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Which Asian capital city stands on the Chao Phraya River?	Bangkok, Thailand - Travel Guide \| Trekeffect Bangkok, Thailand 3 Treks, 1.2k Venues 3 Visitors Bangkok is the capital and the most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply About this sound Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a major regional force in... Read More Bangkok is the capital and the most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply About this sound Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a major regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and is emerging as a regional centre for the arts, fashion and entertainment. The city is known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its notorious red-light districts. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCard's Global Destination Cities Index, and was named "World's Best City" for four consecutive years by Travel + Leisure magazine.	Bangkok
"Who directed this year's Cannes Palme D'or winning film ""I, Daniel Blake""?"	Bangkok Tours - Thailand Bangkok Tours Bangkok Tours About Bangkok Bangkok is a bustling capital city filled with colour, culture and nightlife. Downtown the skyscrapers and malls shows the contemporary side of Bangkok, but you’re never far from the temples, golden Buddhas and traditional boats on the Chao Phraya River. A street market is the perfect place to sample the delights of Thai food, from authentic Pad Thai to spring rolls. There are many lively markets like this in Bangkok. In Damnernsaduak village there is also the floating market. Here market workers sell fresh produce on their little Sampan boats. Things to do in Bangkok: Ayudhaya Ruins Directly North of Bangkok is the old ruins of the ancient capital city Ayudhaya. Thailand’s world-famous former capital (from AD 1350 to 1767) and now a World Heritage Site. See the ruins that have survived from this once magnificent city. Bang Pa In Royal Palace The beautiful Bang Pa In is a summer palace, formerly used by Thai Kings. It is still owned by the Royal family but only used for special occasions. Chao Phraya River Cruise Boats from the Chao Phraya Express Boat Company can be taken to explore up and down the Chao Phraya river. River Kwai and Death Railway Tour A scenic train ride on the “Death Railway” is also available, which crosses the notorious “Bridge on the River Kwai” on the Burma railway. A nearby war cemetery in Kanchanaburi is dedicated to those that died while the bridge was being constructed. Wat Yai Chaimongkol	i don't know
Which Scottish woman, profoundly deaf from the age of 12, has become due to her 'sensing* the vibration of music, a noted solo percussionist? She studied at the London Royal Academy and appeared at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games?	Peoples Daily Weekend, Saturday 14 March - Sunday 15, 2015. Edition. by Peoples Media Limited - issuu S’Africans in first manhood transplant success P 10 ‘PDP plans to have Buhari, try Tinubu, Atiku, others’ >Pg 10 Indigeneship: Will constitution amendment break jinx? >Pg 4 weekend.peoplesdailyng.com Saturday, MARCH 14-15, 2015 Jimada Al-Awwal 23-24, 1436 AH pmlonline peoplesdailyng . . . P utti ng the p eop l e fi r st President Jonathan: N150 Vol. 4 No. 34 I didn’t phone Students of Government Secondary School, Hong, yesterday after troops recapture the town from insurgents. 334 Days after Will the abducted Chibok schoolgirls ever be rescued? 2015: ‘Why, how PDP will lose’ P 27 Return of displaced persons Pg 7-9 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 2 Interview Buhari’s one term presidency will short-change the north, says Aliyu Niger State governor, Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu, believes that if General Muhammadu Buhari emerges president and serves for just one term, the north will again be shortchanged as it happened in 2009 when Umaru Musa Yar’Adua died. He also spoke on the moral and legal issues inherent in the defection of his Deputy, Alhaji Musa Ibeto. Lawrence Olaoye, was there when he spoke with journalists in Abuja, and reports. Y our tenure is gradually winding up. Can you give us a synopsis of what you think you have done? When I assumed office, we came up with vision 3:20:20 which was designed to make Niger among the three top states in terms of development. We knew that we could do it because of our agricultural potentials and I am happy that we have done just that. We have either come first, second or third in many of the agricultural shows we have participated in. Further, in the Poverty Alleviation Index for four consecutive years, the state has consistently come first. When we came on board there were about 600, 000 pupils and students in primary and secondary schools and most had issues with payment of school fees. The Universal Basic Education Commission’s (UBEC) free education policy for primary and junior secondary schools was taken advantage of. States are required to at least pay their counterpart funding. This we did, as well as declared free education in primary and secondary schools, we also paid WAEC and NECO examination fees for students. You cannot fight corruption if you don’t pay civil servants their salaries. So since 2007 till date, I made sure salary is the first line item. We pay all our workers no matter the circumstances. I decided that we must get the teachers back to the classroom, renovate and build more classrooms. Today, we are talking about 1.4 million pupils and students in primary and secondary schools. We streamlined the payment of scholarship so that every Niger State student who has applied for scholarship has a card “ which alerts the bearer once payment has been made. This eliminated the beneficiary coming to make claims and counter claims. Because of the vast expanse of land; about 10 percent of the total land mass of Nigeria, infrastructure is really a difficult thing in Niger State. But it is also advantageous for farming because 80 percent of this land is fertile for farming. Unfortunately, it poses a serious challenge in terms of road construction. So we constructed rural roads to support the economy of the state, we constructed roads in virtually every zone and local governments. We have built the longest bridge at least in this part of the world. We have restored peace where there used to be tribal conflicts. You may recall what we did in 2009 when we discovered religious zealots and radicalised groups. When we dispersed them, we were subjected to abuse by many people who didn’t understand, but God has helped us. If Boko Haram had taken the centre of Nigeria, I don’t know what would have been the case now, because the original (Abubakar) Shekau and other people that were all in Boko Haram were here in Niger State in Mokwa and we were able to get rid of them and since then we have been living peacefully in Niger State. What challenges did you face while piloting the affairs of the state? Due to the circumstances that brought me into power many people were not too happy particularly in the PDP. That was the first challenge. Politics was a little bit polarised. We won our election but some people felt that they were the legitimate owners of the process and that we must be dictated to and I resisted that. I resisted the dictation of anybody, I don’t mind consultation, I was looking for advice, but I was not Buhari said he was going to serve only one term, does that mean the north will be short changed again? Because he does not have the capacity to say I am serving one term therefore when I am going it will be a northerner that will take over. And any reasonable person can appreciate one thing, people who control economic power you don’t give them political power and that for a balance, the tripod should be retained. Dr. Aliyu looking for dictation from anybody and I drew the line. For the first election in 2007, I was taken to the Tribunal, Appeal Court and the Supreme Court by different groups. In the 2011 election also, I ended up at the Supreme Court after passing through all the processes. For me, though there were challenges they became more of a motivating factor to do more for the society. We had to bring in many innovations in addition to youth empowerment. For example, when I assumed office, a state university was established but it wasn’t functional. I had to find a way to make it functional and I am happy that we have graduated about four sets now from the Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University. We have established the only university in the north that is exclusively a University of Education, it will concentrate only in providing teachers. In the north, there is no state that has up to 55 percent qualified teachers. Most states have persons who found themselves in the teaching sector just because they have didn’t have anything else to do. Through the University of Education, we intend to collaborate with the NTI and other faculties of education from the various northern states universities and with state governments to ensure that within the next five to ten years, each state would have at least 60, 70 or 80 percent qualified teachers. We have established a branch of the Zaria-based pilot training institute which has already trained 10 qualified pilots from Niger State and we are hoping to get them jobs. We are also training seafarers; some are undergoing training in underwater welding, among others. We have introduced what we call Graduate Employment Scheme where graduates who undergo six months training are paid allowance within the training period and thereafter sent to the labour market. At what point did the relationship between you and the deputy governor go sour and what is the true situation now? My deputy, as a human being, is a very nice person as far as I am concerned. Our differences started before the gubernatorial primaries. When I inherited him sort of because his zone had already elected a deputy governor but he died before the election. I was told there was an agreement that anybody selected as deputy governor should not vie for governorship so as to reduce the tension that used to be in the polity. There is also a zoning arrangement and I believe it is the arrangement that brought me because it was the turn of the B zone which is from Suleja up to Kagara. Suleja, Minna, Kagara about nine local governments that constitute the B Zone. Zone A produced Engr. Abdulkadir Kure as governor from 1999 to 2007 and that is from Lapai up to Mokwa. It is now the turn of Zone C which is Kontogora and Borgu Emirates to produce the gubernatorial candidate. Of the 18 names from that zone, my deputy wasn’t among the first 10. So after consultations I pleaded that ‘please if it is possible withdraw from this race for these eight or nine people to contest’. He declined, instead he said he was a politician and begged me to allow him contest even if he wasn’t going to win and even if I wasn’t going to assist him. And I said if that is how you feel, go ahead.’ He contested and came third but thereafter felt bad that I did not support him. Later, I learnt that he met with General Muhammadu Buhari in Abuja. Soon after the coronation of the Emir of Agaie, I confronted him about his rumoured defection. I asked him, I heard you are defecting, do you think that is the most credible thing to do? He said he was getting pressures from his people. I would have felt happier had he come to me to say ‘sir because of what transpired at the primaries and the pressure from his people that he would love to move to another party.’ Believe me, nobody would have heard anything. Despite his defection, I insisted that constitutionally he is still the deputy governor of Niger State and that all his rights and privileges would be protected. But then there arose a moral not legal issue. We were elected on the same ticket. No governor will be elected or will be qualified for election unless he has a deputy governor, but then after election what happens if a deputy governor defects to another party? If our judicial system had worked, a statement would have been made categorically as to the meaning of mandate and defection. Some people said it is not necessary because of the Supreme Court’s judgment on the Atiku/ Obasanjo issue, but I think even if there is a legal issue we must begin to demand for the moral part of it because moral issues must come into our political matters and people must begin to demand that those who seek to lead them must be upright. If I were the one, I would have resigned. That was the principle that I brought even when we were in G7. Contd on Page 42 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 3 Buhari, Jonathan battle for S’West President Jonathan Gov. Mimiko Patrick Andrew and Adesoji Oyinlola bridegroom emptying the vault. And the bridegrooms? Yes, they possess the clout, reasonable political finesse- one by virtue of being an incumbent and the other a palpable cult image: One a minority with a drift towards sympathy and the other a mirror of a region angling to redeem its image. And the bridal train? There are leading lights in the political trade including Gov Fashola, Kayode Fayemi, Ibikunle Amosun on one hand and on the other Olusegun Mimiko, Jimi Agbaje, Ayo Fayose and Gbanga Daniel, all working meticulously to impress the audience with their ‘dancing steps and gait’. The back benchers who are better still the movers of the wedding ceremony are unmistakably Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, Bode George, among others. So, the two leading contestants for the March 28 presidential election, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari and President Goodluck Jonathan are deep buried in fierce political battle to determine who wins the heart of the electorate in the south west, a geopolitical zone considered to be strategic to determinning the winner of the presidential election. Among the two, Jonathan, going by his last minute aggressive campaign in the zone, appears very desperate to convince the people of the zone to vote for him. The presidential candidate of the ruling Peoples Democratic Party had in the past few weeks visited the zone, meeting with different groups and traditional rulers with a view to woo them to his side. The importance the contestants attached to the zone is understandable. The zone has the second highest voting strength after the north-west, and the fact that both zones between them account for about 49 per cent of the country’s total voting population makes it expedient for whoever that is serious to win the presidency to focus attention on the zones. The South-west is a strategic electoral zone in the calculation of anyone aspiring for higher office in Nigeria, it is therefore expected that political stakeholders should have vested interest on which of the parties control political power in the region. It is also interesting to know that the south west politics is dynamic, going by the fact that the pan-Yoruba socio-political group, Afenifere, that started dictating the pace for people of the region at the commencement of Nigeria democracy in 1999 has since gone into political oblivion, paving the way for the emergence of the APC national leader, Asiwaju Ahmed Tinubu, to emerge the custodian of political patronage in the region. While it is safe to say that the zone is sure for Gen. Buhari, the All Progressives Congress candidate, recent events that happened at the last governorship election in Ekiti State, where the PDP took the APC to the cleaner is strong enough to make mess of such permutation. It probably would have been unheard, imagined or predicted that the APC under any circumstance would suffer the high degree loss it recorded at the last governorship election in Ekiti State, where the APC candidate and incumbent Governor, Kayode Fayemi, was roundly trounced by the rampaging forces of the rival PDP candidate, Ayodele Fayose. Since the loss, new political developments have continued to evolve among the people, especially as it concerns the real reasons the APC lost woefully in an election that was held in one of its comfort zones, the already bad situation is further compounded by the fact that expectations about future elections are not certain for a party that prides itself as having the south west in its kitty. Expectedly, the two parties are looking forward to the coming election to once again test their political popularity and acceptance among the people. While Buhari had a good outing during the campaign before the postponement of the election, the same cannot be said of his opponent, President Jonathan, who got a rude shock with the low level reception he was accorded in the zone. It is therefore not surprising that his spin doctors advised him to concentrate more energy on the zone than elsewhere. Playing the script of his strategist, President Jonathan, who in the 2011 presidential election broker a last minute deal with Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu to win the south west, has turned his attention to socio-cultural groups and traditional institutions for support. Political analysts said point blank that the strategy may not work. According to them, the traditional rulers in the south west hardly participate actively in politics. They cannot be expected to mobilise support for any aspirant, rather, they are expected to play a father figure role to all those that come to seek their support. While it may be safe to posit that the Yoruba as at now has no recognizable leader, the fact remains that they have a political leader who dictates the pace for them, and that person is Tinubu; the former governor of Lagos State and national leader of the APC. The hitherto powerful Afenifere, the pan-Yoruba political group that used to dictate the political direction for the Yoruba nation, has since gone under after the 1999 general election, when the group was unable to manage its electoral success in the south west. Safe for Ondo State where the Labour Party holds the ace, it is well to say that the APC will dictate the direction the region goes. However, this calculation has become shaky with what happened in Ekiti State. There are also certain realignments in Ogun, Osun and Oyo on the account of Jonathan’s vow to implement the recommendations of the sixth National Conference. The South West is particular about the recommendations because in the estimation of the region the bulk of the resolutions represent the way forward for the country especially as its implementation may lean towards fiscal federalism. S uddenly, the South West has become the hottest bride. The geo-political zone renowned for its opposition politics is at the centre stage with the leading contending political parties the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and the All Progressives Congress (APC) in fierce battle to claim the spoil in the region. Truly, the PDP seems desperate to recover lost grounds following the emergence of the APC and with its considerable followership mostly drawn from aggrieved members of the PDP who felt bitter by the party’s refusal to offer them automatic ticket or simply swallowed by the surging momentum of the APC. Prior to the birth of the APC, the PDP was content to push aside the largely divided smaller opposition parties, a majority of which the ruling party usually swallow with relative ease especially during elections. They neither had defined structure nor the spread to constitute any serious headache to the PDP. Even where they could boast of structure and reasonable followership within their area of influence, national spread was a major hindrance thus providing a soft under belly for the PDP to explore and exploit. That seems to have changed. The coming together of a coalition of parties under the aegis of the APC meant the hitherto smaller complexions and with limited spread, followership and national figures pose no little headache to the PDP machinery because it now has a truly cogent force contending against its grip on power. Besides, the achievements and performance rations of some of the leading figures in the opposition in respective states meant that the APC truly has something with which to woo the electorate. Lagos, one state in the South West the PDP has never won the gubernatorial election, readily comes to mind. Babatunde Fashola, a lawyer, vibrant, visionary, dynamic and resourceful offers the APC a convincing platform to lure the people, spread its gospel as a foreglean of what it could do if given power at the centre. Yes, the centre. That’s the attraction. The PDP has enjoyed clear invincibility in the control of the power at the centre, a prize the opposition desperately wants to snatch away from them, but one that the ruling party is equally anxious to traverse oceans to retain. That is the battle royale that the South West presents, a huge challenge, a nubile ready to tie the nuptial knot but not without the “ While it may be safe to posit that the Yoruba as at now has no recognizable leader, the fact remains that they have a political leader who dictates the pace for them, and that person is Tinubu; the former governor of Lagos State and national leader of the APC. PAGE 4 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Special Report Indigeneship: Will constitution amendment break jinx? National Conference committee members By Osby Isibor A lot has been said or written on the subject of indigene and settler dichotomy which was also debated at the recent National Conference convened by President Goodluck Jonathan. The issue has been with us for a long time, periodically generating conflicts and violence in different parts of the country. Often the trigger to the conflicts is a contest over ownership, access and exclusion to critical resources and the entitlement that being an indigene confers on the individual. “How can they come to our land or state and fight us? This land was founded by our forefathers; they can’t be dragging our land with us, we have to chase them out of our land,” are some of the comments one hears everyday on social networks and group discussions among Nigerians. Contrary to the impression in some quarters, the indigenesettler problem is found across the length and breadth of the country. It is however more politicised and intense leading to bloodshed in some parts of the country. Nigeria is a multi-cultural and heterogeneous society with over 250 ethnic groups across the six-geopolitical zones of the country. Consequently, there are a multitude of indigenous tribes across its length and breadth with different cultures and traditional dispositions, even within the same state. Often some settlers will assimilate very well into the culture of the host community –speaking their language, inter-marrying with them and worshipping alongside them. Usually the offspring of people who assimilated well into the cultures of their host communities do not experience the negative politics around the indigene/ settler dichotomy. Intolerance among these ethnic groups has led to “ catastrophic consequences in the form of violence and wanton destruction of lives and property, notable among which are the Hausa/Berom clash in Plateau State; Tiv/Jukun in Taraba, Agueleri/Umuleri in Anambra; Tiv/Fulani in Benue, Owa/ Ukwani clash in Delta State, Ife/Modakeke in Oyo and the southern Kaduna debacle in Kaduna State. These conflicts illustrate how identity is used as the basis to access opportunities within a heterogeneous society. But why is there conflict everywhere about who is an indigene, who owns the land and who doesn’t? In trying to answer these worrisome questions a lot of things have to be considered. For example, who is a citizen? What is the difference between citizenship and indigeneship? Why should other citizens refer to others as non-indigenes, settlers, migrants in other parts of the country and what should be the right of Nigerian citizens? What is the position of the constitution? The term “citizen” typically refers to any person who owes allegiance to a sovereign state and thereby receives certain protection within that state. Section 25 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria expressly stipulated who is a citizen of Nigeria. Citizenship and indigeneship are different The term “citizen” typically refers to any person who owes allegiance to a sovereign state and thereby receives certain protection within that state. terms both theoretically and practically. While indigeneship is a natural link between a person and a geographical location (his ancestral home) where he traces his roots through a blood lineage and genealogy that puts him in contact with his kin and kindred, citizen is a man-made arrangement that seeks to confer on a person certain rights that are enjoyed by all persons in a certain geographical location. Again, chapter Four of the 1999 Constitution outlines the Fundamental Rights of all Nigerians, including the right to be free from discrimination, while Section 41(1) gives every citizen the right to “move freely throughout Nigeria and to reside in any part thereof.” Section 43 guarantees every citizen “the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria.” There are no constitutional provisions that make these rights dependent on indigene status. Indigeneship rights on the other hand are largely cultural, ancestral and genealogical. Indigeneship should not be confused with naturalisation under immigration law whereby an alien may become a citizen of a Contd on Page 18 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 5 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 6 Group charges Nigerians on violence-free election By Mohammed Usman A youth group, Grassroot Initiative for Youth Awareness and Peaceful Co-Existence (GRAIPY) has mapped out strategies to educate Nigerians on how to productively engage themselves during the forthcoming general elections and vote wisely. The National Chairman of GRAIPY, Chief Sunday Okonkwo disclosed this yesterday in Abuja during a courtesy visit to the Director General, National Orientation Agency (NOA), Mr. Mike Omeri, by the group. Chief Okonkwo who said the group would sensitize Nigerians especially the youths, against being used for violence during and after elections, lamenting that youth were seriously considered as the most vulnerable group used for election violence in the country. He said the 2015 general elections will be peaceful because the two major contenders in the race are in peace with each other, and urged the electorate to shun violence. According to him, part of the modalities and strategies mapped out by the organization to preach patriotism, peace and strengthen the anti-corruption crusade of the government includes seminars, workshops, television programmes and radio talk shows, courtesy visits to traditional and religious leaders. Earlier, the Deputy Director, Special Duties, Mrs. Mette Edekaobi who represented the DG, commended the Grassroot Initiative for Youth Awareness and Peaceful Co-Existence for its laudable programmes and said that the agency would provide technical support and professional advice to the group through its offices across Nigeria. Mrs. Edekaobi also assured that NOA would partner with the organization in sensitizing the populace on the programmees and activities of the federal government. She said NOA in carrying out its mandate collaborates with credible NGOs and other organizations to reach the grassroots through its publications in projecting activities and programmes of government, and would be pleased to work with GRAIPY. Highlights of the event were the presentation of books, flyers, NOA 10 million signatures for peaceful election register, and other educational materials to Chief Sunday Okonkwo by Mrs. Mette Edekaobi. News ‘I didn’t have phone conversation with Moroccan monarch’ By Lawrence Olaoye P resident Goodluck Jonathan yesterday denied having a telephone conversation with the King of Morocco, Mohammed VI. While ordering immediate investigation into the matter to ascertain which officer in the Foreign Affairs Ministry gave out the false information to the public, the President also mandated that such erring official be made to face the music. Already, the telephone controversy had caused a diplomatic row between Nigeria and the Republic of Morocco with the later having withdrawn her Ambassador from the country. The President also described as irresponsible, the statement by Lagos State governor, Babatunde Fashola that Jonathan was responsible for the armed robbery incident in the state Thursday that left 3 policemen dead. This is just as he maintained that the former Lagos state governor, Bola Tinubu’s allegation of being offered vice president position in interim government was false and misleading. The Presidential spokesman, P resident Goodluck Jonathan yesterday gave out cheques, totaling N75 million, to the families of fifteen victims of the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS) who lost their lives at the stampede during the Organisation’s botched recruitment exercise conducted last year. Each of the representatives of the victims were handed N5 million cheque to cater for the burial expenses of the deceased. The President equally handed 35 NIS employment letters to siblings of this who lost their lives in the aborted exercise. Affairs was consequently directed to make necessary contacts with the embassies of the three countries and arrange for President Jonathan to speak with their leaders. “Since that directive was given, President Jonathan has spoken with the Prime Minister of Algeria and subsequently sent Vice President Namadi Sambo to Algiers as Special Envoy to follow-up on his discussions with the Algerian Prime Minister on support for Nigeria’s candidate in the coming elections for the AfDB Presidency. “The President has, however, not yet spoken with King Mohammed VI and President Al-Sisi of Egypt as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs must know. “President Jonathan has therefore ordered the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Aminu Wali, to urgently undertake a full investigation of the claim which emanated from the Ministry that the President spoke with King Mohammed VI. “The investigation is to identify all those who were responsible for the unacceptable act of official misinformation which has resulted in an unnecessary diplomatic row with another country and national Students of Government Secondary school, Hong, yesterday after troops recapture the town from insurgents. Immigration stampede: Jonathan doles N75 million to victims’ families By Lawrence Olaoye Dr. Reuben Abati disclosed these while briefing State House correspondents at the Presidential Villa. Abati said the president was shocked and highly “embarrassed by the controversy that has erupted over whether or not he had a telephone conversation with His Majesty, King Mohammed VI of Morocco. “The regrettable furore that has developed over the matter is due entirely to misinformation as President Jonathan has neither spoken with King Mohammed or told anybody that he had a telephone conversation with the Moroccan Monarch. “It is true that President Jonathan has been speaking with some African leaders to seek their support for Nigeria’s candidate for the position of President of the African Development Bank (AfDB). In continuation of his efforts in support of the candidacy of the Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Akinwunmi Adesina for headship of the AfDB, President Jonathan indicated that he would like to speak with the King of Morocco, the President of Algeria and the President of Egypt. “The Ministry of Foreign The remaining 10 beneficiaries, according to David Paradang, Director-General of NIS, were to be presented their letters at a later date. Those others were disqualified on account of deficiencies, obesity or height, he disclosed. The affected families, Paradang added, have been given the opportunity to present replacement for those disqualified by the prescribed criteria for the Service. The President had ordered that the families of the 15 victims of the May 15, 2014 Immigration stampede produce three persons (two male, one female) each for employment into the Service at the appropriate time. Boko Haram: Shettima visits 200,000 Nigerian refugees in Niger From Mustapha Isah Kwaru, in Diffa B orno state Governor, Kashim Shettima on Friday visited the 200,000 Nigerian refugees who crossed over into the neighboring Diffa Province of Niger Republic, after escaping from the Boko Haram attacks in three local government areas of northern Borno. Our correspondent who is in the entourage of the governor, reported that Shettima, who is currently in Niger Republic since Thursday, met with the affected refugees who fled from Abadam, Mobbar, Kukawa and Monguno local government areas of the state Some of the fleeing residents have spent four months in Niger Republic following attacks of villages they lived. They fled in different groups and times depending on when their comunities were attacked. Our correspondent also reported that the fleeing citizens who went on a wild jubilation on citing the Governor Shettima and their kinsmen, where assured that their welfare would be improved. During the visit, Shettima thanked the government of Niger especially the Governor of the province state, Alhaji Yacuba Usmana Gawo opening doors for Borno citizens to take refuge at a desperate time. Shettima said the government and people of Borno State would forever remain indebted to the Government of Niger for offering protection and support to citizens of Borno. embarrassment. It is also expected to unveil the motives of the culprits. “President Jonathan has also ordered that prompt and commensurate disciplinary action be taken against the culpable person or persons. On the robbery incident in Lagos Thursday, the presidency said it was irresponsible and reckless for Fashola to have linked Jonathan’s presence in Lagos to why the heinous crime was committed by the men of the underworld. Abati told State House correspondents, that as an elected president, Jonathan would not push for an unconstitutional interim government. He said given the configuration of the country, it would be absurd for there to be a southern president and a vice from the same zone. Abati stressed that at no time did Jonathan meet with Tinubu, saying the All Progressives Congredd (APC) leader’s claims was a figment of his imagination, and as such should be disregarded. He however said that Tinubu lied on interim government insisting that Jonathan will never subscribe to as a believer and beneficiary of true democracy. NLC election: Agents insist on scrutinizing ballot papers By A’isha Biola Raji T he agents at the 11th delegate election had insisted on inspecting thoroughly, each ballot paper at the collation of the ongoing Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) election. The election holding at Eagle Square Abuja is at the time of filing this report ongoing. It had started with accreditation process at 8am on Thursday 12th March in which the election proper had kicked started at 5:23 pm. The election which lasted till 3:15 am with 3,119 delegates of 43 union including JOHESU 527, NUJ 11, NUEE 471, NULGE 187, ROTARY 7, and other union was conducted in an organized peaceful environment. The contenders in the election are Joseph Ajaero, National Union of Electricity Employees and Ayuba Wabba, Medical and Health Workers Union of Nigeria. After the election, the votes were properly sorted after the Chairman of the electoral committee, Dr. Nasir Fagge announced that there were votes that were placed in wrong ballot boxes hence the need to properly sort them out before counting of votes could commence. However, the agents of each aspirants had insisted on the proper scrutiny of each ballot paper in order to avert wrong collation of votes. The move by the agents however led to delay in counting of the vote which had delayed the final result of the election. As at the time of filing this report, the counting is still ongoing with no information of who might be leading in the race. It would be recalled that the election was initially scheduled for 11th of February but was flawed and could not be concluded due to issue of ballot stuffing. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 7 Displaced persons return By Patrick Andrew, Umar Dankano and Mashe Umaru Gwamna S uddenly, the Nigerian military has found its voice or better still its strength. It was hitherto described as a weakling for failing to tame the so-called ragtag group, Boko Haram, whose onslaughts devastated the entire northeast region for almost six years. However, since February, the Nigerian military seems to have suddenly become endowed with a certain determined resurgence, vibrancy and the deadly capacity to stand up to and contain insurgency with devastating despatch. In recent weeks, the military has intensified its excruciating offensive operations against the former invincible elements, breaking their ranks, dislodging and destroying whatever dread they may have conjured in the imagination of the hapless communities that they had previously trampled upon. In fact, Nigeria had lost territories to the insurgents whose, demonstration of strength, acclaimed invincibility, rubbished Nigeria’s sovereignty of these territories by hoisting its flag. Boko Haram in acting to convince the people that salvation lies in their surrendering to them proclaimed a caliphate over those communities that came under their control. In most cases, they did this after they had with disdain dislodged the poorly armed, sparsely motivated Nigerian military. In essence, Boko Haram had said, ‘‘see this army can’t protect you. They can’t even protect themselves and their immediate families, how much more you.’’ And so they trudged on, put on a certain air of invincibility, walked with unmitigated swagger and dared the federal government to do its worst. But sagged morale alone wasn’t the only factor hindering the Nigerian military. The military was like a farmer without the requisite farming implements, barely scraping the hard surface with bare hands and at most a blunt knife. That sharply contrasted with the sophisticated weapons in the hands of even the most poorly trained insurgents. The long convoy of trucks, pick-up vans, armoured vehicles, pack of motorbikes and AK 47 and other military implements were often in display. Residents of Gwoza, Mubi, Baga, Chibok had tales of woes to relate about the apparent prowess of the insurgents, who daily assailed and traumatised them with reckless abandon, while the military looked on in awe. That was then. Not anymore. Now, the table has turned drastically. Boko Haram members are scampering for safety. The dread of the military now overwhelms them and in desperation they have sought solace in a spectre of bombings in unsuspecting places in far-flung villages in Borno, especially the border areas. The military has reclaimed major territories previously acquired by the insurgents. With the recapture came prospects of normalcy: re-awakening of blissful communal life in ways peculiar to the people. The new found resurgence meant new A burnt house in one of the villages. believe in the capacity and capability of the military. Despondence has given way to renewed hope in communities hitherto in discomfiture. Uncertainty has waned. Prospects broadened and hope set for a renewed zest for life. The people are ready to pick up the pieces of their lives. And so, normalcy will soon return to these communities. The people have gradually returned to their ancestral homes. True, their homes were burnt down, businesses shattered, socio-economic activities grounded and even the bare act of living were completely erased. But there is hope. Territories wickedly annexed by Boko Haram for instance in Adamawa are back under the control of federal troops. They (insurgents) had earlier occupied or captured seven local councils with their acclaimed administrative headquarters at the ancient commercial border town of Mubi which they renamed “Madinatul Islma” meaning the city of Islam. Now, Mubi is liberated from the grip of falsehood and bigotry. Late last year when they (insurgents) attacked the town, they had roamed the streets, pranced about singing songs of conquest and waved their flag in proclamation of a caliphate. Now, its bloodstained flag is no more, it has been perpetually burnt and erased from the consciousness of the people. Towns liberated by the troops in Adamawa State include; Hong, Maiha, Michika, Gombi, Mubi North, Mubi South, Shuwa, Wuro-Gyambi, Uba, Bazza and Vimtim. But there are still vestiges of its presence in these towns as there are visible evidence of desperation in the pockets of bombings of remote villages and other soft targets by the fleeing insurgents. But that is hardly enough to dim the joy of the communities, who have returned to start life afresh in their ancestral homes. Our correspondent, who visited some of the recaptured towns, observed that economic and social activities are beginning to pick up in some places, though some residents are yet to return. They are back to start life afresh. They want want to forge ahead, forget the past and resume their daily labour for survival. Though the pains of losing loved ones, the dreaded attacks, maiming, killing and looting of their belongings still lingers, they are, however, determined to rebuild their lives from the ashes and ruins imposed on them by the insurgents. Malam Abba Buhari, a businessman at the Mubi Central Market, expressed delight at the return of normalcy, thanking the authorities for restoring peace and order to the area. “As you can see, we have started opening our shops in a peaceful atmosphere without fear of molestation because when the insurgents were here, they can pounce on you unceremoniously but now the situation has changed for good. Whenever you are not present at your business premises, the Boko Haram members would just come and burgle your shop and cart away what they need unchallenged,” Buhari lamented as he recalled the past. Another resident, Alhaji Muhammadu Ado, a cattle seller in Mubi town, shared his ordeal with our correspondent, saying he had about 180 cows, but regretted that all were commandeered by the insurgents when they struck. Ado, who was visibly sad, said he has been living on cattle business for three decades, but had lost everything to Boko Haram, stressing that now his fate is in the hands of Almighty Allah. “Even though I lost all I have to the insurgency, I am grateful to God that my life is intact. I also pray to God to bless the soldiers and our local hunters who have dedicated their lives for the security of the country, working hard so that citizens can sleep with their two eyes closed,” he said. However, Alhaji Musa Dauda Gombi, a retired civil servant turned farmer and resident of Gombi town said life was not easy under the occupation of Boko Haram because there was serious confusion for those that survived their atrocities. He explained that the military appears to be better equipped now, motivated and have upped its war tactics unlike before when they usually crumble like a pack of cards. Since the liberation of the town, life in the area has changed for the better as people are now able to go to their farms and the market for commercial activities without fear because of the presence of the military. “We are being protected and their presence alone guarantees peace.” Meanwhile, health facilities in the recaptured towns are yet to pick up as a visit to the General Hospital in Mubi and cottage hospitals in Hong and Gombi towns revealed that activities were still at a low ebb. Facilities in the hospitals are in bad shape, health workers are not at their duty post and even where they are there drugs are not available. A pharmacist in one the hospitals, who declined to disclose his name, claimed that the insurgents had carted away all the drugs in the hospital and even kidnapped some personnel when they struck. He pleaded with the federal and state governments to come to the aid of the hospital. He noted that the fact finding committee from the state Ministry of Health had taken inventory of the essentials needed by the hospital to step up efforts to bring solace to the sick. Just last week, President Goodluck Jonathan in an effort to boost the morale of Contd on Page 8 PAGE 8 Cover Contd from Page 7 Nigerian troops and to see things for himself had personally visited Yola, the Adamawa State capital to see some of the recaptured towns. The president was accompanied by the Chief of Defence Staff, Chief Marshal Alex Badeh, the Chiefs of Army and Air Staff, the Inspector of General of Police and the National Security Adviser among other top military brass. Immediately he arrived the Yola International Airport, he flew in a presidential chopper to Mubi to inspect the town which was reliberated from Boko Haram by the 115 Task Force Batallion, about two months ago. The President also visited Michika and Vimtim, the hometown of the Chief of Defence Staff which were strongholds of the insurgents before there were retaken by the military. Jonathan had earlier paid similar visit to parts of Borno State, specifically Baga that was also recently recaptured from the insurgents. Spurred on by this development, the Emir of Mubi, Alhaji Abubakar Isa Ahmadu, appreciated the federal government for the restoration of security in his domain and called on his subjects that were displaced to return home. Their return, according to Bitrus John, would throw up several issues including resettlment. â€œWith the restoration of security, law and order to the reclaimed communities, the immediate need would be the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure and support for the people to return to their normal livelihood.â€? Therefore, this underscores the steps taken by the federal government through the conduct of rapid assessment in the communities and visits to build confidence in the people. On its part, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) has commenced the collation of data on the damages which would soon be followed by the deployment of support to the people to begin their live again and rebuild their destroyed homes. Speaking in his palace when he received a federal government delegation led by the Minister of Youth Development, Mr. Boni Haruna, the emir advised his people to be vigilant and law abiding and A busy street in Yola PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Displaced persons return assist the government towards the maintenance of security in the area. He urged returning residents to give the necessary cooperation to the NEMA assessment team and thanked President Jonathan for his concern about the condition of the displaced people and his assurances of support to assist them return to normal life. Haruna, who openly wept with some of the returning displaced persons, said the team was in Mubi to assess the return of peace and to convey the assurances of President Goodluck Jonathan to support them through the National Emergency Management Agency to settle back in their homes. The minister said the commander of the army battalion based in Mubi had assured that the soldiers have cleared the town and made it safe for law abiding citizens to return to their homes. Leader of the assessment team, Musa Zakari, said the Director General of the agency, Muhammad Sani-Sidi, directed them to carry out the assessment for immediate deployment of necessary support for the returnees to start rebuilding their lives. The assessment team met with a returnee, Mr. Bitrus Yohana and his family of 10, who came back after several months of displacement. Yohanna appreciated the federal government and the military for the restoration of security in the area. He, as well as other displaced persons now trading at the Mubi Market, called on persons still taking refuge elsewhere to return home. The team also visited Hong, Maiha, Uba, Mubi and Gombi Local Government Areas. The minister and NEMA officials also visited Mubi market where business activities have picked up, the Adamawa State University and State General Hospital. At the market, it was observed that life was gradually returning as shoppers and traders freely engaged in commercial activities. Contd on Page 9 Petty traders display their wares as life resumes in Mubi Traders displaying their wares in Michika Former IDPs returning to their ancestral homes PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 9 Cover Displaced persons at Kuchigoro camp speak Contd from Page 8 W hat is your name? My name is Adamu Taal. I am from Borno State specifically Gwoza How have you been fairing in Abuja since you left Gwoza? I never thought I would one day leave my village in desperation running for my dear life. Worse still, I never thought I would run to Abuja to stay in a refugee camp. I miss the comfort of my rural life; the peace, pleasant environment, the communal living and comradeship. Life has tortured us all because of Boko Haram. We are in a refugee camp and what do you expect? It is what indeed it is calleda camp and therefore hardly a home. It is bereft of any comfort. Life is hard here. They way we are living here is terrible, in fact we are merely surviving at the mercy of God. We depend on hands out from sympathetisers: like clothing, food stuffs and other material things. Most individuals, churches, and NGOs have major concerns, especially on our children, we have our wives and children here, our children cannot go to school and we are not happy about that. We really need the government to come to our aid. Do you have PVC? I do not have PVC. All our property was burnt. These include my PVC and other essentials. Of course, to vote one must have the PVC, according to INEC. What are your thoughts about the election? For the elections, I don’t have anything to say. I would have taken a definite position if I was in my local community where issues would have constituted the basis for supporting or rejecting whoever seeks the mandate to represent my community. But if INEC were to come to our camp and allow us to re-do our PVC in order to qualify to participate in the elections, I think most of us will embrace that. Now that we don’t have the PVC, we cannot exercise our right to vote for whoever we want to lead us. With the military intensifying efforts against Boko Haram and recapturing some communities in Yobe and Borno, when will you return to your ancestral home? There is an English proverb that says ‘there is no place like home’ we really want to return home. But we can’t do so until the government allows us. Of course, even if we desire to return, we on our own cannot return. We don’t have money. Since, we are not working or doing business here as to be able to afford the means of transportation. Again, if the government will provide the vehicles to convey us back to our various communities, and the military will be around to sustain the existing peace, then we may just return to normal life back home. Why won’t we return if all things are in place? Displaced persons collecting donations at an IDP camp Another camp of displaced persons in Abuja. ‘Our Senators have neglected us’ W hat is your name? My name is Sunday John. From which state? I am from Borno. How have you been faring in the camp? We thank God. He has been keeping us since we came here. We have been receiving assistance moral and material from various non-governmental organisations (NGOs), religious groups and individuals. They have at various times been considerate by providing our needs in the best way they can afford. Whenever these persons and organisations visit, they always express concern for our children; their welfare, health, feeding and the state of accommodation here. Although we have three senators representing us at the National Assembly from Borno State, they neither visited us nor sent relief materials. So we have not felt their impact on our lives. They don’t seem to care. All they want is to be seen on television criticising the government for not providing security. Their only concern is elections and not our welfare. Apart from the bags of rice and maize donated to us by Hon. Peter Biye Gumtha, who represents Gwoza /Chibok Federal Constituency of Borno State, we have not received anything from other members representing us. Look life under the present situation is unpleasant because we live in shanties; our living condition is deplorable, dehumanising and psychologically traumatising. We are here for want of alternatives. Cases of diarrhoea are frequent here. Daily supply of potable water is inadequate. The quality of life is at best demeaning and at worst horrible. Do you have your PVC? Yes, I have it here with me. But you know that I cannot vote for candidates of my choice because my polling unit is not here. If INEC makes provision for displaced persons from respective communities to vote based on their local arrangements, then one can hope to vote. I will definitely vote for the candidate of my choice if this arrangement is put in place. I also think that INEC should allow the use of the Temporary Voter Card. What are your thoughts on the coming elections? I pray that there will free and fair elections. The relative peace in our communities should be sustained. Without peace there can’t be credible election. When do you hope to return to your home state? Any time the government deems it fit. We are ready to return even now if the government will guarantee the security of our communities. Our other request would be for the military to guide us from the attacks of Boko Haram. Finally, if the government makes provision for transportation, why not, we are ready. Staying in your own homes is the best for anyone. There is no place like home. That is where we were born; it is where we grew up to know. We do our businesses there and commune with our ancestors. We want to go back to our farming activities and we want to live our normal life again. Living in Abuja in abject poverty and in dehumanizing conditions is not the best for us. We want to go back to our ancestral homes. PAGE 10 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PDP plans to have Buhari try Tinubu, Atiku, others By Stanley Onyekwere The APC Presidential Campaign Organization says that the PDP Federal Government is working extra hours to raise malicious charges against the leaders and suspected financiers of the opposition All Progressives Congress using the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in order to force Gen. Muhammadu Buhari to “try his own men” in a test of his bid to fight corruption without fear or favour. A statement signed by the APCPCO Media Director, Garba Shehu alerted that the federal government is planning to take advantage of a vow by General Buhari that if elected, he will not investigate the past, but that all on-going cases, as he said will be allowed to run through the courts without any hindrance. The list as circulated on the web included former Vice President, Atiku Abubakar, Gov. Rotimi Amaechi, Gov. Adams Oshiomhole, Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Aminu Tambuwal and Gov. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso of Kano State. Others are Senator Danjuma Goje, Senator Bukola Saraki, Faruk Ahmed, Executive Director PPPRA; Sulaiman Barau, a Deputy Governor of the Central Bank; the MD of the Nigerian Ports Authority, Habib Abdullahi and the DG of the NCAA, Captain Mukhtar Usman. The rest are the MD of NDIC, Umaru Ibrahim; Governor of Kwara State, Abdulfatah Ahmed; the Group Executive Director of the NNPC, Aisha Abdulraham; the Governorship candidate of the APC in Taraba State, Senator Aisha Alhassan; the PDM candidate for Adamawa Governorship election, who was formerly the Executive Secretary of UBEC, Ahmed Modibbo as well as the former Minister of Education, Professor Ruqqayyatu Ahmed Rufa’i. In another development, the All Progressives Congress Presidential Campaign Organisation (APCPCO) has challenged the ethical justification of the PDP Presidential Campaign Organisation on an unauthorized use of footage of a Nigerian athlete, Blessing Okagbare, as endorsing President Goodluck Jonathan, describing both the president and the PDP as chronic lairs. The APCPCO, in a statement signed by its Director of Media and Publicity, Mallam Garba Shehu on Friday, noted that it was a shameful act that the PDP will steal the intellectual property of a Nigerian in its blind ambition of selling dummies to Nigerians about the popularity ratings of President Jonathan. L-R Hon. Minister of Water Resources, Mrs. Sarah Reng Ochekpe, Vice Chancellor, University of Abuja, Prof. Michael Umale Adikwu, and Registrar of the university, Mrs. Rifkatu Hoshen Swanta, during an official visit by the management of the university to the minister in her office in Abuja on Thursday. Unemployed protesters disrupt UTME in Delta By Osakhare Erese, Asaba N o fewer than 3,000 unemployed persons in Effurun, Uviwie local government area of Delta State on Thursday disrupted strenuous efforts of candidates sitting for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examinations (UTME) at the premises of the Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) Effunrun. Reports said that the protesters drawn from various quarters of Effurun, were allegedly aggrieved over the continued marginalization of their people, especially in the area of unemployment, contract and other welfare. During the protest, eye witness said the protesters including men, women and youths carried placards with various inscriptions such as, “no peace for PTI’, ‘PTI has employed 159 persons, we want our 50% job slot’, ‘we want to discuss with the Minister For Petroleum Resources’, ‘Dr. Dezian Alison Madueke shows what kind of federal character is been practiced in the federal institutes in Nigeria’ and lots of other. But speaking with our correspondent, chairman of Uviwie community, John Makireru said several representations had been made to the school authority to employ the teeming youths but no positive respond. He said: “we are demanding for our fair share of job placement for Uviwie sons and daughters, but PTI authority continues to turn their ear to our demand” S/Africans perform first ‘successful’ manhood transplant Isioma Nwabasha with agency report T he world’s first successful penis transplant has been reported by a surgical team in South Africa. The 21-year-old recipient of the operation, whose identify is being protected, lost his penis in a botched circumcision. Doctors in Cape Town said the operation was a success and the patient was happy and healthy. The team said there was extensive discussion about whether the operation, which is not life-saving in the same way as a heart transplant, was ethical. There have been attempts before, including one in China. Accounts suggested the operation went fine, but the penis was later rejected. The penis recipient was 18 and already sexually active when he had the circumcision which is part of the transition from boyhood to adulthood in parts of South Africa. The boy was left with just 1cm of his original penis. Doctors said South Africa has some of the greatest need for penis transplants anywhere in the world. Dozens, although some say hundreds, of boys are maimed or die each year during traditional initiation ceremonies. One of the surgeons, Andre Van der Merwe, who normally performs kidney transplants, told the BBC that: “This is definitely much more difficult, the blood vessels are 1.5 mm wide. In the kidney it can be 1 cm. You may say it doesn’t save their life, but many of these young men when they have penile amputations are ostracised, stigmatised and take their own life. If you don’t have a penis you are essentially dead, if you give a penis back you can bring them back to life.” Full sensation has not returned and doctors suggest this could take two years. However, the man is able to pass urine, have an erection, orgasm and ejaculate. Zamfara APC guber: Court adjourns hearing to April 27 From Femi Oyelola, Kaduna A Federal High court sitting in Kaduna yesterday fixed 27th of April, 2015, for the hearing of eligibility case between Alhaji Bello Bara-u, one of the aspirants that wanted to contest the gubernatorial primary of All Progressives Congress (APC) in Zamfara state and three others. Announcing the date, the presiding Judge, Justice Evelyn Anyadike, after listened to counsels to both the plaintiff and defendants, noted that 1st and 2nd defendants were not properly served hence the hearing could not hold. Counsel to the plaintiff, Barrister Ugo Udoji, said his client, Bara-u, was refused to be issued the certificate of clearance that would prepare him for the primary after picking the nomination form. “We have a matter. One of candidates in the last gubernatorial primaries of APC in Zamfara sate, who was refused to be issued the certificate of clearance, came the following day on the invitation of the panel for chat. “They picked the certificate from him in the guise of taking it to the court for affidavit or whatever they may do. That brought us this way. He was not allowed to stand for the main primary after been certified. So we believed that it should be ventilated in the court of law. “What happened today was that the matter came up today for mention. The Governor of Zamfara state, did not served the papers, so the processes were served on us today as well as APC filed their own process that were served on us today. And by the rules of court we allow seven days to respond to these applications. So the step we have taken is that all applications in the matter shall be taken together. One of Counsels to 3rd respondent, Zamfara State Governor, Alhaji Abdulazeez Abubakar Yari, Barrister Solomon Utuagha, said the action of the court over the matter was right, “It was right for the court to do so because most of the parties have not been served especially that of the second defendant, he was not served personally because the issue was in court and the court told the plaintiff to ensure that that particular person is served.” The 1st and 2nd respondents been referred to were APC and unnamed member of the gubernatorial primary screen panel. