he lived (at Loughton ) and sculpted. These were often exhibited at the Leicester Gallery in London. His "Monkwood Autumn" and "Pool, Epping Forest" date from 1944-45. The character of 'Wetherill' in E.C. Bentley 's detective novel 'Trent's Own Case' is a hostile depiction of Epstein. Notes Liverpool Resurgent, Lewis's , Liverpool Quotations "To accuse me of making sensations is the easiest way of attacking me, and in reality leaves the question of sculpture untouched." - Jacob Epstein, An Autobiography (London, 1955), p.29 "A wife, a lover, can perhaps never see what the artist sees. They rarely ever do. Perhaps a really mediocre artist has more chance of success." — Jacob Epstein "The artist is the world's scapegoat." — Jacob Epstein Bibliography Below is a brief overview of key texts by or relating to Epstein: Buckle, Richard , Jacob Epstein : sculptor , (London: Faber 1963) Cork, Richard, Jacob Epstein, (London: Tate Gallery Publishing, 1999) Cronshaw, Jonathan, The Sideshow and the Problems of History: Jacob Epstein's Adam (1939). (University of Leeds, 2005) Epstein, Jacob, The sculptor speaks : Jacob Epstein to Arnold L. Haskell , a series of conversations on art, (London : W. Heinemann, 1931.) Epstein, Jacob, Let there be sculpture : an autobiography, (London: Michael Joseph, 1940) Friedman, Terry, 'The Hyde Park atrocity' : Epstein's Rima : creation and controversy (Leeds: Henry Moore Centre for the Study of Sculpture, 1988) Gardner, Stephen, Jacob Epstein: Artist Against the Establishment, (London: Joseph, 1992) Hapgood, Hutchins, The spirit of the ghetto : studies of the Jewish quarter of New York; with drawings from life by Jacob Epstein, (New York ; London : Funk and Wagnalls, 1909) Silber, Evelyn et al. Jacob Epstein : sculpture and drawings, (Leeds : Leeds City Art Galleries ; London : Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1987) Turner, Colin, A Caricature of a Sculptor. Jacob Epstein and the British Press: a critical analysis of old history and new evidence, (PhD Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009) Carving mountains : modern stone sculptures in England 1907-37 : Frank Dobson , Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska , Eric Gill , Barbara Hepworth , Henry Moore , Ben Nicholson , John Skeaping . (Cambridge: Kettles Yard, 1998) External links Jacob Epstein An article on Jacob Epstein's work on The National Archives website. Includes references to files held at The National Archives.	i don't know

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