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PDP group trains 600,000 mobilisers A head of the 2015 elections, the Presidential Campaign of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) yesterday strategized to train 600,000 ward-level mobilisers and polling units’ canvassers. This is even as the organisation berated the leadership of PDP for not adequately publicising the achievements of President Goodluck Jonathan. Speaking at the training programme for ‘operation deliver your ward,’ held in Abuja, the Director Contact and Mobilisation of PDP presidential campaign and former Minister of information, Prof. Jerry Gana, charged the mobilisers not to insult anybody, but to concentrate on the achievement of President Jonathan. The training is designed to train-the-trainers, with an average of three delegates from each state and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Prof. Gana noted that the final phase of the PDP campaign is designed to focus intensively on grassroot mobilization and education of voters at the ward and polling units’ levels. He added that March 16-26th has been declared “operation deliver your ward,” saying it will focus four cardinal issues; voter mobilization, voter Education, Voter Motivation and Voter monitoring on Election Day. Adamu Muazu, PDP Chairman Kaduna community decries intimidation by soldiers over Land From Femi Kaduna Oyelola, C oncerned citizens of Hayin Banki community in Kaduna state have appealed to the Military authorities to caution soldiers from the neighboring new Barracks against intimidating and harassing residents of the area for allegedly building houses on military land. The peasants who had since petitioned the GOC of 1 Mechanized Division Kaduna, the state governor and other relevant stakeholders over the matter, said apart from one Lt. Colonel who had visited the community in December 2014 demanded that house owners present documents to back their claims or have their houses demolished. Another Army officer, a Major also came to the area in company of other soldiers asking residents to show their land documents or face demolition. The Kaduna State Ministry of Lands, Survey and Country Planning had since written to the GOC about the unjustifiable intimidation on the community by the men and officers of the Nigerian Army. According to the community leader, Maianguwa Malam, it was their grandparents who allowed the military in the late 1950s to build their barracks on lands that were not suitable for farming and had lived peacefully with the host community ever since. He, however, expressed dismay that instead of the military to reciprocate such kind gesture and live harmoniously with members of the Hayin Banki community, the peasants were been intimidated by soldiers who had threatened to demolish their houses and render them homeless. “This community has been in existence for over half a century. We are not happy with these constant threats and would not want what befell Kurmin Mashi community to happen here. We are peace loving people and have reported the matter to the land authority,” he said. The Director of Town and Country Planning in Kaduna state, Mr. Ibrahim Hussaini had in a letter addressed to the GOC of 1 Infantry Division Kaduna, requested the military authorities to investigate the matter and if found to be true, to restrain the soldiers under the command of senior officers involved in exercise of re-establishing the boundaries of Kotoko Barracks and threatening to demolish people’s houses in the area. He said the normal procedure for reestablishing boundaries of statutory title, signature plan was to write to the Ministry who will instruct the Surveyor-General to re establish the beacons and demarcate the land. NSA, Bafarawa plot to rig elections, Wamakko alleges S okoto State governor, Alhaji Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko, has alleged that the National Security Adviser (NSA), Col. Sambo Dasuki (rtd), and some PDP chieftains in the state are planning to rig the forthcoming general elections in favour of the party and presidency. The governor gave the revelation yesterday while receiving Members of Council of the Wise of Savannah Center, who were in the state for advocacy visit on violence free elections in the country. The governor remark on the NSA is the second in less than two months after the former also accused the latter of sending a threatening message to his mobile line for not supporting President Goodluck Jonathan. In the latest, Wamakko said there is a grand plan already designed by the Dasuki to manipulate the forthcoming general elections in favour of the ruling party. He explained that a matching order was given to the supposed returning offices engaged by INEC on how best to they would announce the election results in favour of PDP and the federal government on the election days in the state. The delegation was led by its Project Coordinator, Prof. Abdullahi Gambari who stood in for the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Mohammed Lawan Uwais, the Chairman of the Council. The governor revealed that a reliable source prior to the meeting convened by the NSA during his recent visit to the state where he instructed them to work for the PDP candidates in both Sokoto and Kebbi states. He added that the former governor of the state, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa was among presence at the meeting. Wamakko said the NSA promised the affected persons of maximum protection and safety of their families during such pronouncement. “They are boosting to be in charge of the security apparatus during election days.” Wamakko said. “Let me say this in the presence of this honourable delegation and the media. Just two days ago, the NSA was in Sokoto, where he held a meeting with all supposed Returning Officers in the forthcoming general elections in Sokoto and Kebbi, instructing them to announce the election results in favoured of PDP candidates. “I am saying for with honesty, this is what they are planning. They promised the Returning Officers of maximum security. In fact, the former governor Attahiru Bafarawa was at the meeting and they are bent to manipulate the election result for PDP. That is what they are planning on the election days,” he alleged. Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic P.M.B 2052, KATSINA-NIGERIA, 13th March, 2015 (OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR) INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ADVERTISEMENT PRE - QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS: YEAR 2014 TERTIARY EDUCATION TRUST FUND (TETFUND) SPECIAL INTERVENTION PROJECTS INVITATION FOR THE PRE - QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic is seeking for reputable contractors to pre - qualify for the execution of its 2014 TETFUND Special Intervention Project. (a) Project: Lot Procurement of Furniture’s comprising 400No. Static’s, 40No. Swivel and l4No. Cushion (Foreign) Executive Chairs, 45No. (1.4mm) Academic Staff Office Tables and 3No (12 - Seater) Conference Tables and 6No (AR5623) Sharp Photocopying Machines, for College Directors (POLY/KATSINA/TETFUND/SP/ 14/01 and 02) (b) Pre — Qualification Evaluation Criteria i) Company profile and organizational structure including names and Technical qualification(s) and experience(s) of key personnel; ii) Verifiable list of previous works successfully carried out within the last three (3) years with names of client, evidence of award and practical completion and the details of on - going projects; iii) Evidence of Registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission; iv) Evidence of current Tax clearance certificate; v) Vat Registration Certificate; vi) Evidence of Registration with the Federal or State Tenders Board; vii) Evidence of financial capability to handle the job and Bank reference; viii) Evidence of compliance with pension reform act 2004; ix) Company audited account for the immediate past three (3) years; x) Evidence of compliance with the provisions of section 6(1)-(3) of the amended ITF act, 2011; xi) The Original copies of items i-x listed above for sighting during the opening session; xii) Any other information that will assist the Polytechnic in assessing the organization. xiii) Note that all costs incurred pursuance to the advertisement and production of other documents shall be bone by the responding Firms. (c) Return of Documents Pre — qualification documents listed in (b) above should be returned along with the original copy of the receipt for the payment of the appropriate Non — refundable Pre - qualification fees in a sealed envelope marked “PRE - QUALIFICATION DOCUMENTS FOR TETFUND SPECIAL INTERVENTION 2013 PROJECTS and addressed to: The Registrar, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2052, Katsina. To reach him on or before Friday, 27th March, 2015 by 10.00am (d) (i) (ii) on the (iii) Important Notice ONLY short — listed companies shall be invited to progress with the main tender. This advertisement of “invitation to pre - qualify” shall not be construed to be an invitation to tender nor a commitment part of Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina to award any form of contract to any company, it shall not entitle any company submitting documents to claim indemnity from the Polytechnic. The Polytechnic reserves the right to take final decision on any of the documents received in the pre - qualification package. Tender opening will be on Friday, 3rd April, 2015 by 10:00am, at Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina, Committee Room, Central Administration. Thank you. Page 12 Photosplash Some of the over 200 improvised explosive devices recovered by Nigerian troops from Boko Haram insurgents displayed at 23 brigade,yesterday in Yola PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 L-R: Special Adviser to the President on Ethics and Values, Dr. Sarah Jibrin; North Central Coordinator, Ethics, Chief Salimonu Olukolu, and Head of Kasare Chiefdom , Alh. Tafida Musa, during the pre-media briefing on 2015 Ethics and Values Summit, yesterday in Abuja Photo: Justin Imo-Owo Sympathisers at the scene of an accident where a tipper truck crushed a car with its occupants on Nnamdi Azikiwe expressway at NICON junction, yesterday in Abuja People at the scene of an inferno at Mile 12 market, Ketu, in Lagos Some traders at a burnt market in Hong, Adamawa State, during a media tour of territories recovered by Nigerian troops from insurgents, in Hong. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 13 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 14 Protecting your property How NDLEA caught woman with Preventing thefts from vehicles: heroin in her private part • Install a vehicle alarm or mechanical lock for the steering wheel or ignition. • Always lock the doors and leave the windows rolled up. • Always activate any auto alarms or anti-theft devices. • Keep books, tape players, and other valuables out of sight. Expensive items in full view invite theft even if the vehicle is locked. Don’t advertise the types of equipment you have in your vehicle. • Place valuable items in your trunk not the front or back seats. • Know the license number, year, make and model of your vehicle. • Do not leave money, checkbooks, or credit cards in the vehicle at any time. W ith the aid of scanning machines, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) arrested a 31year old single mother of one, Onyinye Aladi, with concealed 430 grammes of heroin in her private part, during an inward screening of passengers aboard an Emirate flight from Pakistan. According to the Premium Times, the anti-narcotics agency in a statement revealed that the arrest was facilitated by the scanning machines at the Lagos airport, Thursday. “During the inward screening of Emirate passengers, one Aladi Onyinye Juliet tested positive for narcotic ingestion. “While under observation, the drug was subsequently expelled, field-tested and weighed,” said NDLEA Commander at the Lagos airport, Hamza Umar. The NDLEA said preliminary investigations indicated that the suspect, who hails from Abia state, had established link with some Pakistani drug traffickers who sponsored her trip in collaboration with some local accomplices. However, Ms. Aladi, who is based in Aba, admitted that she engaged in drug trafficking to settle her bills. “I am a single mother and I need money to take care of myself and child; I used to sell clothes but the profit is inadequate to sustain my family. “I would have earned half a million naira to pay for my rent and my child’s school fees if I had succeeded in bringing the drug. “They paid for my return ticket and hotel accommodation. While in my hotel room, a Pakistani woman came to give me the drug. “She also instructed me to conceal it in my private part to avoid arrest, ujnfortunately, the NDLEA officers detected it,” she lamented. Meanwhile, NDLEA’s chairman, Ahmadu Giade, said that the agency would continue to detect narcotics with the help of technological tools. “The NDLEA is investing in capacity building and modern equipment in drug detection,” “We hope to dislodge drug trafficking cartels through superior intelligence and best global practices. “Investigation is on-going to arrest other members of the drug cartel connected to her case,” he stressed. The agency said that the suspect will soon be charged to court. • Keep bicycles locked any time they are unattended with a good “U” type lock. Second choice would be a good casehardened padlock and cable. Be sure the “U” lock or cable goes through the front wheel, rear wheel and the frame, and secure it to a fixed object. • Check the lock by pulling on it to make sure it is secure. • Use an engraver to place an identifying mark on unpainted major bicycle components. • Be sure to retain all evidence of purchase, including the serial number. • Be able to identify the bicycle.. not only by its color, but also by its features. • Have one or more close up color photographs of the bicycle on hand. • Register the bicycle in the Department of Public Safety and Police or County Police registration Preventing bicycle theft: program. • Never loan your bicycle or other property to strangers. Preventing thefts from offices: Crime quotes: • Try to avoid parking a bicycle in a deserted or poorly lit area. • Don’t become complacent. Be aware! Be attentive. • Don’t showcase your office. • Close and lock your office when it is not occupied. It only takes seconds for a thief to notice an unoccupied office, walk in and put something in a book bag. • Lock your desk, file cabinet, locker, etc. • Don’t leave your purse in that last or bottom drawer of your desk (thieves know it’s there). “There’s no way to rule innocent men. The only power any government has is the power to crack down on criminals. Well, when there aren’t enough criminals, one makes them. One declares so many things to be a crime that it becomes impossible for men to live without breaking laws.” ― Ayn Rand IG Suleiman Abba Four docked over illegal oil deal F our suspected members of an illegal oil syndicate are standing trial before Justice A. A Okeke, of the Federal High Court sitting in Lafia, Nasarawa state. The suspects: Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke, were arraigned by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, (EFCC), on a 12-count charge bordering on conspiracy, forgery and unlawful dealing in crude oil. In a statement by the EFCC, the suspects: were docked on a 12-count charge bordering on conspiracy, forgery and unlawful dealing in crude oil. The charge reads: “That you Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke on the 12th day of May, 2014 at Toto Military check point in Nasarawa State within the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court did conspire amongst yourselves to commit felony to wit: did without lawful authority or an appropriate license deal in crude oil and you thereby committed an offence contrary to and punishable under Section 3( 6) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act CAP M17 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004.” “That you Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke on the 12th day of May, 2014 within the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court forged a document to wit; Conoil Invoice No 32182 dated 9th April, 2014 and you thereby committed an offence contrary to section 1 (2) (c) and punishable under section 1 (2) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act CAP M17 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004.” The accused persons, however, pleaded not guilty to the charges. The prosecutor, Salisu A. Majidadi, therefore prayed the court to fix a date for hearing and to remand the accused in prison custody. However, Daniel Mushei, counsel to the second and third accused persons, told the court that he had a pending application for bail and prayed the court to admit his clients to bail. In response, Majidadi said he was served with the application only in court and pleaded for time to formally respond. Justice Okeke, ordered the suspects to be remanded in Lafia prison, and adjourned the case to March 23, 24 and 25, 2015 for continuation of hearing. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 15 Why APF backs Jonathan —Onasanya Otunba Joseph Onasanya is the National Chairman of the Advance Progressive Forum (APF) with membership across 26 states and the FCT. In this interview, he gave insight into the reasons the APF wants President Goodluck Jonathan re-elected. Our Correspondent Matthew Aramunde was there and reports. W hy has the APF chosen to pitch tent with the PDP’s presidential candidate, Goodluck Jonathan? Well, you could say that again. But if you ask me, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan will go down in history as the only leader in Nigeria that will get thumbs up for keeping a clean sheet as regards human rights records. But more to that he is a perfect gentle man, a harmless dove in a manner of speaking. Further, aside from this sterling quality of his. His achievements, since he assumed the saddle, are worthy of note. Take for instance the railway system of transportation that has been in a state of inertia for 40 years has been resuscitated by this administration, the convocation of the sixth National Conference where Nigerians of different ethnic divides, religious inclinations and political affiliations including the nearvociferous civil rights groups, came together to discuss the way forward for Nigeria in an atmosphere of conviviality. The Confab alone was a feat the previous administrations failed to achieve. Besides, the president unlike his predecessors allowed delegates the free hand to debate freely and openly all matters except the divisibility of Nigeria. And the delegates discussed everything under the sun and came up with resolutions which the Jonathan administration has assured it would implement. That was highly commendable. Let me not forget the privatization of the power sector. Previous administrations shied away from and, in some instances, merely pretended to tackle the issue of power. Jonathan chose to differ by unbundling the power sector and thus enabling the private sector to take over power generation and distribution. In the gas sector, the 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas per day is being utilised and we are feeling the effect of gas utilisation in the power sector and other ways. The administration has completed 150 model grammar schools for the almajaris, in addition to building 12 new universities. The administration has revamped the economy leading to the rebasing that has made us No 1 and 26th largest economy in Africa and the world respectively. At the moment our GDP has risen to $510 billion thus by extension Nigeria has become a top destination for foreign investments in Africa. I can go on and on.... These are no doubt impressive and we think it would be reasonable to allow him to continue. Bringing a new team to kill the momentum, some of the projects may be abandoned more to the detriment of the nation. “ Unfortunately, these achievements do not seem to have translated into material benefits to the average Nigerians and the poverty level is still frighteningly high in the country? Yes, you may be right there but one thing we should not forget in a hurry is that these developmental strides will require reasonable time for them to begin to manifest and affects the life of the people. The processes that would bring in these results were not done overnight, they were painstakingly planned and executed. The prospects are all quite heart warming. All I craved for is that Nigerians should exercise patience because we have all seen some of the results and before long the benefits accruing from these positive developments would be clearly visibly and readily improve the living standard of our people. But most Nigerians in spite of your observations think the President and his party the PDP have failed to deliver on their electoral promises? I just told you of some of his achievements which are obvi- Politics Onasanya ous. Let me tell you that I have some reservations for those Nigerians who have kept on saying that the President has not deliver on his electoral promises. May be they need to be reminded that the plethora of problems Jonathan inherited were the misdemeanours of past administration mostly from the 30 years of the junta regimes. Therefore, clearing the Aegean stable will take some time. We must also note that the unfortunate acts of insurgency which ravaged the Northeast in particular surely have taken away some of the shines of the administration. Not to worry, there are no doubt silver linings in the horizon which is why we are advocating that Nigerians should re-elect him and in the spirit of continuity, he should be allowed to change to the face of Nigeria for good. Jonathan has often been labelled by critics as lacking the will to tackle the hydra- headed monster called corruption which many say is the bane of the country’s march to development? Again and for the umpteenth times, let me say that I do not subscribe to this view. I don’t think he lacks the will power to prosecute erring members of his cabinet who are found to be corrupt. What I think is that those I will call whistle blowers have not been able to concretize their allegations with con- I don’t think he lacks the will power to prosecute erring members of his cabinet who are found to be corrupt. What I think is that those I will call whistle blowers have not been able to concretize their allegations with concrete evidence that should have given the President the ground to prosecute those alleged to be corrupt. crete evidence that should have given the President the ground to prosecute those alleged to be corrupt. You often read about these allegations on the pages of newspapers or you hear them when they are aired on the electronic media but no one seems to have needed documents that could be used by the anti-craft agencies to prosecute corrupt officials of government. On the other hand, Nigerians and that includes you and I are the ones fanning the embers of corruption which as you will agree has permeated every strata of the society. So long as we still think certain individuals should be the ones to fight corruption and we fail to have a change of mind and collectively wage war against corrupt officials, that we indirectly bred, then corruption will continue unabated. The public generally believe that Jonathan tends to allow some “sacred cows” in his cabinet the freedom to make reckless utterances even on sensitive national issues? I strongly believe the President has got the right to check his men on what they should or should not say. I also believe campaigns should be issuebased and all about mudslinging and hate speech. However, Nigerians should pay more attention to what the President says rather than what his overzealous aides are saying. If he failed to achieve in six years in the estimation of some, why should he be given another four years? Considering the many achievements of this administration, my party thinks consolidation and sustainability of these achievements are germane to harness the nation’s development strides. It improves our democratic institutions enabling the people to maximise the dividends under Jonathan’s watch. PAGE 16 Interview PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 What if card readers fail at polling units? We had an agreement with all the political parties that the card reader is going to be deployed to accredit voters on election day. We also had an agreement that except a voter on election day presents himself with a permanent voter card he will not be allowed to vote. - Nick Dazang By Patrick Andrew, Ikechukwu Okaforadi, Adesoji Oyinlola, Lagos and Mustapha Adamu, Kano T he use of card readers is one of the newest innovations adopted by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to frustrate election rigging. However, it has generated no little controversy bordering on political differences. Whereas the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has raised serious issues over the workability of the card reader, the All Progressives Congress (APC) has insisted on the use of the card warts and all. Besides, the PDP governors also alleged that the electoral commission is conniving with the opposition APC to use the card to compromise the integrity of the elections. And so the controversy appears to have reached a crescendo, in recent times. The political class is already divided on the necessity of using the card readers. Leading Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have similarly followed suit, trying to justify or condemn this innovation. From every indication, the ruling PDP has clearly voiced out its reservations against the resolve by INEC to deploy the machines in the forthcoming polls. On the other hand, the opposition APC, even though it pretends to have “ embraced the new technology, indications have emerged that some stakeholders of the party are actually shielding their skepticism against the proposed technology. According to the reservations expressed by PDP members, there is no guarantee that the machines would be efficient and effective across the regions of the country on the same day. The questions which the ruling party has consistently sought explanations from the electoral commission is: what happens if the card readers fail at polling units? What happens where the card readers cannot be applied at some of the polling units? Thus, the party has championed the return to the old system, which requires manual accreditation by INEC officials. This, political analysts have variously described as a return to square one in the quest by INEC to engender a reformed democratic and electioneering system that is anchored on accountability and transparency. The tide appears clearly in favour of the use of card readers for the elections, and this comes against the background that the living standard of Nigerians has been growing from worse to worst. They argued that only a credible process of electing leaders will suffice. Therefore, they see the card readers as a significant element in this process. The common expectation among Card reader Nigerians is that it would bring a drastic transformation in both the social and economic advancement of the country. However, speaking before the Senate at plenary, the Chairman of INEC, Attahiru Jega, warned that any INEC official who, for any reason, sabotages the use of card readers would be prosecuted, adding that such deviation is considered an offence and punishable. The INEC boss also said that where the card readers could not be used due to failure, elections in the affected area would be postponed to the following day. The statement was a veiled response to the fears over observed inadequacies. He explained that where the card readers cannot authenticate the finger prints of an electorate, an INEC official would give the voter an incident form to fill, after which such voter would be allowed to cast his/her vote. This is usually done by the Assistant Polling Officer (APO), Conducting the mock election in about 33 percent of the country ahead of the general election is a welcome development, but unfortunately, it has succeeded in exposing the inadequacies of the card readers. Prof. Jega who will later transfer it to INEC headquarters. With this, the leadership of the commission will be able to determine the number of persons whose fingers could not be authenticated across the country. Through this, INEC would be able to check the proliferation of incident forms for the purpose of rigging the election for a candidate of any political party. When the INEC boss was asked why the commission insisted on not using the manual system of accreditation if the card readers fail entirely, he explained that most politicians do not want the card readers, adding that provisions have already been made to replace such card readers from the commission’s local authority in the affected areas. While emphasising that the commission can afford to wait for as long as possible to ensure that they work as expected, Jega assured voters that the use of the manual method is not being contemplated by the commission. Meanwhile, the commission also plans to deploy additional batteries (about 10 per polling unit) as backups for situations where there is battery failure. The battery for the card readers, according to him, lasts between 10 and eight hours when fully charged. This clarifies the claim that its life span is only five hours, a situation that many had clearly adduced as a major weakness because it could take no fewer than two hours to access certain riverine areas, meaning almost half of the battery must have been spent even before the accreditation processes commence. INEC’s Deputy Director for Public Affairs, Nick Dazang, said officials of the electoral body are hard put understanding what the controversies are about. He dismissed arguments against the effectiveness of the card readers, noting that all parties had agreed with the decision of INEC on its usage. Dazang lambasted the parties who it seems have reneged on an agreement signed with the electoral body about the use of card readers during the polls. “We find it very curious that these political parties at the 11th hour will now make a u-turn in respect of the card reader. We had an agreement with all the political parties that the card reader is going to be deployed to accredit voters on election day. We also had an agreement that except a voter on election day presents himself with a permanent voter card he will not be allowed to vote. “In fact this particular agreement informed the guidelines for the elections which we published in January. Before we published these guidelines, we circulated same to all the political parties for their input and after that, we published these guidelines and circulated them nationwide,” he said. Dazang said it is unfortunate for some parties to threaten to boycott the poll. “We do not see it as a stalemate in the sense that we had demonstrated these same card readers to members of the Senate and they were satisfied with its performance,” Dazang said. Contd on Page 17 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE17 Mixed reaction trails card reader test in Kano, Lagos Contd from Page 17 S ince last year, when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announced its plans to bring sanity into the electoral process through the use of Permanent Voters Card (PVC) and the Smart Card Reader, the commission and its top management, led by Professor Attahiru Jega, have come under intense pressure from various political gladiators who felt threatened with the new methodology being canvassed by Jega and his men. The issue, which was greeted by criticism from different quarters, also made the two main political parties in the country to lock horns as to whether to go ahead with the use of the card readers or otherwise. Apparently, the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), had since kicked against the decision to use the technology during the general election, While the opposition All Progressives Congress (APC) is seemingly in support of the new electoral technique with the assumption that it would ditch the ruling parties plans to rig the forthcoming elections. However, to prove its mettle over the use of the new technology in the country, INEC was prompted to conduct a mock field test of the biometric card readers in two states each from the six geopolitical zones, including Kano and Kebbi States from the Northwest zone on Saturday, March 7. Meanwhile, after the field test exercise, INEC has expressed satisfaction with the mock test. The electoral body said in a statement that “the exercise, held in 12 states from the six geo-political zones, was successful and will prove useful during the elections.” It however acknowledged challenges in confirming finger prints, vowing to rectify the problem before the general elections.’’ The electoral body said it achieved 100 percent success in its objective of verifying the authenticity of the Permanent Voter Cards presented by voters on Saturday. On the biometric authentication of voters, it conceded that only 59 percent of voters who turned out for the demonstration had their fingerprints successfully authenticated. However, it allayed fears of disenfranchisement, saying the provision for manual validation had long been put in place for such cases. In Kano State, however, the field test exercise was conducted at Danmaliki ward in Kumbotso Local Government Area. According to the state Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC), Alhaji Mukaila Abdullahi, the registration area was chosen because it has the highest number of collected PVCs and is a semi-urban area, adding that 54 card readers were put to test during the mock poll at 32 polling units and 22 voting points. However, our correspondent observed that biometric failure marred the conduct of the mock exercise at Dan’Maliki ward, A prospective voter during the card reader demonstration exercise Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano State. INEC statistics indicated that Dan’Maliki ward which comprises four political wards has a total of 25,000 registered voters. There were recorded cases of three biometric failure in ten prospective voters screened during the exercise that lasted between 8.00am to 1.00pm, but INEC officials said the development does not pose a threat to the purpose of its deployment. Abdullahi told journalists that the commission issued ‘incident form’ to the affected voters, pointing out that the anomaly would be addressed. “The card reader has proved to be reliable and we are satisfied with the turnout of voters and security cover by the police.” He explained that the adjustment of accreditation time by one hour was done to accommodate the likely hiccup, adding that the “Kano exercise was a huge success.” However, a non-governmental organisation, Nigeria United for Democracy, said the mock exercise was a ‘marked improvement from the past’. The Chief Observer Mission, Nigeria United for Democracy, Muhammad Kabir Adam, said the exercise was “60 percent success and 40 percent failure. “Except the biometric failure, the exercise was a huge success and this is a marked departure from the past. As you have observed it took “ less than two minutes to accredit a prospective voter but it is our hope that the timing should be improved upon for efficiency”. Voters had thronged the Dan’Maliki Primary School, venue of the history making process, early as young men, women in hijab and the aged waited patiently to be part of the history making exercise. Ward Head of Danmaliki, Malam Sani, lauded INEC for choosing the area as the test centre and noted that it was conducted peacefully. “I really thank INEC for choosing our area as the registration centre. I am very happy with the peaceful conduct of the exercise. We have had a good relationship with security personnel. I also commend my people for cooperating with them,” he said. According to him, the people were put in the know of the nitty gritty of the exercise days before it was conducted, stressing that the enlightenment campaign yielded a fruitful result as residents exhibited good conduct during the field test. He maintained that the exercise was a replica of the forthcoming rescheduled general elections on March 28 and April 11, adding that it has boosted the peoples’ morale that the general elections would be free and fair. A voter in the area, Baba Goro Mai Bulo, said the exercise was successful and not as slow as was widely speculated, adding that the machine was efficient and rendered He explained that where the card readers cannot authenticate the finger prints of an electorate, an INEC official would give the voter an incident form to fill, after which such voter would be allowed to cast his/her vote. fast services to the electorate. He stressed that there was a peaceful relationship between the voters and security agents, adding that the exercise was a replica of the general elections. Maimuna Sani, a female voter who participated in the accreditation exercise in the area, said every woman that reported at the centre was successfully accredited. When asked if she witnessed a woman with a henna design on her hand as speculated that it would bar the machine from capturing the finger prints of a woman wearing henna, Sani debunked the rumour, saying “there was only one woman with a henna design on her hand and she successfully participated in the accreditation.” She also expressed optimism that the general elections would be free, fair and credible. Meanwhile, in Lagos, INEC received both knocks and praises on the desirability or otherwise of the usage of the machine for the elections. For instance, while Joe Igbokwe, the Publicity Secretary, Lagos State APC, commended the effectiveness of Smart Card Readers, former Deputy National Chairman (South) of the Peoples Democratic Party, Chief Bode George, cast aspersion on its efficiency. George challenged the INEC chairman to provide a contingency plan in case the card readers fail in some polling booths, especially at the rural communities, stressing that the electoral body has to prove to Nigerians that it is ready for a hitch-free election with the use of the card readers, noting that millions of Nigerians would have been disenfranchised if INEC had gone ahead with the earlier dates scheduled for the elections. He said Jega, must convince Nigerians on the contingency plan he has before some political stakeholders would fully endorse it for the verification of authentic permanent voter’s cards during the elections. Also, a civic action group promoting good governance and democracy, Move on Nigeria, has called on INEC to take a second look at the use of card readers and make the necessary adjustments. The group alleged that INEC might have created a monstrosity by introducing a never-been-used technology for the conduct of a major election that will end up in catastrophe except the country moves back to the very simple clear, cut way of verifying and accrediting voters. In a statement made available to journalists in Abuja and signed by its National Coordinator, Mr. Clem Aguiyi, the group said the nation can afford to do away with the Smart Card Reader rather than risk having an election that is not credible. “Everyone appears genuinely concerned about the SCR, but somehow Jega and the APC are the least worried. If there are things they know that the rest of us don’t know they should tell us. While President Goodluck Jonathan is committed to bequeathing to Nigeria a legacy of free, fair and credible election, it is most likely that he is not on the same page with the INEC chairman who from all intent and purposes is working towards a predetermined answer.” Also, the National Coordinator, Good Governance Initiative (GGI), Dr. Harruna Shettima, has described the test-run of the card readers as a grossly inadequate exercise incapable of ensuring a free, fair and hitch-free election. A press statement on INEC’s preparedness to conduct the general election and made available to journalists at the weekend, quoted Shettima as saying that the mock exercise was below average, characterised by several reports of flaws and petulant failures totally incongruous with the present democratic dispensation. He said even though conducting the mock election exercise prior to the general election was laudable, it nonetheless exposed the underbellies of an institution that was ill prepared; using an apparatus that would disenfranchise millions of Nigerians at polling booths. According to him, “Conducting the mock election in about 33 percent of the country ahead of the general election is a welcome development, but unfortunately, it has succeeded in exposing the inadequacies of the card readers and the electoral body to ensure that every voter who turns up to exercise their voting right on March 28 and subsequent weeks would be properly enfranchised, as the machines failed in more than 40 percent of the areas captured for the exercise.” Shettima said INEC should desist from fooling Nigerians about its readiness to conduct the forthcoming elections, maintaining that if it needs help and wants more time to firm up its logistics before the March 28 presidential elections, it should be honourable to say so by telling the nation the truth rather than being economical with the facts which almost everybody appears to have access to. And so barely two weeks to the presidential election, debates on whether to use the card readers are still on. PAGE 18 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Special Report Will constitution amendment break jinx? Contd from Page 4 country after residing in the host country for certain years. In Nigeria, it is a known fact that no Igbo or Hausa man can claim to be a Yoruba man even if he spends 60 years or more in Yoruba land. He cannot lay claim to the cocoa farm or other resources in Yoruba land. The same treatment will apply to a Yoruba and Hausa man who resides in Eastern Nigeria for several years. They cannot claim to be Ijaw or Igbo nor lay claim to the oil in the region. Yoruba and Igbo people residing in Hausa land can also not claim to be Hausa nor lay claim to any resources in the north no matter how many years they reside there. In 2010, the House of Representatives sought to deal with the problem when Hon. Sama’ila Mohammed (ANPP, Plateau State) sponsored a Bill for an Act, which would give Nigerians the right to be indigenes of any local government area in the country if that person or the person’s parents migrated to that local government area before October 1 1960. The Bill also sought to restrict the authority for the issuance of ‘indigeneship’ certificates to the Ministry of Internal Affairs instead of the current practice where it can only be issued by states and local government councils. Another effort to address this issue is the latest proposed amendment to the 1999 Constitution concerning the insertion of Indigene Clause in the constitution which will confer indigenous status on any citizen of the country, who has lived in an area for 10 years, thus making the visitor an indigene of host community. But how far can this go in addressing the indigeneship/ settler cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabric of our national unity? The denial of the rights of many Nigerians residing in places other than their homeland has enormous consequences on national cohesion, it is imperative that the National Assembly through the constitution review exercise redefine the status and character of the Nigerian citizenship. “ The National Conference in plenary It would be recalled that the Constitution (Fourth Alteration) Bill, 2014 was passed in the Senate and House of Representatives respectively on Tuesday 21st and Wednesday 15th October, 2014; and the National Assembly transmitted same on Tuesday, October 28, 2014 to the State Houses of Assembly to fulfill the requirement of Section 9(2) of the 1999 Constitution; However, one of the contentious matters for voting on the templates of issues in the 360 federal constituencies was citizenship and indigeneship. From the resolution on the provisions of the Bill forwarded by the 36 State Houses of Assembly and the 71 Sections and Schedules of the 1999 Constitution altered by the National Assembly in the Bill, ‘citizenship and indigeneship’ clause were approved by the State Houses of Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Section 9(2) of the Constitution as required for their passage. Under clause 7 of the amendment, 31 states had yes votes, while five had a no vote that the heading of Chapter III is altered by inserting immediately after the word ‘’CITIZENSHIP’’ the words ‘’AND INDIGENESHIP.’’ This clause was therefore accepted by all the 36 states including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Clause 8 Section 25 was also altered by: (a) Inserting a new sub-section “(1A)” – “(1A) Subsection (1) (a) of this section shall apply to persons born before or after the date of independence, whose parents or any of whose grandparents were indigenes of a territory or community now forming part of Nigeria”. (b) Insertion of a new section ‘’25A’– “25A. (1) A citizen of Nigeria is an indigene of a particular community of a State in Nigeria if – (a) He was born in that State;(b) His parents The implication of this is that your citizenship of Nigeria confers you an indigene of a particular community of a State in which you reside. Whether this would put an end to the indigeneship/ settler dichotomy is yet to be seen, as the bill awaits the assent of Mr. President. or grandparents belong to a community indigenous to that State; (c) He has resided in that State continuously for a period of not less than ten years; or (d) being a woman, who is married to an indigene of the community of that state, unless she chooses to retain the indigeneship of her paternal community. (2) A person mentioned in subsection (1) of this section shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges as an indigene of that State. (3) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall entitle a citizen of Nigeria to be an indigene of more than one State.” 25 states voted yes against 11 states and this clause was accepted. The implication of this is that being citizen of Nigeria makes you an indigene of a particular community in a state in which you reside. Whether this would put an end to the indigeneship/settler dichotomy is yet to be seen, as the bill awaits the assent of Mr. President. As expected the provisions of the Bill have satisfied the requirement of Section 9(2) of the Constitution and has been transmitted to the president for his assent, to enable institutions of government prepare for immediate implementation of policies and programmes pursuant to the provisions of the constitution as amended. The constitution as amended should clearly state that Nigerians have inalienable right of residence, to contest for public office, own land, have access to social benefits such as employment and scholarship in any part of the country. In this way, Nigerians will mould a spirit of accommodation among themselves, thereby fostering the much needed national integration and cohesion for development to take place. However, dealing with citizenship challenges in Nigeria will require a change of mindset. For this to happen, massive civic education and reorientation campaign is imperative. Again, from the 71 Sections and Schedules of the 1999 Constitution altered by the National Assembly in the Bill, the following have also been approved by the State Houses of Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Section 9(2) of the Constitution as required for their passage– Sections: 4, 8, 9, Chapter III, Section 25, 26, 34, 35, 39, 42, New Sections 45A-45D, New Section 50A, Section 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 82, 84, New Section 84A-84F, Section 89, New Section 92A, Section 100, 106, 107, 109, 121, 122, 124(b), 129, 131, 134, 150, 153, 155, 174, New Section 174A-174L, Section 177, 179, 195, New Section 211A-211H, Section 214, 215, 216, New Section 225A, Section 228, 233, 241, 251, 285, 306, 315, 318, Part I of the First Schedule, Part II of the First Schedule, Part I of the Second Schedule, Part II of the Second Schedule, Part I of the Third Schedule, Part III of the Third Schedule, Fifth Schedule Part I, Seventh Schedule paragraphs 3, 4 & 5. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 19 Tourism Owu Falls: Spectacular symbol of nature O wu falls is the highest and most spectacular natural water fall in West Africa, and is located in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State. The water fall is one of the symbols of nature and its existence is untraceable. The water fall is 120m above water level and cascades 330 feet down an escarpment with rocky out crops to a pool of ice cold water below. It is surrounded with a beautiful natural ambience and hills which makes sightseeing a memorable experience. The waterfall is characterised with ice cold water, beautiful rocky part, walk ways, and evergreen surroundings. Source of the fall Main fall The lower course of the fall Kwara State (Yoruba: Ìpínl Kwárà) is in Western Nigeria. Its capital is Ilorin. The primary ethnic group in Kwara State is Yoruba, with significant Nupe, Bariba Hausa minorities. History Kwara State was created on May 27, 1967, when the Federal Military Government of General Yakubu Gowon broke the four regions that then constituted the Federation of Nigeria into 12 states. At its creation, the state was made up of the former Ilorin and Kabba provinces of the then Northern Region and was initially named the West Central State but later changed to “Kwara”, a local name for the River Niger. Kwara State has since 1976 reduced considerably in size as a result of further state creation exercises in Nigeria. On February 13, 1976, the Idah/ Dekina part of the state was carved out and merged with a part of the thenBenue/Plateau State to form Benue State. On August 27, 1991, five local government areas, namely Oyi, Yagba, Okene, Okehi and Kogi were also excised to form part of the new Kogi State, while a sixth, Borgu Local Government Area, was merged with Niger State. View of the upper course Tourism Important tourist attractions in Kwara State include Esie Museum, Owu Falls, Imoleboja Rock Shelter, Ogunjokoro, Kainji Lake National Parks and Agbonna Hill. There is need to develop tourist centers in the state to enhance physical development, a place like Owu Fall needs standard hotel and good road, which will encourage people to visit the fall as a picnic center. Transport The Nigerian Railway Corporation extends services from Lagos through the state to the northern part of the country. The Ilorin Airport is a major center for both domestic and international flights and has now been upgraded to a hub for transportation of cargoes. Economy Agriculture is the main source of the economy and the principal cash crops are: cotton, cocoa, coffee, kolanut, tobacco, beniseed and palm produce. Mineral resources in the state are gold, limestone, marble, feldspar, clay, kaolin, quartz and granite rocks. Industries in the state include Dangote Flour Mill, Lubcon Lubricant Company, Kam Industries Nigeria Ltd, Tuyil Pharmacy Nig Ltd, Padson Industries NiG Ltd,[2] Kwara Breweries, Ijagbo Global Soap and Detergent Industry, United Match Company, Tate and Lyle Company, Resinoplast Plastic Industry, Phamatech Nigeria Limited, Kwara Textile and Kwara Furniture Company all in Ilorin. Others are Paper Manufacturing Industry, Jebba, Okin Foam and Okin Biscuits, Offa, Kay Plastic, Ganmo and Kwara Paper Converters Limited, Erin-ile. Others are Sugar Producing Company, Bacita, Kwara animal Feed Mall, Ilorin and the Agricultural Products Company. Enwikipedia.org PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 20 Show your love of nature with bath tub decorations Bring nature indoors to create the fantasy of a forest bath. T he tub is the leviathan in the bathroom; you canâ€™t do too much with it, so decorating around it sets the tone for the entire room. Enclose the tub in decorative tiles, surround it with natural materials, or launch with a maritime theme. Let the designs around the tub spill over into the decor for the rest of the bathroom. Tubs within walls What surrounds an indoor bathtub are walls, which can determine the quality of experience when you are soaking in the tub, as well as define the decor for the rest of the bathroom. Mosaic tile walls transport bathers to the Aegean with a Greek frieze of painted ceramic tile bordered by a Greek key design. The towels can pick up the key motif. A chrome-clad slipper tub set into a corner of marble tile walls and floor gleams in reflected light from a tarnished pier glass leaning against one wall. The palest blush pink towels in an old apothecary cabinet add a soft hint of colour without detracting from the hard shiny surfaces around the tub. Bring in nature When the tub is in front of a mural of white aspen trees in winter, a warm-climate bathroom is cool and relaxing. Every touch of nature is a serene addition to the bathroom. Stock a rush basket near the tub with handmade scented soaps and sea sponges. Suspend a crooked tree branch high over the tub, wound with fairy lights to make a starry chandelier. Use a cork or sisal bathmat for wet feet. Beautiful and useful Rolled-up bath towels in a handy basket made of recycled strips of plastic are a quirky touch next to the tub in a guest bath. An all-white tub in a white bathroom is enlivened by a spring green bathmat and a lineup of bright yellow rubber duckies that entice a grubby child to full immersion. A vertical row of cast metal hooks in sea shapes whales, sailboats, sea sirens or surfboards -- holds towels right next to the tub and shower. A slab of weathered barn wood or silvered driftwood becomes a casual tub tray to hold a book or a relaxing mug of herbal tea. Plastic, vinyl and fiber Choose bath accessories that project a neat and unified appearance around the tub. A clear, star-studded acrylic bucket to hold rolled towels, with a matching wastebasket, soap dish and hanging shower caddy, inspires a wall-mounted brass star over the tub and a clear vinyl shower curtain splattered with constellations. You might even paint the sides of a clawfoot tub midnight blue or black and stencil stars all over it. The seagrass tub mat is at home with neutral towels and washcloths in straw, sand and beige for a Zen tub. Re-purpose terra-cotta flower pots, from gigantic to minuscule, as towel baskets, shampoo and bath-brush holders. ehow.com e n i z a PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 d n e k e We g a M ent I was raped in New York —Madonna >>PG 36 ‘I didn’t know my hubby well before getting pregnant’ >>PG 37 Halima Abubakar set to release look book >>PG 37 >>PG 37 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 22 Is your skin older than you? I n a country where so much is happening concerning endless Economic reforms and ziggyzaggy leadership issues/tussles, most Nigerians are caught up in a web of struggle to survive. Too much hustling! . Hustling? Oh yea, there is so much hustling in this country that most people cannot even remember what good living is all about anymore. After the day’s hustling , they go home without the neccessary basic facilities to help them relax not to talk of good food. Good food to most Nigerians is a great luxury if you ask me. How do you explain a situation where you get home late at night from a day’s job, tired, hungry,and same time being confronted with total blackout, no water? Visualize this ugly situation and think of how someone can really maintain a healthy body Image. Somehow, Nigerians have developed very thick skin to the lack of neccessary /basic things of life that can make the lives of the average Nigerians a little bit comfortable and enjoyable. Such fraustrating lifestyle practically turns most Nigerians into shadows of themselves and the last thing on their mind is achieving a good, decent as well as happy life. The question now for such Nigerians is –how do such people who find themselves in this economic rut step out with their heads up and not being embarrased by their ugly skin? For those who always get home and no water to take a good refresh- ing bath, electricity to relax, most of them slip into very bad habit of not keeping a good body hygiene. A good night bath refreshes one’s body and skin and makes people sleep well and by the time you wake up the following day, you will be energetic to face your duties at your work place. No need to mention of such persons having the pleasure of eating some good nourishing foods because most people who find themselves in this ugly situation, end up feeding badly too. To this group of people, anything that can fill their stomach goes as food . Such people can not be free from skin problems like eczema, pimples, sunburn, blemishes, acne, skin darkening and dull skins. Men and women who find it difficult to take two regular baths daily always end up with bad skin which can lead to the skin looking older. Night baths “ in particular is very vital because all through the day, people sweat and their body attracts all kinds of dirt/dust sticking to their body. Now each time i talk about Night baths, those who are opportuned to have some element of good facility like riding in an airconditon cars, working in an air condition office, think that their body need no bath at night especially the male folks. You are damned wrong here guys.. absolutely wrong!! Even if you did not sweat all through the day, your entire body has open pores and they releases oils etc regularly. For those of you that complains of having very oily face, even when you did not apply any cream/lotion, ever wondered how the oils came out on your face? Your skin has tiny openings which you can not see with your naked eyes and any thing the skin brings out from the inside must be cleaned up or else it develops into skin problems. So if you are in the corporate industry and you feel there is no need for you to take your night bath, think again. Try this... when next you wear your white cripsy shirt to work, at the end of the day when you get home, check your collar and see if it is clean or not. Again, what most people do not understand about having a smooth and radiant skin is that, what you feed your body in the inside contributes so much to how your skin will look on the outside. Last time, i talked about junk foods and healthy foods. I made it clear in that publication, that no matter your economic standard, you can always eat healthy but sadly enough, most people can not even differenciate between healthy foods and junks. For these Nigerians who are Such people can not be free from skin problems like eczema, pimples, sunburn, blemishes, acne, skin darkening and dull skins. With Jacqui Iwu [email protected] 08184825606 (sms only) hustling without having the basic things of life, their entire body system are always rioting and it looks as if they have no control over their body. Some keep wondering what is happening to them but cannot really figure out what exactly. You see folks, it has got to a stage in this country when most people does not give a hoot about what their body and skin looks like and all the concenterate on is ‘’chasing cash’’. The most worried part is, even when they have this cash, they still move around like they do not have a ‘’body’’....just floating!! I keep counseling such person to have a focus and pamper their body because in the midst of all the chase and craze for so much money, that body you have been negelcting , feeding it all kinds of junks, applying on it all kinds of cheap/fake soaps, creams, lotion you buy from the open –sun market, will break down or even stop funtioning. When this happens, what do you do? I have seen young ladies being refused their dream job due to their overweight body and acne infested face. I have also seen some male applicants being rejected for job placement because they have unkept skin with shaving bumps, body ordor etc. No kidding here...this is real! If you are aiming for corporate jobs and your entire body image is unkept and nauseating, it will be a big battle for you, no matter your high educational qualifications. This is not the issue of drowning your body with perfume. To be honest, if your body has bad ordor, no amount of perfume can stop it till you take time to pamper your skin with good quality skin products suitable for your skin and body. I get lots of request from men and women with this ugly body issue ‘’body ordor’’ and one thing they have in common is their confession of using expensive perfumes but the ordor still ‘’zooms’’ out! There are people who keep switching soaps, lotions week after week without getting good results but rather worsening their skin problems. Every skin has its own peculiar pampering stuff and till you discover what skin products suits your skin, your outside skin will be a mirage. When you finally get what suits your body on the outside, combine it with healthy diet and your entire body will ‘’sparkle’’!!! Jacqui IWU is a BodyImage, Life &Career Coach A Stress Management Expert &Conference Speaker Media Relations Personnel BLOG: http://bluntjacqui. blogspot.com FB: http://facebook.com/ beautifulwoman.column PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Nativity S enator Patricia Naomi Akwashiki (born 2 November 1953) was elected Senator for the Nasarawa North constituency of Nasarawa State, and took office on 29 May 2007. She is a member of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). Early education and career Akwashiki earned a BA in Education from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1982. She entered the banking industry, where she became a senior manager. She was elected to the 5th Assembly (2003–2007) of the House of Representatives on the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) platform. She failed to win the PDP nomination to run for a second term, and transferred to the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), on which ticket she won election in 2007 as Senator for Nasarawa North. Akwashiki has done well as a politician but as a growing up child, she actually dreamt of a career in medicine. “I wanted to be a doctor. But I was ignorant about choosing the right path to meeting my career goals”, she revealed. “I didn’t know that by attending a regular secondary school, rather than a teachers training college, I would have wider opportunities with regard to choosing a career. I had the option of going to a secondary school in Yola or attending Madonna Teachers College. But I chose Madonna College. At the end I discovered that I had to start all over if I were to study medicine. So from Madonna College, I moved on the path of studying education up to degree level. But I am very grateful to God for what I turned out to be. I only taught as NYSC member after which I worked in the information ministry briefly before going into banking.” After taking her seat in the Senate in May 2007, Akwashiki was appointed to committees on States and Local Government, Inter-Parliamentary Affairs, Communications, Banking, Insurance and other Financial Institutions and Women and Youth. In a mid-term evaluation of Senators in May 2009. She sponsored a bill to amend the Code of Conduct Bureau and contributed brilliantly to debate in plenary and committee assignments. In January 2010 she staged a come-back when she returned to the PDP, citing injustice and insensitivity of the ANPP national secretariat and factional infighting in the state chapter of the party as reasons. On her banking career, she disclosed that hard work led to her quick rise in the financial industry. “When I converted from an admin staffer to mainstream banking, I worked in all the departments of the bank. The Page 23 Womanhood Patricia Akwashiki: Affecting lives through politics She believes that those that cannot ignite change have no business in politics. “Honestly, the most important thing for me as a politician is to make a difference in the existence of my people. I don’t like to see my people suffer or struggle with problems. I don’t like seeing people suffer. So, once I hear that you have a problem, I do what I can to solve it. I might not have solved all the problems, but I surely touched very many lives. I did a lot of lobbying to attract developmental projects to my zone. I built six health centers in my zone and I also conducted highly successful health outreaches. I assisted people that lived with diseases for years because they had help in the past. The joy and relief people got during these health outreaches made me vow that when I fully retire from politics, I will spend my time organising more of such interventions.” Mrs. Patricia Akwashiki highlight of my career was my appointment as branch manager of Lion Bank. I was posted from Jos to Abuja to open the branch. We broke even in six months which means we were making profit by the middle of the year, even as a new branch.” Her helpful disposition as a banker led people to ask her “ to contest election. “Even as a banker my people interacted with me and they had complaints about those representing them. At that time most of us professionals left politics to people who were uneducated and they just couldn’t meet the aspirations of the people. So the professionals later started looking at politics and we knew that we had to make a move. The good thing is that in my state people are politically active. They love to be involved in the political happenings. I got tired of criticizing people and I got involved to make a difference and I do believe that I made the difference.” Honestly, the most important thing for me as a politician is to make a difference in the existence of my people. I don’t like to see my people suffer or struggle with problems. Advice for female politicians The ex-lawmaker who mentors young female politicians speaks from a position of experience with regards to advice for women wishing to mount the soap box. “I try to mentor young women because somebody, Mrs. Elizabeth Nyam also mentored and gave me the opportunity that changed things for me. Mrs. Nyam was chairperson of Lion Bank and she said that I should be given the chance to come to establish the Abuja branch of our bank. And from that job, I got lifted. I tell young women that politics is good. But if you have a young family, wait until your kids are grown older. This is because politics is time consuming. It is even more tasking if you are to contest for office. Women must get the consent and support of their husbands. The good thing is that many husbands do support their wives. But there are some men that don’t want anything to do with politics. You have to know which category your husband belongs to.” According to Akwahsiki, women have to match men word for word when it comes to smear campaigns. “I will tell women not to be intimidated by name calling, they have to boldly confront those who call them names and give them a dose of their own medicine. This is the only way they will think before speaking to you wrongly,” she advises. Enwikipedia.org PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 24 Lion J and Yoruba, thus making Jos a cosmopolitan city. Jos has become an important national administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Tin mining has led to the influx of migrants, mostly Igbos, Yorubas and Europeans, who constitute more than half of the population of Jos. This “melting pot” of race, ethnicity and religion makes Jos one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria. For this reason, Plateau State is known in Nigeria as the “home of peace and tourism.” Administrative divisions The city is divided into three Local Government Areas of Jos North, Jos South and Jos East. The City Proper lies between Jos North and Jos South. Jos East houses the prestigious National Center for Remote Sensing. Jos north is the state capital and the area where most commercial activities take place although due to the recent communal clashes a lot of commercial activities are shifting to Jos South. The Governor’s office is located in an area in Jos North called “Jise” in Berom language,”Gise” in Afizere (Jarawa) language or “Tundun-Wada” in Hausa language. Jos south is the seat of the deputy governor i.e. the old Government House in Rayfield and the industrial centre of Plateau State due to the presence of industries like the NASCO group, Standard Biscuits, Grand Cereals and Oil Mills, Zuma Steel West Africa, aluminium roofing industries, Jos International Breweries among others. Jos South also houses prestigious institutions like the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), the highest academic awarding institution in Nigeria, the National Veterinary Research Institute, the Police Staff College, the NTA Television College and the Nigerian Film Corporation. Jos North is where the University of Jos and its teaching hospital are located. The city formed an agglomeration with the town of Bukuru to form the JosBukuru metropolis (JBM). Geography and climate Situated almost at the geographical centre of Nigeria and about 179 kilometres (111 miles) from Abuja, the nation’s capital, Jos is linked by road, rail and air to the rest of the country. The city is served by Yakubu Gowon Airport, but its rail connections no longer operate as the only currently operational section of Nigeria’s rail network is the western line from Lagos to Kano. ABCDE HIS AND HERS CORNER Jos Wildlife Park os wildlife park is located four kilometers from the state capital, Jos, and offers a variety of animal species - buffaloes, lion, leopards, pigmy hippopotami, baboons, monkeys, derby elands, pythons, crocodiles, chimpanzees, jackals and a host of other animals. Jos Wildlife Park is rich in various endangered, rare, vulnerable and abundant species of wildlife. Irrespective of season, games are viewed at ease in the park from 10.00am to 6.00pm every day. Some animal species are managed under more than one system. Formerly named Jos Wildlife Park, the place was renamed Jesse Aruku Wildlife Park in honour of the late Jesse Aruku, the immediate past General Manager (GM) of PSTC, who was allegedly assassinated. For a typical cosmopolitan city, Jos boasts of countless eateries and pubs. The Jos Wildlife Park is another attraction. It covers roughly three square miles (8 km²) of savannah bush. Visitors are able to see animals ranging from lions to pythons to pygmy hippopotami. Jos is a city in the Middle Belt of Nigeria. It has a population of about 900,000 residents based on the 2006 census. Popularly called “J-town”, it is the administrative capital of Plateau State. The city is located on the Jos Plateau at an elevation of about 1,238 metres or 4,062 feet high above sea level. During the British colonial rule, it was an important centre for tin mining. History The earliest known Nigerians were the Nok people (around 3000 BC), skilled artisans from around the Jos area who mysteriously vanished in the late first millennium. According to the historian, Luka Gwom Zangabadt, the area known as Jos today was inhabited by indigenous tribes who were mostly farmers. According to Billy J. Dudley, the British colonialists used direct rule for the indigenous tribes on the Plateau since they were not under the Fulani emirates where indirect rule was used. According to the historian, Samuel N Nwabara, the Fulani empire controlled most of northern Nigeria, except the Plateau province and the Berom Mwagavhul, known as, Tiv, Jukun and Idoma tribes. It was the discovery of tin by the British that led to the influx of other tribes such as the Hausa, Igbo, Urhobo Humbe Why the Bush Cow and Elephant are friends T he bush cow and the elephant were not friends, as they could not settle their disputes between themselves. The cause of their unfriendliness was that the elephant was always boasting about his strength to all his friends, which made the bush cow ashamed of himself, as he was always a good fighter and feared no man or animal. When the matter was referred to the head chief, he decided that the best way to settle the dispute was for them to meet and fight in the market-place on the next marketday, when all the country people could witness the battle. On the market-day the bush cow went out early and took up his position some distance from the town on the main road to the market, and started bellowing and tearing up the ground. As the people passed he asked them whether they had seen anything of the “Big, Big one,” which was the name of the elephant. A bush buck, who happened to be passing, replied, “I am only a small antelope, and am on my way to the market. How would I know the movements of the ‘Big, Big one?’” The bush cow then allowed him to pass. After a little time the bush cow heard the elephant trumpeting and could hear him as he came nearer breaking down trees and trampling down the small bush. When the elephant came near the bush cow, they both charged one another, and a tremendous fight commenced where a lot of damage was done to the surrounding farms, and many of the people were frightened to go to the market. The monkey, who had been watching the fight from a distance whilst he was jumping from branch to branch high up in the trees, went to report what he had seen to the CREATIVITY head chief. Although he forgot several times what it was he wanted to do, he eventually reached the chief’s house. Just then the chief caught sight of him while he was scratching himself, and shouted in a loud voice, “Ha, monkey, is that you? What do you want here?” After some time he replied very nervously: “Oh yes, of course! Yes, I came to see you.” Then he said, “I wonder what on earth it was I came to tell the chief?” as everything had gone out of his head. Then the chief told the monkey he might take one of the ripe plantains hanging up in the verandah. Then the chief remarked that the elephant and bush cow ought to have arrived by that time, as they were going to have a great fight. When the monkey heard this he said: “Ah! that reminds me,” and then, he made the chief understand that the elephant and bush cow were fighting in the bush on the main road leading to the market, and had stopped most of the people coming in. When the chief heard this he was very angry and called for his bow and poisoned arrows and went to the scene of the combat. He shot both the elephant and the bush cow, then ran and hid himself in the bush. About six hours both the elephant and bush cow died in great pains. Ever since, when wild animals want to fight, they always fight in the big bush and not on public roads; but as the fight was not decided between the elephant and the bush cow, whenever their offspring meet one another in the forest, even to the present time, they always fight. Auwal Aminu ACTIVITIES With the help of the right materials, have a fun-filled weekend colouring the image below. Show your work to your parents or teacher for correction. Cheers! Make a paper bucket K nowing how to make a bucket out of a common material like paper is a handy skill when camping, hiking, picnicking or cleaning. Making a paper bucket can also be an interesting party trick. The only things needed to make a paper bucket are a large piece of paper and a few minutes to fold it into shape. Things you’ll need • Large piece of paper (12 by 12 inches or larger) Instructions • Make your Paper bucket Humbe paper square, if it isn’t already. Tear it into shape with your hands. It doesn’t matter if the paper isn’t perfect. It just needs to be more square than rectangle to get the folds right. • Place the paper on the ground or on a table so that it is in the shape of a diamond. The top corner should point up and, conversely, the bottom corner should point down. • Fold the bottom point to meet the top point of the diamond. The paper is now folded in half. Crease the fold. This forms a triangle made of two flaps. • Fold the right corner so it touches the left edge of the triangle. • Flip over the paper. Fold the right corner until the point touches the left edge of the paper. • Fold down the top flaps over each side. • Pick up the paper bucket. Insert a hand or finger between the top folds to open. Fill with water. Place one hand under the bucket to provide support. The bottom should flatten and stabilize when the bucket is set on the ground. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 26 When could you suffer a heart attack? Take this test to find out... A new online calculator aims to predict the age at which a person is likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke. The tool compares a person’s actual age with their heart age, after considering simple lifestyle information, including height and weight. While those behind the new test argue it is designed to arm people with the knowledge they need to make changes to improve their lifestyles, critics have questioned how effective it will be. GPs will be encouraged to tell patients about the test, to help empower them to live healthier lives. But one expert warned the test may scare people into taking medication, including statins, to lower their cholesterol. The test asks people to enter basic details, including their age, height and weight and postcode. Blood pressure, cholesterol level and whether a person has ever received treatment for their blood pressure is also requested. Then the test asks a series of questions to build a picture of a person’s medical history. Whether a person smokes, if they are diabetic, suffering rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney failure or atrial fibrillation - an irregular heartbeat - is considered. Finally, it asks if a person has a family history of cardiovascular disease in relatives under the age of 60. Using the information, the calculator generates a heart age, as well as predicting how long a person can expect to live before they are likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke. In addition, it estimates the risk of a person suffering a heart attack or stroke in the next decade. As well as the results, the test provides advice about blood pressure, cholesterol and weight, calculating a person’s body mass index to judge if they are a normal weight, overweight or obese. It means a woman aged 40, who is of a healthy weight, smokes less than 10 cigarettes a day, has diabetes and has a family history of cardiovascular disease could be warned her heart age is actually that of a 53-year-old. She could be warned she is likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke by the age of 71, and given a three per cent chance of it happening in the next decade. Another woman of the same age, weight and height, but who does not smoke or suffer diabetes and has no family history of heart disease could be told she is likely to live until the age of 81 without suffering the same fate. In addition, her percentage risk of a heart attack or stroke would be just 0.9 per cent over the next decade. A 55-year-old diabetic man who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, and has a family history of heart disease, could be told he risks a heart attack or stroke at the age of 67, and has a 30 per cent chance of it happening within 10 years. In contrast, a man of the same age but who does not smoke or have other health problems, could expect to live to 80 years old without any risk of heart problems. The test is most accurate if a person can provide their cholesterol and blood pressure readings. However, if not, the test uses the national averages to determine risk. It is available on the NHS Choices and British Heart Foundation websites, as part of a collaboration between Public Health England and the charity. Professor Kevin Fenton, director of health and wellbeing at Public Health England, said: ‘Too many people are dying prematurely from preventable conditions and there is clear evidence that factors like smoking and high blood pressure play a major role in this. ‘The heart age tool shows that it is never too late to make healthy lifestyle changes, giving people a chance to see the direct impact these changes can have on their heart’s health.’ Simon Gillespie, chief executive of the British Heart Foundation, said: ‘Knowing your risk of developing heart and circulatory disease is crucial to taking control of your health. ‘Armed with this knowledge you can start to make lifestyle changes to help protect yourself against heart attacks and strokes.’ But other experts have urged caution, warning it could push more people to take statins and other medication, putting people at risk of side-effects. Dr Assem Malhotra, honorary consultant cardiologist, at Frimley Park Hospital, told the Telegraph he is concerned the test does not account for basic lifestyle factors, including exercise levels. He said: ‘It is important to help identify those at risk of heart disease, but I really hope this has been properly evaluated; we don’t want to make the same mistakes we have seen in the US, where calculators enormously exaggerated the risks. ‘It is a pretty crude evaluation to only use weight as a proxy for lifestyle.’ As well as estimating heart age and a person’s risk of heart attack and stroke, the free NHS Health Check that accompanies it, gives people an opportunity to take action to improve their lifestyle. It offers advice about how to develop serious but preventable conditions including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and some types of dementia. In 2013, more than 18,000 The test asks people their age, weight and height as well as basic information about their blood pressure, cholesterol and medical history people died prematurely from coronary heart disease. Dawn Bail from Bury, had her NHS Health Check in 2013 and was shocked by the results. She said; ‘I knew I wasn’t the healthiest person but being told “ I was obese and at risk of serious health problems was a real wakeup call. ‘Since then I have completely changed both mine and my husband’s lifestyles, going to the gym regularly and having homemade meals. ‘In fact I was actually looking forward to my last check which showed my BMI to be normal and a fantastic low risk of cardiovascular disease.’ It is available on the NHS Choices and British Heart Foundation websites, as part of a collaboration between Public Health England and the charity. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Compiled By Doyin Ojosipe 2015 Presidential Poll: How and why PDP will lose By Umar Ardo, Ph.D L et me start by saying from the onset that I am PDP. I have always been PDP; and no one can deny me of being PDP. But there are two kinds of PDP – the positive and the negative PDP. I am of the positive PDP who has remained within to fight the negative PDP. It is now obvious that Nigerians are at last ready to get rid of the negative PDP in 2015. I believe it could well be for this purpose that our judiciary failed to determine President Jonathan’s ineligibility status when the latter insisted on contesting the election. Nigerians today want the PDP out of power even more than they had wanted the military out in 1999. The reason is simple; the PDP has wrecked the country in its 6 years in office far more than the military did in its 29 years in power – whether it is on our national unity, politics, economy, corruption, insecurity, infrastructure, crime, dishonesty in leadership, constitutionalism, rule of law, or any other aspect of our national life, the PDP has done worse than the military. So, Nigerians understandably want them out. But wanting the PDP out will not get it out unless and until concrete and determined steps are taken. I see in the formation of the All Progressive Congress (APC) such determined step. The APC itself has taken the appropriate measures to win the presidential election fair and square by fielding in right candidates with mass public support, General Mohammad Buhari (rtd) and Prof. Yemi Osibanjo, as its Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates respectively. This is a sure ticket of guaranteeing electoral victory. The political calculation is easy, and the electoral mathematics is simple; Buhari, more than any politician in the North, commands the support of the Northern populace in the same way as Tinubu, more than any politician south of the Niger, commands the support of the Southwest zone. Therefore, fielding in any other candidate than Buhari could have turned off the North against the party in the same way as how CPC’s fielding in of a Southwesterner other than Tinubu or his nominee as its Vice Presidential candidate in the 2011 presidential election turned the zone against the CPC. Having avoided the mistake of 2011, I believe APC’s victory in 2015 is assured. Mathematically, the electoral forte of the two geopolitical zones of Northwest and Southwest alone put together constitute 46.3% of the national electoral strength, based on the 2011 voters’ register. Driving from the voting pattern of these zones since 1960, the probability of the PDP winning the presidential election in 2015 does not exist. Gen. Muhammadu Buhari The South-west zone has 14,296,163 registered voters, which represents 19.44% of the total number of voters nationwide. In terms of national electoral strength, the zone is number 2. Taking into account the electoral behaviour of the South-west since independence, the zone has proven itself, without exception, of incapable of voting anyone other than its own. In the 1st Republic it voted mainly Action Group in favour of Chief Obafemi Awolowo with about 69% voters’ turnout. In the 2nd Republic, it voted 78.75% of its total votes cast for UPN in favour of Chief Awolowo, with 70% voters’ turnout. In the June 12, 1993 presidential election, the pattern was repeated more or less the same, except that the total percentage of SDP’s votes in favour of Chief MKO Abiola rose up to 84.5% in the zone. In the 1999 presidential election, mainly because the only two candidates for the presidency were both from the South-west, the zone’s voters’ turnout was abysmally low (48.09%) with about 68% of the votes cast to “ APP in favour of Chief Olu Falaye. Also, in 2003 it recorded poor voters’ turnout with 71% of votes cast to Obasanjo’s PDP. In 2011, with no Southwestern candidate fielded by any of the major parties, the South west voted PDP when a functional alliance with the CPC failed to field in Sen. Tinubu or his nominee. Besides, with the vicious experience of AD in 2003 when the PDP Federal Government uprooted its governments in five states of the zone, the Southwest cannot now afford to risk having an opposition PDP government at the federal level again; certainly not after the hard pains and toils of forming the APC. It is therefore existential for the Southwest to vote APC at the presidential election. Like the South-west, the electoral pattern of the Northwest too has shown, without exception, that it does not elect anyone other than its own. This trend includes the much celebrated June 12 presidential election where Chief Abiola was given an average votes cast of 42.9% by the zone. Even this score was unusually high, and should be attributed to the personality profile of Chief Abiola, including his faith. For the record, it should be pointed out that the North-west zone always led the nation in terms of number of registered voters. For the 2011 elections, the zone had 19,803,689, representing 26.93% of the national electoral strength, the highest in the country. With a total of 10,749,059 voters in the 2011 polls, representing 14.62% of the national voters, the North-east zone is the 4th in terms of electoral strength in the country. Although ethnically heterogeneous, it largely shares common history, faith and cultural values with the North-west. These often account for common political stand between the two zones, especially since the advent of Gen. Buhari into the presidential race. On this score, we can confidently assert that the zone will go not less than 65% for Gen. Buhari, as the 2003, 2007 and 2011 polls showed. Added to the fact that Buhari was once the governor of the entire zone, there is a sentimental political attachment to the man that somehow remains through the years. If every vote will count, as the nation expects it to count in 2015, then APC is very much at home in the zone. The North-central has 11,627,490 voters representing 15.81% of the total electoral strength of the country. It is the home of about 65% of what is generically term as “Northern Minorities”. But about 55% of the populace is historically and politically affiliated to the ‘Northern Caliphate Establishment’; and over the years this affiliation has translated into electoral votes for the pro-establishment. In the 2011 presidential election nearly 90% of Niger state’s voters elected Buhari. With Bukola Saraki in the APC, it is certain this factor will reflect in the 2015 presidential election in favour of the APC in Kwara state. Furthermore, the traditional dominant support bases of the PDP, which is the Southsouth, Southeast and the minority North cannot give the party victory. Firstly, the Southsouth has a total of 9,923,219 and Southeast 8,899, 438, which put together, cannot upturn the votes of the Northwest Like the South-west, the electoral pattern of the Northwest too has shown, without exception, that it does not elect anyone other than its own. alone. For the Northern Minorities, certain missteps of the government, the party and some overzealous Niger Delta militants have combined to change the PDP support equation. To all intents and purposes I cannot see PDP winning one single state in the 19 states of Northern Nigeria. How then can PDP, with Goodluck Jonathan and Namadi Sambo as its flag-bearers, and especially with Sambo having no electoral value to his party, as the 2011 general elections had shown, win the election? On the other hand, the APC’s fielding of Buhari is of tremendous advantage on one fundamental front. Judging from his past leadership antecedents, Nigerians are also agreed, arguably, that Buhari is the most honest among the candidates in the country. Gen. Buhari went into public service poor and came out relatively poor. Interestingly, Buhari held more strategic and lucrative public positions capable of turning him into a stupendously wealthy or even wealthier man than most of our wealthy retired public servants today. He was governor of Northeastern state for almost a year, Minister of Petroleum and Chairman of NNPC Board for three and half years, Head of State and Commander-in-Chief for almost two years, and he was Chairman of Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) for three years. This is a clear proof that he had given honest leadership; a vital solution to the current problem of our country. And, as the universal dictum goes, honesty is the best policy. If therefore Nigerians want to resolve the nation’s primary problem, then electing Buhari is the logical solution; it is like placing a round peg is a round hole. Also, very importantly, the most fundamental reasons that made PDP to ‘win’ in 2011 are today no longer there. In 2011, Buhari was all alone by himself, with no key power blog, no governor, no Senator, no Legislator, no funding, etc. supporting his candidacy. Today all these are present in his support. Conversely, in 2011, President Jonathan’s election was supported by key power blogs like Presidents Obasanjo, Babangida, Gen. TY Danjuma, Bola Tinubu, Bukola Saraki, Gov. Ameachi, etc. Today they are all absent. Dr. Umar Ardo PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 28 TIPS Compiled by Isioma Nwabasha Tips for dark skin tones Dark-skinned beauties are now getting prominence everywhere be it in magazine shoots, the runaway and in entertainment circles. The world has finally woken up to the fact that dark is beautiful. If you are blessed with a dark skin, there is a lot you can play around with in terms of makeup. Black skin is incredibly radiant. With a beautiful spectrum of hues and tones, it is no wonder we have many phrases to describe our skin’s resilience and beauty. Ever heard of the phrase, “black don’t crack”? Below are tips for a shiny, luster dark skin I Moisturise f you want to enhance the lighter tone in your skin, then, simply apply a tinted moisturizer or sheer foundation that matches the center of your face and then, use a copper bronzer on the forehead and perimeter of your face. Remember to blend as this will help diffuse the transition between the two tones. Those with dark skin, especially with dryness problems, tend to look ashy if skin is not moisturised properly. After your daily shower, make sure you apply a good moisturiser to keep your face and body well-hydrated. This will give you that clear, glowing dusky look. Acne or pimple scars Dark skin is more prone to have acne or pimple scars. Do not pick at your pimples or any other rashes, as they will show up more on your skin than those with lighter skin. The right foundation While selecting foundation for dark skin tones, the best spot to try it out is not on the back of your hand, but instead, on your forehead and just above your jaw line. Be extremely careful while selecting your shade, as anything that is lighter than your skin tone may end up making you look greyish. More often than not, dark skinned women tend to have an uneven skin tone. They have darker forehead and lighter center, so, in order to get flawless looking skin, we often have to play with few shades of foundation, if you want to get a natural look. Makeup products for dark skin tone The thing to remember, when applying foundation, is that you want to create a seamless finish and gradual transition between the lighter part of the face (which is, usually, the center) and darker parts (which are, usually, the forehead and perimeter). If you want to play a warmer tone, then find a shade that falls somewhere in between the lighter and darker part of your face and apply it everywhere Yes, all over your face because, if you simply apply a foundation that matches only the darker part of your skin (or a lighter part), it simply won’t look natural. Remember, you are trying to even out the two different skin shades. A liquid foundation will work better on your skin than a cream or powder based foundation, as these may end up making your skin look shiny. Dilute your foundation with a bit of water to make it even on the skin. Hydrate and eat a healthy diet. Maintaining a healthy and balanced diet rich with fruits, vegetables and water (eight glasses of water per day) will help you achieve a more youthful appearance. This is because hydrating and eating well helps to keep your skin moist, refreshed and supple which will help it fight wrinkles and blemishes. Eye makeup Dark and metallic eye shadow colours like green, copper, burgundy, purple and brown are great with dark skin, especially if you are wearing them at night. Smoky eyes look good on those with a darker complexion. Make sure you blend it in well, and if you are looking to create that extra effect, add on a pop of colour around the inner corners of the eye. Also, if you are mixing two shades, make sure they are of a similar colour family and complement each other well. Use the lighter of the two shades in the middle to inner part of the eyelids and the darker of the two on the outer edge. Majority of dark skinned ladies have either dark brown or hazel eyes, therefore, the best colours that complement those tones would be deep shades of purple. Dark skin tone Luckily, ladies with dark skin can amazingly pull off lovely golden and bronze tones as well, and, even, turn these tones from a natural day time look into a seductive and elegant night time one, it will always look gorgeous. Lipsticks Selecting colours for dark skin tones is a big task. Dark skinned ladies need to stay away from contrasting colours unless you are trying to look sick, there is, definitely, no reason why somebody with really dark skin tone should wear light nudes on the lips. If you still want to go for a nude lip tone, make sure you choose a colour that is close to your skin tone, which can be brownish shade and, sometimes, even an orangey one; these tones will make you look more natural. Deep shades of lipstick such as plums, wines and deep reds are the best colours for dark skinned girls. Use lip colours like beige, coffee, chocolate, soft pink, plums, berry, burgundy and gold. Stay away from lipsticks with a frosty finish or ones that are too glossy. Blush Shades like dark peach, bronze, deep orange, coral, wine, rose and gold and any darker shade of blush will complement your skin best. Sun screen Just because you have a dark complexion doesn’t mean your skin won’t get affected by the harmful UV rays. This is a common mistake that many dark-skinned beauties tend to make. Choose your sunscreen depending on your skin type. The most effective way to prevent sun damage is daily sunscreen lotion with SPF 30+. You can also use moisturizers and makeup foundation with SPF 30+ sunscreen already added. Powder If your skin is too oily and shiny, it is advisable to use a face powder that is closest to your skin tone and matches best. Remember, black is beautiful, and those with this skin tone have the best canvas to create various looks in terms of style and makeup. Take pride in your complexion, choose your colours well and use the above natural beauty tips and makeup to create stunning looks that are sure to bring in those compliments. Compiled by Miriam Humbe PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 I f you are a recent graduate, or jumping into the workforce after an extended break, your choice of interview attire will be viewed as an indicator of how serious you are about getting the job. Here is a guideline that will help you clinch that dream job. Attire basics • A dark, two-piece, gray, navy or black suit is your best option when interviewing with a conservative company. Compliment it with a light colored blouse or cotton shirt. Steer clear from strapless, spaghetti straps and well-worn tees under the jacket. Women can wear a black suit easier than men because they can lighten the look with a soft colored blouse and accessories. • Pantsuit vs. skirt suit. A pantsuit is generally an acceptable choice for a job interview, although, there are still some exceptions depending on the company. • Tech companies and other casual industries. If the company or industry is known for its casual work environment, such as a laid back tech company, you may choose to tailor down your look without looking unkempt. Slacks and a dressy blouse, or a tailored skirt and blouse worn with a cardigan or light weight sweater are appropriate options. The key is to think in terms of “three pieces”. It’s always better to arrive slightly overdressed than underdressed. • A white or light coloured, tailored shirt is an interview staple. Page 29 Suitable dress to help you grab the job Dress up your look with a necklace or other piece of conservative jewelry. • Hosiery may or may not be optional. A job interview is not the time to take any chances. If you know someone currently employed with the company, ask them about their dress policy. You may also make an effort to drive by the company during a time when employees are entering or exiting the building. If the women are wearing conservative suits and hosiery, it would be in your best interest to do the same. • Shoes. A mid heel, closed-toe pump is a safe choice. Regardless of the current shoe trends, your shoe selection for a job interview should be professional and understated. The exception would apply to a creative position, or a position in the fashion industry where your choice of clothing should reflect the current fashion trends. Details that matter -Leather purse or briefcase; carry one or the other, not both -Manicured nails with a neutral polish -Make up; even minimal makeup is an indicator that you value your professional image -Neatly groomed hair, worn away from the face -Clean and polished shoes (Pay special attention to heels and soles) -Conservative watch with a link or leather band -Black or neutral coloured trench coat (Inclement weather) PAGE 30 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 With Miriam Humbe Serves: 4 Beans porridge and plantain Ingredients 2 Cups Black Eyed Peas- Beans 1/2 Bulb of Onion 3 Tomatoes 1 Fresh pepper 1 Table spoon Ground Crayfish â€“ Optional 3 Cubes of Maggi cube 2 teaspoons of salt 1 teaspoon of dry pepper 2 cooking spoons of palm oil 5 Cups of water Directions Wash the beans (Black eyed peas) for a minute Pour 3 cups of water into the pot and Boil the beans Boil for 15 minutes and add 1 cup of water If the bean is not soft add the last cup of water When the beans has started to make a slight paste, and there is still water (but not covering the beans), add your chopped or blended onions Add your blended tomato and pepper and stir in. Add your salt, dry pepper and 2 cubes of maggi Allow to stew for an extra five minutes Add your blended crayfish powder and stir in. Taste your beans and if it still tastes a little too bland for you, add the extra maggi cube. (As we all have different taste buds and if you are hypertensive, you do not want to much salt in your meals) Allow to simmer for about 3 minutes and add your palmoil. For an extra 2 minutes, allow the palm oil simmer and serve with Fried Plantain, Boiled Plantain, Yam, Rice, Bread, Garri (Cassava flakes) or stand alone. Beans and plantain is a healthy meal full of protein and ideal especially for those on a diet. It is also easy to prepare and tastes so delicious. Get cooking and enjoyâ€Ś.. Cabbage, pear, lettuce and ginger juice Preparation Servings Per Recipe: 1 Amount Per Serving Calories: 110.3 Total Fat: 0.6 g Cholesterol: 0.0 mg Sodium: 18.2 mg Total Carbs: 26.8 g Dietary Fiber: 5.5 g Protein: 2.9 g Ingredients Water (two cups) 1 large wedge green cabbage 2 small pears 1 bunch romaine leaves 1 piece of ginger root How to prepare Servings Per Recipe: 1 Amount Per Serving Calories: 110.3 Total Fat: 0.6 g Cholesterol: 0.0 mg Sodium: 18.2 mg Total Carbs: 26.8 g Dietary Fiber: 5.5 g Protein: 2.9 glike it to be more diluted (though note that when you add ice, it will melt and naturally dilute the lemonade). If the lemonade is a little sweet for your taste, add a little more straight lemon juice to it. Refrigerate 30 to 40 minutes. Serve with ice, sliced lemons. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 31 Relationship Pacing a new romantic relationship T he beginning of a new relationship is often looked upon as the most electric and dizzying; a time when all you can think about is the awesome man/woman in your life. It feels so exciting when you fall in love. New relationships are fragile. If you rush through important intimacy stages, it takes a hit and often ends prematurely. New relationships are about hope, some expectations and fresh feelings. When you have just started dating someone it is very easy to make mistakes and scare the person away. Sure, every relationship is unique, but here are some things to be aware of in this foundling stage which will help your relationship get off to the best possible start. Honesty This is essential in any flourishing relationship. Telling lies or omitting pertinent things about yourself will only lead to problems later on. Laying your habits and everything else that makes you tick on the table is the only way to start a relationship you hope will last a long time. Of course, sometimes little white lies cannot be avoided, but remember the bottom line: Don’t lie about important things. No good can come from saying you come from a rich family when in fact you don’t. When you like someone it is natural that you want reciprocity. You want to gain the person’s approval and try hard to meet his/her expectations and preferences. However, you cannot make a different version of yourself. Sooner or later you will get tired of playing this game and when he/she gets to know your true self, it will break their heart. When you pretend to be someone else, your partner cannot appreciate your real personality. Don’t jump into bed on the first date People get caught up in the passion and wanting to please. But if you have sex early in the relationship, you are giving the most intimate behaviour you can possibly share with someone you hardly know. Although a serious commitment is what you want, but there is no need to pressure her early on. Saying, ‘I love you’ prematurely is a big no-no, as your partner might feel forced to respond or may even reject you on the spot. Any talk of the future, like laying out plans for marriage and kids, can scare a woman off more than your unkempt beards. Show your affection by reaching for her hand as you walk in the mall, touching her arm as you converse across the dinner table and making eye contact when she is talking to you. Don’t feel that you have to display your newfound love right away. Give it space to grow If you have been seeing one another once a week, suddenly spending the weekend together can be too much, too soon. Your relationship just isn’t ready for it. Instead, have dates that gradually increase in length and frequency. The same advice applies if you initially met online. Communicating via e-mail is fast and easy, so you and your partner can begin to feel close very quickly. However, when you live in different cities or states or even farther away having a normal first date can be difficult. You might think that instead of spending a relaxed three hours together, for example, your first date might last the entire weekend. After all, you have both spent a lot of time, money, and energy to travel some distance to meet. Don’t do it! Moreover, don’t let that great build-up of excitement convince you to hop into bed together either. If you do, you may very well break up shortly after the weekend and one or both of you could get hurt. So no matter how you meet, online or off, dignify yourself. Leave your new friend wanting more of you not less. You will be glad you did. Keep your own life People sometimes make the mistake of dropping their friends when a new love enters the picture. Whether you are male or female, it is best to maintain your friendships and family ties, and keep a healthy, balanced amount of activities with those people, even when you are dating someone special. Remember, your romantic mates will come and go before you finally settle with a long-term partner. On the other hand, if you show loyalty and nurture them properly, your friends and family will always be there for you. So treat them with care; don’t blow them off. Be careful when you’re needy If it is Christmas, or New Year’s Eve, or Valentine’s Day, or the anniversary of your last breakup, and you usually feel alone and needy around this time, be careful. Avoid bars, curb your drinking and keep in touch with your common sense. Don’t spill your guts about your ex or your loneliness, and avoid jumping into bed with someone just because he or she is there. Spend time with friends rather than someone too tempting to resist. Never ever try to compare your current partner with your previous ones. Moreover, you should never discuss your previous relationships with your new significant other. It is the easiest way to make him/her suspicious and jealous about all your (fe)male friends, which will surely lead to a breakdown. This rule works both ways. While you should keep silent about your previous guys, try not to ask him about his girlfriends as well. You “ Happy couple don’t really need to know the person’s past to get to know him/ her better, while dating you will have plenty opportunities to see everything with your own eyes. If you meet someone online who quickly becomes intense without even meeting you in person, or if she/he says they love you after knowing you for only a few weeks, take it with a grain of salt. Understand the comments in context; factor in the person’s state of mind before responding. Be respectful, positive, and polite, but keep realistic expectations about your friend and the relationship. The odds of any relationship working out long-term are low, so chances are, this one won’t work either. When you’re realistic in your expectations, you will not be hurt or shocked if your date does a 180-degree turn. Give each other space When you are in a new relationship, all you want to do is spend every waking minute together (often in bed), but despite your new love, it is also important to have interests outside of each other. The time you spend apart allows you to reflect on what is happening and gives you space to fully process your feelings. Spending too much time together doesn’t give you time to miss each other and can eventually be a drain on the relationship. Carve out some solo time to see your own friends and do activities that you love that your partner may not be into. Be open to discussion Communication and being willing to discuss all issues is key to making a new relationship work. If you don’t talk about what is bothering you, it won’t go away. Whether it is sex, family, finances or just his inability to let you finish a sentence, if it bothers you or you feel it is hindering the relationship, you need to discuss it openly and honestly. Take an interest in his/ her work, hobbies, family and past. When your partner is talking Many relationships fail simply because we expect too much from our partners. You are not ideal so it is rather dishonest to expect perfection from someone else. Both of you are human and it is natural that you have some shortcomings and imperfections. A new relationship always gives you a chance to start everything anew. Even though its outcome depends on many factors, you can still do a lot to make a good start. about something, be a careful and active listener. Guys will never tell you that, but they like to be complimented. Compliments will raise his self-esteem and dignity. Say some kind words about his achievements or personal qualities. The more you discuss things in the early stages of your relationship, the easier it will become. Making communication a priority now will only help you in the long run. Fight fair It is inevitable that if you are in a relationship, you are going to fight, but if you want yours to last, you are going to fight fair. This means listening to each other, being open to discussing even the more uncomfortable or frustrating topics and being flexible when things don’t go your way. If you can’t resolve your arguments in the early stages of a relationship, you aren’t going to have much luck doing it as time goes on. Fight fair now so you can learn from each other and figure out the best ways to compromise when disagreements arise. Many relationships fail simply because we expect too much from our partners. You are not ideal so it is rather dishonest to expect perfection from someone else. Both of you are human and it is natural that you have some shortcomings and imperfections. A new relationship always gives you a chance to start everything anew. Even though its outcome depends on many factors, you can still do a lot to make a good start. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 32 A chance encounter with the detective (Part II) ….Continued from last week T he question had the intended effect and jolted the operator. “Y… Yes sir I’m mobilizing a team right now. Can you describe the two men for me please?” “Tall, about 6’1” each. One has a stocky build and the other is lean.” Ibrahim peaked at the men through the space between the door and the changing room wall. “The lean one has a scar across his face. Runs from his left eye, across his nose and all the way down to his lips.” “Thank you sir. Team ETA is in two minutes and counting.” The operator disconnected the call. Ibrahim swiped away the holographic keypad and accessed his phone’s camera. He peered through the space once more and took a couple of pictures before tucking his phone away. Ibrahim turned his gaze towards his new friend, who appeared to be getting agitated and impatient. Such was typical of Nigerians, no matter how nice they were. Time was both an essential and wasted commodity. It was chased after so vehemently and yet so recklessly squandered. Ibrahim checked his watch. One minute and thirty seconds had passed. He heard noises coming from outside the store, followed by distant sirens. Soon, there was a frenzy as a couple of armed mobile policemen stormed inside, loaded with guns. The operator must have given very accurate descriptions, for they immediately trained their guns on the Ibrahim’s followers. “Freeze!!” The apparent team leader yelled. “You must be mistaken!” One of the followers yelled back. “I said freeze! I will shoot you o!” “Look I am going to slowly take out my ID…” There was a loud gunshot and the tension ignited like methane gas. Crowds stampeded out of the store, breaking through the glass structure without fear of lacerations. Ibrahim burst out from the changing room and grabbed his new friend. “We need to go!” He yelled. “What is going on?” The man asked as he ran after Ibrahim, his wife being pulled along. Ibrahim noticed pieces of wood falling from the ceiling where the bullet had embedded itself. The gunshot had been a warning shot. However, as a bullet whizzed by Ibrahim’s head, he quickly realized no more warning shots were being fired. There was an all-out exchange. “Put your head down!” Ibrahim yelled as they got closer to the entrance, where the glass doors had once stood. They climbed over the pile of broken glass remnants and escaped into the crowd. “Stop shooting at us! We think just spotted the real…” Ibrahim was already out of earshot and could not pick up the rest of it. We think. It was good enough. Ibrahim had already detached himself from his two friends. He melted away into the panicked crowd. The huge pyramid-like structure loomed in the distance and grew ever larger as the car drew nearer. The Innoson Bullet whizzed to a stop right outside the huge slab of steel the house utilized for a gate. Ibrahim got out of the car and paid the taxi man his fare. As the Bullet sped off, he turned around and took in the gigantic gate in front of him. It never seized to intimidate him. It never seized to annoy him either. Ibrahim’s eyebrows creased together into a frown, as he walked towards the gate and pressed his palm on the biometric reader embedded on the concrete wall the steel gate latched into. The green screen lightened up as it read his palm features before unlatching the gate. Welcome Master Wada. Master Wada was a phrase used to address him since he could understand what a name meant. Growing up, that phrase had given him a sense of pride and belonging. It had draped him with hope. The hope of growing up. That was years ago. Today, the phrase seemed to convey a rather sarcastic meaning. He was the less important Wada. The boy who could never grow up or out of his father’s shadow, no matter how hard he tried. Ibrahim could sense it in the voices of his university professors, his father’s peers and subordinates and even his family. Now, he feared, he sensed it in a mechanical voice too. Has technology abandoned me too? The gate had rolled back enough for Ibrahim to walk inside. He stepped into a pristine compound with pure white concrete walkways and perfectly trimmed lemon green grass. The grassy fields looked like miniature islands grouped together and surrounded by a sea of white rivulets. The pyramid’s exterior was covered in glass panes that reflected the sun’s rays, and emanated varying wavelengths of light in a dazzling display. It could have been a gigantic prism and in fact, Ibrahim thought of it as such. The house that reveals true colors. Ibrahim, walked up to the front door and knocked. He could hear the voices talking and laughing behind the door and took in a deep breath. Let the judgment begin The door opened and a tall man stood in the doorway. He was slightly taller than Ibrahim and his sharp gaze pierced at him. Ibrahim swallowed and spoke. “Ina kwana mahaifinsa” He greeted his father good morning in their native tongue. “So you finally made time to come welcome me.” His father said in a disappointed tone. “Is that Ibrahim?” It was the voice of his step mother and his father’s second wife. His mother had died two years before he got into college and things had never been the same since. “Ibrahim how could you not come home to welcome your father? You knew he was coming back.” “Ina kwana uwar” Ibrahim said, almost mechanically. Suddenly realizing they had both not let him in, they stepped back and beckoned. “Come inside.” His father said. Ibrahim stepped inside and turned around to close the door. He already felt like leaving. The interior was grandiose. The walls inclined at an angle and rose majestically upwards. Their convergence was cut out of sight by the concrete slab that marked the ceiling of the living room and the floor of the next level which was accessible by a pair of steps on either side of the living room. The stairs zigzagged their way up towards the second floor. The interior of the living room was a sight to behold. The walls were painted a pristine white and the windows were covered with emerald and gold curtains. The center of the marble floor was covered with a huge gold and emerald carpet with a lush and thick texture. Ibrahim walked to an empty couch and sat down. His father and step mother sat on two other couches situated opposite his. “So, how are things going with your studies?” His father asked in the familiar distant tone. “It’s going well. Happy to be graduating soon.” “I hope you will not do anything that’ll postpone the graduation.” His step mother jibbed in. His father completely ignored his encouraging feedback and sipped on a glass of water placed on a small table beside him. Ibrahim slowly clenched his fists to control his anger and flashed a smile that emanated from his skin and no deeper. “I’m sure I’ll graduate in time.” He finally said. “Anyway” His father said as he rose to his feet. “Are you hungry? And how are you financially? I’m sure that’s part of the reason you came.” Ibrahim smiled again and shook his head. His father could barely hide his resentment for him. It had all begun when Ibrahim first showed what was considered his ‘stupid worldly view’. It was a phrase coined by his father to describe his curiosity and tolerance for elements of the ‘western way of life’, including occasionally dating outside of his religion and tribe. His approach to his faith and his essentially open-minded disposition had made him the black sheep of the family. Try as he had, he could never make a positive impression on his father. He had chased after him, presented himself to be judged on more occasions than he could remember and each time, he had fallen short of the acknowledgement he yearned for. Ibrahim took a deep breath. “Father I’d like to speak with you.” “Go ahead. What do you want to say?” “Alone father. Please, it’s very important and private. For your ears only.” “What’s that supposed to mean?” His step mother bellowed. “If you have something to say…” “Then you would kindly excuse us.” Ibrahim said suddenly turning cold. His step mother’s mouth opened but no words came out. “Ibrahim have you gone mad!” His father roared as he stormed back into the living room. Ibrahim shot out of his seat and whirled around to face his father. “Father you need to hear me ou…” A slap raced across Ibrahim’s face cutting off the rest of the words. “You must be an idiot.” His father scolded. A small period of silence followed the thundering sound of the slap which had jerked Ibrahim’s face completely away from his father. “Y…yes. I’m sorry. You are right. I must be.” Ibrahim looked up at his father. “I hope you do not regret not hearing me out… Even now. Then again… who knows, you might not care either way.” “What?” Ibrahim glared at his step mother who was still looking on in shock. “My mom was more of a woman than you will ever be.” And with that, he stormed back out of the house, running towards the gate. He had his biometrics read once more and the gate began to open. “Ibrahim come back here!” His step mother yelled. “Ibra…” “Let him go.” His father cautioned. “When he calms down, he will come back and we will handle this thoroughly.” Goodbye Master Wada. “Shut up!” Ibrahim yelled. He slipped by the moment the opening was big enough for him to do so. As he walked away, he felt a cold metallic object gently tap his cheek. He quickly remembered the audio chip Artemis had given him before they split up. “Nonso, now you understand why I should have never come here. I’m a dead man, and I have nobody.” Ibrahim took off the audio chip and threw it on the ground. He stepped over it and pressed his weight down, crushing it as he walked off. …….End. Naijastories.com PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 33 Romance Fifteen years down the line; still loving him 8:19 pm June 19, 1998 Ikenegbu Layout, Owerri. K athryn walked with careful steps along the lonely dark bushy path. Her feet moved, one after the other, in swift strides; her thoughts maintained an equal pace too. Kathryn’s thoughts alternated between the possible dangers, she’d heard, that lurked in those paths; memoirs of the evening—well spent; and the stern faces she was sure would greet her when she got home. Kathryn prayed her parents would be considerate knowing this was the first time she would return home after her curfew. It only worried her that the curfew had elapsed by more than an hour. The movie Titanic she had gone to watch had started later than its scheduled time. As Kathryn walked, she wondered if an army would have found it an easy task to excuse her from her seat before the tape rolled its last. Kathryn smiled as she remembered a line. “Draw me like one of your French girls.” Rose had said to Jack. Her smile broadened as she remembered the sweaty hand against the window while Jack made love to Rose. Still, Kathryn knew the thrills and romance in the movie had not totally kept her fixed to her seat. The heavily perfumed shirt Simeon wore that evening had numbed her senses. She smiled as she recalled the look of importance on Simeon’s face when he mentioned that the perfume was a gift from an aunt who had returned from The States. “It just might be impossible to find another bottle of it in Nigeria.” Simeon had told her. Kathryn had told him the perfume fitted him well. Though she did not tell him that it lent a cool appeal to his rather brawny personality. The rustling of weeds close by pulled the brakes to her thoughts. Kathryn thought she heard the squeak of rats. And she hoped the rustling sound was nothing more than a large rodent in pursuit of a mate. The thought of mating rodents made her young mind drift back to Simeon. Kathryn assured herself that whatever scare she would have to face as she journeyed home or the beating she guessed her father would unleash would not measure to the joy she had sitting close to Simeon, taking in the smell of his perfume. Maybe not, she mused. She was sure she heard another sound. This time it was not a rustling sound. Kathryn was sure she had heard footsteps. She turned slightly, and she saw them behind her: three briskly walking figures. She was certain they were not friendly and they were all male. Her feet broke into a run and the boys followed after. It took only seconds for a hand to grab at her shoulder and a second more for a slap to send her crashing to the ground. Though her back hurt so bad, Kathryn cared more for the hand that was pulling her skirt down. Kathryn fought hard. But she knew she was no match for the trio, nor for the one who had her straightened on the ground. Yet she knew she had the strength to engage something else in a fight— her thoughts. There was something about the boy on top of her that made her tizzy. The perfume he wore could not be mistaken. It was same as Simeon’s. The perfume Simeon had called—Illusion. 5:41 pm November 22, 2013 Ambrose Giwa Holdings, Victoria Island, Lagos. Kathryn lifted her gaze from the table and the array of files that lay on it, most of them yet to be filled. Her eyes fell on the only clock that graced her office wall. She gazed fixedly on the slow movement of the seconds hand as it made its revolution on the dials. Its tick-tock sound momentarily providing an escape from the thoughts in her head. Her mobile phone on the table rang. Kathryn was grateful for the further distraction. “James,” she said after she pressed the green button on her phone. “Hi, Kathryn,” James’ highpitched, near-feminine, voice rang in her ears. “I was unable to complete the transaction at Planet 10. The bitch whom you warned me about lived true to her reputation.” James lamented. Kathryn smiled as James narrated his ordeal with Agnes. It puzzled her how she had been able to bear Agnes’ madness for the past eight years. It puzzled her more that Planet 10 would keep a quick-tempered secretary for that long. “I’ll come for the others tomorrow morning, first thing in the morning.” James said, giving the conversation a finer direction. “I’m sorry about—“ “No need to be sorry. I know Agnes and her infamous ways of delaying one’s work.” Kathryn said as she returned her gaze to the table, and the waiting files. She beamed. Kathryn was grateful that James was not coming for the files that evening. Most of them were yet to be filled. Kathryn chuckled before she said, “Moreover, the files, the way they are, won’t be of any use to you.” Kathryn whispered when she continued, “I’ve hardly touched them, except one or two.” “What?” “ Kathryn chuckled again. “Don’t worry; they should be ready for you to collect by tomorrow morning.” “Eight o’clock?” “Nine-thirty.” “Nine.” “Deal.” “I hope you don’t want to be another Agnes, do you?” “You never know.” “Don’t dare. It won’t fit you.” “Oh, thanks James. That’s a compliment.” Kathryn said. She could imagine James smiling from ear to ear, more like a little girl would. “Bye, Kathryn.” “Bye.” Kathryn smiled as she dropped her phone on the table. James Salako, a junior colleague, and one she would gladly call a friend. James had been there when she struggled with the pains of losing her mother. James had been there when she had been sick and away from work. He had brought a heap of files, on her request, to her house and they had worked late into the night. James had spent the night at her home. He had slept on the couch in the sitting room. James seemed to have been out of his elements when Kathryn jokingly suggested he shared same No need to be sorry. I know Agnes and her infamous ways of delaying one’s work.” bed with her. In the years she had known him, James had never mentioned dating a lady. Neither did he seem interested in the ladies that swarmed about him. Kathryn could swear that James was gay. Kathryn pushed the files on her table aside and made a fast arrangement of the other items on the table—work was done for the day. As she glanced at the clock, the thoughts that had waned for a while laid siege again. Time to get this over and done with, she mused as she raised a mirror to her face and dabbed on a bright red lipstick. Kathryn stood from her chair, picked up her handbag and walked towards the door. She planned to make a brief stop at her house before heading to Claire’s restaurant. She was meeting with Simeon for the first time after that night at the cinema fifteen years ago. Kathryn chose not to call it a date. Simeon was now married. As she closed the door behind her, Kathryn wondered if fifteen years had not been too long a time to wait. Naijastories.com PAGE 34 B a c k P age Col umn PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 May your road be rough, Dasuki (II) Contd From Back Page their chieftains and operatives. The squabbles between the different agencies have been a problem from the start. But the much bigger problem is whether some of them really want an end to the problem. It is being said, and there are some hints, though no real evidence, that one of the security agencies has a unit that also plays the terror game, bombing and shooting, as part of an agenda either to keep the money flowing or to deepen the schisms in the country and thereby hasten its break-up. The NSA shouldn’t completely dismiss such talks, or the more plausible one that there are rouge elements within the agencies who are deriving huge benefits from the insecurity situation in the country and, therefore, want it to continue. ******************** In the few weeks since the new NSA assumed duty, there has been no let in the Nigerian State’s oppressive and brutal conduct in its handling of the nation’s insecurity challenges. It seems, in fact, that while Dasuki is preaching peace, advocating dialogue with and extending the olive branch to the insurgents, the security operatives in the field are busy trying to beat their own terrible record in savagery and bestiality and set a new one. Consider the situation in troubled Plateau State. Not done with the senseless Shooting, killings, brutalising and sacking village and settlements in especially parts of Barkin Ladi and Riyom loca government areas of the State — inhabited largely by Fulanis — our armed forces have now taken to the air and have, in the last two weeks, according to reliable reports, conducted two air raids, using helicopter gunships, that left in their wake, countless dead bodies, hundreds of dead cows and animals and flattened Fulani villages and settlements in these parts of the state. As if it this is not bad enough, the Joint Task Force in Plateau last Saturday, and, later, the Defence Headquarters in Abuja itself, served a 48-hour notice on residents of some villages, including Mahanga, Kakuruk, Maseh and Shong — largely Fulani settlements — to move out of these villages, “with their properties”, because the armed forces have planned and would be conducting a full-scale military operation in the areas. Move out to where, the JTF and the Defence Headquarters are not saying and are not interested. Imagine! In the year of the Lord 2012, the Nigerian State is ordering its own citizens, against their will and not in any situation of natural disaster or emergency, to vacate the homes and villages where they have always lived, tilled the land, raised families, reared cows and animals, established and run businesses and trades and generally eked out a living, and where their own ancestors had also lived and died — the only homes and villages they know as and can rightly call their own. Even in this widely acknowledged land of impunity, this order has gone way over the top. No provision in our constitution and no law in any of our statutes permit such forcible removal of whole communities from their land. And collective punishment, which is what this quit order and the daily attacks and harassments of groups and communities by the JTF amount to, is a crime under both national and international laws — and, far from solving the problems of insurgency and militancy, it only compounds them, as resort to it by past regimes here in Nigeria amply show. Recall Odi. But what is even worse in this affair is that this draconian order has been targeted at a particular ethnic group, against which, it is all too obvious, the Nigerian State has taken sides in a quarrel between ethnic groups, and which it has, therefore, profiled, labelled and adjudged the aggressor, the terrorist and the guilty party in the crisis. Obviously, the JTF men and their superiors are encouraged in their savagery and acts of impunity by the resignation and lack of protest by the affected groups and other Nigerians, as well as the acquiescence of some powerful forces in especially the North. But, in case they don’t know, ethnic cleansing is clearly indicated in most of what they are doing. And the shootings, killings, burning and sacking of whole settlements and villages of a particular group, on account — as in this Plateau case — largely of its ethnic origin and religion, may well ground charges of genocide and crime against humanity, which may see our leaders, including the Commander-in-Chief himself, standing trial at the International Criminal Court, one day. Given that both the quit order and the declaration of full scale military action against Nigerian citizens were issued by the Defence Headquarters itself, it may be that that was what was decided by the National Security Council which met last week but kept mum about what was discussed and agreed at the meeting. The government may keep deluding itself that the crisis in Plateau is a peculiar one requiring a special treatment. But what the quit order and the intended collective punishment tell us about the government’s handling of the country’s insecurity situation is that Azazi’s departure has not brought about a change in either perspective or approach, that his standard manual which prescribes a mascular approach is what is still being followed, in spite of its many inadequacies. And this opens the door upon some very important questions about the new NSA. Did Dasuki go along with the decisions to issue those villagers a quit notice and carry out full scale military operation in their villages? And the new wave of killings, air attacks, burning and sacking of villages and settlements in Plateau state and elsewhere — do the orders for such acts emanate from his office? How much control does Dasuki have over the JTFs operating in some of the Northern states? Is he really in charge? Is what we are seeing an indication that the military top brass, notably the Service Chiefs and ranking Generals — with their obsession with ranks — are not, or are yet to bring themselves to be deferring to him as the president’s security czar? And is the new NSA worthy of our trust and confidence? With time, maybe, Dasuki will take full charge and reveal his hands. But these questions give some cause for concern, “ especially when they are viewed against the backdrop of the fact that he has also come to office with some baggages. Consider, for instance, his past as a military officer — a past that features blind loyalties and coupmaking. The young Dasuki was an archetypal “IBB Boy” — one of blind devotees of General Ibrahim Babangida who in August 1985 sacked General Buhari to become Nigeria’s military president, and to whom Dasuki was ADC for some time. Many wonder if he has — and Dasuki, now in his late fifties, really needs to show that he has, in fact — outgrown his days as an “IBB Boy” and so deserves to be trusted by all interests to protect the realm for the common good. In particular, many will watch to see whether Dasuki’s legacy of coup-making against fellow Sokoto aristocrat, Shehu Shagari, and General Buhari, or his sacking and that of his father as Sultan of Sokoto by the now deceased General Sani Abacha, would come into play in the conduct of his office. Especially as Buhari is now a major factor in the Nigerian drama, with Abacha’s ambitious son also a leading state politician in the same political party. In fact, the thinking in some quarters is that Dasuki was chosen as a counterpoise to General Buhari. The way Dasuki chooses to act or not act will say a lot about the sort of person he is, or isn’t. Colonel Dasuki’s choice as NSA by Jonathan follows a familiar tradition of reserving the job for only serving or retired military or police officers. In the evolution of our national security apparatus, no real civilian expert has ever led it, except perhaps for three months under President Shagari. This has meant that the apparatus has had to operate within the structures and rigidities of military-police authoritarian ethos. Even if Dasuki succeeds, and we hope does, it is high time that we as a nation begin to think conceptually, laterally and vigorously, and stop seeing national security as primarily about cloak and dagger effort in the pursuit of regime stability or preservation, or the office of National Security Adviser as the exclusive fief of serving or retired soldiers and policemen. It is time we shed the stifling legacies of the military state by embracing a more inclusive conception of national security that sees as its chief purpose the pursuit and defence of the wellbeing and prosperity of the largest possible number of our citizens at home and abroad. This, clearly, is not a task which only soldiers and policemen are best placed to lead. Indeed, such transformative or nationbuilding approach to national security is one that can best be realized under a civil democratic leadership. So, as is often the case in the United States, for example, we should have at the head of our national security bureaucracy civilian experts who are more likely to embrace fresh The young Dasuki was an archetypal “IBB Boy” — one of blind devotees of General Ibrahim Babangida who in August 1985 sacked General Buhari to become Nigeria’s military president, and to whom Dasuki was ADC for some time. Many wonder if he has — and Dasuki, now in his late fifties, really needs to show that he has, in fact — outgrown his days as an “IBB Boy” ideas and stimulate the kind of change which the dynamics of the modern democratic state requires. Dasuki may find useful, and use, Azazi’s suggestions in the latter’s national security strategy review, especial as this relates to the issue of human development of national security personnel and citizen participation, as opposed to the obsession with esoteric concepts, brutal practices and bureaucratic power struggles. But Dasuki would do well, in his and the nation’s interest, to steer well clear, for now, of the Strategic Security Alliance with the United States that his predecessor was canvassing. The proposal must be subjected to serious thinking and analysis to determine what its real nature and purpose will be, how Nigeria stands to benefit from it, who is to pay for what in the alliance, what traps and pitfalls may lie therein and whether Nigeria will not be served better if the main focus of the alliance is to get the U.S. assist Nigeria to solve the fundamental causes of insecurity instead addressing only its symptoms. The experiences of other countries that struck such an alliance with the U.S. can be a good guide. As part of any systematic approach to reform of Nigeria’s security and intelligence apparatus and practices, Dasuki must seek to forge a new national consensus on the kind of security our society requires; and also make careful strategic planning and pre-emption as its defining hallmarks. Across our nation-state and beyond its borders an array of problems and threats abound that requires new thinking and renewed efforts. Such problems as inept and corrupt leadership, institutional sloth, feeble policies, slack and shady justice regime, flawed education system, poor work ethics, joblessness, white-collar crimes, rapid population growth, resource depletion, environmental abuse, poor healthcare, pathetic infrastructures, and weak democratic and civic culture broadly define, shape and reshape not only our security environment, but also our global economic competitiveness. The nexus or interplay of all this in turn spawns or accentuates pervasive corruption, governmental failure, poverty, social inequalities, rural-urban drift, urban squalor and decay, the spread of diseases, mass alienation, drug and small arms trafficking, youth resistance, urban violence, communal conflicts, refugee crisis, and cross-border crimes, all of which impede our economic prosperity and threaten our national and regional stability. Obviously, therefore, an essential step out of our current morass will be to develop and resolutely pursue an inclusive, coherent and long-range set of geo-political and socio-economic strategies that will identify, advance, secure and safeguard our national security interests at national, regional, continental and global levels so that we are always well-placed to deal with existing or emerging security threats. Such an endeavour requires of Dasuki, as of all our élites, just and wise leadership; as well as clarity of imagination and purpose that cuts through the transformational waffle of the regime he now serves. The nature of his office also requires he stays above the rough and tumble of party politics, as well as resists any urge to let his own past cloud his official judgment and conduct. Meanwhile, as both Dr Mohammed and General Azazi repair home to the embrace of their families and life in the political wilderness, I offer Sambo Dasuki my very sincere and simple prayer: may his road be rough. Concluded PAGE 35 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Hollywood Kelly Clarkson returns to ‘American Idol’ K elly Clarkson is returning to American Idol for an episode. She will appear on Wednesday, April 1 and will not only be performing, but will act as a mentor for the contestants. After Kelly won the very first season in 2002, beating Justin Guarini with 58 percent of the votes, she went on to release seven albums, won three Grammy awards, and broke a whole bunch of records. Her first single, “A Moment Like This”, possibly the most quintessential American Idol performance in the show’s history, went from number 60 on the charts to number one, breaking a record set by The Beatles in 1964. It went on to be the number one single of 2002. Her recent album, Piece by Piece, was released on February 27, and its lead single, “Heartbeat Song,” made it to the top 40 on the Billboard 100. Clarkson hasn’t stayed away from Idol since she won and has appeared on the show a few times as a performer. She has also been a guest mentor on several singing shows in the past, including The Voice and Canadian Idol. Griffin leaves Fashion Police after 7 episodes U ltimately, Comedienne Kathy Griffin and Fashion Police were not the right fit. She is leaving the E! show after seven episodes as host, having replaced the late Joan Rivers in January. “We can confirm that Kathy Griffin is leaving E!’s Fashion Police. We wish her all the best and are grateful for her time on the show, as well as the many laughs that she gave us all. Fashion Police will return, as scheduled, on Monday, March 30, at 9 p.m. with our talented co-hosts Giuliana Rancic and Brad Goreski, and executive producer Melissa Rivers,” the network said in a statement. ‘No further information is available at this time.’ Ashanti opens up on break-up with Nelly S S ‘A new album is not my priority now’ inger Ashanti may have taken a break from the music scene for a while, but the R&B diva definitely has her hands full. The 34-year-old star sat down with talk show host, Meredith Vieira, to discuss two big things that have affected her life recently, dealing with a longtime stalker and breaking up with fellow hip-hop performer, Nelly. “We were talking in the beginning of the show all you have been going through with this man, this stalker. The way you handled it to me is very impressive. This is a man, just to remind the audience, he started stalking you, your family in 2003, 2009 he went to prison for a couple of years, has since come out and has continued the behaviour.” Ashanti responded, “It is not fun, it is a little kooky. It is annoying to continue to take-off from what I have to do with work for court and stuff. I think we have to go back to court again this month and I am not thrilled at all.” Another big move in her personal life was parting ways with her rapper beau after 10 years of dating. The duo called it quits last year, and while the nitty-gritty details behind their split were never really revealed, the singer explains to Vieira that it basically came down to trust. “I think sometimes when people have their own insecurities it allows them to act out of character. I have been betrayed. Again, you just have to grow up and accept responsibilities for the things that you do. I am not a fan of people being cowards. I think it is important to know yourself and understand what you want and get it. I’m in a different place right now.” uper star, Britney Spears, said her fans should not expect a new album now. “I am gonna do a new album slowly, but surely. There is a lot going on with my kids and schools and, you know, adding new sports and stuff like that. I am gonna try to do my best to do an amazing album, but it is not my full priority right now,” the 33-yearold pop star tells the new issue of Billboard magazine. “Right now we are just concentrating on putting out a few great singles as they come. We are not really talking seriously about a new album yet. Albums just aren’t as important in the digital age as they used to be. Britney will get to one eventually, but not right now,” Spears’ manager, Larry Rudolph added. One of Spears’ upcoming singles may be her collaboration with Iggy Azalea. When asked when their song will finally be released, she said “You will have to wait and see. It is really exciting.I saw her song on TV and I was like I love that video. I wanna work with her.’ And it was really weird, because a week after that her manager was like, ‘She is a huge fan of yours.’ I was like, ‘Let us do something together, so it worked out.” PAGE 36 Celebrity gists Tony Bennett to sing at Lady Gaga’s wedding M usic legend, Tony Bennett, has announced that he will sing at pop star, Lady Gaga’s wedding to Taylor Kinney. According to him, “they invited me to do it and, of course, I will,” he told The New York Post. He declined to divulge any details about the nuptials, saying “All I know is, knowing Lady Gaga, it will be fabulous.” Kinney proposed on Valentine’s Day with a heart-shaped diamond ring designed by Lorraine Schwartz. In an Instagram post, Gaga said her ‘favourite part’ of the ring is having their initials, T and S, written in white diamonds on the band. “He always called me by my birth name since our very first date,” wrote Gaga, whose birth name is Stefani Germanotta. “I’m such a happy bride-to-be! I can’t stop smiling!!” Neither Gaga nor Kinney has revealed a wedding date. The celebrity couple began dating in 2011 after meeting on the set of Gaga’s “Yoü and I” music video. The Born This Way Singer also expressed a desire to become a mother. “I want to have tons of kids, actually. I think at least three. I really want to have a family and I want to nurture my children and inspire [them]. To be honest, having my own kids will be like having three Little Monsters with me all the time. They probably won’t be fans. They’ll probably, like, hate my music. Who knows?” PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 I was raped in New York -Madonna M adonna may be one of the biggest pop stars in music history, but long before selling out arenas and millions of albums, she was just a girl with a dream who wanted to make it big in New York City. In a candid new interview with Sirius XM’s Howard Stern Show, the Rebel Heart singer opened up about her big move from the Midwest to New York City. “First I was in shock, I didn’t know a soul, I was saying hi to people on the streets like a dork.” And as months passed by, her apartment kept getting robbed, leaving her with very few items, one of the scariest events, however, happened when her friendliness got her into a difficult situation. “I was going to a dance class and the door was locked and I needed money for the payphone. A man gave it to me, he was a very friendly guy. I trusted everybody.” The unnamed person persuaded Madonna to make her phone call across the street where he lived. What came next was most horrifying. “I was raped. The first year I lived in New York was crazy.” Glennie, Harris win Polar Music prize S cottish virtuoso percussionist, Dame Evelyn Glennie, and US country singer, Emmylou Harris have been named 2015 Laureates of the Polar Music prize. They will receive their awards from Sweden’s King Carl XVI at a ceremony in Stockholm on June 9. Dame Evelyn, who has been profoundly deaf since the age of 12, said she was ‘humbled and inspired’ to be awarded the music version of the Nobel Prize. Harris, a 13-time Grammy winner, said she was ‘surprised and honoured’. Evelyn, who played at the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, was the first person in history to have a full-time career as a solo percussionist. “This award is so interesting, because it is recognising many musicians from different musical backgrounds.” Since the Polar Music Prize was founded by Abba manager and lyricist Stig Anderson in 1992, it has honoured musical achievements and boundary breaking. Harris, from Birmingham, Alabama, has recorded more than 25 albums over four decades and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008. She has collaborated with artists from Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons to Willie Nelson and Beck and is the subject of the 2012 song, Emmylou by Swedish folk duo, First Aid Kit. Dame Evelyn has released more than 30 solo albums, has won three Grammys and has played with the world’s most prestigious orchestras. “To be chosen from so many deserving people, from all genres of music, only makes me want to work harder, to make a difference and to rise to the occasion. There is no such thing as total deafness. If the body can feel, that is a form of hearing. Sound is vibration, that’s what it is.” Previous winners of the Polar Music prize include Sir Paul McCartney, Chuck Berry, Patti Smith and Youssou N’Dour. As well as their trophy, Harris and Evelyn will each be awarded 1 million Swedish krona (£78,560). Toyin Aimakhu produces first English movie T op Yoruba actress, Toyin Aimakhu, is producing her first ever English movie titled ‘Super Star’. The new flick features Comedian Ushbebe and MMMG’s Tekno among others. Tekno is playing the role of Toyin’s son. Her Alaakada movie has been rated one of the best in recent times and mostly rated after Funke Akindele’s Jenifa. The movie is produced by Tony Abulu, who produced the 2013 top Nigerian movie, “Doctor Bello. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 37 Ent e r t ain m en t Sam Smith, John Legend Halima release song for Comic Relief Abubakar set to S release look book N ollywood actress, Halima Abubakar, has announced that she will soon be releasing a bio book/look book. She shared a few pictures on her Instagram and captioned them ‘These are pics I love from my bio book/look book coming soon, with my movies under my production company modehouz. I won’t address any more negativity again. This is me.’ Another picture was captioned ‘I don’t like to hide my flaws, cos dem plenty… But regardless of how anyone feels, I am super confident, happy in my thick skin and at peace. This my tummy, I show you all, so the tummy jokes should stop…I am amazing, and if you don’t see that well check your eyes and stop judging.’ inger Sam Smith has recorded a special version of his single, Lay Me Down with John Legend for this year’s Comic Relief. The Brit Award winner recorded the single in Los Angeles with Legend earlier this year. The singers will perform the ballad during Comic Relief: Face the Funny on Friday, March 13 on BBC One. The one-off performance will be broadcast live from the London Palladium and a digital download of the special track has been released ahead of their performance. Smith said: “Lay Me Down h o l d s a very special place in my heart. Not only did I perform it at the Brits, I am now going to perform it live on the Red Nose Day show with the extremely talented John Legend. “I recently visited a Comic Relieffunded project in my hometown which supports the young LGBT community in London. I am extremely proud that my single will help raise money for projects like this and many others in the UK and across Africa.” Legend said: “Sam is such a talented artist and we have been looking forward to working together for a while now. I am so glad we could collaborate on such a great song and for such a g r e a t cause.” All the profits from the sale of the single will go to Comic Relief. ‘I didn’t know my hubby well before getting pregnant’ S inger Omawunmi, who is expecting her second child, told a national daily that did not know her now husband too well before getting pregnant for her first baby, saying that was the main reason why it a while for them to tie the nuptial knot. According to the love nwantiti crooner, ‘‘we wanted to make sure that we were getting married for the right reasons. That is the best way I can explain it. We were in love before we had a child together and we were still seeing each other after I gave birth to my first child. We wanted to be sure that we were truly in love because we really did not have time to get to know each other before I got pregnant. When I got pregnant, he did the manly thing by supporting me. We did not want to get married until we were very sure that it was what we wanted. I would have felt bad if we got married because we have a child together and end up hating each other eventually. We had to be sure it would work out and I am very happy that it worked out.’’ John Mayer talks about ex-girlfriend, Taylor Swift J ohn Mayer isn’t afraid to talk about Taylor Swift. The musicians dated briefly in 2010 and it didn’t end well. Swift penned the song “Dear John” for her 2010 album, Speak Now, and Mayer responded with “Paper Dolls” on his 2013 album, Paradise Valley. Rather than ignore his ex’s influence on pop culture, however, Mayer gave the singer-songwriter credit during an interview for MSNBC’s 7 Days of Genius special. According to Mayer, it is ‘really cool’ to have someone of Swift’s stature take a stand against Spotify. “Artists need the person with the loudest voice to speak for them,” the “Half of My Heart” rocker explained. The “Bigger Than My Body” singer said he is not worried that artists like Swift and Kanye West have more influence than he does. “Nothing bothers me anymore. There are going to be times when I make music as popular or as empirically value as that in terms of making pop music that won’t sell as many copies. I am fine with that. “All we’re talking about is being honest with yourself and what to ask for in this life. I put out a song called ‘Paper Doll.’ The song never got listened to as a song. It became a news story because of the lyrics.” PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 38 OUR MISSION “To be the market place of ideas and the leading player in the industry by putting the people first, upholding the truth, maintaining the highest professional and ethical standards while delivering value to our stakeholders” OUR PEOPLE Chairman Malam Wada Maida, Oon, Fnge Director/Editor-in-Chief Rufa’i Ibrahim Editor, Daily Hameed M. Bello Chief Operating Officer Ali M. Ali Deputy Manager, Production Abdul-Rauf Musa Acting Editor, Weekend Lawal Sabo Ibrahim Manager, administration Hassan Hammanyaji Head, Lagos Bureau Adesoji Oyinlola “To be a reputable, profitable, innovative and technologically reliant media company offering world class services and products” ISSUES Insult Tinubu but not his politics WRITE TO US Jude Egbas I t is Tinubu-bashing-season by the opposition and a prudish society all over again and it only goes to show how much of a factor Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu has become in our polity since he returned from a Sani Abacha induced exile in the 90s. As a caveat, I have never been a fan of the man. In 1999, minutes after he was elected governor of Lagos State, my elder sibling (Ken Egbas) and I drove to his apartment in Alausa, Ikeja, where a crowd of well-wishers was milling and felicitating with him. Dad was one of those who had helped elect Tinubu governor by working on a grassroots campaign for the Alliance for Democracy (AD) in Ojo Local Government Area and he was paying Tinubu a visit as were hundreds of others. Ken and I were there to meet dad of course. We pumped hands with the governor-elect of Lagos State as he sat glum on a chair in his living room, barely acknowledging our handshakes or presence. It is the closest I have ever been to the man and I have never looked forward to another meeting with him since that standoffish display in Alausa. He was a lousy governor as well and I still consider his eight-year stint a colossal failure. But over the years, I have watched with keen interest as Asiwaju’s political nous blossomed and how his stock has risen. I have become a fawning student of his brand of politicking—taking notes as he held the reins of the AD, grew the party to the Action Congress and Action Congress of Nigeria and applauding as he left an arm across the geopolitical zones to forge what has become the All Progressives Congress, Nigeria’s most formidable opposition party since the days when the SDP and NRC held sway. I have watched as Tinubu has gone for the best heads to pilot the affairs of states under the control of the APC from Lagos, to Osun, to Ekiti and Edo. He may be an annoying, interloping and meddlesome godfather but he is the kind of godfather whose talent-spotting ability our country pines for at this time of a surfeit of clueless Peoples Daily Weekend welcomes your letters, opinion articles, text messages and ‘pictures of yesteryears.’ All written contributions should be concise. Word limits: Letters - 150 words, Articles - 750 words. Please include your name and a valid location. Letters to the Editor should be addressed to: The Editor, Peoples Daily, 1st Floor Peace Plaza, 35 Ajose Adeogun Street, Utako, Abuja. Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] leadership. When Obasanjo raided the south west in 2003 to cart home states for the Peoples Democratic Party with all the federal might and slush funds at his disposal, Tinubu impeded his foray into Lagos and preserved the nation’s commercial capital for the opposition. Obasanjo withheld local government funds from Lagos in a bid to asphyxiate the state economically, but Tinubu would not budge. Two election cycles after, he retrieved most of the states from the ruling party’s clutches and annexed some more for his party. He was on a roll of some sort. He “ read the political signs correctly at every opportunity and moved in with the sublime dexterity of a facile artist. To his credit, the behemoth that was once the PDP has been cut to size and now stares defeat at the presidential poll in the face. You don’t move from a governor of a political party with control of just one cosmopolitan state in the south west, to the national leader of a political party with more than a dozen states in its grip, by playing schoolboy politics. Tinubu has earned his epaulet and should be applauded for giving the PDP a run for its tainted money as the nation To his credit, the behemoth that was once the PDP has been cut to size and now stares defeat at the presidential poll in the face. You don’t move from a governor of a political party with control of just one cosmopolitan state in the south west, to the national leader of a political party with more than a dozen states in its grip, by playing schoolboy politics. heads to the ballot in a few weeks. His understanding of the media is second to none as well. So, you can understand why the ruling party has become a television documentary expert. It is easy to situate PDP’s desperate politicking in recent times within the context of the foregoing. The tables are turning faster than anyone would have predicted and the incumbent president stares certain defeat in the face. The ruling party is up against a machinery cobbled by Tinubu but which now has several drivers at the steering wheel. The opposition APC has morphed from a regional party to a national one. When the story of this republic is told, it would be difficult to blot out Tinubu’s role in shaping same. These are exciting times all over again in our national politics because we have been bequeathed with two presidential candidates running neck-in-neck on account of the spread and clout of the political parties backing them both. Tinubu may be a corrupt ‘so and so’ and the landlord of all of Lagos like that beer-parlour inspired documentary has portrayed him to be, but he has built something of a political movement all the same. This is why more people are always willing to hold their noses and append their votes for whoever he endorses. His disdain for internal democracy and his corrupt disposition have been well documented over the years and have been brought to the fore by the ruling party, but it is an indictment on the federal government and the justice system that the man isn’t cooling his heels in jail for all his graft and rent-seeking tendencies as has been alleged. For all his failings and shortcomings, it has to be said that the Lion of Bourdillon has proven himself a political maverick of some acclaim. Casting aspersions on his person through video documentaries isn’t likely to torpedo that. For this, the PDP will require another tool. Egbas posted this article on Ekekeee.com PAGE 39 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Opinion Girl-child abuse and matters arising By Nda-Ali Fatima I n recent times, perhaps due to abject poverty in the country, people now use any available alternative for survival. In some families, the effect of poverty is severe. But no matter the hardship being faced, there are some alternatives that should not be made use of, as the consequences inherent may be more severe than the benefits it may bring to those who see them as the best way out. For instance, what will it benefit parents who maybe out of poverty send their daughters to work as house maids who will in return bring money to sustain the family? This is what poor families, especially in semi-urban or villages have resorted to, giving out their teenage daughters to sometimes complete strangers as house help. That teenage girls get pregnant on a daily basis is no longer news, what is news is the alarming rate at which they get pregnant and its spiral effects on these girls aged 13 to 17. One has witnessed what some of these girls go through the emotional trauma, loneliness, harsh treatment, sexual harassment among others. Recently, a 16-year old girl, Fadila Inuwa, was impregnated by the son of her master where she works as a house maid and painfully, the boy denied being responsible. To worsen the situation, the parents of the girl asked her to leave their house. “We did not send you to bring pregnancy for us,” the mother shamelessly said in their native language. While some people have attributed this to the increasing rate of poverty, I think most parents are becoming irresponsible. Why should it always be the girl-child that will be asked to “ drop out of school to hawk or become a house maid just to fend for the family? Why wouldn’t parents send to male children to work as house boys? We should understand that girls are generally vulnerable to societal evils. It has almost become a tradition where if a family is faced with the difficulty of sending children to school and some have to give way for others, it is always the female children that are asked to make this huge sacrifice. We should understand the importance It has almost become a tradition where if a family is faced with the difficulty of sending children to school and some have to give way for others, it is always the female children that are asked to make this huge sacrifice. of education to the girl-child. We have heard the saying that “if you educate a girl, you educate a nation, but if educate a boy, you educate an individual.’ In most poor homes even where there are male children, it always the girl-child that hawks to sustain the family. Even though many things can be attributed to poverty, parents should always consider the eventualities of these things. Majority of young girls that have been sexually harassed were not given sex education and how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases by their parents. Honestly speaking, these issue needs to be seriously addressed. The government should make sure that girl-child education is prioritised by making their education free and initiate awareness programmes on the effect of early pregnancy. Government should also provide counselors in primary and secondary schools to give advice to teenage girls and show them the effect of illicit affairs with the opposite sex at an early stage. It is the responsibility of parents to teach their children sex education early, especially the girl-child. Fatima is a 400-level Mass Communication student of IBB University Lapai Why Jonathan deserves second term By Wilfred Ozor I n the history of Nigeria, President Goodluck Jonathan ranks among the most committed in terms of uniting the nation. Forget the propaganda of the opposition and the mischief of the disgruntled former members of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Jonathan has the most diverse cabinet, electing to appoint more people from other parts of the country rather than his own ethnic group. Unlike in the past when heads of state and presidents always gave certain key positions to their kinsmen, he bucked the trend by making critical appointments, especially in security and finance, from across the nation. Federal projects and appointments are evenly spread. Jonathan’s desire is to see a country where people talk less about sectional issues but focus more on one indivisible nation. He demonstrated his belief in uniting and strengthening Nigeria by successfully convening the National Conference in 2014. In spite of a very demanding and unforgiving schedule, he has earned the reputation of a public administrator, who shows more than a passing interest in the practical side of the work of his administration. Those who work closely with him often marvel at the barrage of questions he asks them concerning the progress of projects being executed. Commenting on the administration’s initiative to reform sports after Nigeria’s failure at the 2012 Olympics, former Minister of Sports and Chairman, National Sports Commission, Malam Bolaji Abdulahi, said in a media interview: “We were lucky we have a president that understands the significance of sports and he immediately convened a retreat. It was the first time ever that sports will be getting that level of attention at the highest level of political authority in Nigeria”. Anybody who listens to the opposition will conclude that they have the magic wand to solve Nigeria’s problems. They criticize virtually every programme and policy of the Jonathan administration. They promise that if elected into power, they will solve Nigeria’s problems. Charity they say begins at home. The governors that were elected on the platform of the opposition – or those who defected to the party along the line – can hardly claim to have solved the problems of their states. How many of them have transformed healthcare and education in their states? How many have vigorously fought corruption in their states? How many of them have created jobs for unemployed youths? How many have done rural electrification? When the president decided to establish 12 new universities some years ago, you would have concluded that he had committed a crime. His opponents came roaring in simulated disgust. Some said he should just ‘improve’ the standards of the existing universities and forget “ about establishing new ones. There are three major problems confronting university education in Nigeria today: one, insufficient capacity to take new students; two, lack of funding; three, insufficient teaching capacity. Jonathan is taking a holistic approach to address the problems by increasing student intake capacity (and freeing the streets of thousands of admission seeking students), doubling funding of universities and improving the capacity of lecturers through retraining and further education. That to me is foresight. The President has launched an industrial revolution plan to turn Nigeria into a manufacturing hub in Africa. Nigeria will soon start exporting rice and producing cars. A clear analysis of the antecedents of the incumbent shows that any support given to him will be in the interest of Nigerians, justifiably, this support is based on a number of measurable achievements which actually puts it ahead of other aspirants. To start with, the With the seven percent yearly growth in our economy, massive job creation has been witnessed. Our airports have been given facelifts making them worthy gateways into the nation. Our roads are receiving attention like never before. For the first time ever, apart from the short period the late Yar’Adua was at the helm of affairs, democratic principles have been allowed to gain proper foot hold. result of his integrated agricultural approach, wherein value chain is put on the front burner has revolutionised agriculture. The result is that rice production has quadrupled within a very short period. Essentially, under Jonathan, food production has grown by 70 percent. Massive foreign investment has been recorded as never seen before in the annals of this country. In the education sector, Jonathan’s administration has recorded tremendous progress in meeting the UNESCO framework which says that at least, “25 percent of a nation’s budget must be channeled towards education”. This administration would score distinction based on the priority it accords the education sector. With the seven percent yearly growth in our economy, massive job creation has been witnessed. Our airports have been given facelifts making them worthy gateways into the nation. Our roads are receiving attention like never before. For the first time ever, apart from the short period the late Yar’Adua was at the helm of affairs, democratic principles have been allowed to gain proper foot hold. Naturally endowed with patience and humility, Jonathan has allowed criticism which is the hallmark of democracy to thrive under his watch. Of all the presidential aspirants, and all those who ever ruled us, he has had more tutelage on the tenets of democracy. Jonathan remains Nigeria’s best choice and the man to beat. Nigerians should realize that this election is about their welfare, they must guard their votes. Nigerians at this point cannot afford to make progress with a reverse gear. Jonathan is the only presidential candidate imbued with the tenets of democratic attributes. Ozor, a public analyst, contributed this piece from Udi in Enugu State. PAGE 40 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Comment Can someone call Dame Patience to order? By Kanayo Esinulo “The Yes man is the enemy, Your friend will always try to argue with you.” – Russian proverb. I t surprises some Nigerians, and I am one of them, that party chiefs, friends, associates and official aides of President Goodluck Jonathan are either shy or afraid to tell him that the utterances and conduct of his wife, Dame Patience Faka Jonathan, are doing great harm and havoc to his re-election project. In addition to the Russian proverb quoted above, there is also a popular saying among my people that ‘a man who speaks the truth all the time usually has very few friends’. Honestly, and I say this with deep respect, unless and until, Mr. President advises his wife to tone down her rhetoric and be less visible in this campaign, he and his party may lose so many otherwise sure votes to the opposition on account of her conduct, utterances and behaviour in public. Anyone who is genuinely interested in Jonathan’s political victory, career and future should advise him to call Dame Patience to order. As I write this, Jonathan may have lost nine precious votes of my neighbour and his household who, until that fateful morning, were his admirers and supporters. The patriarch himself called my attention to the new outing of the first lady and complained about what she said in Calabar. In my previous discussions with him and his wife on Nigerian politics, and the way the campaigns are going, particularly in the two major political camps, I have always known that the retired company executive, his wife and four children who visit regularly, his driver and two domestic staff were for Jonathan. How did I know? The day the couple succeeded in getting their Permanent Voter Cards, they were happy that, at last, they were now in a position to vote for the candidate of their choice. “Infact, my family and our staff are for GEJ’. But recently, my neighbour’s wife walked up to me and wanted to know if it was right ‘for Dame Patience to be insulting someone else’s husband. Is that right, neighbour, is that right?’ What is it again, this time? The story making the rounds was that she said at a rally in Calabar that “Buhari is brain-dead, and can hardly remember anything”. To any woman who sees and holds her husband as a living angel, insults and castigating insinuations against someone else’s husband is not acceptable. It is not right. Dame Patience needs to be called to order or else her style and conduct would cost her husband hundreds of thousands of assured votes. In fact, this is not the time Dame would be waging unnecessary wars in the name of political campaigns. She is harming the campaign so much. And those who enjoy some closeness to the president should advise him to call madam to order, unless they are telling us that the “ necessary advice has been given, but no actions were taken. Her ‘roforofo’ political campaigns started in Okrika, her home town, when she reportedly snatched a microphone from Chibuike Amaechi while the governor was still speaking at a public gathering. She descended on the governor of her state and said so many ‘bad, bad things’ about him and his administration. That was the beginning of the raging political war in Rivers State today. Almost the same level of bad blood now exists within the PDP in Bayelsa. The first lady is not on the same page with Governor Seriake Dickson. She simply does not like the man’s face any more and thinks he should not show face for a second term. Also, her meddlesome in Abia State is not going down well with some party chiefs and stalwarts. The raging battle between loyalists of a former governor and the incumbent, with the Dame identifying with a faction, would certainly cost Jonathan some votes. But it was in Calabar that she almost lost Dame’s rhetoric needs to be tuned down remarkably, and curses halted so that campaign messages are not suffocated. Her style and preferred methods do not, in any way, add value to the re-election project of her husband. Instead, they diminish the very essence of what Mr. President and his party want to achieve. control and certainly went to the very extreme. On tape, which has now gone viral, she was caught instructing party faithful to stone anyone who shouts ‘Change’- the signature tune of the main opposition party. That instruction was outrageous and Jonathan would lose so many votes, if she is allowed to continue this way. She needs to apply the brakes now. If her increasing excesses are not halted now, the opposition APC would reap a harvest and whatever victory the latter achieves in the coming elections may not, I dare say, be attributable to its superior arguments, values or achievable campaign promises, but to the unintended contributions of the first lady to their campaign efforts. Yes, the opposition is saying that the Jonathan administration, in the past six years, performed below average. And it came up with the slogan ‘Change’. It has the absolute right to think that way. It is their assessment of the man and his administration. On their part, PDP and Jonathan believe that the railways are back on track, airports are better than they were, the monopoly called NEPA has been unbundled, education and health are witnessing improvement, etc. It is also their right to tell us what they believe are their achievements. But what I am not too sure of, is whether anyone has the right to legitimise abuses, insults and curses as facilities for political campaigns and the knack for publicly running down someone else’s husband. To me, that smacks of bad politics. Dame’s rhetoric needs to be tuned down remarkably, and curses halted so that campaign messages are not suffocated. Her style and preferred methods do not, in any way, add value to the re-election project of her husband. Instead, they diminish the very essence of what Mr. President and his party want to achieve. Culled from Opinion.ng Silence is better than writing rubbish By Sanusi Mohammed Idris T he opinion titled “Sokoto under siege by NSA”, written by one Mohammed Kabir Hassan of Gidan Dare Sokoto is one of the most vacuous and illogical reports I have ever read. Arguments without logic or elementary intelligence are insulting to enlightened readers that spend their hard-earned money to buy newspapers. In the opinion under reference, Mohammed Kabir Hassan ended up not impressing anyone with the logic of his arguments. He argued to the effect that the National Security Adviser, Colonel Sambo Dasuki, as a Prince from Sokoto State, has “allied himself with the forces of darkness to desecrate the Sokoto caliphate.” According to his logic, is it a crime for a citizen of Sokoto State to work for the Jonathan administration? This logic is insulting to the intelligence of his readers and other enlightened Nigerians. Why did Hassan not advise all indigenes of Sokoto State working with the Jonathan administration, either as civil servants or political appointees, to resign? Is it a crime for Sokoto State indigenes to work for the Jonathan administration because the writer perceives the government representing what he naively calls “forces of darkness?” If association with the Jonathan administration or working for it amounts to the “desecration of the Sokoto caliphate,” then former President Shehu Shagari would not have been attending the National Council of State meetings, which is presided over by President Jonathan. How can any rational person publish this kind of trashy logic on the pages of newspapers? Who would take such a writer seriously? In fact, only morons would be impressed by this kind of asinine logic. Nigeria and the rest of the world have grown beyond this kind of parochialism and primitive mentality. The national security adviser accepted his appointment as a call to national service. Public appointments should not be given parochial interpretations. Why didn’t the people of the Niger Delta condemn their citizens who took appointments under the late President “ Umaru Musa Yar’Adua because Yar’adua was Hausa/Fulani? The Niger Delta people have historically supported the north politically. The Shehu Shagari administration drew remarkable support from the people of the Niger Delta. If Shagari was parochial, he would not have won election beyond the north. The former Senate President during Shagari’s Second Republic was Dr. Joseph Wayas, a prominent politician from the Niger Delta. Calling any section of Nigeria or group of Nigerians “forces of darkness” is the worst demonstration of stupidity and myopia. It is irresponsible to call a Nigerian “forces of darkness” Calling any section of Nigerian or group of Nigerians “forces of darkness” is the worst demonstration of stupidity and myopia. It is irresponsible to call a Nigerian “forces of darkness” because of your perceived sense of superiority. In this age and time, Nigerians should rise above this kind of narrowminded mentality. because of your perceived sense of superiority. In this age and time, Nigerians should rise above this kind of narrow-minded mentality. Can we build a strong and united Nigeria with an arrogant mentality of looking down on other Nigerians? The late American poet, Maya Angelou, said ‘‘hate has caused many problems in the world, but has not solved one yet.” With people like Hassan, who are preoccupied with parochial thoughts, Nigeria has a big problem. Indeed, when the mind is blind, the eyes cannot see. When seemingly educated people cannot see beyond their noses, how can that society advance with the rest of the world? When did public appointments become a crime? Why must someone vilify the Dasuki for serving his country? Is Hassan saying that the chief justice of Nigeria should have declined his appointment because Jonathan is in charge? Should his “forces of darkness” influence who accepts or declines public appointments, especially those from the caliphate? It is always wise to save your breath than to write rubbish and make yourself look stupid in the eyes of your readers. As an indigene of Sokoto State, I am personally embarrassed that an enlightened writer from the caliphate published this kind of nonsense. In his desperation for cheap publicity and malicious desire to malign Sambo, he ended up ridiculing himself and only a fool admires trash. Sanusi is a retired textile worker based in Kaduna PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 41 Online Comments Chibok parents to FG: We want our daughters, not school supporters: Stone members to death Adeola Ogunsuyi says: The first lady ordered thugs to stone members of the opposition party. There is God o! What an illiterate first lady. Odogwu_Aganaga says: I thought hate speech is against the law in Nigeria? Why has this bundle of embarrassment not been apprehended? Does she also enjoy immunity no matter what titles sycophants give her? Candid says: Please let the woman be, after all the APC started the whole thing. They stoned Jonathan’s campaign team in Maidugury. Don Kuti says: Shekau has sold our Chibok girls. What have we done to you? Fani-Kayode’s mentality is infantile – Shettima Don Kuti says: Fani-Kayode please go for check-up. Borno sai baba Kashim, Nigeria sai baba Buhari FG to spend N1.5 trillion on education, says Sambo Don Kuti says: We don’t want you people to play politics with the education sector. When ASUU was on strike where was the N1.5 trillion? We don’t need it now. 7 PDP govs working for APC victory- Okorocha Nolan Ayomide says: Mere listening or reading statements from these politicians makes one mad at times. The people making bogus albeit unsubstantiated statements have never been genuine or sincere in their actions and lifestyles, just get close to them and you find out that they are unrealistic, yet they want people to believe them. The hungry people will as usual fall for them. God help us. I’ll confront insecurity with grit, zeal – Buhari Amajoe says: I wonder why people are comparing those in government with those who want to serve diligently. Why should those in power be praised for the services they render as if they are doing executing them with their personal money. Service is the use of available resources given by God to better the lots of humanity in a just and equitable manner. The National Association of Criminologists and Security Professionals of Nigeria appreciate the efforts of the Nigerian government and the military for restoring peace to our people in the north east. The efforts of the Dr. Goodluck Jonathan led administration to ensure a credible election? Lamido to PDP: Kidnap APC leaders to break party Ay Baba says: He is a disgrace to Nigerian governors. Kaltume. says: He is known as a wicked man and is probably senile now. Chris C says: For now I and those around me are backing Jonathan for the presidential election, but if this unashamed PDP politicians and cronies including people like Sule Lamido, Dame Patience, FaniKayode etc do not mind their utterances, Mr. Ibu INEC selects Nasarawa, Niger as pilots for testing card reader Dsme Patience Jonathan Gov. Sule Lamido I believe many Nigerians will vote against the president. God may surprise PDP. Remember power is in God’s hands. Jonathan these people are digging the pit of your failure. V. Akwazie says: The second Niger bridge is in progress and I have been the site. People have forgotten that Obasanjo did the groundbreaking ceremony with nothing to show for it. We are not going to accept cheap blackmail. Imtiaz MNI says: Politics should be played democratically. Nzeogwu says: Please fellow Nigerians, I feel sad the way we abuse ourselves through this medium. Politicians use our emotional intelligence as if they have personal problems. As if they have good plans for the masses. As if we don’t know how corrupt they are. As if any of them is an angel. They have been there for about 16 years whether they profess or proclaim forward or change Nigeria. They are birds of the same feather. They are amassing wealth for their future generation with their children in the UK, USA etc, whereas the poor masses die fighting for them. This clash of interest is just about determining how our resources will be shared among them. The light is dim since what we hear is abuse without issue based campaigns. Be wise. Sani Adamu says: I am from Kebbi not Jigawa, and as a journalist, I have respect for only four governors in the entire northern region, Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, Sule Lamido, Ibrahim Shema and Shettima of Borno for their giant strides in moving their respective states forward in spite of their unique challenges. But if Lamido truly suggested the kidnap of APC leaders, then I withdraw my respect for him. And may Allah save this country. I weep for Nigeria. Favour says: Second Niger bridge is intact. GEJ is the man. embark on strike because the government is fair to their efforts and sacrifice. It is not by force to have free health care, (which is truly a scam to embezzle millions) the people who will be most affected have the opportunity to demand from the government or change the government or worst still, bypass the doctors entirely and perhaps try private hospitals, travel abroad or interestingly, rely on consultant nurses, pharmacists and even traditional doctors. You can never know the value of medical doctors until they are absent, so don’t hold a gun to their heads with an oath you have no true idea about its spirit, hold a gun to the government. No to further NMA strike Jade says: Your piece is very interesting, however, you need to be a doctor to fully understand the dimensions of the demands and other problems. I hate the fact that doctors are always blamed and not the federal government. They are the employer and when you compare the workload and standards of practice in Nigeria to other countries, you will weep. Doctors deal with a lot of inconsistencies within the health sector and as long as the public and you decide to focus on the Hippocratic oath and not the democratic/governmental oath, you are assisting in annihilating whatever sanity that can still be relied upon in the health system. Doctors will continue to migrate to other nations where they obviously don’t ‘I’ll rather die than give Jonathan my vote’ Ogodo John says: There is no need trying to discourage you from committing suicide as your mind is already made up. I have one thousand and one reasons why Jonathan is better than his main challenger, Buhari, but from your tone, you can no longer be helped. So Doc. we have given up on you since you have decided to be a disgrace to the learned society. Jega will go, heavens won’t fall – Fayose Mike says: The point is that if a referee has shown bias, he can be changed before the match. After all, the APC said they would not come to the debate because the process was compromised, why then do they want PDP to participate in an election which INEC under Jega has compromised? One now begins to see why Jega refused to do his work by screening out a candidate who had (and still has) no qualification. Ogodo John says: Jega has clearly shown partisanship and should be removed as it contraveneshis oath of office. If this man supervises our elections and GEJ still wins, as he is surely going to do, the APC will still cry wolf. The noise around APC is simply polluting the political space. I am in support of a viable opposition, but this one is a distraction. Olusola Thompson says: I am very happy that the current chairman of INEC has the vote of confidence. Sometimes we don’t know what we want and as a result things get lost in transit. The PDP and APC were just using Nigerians as their cooking pot (no substance). Election should be on policies. It is a shame because Nigeria has all it takes to become one of the best countries on earth. NSA and falsehoods of mischief makers Morris says: I have never seen a dubious party like the APC. I am ashamed that such political party exists in Nigeria. We all should unite against this party called APC. APC is destroying the future of our children with their rascality and false alarm. Buhari should be a good statesman by endorsing President Jonathan for continuity and shame corrupt people in the APC. Ribadu, Yuguda and Muazu have the qualities to be president come 2019. Polls: Plot to cripple APC strongholds uncovered Michael says: Card readers and the election which the electoral umpire have compromised in favour of the APC abi? No wonder their insistence on card readers. And who says APC do not stuff ballot boxes. Well, for all we have seen so far, it is the APC that has displayed so much frenzy and desperation. Therefore, if the PDP has decided to take necessary precautions, it is a justifiable retaliatory measure. PDP backs First Lady’s order to stone APC members Luka Dalang says: It is no surprise that Fani-Kayode who is equally a tout like Patience Jonathan must support his colleague in the game of further destroying Jonathan. They should allow this man to leave Aso Rock with a little prestige. The game is over for you ‘Mama War’ and your substance abused friend, Fani-Kayode. Mr Ibu vows to cater for APC will win in 26 states – late Muna Obiekwe’s child Buhari campaign Ogodo John says: The alarmist Lai Mohammed is at it again. Swear if all these things you listed are not what you are planning to do. Jonathan is not desperate. He has said that it if he is defeated he will go back to his village. But when Buhari was asked the same question, he stated that he will not lose. Now from the disposition of these two candidates, who do you think is more likely to go to that extent? First Lady to Jonathan’s Nnamdi says: Good sense of responsibility. You will never lack. “New entertainment levy to boost FCTA’s IGR with N15bn annually” Raliyat Babatunde says: Abuja is not a state, what is the legality of the luxury levy by the FCT? Can Abuja make laws? PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 42 Interview ‘My deputy should’ve resigned before defecting’ left. Contd from Page 2 When we were in G7, we started the idea to correct the anomaly that exists in the PDP. It wasn’t to defect to another party. But again when you are many you don’t know the kind of ambition that other people harbour. One or two probably joined us because they wanted a division. Because constitutionally, the only time you can defect and it is legally binding is when there is a division or problem in the party. But then I looked at it that if I defect from the PDP to another party, then I should resign my appointment as governor. But, look at it now, many of the people who have defected to the APC are now giving the achievements of the PDP. Because if you have been a governor for seven years as a member of the PDP and you have achieved that much, you cannot take it to another party and claim that it is its achievement. It is not possible, but I think because maybe they assume we are gullible, they go about doing all those things. We must have principles and morality attached to our politics otherwise we will run into a lot of problems. What were those anomalies in the PDP, have they been addressed? We noticed that the PDP leadership at that time was causing a lot of problems in the states. We had a problem between the then chairman and the governor of Adamawa State who all came from the same state. There was this issue that governors were too strong. In fact, some used to say that governors’ wings needed to be clipped. Many of the governors who used to have direct access and communication with the president could no longer reach him because few officers at the presidency were manipulating the process. Even letters written to the president were not getting to him. When you talk to him he would tell you that he did not see it. All of us believed that the party should be supreme, but for it to maintain that status, it must also put equity and justice in place. We saw that these things were not there and we protested. Even the walk out at the Eagle Square was because we agreed that delegates that participated in 2011 should be the ones that will be invited for that special convention. But the delegates from Adamawa that participated were not the ones that were allowed to come into the venue. That was the basis of the walk out and most of these things have been corrected. There were changes in the villa, in the party structure and I think that when you are negotiating sometimes you may misconstrue an issue. For me, we wanted to correct things, the government and the party were willing to do that and therefore, we should wait for other things. In fact, one of them said I am not a politician maybe that was why I wasn’t looking at it the way they looked at it. But I was a politician before many of them, because I got elected into the House of Gen. Buhari “ Dr. Aliyu No governor will be elected or will be qualified for election unless he has a deputy governor but then after election what happens if a deputy governor defectsd to another party? If our judicial system is working, a statement would have been made categorically as to the meaning of mandate defection. Representatives in 1983 when many of them were in the classroom. What is your observation on the controversy surrounding card readers? What system of voting will you recommend? I think in some years to come we can go for electronic voting. But given the literacy rate of our people, we need to be careful with the kind of innovation that we are putting in place. Those of us who were briefed properly on the card reader, your handset has certain capacity if you fill up they will tell you to buy more so that you can recharge. The card reader has about 600 kilobytes but only 40 kilobytes were used based on the information put there. What happens to the 560 kilobytes that are there? Like somebody said that if you put your ATM card it is likely that your picture and your thumb print may come up. What about a situation where the reader rejects your card? This cloning issue that was raised in Lagos how have we resolved it? Because if you see, for example, the APC shouting card reader, what is it that they know that we don’t know about? Those are some of the issues and the test that has taken place. For me, I don’t have any problem. We can do anything that will enhance the credibility of our elections, but don’t bring something that will create more problems. If I am told that a cloned card will be rejected by the reader, why not? But if I am told that there is room to manipulate it, then I have a problem. In fact, when INEC scheduled elections in February, I kept asking myself why February? Why the long distance between February and May 29? I thought they did it to see if many of the petition will have been resolved but that explanation is not good enough because you can’t go and force them to say they must finish this and that before so, so time. And there is room for appeal, there is room to go to the Supreme Court. In fact, one of my Supreme Court judgments came after two years of my administration. There is this administrative issue, the chairman of INEC’s first time tenure is supposed to expire in June and there was all this politics of whether he could go on leave preparatory to the expiration of his tenure and it has become a political issue with people speculating that the president wants to get rid of him. The president cannot get rid of him, the process has to be followed properly. So that is the only reason why they took the election to February, but we saw that in February they were not ready. Do you believe that INEC can deliver a free and fair election? Imagine if this election had taken place on February 14 with these kind of shoddy preparations; whichever party you announce as the winner the other party will react. But now tension has been doused. People have been educated on the needlessness of dying for nothing. Will INEC be able to give us a credible and fair election? That again is our own concern. If we the participants give them a chance they will, but if we don’t, they are not miracle workers, they are not angels from elsewhere, they are part and parcel of the society. It is important for us to know the symbiotic relationship between the people and the institutions that are on ground. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo recently dumped your party. What are the likely consequences of his exit from the PDP? People have a right to leave a party at any given time. Given his background many thought he should be non-partisan so that his statesmanship will be more established. For me, it is like he has done what he ought to have done many years ago. But the way he went about it, I think he didn’t leave much to be desired. Statesmen don’t tear party cards in public, particularly those of us who have benefited tremendously no matter how we feel about a particular situation. There are many ways and there are processes of leaving a political party. Because the constitution has registered me as a member and has also provided a process on how I will leave and if I don’t satisfy that, it means I have not As to what we have lost, I think he has given us the best. He has produced enough people in the PDP to be able to win elections whether he is there or not. In fact, we are very lucky that he is still alive if he had died, will we have said he left the PDP? No! That he has gone to be a statesman. I think this is wonderful for Nigeria. Between President Goodluck Jonathan and General Muhammadu Buhari, who will win the presidential election? I predict that the PDP will win this election, because it is not about noise or the campaign period. It is also about the widespread and institutionalisation that has taken place. The change of the APC is more of a sentiment and many of us are wiser to appreciate what happened during their primaries in Lagos. For me, if they had brought Kwankwaso and Amaechi, I would have said yes APC is looking for a change. But the way and manner and the bullion vans that many of us did not see during that primary and the fact that the Tinubu’s of this world manipulated the process to produce their presidential candidate tells me that the PDP will form the next government. Why do I say so? Many of us from this part appreciate the implication. Buhari said he is going to serve only one term, does that mean the north will be short changed again? Because he does not have the capacity to say I am serving one term therefore when I am going it will be a northerner that will take over. And any reasonable person can appreciate one thing, people who control economic power you don’t give them political power and that for a balance, the tripod should be retained. By 2019 at least we will know that with the zoning arrangement, the north will assume power, even if it is not constitutional that power comes to the north there is a force majeure it could happen. We must be careful that sentiment does not carry us to where we will run into a problem. People are saying that the Senate is now a retirement destination for governors, are you retiring to the Senate? The Senate is supposed to be for experienced people. The House of Representatives is slightly for the younger elements. Any person who successfully governed a state should be seen as a matured person. It is not really a retirement home. That is where you may do more research because you don’t open your mouth in the National Assembly until you are sure of the fact. Are you going to run for the presidency in 2019? I have a problem in that direction. Believe me, all the positions I ran for, even the House of Representatives that I contested for in 1983, it was the people who said come and represent us. Even this Senate, it wasn’t me who said I wanted it. If I am alive and if the people say I should come out and run for 2019, yes I accept even before the question. PAGE 43 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Siaka Probyn Stevens (1905 – 1988) S iaka Probyn Stevens (24 August 1905 – 29 May 1988) was the third prime minister of Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1971 and the first president of Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1985. Although criticised for his dictatorial rule, Stevens is known for reducing the ethnic polarisation in the government of Sierra Leone by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into the government. Stevens and his All People’s Congress (APC) party won the closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general elections over the incumbent Prime Minister Sir Albert Margai of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP). In April 1971, Stevens made Sierra Leone a republic and he became the first President of Sierra Leone a day after the constitution had been ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone. Stevens served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1 July 1980 to 24 June 1981, and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union, a threecountry economic federation of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Stevens retired from office at the end of his term on 28 November 1985. After pressuring all other potential successors to step aside, he chose Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh, the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces, as his successor. Siaka Probyn Stevens was born on 24 August 1905 in Moyamba, Moyamba District in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone to a Limba father and a Mende mother. Although born in Moyamba, Stevens was largely raised in Freetown. Stevens completed his primary education in Freetown and completed secondary school at Albert Academy in Freetown, before joining the Sierra Leone Police Force. From 1923 to 1930, Stevens rose to the rank of First Class Sergeant and Musketry Instructor. From 1931 to 1946, he worked on the construction of the Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) railway, linking the Port of Pepel with the iron ore mines at Marampa. In 1943, he helped co-found the United Mine Workers Union and was appointed to the Protectorate Assembly in 1946 to represent worker interests. In 1947, Stevens studied labour relations at Ruskin College. Political career In 1951, Stevens co-founded the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) and was elected to the Legislative Council. A year later, he became Sierra Leone’s first Minister of Mines, Lands, and Labor. In 1957, he was elected to the House of Representatives as a member for Port Loko constituency, but lost his seat as a result of an election petition. After disagreements with the SLPP leadership, Stevens broke ties with the party and co-founded the People’s National Party (PNP), of which he was the first secretarygeneral and deputy leader. In 1959, he participated in independence talks in London. When the talks concluded, however, he was the only delegate who refused to sign the agreement on the grounds that there had been a secret defence pact between Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom. Another point of contention was the Sierra Leonean government’s position that there would be no elections held before independence, Stevens which would effectively shut him out of the political process. He was promptly expelled from the PNP upon his return from the talks. Stevens then launched the Elections Before Independence Movement (EBIM). After successfully exploiting the disenchantment of northern and eastern ethnic groups with the SLPP, along with the creation of an alliance with the Sierra Leone Progressive Independence Movement (SLPIM), He was one of the 8TH member’s of the APC after it was formed in 20 March 1960. Interrupted Premiership The All People’s Congress is one of the two major political parties in Sierra Leone, the other is the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP). The party was founded in 1960 by a breakaway group from the Sierra Leone People’s Party who vehemently opposed the idea of election before independence, but instead supported the idea of independence before elections., the All People’s Congress (APC),was formed at 5,Elba Street,Freetown, and they consisted of the late Alhaji Chief Mucktarru Kallay, First chairman and Leader and who gave the name and the symbol. Allieu Badarr Koroma, Deputy chairman, C.A. Kamara-Taylor, First Secretary General, Alhaji Sheik Gibril Sesay,Treasurer, Kawusu Konte, Organiser, S A T Koroma, Public Relations, Kotor AbuBakarr S Bangura, The Artist, drawings of the Symbol, first seventh and later add six to thirteen. These were the first seven and founders members of the All Peoples Congress Party.The next Members are Siaka probyn Stevens, Nancy Steele, S.I.Koroma, Bob Allen, Mohamed Bash-Taqui and Ibrahim Bash-Taqui. Sir. Albert Margai who would later return to the SLPP and become Prime Minister, and Siaka P. Stevens who would also later become Prime Minister and subsequently President of Sierra Leone. The APC governed the country from 1968 to 1992, and became the ruling party again in 2007, after the party presidential candidate Ernest Bai Koroma won the 2007 Sierra Leone presidential election. In elections held on 17 March 1967, the APC won by an extremely narrow margin, and Stevens was appointed Prime Minister, but he was arrested in only an astonishing several minutes after taking office during a military coup. After a brief period of military rule, Stevens reassumed the post of Prime Minister on 26 April 1968. In April 1971, a republican constitution was introduced. It was ratified by the House of Representatives on 20 April. A day later, Stevens became the country’s first president, with wide executive and legislative powers. The Stevens Presidency In 1973, the first elections under the new constitution were held. The polls were marred by violence and were boycotted by the SLPP, which gave the APC all 85 seats in the House of Representatives. In March 1976 Stevens was re-elected President unopposed by the House. Stevens’s vice-president from 1971 until leaving office in 1985 was Sorie Ibrahim Koroma. Throughout the remainder of the 1970s, Stevens continued to consolidate his power, which culminated in a 1978 referendum on a new constitution that would create a single-party state--though the country had effectively been a oneparty state since becoming a republic. Stevens billed the proposed oneparty system as more African than Western-style democracy. However, the country had been a de facto one-party state since Sierra Leone became a republic. On 12 June, 97.1% of voters were reported to have voted for the new one-party constitution, an “ implausibly high total that could have only been obtained by massive fraud. Observers agreed that the elections had been heavily manipulated by the government. Proving this, even areas where the SLPP was still dominant were reported as supporting the oneparty state by landslide margins. Following the election, all opposition members of the House of Representatives were required to join Stevens’s APC or lose their seats. Two years after being re-elected for a five-year term, Stevens was sworn in for an additional term of seven years, having by then adopted the title of “Dr.”[citation needed] He also became known as “Pa Shaki”. President Stevens served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1 July 1980 to 24 June 1981, and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union, a three country economic federation of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Stevens’ regime was very repressive and corrupt, even by African standards of the time. Many of his opponents, some of which were once close associates, were imprisoned and killed. The Internal Security Unit, a gang of unemployed urban youths amply supplied with drugs, was deployed as Stevens’ personal death squad. Among his close associates sent to the gallows were John Amadu Bangura, who had once plucked Stevens from political oblivion when the army obliterated civilian politics after the 1967 Huha elections; at that time, Stevens had been down and out, living in exile in Conakry, Guinea, with his main remaining option, a planned assault on the sovereignty of Sierra Leone and her citizens. Bangura was to be the ring leader, but the plan never materialised because of a coup headed by Bangura. Bangura, in turn, handed over power to Siaka Stevens as prime minister (Kpana:2005). Another prominent Sierre Leonean murdered during Siaka Steven’s rule was Dr Mohamed Forna. He was hanged along with 14 other people in 1974 after trumped up charges of treason. Dr Forna was the popular finance minister when Steven’s came to power. He had fallen out of favour after protesting about rampant corruption. Stevens also grossly mismanaged the economy. He and his closest colleagues looted state resources, to the point that the state was unable to supply basic services. The education system was more or less nonexistent. The poverty was especially pronounced in rural areas, which were largely isolated from Freetown. Although he had retired by the time of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 1991, the impact of his political, social, and economic policies directly contributed to that conflict. Another prominent Sierre Leonean murdered during Siaka Steven’s rule was Dr Mohamed Forna. He was hanged along with 14 other people in 1974 after trumped up charges of treason. Dr Forna was the popular finance minister when Steven’s came to power. He had fallen out of favour after protesting about rampant corruption. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 44 The bombing raid that killed more than Nagasaki - and the world forgot I t was one of the deadliest attacks during World War Two leaving more than 100,000 people dead and destroying large parts of Tokyo. Now 70 years on, new before and after pictures have been released showing how the Japanese capital recovered after the firebomb strike that killed more than Nagasaki in a single night. On March 10, 1945, U.S. B-29 bombers flew over Tokyo in the dead of night, dumping massive payloads of cluster bombs. The raids left a fifth of Tokyo smoldering under an expanse of charred bodies and rubble. Around 104,500 people died in the attack, making it the deadliest conventional air raid ever, worse than Nagasaki and on par with Hiroshima. But the attack, and similar ones that followed in more than 60 other Japanese cities, have received little attention and were eclipsed by the atomic bombings and Japan’s postwar rush to rebuild. Where earlier raids targeted aircraft factories and military facilities, the Tokyo firebombing was aimed largely at civilians, in places including Tokyo’s downtown Shitamachi area, where people lived in traditional wood and paper homes at densities sometimes exceeding 100,000 people per square mile. Exhausted residents also chose to pull blankets over their heads and sleep when air-raid sirens blew instead of heading to shelters turned icy by an unusually cold winter. Haruyo Nihei, was just eight when the bombs fell and was among many survivors who kept silent about that night until recently. A half-century passed before she even shared her experiences with her own son. She said: ‘Our parents would just say, “That’s a different era.” ‘They wouldn’t talk about it. And I figured my own family wouldn’t understand.’ Ms Nihei, now 78, was mesmerised as she watched the attack from a railway embankment. She added: ‘It was a blazing firestorm. I saw a baby catch fire on its mother’s back. and she couldn’t put out the fire. ‘I saw a horse being led by its owner. The horse balked and the cargo on its back caught fire, then its tail, and it burned alive, as the owner just stood there and burned with it.’ Masaharu Ohtake, then 13, fled his family’s noodle shop with a friend. Turned back by firefighters, they headed toward Tokyo Bay and again were ordered back and they crouched in a factory yard, waiting as flames consumed their neighborhood. He explained: ‘We saw a fire truck heaped with a mountain of bones. It was hard to understand how so many bodies could be piled up like that.’ Survivors also speak of the hush as dawn broke over a wasteland of corpses and debris, studded by chimneys of bathhouses and small factories. From January 1944 to August 1945, the U.S. dropped 157,000 tons of bombs on Japanese cities, according to the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. A before and after picture shows the damage to the Matsuya department store in Tokyo and how it It estimated that 333,000 was re-developed after the end of the Second World War people were killed in total, including the 80,000 killed in the August 6 Hiroshima atomicbomb attack and 40,000 at Nagasaki three days later. The bombing campaign set a military precedent for targeting civilian areas that persisted into the Korean and Vietnam wars and beyond. But the nonatomic attacks have been largely overlooked. Mark Selden, a Cornell University history professor said: ‘Both governments, the press, media, radio, even novelists... decided the crucial story was the atomic bomb. ‘This allowed them to avoid Survivors of the bombing of Tokyo commute through The same street today in Tokyo’s Asakusa district addressing some very impor- the streets of the Naakamise shopping street in the showing the shops either side of the street and a days after the city was attacked by US bombers visitor praying towards a Sensoji temple tant questions.’ The bombs on the single night 70 years ago destroyed a fifth of Tokyo including homes and infrastructure as well as the Sumida-gawa bridge Seventy years on, a train runs over the re-constructed bridge as Japan’s tallest building the ‘Tokyo Sky Tree’ looms in the background PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 45 Burial chamber can’t belong to Alexander the Great T he gripping excavation of an ancient tomb in Greece, which has yielded five skeletons, is not all it seems, a geologist claims. Evangelos Kambouroglou has poured cold water on the theory that the Amphipolis tomb holds the remains of Alexander the Great, saying the simple burial chamber where skeletons have been found was built later than a series of vaulted rooms dated to the time of the warrior king. He said the burial mound is a natural hill and not man-made as previously presumed – and couldn’t have held the weight of a decorative lion linked to Alexander the Great. Mr Kambouroglou said a huge 4th century BC sculpture of a lion on a pedestal, which is more than 25 feet (eight metres) tall, was too heavy to have stood at the top of the tomb, as archaeologists had previously claimed. ‘The walls [of the tomb structure] can barely withstand half a tonne, not 1,500 tonnes that the Lion sculpture is estimated to weigh,’ Mr Kambouroglou said. The famed ‘Lion of Amphipolis’ was presumed to have stood at the top of the tumulus at Kasta Hill - the peak of burial mound in northern Greece. It was found decades ago in the nearby Strymon River and is now thought to have belonged to another ancient monument from the time of the warrior king, of which the lion was a symbol. As for the box-like tomb that contained the remnants of five bodies, possibly more, ‘it is posterior to the main burial monument ... the main tomb has been destroyed by looters, who left nothing,’ he added. ‘The marble doors [of the monument] contain signs of heavy use, which means many visitors came and went.’ The vaulted rooms had been dated to between 325 BC - two years before the death of ancient Greek warrior-king Alexander the Great - and 300 BC, although some archaeologists had claimed a later date. Katerina Peristeri, the chief archaeologist of the excavation, had advanced the theory that a member of Alexander’s family, or one of his generals, could be buried in the tomb. But the discovery of the boxy grave - which Mr Kambouroglou has described as being cheaply constructed - as well as the five bodies found, cast doubt on that theory, and his announcement appears to disprove it entirely. Some archaeologists present during the announcement at the 28th annual archaeological congress on Macedonian and Thracian archaeology at the University of Thessaloniki, criticised Ms Per- isteri’s absence and her methods. Alexander, who built an empire stretching from modern Greece to India, died in Babylon and was buried in the city of Alexandria, which he founded. The precise location of his tomb is one of the biggest mysteries of archaeology. His generals fought over the empire for years, during wars in which Alexander’s mother, widow, son and half-brother were all murdered - most near Amphipolis. Bones of an unidentified woman, a newborn baby and two men, as well as fragments of a cremated person, were unearthed in the underground vault on the site, near Greece’s second city of Thessaloniki. The Greek Culture Ministry said research on the bones showed the buried woman was 60 years old, while the two men were aged 35 to 45 years old. Alexander the Great was said to be 33 when he died, while his mother Olympias died aged 59 - although the Ministry has not said whether the bones belong to either of these dignitaries. Ms Peristeri said: ‘We need to focus on the monument, not the bones, which for me are not that important. You cannot receive accurate dating from a skeleton. ‘For me the skeletons are meaningless. They are misleading our research.’ The Greek Reporter said the archaeologist noted that the space inside the tomb was messy when it was opened, making it hard to analyse the scene. She said: ‘The skeleton may be sacrificial remnants, or even looters. Besides, we found skeletal material in more than one place.’ She still believes that if the original owner of the tomb was important, their bones may have been stolen alongside any artefacts by thieves. Excavations at the site began in 2012 and captured global at- A geologist has poured cold water on the theory that the Amphipolis tomb holds the remains of Alexander the Great, saying the simple burial chamber was not built at the same time as a series of vaulted rooms, which were added later. All the rooms are inside a hill. tention last August when archaeologists announced the discovery of the vast tomb guarded by two sphinxes and circled by a 1,630ft (497-metre) marble wall. Since then the tomb has also yielded a colourful floor mosaic depicting the abduction of Persephone, the daughter of Zeus, the supreme deity of ancient Greece, as well as two sculpted female figures known as Caryatids. Experts initially warned that the third chamber was probably the tomb’s last, and that it may have been robbed in antiquity with any remains destroyed. However, archaeologists found a collection of bones from five individuals, raising hopes that the mound may be Alexander the Great’s final resting place. It is traditionally thought that Alexander and his mother would have been buried in separate tombs - especially given the fact they died seven years apart. The other male could be the rumoured remains of Alexander’s general, but further tests will need to be carried out. The Amphipolis site, believed to be the largest ancient tomb to Mr Kambouroglou said a huge 4th century BC sculpture of a lion on a pedestal (shown), which is more than 25 feet (eight metres) tall, was too heavy to have stood at the top of the tomb, as archaeologists had claimed have been discovered in Greece, dates back to Alexander’s era, around 300 to 325 BC. The ancient conqueror died in Babylonia - in present day Iraq - in 323 BC, after a military campaign across the Middle East extending out to present-day Pakistan. His mother Olympias died in 316 BC. Alexander’s exact burial site is not known, but historians place it in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Speculation that the limestone grave in the Amphipolis tomb site might belong to the legendary leader, to one of his generals, or to family members has been rife since the dig began back in 2012. But it ramped up last summer after a number of chambers, and later the underground vault, were unearthed. The Culture Ministry added the woman was approximately 5ft 1in (1.57metres) tall. One of the men had cut marks in his left chest that were most likely from mortal injuries inflicted by a knife or small sword, the ministry said. But, Alexander was said to have died of a fever. Both males had an estimated height of 5ft 3in (1.62 metres) to 5ft 7in (1.68 metres). Armour previously found, which is said to have belonged to either Alexander or his father Philip II of Macedon, reportedly would have fitted a person who measured around 5ft 2in. But Andrew Stewart, an expert on Alexander art, placed Alexander’s height closer to 5ft 7in. The few burned bone remains of the fifth interred person, who was cremated, could not reveal the person’s gender and authorities said further testing would be carried out. Further analysis will also be done on the bones of the woman and two men to determine if they were related. ‘Part of the analysis will look into a possible blood relationship, but the lack of teeth and cranial parts that are used in ancient DNA analysis may not allow for a successful identification,’ the ministry said. Last year, the Greek Ministry of Culture showed off the mosaic inside the tomb, which measures 15 feet (4.5 metres) by 10 feet (3 metres) to cover the whole floor of a room. The female figure in it is Persephone - daughter of Zeus and the harvest goddess Demeter – who is wearing a white robe and riding in a chariot. Experts say the scene shows her being abducted by Pluto and being led to the underworld. She goes on to become queen of Hades for half of every year. The scene, based on ancient Greek myths, was popular for illustrating tombs at the time and a mural on a similar theme is found in another royal tomb at Aiges, nearby. The mosaic is composed of tiny pieces of white, black, blue, red, yellow and grey stone to form an image of a chariot drawn by two white horses, driven by a Pluto - a bearded man wearing a crown of laurel leaves. It dates from the fourth century BC, matching dating of the other finds, which are also from the time of Alexander the Great. There is widespread speculation over who was buried at the site - from Roxana, Alexander’s Persian wife, to Olympias, the king’s mother, to one of his generals. A number of scholars believe that the presence of female figures, known as caryatids, show that the tomb belongs to a female. Writer Andrew Chugg, who has published a book on the search for the legendary leader’s tomb, as well as several academic papers, told The Greek Reporter that sphinxes guarding the tomb are decorated in a similar way to those found in the tombs of two queens of Macedon, including the king’s grandmother. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 46 Anti-Terrorist surveillance and the enemy within Continued from last weekend The women who have been raped. By Julian Vigo The children who have been sliced up! Your enemy’s were the Taliban not innocent harmful familys. All soldiers should DIE & go to HELL! THE LOWLIFE F*N SCUM! Gotta problem. Go cry at your soldiers grave and wish him hell because that’s where he is going.” Where Ahmed was voicing legitimate concerns about the lack of representation and public discourse (“gassin”) over the deaths of those whom the media forgets (innocent Afghani civilians), expressing his ire for the western “slicing up” of civilians, he is held to account for the feelings of the western subject. Ahmed’s trial glossed over the actual violence to which Ahmed referred, instead fixating on public sentiment, underscoring the public vigilance of what Muslims do or should do. In his trial a family member of one of the six British soldiers killed in action was asked to testify and public opinion as to what is considered “grossly offensive” became the central protagonist of this trial. Predictably, “grossly offensive” was uniquely the measure for Ahmed’s Facebook post and never a consideration of the deaths that the British military have perpetrated in Afghanistan and Iraq despite the fact that Ahmed’s “crime” was the act of underscoring the “grossly offensive” nature of civilian deaths and the complete media/social blackout of these injustices. Further re-scripting the limits of the “offensive,” Ashleigh Craig’s court testimony lays bare the political agenda at the heart of this trial: “It really upset me. Soldiers have died for his freedom.” As per the government’s public service announcements and the burgeoning call by media to enlist public surveillance, Craig suspected something and reported it, putting into practice her readings of the officially prescribed signs of terror despite such activity being nothing more than strongly worded political dissent, not coincidentally by a man with the name of Azhar Ahmed. Luckily for this political vigilante, Craig’s emotional state (of being “upset”) forms part of the scope of anti-terror laws in the United Kingdom, while Muslim populations there and throughout the west dare not shift pace or lift its gaze in a political climate where many are being asked to apologize for the violent acts of a few. Amidst this ideological quicksand of faux expertise perpetually being alimented by public vigilantism and the incompetent musings of on-air experts paid to propagate familiar caricatures of the barbaric Muslim while extolling the “freedom” for which western soldiers have died, is it any wonder that the domestic landscape of the Global War on Terror ideologically mirrors its battlefields overseas? Julian Vigo is a scholar, film-maker and human rights consultant. She can be reached at: [email protected] B eholden are we in the west to baguettes, tight dresses, tweeting your BFFs your every thought, the mythology that we do not cut off from family members or distrust old friends (for I thought this was the hallmark of our cultures upon which most of our popular media is based), intransigence of our musical taste, our tenacity to stick with sports and as our constancy in eating habits. We, the citizenry, are now enlisted through such educational tools that instruct us how to root out terror, the 21st century’s search for the Communist threat turned eastward. We are empowered by various state structures not only to be beholden to our ignorance, but to act upon it as if a modern Crusader heading for battle. Paradoxically and conterminous to this shifting of surveillance onto the public sector rendering the average citizen competent to “spot the terrorist” is the augmenting incompetence of socalled media experts. Day after day newer terrorist “experts” grace our television screens proclaiming the very same stereotypes we have all studied from “See something, say something” to “StopDjihadisme.” It is a political hall of mirrors where everyone is parroting these public touchstones without any real knowledge of what we are looking at or talking about. Platitudes dominate the professional mediatized discourses. What is passing as “expert” today are a selected choice of political sycophants whose voice is in alignment with an extremely conservative political aperture. As Edward Said in Covering Islam, writes: “My concern, though, is that the mere use of the label “Islam,” either to explain or indiscriminately condemn “Islam,” actually ends up becoming a form of attack, which in turn provokes more hostility between self-appointed Muslim and Western spokespersons.” Sam Harris, a self-proclaimed expert on Islam despite a demonstrable lack of insight into this religion, offers his conclusive words on Islam stating that “Islam is the mother lode of bad ideas.” Harris, along with Bill Maher and Richard Dawkins, have been airing their Islamophobic prejudices on a weekly basis—none of these three individuals are experts in this field and yet by virtue of their media presence hatred is allowed to pass for expertise. Paul Cruickshank, “CNN’s Terrorism Analyst,” who like Sam Harris also holds no advanced degrees in Islamic or Middle East Studies and for whom Islam and terrorism is but a hobby, proudly declares in 2011 after 77 people were murdered in Norway: “It bears all the hallmarks of the al Qaeda terrorist organization at the moment” and “The working assumption right now is that it probably is something al Qaeda-inspired, some jihadist terrorism against Norway.” Unfortunately for Cruickshank, the criminal in this bombing and shooting tragedy was non other than Anders Intimidating look of London’s armed police Brevik, a Christian fundamentalist and white nationalist. Cruickshank still works for CNN as its official “Terrorism Analyst.” It is precisely through the use of these media “experts” that the Islamophobic circus is contained as political talk shows around the west become the de facto arenas for fake debates with even faker experts who, instead of having any “expertise” to offer often read the results of local opinion polls or embellish more of the narrative of “terrorology,” both which reflect the internally produced paranoia towards Islam and which recycle more of the same fictions about “radical Islam.” What are the proposed “symptoms” of terror are nothing other than racist truisms unleashed by one incompetent individual after another casting himself as expert for a willing public, rendered agent by the state in this global search for terror. Between the average citizen who is honing her terrorist-spotting skills based on public service announcements and the media which is stuffing the screens full of half-wits who declare “no-go” zones in London and Paris, the spectator/terrorist expert is caught up in this panoptical system of surveillance being offered racist platitudes as empirical truths internalizing them in his own surveillance of terrorism around him. And as good subjects, we are taught to read the signs, listen to the warnings and step up when it is our turn to recognize terror. It is pervasive, it is everywhere, it emanates from us. Least of all, let us not forget that these campaigns advocating mass surveillance are devastating to those who fall victim to such social mechanisms and I would argue that these campaigns have been set up, in part, to corrode civil liberties, notably free speech and public dissent. In 2012 Azhar Ahmed, a nineteen-yearold British Muslim, was charged with treason in the UK for posting a dissenting view on the war in Afghanistan on his Facebook wall two days after six British troops were killed in Afghanistan. Ahmed had been reported to the police by Ashleigh Craig who came upon Ahmed’s statement less than three hours after it had been posted it. Here is the entirety of his post: “People gassin about the deaths of Soldiers! What about the innocent familys who have been brutally killed. PAGE 47 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Business Technology and the fate of ‘recharge card’ sellers in Nigeria By Mohammed Usman T he fact that technological utilisation in a competitive market has remained one of the major market strategies cannot be disputed. In a competitive market where there are many producers or sellers of the same products or services, a strategy that will build the reputation of a service provider or producer, is being utilised. An example of a competitive market where technological strategy of taking brands to consumers in a convenient way, is the banking sector. Also, an area where technological strategy affects either positively or negatively is employment generation. For instance, the coming of mobile telecommunication has generated employment in Nigeria. Many people are engaged in this business consisting of wholesale printing of recharge cards to its distribution to small scale retailers. As you move from spot to spot, street to street, town to town and city to city, you see designated shops and containers where recharge cards of various telecommunication companies are sold. It is from this that most of the people who engage in the business get their basic needs. Speaking to Peoples Daily weekend, a man dealing in recharge cards, who preferred his name as Benco communication, said since he started the business, it has been helping him, as it is his main business. “When you go to my home, you will see how I live. Selling of airtime is how I earn my daily income. I have been using what I get from it to do a lot of things.” Airtime selling point The Bencom communication boss stated that with the business, he has been able to cater for his family, support himself, pay house rent and do other things. He also revealed that he bought a small car from the proceeds of selling airtime. Although he noted that the profit from selling recharge cards are not much, but when put together and handled well, it could become meaningful. In the same vein, an employee of a dealer who sells recharge cards, Mr. Sanusi Isah, said it is contributing to the betterment of his life. “With this airtime business, I became employed. So, at least, if I had not gotten employed here, I might have been sitting at home doing nothing or roaming the streets in search of non-existent jobs. Since I got employed here, I have been able to feed myself, buy some clothes and do other things.” Also speaking with Peoples Daily weekend, an airtime dealer, who also preferred to be identified by his business name, Ola Communication, said it is helping him economically, adding that the business has made it possible for him to pay his bills and feed himself. However, the livelihood of this group of small scale businessmen and women is being threatened, as banks, in their efforts to utilise technology, now sell airtime to mobile phone users who are banking with them. With this development, airtime is bought without the stress of locating a shop. Although, there may be specific service fee charges, but many prefer using the bank services just to avoid the stress of locating an airtime seller. Also, as there are efforts to lure more people into opening bank accounts through various market strategies, more people will continue to buy airtime using their bank accounts in a snap of the finger. Since almost all commercial banks operate this service, the competition in the market might make them reduce the service charge which will attract more people to the service and at the same time boost their banks capital. On what needs to be done to cushion the effect of this market strategy adopted by banks, the Benco communication boss, who stated that calling “ A Mobile phone for government’s help in such regard may not be fruitful, stressed that the way forward was an individual thing, adding that he believes that when one door closes, another will open. Pushing forward his advice, he buttressed that “When you see that the rate of turnover is going down every day, all you need to do is look for another lawful business to combine with the sale of recharge cards until business starts booming again. For instance, assuming that you are selling airtime and you discover that the turnover is declining, you should include the selling of phones.” For Sanusi Isah, the way forward is also a personal issue, although he added that even with such development from the banks, it is not everybody that may go for such service. “Yes, some people will go for the service since it creates convenience, but there are people who won’t use it. Don’t forget that it is not all Nigerians that have bank accounts even those who have, some of them do not know the various services that their banks offer apart from depositing and withdrawing money. You see, with every passing day technology advances. Before today, we didn’t know much about using mobile phones and airtime.” While appealing for government’s assistance, the owner of Ola Communication said, “If government can stop the banks from engaging in such business it will be better for us. I know it is not possible, but if they can do it, at least it will help us more. Since banks have other ways that they generate money, at least they should leave the airtime business for us.” So, at least, if I had not gotten employed here, I might have been sitting at home doing nothing or roaming the streets in search of non-existent jobs. Since I got employed here, I have been able to feed myself, buy some clothes and do other things. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 48 Interbank rates Gombe sells N5b bond rise on deposit G premium T he interbank lending rates doubled to an average of 25 percent from 11.25 percent last week. Dealers said the debiting of banks’ accounts for premium payment to the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) forced the rates to climb as high as 60 percent, before settling at 25 percent. Nigeria sold N91 billion ($457 million) in bonds with maturities ranging between fiveyear and 20-years this week, further draining liquidity from the system and forcing banks to scramble for funds. Dealers said although there was retirement of matured Treasury bills on Thursday, the central bank also debited about N110 billion to meet the Cash Reserves Requirement (CRR) for lenders. Nigeria’s central bank requires commercial lenders to set aside 75 percent of public sector and 15 percent of public sector deposits in liquid cash in their account with it. The regulator debits bank accounts twice in a month to enforce this requirement. The secured Open Buy Back (OBB) closed at 25 percent compared with 11 percent last week. Overnight placement rose to 25 percent against 11.5 percent. “We anticipate a slight increase in the cost of borrowing among banks next week because of plans to debit banks’ account for cash reserves requirement on Thursday,” a dealer said. Traders said rates would increase next week because of the anticipated cash withdrawal by the state-owned energy company, NNPC, from the banking system to deposit in its account with the central bank. Meanwhile, oil prices plunged on the double whammy of a surging dollar and a new report that raised worries about a U.S. oil glut that could send crude dramatically lower. The drop in oil also slammed the stock market, reeling too from the stronger dollar. The Dow tumbled more than 250 points, and the S&P lost 1.1 percent to 2042. West Texas Intermediate futures for April fell more than 3.8 percent to $45.2 per barrel, and Brent, the international benchmark, lost more than two percent to $56 per barrel. For WTI, the closing low of the year was $44.45 per barrel on January 28, though it touched an intraday low of $43.58 per barrel on January 29. Oil analysts expected the market to challenge those lows on strong U.S. supply, and a report on Friday from the International Energy Agency fed those fears. The IEA said U.S. production increased by 115,000 barrels a day in February and the growing inventories threaten to drive prices lower. ombe State government has raised N5 billion ($25 million) by selling a seven-year bond with 16 percent yield to help fund new roads and schools. The bond, which was issued with a maturity date of 2022, is the first tranche of a N10 billion debt issuance programme, the official who is an adviser to the issue said in a notice. Reuters reported that a total of three applications for five million units of N1,000 each were received from investors. The state had in 2012 issued a N20 billion seven-year bond maturing in 2019 with a yield of 15.5 percent. Also, as Nigeria prepares to hold its general elections, bonds yields will raise, while a planned Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting to set rates on March 24 would also unnerve investors. Reuters said Nigeria raised N91 billion ($455 million) in bonds during the week, with maturities ranging between five-year and 20-year at higher returns across the board. “Trading is expected to be mixed next week, but the market would likely stay above the 16 percent resistance level,” a dealer said. Yields on the 2016 debt closed flat at 16.15 percent compared with 16.16 percent last week, while the 2022 debt note dropped to 16.03 percent from 16.07 percent previously. The benchmark 2024 debt note however rose sharply to 16.63 percent from 16.13 percent last week. Meanwhile, Lafarge Africa, the Nigerian arm of the world’s biggest cement firm, Lafarge, said its 2014 pretax profit fell 35.9 percent to N41.19 billion ($207 million). Lafarge Africa said in a statement that turnover also dropped marginally to N205.84 billion from N206.07 billion a year earlier. The firm proposed to pay a dividend of N3.6 per share, compared with N1.2 the previous year. L-R: Director, Enterprise Segment, Etisalat Nigeria, Lucas Dada; Chief Marketing Officer, Etisalat Nigeria, Francesco Angelone; Director, Enterprise Development Centre (EDC) Pan-African University, Nneka Okekearu, at the launch of Etisalat Easybusiness Millionaire Hunt Season 2, recently at four Point by Sheraton, Lekki, Lagos, Dangote to launch $400m cement plant in Zambia A $400 million cement plant in Zambia owned by Dangote Group will commence operations by the end of March. Speaking to a group of journalists at Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport in Ndola, Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man and owner of the Dangote Group, said the commissioning of the new cement plant which is located in Masaiti district in Copperbelt, had been delayed as a result of flooding and a delay in getting the requisite permits from the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). “Hopefully, we will start production in the next two to three weeks or so and I think we are overcoming that. But the rainy season this year has been very intense which has taught us to protect ourselves next time we are in operations. So by and large, we are pushing and the team will try and deliver the factory by the end of this month, our power is already on so we are making good progress,” Dangote said. Once operational, the Dangote Cement Plant will have a production capacity of 1.5 million tonnes annually and will create at least 1,000 jobs. Meanwhile, Dangote is constructing another Cement Plant in Chilanga, a small town 20 km south of Zambia’s capital city, Lusaka. The cement plant in Chilanga will cost an estimated $420 million. “We have made good progress on the plant in Lusaka, we have already gotten permission to get into the land and start mining, so hopefully the same contractor might move there and build an identical plant with the one in Masaiti,” Dangote said. Dangote has been Africa’s richest man for the past five years. His current fortune is estimated at $15.9 billion derived from investments in cement, sugar and flour. World Bank Group Launches the Lighting Africa Program for Nigeria I FC, a member of the World Bank Group, has launched the Lighting Africa program for Nigeria. The program, a joint initiative of IFC and the World Bank, will help increase access to affordable, clean and safer lighting for more than 30 percent of Nigeria’s population who live in rural areas, and have low incomes and no access to grid electricity. Lighting Africa mobilizes the private sector to build and develop markets that enable access to clean, affordable, quality lighting products by fostering partnerships among local and global manufacturers and creating new channels through local distribution companies that will help build robust supply chains for offgrid lighting products. Itotia Njagi, Program Manager for Lighting Africa program said, “Lighting Africa is helping to build a market to bring off-grid lighting and energy services across Africa by establishing quality standards, investing inconsumer education, creating a favorable investment climate, and supporting innovative business models. As we foster these partnerships among all parties in the industry, variousopportunities would be explored and our goal of inclusive electrification would be achieved in Nigeria.” The expansion of the Lighting Africa program to Nigeria supports the World Bank Group’s Energy Business Plan. Under the Energy Business Plan, each World Bank Group institution will leverage its competencies and products to provide solutions to projects that encourage their viability and contribute to the sustainability of Nigeria’s power sector to underpin the government’s ambitious privatization and reform program. Eme Essien Lore, IFC Country Manager for Nigeria said, “Part of the World Bank Group’s targeted interventions in the power sector includes off-gridsolutions that make access to power more inclusive. These solutions, mostly solar powered, will reduce the hazards of using fuel based energy resources, improve the climate and accelerate development in Nigeria.” Lighting Africa is a key component of the Global Lighting and Energy Access Partnership (Global LEAP), an initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial. The Clean Energy Ministerial is a global forum where best practices are shared, and policies and programs encouraging and facilitating transition to a clean global energy economy are promoted. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 49 Oddities Compiled by Isioma Nwabasha Bar full of owls to open in London F irst there was the cat cafe, then the sheep cafe and now there is an even more bizarre place on the cards, an owl cocktail bar. The new pop up bar called ‘Annie the Owl’ is set to open in Soho in a secret location, and will be home to six owls. The bar is named after owl Annie, who according to her biography, “likes attention so make sure you bring loads of hugs and smiles for her. It was her decision to come to London and meet the people who dwell here. All of the owls are trained to be around the public and will be accompanied by professional falconers, in case you are worried about being pecked while trying to enjoy your Martini. Entry to the trendy new bar will be £20, and for that price you get two cocktails and two hours of owl time.’’ There has already been some backlash against the bar, with a Change.org petition calling on the Westminster council to “deny permission for a pop up owl bar”. The petition stated “It is one thing to raise awareness of owls and the help that they might need to thrive in the wild, but it is quite another to tether them up in a cocktail bar and have people touching them and handling them.” So far it has 2,056 signatures. The organisers of the pop up said they would keep noise to a minimum and people would not be allowed to touch the birds if their trainer does not feel they would be comfortable. Profits from the ticket sales will be donated to animal conservation charity, Barn Owl. Man gets drunk from eating chips M any people wish they could get drunk without having to spend a fortune, but Nick Hess only has to scoff some chips or potatoes for him to end up sloshed. Nick suffers from ‘auto-brewery syndrome’, a condition that means his stomach produces too much yeast and turns any carbohydrate into alcohol. For a while, he said he didn’t know what was happening, saying he would get sick for no reason with stomach pains and headaches. Friends and family started to suspect that he had a drink problem and his wife even started searching the house convinced that he had a secret stash of booze. He told the BBC: “It was weird, I’d eat some carbs and all of a sudden I was goofy, vulgar. Every day for a year I would wake up and vomit, sometimes it would come on over the course of a few days, other times it was just like “bam! I am drunk.” People often thought that he was drunk even when no alcohol passed his lips. It was only when his wife filmed him that he realised that something was up. His wife, Karen Daw, told ABC News “We would be watching television and by the end of the evening, he would start to be confused, he would start slurring and he did smell like he had alcohol on his breath. I went through the entire house looking for alcohol. Anywhere I think that maybe you could hide a small bottle or a small flask. The painful part was doubting him. It just made me more determined to try and figure out what was going on with him.” Despite having countless hospital tests, including three colonoscopies and three endoscopes, the condition was only diagnosed after he was fed a carb heavy meal. His blood alcohol level shoot up to 120 milligrams per 100 milliletres of blood, the same as having seven shots of whiskey. Now he has been given anti-fungal drugs and put on a low carb diet to combat the condition, however he still experiences one or two episodes a month. apartment. “At first we thought it was just the screams of sexual pleasure, but it turned out to be screams for help.” She then called the security guard who forced the door open and saw the man lying on top of the woman, unable to detach himself. Priscilla said they were also unable to free the couple. “We always hear of such things but have never seen it,” she said. According to a family member, the woman’s husband had frequently voiced his suspicion about his wife’s infidelity. “I think he locked her to catch the man she is cheating with.” An unnamed commentator said ‘locking’ a woman with muthi is a common way of catching and humiliating cheating lovers. The couple were eventually whisked away in an ambulance. Adulterous couple stuck after intimacy A man and a married woman were stuck together after a bout of intimacy. The incident happened after the man ignored warnings from the woman’s husband. About 2,000 people gathered outside the apartment block where the bizarre incident happened after word got out that the pair were stuck in postcoital distress. According to the Daily Sun, the stuck couple kept screaming for help and begging to be separated. The husband of the woman had apparently issued an earlier warning to the man to: “Leave my wife alone! I have put special muthi (medicine) in her ‘ladyparts’” A resident of the block of flats where the incident occurred, Priscilla Ndlovu, told the Daily Sun that she had heard screams from the woman’s PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 50 Healthy Living Make your own detox drink W hether you are just trying to steer clear of sugary drinks or aiming to help your body flush out the toxins lurking in your system, this refreshing blend of fruits will satisfy your needs. Watermelon (or cucumber): Watermelon helps the body flush out toxins because it contains the organic compound citrulline, which is an amino acid that has been shown to help the liver and kidneys filter and get rid of ammonia. Ammonia comes in external forms, but is also a by-product of the proteins our bodies are burning up constantly for energy, and it is quite damaging to our cells. Cucumber also contains citrulline, but not as much as watermelon. Watermelon may also give the liver an overall boost. Water: H20 is just plain good for us, it helps flush nasty toxins and waste through our system, giving organs like the liver and kidney an easier time doing their job. Lemon (or lime): Lemon or lime juice helps stimulate and regulate the digestive track (which is why it is helpful with constipation, heartburn and gas), stimulates bile production, and thins out bile, which allows it flow more freely. Bile is produced by the liver and ends up in the small intestine to break Detox fruits A jar of cucumber and lemon water down lipids (fats) that we have consumed. Mint leaves: Mint leaves are a nice refreshing flavour to add to your drink. On top of that, it can help you digest food more effectively, improving the flow of bile from the liver, to the gallbladder, to the small intestine, where it breaks down dietary fats. Mint also helps relax cramped up stomach muscles. You will need… -1-2 liters’ of water, depending on how strong you want it to taste -Watermelon or cucumber -1 lemon or lime -A handful of fresh mint leaves (approximately 10-13) -Ice cubes Directions Slice a good amount of watermelon into cubes and put them into a jug or pitcher. Cut a juicy lime into wedges and toss in with the watermelon. Add a handful of fresh, mint leaves and pour two liters of cool water, fill the jug to the brim. Let this sit overnight in the fridge and let all the fruits steep and infuse the water. When you want to drink it, put in a generous helping of ice cubes, pour, and enjoy daily. We all have different tastes and preferences, and like to mix things up every once in a while too. Experiment by trying out various ingredients, amounts, and methods (like blending, or boiling into a tea, or infusing into water, etc.) Below is a list of foods that have been shown to help boost your built-in detox system (namely liver, G.I., and kidney function.) If possible, always buy organic to avoid chemical ingredients or pesticides. Cruciferous vegetables and leafy greens: This group includes a lot of veggie superheroes and that is why you see so many ‘green’ detox drinks or smoothies. Included are broccoli, cabbage, lettuce and spinach. Broccoli and co. increases the amount of glucosinolate (organic compounds) in our body, which in turn help create enzymes that help our body’s breakdown and digest things. Leafy greens like lettuce and bok choy have the ability to neutralise metals, chemicals, and pesticides that find their way into our systems. Avocado: Avocados can help your body produce an antioxidant, glutathione, which our liver needs to do its job and filter properly. Grapefruit: High in antioxidants and vitamin C, grapefruit or grapefruit juice also aids the liver in flushing carcinogens (things linked to causing cancer, like stuff in cigarettes and tobacco, as well as some pre-prepared foods) and possibly pesticides out of the body. Beets: The systems in the body all work together and for various reasons beets seem to be helpful to more than one major organ. However, they have shown themselves to be particularly helpful when it comes to aiding the liver in detoxification. If it is chilly, make detox tea to keep you warm and healthy, or mix up an icy cool drink if the weather is hot. Play around with what you like and keep in mind things you know are good for your body’s own detox system, not things that claim to be a miracle detox system all on their own. Healing benefits of pineapple juice P ineapples can be consumed fresh, juiced or cooked. Juicing is one of the best ways of consuming pineapples. It is packed with vitamins, enzymes and has many health benefits. Ensure you drink fresh pineapple juice and not processed ones. Most of the time processed juice contains refined sugar or preservatives. Vitamin C Like many fruit juices, pineapple juice contains vitamin C, or ascorbic acid. Getting enough vitamin C nourishes your skin by helping it produce collagen, the protein that keeps your skin firm and maintains its elasticity. Vitamin C also protects your cells from damage caused by environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke. Each 4-ounce serving of fresh-squeezed pineapple juice contains approximately 66 milligrams of vitamin C -- 73 or 88 percent of the daily intake requirements for men or women, respectively. Manganese Drinking pineapple juice benefits your body due to its manganese content. Manganese helps fight the aging process by protecting your cells from free radicals, toxins that cause cellular damage associated with aging and disease. It also helps your skin produce new collagen to allow for healing after injury. Men need 2.3 milligrams of manganese daily, and women should consume 1.8 milligrams. Canned pineapple juice contains 0.63 milligram of manganese per 4-ounce serving, while fresh-squeezed pineapple juice contains 1.3 milligrams. Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B-6, or pyridoxine, found in pineapple juice also affects your health. Pyridoxine helps your brain produce chemicals involved in nerve communication and also helps your brain produce melatonin, a hormone that maintains your body’s internal clock. It promotes healthy circulation and helps your body make sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone. In addition to enjoying pineapple juice on its own, try using it to create custom juice blends. Use pineapple juice as a base for smoothies containing spinach leaves for a sweet beverage packed with vitamins Pineapple juice A and K. Enjoy pineapple juice in moderation. Even though the juice has health benefits, the USDA recommends consuming most of your daily fruit intake from whole fruits. Whole fruits provide fiber, a nutrient lacking in pineapple juice, so they benefit your digestive health more than fruit juice. PAGE 51 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 From the Pulpit Church abuse (II) P raise the Lord! I’m excited to welcome to your favourite column. I started this series last week and began to talk about the various dimensions of church abuse. Before I rounded off last week, I was talking about financial dimension of church abuse and I cited the example of Paul as an example of financial integrity. In fact, Paul is an example of financial integrity in ministry. As we saw, Paul told the Corinthians: “Did I do wrong when I humbled myself and honored you by preaching God’s Good News to you without expecting anything in return? I ‘robbed’ other churches by accepting their contributions so I could serve you at no cost. And when I was with you and didn’t have enough to live on, I did not ask you to help me.” (2 Cor. 11:7-9 NLT) It wasn’t that Paul didn’t receive financial support from any church – he did and said so himself. As said in the last Scripture, he “‘robbed’ other churches by accepting their contributions” (Verse 8 NLT) so that he could serve the Corinthian church at no cost. But he wasn’t a nuisance. The Philippians supported Paul generously. “Now you Philippians know also that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church shared with me concerning giving and receiving but you only. For even in Thessalonica you sent aid once and again for my necessities. Not that I seek the gift, but I seek the fruit that abounds to your account. Indeed I have all and abound. I am full, having received from Epaphroditus the things sent from you, a sweet-smelling aroma, an acceptable sacrifice, well pleasing to God.” (Phil 4:15-18 NKJV) If Paul had been a nuisance to the church, the Macedonians – churches in Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, and others in the region of Macedonia – who were going through hardship and serious poverty wouldn’t be begging him to collect from them the gifts for the impoverished saints in Jerusalem. They already have a ready excuse not to give but they pleaded to be allowed to bless their fellow believers; they were cheerful, willing givers. “Now I want to tell you, dear brothers and sisters, what God in his kindness has done for the churches in Macedonia. Though they have been going through much trouble and hard times, their wonderful joy and deep poverty have overflowed in rich generosity. For I can testify that they gave not only what they could afford but far more. And they did it of their own free will. They begged us again and again for the gracious privilege of sharing in the gift for the Christians in Jerusalem.” (2 Cor 8:4 NLT) There is nothing wrong in asking for financial support for the ministry but Christians, including ministers, must eschew greed and covetousness. “Take heed and beware of covetousness, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of the things he possesses.” (Luke 12:15 NKJV) No wonder one of the qualifications for appointment as a deacon and bishop is not being greedy for money. (1 Tim 3:8, Titus 1:7) Paul’s appeal to fellow elders (church leaders) is: “The elders who are among you I exhort, I who am a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that will be revealed: Shepherd the flock of God which is among you, serving as overseers, not by compulsion but willingly, not for dishonest gain but eagerly... and when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that does not fade away.” (1 Peter 5:1-2, 4 NKJV) A minister should conduct himself with financial integrity. He shouldn’t give room for suspicion about any financial impropriety. He should be transparent and accountable. Hear Paul again: “Now about the money being collected for the Christians in Jerusalem: You should follow the same procedures I gave to the churches in Galatia. On every Lord’s Day, each of you should put aside some amount of money in relation to what you have earned and save it for this offering. Don’t wait until I get there and then try to collect it all at once. When I come I will write letters of recommendation for the messengers you choose to deliver your gift to Jerusalem. And if it seems appropriate for me also to go along, then we can travel together.” (1 Cor 16:1-4 NLT) Please take note of the last but one sentence: When I come I will write letters of recommendation for the messengers you choose to deliver your gift to Jerusalem – that was part of the procedures. Paul would not deliver the money on their behalf. I believe this was for the purpose of transparency and accountability. Nobody would accuse Paul of embezzling their money especially the Corinthian church which gave Paul a lot of trouble! They were to choose messengers to deliver their contributions on their behalf to Jerusalem with letter of recommendation from Paul. He could go with them if necessary. Wrong motives for church membership When believers join an assembly with wrong motives, there is bound to be church abuse. As part of the large scale abuse of the church going on today many people change their places of worship basically green pastures By Pastor T. O. Banso [email protected] GSM: 08033113523 because they feel if they join a denomination or move to another branch with a large congregation, they will be well connected to the big shots who are members or they will enjoy greater patronage of their products and services; the crowd in their new church will patronize their business. Church does not exist primarily for connection with top executives or politicians; it exists primarily to get connected with God and stay connected. There is nothing wrong in church members patronizing you but if it now becomes your priority for church membership, you are abusing the church. The church is not a market for selling of wares, but that’s what the new generation of believers in our nation is turning it to. It is so rife. The church is primarily not a place for social or business contacts. It is not mainly a place to look for marriage partners or to get many people to attend your naming ceremony or your relations’ funeral. The church does not exist chiefly to give you a pastor to bless or sanctify your new house or new car. All these are BENEFITS which should not be elevated above the primary reason of becoming a Christian or joining an assembly. I’ll stop here today and continue this series next week. He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. TAKE ACTION! If you are not born again, you Pattern of the life of faith Hebrews 11:8-12 W ithout faith, it is impossible to please God (Hebrews 11:6). To please God, each of us must live by faith in Christ. Abel, Enoch, Noah had faith in God and He testified of them that they pleased Him. In Abel, we learn the commencement of the life of faith; Enoch teaches us the characteristics of the continuity of the life of faith; Noah’s life and action instruct us on the conviction and courage of the life of faith. The Scripture challenges us to let “Christ dwell in [our] hearts by faith” (Ephesians 3:17), to “live by faith” (Galatians 2:20), to pray in faith (James 1:6), to resist our adversary, the devil, by faith (1 Peter 5:8,9), to overcome the world by faith (1 John 5:4), to “walk by faith” (2 Corinthians 5:7). To please God and to walk with Him, we are to “walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised” (Romans 4:12). Abraham’s life of faith provides a pattern for our faith. His life was nothing else, but a continual practice of faith. The first evidence of faith in his life is his obedience to God, when He called him out of his country. From then on, his life furnishes fuller details concerning the life of faith. 1. THE PILGRIMAGE OF FAITH Hebrews 11:8; Genesis 12:1-4; Joshua 24:2,3; Acts 7:2-4; Isaiah 51:2; Romans 1:5; Luke 5:32; 1 Thessalonians 4:7; Acts 13:2; 2 Peter 1:10. “By faith, Abraham, when he was called to go out... obeyed; and he went out, not knowing whither he went” (Hebrews 11:8). “The Lord had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father’s house, unto a By Pastor W.F Kumuyi land that I will shew thee” (Genesis 12:1). What a challenge to his faith this was! He was called to go out of idolatry, not out of the family of God (Joshua 24:2,3; Isaiah 51:1,2). What a testing of faith this was – to be converted at 75! Abraham was already seventy-five years of age (Genesis 12:4) and long journeys and break-up of old associations are not easily undertaken by elderly people. To forsake the old life, to leave loved ones and family idolatry behind, to abandon present certainty for a future uncertainty, to go forth, not knowing where, must have seemed unreasonable to the flesh and carnal reasoning; only faith could do such a thing in answer to God’s call. A practical separation from the world is demanded of us, for “the friendship of the world is enmity with God” (James 4:4). As it was contrary to nature for Abraham to leave family and idolatry, so it need to give your life to Jesus. I urge you to take the following steps:Admit you’re a sinner and you can’t save yourself and repent of your sins. Confess Jesus as your Lord and Saviour. Renounce your past way of life – your relationship with the devil and his works. Invite Jesus into your life. As a mark of seriousness to mature in the faith, start to attend a Bible-believing, Bible -teaching church. There you will be taught how to grow in the Kingdom of God. Kindly say this prayer now: “0 Lord God, I come unto you today. I know I am a sinner and I cannot save myself. I believe that Jesus is the Son of God who died on the cross to save me and resurrected the third day. I confess Jesus as my Lord and Saviour and surrender my life to him today. I invite Jesus into my heart today. By this prayer, I know I am saved. Thank you Jesus for saving me and making me a child of God” I believe you have said this prayer from your heart. Congratulations! You will need to join a Bible believing, Bible teaching church in your area where you will be taught how to live your new life in Christ Jesus. I pray that you flourish like the palm tree and grow like the cedar of Lebanon. May you grow into Christ in all things becoming all God wants you to be. is equally contrary to nature for the Christian to separate from the world and crucify the flesh. Abraham “obeyed; and he went out”. He obeyed not only in word, but in deed. “By faith, Abraham... obeyed” (Hebrews 11:8). Faith and obedience can never be separated just as the sun and light or fire and heat can never be separated. “He went out, not knowing whither he went”. At the time God called him, He did not specify which land he was to journey to, nor where it was located. It was by faith, real faith in the Living God, and not by sight, that he moved forward. Many so-called Christians only obey God after considering their own personal interests. God requires unqualified obedience from us. The path of obedience must be trod, if ever you are to reach heaven. No disobedient soul who is wrapped up in self will enter heaven. S p or T PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 52 I want Flying Eagles to win every match —Garba >>PG 53 Gerrard fit for Liverpool’s trip to Swansea >>PG 54 All Africa Games qualifiers: Why Dream Team beat Gabon 6-1, says Siasia >>PG 55 PAGE 53 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 LMC postpones Abia Warriors, Dolphins match T he Nigeria Professional game between Dolphins and Abia Warriors has been moved as a result of the Pride of Rivers’ engagement in the CAF Confederation Cup. Dolphins should have been guests of Abia Warriors in Umuahia on match day 2 this weekend but, will be away in Tunisia to play against Club Africain. That game has been rescheduled by the League Management Company, the body that run the league and it will now take place on Thursday 19th March at the Umuahia Township Stadium. Dolphins depart Nigeria for Tunisia on Thursday. They would play the game on Saturday and will be back in Lagos on Monday 16th March. After the game against Abia Warriors on Thursday, Dolphins will return to Port Harcourt for a match day 3 fixture against Warri Wolves on Sunday, March 22 Sports I want Flying Eagles to win every match —Garba M anu Garba, the head coach of the Nigeria Under-20 team and the first team to book their place in the semi final of the Africa youth championship as well as World youth championship in New Zealand, says they hope to end the tournament by winning all of their games. Garba tortured side have picked up two wins from their first two games, scoring seven goals in the process but, the coach insists while they are happy with their progression they still want to achieve more in the tournament. “I am grateful to the Almighty God for qualifying for the FIFA Under-20 world cup, it was a great victory playing most part of the game with 10 men. To score seven goals in two matches is not an easy job, I believe we are a strong side”, He said in his post match conference, after the 4-1 win over Congo. “My boys have done very well our target is to win all the matches, that means winning the trophy as well the first part of the job, which has been qualifying for the World cup. Now the other target is to go to the World cup as African champions” Nigeria is six times winners of the Africa Youth Championship, more than any other team in the history of the tournament but, they last won in 2011. Flying Eagles NBBF reschedules male, female leagues Stories by Albert Akota T he Nigeria Basketball Federation (NBBF) has rescheduled the commencement of the DSTV Men’s Basketball League and the Zenith Bank Women’s League. The rescheduling of the dunk-off dates for the leagues is based on the financial challenges faced by some clubs in both leagues. Only a few of them have met the registration deadline few days from the start of the new season. The NBBF, after consultations with their sponsors, Multichoice/DStv and Zenith Bank Plc respectively, has rescheduled the DStv League for March 13 to 20 while the Zenith League Phase 1, earlier slated for March 15 to 25, has now been postponed to the third week of April (after the elections). According to the NBBF, a new game schedule would be issued. The federation said it is confident this development will afford teams the time to conclude all arrangements for the new season and meet their obligations. Dolphins players NFF praises Jonathan as Flying Eagles excel T he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) has given kudos to President Goodluck Jonathan for the excellent run of the U-20 National Team, Flying Eagles, at the ongoing African Youth Championship in Senegal, recalling that it was the country’s number one man who directed that the boys be kept together and made to grow to the senior category. “Following the triumph of the U-17 National Team at the FIFA U-17 World Cup finals in United Arab Emirates in 2013, President Jonathan instructed the NFF to keep the team together and allow the players grow through the ranks all the way to the senior team, and that he would give the NFF the needed support to do that. “I can confirm that President Jonathan has kept to his every word and has been there with maximum support for the NFF to keep the boys together in long camping programmes and getting friendly matches for them,” NFF president Amaju Pinnick declared yesterday. While honouring the Golden Eaglets for their victory at the FIFA U-17 World Cup in the UAE in November 2013, President Jonathan had promised to give support to the NFF to keep the team together, so the bulk can go ahead to dominate world football and then go ahead to try and win the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Telling performers of that squad have graduated to the U-20 team, which on Wednesday earned a place at the FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand with a 4-1 win over Congo, following a 3-1 defeat of the host nation on Sunday. “That promise has been kept and can be seen in the Flying Eagles’ superlative performances in Senegal. We thank Mr. President for being a man of his words and we assure that these boys will be kept together going to the FIFA U-20 World Cup and onwards to the 2018 FIFA World Cup finals,” Pinnick assured. President Jonathan Sports Weekend fixtures CAF Champions League Coton Sport v APR FC v Zesco United v El Merreikh v Mangasport v MC El Eulma v Mamelodi Sundowns Moghreb Tétouan v Kaizer Chiefs v Gor Mahia v Cosmos Bafia v Enyimba FC v AC Semassi v El Hilal v S.M Sanga Balende Al Ahly AS Kaloum Kabuscorp Stade Malien Asante Kotoko v TP Mazembe Kano Pillars Raja Casablanca AC Leopards Esperance Smouha Club Sportif Sfaxien Big Bullets CAF Confederation Cup Club Africain v Dolphin FC Royal Leopards v Petro Atletico ES Sahel v S.L. Benfica Sousse Warri Wolves v Dedebit SC Onze Createurs v Sahel S.C. Orlando Pirates v Uganda Rev. Authy Hearts of Oak v Olympique de Ngor C.F. Mounana v Power Dynamos Asec Mimosas v Al Ittihad AS Vita v Ferroviario Da Beira Djoliba AC v Petrojet Young Africans v FC Platinum CAF U20 Championship Nigeria U20 v Ivory Coast Mbour Senegal v Congo Ghana v Mali Mbour South Africa U20 v Zambia U20 Barclays Premier League Crystal Palace v Queens Park Rangers Arsenal v West Ham United Leicester City v Hull City Sunderland v Aston Villa West Bromwich Albion v Stoke City Burnley v Manchester City Chelsea v Southampton Everton v Newcastle United Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur French Ligue 1 Metz v Lens v Lorient v Montpellier v Nantes v Lille v Bordeaux v Marseille v St Etienne Toulouse Caen Reims Evian Rennes Paris Saint Germain Lyon German Bundesliga FC Augsburg v 1. FSV Mainz Hertha BSC v FC Schalke 04 SV Werder Bremen v FC Bayern TSG 1899 Hoffenheim v Hamburger SV Eintracht Frankfurt v SC Paderborn 07 Borussia Dortmund v 1. FC Koln VfL Wolfsburg v Sport-Club Freiburg Borussia Monchengladbach v Hannover 96 Italian Serie A Palermo v Cagliari v Atalanta v Genoa v Sassuolo v Verona v Internazionale v Spanish La Liga Espanyol v Eibar v Rayo Vallecano v Celta de Vigo v Almeria v Malaga v Sevilla v Real Madrid v Juventus Empoli Udinese Chievo Parma Napoli Cesena PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Super Falcons test awaits Confluence Queens By Albert Akota A s part of preparation for the upcoming All African Games Qualifiers against Mali, Super Falcons will clash with Nigeria Women’s Premier League outfit, Confluence Queens. The match scheduled to be played today will be the senior women’s team third test match since resuming camp some weeks ago. The Coach Edwin Okon led Falcons and the Coach Suleiman Adamu led Confluence Queens will use the match to prepare for the AAGQ against Mali and the 2014/15 season respectively. The Chief Coach Edwin Okon stated that friendly games are meant to test the readiness for a tournament and also correct any mistake on the part of his girls. “Our preparation is very important to succeed at the World Cup, All African Games Qualifiers and the Olympic Games Qualifiers. We are happy with the friendly with Confluence Queens. It is coming at the right time as it will provide us a good test of our strength and readiness. “We hope to assess the players in another match situation after the two friendlies we played against Yahaya Football Academy. I believe the girls would improve for the task that awaits them in the year 2015. The encounter will be played at the FIFA Goal Project centre of the Abuja National Stadium in Abuja, the Nation’s Federal Capital. The game will get underway by 3pm Nigeria time today. Burnley aiming to avoid another nightmare against Manchester B urnley host Manchester City in the Premier League today, hoping to avoid a repeat of the shocking start they suffered when the teams last met at Turf Moor. In the corresponding fixture in April 2010, City blew Burnley away with a devastating attacking display - featuring three goals in the first seven minutes - as they enhanced their hopes of a top-four finish and heightened Burnley’s relegation fears. Emmanuel Adebayor, Craig Bellamy and Carlos Tevez all found the net in a flying start, before Patrick Vieira and Adebayor’s second gave City a 5-0 lead at the break. The match finished 6-1 as Burnley slipped towards the drop, while City were eventually pipped to fourth by Tottenham. today’s meeting sees Burnley scrapping against relegation again following their promotion last season, while City have raised their sights in the intervening five years and are now regular challengers for the Premier League title. Sean Dyche’s side have taken just two points from their last seven league outings and find themselves second-from-bottom in the table, three points adrift of safety. They stunned reigning champions City in the reverse fixture back in December, coming from two down at half-time to rescue a 2-2 draw at the Etihad Stadium. City, meanwhile, are five points behind league leaders Chelsea having played a game more, and can ill-afford any slipups as they enter the final stretch of the season. Edwin Okon Gerard fit for Liverpool’s trip to Swansea Steven Gerrard S Atletico de Barcelona Granada CF Athletic Club Villarreal Cordoba Elche Ramon Levante Manchester City players teven Gerrard will be available for Liverpool when they travel to Swansea City in the Premier League on Monday. Gerrard confirmed the news in a media conference ahead of a charity game to be held at Anfield at the end of the month. The Liverpool captain has missed the last seven matches after suffering a hamstring injury in the 3-2 victory over Tottenham last month. Without Gerrard, Liverpool have won all three of their league outings, although they were dumped out of the UEFA Europa League following a penalty shootout at Besiktas. With 10 Premier League games remaining - and an FA Cup quarterfinal replay with Blackburn Rovers still to come - Gerrard’s return to fitness will provide a welcome boost to manager Brendan Rodgers. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 55 AAG qualifiers: Why Dream Team beat Gabon 6-1, says Siasia Dream team in action against Gabon F ollowing their lethargic 2-0 win over the Gabon U23 team on Saturday at the Abuja National Stadium in a 2015 All Africa Games qualifier, which resulted in a 6-1 aggregate win for Nigeria, Dream Team VI coach, Samson Siasia revealed in an exclusive interview. He talks about the team’s progress to the next round, their lethargic display and how he hopes to fix the team before the next round of qualifiers. Enjoy. Coach, congratulations for the convinced win over Gabon. Tell us the feeling? It is a good feeling winning at home. Maybe not a very easy win, but the most important thing was the win and progression which we have made and now we have to look forward. Your team didn’t play well, what would you “ attribute that to? These young players are playing for the first time for Nigeria in Nigeria and you could see they wanted to make those passes but they couldn’t because they were a little bit jittery. But I think with time they will come through because I’ve seen these boys play and trust me, because even in practice sessions, they’ve been better and they make better passes than what we saw. So it’s all about getting their confidence high, because we couldn’t have played like this and won in Gabon, it’s not possible. There’s a problem we have to fix, these problems we have in Nigeria and the players sometimes think the fans are too hostile, especially when you don’t score on time. But it wasn’t the case because the fans were so calm and I’m happy for that because if they had started singing against the team, it could have been a problem, but I can assure these boys can do better than what they did on Saturday. Do you also think complacency was a factor, because having won 4-1 away, maybe the players were a little bit complacent? No I don’t think that was the problem. It was just a case of us not being able to put those passes together and they most times passed the ball to the Gabonese team and as a result the Gabonese team had better chances than we had. So it started right from the defenders, because getting the ball to the strikers was a bit too difficult for them and I wondered if they were playing for Gabon or Nigeria but all the same we didn’t lose, we won 2-0. There’s a problem we have to fix, these problems we have in Nigeria and the players sometimes think the fans are too hostile, especially when you don’t score on time. We have to improve on making sure that we have a little bit more confidence when we’re playing at home and try to make those passes that will lead to goals. Nigeria plays Zambia next, how much information have you gathered about them? To be honest I can’t say I Siasia know much about their U23 team but we will get their videos and prepare for them because if you don’t know them, it will be a problem to play against them. So we will get their clips and study them. Should we be expecting to see new additions to the team? Well I don’t know because it depends on the additions you’re talking about; if they are better than the ones we have right now. Of course I keep saying that we haven’t finished yet because we are still a work in progress and if anyone comes in and makes more sense than what we have, we will definitely bring such a player in. From what you have seen so far of this team, would you say you have seen signs you could have a team as good as that of 2008 or even better? I can’t see the future but I all I want to do is work very hard and give these guys the confidence to play better than they did on Saturday against Gabon because I don’t think Nigerians are pleased with the way we played today, but trust me, these boys will improve. The most important thing is to make sure we qualify and then keep them together for a while. I can assure you that we will improve. BIG PUNCH Peoples Daily WEEKEND, SATURDAY — SUNDAY, MARCH 14-15 , 2015 Saturday Column By Rufa’i Ibrahim I t is not unlikely, that some weighty voices, from both within Nigeria and abroad, had helped by putting in a good word for Dasuki, either on their own accord or when consulted on the matter by Jonathan. In the United State where Dasuki has, until now, been living on and off, he is, it is said, former U.S. Secretary of State, Collin Powel’s next door neighbour. And who knows what Powel, who must have direct access to Jonathan, might have done to help a good neighbour, especially with the U.S. now showing more than a keen interest in the insurgency situation in the north of Nigeria? Dasuki was, according to sources, one of four ex-soldiers that Jonathan considered for the job. Two of them are retired Generals. All the four are Northerners and Muslims. Now, is this merely a case of ‘if a Southerner can’t do it, try a Northerner’? There is, in my view, much more to it than this. By restricting his options this way, and zeroing in on only Northerners, Jonathan has, in a way, confirmed to the world what has always been obvious from the hints and intimations he has been dropping by way of his utterances and actions, namely that he views the raging insurgency essentially as a carefully woven conspiracy by Northern leaders against his person and his government. This jaundiced and narrow perspective of the Boko Haram insurgency, which is dominant in the Villa and among all those close to the president, is itself part of the problem. It has blocked opportunities for a proper understanding of the problem, made more difficult real rapprochement between the Jonathan administration and the Northern leaders and elders, led to the diversion of time, energy and attention from a search for the causes to a fruitless search for sponsors of the problem, and occasioned huge wastes and outright stealing of resources by government officials and the security chiefs and operatives. Yet, there is a way in which the choice of a Northerner makes sense. There obviously is merit in the idea of using a thief to catch another thief. Or, as the stratagem and experience of that arch British colonialist, Lord Lugard, teach us, in using local talents to conquer Advert: business: news: lagos: 0806 0704 0814 0805 0803 564 385 292 327 454 their own people, for which the Hausa have this apt phrase: Da dan gari ake cin gari. It may be, though, that in finding a replacement for Azazi, Jonathan reached for, and used General Obasanjo’s old manual of relations with the North, which teaches or prescribes turning always to the Northern aristocracy in general, or the relics of the Sokoto Caliphate in particular, for solutions to the problems in the North. Hence, the decision to settle for Sambo Dasuki, a caliphal aristocrat, son of a former Sultan and an ex-Colonel, who, incidentally, is Azazi’s classmate in the Defence Academy and also a close friend. This idea of, or fixation with, relying on the northern aristocracy and its scions to resolve problems in the North may have worked well in the past for Obasanjo, both as a military and civilian Nigerian leader. But today we live in such a drastically altered and dysfunctional Nigerian and northern Nigerian social and political universe that the same approach may well create more problems than it solves. New identities, new awareness, new ideologies and new technologies of violence, resistance and change have all permeated our society. So it is to be really doubted if the vestiges of the Sokoto Caliphate can today reassert their political writ over even the largely acquiescent northern space, let alone rein in the far more sulphurous Boko Haram, whose members have no more respect for the traditional institutions than they have for the Nigerian State and its coercive apparatus. As I have previously analysed in this column (05-07-11; 12-0711; & 19-07-11), the Boko Haram dilemma is one that has to be clearly understood historically and in its wider socio-political, economic and religious contexts. It cannot just be evaded or wished away. It is not just a matter which direct or back-channel negotiations, tokenisms, bribery, moral outrage or exhortation, and prayers would sort out, although all this might somehow help. Nor is it a phenomenon the brutal arm of the state can really curtail or crush forever, regardless of whoever directs the operation. Rather, it is illustrative of a grave social breakdown. In the Boko Haram insurgency, we are reaping the consequences of our 8620 9705 9046 1969 0344 We should not personalize this issue. It is not about Buhari, it is about us ...and the future of our children. My fear is that if we don’t kill corruption in Nigeria, corruption will kill us. So, the choice before us is to resolve to kill corruption and free our country from the firm grip of corrupt men and women. —APC Presidential candidate, Gen Mohammadu Buhari May your road be rough, Dasuki (II) Col. Sambo Dasuki past and present leaders’ failings and failures, their decades of misrule, their theft and corruption and their treacherous betrayals of the peoples’ trust and aspirations. It is a tragic national nightmare that may well require not only the restoration of a legitimate democratic state that is responsive to the pains and needs as well as aspirations of our masses, but also the rebooting of our socio-economy for a decent and fairer society in order to get things back on track. All this is not to doubt, or downplay, Dasuki’s qualification for the job he got. Perhaps he would still have landed the job even if he didn’t have the kind of pedigree he has. Still, on its face value and looking at it objectively, Jonathan’s preference for Dasuki seems to strike many as an odd decision. Hence, the question being asked everywhere: If a bright intelligence specialist like Azazi who rose to the pinnacle of the Nigerian Armed Forces couldn’t contain the current wave of insurgency in the north, is there a good chance a former artillery corps commander of far lesser rank and experience but equally good education would fare any better? That is an open question, to which only time will avail us conclusive answer. But, doubtless, Dasuki is coming to the job with many positives and bringing into it some useful experiences. He has a good educational background. He has wide exposure, and an even wider network of relationships and friendships that cut across our religious, ethnic and regional divides. I first met him in the house of former Senate President, Dr. Iyorchia Ayu. Unlike his predecessor and many of those who have wrapped their tentacles around the president, Col Dasuki is someone who can think and act with ease and grace across the country’s many divides. He is known to be humble and not greedy for money. All this apart, Dasuki has a father from whom he can gain experiences and insights that have direct bearing on his job. His father, former Sultan Ibrahim Dasuki, did a lot to promote religious harmony and understanding between Northern Muslims and Christians and was most instrumental in the formation, in 1991, of the Interfaith committee. Plus, the new N.S.A. seems to have started well. We can’t say for sure yet what the Boko Haram insurgents are making of his appointment, his visit to their territory and his overtures of peace to them. But with the local population and leaders and elders in both Borno and Yobe states, his visits and his overtures and show of concern for their plight seem to have earned him a bountiful harvest of goodwill and an assurance of what he needs most at this stage of his assignment: the benefit of the doubt. It would appear, however, that the new NSA, anxious to make a difference in as short a time as possible, is moving a little too fast, especially as regards his overtures to the insurgents. Has he properly guaged the size of the problem and fashioned the appropriate responses to it before making overtures to the insurgents and asking that they come out? A no less important question: is he on the same page with Jonathan and his people on the issue of dialogue and the larger one of amnesty, rehabilitation and empowerment programmes that he is already talking about? As the NSA, Dasuki must know a few things that the rest of us don’t. But it is now hardly a secret that there is not just one Boko Haram sect today but a number of them. Is Dasuki talking to all of the different factions, or just a few, or even just one of them? If so, which? And why does he expect that the insurgents will simply oblige him and come out without a ceasefire being agreed between the parties and without concrete guarantees for safety, when they are no fools and know that the government has a history of insincerity and betrayals in such matters? Then there is the issue of the security agencies themselves and Contd On Pg 34	dame evelyn glennie
Which James Bond film was the first to be released in the U.K. with an age restricting classification rating?	Peoples Daily Weekend, Saturday 14 March - Sunday 15, 2015. Edition. by Peoples Media Limited - issuu S’Africans in first manhood transplant success P 10 ‘PDP plans to have Buhari, try Tinubu, Atiku, others’ >Pg 10 Indigeneship: Will constitution amendment break jinx? >Pg 4 weekend.peoplesdailyng.com Saturday, MARCH 14-15, 2015 Jimada Al-Awwal 23-24, 1436 AH pmlonline peoplesdailyng . . . P utti ng the p eop l e fi r st President Jonathan: N150 Vol. 4 No. 34 I didn’t phone Students of Government Secondary School, Hong, yesterday after troops recapture the town from insurgents. 334 Days after Will the abducted Chibok schoolgirls ever be rescued? 2015: ‘Why, how PDP will lose’ P 27 Return of displaced persons Pg 7-9 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 2 Interview Buhari’s one term presidency will short-change the north, says Aliyu Niger State governor, Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu, believes that if General Muhammadu Buhari emerges president and serves for just one term, the north will again be shortchanged as it happened in 2009 when Umaru Musa Yar’Adua died. He also spoke on the moral and legal issues inherent in the defection of his Deputy, Alhaji Musa Ibeto. Lawrence Olaoye, was there when he spoke with journalists in Abuja, and reports. Y our tenure is gradually winding up. Can you give us a synopsis of what you think you have done? When I assumed office, we came up with vision 3:20:20 which was designed to make Niger among the three top states in terms of development. We knew that we could do it because of our agricultural potentials and I am happy that we have done just that. We have either come first, second or third in many of the agricultural shows we have participated in. Further, in the Poverty Alleviation Index for four consecutive years, the state has consistently come first. When we came on board there were about 600, 000 pupils and students in primary and secondary schools and most had issues with payment of school fees. The Universal Basic Education Commission’s (UBEC) free education policy for primary and junior secondary schools was taken advantage of. States are required to at least pay their counterpart funding. This we did, as well as declared free education in primary and secondary schools, we also paid WAEC and NECO examination fees for students. You cannot fight corruption if you don’t pay civil servants their salaries. So since 2007 till date, I made sure salary is the first line item. We pay all our workers no matter the circumstances. I decided that we must get the teachers back to the classroom, renovate and build more classrooms. Today, we are talking about 1.4 million pupils and students in primary and secondary schools. We streamlined the payment of scholarship so that every Niger State student who has applied for scholarship has a card “ which alerts the bearer once payment has been made. This eliminated the beneficiary coming to make claims and counter claims. Because of the vast expanse of land; about 10 percent of the total land mass of Nigeria, infrastructure is really a difficult thing in Niger State. But it is also advantageous for farming because 80 percent of this land is fertile for farming. Unfortunately, it poses a serious challenge in terms of road construction. So we constructed rural roads to support the economy of the state, we constructed roads in virtually every zone and local governments. We have built the longest bridge at least in this part of the world. We have restored peace where there used to be tribal conflicts. You may recall what we did in 2009 when we discovered religious zealots and radicalised groups. When we dispersed them, we were subjected to abuse by many people who didn’t understand, but God has helped us. If Boko Haram had taken the centre of Nigeria, I don’t know what would have been the case now, because the original (Abubakar) Shekau and other people that were all in Boko Haram were here in Niger State in Mokwa and we were able to get rid of them and since then we have been living peacefully in Niger State. What challenges did you face while piloting the affairs of the state? Due to the circumstances that brought me into power many people were not too happy particularly in the PDP. That was the first challenge. Politics was a little bit polarised. We won our election but some people felt that they were the legitimate owners of the process and that we must be dictated to and I resisted that. I resisted the dictation of anybody, I don’t mind consultation, I was looking for advice, but I was not Buhari said he was going to serve only one term, does that mean the north will be short changed again? Because he does not have the capacity to say I am serving one term therefore when I am going it will be a northerner that will take over. And any reasonable person can appreciate one thing, people who control economic power you don’t give them political power and that for a balance, the tripod should be retained. Dr. Aliyu looking for dictation from anybody and I drew the line. For the first election in 2007, I was taken to the Tribunal, Appeal Court and the Supreme Court by different groups. In the 2011 election also, I ended up at the Supreme Court after passing through all the processes. For me, though there were challenges they became more of a motivating factor to do more for the society. We had to bring in many innovations in addition to youth empowerment. For example, when I assumed office, a state university was established but it wasn’t functional. I had to find a way to make it functional and I am happy that we have graduated about four sets now from the Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University. We have established the only university in the north that is exclusively a University of Education, it will concentrate only in providing teachers. In the north, there is no state that has up to 55 percent qualified teachers. Most states have persons who found themselves in the teaching sector just because they have didn’t have anything else to do. Through the University of Education, we intend to collaborate with the NTI and other faculties of education from the various northern states universities and with state governments to ensure that within the next five to ten years, each state would have at least 60, 70 or 80 percent qualified teachers. We have established a branch of the Zaria-based pilot training institute which has already trained 10 qualified pilots from Niger State and we are hoping to get them jobs. We are also training seafarers; some are undergoing training in underwater welding, among others. We have introduced what we call Graduate Employment Scheme where graduates who undergo six months training are paid allowance within the training period and thereafter sent to the labour market. At what point did the relationship between you and the deputy governor go sour and what is the true situation now? My deputy, as a human being, is a very nice person as far as I am concerned. Our differences started before the gubernatorial primaries. When I inherited him sort of because his zone had already elected a deputy governor but he died before the election. I was told there was an agreement that anybody selected as deputy governor should not vie for governorship so as to reduce the tension that used to be in the polity. There is also a zoning arrangement and I believe it is the arrangement that brought me because it was the turn of the B zone which is from Suleja up to Kagara. Suleja, Minna, Kagara about nine local governments that constitute the B Zone. Zone A produced Engr. Abdulkadir Kure as governor from 1999 to 2007 and that is from Lapai up to Mokwa. It is now the turn of Zone C which is Kontogora and Borgu Emirates to produce the gubernatorial candidate. Of the 18 names from that zone, my deputy wasn’t among the first 10. So after consultations I pleaded that ‘please if it is possible withdraw from this race for these eight or nine people to contest’. He declined, instead he said he was a politician and begged me to allow him contest even if he wasn’t going to win and even if I wasn’t going to assist him. And I said if that is how you feel, go ahead.’ He contested and came third but thereafter felt bad that I did not support him. Later, I learnt that he met with General Muhammadu Buhari in Abuja. Soon after the coronation of the Emir of Agaie, I confronted him about his rumoured defection. I asked him, I heard you are defecting, do you think that is the most credible thing to do? He said he was getting pressures from his people. I would have felt happier had he come to me to say ‘sir because of what transpired at the primaries and the pressure from his people that he would love to move to another party.’ Believe me, nobody would have heard anything. Despite his defection, I insisted that constitutionally he is still the deputy governor of Niger State and that all his rights and privileges would be protected. But then there arose a moral not legal issue. We were elected on the same ticket. No governor will be elected or will be qualified for election unless he has a deputy governor, but then after election what happens if a deputy governor defects to another party? If our judicial system had worked, a statement would have been made categorically as to the meaning of mandate and defection. Some people said it is not necessary because of the Supreme Court’s judgment on the Atiku/ Obasanjo issue, but I think even if there is a legal issue we must begin to demand for the moral part of it because moral issues must come into our political matters and people must begin to demand that those who seek to lead them must be upright. If I were the one, I would have resigned. That was the principle that I brought even when we were in G7. Contd on Page 42 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 3 Buhari, Jonathan battle for S’West President Jonathan Gov. Mimiko Patrick Andrew and Adesoji Oyinlola bridegroom emptying the vault. And the bridegrooms? Yes, they possess the clout, reasonable political finesse- one by virtue of being an incumbent and the other a palpable cult image: One a minority with a drift towards sympathy and the other a mirror of a region angling to redeem its image. And the bridal train? There are leading lights in the political trade including Gov Fashola, Kayode Fayemi, Ibikunle Amosun on one hand and on the other Olusegun Mimiko, Jimi Agbaje, Ayo Fayose and Gbanga Daniel, all working meticulously to impress the audience with their ‘dancing steps and gait’. The back benchers who are better still the movers of the wedding ceremony are unmistakably Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, Bode George, among others. So, the two leading contestants for the March 28 presidential election, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari and President Goodluck Jonathan are deep buried in fierce political battle to determine who wins the heart of the electorate in the south west, a geopolitical zone considered to be strategic to determinning the winner of the presidential election. Among the two, Jonathan, going by his last minute aggressive campaign in the zone, appears very desperate to convince the people of the zone to vote for him. The presidential candidate of the ruling Peoples Democratic Party had in the past few weeks visited the zone, meeting with different groups and traditional rulers with a view to woo them to his side. The importance the contestants attached to the zone is understandable. The zone has the second highest voting strength after the north-west, and the fact that both zones between them account for about 49 per cent of the country’s total voting population makes it expedient for whoever that is serious to win the presidency to focus attention on the zones. The South-west is a strategic electoral zone in the calculation of anyone aspiring for higher office in Nigeria, it is therefore expected that political stakeholders should have vested interest on which of the parties control political power in the region. It is also interesting to know that the south west politics is dynamic, going by the fact that the pan-Yoruba socio-political group, Afenifere, that started dictating the pace for people of the region at the commencement of Nigeria democracy in 1999 has since gone into political oblivion, paving the way for the emergence of the APC national leader, Asiwaju Ahmed Tinubu, to emerge the custodian of political patronage in the region. While it is safe to say that the zone is sure for Gen. Buhari, the All Progressives Congress candidate, recent events that happened at the last governorship election in Ekiti State, where the PDP took the APC to the cleaner is strong enough to make mess of such permutation. It probably would have been unheard, imagined or predicted that the APC under any circumstance would suffer the high degree loss it recorded at the last governorship election in Ekiti State, where the APC candidate and incumbent Governor, Kayode Fayemi, was roundly trounced by the rampaging forces of the rival PDP candidate, Ayodele Fayose. Since the loss, new political developments have continued to evolve among the people, especially as it concerns the real reasons the APC lost woefully in an election that was held in one of its comfort zones, the already bad situation is further compounded by the fact that expectations about future elections are not certain for a party that prides itself as having the south west in its kitty. Expectedly, the two parties are looking forward to the coming election to once again test their political popularity and acceptance among the people. While Buhari had a good outing during the campaign before the postponement of the election, the same cannot be said of his opponent, President Jonathan, who got a rude shock with the low level reception he was accorded in the zone. It is therefore not surprising that his spin doctors advised him to concentrate more energy on the zone than elsewhere. Playing the script of his strategist, President Jonathan, who in the 2011 presidential election broker a last minute deal with Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu to win the south west, has turned his attention to socio-cultural groups and traditional institutions for support. Political analysts said point blank that the strategy may not work. According to them, the traditional rulers in the south west hardly participate actively in politics. They cannot be expected to mobilise support for any aspirant, rather, they are expected to play a father figure role to all those that come to seek their support. While it may be safe to posit that the Yoruba as at now has no recognizable leader, the fact remains that they have a political leader who dictates the pace for them, and that person is Tinubu; the former governor of Lagos State and national leader of the APC. The hitherto powerful Afenifere, the pan-Yoruba political group that used to dictate the political direction for the Yoruba nation, has since gone under after the 1999 general election, when the group was unable to manage its electoral success in the south west. Safe for Ondo State where the Labour Party holds the ace, it is well to say that the APC will dictate the direction the region goes. However, this calculation has become shaky with what happened in Ekiti State. There are also certain realignments in Ogun, Osun and Oyo on the account of Jonathan’s vow to implement the recommendations of the sixth National Conference. The South West is particular about the recommendations because in the estimation of the region the bulk of the resolutions represent the way forward for the country especially as its implementation may lean towards fiscal federalism. S uddenly, the South West has become the hottest bride. The geo-political zone renowned for its opposition politics is at the centre stage with the leading contending political parties the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and the All Progressives Congress (APC) in fierce battle to claim the spoil in the region. Truly, the PDP seems desperate to recover lost grounds following the emergence of the APC and with its considerable followership mostly drawn from aggrieved members of the PDP who felt bitter by the party’s refusal to offer them automatic ticket or simply swallowed by the surging momentum of the APC. Prior to the birth of the APC, the PDP was content to push aside the largely divided smaller opposition parties, a majority of which the ruling party usually swallow with relative ease especially during elections. They neither had defined structure nor the spread to constitute any serious headache to the PDP. Even where they could boast of structure and reasonable followership within their area of influence, national spread was a major hindrance thus providing a soft under belly for the PDP to explore and exploit. That seems to have changed. The coming together of a coalition of parties under the aegis of the APC meant the hitherto smaller complexions and with limited spread, followership and national figures pose no little headache to the PDP machinery because it now has a truly cogent force contending against its grip on power. Besides, the achievements and performance rations of some of the leading figures in the opposition in respective states meant that the APC truly has something with which to woo the electorate. Lagos, one state in the South West the PDP has never won the gubernatorial election, readily comes to mind. Babatunde Fashola, a lawyer, vibrant, visionary, dynamic and resourceful offers the APC a convincing platform to lure the people, spread its gospel as a foreglean of what it could do if given power at the centre. Yes, the centre. That’s the attraction. The PDP has enjoyed clear invincibility in the control of the power at the centre, a prize the opposition desperately wants to snatch away from them, but one that the ruling party is equally anxious to traverse oceans to retain. That is the battle royale that the South West presents, a huge challenge, a nubile ready to tie the nuptial knot but not without the “ While it may be safe to posit that the Yoruba as at now has no recognizable leader, the fact remains that they have a political leader who dictates the pace for them, and that person is Tinubu; the former governor of Lagos State and national leader of the APC. PAGE 4 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Special Report Indigeneship: Will constitution amendment break jinx? National Conference committee members By Osby Isibor A lot has been said or written on the subject of indigene and settler dichotomy which was also debated at the recent National Conference convened by President Goodluck Jonathan. The issue has been with us for a long time, periodically generating conflicts and violence in different parts of the country. Often the trigger to the conflicts is a contest over ownership, access and exclusion to critical resources and the entitlement that being an indigene confers on the individual. “How can they come to our land or state and fight us? This land was founded by our forefathers; they can’t be dragging our land with us, we have to chase them out of our land,” are some of the comments one hears everyday on social networks and group discussions among Nigerians. Contrary to the impression in some quarters, the indigenesettler problem is found across the length and breadth of the country. It is however more politicised and intense leading to bloodshed in some parts of the country. Nigeria is a multi-cultural and heterogeneous society with over 250 ethnic groups across the six-geopolitical zones of the country. Consequently, there are a multitude of indigenous tribes across its length and breadth with different cultures and traditional dispositions, even within the same state. Often some settlers will assimilate very well into the culture of the host community –speaking their language, inter-marrying with them and worshipping alongside them. Usually the offspring of people who assimilated well into the cultures of their host communities do not experience the negative politics around the indigene/ settler dichotomy. Intolerance among these ethnic groups has led to “ catastrophic consequences in the form of violence and wanton destruction of lives and property, notable among which are the Hausa/Berom clash in Plateau State; Tiv/Jukun in Taraba, Agueleri/Umuleri in Anambra; Tiv/Fulani in Benue, Owa/ Ukwani clash in Delta State, Ife/Modakeke in Oyo and the southern Kaduna debacle in Kaduna State. These conflicts illustrate how identity is used as the basis to access opportunities within a heterogeneous society. But why is there conflict everywhere about who is an indigene, who owns the land and who doesn’t? In trying to answer these worrisome questions a lot of things have to be considered. For example, who is a citizen? What is the difference between citizenship and indigeneship? Why should other citizens refer to others as non-indigenes, settlers, migrants in other parts of the country and what should be the right of Nigerian citizens? What is the position of the constitution? The term “citizen” typically refers to any person who owes allegiance to a sovereign state and thereby receives certain protection within that state. Section 25 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria expressly stipulated who is a citizen of Nigeria. Citizenship and indigeneship are different The term “citizen” typically refers to any person who owes allegiance to a sovereign state and thereby receives certain protection within that state. terms both theoretically and practically. While indigeneship is a natural link between a person and a geographical location (his ancestral home) where he traces his roots through a blood lineage and genealogy that puts him in contact with his kin and kindred, citizen is a man-made arrangement that seeks to confer on a person certain rights that are enjoyed by all persons in a certain geographical location. Again, chapter Four of the 1999 Constitution outlines the Fundamental Rights of all Nigerians, including the right to be free from discrimination, while Section 41(1) gives every citizen the right to “move freely throughout Nigeria and to reside in any part thereof.” Section 43 guarantees every citizen “the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria.” There are no constitutional provisions that make these rights dependent on indigene status. Indigeneship rights on the other hand are largely cultural, ancestral and genealogical. Indigeneship should not be confused with naturalisation under immigration law whereby an alien may become a citizen of a Contd on Page 18 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 5 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 6 Group charges Nigerians on violence-free election By Mohammed Usman A youth group, Grassroot Initiative for Youth Awareness and Peaceful Co-Existence (GRAIPY) has mapped out strategies to educate Nigerians on how to productively engage themselves during the forthcoming general elections and vote wisely. The National Chairman of GRAIPY, Chief Sunday Okonkwo disclosed this yesterday in Abuja during a courtesy visit to the Director General, National Orientation Agency (NOA), Mr. Mike Omeri, by the group. Chief Okonkwo who said the group would sensitize Nigerians especially the youths, against being used for violence during and after elections, lamenting that youth were seriously considered as the most vulnerable group used for election violence in the country. He said the 2015 general elections will be peaceful because the two major contenders in the race are in peace with each other, and urged the electorate to shun violence. According to him, part of the modalities and strategies mapped out by the organization to preach patriotism, peace and strengthen the anti-corruption crusade of the government includes seminars, workshops, television programmes and radio talk shows, courtesy visits to traditional and religious leaders. Earlier, the Deputy Director, Special Duties, Mrs. Mette Edekaobi who represented the DG, commended the Grassroot Initiative for Youth Awareness and Peaceful Co-Existence for its laudable programmes and said that the agency would provide technical support and professional advice to the group through its offices across Nigeria. Mrs. Edekaobi also assured that NOA would partner with the organization in sensitizing the populace on the programmees and activities of the federal government. She said NOA in carrying out its mandate collaborates with credible NGOs and other organizations to reach the grassroots through its publications in projecting activities and programmes of government, and would be pleased to work with GRAIPY. Highlights of the event were the presentation of books, flyers, NOA 10 million signatures for peaceful election register, and other educational materials to Chief Sunday Okonkwo by Mrs. Mette Edekaobi. News ‘I didn’t have phone conversation with Moroccan monarch’ By Lawrence Olaoye P resident Goodluck Jonathan yesterday denied having a telephone conversation with the King of Morocco, Mohammed VI. While ordering immediate investigation into the matter to ascertain which officer in the Foreign Affairs Ministry gave out the false information to the public, the President also mandated that such erring official be made to face the music. Already, the telephone controversy had caused a diplomatic row between Nigeria and the Republic of Morocco with the later having withdrawn her Ambassador from the country. The President also described as irresponsible, the statement by Lagos State governor, Babatunde Fashola that Jonathan was responsible for the armed robbery incident in the state Thursday that left 3 policemen dead. This is just as he maintained that the former Lagos state governor, Bola Tinubu’s allegation of being offered vice president position in interim government was false and misleading. The Presidential spokesman, P resident Goodluck Jonathan yesterday gave out cheques, totaling N75 million, to the families of fifteen victims of the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS) who lost their lives at the stampede during the Organisation’s botched recruitment exercise conducted last year. Each of the representatives of the victims were handed N5 million cheque to cater for the burial expenses of the deceased. The President equally handed 35 NIS employment letters to siblings of this who lost their lives in the aborted exercise. Affairs was consequently directed to make necessary contacts with the embassies of the three countries and arrange for President Jonathan to speak with their leaders. “Since that directive was given, President Jonathan has spoken with the Prime Minister of Algeria and subsequently sent Vice President Namadi Sambo to Algiers as Special Envoy to follow-up on his discussions with the Algerian Prime Minister on support for Nigeria’s candidate in the coming elections for the AfDB Presidency. “The President has, however, not yet spoken with King Mohammed VI and President Al-Sisi of Egypt as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs must know. “President Jonathan has therefore ordered the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Aminu Wali, to urgently undertake a full investigation of the claim which emanated from the Ministry that the President spoke with King Mohammed VI. “The investigation is to identify all those who were responsible for the unacceptable act of official misinformation which has resulted in an unnecessary diplomatic row with another country and national Students of Government Secondary school, Hong, yesterday after troops recapture the town from insurgents. Immigration stampede: Jonathan doles N75 million to victims’ families By Lawrence Olaoye Dr. Reuben Abati disclosed these while briefing State House correspondents at the Presidential Villa. Abati said the president was shocked and highly “embarrassed by the controversy that has erupted over whether or not he had a telephone conversation with His Majesty, King Mohammed VI of Morocco. “The regrettable furore that has developed over the matter is due entirely to misinformation as President Jonathan has neither spoken with King Mohammed or told anybody that he had a telephone conversation with the Moroccan Monarch. “It is true that President Jonathan has been speaking with some African leaders to seek their support for Nigeria’s candidate for the position of President of the African Development Bank (AfDB). In continuation of his efforts in support of the candidacy of the Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Akinwunmi Adesina for headship of the AfDB, President Jonathan indicated that he would like to speak with the King of Morocco, the President of Algeria and the President of Egypt. “The Ministry of Foreign The remaining 10 beneficiaries, according to David Paradang, Director-General of NIS, were to be presented their letters at a later date. Those others were disqualified on account of deficiencies, obesity or height, he disclosed. The affected families, Paradang added, have been given the opportunity to present replacement for those disqualified by the prescribed criteria for the Service. The President had ordered that the families of the 15 victims of the May 15, 2014 Immigration stampede produce three persons (two male, one female) each for employment into the Service at the appropriate time. Boko Haram: Shettima visits 200,000 Nigerian refugees in Niger From Mustapha Isah Kwaru, in Diffa B orno state Governor, Kashim Shettima on Friday visited the 200,000 Nigerian refugees who crossed over into the neighboring Diffa Province of Niger Republic, after escaping from the Boko Haram attacks in three local government areas of northern Borno. Our correspondent who is in the entourage of the governor, reported that Shettima, who is currently in Niger Republic since Thursday, met with the affected refugees who fled from Abadam, Mobbar, Kukawa and Monguno local government areas of the state Some of the fleeing residents have spent four months in Niger Republic following attacks of villages they lived. They fled in different groups and times depending on when their comunities were attacked. Our correspondent also reported that the fleeing citizens who went on a wild jubilation on citing the Governor Shettima and their kinsmen, where assured that their welfare would be improved. During the visit, Shettima thanked the government of Niger especially the Governor of the province state, Alhaji Yacuba Usmana Gawo opening doors for Borno citizens to take refuge at a desperate time. Shettima said the government and people of Borno State would forever remain indebted to the Government of Niger for offering protection and support to citizens of Borno. embarrassment. It is also expected to unveil the motives of the culprits. “President Jonathan has also ordered that prompt and commensurate disciplinary action be taken against the culpable person or persons. On the robbery incident in Lagos Thursday, the presidency said it was irresponsible and reckless for Fashola to have linked Jonathan’s presence in Lagos to why the heinous crime was committed by the men of the underworld. Abati told State House correspondents, that as an elected president, Jonathan would not push for an unconstitutional interim government. He said given the configuration of the country, it would be absurd for there to be a southern president and a vice from the same zone. Abati stressed that at no time did Jonathan meet with Tinubu, saying the All Progressives Congredd (APC) leader’s claims was a figment of his imagination, and as such should be disregarded. He however said that Tinubu lied on interim government insisting that Jonathan will never subscribe to as a believer and beneficiary of true democracy. NLC election: Agents insist on scrutinizing ballot papers By A’isha Biola Raji T he agents at the 11th delegate election had insisted on inspecting thoroughly, each ballot paper at the collation of the ongoing Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) election. The election holding at Eagle Square Abuja is at the time of filing this report ongoing. It had started with accreditation process at 8am on Thursday 12th March in which the election proper had kicked started at 5:23 pm. The election which lasted till 3:15 am with 3,119 delegates of 43 union including JOHESU 527, NUJ 11, NUEE 471, NULGE 187, ROTARY 7, and other union was conducted in an organized peaceful environment. The contenders in the election are Joseph Ajaero, National Union of Electricity Employees and Ayuba Wabba, Medical and Health Workers Union of Nigeria. After the election, the votes were properly sorted after the Chairman of the electoral committee, Dr. Nasir Fagge announced that there were votes that were placed in wrong ballot boxes hence the need to properly sort them out before counting of votes could commence. However, the agents of each aspirants had insisted on the proper scrutiny of each ballot paper in order to avert wrong collation of votes. The move by the agents however led to delay in counting of the vote which had delayed the final result of the election. As at the time of filing this report, the counting is still ongoing with no information of who might be leading in the race. It would be recalled that the election was initially scheduled for 11th of February but was flawed and could not be concluded due to issue of ballot stuffing. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 7 Displaced persons return By Patrick Andrew, Umar Dankano and Mashe Umaru Gwamna S uddenly, the Nigerian military has found its voice or better still its strength. It was hitherto described as a weakling for failing to tame the so-called ragtag group, Boko Haram, whose onslaughts devastated the entire northeast region for almost six years. However, since February, the Nigerian military seems to have suddenly become endowed with a certain determined resurgence, vibrancy and the deadly capacity to stand up to and contain insurgency with devastating despatch. In recent weeks, the military has intensified its excruciating offensive operations against the former invincible elements, breaking their ranks, dislodging and destroying whatever dread they may have conjured in the imagination of the hapless communities that they had previously trampled upon. In fact, Nigeria had lost territories to the insurgents whose, demonstration of strength, acclaimed invincibility, rubbished Nigeria’s sovereignty of these territories by hoisting its flag. Boko Haram in acting to convince the people that salvation lies in their surrendering to them proclaimed a caliphate over those communities that came under their control. In most cases, they did this after they had with disdain dislodged the poorly armed, sparsely motivated Nigerian military. In essence, Boko Haram had said, ‘‘see this army can’t protect you. They can’t even protect themselves and their immediate families, how much more you.’’ And so they trudged on, put on a certain air of invincibility, walked with unmitigated swagger and dared the federal government to do its worst. But sagged morale alone wasn’t the only factor hindering the Nigerian military. The military was like a farmer without the requisite farming implements, barely scraping the hard surface with bare hands and at most a blunt knife. That sharply contrasted with the sophisticated weapons in the hands of even the most poorly trained insurgents. The long convoy of trucks, pick-up vans, armoured vehicles, pack of motorbikes and AK 47 and other military implements were often in display. Residents of Gwoza, Mubi, Baga, Chibok had tales of woes to relate about the apparent prowess of the insurgents, who daily assailed and traumatised them with reckless abandon, while the military looked on in awe. That was then. Not anymore. Now, the table has turned drastically. Boko Haram members are scampering for safety. The dread of the military now overwhelms them and in desperation they have sought solace in a spectre of bombings in unsuspecting places in far-flung villages in Borno, especially the border areas. The military has reclaimed major territories previously acquired by the insurgents. With the recapture came prospects of normalcy: re-awakening of blissful communal life in ways peculiar to the people. The new found resurgence meant new A burnt house in one of the villages. believe in the capacity and capability of the military. Despondence has given way to renewed hope in communities hitherto in discomfiture. Uncertainty has waned. Prospects broadened and hope set for a renewed zest for life. The people are ready to pick up the pieces of their lives. And so, normalcy will soon return to these communities. The people have gradually returned to their ancestral homes. True, their homes were burnt down, businesses shattered, socio-economic activities grounded and even the bare act of living were completely erased. But there is hope. Territories wickedly annexed by Boko Haram for instance in Adamawa are back under the control of federal troops. They (insurgents) had earlier occupied or captured seven local councils with their acclaimed administrative headquarters at the ancient commercial border town of Mubi which they renamed “Madinatul Islma” meaning the city of Islam. Now, Mubi is liberated from the grip of falsehood and bigotry. Late last year when they (insurgents) attacked the town, they had roamed the streets, pranced about singing songs of conquest and waved their flag in proclamation of a caliphate. Now, its bloodstained flag is no more, it has been perpetually burnt and erased from the consciousness of the people. Towns liberated by the troops in Adamawa State include; Hong, Maiha, Michika, Gombi, Mubi North, Mubi South, Shuwa, Wuro-Gyambi, Uba, Bazza and Vimtim. But there are still vestiges of its presence in these towns as there are visible evidence of desperation in the pockets of bombings of remote villages and other soft targets by the fleeing insurgents. But that is hardly enough to dim the joy of the communities, who have returned to start life afresh in their ancestral homes. Our correspondent, who visited some of the recaptured towns, observed that economic and social activities are beginning to pick up in some places, though some residents are yet to return. They are back to start life afresh. They want want to forge ahead, forget the past and resume their daily labour for survival. Though the pains of losing loved ones, the dreaded attacks, maiming, killing and looting of their belongings still lingers, they are, however, determined to rebuild their lives from the ashes and ruins imposed on them by the insurgents. Malam Abba Buhari, a businessman at the Mubi Central Market, expressed delight at the return of normalcy, thanking the authorities for restoring peace and order to the area. “As you can see, we have started opening our shops in a peaceful atmosphere without fear of molestation because when the insurgents were here, they can pounce on you unceremoniously but now the situation has changed for good. Whenever you are not present at your business premises, the Boko Haram members would just come and burgle your shop and cart away what they need unchallenged,” Buhari lamented as he recalled the past. Another resident, Alhaji Muhammadu Ado, a cattle seller in Mubi town, shared his ordeal with our correspondent, saying he had about 180 cows, but regretted that all were commandeered by the insurgents when they struck. Ado, who was visibly sad, said he has been living on cattle business for three decades, but had lost everything to Boko Haram, stressing that now his fate is in the hands of Almighty Allah. “Even though I lost all I have to the insurgency, I am grateful to God that my life is intact. I also pray to God to bless the soldiers and our local hunters who have dedicated their lives for the security of the country, working hard so that citizens can sleep with their two eyes closed,” he said. However, Alhaji Musa Dauda Gombi, a retired civil servant turned farmer and resident of Gombi town said life was not easy under the occupation of Boko Haram because there was serious confusion for those that survived their atrocities. He explained that the military appears to be better equipped now, motivated and have upped its war tactics unlike before when they usually crumble like a pack of cards. Since the liberation of the town, life in the area has changed for the better as people are now able to go to their farms and the market for commercial activities without fear because of the presence of the military. “We are being protected and their presence alone guarantees peace.” Meanwhile, health facilities in the recaptured towns are yet to pick up as a visit to the General Hospital in Mubi and cottage hospitals in Hong and Gombi towns revealed that activities were still at a low ebb. Facilities in the hospitals are in bad shape, health workers are not at their duty post and even where they are there drugs are not available. A pharmacist in one the hospitals, who declined to disclose his name, claimed that the insurgents had carted away all the drugs in the hospital and even kidnapped some personnel when they struck. He pleaded with the federal and state governments to come to the aid of the hospital. He noted that the fact finding committee from the state Ministry of Health had taken inventory of the essentials needed by the hospital to step up efforts to bring solace to the sick. Just last week, President Goodluck Jonathan in an effort to boost the morale of Contd on Page 8 PAGE 8 Cover Contd from Page 7 Nigerian troops and to see things for himself had personally visited Yola, the Adamawa State capital to see some of the recaptured towns. The president was accompanied by the Chief of Defence Staff, Chief Marshal Alex Badeh, the Chiefs of Army and Air Staff, the Inspector of General of Police and the National Security Adviser among other top military brass. Immediately he arrived the Yola International Airport, he flew in a presidential chopper to Mubi to inspect the town which was reliberated from Boko Haram by the 115 Task Force Batallion, about two months ago. The President also visited Michika and Vimtim, the hometown of the Chief of Defence Staff which were strongholds of the insurgents before there were retaken by the military. Jonathan had earlier paid similar visit to parts of Borno State, specifically Baga that was also recently recaptured from the insurgents. Spurred on by this development, the Emir of Mubi, Alhaji Abubakar Isa Ahmadu, appreciated the federal government for the restoration of security in his domain and called on his subjects that were displaced to return home. Their return, according to Bitrus John, would throw up several issues including resettlment. â€œWith the restoration of security, law and order to the reclaimed communities, the immediate need would be the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure and support for the people to return to their normal livelihood.â€? Therefore, this underscores the steps taken by the federal government through the conduct of rapid assessment in the communities and visits to build confidence in the people. On its part, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) has commenced the collation of data on the damages which would soon be followed by the deployment of support to the people to begin their live again and rebuild their destroyed homes. Speaking in his palace when he received a federal government delegation led by the Minister of Youth Development, Mr. Boni Haruna, the emir advised his people to be vigilant and law abiding and A busy street in Yola PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Displaced persons return assist the government towards the maintenance of security in the area. He urged returning residents to give the necessary cooperation to the NEMA assessment team and thanked President Jonathan for his concern about the condition of the displaced people and his assurances of support to assist them return to normal life. Haruna, who openly wept with some of the returning displaced persons, said the team was in Mubi to assess the return of peace and to convey the assurances of President Goodluck Jonathan to support them through the National Emergency Management Agency to settle back in their homes. The minister said the commander of the army battalion based in Mubi had assured that the soldiers have cleared the town and made it safe for law abiding citizens to return to their homes. Leader of the assessment team, Musa Zakari, said the Director General of the agency, Muhammad Sani-Sidi, directed them to carry out the assessment for immediate deployment of necessary support for the returnees to start rebuilding their lives. The assessment team met with a returnee, Mr. Bitrus Yohana and his family of 10, who came back after several months of displacement. Yohanna appreciated the federal government and the military for the restoration of security in the area. He, as well as other displaced persons now trading at the Mubi Market, called on persons still taking refuge elsewhere to return home. The team also visited Hong, Maiha, Uba, Mubi and Gombi Local Government Areas. The minister and NEMA officials also visited Mubi market where business activities have picked up, the Adamawa State University and State General Hospital. At the market, it was observed that life was gradually returning as shoppers and traders freely engaged in commercial activities. Contd on Page 9 Petty traders display their wares as life resumes in Mubi Traders displaying their wares in Michika Former IDPs returning to their ancestral homes PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 9 Cover Displaced persons at Kuchigoro camp speak Contd from Page 8 W hat is your name? My name is Adamu Taal. I am from Borno State specifically Gwoza How have you been fairing in Abuja since you left Gwoza? I never thought I would one day leave my village in desperation running for my dear life. Worse still, I never thought I would run to Abuja to stay in a refugee camp. I miss the comfort of my rural life; the peace, pleasant environment, the communal living and comradeship. Life has tortured us all because of Boko Haram. We are in a refugee camp and what do you expect? It is what indeed it is calleda camp and therefore hardly a home. It is bereft of any comfort. Life is hard here. They way we are living here is terrible, in fact we are merely surviving at the mercy of God. We depend on hands out from sympathetisers: like clothing, food stuffs and other material things. Most individuals, churches, and NGOs have major concerns, especially on our children, we have our wives and children here, our children cannot go to school and we are not happy about that. We really need the government to come to our aid. Do you have PVC? I do not have PVC. All our property was burnt. These include my PVC and other essentials. Of course, to vote one must have the PVC, according to INEC. What are your thoughts about the election? For the elections, I don’t have anything to say. I would have taken a definite position if I was in my local community where issues would have constituted the basis for supporting or rejecting whoever seeks the mandate to represent my community. But if INEC were to come to our camp and allow us to re-do our PVC in order to qualify to participate in the elections, I think most of us will embrace that. Now that we don’t have the PVC, we cannot exercise our right to vote for whoever we want to lead us. With the military intensifying efforts against Boko Haram and recapturing some communities in Yobe and Borno, when will you return to your ancestral home? There is an English proverb that says ‘there is no place like home’ we really want to return home. But we can’t do so until the government allows us. Of course, even if we desire to return, we on our own cannot return. We don’t have money. Since, we are not working or doing business here as to be able to afford the means of transportation. Again, if the government will provide the vehicles to convey us back to our various communities, and the military will be around to sustain the existing peace, then we may just return to normal life back home. Why won’t we return if all things are in place? Displaced persons collecting donations at an IDP camp Another camp of displaced persons in Abuja. ‘Our Senators have neglected us’ W hat is your name? My name is Sunday John. From which state? I am from Borno. How have you been faring in the camp? We thank God. He has been keeping us since we came here. We have been receiving assistance moral and material from various non-governmental organisations (NGOs), religious groups and individuals. They have at various times been considerate by providing our needs in the best way they can afford. Whenever these persons and organisations visit, they always express concern for our children; their welfare, health, feeding and the state of accommodation here. Although we have three senators representing us at the National Assembly from Borno State, they neither visited us nor sent relief materials. So we have not felt their impact on our lives. They don’t seem to care. All they want is to be seen on television criticising the government for not providing security. Their only concern is elections and not our welfare. Apart from the bags of rice and maize donated to us by Hon. Peter Biye Gumtha, who represents Gwoza /Chibok Federal Constituency of Borno State, we have not received anything from other members representing us. Look life under the present situation is unpleasant because we live in shanties; our living condition is deplorable, dehumanising and psychologically traumatising. We are here for want of alternatives. Cases of diarrhoea are frequent here. Daily supply of potable water is inadequate. The quality of life is at best demeaning and at worst horrible. Do you have your PVC? Yes, I have it here with me. But you know that I cannot vote for candidates of my choice because my polling unit is not here. If INEC makes provision for displaced persons from respective communities to vote based on their local arrangements, then one can hope to vote. I will definitely vote for the candidate of my choice if this arrangement is put in place. I also think that INEC should allow the use of the Temporary Voter Card. What are your thoughts on the coming elections? I pray that there will free and fair elections. The relative peace in our communities should be sustained. Without peace there can’t be credible election. When do you hope to return to your home state? Any time the government deems it fit. We are ready to return even now if the government will guarantee the security of our communities. Our other request would be for the military to guide us from the attacks of Boko Haram. Finally, if the government makes provision for transportation, why not, we are ready. Staying in your own homes is the best for anyone. There is no place like home. That is where we were born; it is where we grew up to know. We do our businesses there and commune with our ancestors. We want to go back to our farming activities and we want to live our normal life again. Living in Abuja in abject poverty and in dehumanizing conditions is not the best for us. We want to go back to our ancestral homes. PAGE 10 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PDP plans to have Buhari try Tinubu, Atiku, others By Stanley Onyekwere The APC Presidential Campaign Organization says that the PDP Federal Government is working extra hours to raise malicious charges against the leaders and suspected financiers of the opposition All Progressives Congress using the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in order to force Gen. Muhammadu Buhari to “try his own men” in a test of his bid to fight corruption without fear or favour. A statement signed by the APCPCO Media Director, Garba Shehu alerted that the federal government is planning to take advantage of a vow by General Buhari that if elected, he will not investigate the past, but that all on-going cases, as he said will be allowed to run through the courts without any hindrance. The list as circulated on the web included former Vice President, Atiku Abubakar, Gov. Rotimi Amaechi, Gov. Adams Oshiomhole, Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Aminu Tambuwal and Gov. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso of Kano State. Others are Senator Danjuma Goje, Senator Bukola Saraki, Faruk Ahmed, Executive Director PPPRA; Sulaiman Barau, a Deputy Governor of the Central Bank; the MD of the Nigerian Ports Authority, Habib Abdullahi and the DG of the NCAA, Captain Mukhtar Usman. The rest are the MD of NDIC, Umaru Ibrahim; Governor of Kwara State, Abdulfatah Ahmed; the Group Executive Director of the NNPC, Aisha Abdulraham; the Governorship candidate of the APC in Taraba State, Senator Aisha Alhassan; the PDM candidate for Adamawa Governorship election, who was formerly the Executive Secretary of UBEC, Ahmed Modibbo as well as the former Minister of Education, Professor Ruqqayyatu Ahmed Rufa’i. In another development, the All Progressives Congress Presidential Campaign Organisation (APCPCO) has challenged the ethical justification of the PDP Presidential Campaign Organisation on an unauthorized use of footage of a Nigerian athlete, Blessing Okagbare, as endorsing President Goodluck Jonathan, describing both the president and the PDP as chronic lairs. The APCPCO, in a statement signed by its Director of Media and Publicity, Mallam Garba Shehu on Friday, noted that it was a shameful act that the PDP will steal the intellectual property of a Nigerian in its blind ambition of selling dummies to Nigerians about the popularity ratings of President Jonathan. L-R Hon. Minister of Water Resources, Mrs. Sarah Reng Ochekpe, Vice Chancellor, University of Abuja, Prof. Michael Umale Adikwu, and Registrar of the university, Mrs. Rifkatu Hoshen Swanta, during an official visit by the management of the university to the minister in her office in Abuja on Thursday. Unemployed protesters disrupt UTME in Delta By Osakhare Erese, Asaba N o fewer than 3,000 unemployed persons in Effurun, Uviwie local government area of Delta State on Thursday disrupted strenuous efforts of candidates sitting for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examinations (UTME) at the premises of the Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) Effunrun. Reports said that the protesters drawn from various quarters of Effurun, were allegedly aggrieved over the continued marginalization of their people, especially in the area of unemployment, contract and other welfare. During the protest, eye witness said the protesters including men, women and youths carried placards with various inscriptions such as, “no peace for PTI’, ‘PTI has employed 159 persons, we want our 50% job slot’, ‘we want to discuss with the Minister For Petroleum Resources’, ‘Dr. Dezian Alison Madueke shows what kind of federal character is been practiced in the federal institutes in Nigeria’ and lots of other. But speaking with our correspondent, chairman of Uviwie community, John Makireru said several representations had been made to the school authority to employ the teeming youths but no positive respond. He said: “we are demanding for our fair share of job placement for Uviwie sons and daughters, but PTI authority continues to turn their ear to our demand” S/Africans perform first ‘successful’ manhood transplant Isioma Nwabasha with agency report T he world’s first successful penis transplant has been reported by a surgical team in South Africa. The 21-year-old recipient of the operation, whose identify is being protected, lost his penis in a botched circumcision. Doctors in Cape Town said the operation was a success and the patient was happy and healthy. The team said there was extensive discussion about whether the operation, which is not life-saving in the same way as a heart transplant, was ethical. There have been attempts before, including one in China. Accounts suggested the operation went fine, but the penis was later rejected. The penis recipient was 18 and already sexually active when he had the circumcision which is part of the transition from boyhood to adulthood in parts of South Africa. The boy was left with just 1cm of his original penis. Doctors said South Africa has some of the greatest need for penis transplants anywhere in the world. Dozens, although some say hundreds, of boys are maimed or die each year during traditional initiation ceremonies. One of the surgeons, Andre Van der Merwe, who normally performs kidney transplants, told the BBC that: “This is definitely much more difficult, the blood vessels are 1.5 mm wide. In the kidney it can be 1 cm. You may say it doesn’t save their life, but many of these young men when they have penile amputations are ostracised, stigmatised and take their own life. If you don’t have a penis you are essentially dead, if you give a penis back you can bring them back to life.” Full sensation has not returned and doctors suggest this could take two years. However, the man is able to pass urine, have an erection, orgasm and ejaculate. Zamfara APC guber: Court adjourns hearing to April 27 From Femi Oyelola, Kaduna A Federal High court sitting in Kaduna yesterday fixed 27th of April, 2015, for the hearing of eligibility case between Alhaji Bello Bara-u, one of the aspirants that wanted to contest the gubernatorial primary of All Progressives Congress (APC) in Zamfara state and three others. Announcing the date, the presiding Judge, Justice Evelyn Anyadike, after listened to counsels to both the plaintiff and defendants, noted that 1st and 2nd defendants were not properly served hence the hearing could not hold. Counsel to the plaintiff, Barrister Ugo Udoji, said his client, Bara-u, was refused to be issued the certificate of clearance that would prepare him for the primary after picking the nomination form. “We have a matter. One of candidates in the last gubernatorial primaries of APC in Zamfara sate, who was refused to be issued the certificate of clearance, came the following day on the invitation of the panel for chat. “They picked the certificate from him in the guise of taking it to the court for affidavit or whatever they may do. That brought us this way. He was not allowed to stand for the main primary after been certified. So we believed that it should be ventilated in the court of law. “What happened today was that the matter came up today for mention. The Governor of Zamfara state, did not served the papers, so the processes were served on us today as well as APC filed their own process that were served on us today. And by the rules of court we allow seven days to respond to these applications. So the step we have taken is that all applications in the matter shall be taken together. One of Counsels to 3rd respondent, Zamfara State Governor, Alhaji Abdulazeez Abubakar Yari, Barrister Solomon Utuagha, said the action of the court over the matter was right, “It was right for the court to do so because most of the parties have not been served especially that of the second defendant, he was not served personally because the issue was in court and the court told the plaintiff to ensure that that particular person is served.” The 1st and 2nd respondents been referred to were APC and unnamed member of the gubernatorial primary screen panel. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PDP group trains 600,000 mobilisers A head of the 2015 elections, the Presidential Campaign of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) yesterday strategized to train 600,000 ward-level mobilisers and polling units’ canvassers. This is even as the organisation berated the leadership of PDP for not adequately publicising the achievements of President Goodluck Jonathan. Speaking at the training programme for ‘operation deliver your ward,’ held in Abuja, the Director Contact and Mobilisation of PDP presidential campaign and former Minister of information, Prof. Jerry Gana, charged the mobilisers not to insult anybody, but to concentrate on the achievement of President Jonathan. The training is designed to train-the-trainers, with an average of three delegates from each state and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Prof. Gana noted that the final phase of the PDP campaign is designed to focus intensively on grassroot mobilization and education of voters at the ward and polling units’ levels. He added that March 16-26th has been declared “operation deliver your ward,” saying it will focus four cardinal issues; voter mobilization, voter Education, Voter Motivation and Voter monitoring on Election Day. Adamu Muazu, PDP Chairman Kaduna community decries intimidation by soldiers over Land From Femi Kaduna Oyelola, C oncerned citizens of Hayin Banki community in Kaduna state have appealed to the Military authorities to caution soldiers from the neighboring new Barracks against intimidating and harassing residents of the area for allegedly building houses on military land. The peasants who had since petitioned the GOC of 1 Mechanized Division Kaduna, the state governor and other relevant stakeholders over the matter, said apart from one Lt. Colonel who had visited the community in December 2014 demanded that house owners present documents to back their claims or have their houses demolished. Another Army officer, a Major also came to the area in company of other soldiers asking residents to show their land documents or face demolition. The Kaduna State Ministry of Lands, Survey and Country Planning had since written to the GOC about the unjustifiable intimidation on the community by the men and officers of the Nigerian Army. According to the community leader, Maianguwa Malam, it was their grandparents who allowed the military in the late 1950s to build their barracks on lands that were not suitable for farming and had lived peacefully with the host community ever since. He, however, expressed dismay that instead of the military to reciprocate such kind gesture and live harmoniously with members of the Hayin Banki community, the peasants were been intimidated by soldiers who had threatened to demolish their houses and render them homeless. “This community has been in existence for over half a century. We are not happy with these constant threats and would not want what befell Kurmin Mashi community to happen here. We are peace loving people and have reported the matter to the land authority,” he said. The Director of Town and Country Planning in Kaduna state, Mr. Ibrahim Hussaini had in a letter addressed to the GOC of 1 Infantry Division Kaduna, requested the military authorities to investigate the matter and if found to be true, to restrain the soldiers under the command of senior officers involved in exercise of re-establishing the boundaries of Kotoko Barracks and threatening to demolish people’s houses in the area. He said the normal procedure for reestablishing boundaries of statutory title, signature plan was to write to the Ministry who will instruct the Surveyor-General to re establish the beacons and demarcate the land. NSA, Bafarawa plot to rig elections, Wamakko alleges S okoto State governor, Alhaji Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko, has alleged that the National Security Adviser (NSA), Col. Sambo Dasuki (rtd), and some PDP chieftains in the state are planning to rig the forthcoming general elections in favour of the party and presidency. The governor gave the revelation yesterday while receiving Members of Council of the Wise of Savannah Center, who were in the state for advocacy visit on violence free elections in the country. The governor remark on the NSA is the second in less than two months after the former also accused the latter of sending a threatening message to his mobile line for not supporting President Goodluck Jonathan. In the latest, Wamakko said there is a grand plan already designed by the Dasuki to manipulate the forthcoming general elections in favour of the ruling party. He explained that a matching order was given to the supposed returning offices engaged by INEC on how best to they would announce the election results in favour of PDP and the federal government on the election days in the state. The delegation was led by its Project Coordinator, Prof. Abdullahi Gambari who stood in for the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Mohammed Lawan Uwais, the Chairman of the Council. The governor revealed that a reliable source prior to the meeting convened by the NSA during his recent visit to the state where he instructed them to work for the PDP candidates in both Sokoto and Kebbi states. He added that the former governor of the state, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa was among presence at the meeting. Wamakko said the NSA promised the affected persons of maximum protection and safety of their families during such pronouncement. “They are boosting to be in charge of the security apparatus during election days.” Wamakko said. “Let me say this in the presence of this honourable delegation and the media. Just two days ago, the NSA was in Sokoto, where he held a meeting with all supposed Returning Officers in the forthcoming general elections in Sokoto and Kebbi, instructing them to announce the election results in favoured of PDP candidates. “I am saying for with honesty, this is what they are planning. They promised the Returning Officers of maximum security. In fact, the former governor Attahiru Bafarawa was at the meeting and they are bent to manipulate the election result for PDP. That is what they are planning on the election days,” he alleged. Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic P.M.B 2052, KATSINA-NIGERIA, 13th March, 2015 (OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR) INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ADVERTISEMENT PRE - QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS: YEAR 2014 TERTIARY EDUCATION TRUST FUND (TETFUND) SPECIAL INTERVENTION PROJECTS INVITATION FOR THE PRE - QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic is seeking for reputable contractors to pre - qualify for the execution of its 2014 TETFUND Special Intervention Project. (a) Project: Lot Procurement of Furniture’s comprising 400No. Static’s, 40No. Swivel and l4No. Cushion (Foreign) Executive Chairs, 45No. (1.4mm) Academic Staff Office Tables and 3No (12 - Seater) Conference Tables and 6No (AR5623) Sharp Photocopying Machines, for College Directors (POLY/KATSINA/TETFUND/SP/ 14/01 and 02) (b) Pre — Qualification Evaluation Criteria i) Company profile and organizational structure including names and Technical qualification(s) and experience(s) of key personnel; ii) Verifiable list of previous works successfully carried out within the last three (3) years with names of client, evidence of award and practical completion and the details of on - going projects; iii) Evidence of Registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission; iv) Evidence of current Tax clearance certificate; v) Vat Registration Certificate; vi) Evidence of Registration with the Federal or State Tenders Board; vii) Evidence of financial capability to handle the job and Bank reference; viii) Evidence of compliance with pension reform act 2004; ix) Company audited account for the immediate past three (3) years; x) Evidence of compliance with the provisions of section 6(1)-(3) of the amended ITF act, 2011; xi) The Original copies of items i-x listed above for sighting during the opening session; xii) Any other information that will assist the Polytechnic in assessing the organization. xiii) Note that all costs incurred pursuance to the advertisement and production of other documents shall be bone by the responding Firms. (c) Return of Documents Pre — qualification documents listed in (b) above should be returned along with the original copy of the receipt for the payment of the appropriate Non — refundable Pre - qualification fees in a sealed envelope marked “PRE - QUALIFICATION DOCUMENTS FOR TETFUND SPECIAL INTERVENTION 2013 PROJECTS and addressed to: The Registrar, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2052, Katsina. To reach him on or before Friday, 27th March, 2015 by 10.00am (d) (i) (ii) on the (iii) Important Notice ONLY short — listed companies shall be invited to progress with the main tender. This advertisement of “invitation to pre - qualify” shall not be construed to be an invitation to tender nor a commitment part of Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina to award any form of contract to any company, it shall not entitle any company submitting documents to claim indemnity from the Polytechnic. The Polytechnic reserves the right to take final decision on any of the documents received in the pre - qualification package. Tender opening will be on Friday, 3rd April, 2015 by 10:00am, at Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina, Committee Room, Central Administration. Thank you. Page 12 Photosplash Some of the over 200 improvised explosive devices recovered by Nigerian troops from Boko Haram insurgents displayed at 23 brigade,yesterday in Yola PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 L-R: Special Adviser to the President on Ethics and Values, Dr. Sarah Jibrin; North Central Coordinator, Ethics, Chief Salimonu Olukolu, and Head of Kasare Chiefdom , Alh. Tafida Musa, during the pre-media briefing on 2015 Ethics and Values Summit, yesterday in Abuja Photo: Justin Imo-Owo Sympathisers at the scene of an accident where a tipper truck crushed a car with its occupants on Nnamdi Azikiwe expressway at NICON junction, yesterday in Abuja People at the scene of an inferno at Mile 12 market, Ketu, in Lagos Some traders at a burnt market in Hong, Adamawa State, during a media tour of territories recovered by Nigerian troops from insurgents, in Hong. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 13 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 14 Protecting your property How NDLEA caught woman with Preventing thefts from vehicles: heroin in her private part • Install a vehicle alarm or mechanical lock for the steering wheel or ignition. • Always lock the doors and leave the windows rolled up. • Always activate any auto alarms or anti-theft devices. • Keep books, tape players, and other valuables out of sight. Expensive items in full view invite theft even if the vehicle is locked. Don’t advertise the types of equipment you have in your vehicle. • Place valuable items in your trunk not the front or back seats. • Know the license number, year, make and model of your vehicle. • Do not leave money, checkbooks, or credit cards in the vehicle at any time. W ith the aid of scanning machines, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) arrested a 31year old single mother of one, Onyinye Aladi, with concealed 430 grammes of heroin in her private part, during an inward screening of passengers aboard an Emirate flight from Pakistan. According to the Premium Times, the anti-narcotics agency in a statement revealed that the arrest was facilitated by the scanning machines at the Lagos airport, Thursday. “During the inward screening of Emirate passengers, one Aladi Onyinye Juliet tested positive for narcotic ingestion. “While under observation, the drug was subsequently expelled, field-tested and weighed,” said NDLEA Commander at the Lagos airport, Hamza Umar. The NDLEA said preliminary investigations indicated that the suspect, who hails from Abia state, had established link with some Pakistani drug traffickers who sponsored her trip in collaboration with some local accomplices. However, Ms. Aladi, who is based in Aba, admitted that she engaged in drug trafficking to settle her bills. “I am a single mother and I need money to take care of myself and child; I used to sell clothes but the profit is inadequate to sustain my family. “I would have earned half a million naira to pay for my rent and my child’s school fees if I had succeeded in bringing the drug. “They paid for my return ticket and hotel accommodation. While in my hotel room, a Pakistani woman came to give me the drug. “She also instructed me to conceal it in my private part to avoid arrest, ujnfortunately, the NDLEA officers detected it,” she lamented. Meanwhile, NDLEA’s chairman, Ahmadu Giade, said that the agency would continue to detect narcotics with the help of technological tools. “The NDLEA is investing in capacity building and modern equipment in drug detection,” “We hope to dislodge drug trafficking cartels through superior intelligence and best global practices. “Investigation is on-going to arrest other members of the drug cartel connected to her case,” he stressed. The agency said that the suspect will soon be charged to court. • Keep bicycles locked any time they are unattended with a good “U” type lock. Second choice would be a good casehardened padlock and cable. Be sure the “U” lock or cable goes through the front wheel, rear wheel and the frame, and secure it to a fixed object. • Check the lock by pulling on it to make sure it is secure. • Use an engraver to place an identifying mark on unpainted major bicycle components. • Be sure to retain all evidence of purchase, including the serial number. • Be able to identify the bicycle.. not only by its color, but also by its features. • Have one or more close up color photographs of the bicycle on hand. • Register the bicycle in the Department of Public Safety and Police or County Police registration Preventing bicycle theft: program. • Never loan your bicycle or other property to strangers. Preventing thefts from offices: Crime quotes: • Try to avoid parking a bicycle in a deserted or poorly lit area. • Don’t become complacent. Be aware! Be attentive. • Don’t showcase your office. • Close and lock your office when it is not occupied. It only takes seconds for a thief to notice an unoccupied office, walk in and put something in a book bag. • Lock your desk, file cabinet, locker, etc. • Don’t leave your purse in that last or bottom drawer of your desk (thieves know it’s there). “There’s no way to rule innocent men. The only power any government has is the power to crack down on criminals. Well, when there aren’t enough criminals, one makes them. One declares so many things to be a crime that it becomes impossible for men to live without breaking laws.” ― Ayn Rand IG Suleiman Abba Four docked over illegal oil deal F our suspected members of an illegal oil syndicate are standing trial before Justice A. A Okeke, of the Federal High Court sitting in Lafia, Nasarawa state. The suspects: Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke, were arraigned by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, (EFCC), on a 12-count charge bordering on conspiracy, forgery and unlawful dealing in crude oil. In a statement by the EFCC, the suspects: were docked on a 12-count charge bordering on conspiracy, forgery and unlawful dealing in crude oil. The charge reads: “That you Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke on the 12th day of May, 2014 at Toto Military check point in Nasarawa State within the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court did conspire amongst yourselves to commit felony to wit: did without lawful authority or an appropriate license deal in crude oil and you thereby committed an offence contrary to and punishable under Section 3( 6) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act CAP M17 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004.” “That you Olusegun Gbenga, Yusuf Muhammed, Abass Auwal and Olanipekun Olagoke on the 12th day of May, 2014 within the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court forged a document to wit; Conoil Invoice No 32182 dated 9th April, 2014 and you thereby committed an offence contrary to section 1 (2) (c) and punishable under section 1 (2) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act CAP M17 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004.” The accused persons, however, pleaded not guilty to the charges. The prosecutor, Salisu A. Majidadi, therefore prayed the court to fix a date for hearing and to remand the accused in prison custody. However, Daniel Mushei, counsel to the second and third accused persons, told the court that he had a pending application for bail and prayed the court to admit his clients to bail. In response, Majidadi said he was served with the application only in court and pleaded for time to formally respond. Justice Okeke, ordered the suspects to be remanded in Lafia prison, and adjourned the case to March 23, 24 and 25, 2015 for continuation of hearing. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 15 Why APF backs Jonathan —Onasanya Otunba Joseph Onasanya is the National Chairman of the Advance Progressive Forum (APF) with membership across 26 states and the FCT. In this interview, he gave insight into the reasons the APF wants President Goodluck Jonathan re-elected. Our Correspondent Matthew Aramunde was there and reports. W hy has the APF chosen to pitch tent with the PDP’s presidential candidate, Goodluck Jonathan? Well, you could say that again. But if you ask me, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan will go down in history as the only leader in Nigeria that will get thumbs up for keeping a clean sheet as regards human rights records. But more to that he is a perfect gentle man, a harmless dove in a manner of speaking. Further, aside from this sterling quality of his. His achievements, since he assumed the saddle, are worthy of note. Take for instance the railway system of transportation that has been in a state of inertia for 40 years has been resuscitated by this administration, the convocation of the sixth National Conference where Nigerians of different ethnic divides, religious inclinations and political affiliations including the nearvociferous civil rights groups, came together to discuss the way forward for Nigeria in an atmosphere of conviviality. The Confab alone was a feat the previous administrations failed to achieve. Besides, the president unlike his predecessors allowed delegates the free hand to debate freely and openly all matters except the divisibility of Nigeria. And the delegates discussed everything under the sun and came up with resolutions which the Jonathan administration has assured it would implement. That was highly commendable. Let me not forget the privatization of the power sector. Previous administrations shied away from and, in some instances, merely pretended to tackle the issue of power. Jonathan chose to differ by unbundling the power sector and thus enabling the private sector to take over power generation and distribution. In the gas sector, the 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas per day is being utilised and we are feeling the effect of gas utilisation in the power sector and other ways. The administration has completed 150 model grammar schools for the almajaris, in addition to building 12 new universities. The administration has revamped the economy leading to the rebasing that has made us No 1 and 26th largest economy in Africa and the world respectively. At the moment our GDP has risen to $510 billion thus by extension Nigeria has become a top destination for foreign investments in Africa. I can go on and on.... These are no doubt impressive and we think it would be reasonable to allow him to continue. Bringing a new team to kill the momentum, some of the projects may be abandoned more to the detriment of the nation. “ Unfortunately, these achievements do not seem to have translated into material benefits to the average Nigerians and the poverty level is still frighteningly high in the country? Yes, you may be right there but one thing we should not forget in a hurry is that these developmental strides will require reasonable time for them to begin to manifest and affects the life of the people. The processes that would bring in these results were not done overnight, they were painstakingly planned and executed. The prospects are all quite heart warming. All I craved for is that Nigerians should exercise patience because we have all seen some of the results and before long the benefits accruing from these positive developments would be clearly visibly and readily improve the living standard of our people. But most Nigerians in spite of your observations think the President and his party the PDP have failed to deliver on their electoral promises? I just told you of some of his achievements which are obvi- Politics Onasanya ous. Let me tell you that I have some reservations for those Nigerians who have kept on saying that the President has not deliver on his electoral promises. May be they need to be reminded that the plethora of problems Jonathan inherited were the misdemeanours of past administration mostly from the 30 years of the junta regimes. Therefore, clearing the Aegean stable will take some time. We must also note that the unfortunate acts of insurgency which ravaged the Northeast in particular surely have taken away some of the shines of the administration. Not to worry, there are no doubt silver linings in the horizon which is why we are advocating that Nigerians should re-elect him and in the spirit of continuity, he should be allowed to change to the face of Nigeria for good. Jonathan has often been labelled by critics as lacking the will to tackle the hydra- headed monster called corruption which many say is the bane of the country’s march to development? Again and for the umpteenth times, let me say that I do not subscribe to this view. I don’t think he lacks the will power to prosecute erring members of his cabinet who are found to be corrupt. What I think is that those I will call whistle blowers have not been able to concretize their allegations with con- I don’t think he lacks the will power to prosecute erring members of his cabinet who are found to be corrupt. What I think is that those I will call whistle blowers have not been able to concretize their allegations with concrete evidence that should have given the President the ground to prosecute those alleged to be corrupt. crete evidence that should have given the President the ground to prosecute those alleged to be corrupt. You often read about these allegations on the pages of newspapers or you hear them when they are aired on the electronic media but no one seems to have needed documents that could be used by the anti-craft agencies to prosecute corrupt officials of government. On the other hand, Nigerians and that includes you and I are the ones fanning the embers of corruption which as you will agree has permeated every strata of the society. So long as we still think certain individuals should be the ones to fight corruption and we fail to have a change of mind and collectively wage war against corrupt officials, that we indirectly bred, then corruption will continue unabated. The public generally believe that Jonathan tends to allow some “sacred cows” in his cabinet the freedom to make reckless utterances even on sensitive national issues? I strongly believe the President has got the right to check his men on what they should or should not say. I also believe campaigns should be issuebased and all about mudslinging and hate speech. However, Nigerians should pay more attention to what the President says rather than what his overzealous aides are saying. If he failed to achieve in six years in the estimation of some, why should he be given another four years? Considering the many achievements of this administration, my party thinks consolidation and sustainability of these achievements are germane to harness the nation’s development strides. It improves our democratic institutions enabling the people to maximise the dividends under Jonathan’s watch. PAGE 16 Interview PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 What if card readers fail at polling units? We had an agreement with all the political parties that the card reader is going to be deployed to accredit voters on election day. We also had an agreement that except a voter on election day presents himself with a permanent voter card he will not be allowed to vote. - Nick Dazang By Patrick Andrew, Ikechukwu Okaforadi, Adesoji Oyinlola, Lagos and Mustapha Adamu, Kano T he use of card readers is one of the newest innovations adopted by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to frustrate election rigging. However, it has generated no little controversy bordering on political differences. Whereas the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has raised serious issues over the workability of the card reader, the All Progressives Congress (APC) has insisted on the use of the card warts and all. Besides, the PDP governors also alleged that the electoral commission is conniving with the opposition APC to use the card to compromise the integrity of the elections. And so the controversy appears to have reached a crescendo, in recent times. The political class is already divided on the necessity of using the card readers. Leading Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have similarly followed suit, trying to justify or condemn this innovation. From every indication, the ruling PDP has clearly voiced out its reservations against the resolve by INEC to deploy the machines in the forthcoming polls. On the other hand, the opposition APC, even though it pretends to have “ embraced the new technology, indications have emerged that some stakeholders of the party are actually shielding their skepticism against the proposed technology. According to the reservations expressed by PDP members, there is no guarantee that the machines would be efficient and effective across the regions of the country on the same day. The questions which the ruling party has consistently sought explanations from the electoral commission is: what happens if the card readers fail at polling units? What happens where the card readers cannot be applied at some of the polling units? Thus, the party has championed the return to the old system, which requires manual accreditation by INEC officials. This, political analysts have variously described as a return to square one in the quest by INEC to engender a reformed democratic and electioneering system that is anchored on accountability and transparency. The tide appears clearly in favour of the use of card readers for the elections, and this comes against the background that the living standard of Nigerians has been growing from worse to worst. They argued that only a credible process of electing leaders will suffice. Therefore, they see the card readers as a significant element in this process. The common expectation among Card reader Nigerians is that it would bring a drastic transformation in both the social and economic advancement of the country. However, speaking before the Senate at plenary, the Chairman of INEC, Attahiru Jega, warned that any INEC official who, for any reason, sabotages the use of card readers would be prosecuted, adding that such deviation is considered an offence and punishable. The INEC boss also said that where the card readers could not be used due to failure, elections in the affected area would be postponed to the following day. The statement was a veiled response to the fears over observed inadequacies. He explained that where the card readers cannot authenticate the finger prints of an electorate, an INEC official would give the voter an incident form to fill, after which such voter would be allowed to cast his/her vote. This is usually done by the Assistant Polling Officer (APO), Conducting the mock election in about 33 percent of the country ahead of the general election is a welcome development, but unfortunately, it has succeeded in exposing the inadequacies of the card readers. Prof. Jega who will later transfer it to INEC headquarters. With this, the leadership of the commission will be able to determine the number of persons whose fingers could not be authenticated across the country. Through this, INEC would be able to check the proliferation of incident forms for the purpose of rigging the election for a candidate of any political party. When the INEC boss was asked why the commission insisted on not using the manual system of accreditation if the card readers fail entirely, he explained that most politicians do not want the card readers, adding that provisions have already been made to replace such card readers from the commission’s local authority in the affected areas. While emphasising that the commission can afford to wait for as long as possible to ensure that they work as expected, Jega assured voters that the use of the manual method is not being contemplated by the commission. Meanwhile, the commission also plans to deploy additional batteries (about 10 per polling unit) as backups for situations where there is battery failure. The battery for the card readers, according to him, lasts between 10 and eight hours when fully charged. This clarifies the claim that its life span is only five hours, a situation that many had clearly adduced as a major weakness because it could take no fewer than two hours to access certain riverine areas, meaning almost half of the battery must have been spent even before the accreditation processes commence. INEC’s Deputy Director for Public Affairs, Nick Dazang, said officials of the electoral body are hard put understanding what the controversies are about. He dismissed arguments against the effectiveness of the card readers, noting that all parties had agreed with the decision of INEC on its usage. Dazang lambasted the parties who it seems have reneged on an agreement signed with the electoral body about the use of card readers during the polls. “We find it very curious that these political parties at the 11th hour will now make a u-turn in respect of the card reader. We had an agreement with all the political parties that the card reader is going to be deployed to accredit voters on election day. We also had an agreement that except a voter on election day presents himself with a permanent voter card he will not be allowed to vote. “In fact this particular agreement informed the guidelines for the elections which we published in January. Before we published these guidelines, we circulated same to all the political parties for their input and after that, we published these guidelines and circulated them nationwide,” he said. Dazang said it is unfortunate for some parties to threaten to boycott the poll. “We do not see it as a stalemate in the sense that we had demonstrated these same card readers to members of the Senate and they were satisfied with its performance,” Dazang said. Contd on Page 17 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE17 Mixed reaction trails card reader test in Kano, Lagos Contd from Page 17 S ince last year, when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announced its plans to bring sanity into the electoral process through the use of Permanent Voters Card (PVC) and the Smart Card Reader, the commission and its top management, led by Professor Attahiru Jega, have come under intense pressure from various political gladiators who felt threatened with the new methodology being canvassed by Jega and his men. The issue, which was greeted by criticism from different quarters, also made the two main political parties in the country to lock horns as to whether to go ahead with the use of the card readers or otherwise. Apparently, the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), had since kicked against the decision to use the technology during the general election, While the opposition All Progressives Congress (APC) is seemingly in support of the new electoral technique with the assumption that it would ditch the ruling parties plans to rig the forthcoming elections. However, to prove its mettle over the use of the new technology in the country, INEC was prompted to conduct a mock field test of the biometric card readers in two states each from the six geopolitical zones, including Kano and Kebbi States from the Northwest zone on Saturday, March 7. Meanwhile, after the field test exercise, INEC has expressed satisfaction with the mock test. The electoral body said in a statement that “the exercise, held in 12 states from the six geo-political zones, was successful and will prove useful during the elections.” It however acknowledged challenges in confirming finger prints, vowing to rectify the problem before the general elections.’’ The electoral body said it achieved 100 percent success in its objective of verifying the authenticity of the Permanent Voter Cards presented by voters on Saturday. On the biometric authentication of voters, it conceded that only 59 percent of voters who turned out for the demonstration had their fingerprints successfully authenticated. However, it allayed fears of disenfranchisement, saying the provision for manual validation had long been put in place for such cases. In Kano State, however, the field test exercise was conducted at Danmaliki ward in Kumbotso Local Government Area. According to the state Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC), Alhaji Mukaila Abdullahi, the registration area was chosen because it has the highest number of collected PVCs and is a semi-urban area, adding that 54 card readers were put to test during the mock poll at 32 polling units and 22 voting points. However, our correspondent observed that biometric failure marred the conduct of the mock exercise at Dan’Maliki ward, A prospective voter during the card reader demonstration exercise Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano State. INEC statistics indicated that Dan’Maliki ward which comprises four political wards has a total of 25,000 registered voters. There were recorded cases of three biometric failure in ten prospective voters screened during the exercise that lasted between 8.00am to 1.00pm, but INEC officials said the development does not pose a threat to the purpose of its deployment. Abdullahi told journalists that the commission issued ‘incident form’ to the affected voters, pointing out that the anomaly would be addressed. “The card reader has proved to be reliable and we are satisfied with the turnout of voters and security cover by the police.” He explained that the adjustment of accreditation time by one hour was done to accommodate the likely hiccup, adding that the “Kano exercise was a huge success.” However, a non-governmental organisation, Nigeria United for Democracy, said the mock exercise was a ‘marked improvement from the past’. The Chief Observer Mission, Nigeria United for Democracy, Muhammad Kabir Adam, said the exercise was “60 percent success and 40 percent failure. “Except the biometric failure, the exercise was a huge success and this is a marked departure from the past. As you have observed it took “ less than two minutes to accredit a prospective voter but it is our hope that the timing should be improved upon for efficiency”. Voters had thronged the Dan’Maliki Primary School, venue of the history making process, early as young men, women in hijab and the aged waited patiently to be part of the history making exercise. Ward Head of Danmaliki, Malam Sani, lauded INEC for choosing the area as the test centre and noted that it was conducted peacefully. “I really thank INEC for choosing our area as the registration centre. I am very happy with the peaceful conduct of the exercise. We have had a good relationship with security personnel. I also commend my people for cooperating with them,” he said. According to him, the people were put in the know of the nitty gritty of the exercise days before it was conducted, stressing that the enlightenment campaign yielded a fruitful result as residents exhibited good conduct during the field test. He maintained that the exercise was a replica of the forthcoming rescheduled general elections on March 28 and April 11, adding that it has boosted the peoples’ morale that the general elections would be free and fair. A voter in the area, Baba Goro Mai Bulo, said the exercise was successful and not as slow as was widely speculated, adding that the machine was efficient and rendered He explained that where the card readers cannot authenticate the finger prints of an electorate, an INEC official would give the voter an incident form to fill, after which such voter would be allowed to cast his/her vote. fast services to the electorate. He stressed that there was a peaceful relationship between the voters and security agents, adding that the exercise was a replica of the general elections. Maimuna Sani, a female voter who participated in the accreditation exercise in the area, said every woman that reported at the centre was successfully accredited. When asked if she witnessed a woman with a henna design on her hand as speculated that it would bar the machine from capturing the finger prints of a woman wearing henna, Sani debunked the rumour, saying “there was only one woman with a henna design on her hand and she successfully participated in the accreditation.” She also expressed optimism that the general elections would be free, fair and credible. Meanwhile, in Lagos, INEC received both knocks and praises on the desirability or otherwise of the usage of the machine for the elections. For instance, while Joe Igbokwe, the Publicity Secretary, Lagos State APC, commended the effectiveness of Smart Card Readers, former Deputy National Chairman (South) of the Peoples Democratic Party, Chief Bode George, cast aspersion on its efficiency. George challenged the INEC chairman to provide a contingency plan in case the card readers fail in some polling booths, especially at the rural communities, stressing that the electoral body has to prove to Nigerians that it is ready for a hitch-free election with the use of the card readers, noting that millions of Nigerians would have been disenfranchised if INEC had gone ahead with the earlier dates scheduled for the elections. He said Jega, must convince Nigerians on the contingency plan he has before some political stakeholders would fully endorse it for the verification of authentic permanent voter’s cards during the elections. Also, a civic action group promoting good governance and democracy, Move on Nigeria, has called on INEC to take a second look at the use of card readers and make the necessary adjustments. The group alleged that INEC might have created a monstrosity by introducing a never-been-used technology for the conduct of a major election that will end up in catastrophe except the country moves back to the very simple clear, cut way of verifying and accrediting voters. In a statement made available to journalists in Abuja and signed by its National Coordinator, Mr. Clem Aguiyi, the group said the nation can afford to do away with the Smart Card Reader rather than risk having an election that is not credible. “Everyone appears genuinely concerned about the SCR, but somehow Jega and the APC are the least worried. If there are things they know that the rest of us don’t know they should tell us. While President Goodluck Jonathan is committed to bequeathing to Nigeria a legacy of free, fair and credible election, it is most likely that he is not on the same page with the INEC chairman who from all intent and purposes is working towards a predetermined answer.” Also, the National Coordinator, Good Governance Initiative (GGI), Dr. Harruna Shettima, has described the test-run of the card readers as a grossly inadequate exercise incapable of ensuring a free, fair and hitch-free election. A press statement on INEC’s preparedness to conduct the general election and made available to journalists at the weekend, quoted Shettima as saying that the mock exercise was below average, characterised by several reports of flaws and petulant failures totally incongruous with the present democratic dispensation. He said even though conducting the mock election exercise prior to the general election was laudable, it nonetheless exposed the underbellies of an institution that was ill prepared; using an apparatus that would disenfranchise millions of Nigerians at polling booths. According to him, “Conducting the mock election in about 33 percent of the country ahead of the general election is a welcome development, but unfortunately, it has succeeded in exposing the inadequacies of the card readers and the electoral body to ensure that every voter who turns up to exercise their voting right on March 28 and subsequent weeks would be properly enfranchised, as the machines failed in more than 40 percent of the areas captured for the exercise.” Shettima said INEC should desist from fooling Nigerians about its readiness to conduct the forthcoming elections, maintaining that if it needs help and wants more time to firm up its logistics before the March 28 presidential elections, it should be honourable to say so by telling the nation the truth rather than being economical with the facts which almost everybody appears to have access to. And so barely two weeks to the presidential election, debates on whether to use the card readers are still on. PAGE 18 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Special Report Will constitution amendment break jinx? Contd from Page 4 country after residing in the host country for certain years. In Nigeria, it is a known fact that no Igbo or Hausa man can claim to be a Yoruba man even if he spends 60 years or more in Yoruba land. He cannot lay claim to the cocoa farm or other resources in Yoruba land. The same treatment will apply to a Yoruba and Hausa man who resides in Eastern Nigeria for several years. They cannot claim to be Ijaw or Igbo nor lay claim to the oil in the region. Yoruba and Igbo people residing in Hausa land can also not claim to be Hausa nor lay claim to any resources in the north no matter how many years they reside there. In 2010, the House of Representatives sought to deal with the problem when Hon. Sama’ila Mohammed (ANPP, Plateau State) sponsored a Bill for an Act, which would give Nigerians the right to be indigenes of any local government area in the country if that person or the person’s parents migrated to that local government area before October 1 1960. The Bill also sought to restrict the authority for the issuance of ‘indigeneship’ certificates to the Ministry of Internal Affairs instead of the current practice where it can only be issued by states and local government councils. Another effort to address this issue is the latest proposed amendment to the 1999 Constitution concerning the insertion of Indigene Clause in the constitution which will confer indigenous status on any citizen of the country, who has lived in an area for 10 years, thus making the visitor an indigene of host community. But how far can this go in addressing the indigeneship/ settler cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabric of our national unity? The denial of the rights of many Nigerians residing in places other than their homeland has enormous consequences on national cohesion, it is imperative that the National Assembly through the constitution review exercise redefine the status and character of the Nigerian citizenship. “ The National Conference in plenary It would be recalled that the Constitution (Fourth Alteration) Bill, 2014 was passed in the Senate and House of Representatives respectively on Tuesday 21st and Wednesday 15th October, 2014; and the National Assembly transmitted same on Tuesday, October 28, 2014 to the State Houses of Assembly to fulfill the requirement of Section 9(2) of the 1999 Constitution; However, one of the contentious matters for voting on the templates of issues in the 360 federal constituencies was citizenship and indigeneship. From the resolution on the provisions of the Bill forwarded by the 36 State Houses of Assembly and the 71 Sections and Schedules of the 1999 Constitution altered by the National Assembly in the Bill, ‘citizenship and indigeneship’ clause were approved by the State Houses of Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Section 9(2) of the Constitution as required for their passage. Under clause 7 of the amendment, 31 states had yes votes, while five had a no vote that the heading of Chapter III is altered by inserting immediately after the word ‘’CITIZENSHIP’’ the words ‘’AND INDIGENESHIP.’’ This clause was therefore accepted by all the 36 states including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Clause 8 Section 25 was also altered by: (a) Inserting a new sub-section “(1A)” – “(1A) Subsection (1) (a) of this section shall apply to persons born before or after the date of independence, whose parents or any of whose grandparents were indigenes of a territory or community now forming part of Nigeria”. (b) Insertion of a new section ‘’25A’– “25A. (1) A citizen of Nigeria is an indigene of a particular community of a State in Nigeria if – (a) He was born in that State;(b) His parents The implication of this is that your citizenship of Nigeria confers you an indigene of a particular community of a State in which you reside. Whether this would put an end to the indigeneship/ settler dichotomy is yet to be seen, as the bill awaits the assent of Mr. President. or grandparents belong to a community indigenous to that State; (c) He has resided in that State continuously for a period of not less than ten years; or (d) being a woman, who is married to an indigene of the community of that state, unless she chooses to retain the indigeneship of her paternal community. (2) A person mentioned in subsection (1) of this section shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges as an indigene of that State. (3) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall entitle a citizen of Nigeria to be an indigene of more than one State.” 25 states voted yes against 11 states and this clause was accepted. The implication of this is that being citizen of Nigeria makes you an indigene of a particular community in a state in which you reside. Whether this would put an end to the indigeneship/settler dichotomy is yet to be seen, as the bill awaits the assent of Mr. President. As expected the provisions of the Bill have satisfied the requirement of Section 9(2) of the Constitution and has been transmitted to the president for his assent, to enable institutions of government prepare for immediate implementation of policies and programmes pursuant to the provisions of the constitution as amended. The constitution as amended should clearly state that Nigerians have inalienable right of residence, to contest for public office, own land, have access to social benefits such as employment and scholarship in any part of the country. In this way, Nigerians will mould a spirit of accommodation among themselves, thereby fostering the much needed national integration and cohesion for development to take place. However, dealing with citizenship challenges in Nigeria will require a change of mindset. For this to happen, massive civic education and reorientation campaign is imperative. Again, from the 71 Sections and Schedules of the 1999 Constitution altered by the National Assembly in the Bill, the following have also been approved by the State Houses of Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Section 9(2) of the Constitution as required for their passage– Sections: 4, 8, 9, Chapter III, Section 25, 26, 34, 35, 39, 42, New Sections 45A-45D, New Section 50A, Section 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 82, 84, New Section 84A-84F, Section 89, New Section 92A, Section 100, 106, 107, 109, 121, 122, 124(b), 129, 131, 134, 150, 153, 155, 174, New Section 174A-174L, Section 177, 179, 195, New Section 211A-211H, Section 214, 215, 216, New Section 225A, Section 228, 233, 241, 251, 285, 306, 315, 318, Part I of the First Schedule, Part II of the First Schedule, Part I of the Second Schedule, Part II of the Second Schedule, Part I of the Third Schedule, Part III of the Third Schedule, Fifth Schedule Part I, Seventh Schedule paragraphs 3, 4 & 5. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 19 Tourism Owu Falls: Spectacular symbol of nature O wu falls is the highest and most spectacular natural water fall in West Africa, and is located in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State. The water fall is one of the symbols of nature and its existence is untraceable. The water fall is 120m above water level and cascades 330 feet down an escarpment with rocky out crops to a pool of ice cold water below. It is surrounded with a beautiful natural ambience and hills which makes sightseeing a memorable experience. The waterfall is characterised with ice cold water, beautiful rocky part, walk ways, and evergreen surroundings. Source of the fall Main fall The lower course of the fall Kwara State (Yoruba: Ìpínl Kwárà) is in Western Nigeria. Its capital is Ilorin. The primary ethnic group in Kwara State is Yoruba, with significant Nupe, Bariba Hausa minorities. History Kwara State was created on May 27, 1967, when the Federal Military Government of General Yakubu Gowon broke the four regions that then constituted the Federation of Nigeria into 12 states. At its creation, the state was made up of the former Ilorin and Kabba provinces of the then Northern Region and was initially named the West Central State but later changed to “Kwara”, a local name for the River Niger. Kwara State has since 1976 reduced considerably in size as a result of further state creation exercises in Nigeria. On February 13, 1976, the Idah/ Dekina part of the state was carved out and merged with a part of the thenBenue/Plateau State to form Benue State. On August 27, 1991, five local government areas, namely Oyi, Yagba, Okene, Okehi and Kogi were also excised to form part of the new Kogi State, while a sixth, Borgu Local Government Area, was merged with Niger State. View of the upper course Tourism Important tourist attractions in Kwara State include Esie Museum, Owu Falls, Imoleboja Rock Shelter, Ogunjokoro, Kainji Lake National Parks and Agbonna Hill. There is need to develop tourist centers in the state to enhance physical development, a place like Owu Fall needs standard hotel and good road, which will encourage people to visit the fall as a picnic center. Transport The Nigerian Railway Corporation extends services from Lagos through the state to the northern part of the country. The Ilorin Airport is a major center for both domestic and international flights and has now been upgraded to a hub for transportation of cargoes. Economy Agriculture is the main source of the economy and the principal cash crops are: cotton, cocoa, coffee, kolanut, tobacco, beniseed and palm produce. Mineral resources in the state are gold, limestone, marble, feldspar, clay, kaolin, quartz and granite rocks. Industries in the state include Dangote Flour Mill, Lubcon Lubricant Company, Kam Industries Nigeria Ltd, Tuyil Pharmacy Nig Ltd, Padson Industries NiG Ltd,[2] Kwara Breweries, Ijagbo Global Soap and Detergent Industry, United Match Company, Tate and Lyle Company, Resinoplast Plastic Industry, Phamatech Nigeria Limited, Kwara Textile and Kwara Furniture Company all in Ilorin. Others are Paper Manufacturing Industry, Jebba, Okin Foam and Okin Biscuits, Offa, Kay Plastic, Ganmo and Kwara Paper Converters Limited, Erin-ile. Others are Sugar Producing Company, Bacita, Kwara animal Feed Mall, Ilorin and the Agricultural Products Company. Enwikipedia.org PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 20 Show your love of nature with bath tub decorations Bring nature indoors to create the fantasy of a forest bath. T he tub is the leviathan in the bathroom; you canâ€™t do too much with it, so decorating around it sets the tone for the entire room. Enclose the tub in decorative tiles, surround it with natural materials, or launch with a maritime theme. Let the designs around the tub spill over into the decor for the rest of the bathroom. Tubs within walls What surrounds an indoor bathtub are walls, which can determine the quality of experience when you are soaking in the tub, as well as define the decor for the rest of the bathroom. Mosaic tile walls transport bathers to the Aegean with a Greek frieze of painted ceramic tile bordered by a Greek key design. The towels can pick up the key motif. A chrome-clad slipper tub set into a corner of marble tile walls and floor gleams in reflected light from a tarnished pier glass leaning against one wall. The palest blush pink towels in an old apothecary cabinet add a soft hint of colour without detracting from the hard shiny surfaces around the tub. Bring in nature When the tub is in front of a mural of white aspen trees in winter, a warm-climate bathroom is cool and relaxing. Every touch of nature is a serene addition to the bathroom. Stock a rush basket near the tub with handmade scented soaps and sea sponges. Suspend a crooked tree branch high over the tub, wound with fairy lights to make a starry chandelier. Use a cork or sisal bathmat for wet feet. Beautiful and useful Rolled-up bath towels in a handy basket made of recycled strips of plastic are a quirky touch next to the tub in a guest bath. An all-white tub in a white bathroom is enlivened by a spring green bathmat and a lineup of bright yellow rubber duckies that entice a grubby child to full immersion. A vertical row of cast metal hooks in sea shapes whales, sailboats, sea sirens or surfboards -- holds towels right next to the tub and shower. A slab of weathered barn wood or silvered driftwood becomes a casual tub tray to hold a book or a relaxing mug of herbal tea. Plastic, vinyl and fiber Choose bath accessories that project a neat and unified appearance around the tub. A clear, star-studded acrylic bucket to hold rolled towels, with a matching wastebasket, soap dish and hanging shower caddy, inspires a wall-mounted brass star over the tub and a clear vinyl shower curtain splattered with constellations. You might even paint the sides of a clawfoot tub midnight blue or black and stencil stars all over it. The seagrass tub mat is at home with neutral towels and washcloths in straw, sand and beige for a Zen tub. Re-purpose terra-cotta flower pots, from gigantic to minuscule, as towel baskets, shampoo and bath-brush holders. ehow.com e n i z a PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 d n e k e We g a M ent I was raped in New York —Madonna >>PG 36 ‘I didn’t know my hubby well before getting pregnant’ >>PG 37 Halima Abubakar set to release look book >>PG 37 >>PG 37 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 22 Is your skin older than you? I n a country where so much is happening concerning endless Economic reforms and ziggyzaggy leadership issues/tussles, most Nigerians are caught up in a web of struggle to survive. Too much hustling! . Hustling? Oh yea, there is so much hustling in this country that most people cannot even remember what good living is all about anymore. After the day’s hustling , they go home without the neccessary basic facilities to help them relax not to talk of good food. Good food to most Nigerians is a great luxury if you ask me. How do you explain a situation where you get home late at night from a day’s job, tired, hungry,and same time being confronted with total blackout, no water? Visualize this ugly situation and think of how someone can really maintain a healthy body Image. Somehow, Nigerians have developed very thick skin to the lack of neccessary /basic things of life that can make the lives of the average Nigerians a little bit comfortable and enjoyable. Such fraustrating lifestyle practically turns most Nigerians into shadows of themselves and the last thing on their mind is achieving a good, decent as well as happy life. The question now for such Nigerians is –how do such people who find themselves in this economic rut step out with their heads up and not being embarrased by their ugly skin? For those who always get home and no water to take a good refresh- ing bath, electricity to relax, most of them slip into very bad habit of not keeping a good body hygiene. A good night bath refreshes one’s body and skin and makes people sleep well and by the time you wake up the following day, you will be energetic to face your duties at your work place. No need to mention of such persons having the pleasure of eating some good nourishing foods because most people who find themselves in this ugly situation, end up feeding badly too. To this group of people, anything that can fill their stomach goes as food . Such people can not be free from skin problems like eczema, pimples, sunburn, blemishes, acne, skin darkening and dull skins. Men and women who find it difficult to take two regular baths daily always end up with bad skin which can lead to the skin looking older. Night baths “ in particular is very vital because all through the day, people sweat and their body attracts all kinds of dirt/dust sticking to their body. Now each time i talk about Night baths, those who are opportuned to have some element of good facility like riding in an airconditon cars, working in an air condition office, think that their body need no bath at night especially the male folks. You are damned wrong here guys.. absolutely wrong!! Even if you did not sweat all through the day, your entire body has open pores and they releases oils etc regularly. For those of you that complains of having very oily face, even when you did not apply any cream/lotion, ever wondered how the oils came out on your face? Your skin has tiny openings which you can not see with your naked eyes and any thing the skin brings out from the inside must be cleaned up or else it develops into skin problems. So if you are in the corporate industry and you feel there is no need for you to take your night bath, think again. Try this... when next you wear your white cripsy shirt to work, at the end of the day when you get home, check your collar and see if it is clean or not. Again, what most people do not understand about having a smooth and radiant skin is that, what you feed your body in the inside contributes so much to how your skin will look on the outside. Last time, i talked about junk foods and healthy foods. I made it clear in that publication, that no matter your economic standard, you can always eat healthy but sadly enough, most people can not even differenciate between healthy foods and junks. For these Nigerians who are Such people can not be free from skin problems like eczema, pimples, sunburn, blemishes, acne, skin darkening and dull skins. With Jacqui Iwu [email protected] 08184825606 (sms only) hustling without having the basic things of life, their entire body system are always rioting and it looks as if they have no control over their body. Some keep wondering what is happening to them but cannot really figure out what exactly. You see folks, it has got to a stage in this country when most people does not give a hoot about what their body and skin looks like and all the concenterate on is ‘’chasing cash’’. The most worried part is, even when they have this cash, they still move around like they do not have a ‘’body’’....just floating!! I keep counseling such person to have a focus and pamper their body because in the midst of all the chase and craze for so much money, that body you have been negelcting , feeding it all kinds of junks, applying on it all kinds of cheap/fake soaps, creams, lotion you buy from the open –sun market, will break down or even stop funtioning. When this happens, what do you do? I have seen young ladies being refused their dream job due to their overweight body and acne infested face. I have also seen some male applicants being rejected for job placement because they have unkept skin with shaving bumps, body ordor etc. No kidding here...this is real! If you are aiming for corporate jobs and your entire body image is unkept and nauseating, it will be a big battle for you, no matter your high educational qualifications. This is not the issue of drowning your body with perfume. To be honest, if your body has bad ordor, no amount of perfume can stop it till you take time to pamper your skin with good quality skin products suitable for your skin and body. I get lots of request from men and women with this ugly body issue ‘’body ordor’’ and one thing they have in common is their confession of using expensive perfumes but the ordor still ‘’zooms’’ out! There are people who keep switching soaps, lotions week after week without getting good results but rather worsening their skin problems. Every skin has its own peculiar pampering stuff and till you discover what skin products suits your skin, your outside skin will be a mirage. When you finally get what suits your body on the outside, combine it with healthy diet and your entire body will ‘’sparkle’’!!! Jacqui IWU is a BodyImage, Life &Career Coach A Stress Management Expert &Conference Speaker Media Relations Personnel BLOG: http://bluntjacqui. blogspot.com FB: http://facebook.com/ beautifulwoman.column PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Nativity S enator Patricia Naomi Akwashiki (born 2 November 1953) was elected Senator for the Nasarawa North constituency of Nasarawa State, and took office on 29 May 2007. She is a member of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). Early education and career Akwashiki earned a BA in Education from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1982. She entered the banking industry, where she became a senior manager. She was elected to the 5th Assembly (2003–2007) of the House of Representatives on the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) platform. She failed to win the PDP nomination to run for a second term, and transferred to the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), on which ticket she won election in 2007 as Senator for Nasarawa North. Akwashiki has done well as a politician but as a growing up child, she actually dreamt of a career in medicine. “I wanted to be a doctor. But I was ignorant about choosing the right path to meeting my career goals”, she revealed. “I didn’t know that by attending a regular secondary school, rather than a teachers training college, I would have wider opportunities with regard to choosing a career. I had the option of going to a secondary school in Yola or attending Madonna Teachers College. But I chose Madonna College. At the end I discovered that I had to start all over if I were to study medicine. So from Madonna College, I moved on the path of studying education up to degree level. But I am very grateful to God for what I turned out to be. I only taught as NYSC member after which I worked in the information ministry briefly before going into banking.” After taking her seat in the Senate in May 2007, Akwashiki was appointed to committees on States and Local Government, Inter-Parliamentary Affairs, Communications, Banking, Insurance and other Financial Institutions and Women and Youth. In a mid-term evaluation of Senators in May 2009. She sponsored a bill to amend the Code of Conduct Bureau and contributed brilliantly to debate in plenary and committee assignments. In January 2010 she staged a come-back when she returned to the PDP, citing injustice and insensitivity of the ANPP national secretariat and factional infighting in the state chapter of the party as reasons. On her banking career, she disclosed that hard work led to her quick rise in the financial industry. “When I converted from an admin staffer to mainstream banking, I worked in all the departments of the bank. The Page 23 Womanhood Patricia Akwashiki: Affecting lives through politics She believes that those that cannot ignite change have no business in politics. “Honestly, the most important thing for me as a politician is to make a difference in the existence of my people. I don’t like to see my people suffer or struggle with problems. I don’t like seeing people suffer. So, once I hear that you have a problem, I do what I can to solve it. I might not have solved all the problems, but I surely touched very many lives. I did a lot of lobbying to attract developmental projects to my zone. I built six health centers in my zone and I also conducted highly successful health outreaches. I assisted people that lived with diseases for years because they had help in the past. The joy and relief people got during these health outreaches made me vow that when I fully retire from politics, I will spend my time organising more of such interventions.” Mrs. Patricia Akwashiki highlight of my career was my appointment as branch manager of Lion Bank. I was posted from Jos to Abuja to open the branch. We broke even in six months which means we were making profit by the middle of the year, even as a new branch.” Her helpful disposition as a banker led people to ask her “ to contest election. “Even as a banker my people interacted with me and they had complaints about those representing them. At that time most of us professionals left politics to people who were uneducated and they just couldn’t meet the aspirations of the people. So the professionals later started looking at politics and we knew that we had to make a move. The good thing is that in my state people are politically active. They love to be involved in the political happenings. I got tired of criticizing people and I got involved to make a difference and I do believe that I made the difference.” Honestly, the most important thing for me as a politician is to make a difference in the existence of my people. I don’t like to see my people suffer or struggle with problems. Advice for female politicians The ex-lawmaker who mentors young female politicians speaks from a position of experience with regards to advice for women wishing to mount the soap box. “I try to mentor young women because somebody, Mrs. Elizabeth Nyam also mentored and gave me the opportunity that changed things for me. Mrs. Nyam was chairperson of Lion Bank and she said that I should be given the chance to come to establish the Abuja branch of our bank. And from that job, I got lifted. I tell young women that politics is good. But if you have a young family, wait until your kids are grown older. This is because politics is time consuming. It is even more tasking if you are to contest for office. Women must get the consent and support of their husbands. The good thing is that many husbands do support their wives. But there are some men that don’t want anything to do with politics. You have to know which category your husband belongs to.” According to Akwahsiki, women have to match men word for word when it comes to smear campaigns. “I will tell women not to be intimidated by name calling, they have to boldly confront those who call them names and give them a dose of their own medicine. This is the only way they will think before speaking to you wrongly,” she advises. Enwikipedia.org PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 24 Lion J and Yoruba, thus making Jos a cosmopolitan city. Jos has become an important national administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Tin mining has led to the influx of migrants, mostly Igbos, Yorubas and Europeans, who constitute more than half of the population of Jos. This “melting pot” of race, ethnicity and religion makes Jos one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria. For this reason, Plateau State is known in Nigeria as the “home of peace and tourism.” Administrative divisions The city is divided into three Local Government Areas of Jos North, Jos South and Jos East. The City Proper lies between Jos North and Jos South. Jos East houses the prestigious National Center for Remote Sensing. Jos north is the state capital and the area where most commercial activities take place although due to the recent communal clashes a lot of commercial activities are shifting to Jos South. The Governor’s office is located in an area in Jos North called “Jise” in Berom language,”Gise” in Afizere (Jarawa) language or “Tundun-Wada” in Hausa language. Jos south is the seat of the deputy governor i.e. the old Government House in Rayfield and the industrial centre of Plateau State due to the presence of industries like the NASCO group, Standard Biscuits, Grand Cereals and Oil Mills, Zuma Steel West Africa, aluminium roofing industries, Jos International Breweries among others. Jos South also houses prestigious institutions like the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), the highest academic awarding institution in Nigeria, the National Veterinary Research Institute, the Police Staff College, the NTA Television College and the Nigerian Film Corporation. Jos North is where the University of Jos and its teaching hospital are located. The city formed an agglomeration with the town of Bukuru to form the JosBukuru metropolis (JBM). Geography and climate Situated almost at the geographical centre of Nigeria and about 179 kilometres (111 miles) from Abuja, the nation’s capital, Jos is linked by road, rail and air to the rest of the country. The city is served by Yakubu Gowon Airport, but its rail connections no longer operate as the only currently operational section of Nigeria’s rail network is the western line from Lagos to Kano. ABCDE HIS AND HERS CORNER Jos Wildlife Park os wildlife park is located four kilometers from the state capital, Jos, and offers a variety of animal species - buffaloes, lion, leopards, pigmy hippopotami, baboons, monkeys, derby elands, pythons, crocodiles, chimpanzees, jackals and a host of other animals. Jos Wildlife Park is rich in various endangered, rare, vulnerable and abundant species of wildlife. Irrespective of season, games are viewed at ease in the park from 10.00am to 6.00pm every day. Some animal species are managed under more than one system. Formerly named Jos Wildlife Park, the place was renamed Jesse Aruku Wildlife Park in honour of the late Jesse Aruku, the immediate past General Manager (GM) of PSTC, who was allegedly assassinated. For a typical cosmopolitan city, Jos boasts of countless eateries and pubs. The Jos Wildlife Park is another attraction. It covers roughly three square miles (8 km²) of savannah bush. Visitors are able to see animals ranging from lions to pythons to pygmy hippopotami. Jos is a city in the Middle Belt of Nigeria. It has a population of about 900,000 residents based on the 2006 census. Popularly called “J-town”, it is the administrative capital of Plateau State. The city is located on the Jos Plateau at an elevation of about 1,238 metres or 4,062 feet high above sea level. During the British colonial rule, it was an important centre for tin mining. History The earliest known Nigerians were the Nok people (around 3000 BC), skilled artisans from around the Jos area who mysteriously vanished in the late first millennium. According to the historian, Luka Gwom Zangabadt, the area known as Jos today was inhabited by indigenous tribes who were mostly farmers. According to Billy J. Dudley, the British colonialists used direct rule for the indigenous tribes on the Plateau since they were not under the Fulani emirates where indirect rule was used. According to the historian, Samuel N Nwabara, the Fulani empire controlled most of northern Nigeria, except the Plateau province and the Berom Mwagavhul, known as, Tiv, Jukun and Idoma tribes. It was the discovery of tin by the British that led to the influx of other tribes such as the Hausa, Igbo, Urhobo Humbe Why the Bush Cow and Elephant are friends T he bush cow and the elephant were not friends, as they could not settle their disputes between themselves. The cause of their unfriendliness was that the elephant was always boasting about his strength to all his friends, which made the bush cow ashamed of himself, as he was always a good fighter and feared no man or animal. When the matter was referred to the head chief, he decided that the best way to settle the dispute was for them to meet and fight in the market-place on the next marketday, when all the country people could witness the battle. On the market-day the bush cow went out early and took up his position some distance from the town on the main road to the market, and started bellowing and tearing up the ground. As the people passed he asked them whether they had seen anything of the “Big, Big one,” which was the name of the elephant. A bush buck, who happened to be passing, replied, “I am only a small antelope, and am on my way to the market. How would I know the movements of the ‘Big, Big one?’” The bush cow then allowed him to pass. After a little time the bush cow heard the elephant trumpeting and could hear him as he came nearer breaking down trees and trampling down the small bush. When the elephant came near the bush cow, they both charged one another, and a tremendous fight commenced where a lot of damage was done to the surrounding farms, and many of the people were frightened to go to the market. The monkey, who had been watching the fight from a distance whilst he was jumping from branch to branch high up in the trees, went to report what he had seen to the CREATIVITY head chief. Although he forgot several times what it was he wanted to do, he eventually reached the chief’s house. Just then the chief caught sight of him while he was scratching himself, and shouted in a loud voice, “Ha, monkey, is that you? What do you want here?” After some time he replied very nervously: “Oh yes, of course! Yes, I came to see you.” Then he said, “I wonder what on earth it was I came to tell the chief?” as everything had gone out of his head. Then the chief told the monkey he might take one of the ripe plantains hanging up in the verandah. Then the chief remarked that the elephant and bush cow ought to have arrived by that time, as they were going to have a great fight. When the monkey heard this he said: “Ah! that reminds me,” and then, he made the chief understand that the elephant and bush cow were fighting in the bush on the main road leading to the market, and had stopped most of the people coming in. When the chief heard this he was very angry and called for his bow and poisoned arrows and went to the scene of the combat. He shot both the elephant and the bush cow, then ran and hid himself in the bush. About six hours both the elephant and bush cow died in great pains. Ever since, when wild animals want to fight, they always fight in the big bush and not on public roads; but as the fight was not decided between the elephant and the bush cow, whenever their offspring meet one another in the forest, even to the present time, they always fight. Auwal Aminu ACTIVITIES With the help of the right materials, have a fun-filled weekend colouring the image below. Show your work to your parents or teacher for correction. Cheers! Make a paper bucket K nowing how to make a bucket out of a common material like paper is a handy skill when camping, hiking, picnicking or cleaning. Making a paper bucket can also be an interesting party trick. The only things needed to make a paper bucket are a large piece of paper and a few minutes to fold it into shape. Things you’ll need • Large piece of paper (12 by 12 inches or larger) Instructions • Make your Paper bucket Humbe paper square, if it isn’t already. Tear it into shape with your hands. It doesn’t matter if the paper isn’t perfect. It just needs to be more square than rectangle to get the folds right. • Place the paper on the ground or on a table so that it is in the shape of a diamond. The top corner should point up and, conversely, the bottom corner should point down. • Fold the bottom point to meet the top point of the diamond. The paper is now folded in half. Crease the fold. This forms a triangle made of two flaps. • Fold the right corner so it touches the left edge of the triangle. • Flip over the paper. Fold the right corner until the point touches the left edge of the paper. • Fold down the top flaps over each side. • Pick up the paper bucket. Insert a hand or finger between the top folds to open. Fill with water. Place one hand under the bucket to provide support. The bottom should flatten and stabilize when the bucket is set on the ground. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 26 When could you suffer a heart attack? Take this test to find out... A new online calculator aims to predict the age at which a person is likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke. The tool compares a person’s actual age with their heart age, after considering simple lifestyle information, including height and weight. While those behind the new test argue it is designed to arm people with the knowledge they need to make changes to improve their lifestyles, critics have questioned how effective it will be. GPs will be encouraged to tell patients about the test, to help empower them to live healthier lives. But one expert warned the test may scare people into taking medication, including statins, to lower their cholesterol. The test asks people to enter basic details, including their age, height and weight and postcode. Blood pressure, cholesterol level and whether a person has ever received treatment for their blood pressure is also requested. Then the test asks a series of questions to build a picture of a person’s medical history. Whether a person smokes, if they are diabetic, suffering rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney failure or atrial fibrillation - an irregular heartbeat - is considered. Finally, it asks if a person has a family history of cardiovascular disease in relatives under the age of 60. Using the information, the calculator generates a heart age, as well as predicting how long a person can expect to live before they are likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke. In addition, it estimates the risk of a person suffering a heart attack or stroke in the next decade. As well as the results, the test provides advice about blood pressure, cholesterol and weight, calculating a person’s body mass index to judge if they are a normal weight, overweight or obese. It means a woman aged 40, who is of a healthy weight, smokes less than 10 cigarettes a day, has diabetes and has a family history of cardiovascular disease could be warned her heart age is actually that of a 53-year-old. She could be warned she is likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke by the age of 71, and given a three per cent chance of it happening in the next decade. Another woman of the same age, weight and height, but who does not smoke or suffer diabetes and has no family history of heart disease could be told she is likely to live until the age of 81 without suffering the same fate. In addition, her percentage risk of a heart attack or stroke would be just 0.9 per cent over the next decade. A 55-year-old diabetic man who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, and has a family history of heart disease, could be told he risks a heart attack or stroke at the age of 67, and has a 30 per cent chance of it happening within 10 years. In contrast, a man of the same age but who does not smoke or have other health problems, could expect to live to 80 years old without any risk of heart problems. The test is most accurate if a person can provide their cholesterol and blood pressure readings. However, if not, the test uses the national averages to determine risk. It is available on the NHS Choices and British Heart Foundation websites, as part of a collaboration between Public Health England and the charity. Professor Kevin Fenton, director of health and wellbeing at Public Health England, said: ‘Too many people are dying prematurely from preventable conditions and there is clear evidence that factors like smoking and high blood pressure play a major role in this. ‘The heart age tool shows that it is never too late to make healthy lifestyle changes, giving people a chance to see the direct impact these changes can have on their heart’s health.’ Simon Gillespie, chief executive of the British Heart Foundation, said: ‘Knowing your risk of developing heart and circulatory disease is crucial to taking control of your health. ‘Armed with this knowledge you can start to make lifestyle changes to help protect yourself against heart attacks and strokes.’ But other experts have urged caution, warning it could push more people to take statins and other medication, putting people at risk of side-effects. Dr Assem Malhotra, honorary consultant cardiologist, at Frimley Park Hospital, told the Telegraph he is concerned the test does not account for basic lifestyle factors, including exercise levels. He said: ‘It is important to help identify those at risk of heart disease, but I really hope this has been properly evaluated; we don’t want to make the same mistakes we have seen in the US, where calculators enormously exaggerated the risks. ‘It is a pretty crude evaluation to only use weight as a proxy for lifestyle.’ As well as estimating heart age and a person’s risk of heart attack and stroke, the free NHS Health Check that accompanies it, gives people an opportunity to take action to improve their lifestyle. It offers advice about how to develop serious but preventable conditions including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and some types of dementia. In 2013, more than 18,000 The test asks people their age, weight and height as well as basic information about their blood pressure, cholesterol and medical history people died prematurely from coronary heart disease. Dawn Bail from Bury, had her NHS Health Check in 2013 and was shocked by the results. She said; ‘I knew I wasn’t the healthiest person but being told “ I was obese and at risk of serious health problems was a real wakeup call. ‘Since then I have completely changed both mine and my husband’s lifestyles, going to the gym regularly and having homemade meals. ‘In fact I was actually looking forward to my last check which showed my BMI to be normal and a fantastic low risk of cardiovascular disease.’ It is available on the NHS Choices and British Heart Foundation websites, as part of a collaboration between Public Health England and the charity. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Compiled By Doyin Ojosipe 2015 Presidential Poll: How and why PDP will lose By Umar Ardo, Ph.D L et me start by saying from the onset that I am PDP. I have always been PDP; and no one can deny me of being PDP. But there are two kinds of PDP – the positive and the negative PDP. I am of the positive PDP who has remained within to fight the negative PDP. It is now obvious that Nigerians are at last ready to get rid of the negative PDP in 2015. I believe it could well be for this purpose that our judiciary failed to determine President Jonathan’s ineligibility status when the latter insisted on contesting the election. Nigerians today want the PDP out of power even more than they had wanted the military out in 1999. The reason is simple; the PDP has wrecked the country in its 6 years in office far more than the military did in its 29 years in power – whether it is on our national unity, politics, economy, corruption, insecurity, infrastructure, crime, dishonesty in leadership, constitutionalism, rule of law, or any other aspect of our national life, the PDP has done worse than the military. So, Nigerians understandably want them out. But wanting the PDP out will not get it out unless and until concrete and determined steps are taken. I see in the formation of the All Progressive Congress (APC) such determined step. The APC itself has taken the appropriate measures to win the presidential election fair and square by fielding in right candidates with mass public support, General Mohammad Buhari (rtd) and Prof. Yemi Osibanjo, as its Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates respectively. This is a sure ticket of guaranteeing electoral victory. The political calculation is easy, and the electoral mathematics is simple; Buhari, more than any politician in the North, commands the support of the Northern populace in the same way as Tinubu, more than any politician south of the Niger, commands the support of the Southwest zone. Therefore, fielding in any other candidate than Buhari could have turned off the North against the party in the same way as how CPC’s fielding in of a Southwesterner other than Tinubu or his nominee as its Vice Presidential candidate in the 2011 presidential election turned the zone against the CPC. Having avoided the mistake of 2011, I believe APC’s victory in 2015 is assured. Mathematically, the electoral forte of the two geopolitical zones of Northwest and Southwest alone put together constitute 46.3% of the national electoral strength, based on the 2011 voters’ register. Driving from the voting pattern of these zones since 1960, the probability of the PDP winning the presidential election in 2015 does not exist. Gen. Muhammadu Buhari The South-west zone has 14,296,163 registered voters, which represents 19.44% of the total number of voters nationwide. In terms of national electoral strength, the zone is number 2. Taking into account the electoral behaviour of the South-west since independence, the zone has proven itself, without exception, of incapable of voting anyone other than its own. In the 1st Republic it voted mainly Action Group in favour of Chief Obafemi Awolowo with about 69% voters’ turnout. In the 2nd Republic, it voted 78.75% of its total votes cast for UPN in favour of Chief Awolowo, with 70% voters’ turnout. In the June 12, 1993 presidential election, the pattern was repeated more or less the same, except that the total percentage of SDP’s votes in favour of Chief MKO Abiola rose up to 84.5% in the zone. In the 1999 presidential election, mainly because the only two candidates for the presidency were both from the South-west, the zone’s voters’ turnout was abysmally low (48.09%) with about 68% of the votes cast to “ APP in favour of Chief Olu Falaye. Also, in 2003 it recorded poor voters’ turnout with 71% of votes cast to Obasanjo’s PDP. In 2011, with no Southwestern candidate fielded by any of the major parties, the South west voted PDP when a functional alliance with the CPC failed to field in Sen. Tinubu or his nominee. Besides, with the vicious experience of AD in 2003 when the PDP Federal Government uprooted its governments in five states of the zone, the Southwest cannot now afford to risk having an opposition PDP government at the federal level again; certainly not after the hard pains and toils of forming the APC. It is therefore existential for the Southwest to vote APC at the presidential election. Like the South-west, the electoral pattern of the Northwest too has shown, without exception, that it does not elect anyone other than its own. This trend includes the much celebrated June 12 presidential election where Chief Abiola was given an average votes cast of 42.9% by the zone. Even this score was unusually high, and should be attributed to the personality profile of Chief Abiola, including his faith. For the record, it should be pointed out that the North-west zone always led the nation in terms of number of registered voters. For the 2011 elections, the zone had 19,803,689, representing 26.93% of the national electoral strength, the highest in the country. With a total of 10,749,059 voters in the 2011 polls, representing 14.62% of the national voters, the North-east zone is the 4th in terms of electoral strength in the country. Although ethnically heterogeneous, it largely shares common history, faith and cultural values with the North-west. These often account for common political stand between the two zones, especially since the advent of Gen. Buhari into the presidential race. On this score, we can confidently assert that the zone will go not less than 65% for Gen. Buhari, as the 2003, 2007 and 2011 polls showed. Added to the fact that Buhari was once the governor of the entire zone, there is a sentimental political attachment to the man that somehow remains through the years. If every vote will count, as the nation expects it to count in 2015, then APC is very much at home in the zone. The North-central has 11,627,490 voters representing 15.81% of the total electoral strength of the country. It is the home of about 65% of what is generically term as “Northern Minorities”. But about 55% of the populace is historically and politically affiliated to the ‘Northern Caliphate Establishment’; and over the years this affiliation has translated into electoral votes for the pro-establishment. In the 2011 presidential election nearly 90% of Niger state’s voters elected Buhari. With Bukola Saraki in the APC, it is certain this factor will reflect in the 2015 presidential election in favour of the APC in Kwara state. Furthermore, the traditional dominant support bases of the PDP, which is the Southsouth, Southeast and the minority North cannot give the party victory. Firstly, the Southsouth has a total of 9,923,219 and Southeast 8,899, 438, which put together, cannot upturn the votes of the Northwest Like the South-west, the electoral pattern of the Northwest too has shown, without exception, that it does not elect anyone other than its own. alone. For the Northern Minorities, certain missteps of the government, the party and some overzealous Niger Delta militants have combined to change the PDP support equation. To all intents and purposes I cannot see PDP winning one single state in the 19 states of Northern Nigeria. How then can PDP, with Goodluck Jonathan and Namadi Sambo as its flag-bearers, and especially with Sambo having no electoral value to his party, as the 2011 general elections had shown, win the election? On the other hand, the APC’s fielding of Buhari is of tremendous advantage on one fundamental front. Judging from his past leadership antecedents, Nigerians are also agreed, arguably, that Buhari is the most honest among the candidates in the country. Gen. Buhari went into public service poor and came out relatively poor. Interestingly, Buhari held more strategic and lucrative public positions capable of turning him into a stupendously wealthy or even wealthier man than most of our wealthy retired public servants today. He was governor of Northeastern state for almost a year, Minister of Petroleum and Chairman of NNPC Board for three and half years, Head of State and Commander-in-Chief for almost two years, and he was Chairman of Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) for three years. This is a clear proof that he had given honest leadership; a vital solution to the current problem of our country. And, as the universal dictum goes, honesty is the best policy. If therefore Nigerians want to resolve the nation’s primary problem, then electing Buhari is the logical solution; it is like placing a round peg is a round hole. Also, very importantly, the most fundamental reasons that made PDP to ‘win’ in 2011 are today no longer there. In 2011, Buhari was all alone by himself, with no key power blog, no governor, no Senator, no Legislator, no funding, etc. supporting his candidacy. Today all these are present in his support. Conversely, in 2011, President Jonathan’s election was supported by key power blogs like Presidents Obasanjo, Babangida, Gen. TY Danjuma, Bola Tinubu, Bukola Saraki, Gov. Ameachi, etc. Today they are all absent. Dr. Umar Ardo PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 28 TIPS Compiled by Isioma Nwabasha Tips for dark skin tones Dark-skinned beauties are now getting prominence everywhere be it in magazine shoots, the runaway and in entertainment circles. The world has finally woken up to the fact that dark is beautiful. If you are blessed with a dark skin, there is a lot you can play around with in terms of makeup. Black skin is incredibly radiant. With a beautiful spectrum of hues and tones, it is no wonder we have many phrases to describe our skin’s resilience and beauty. Ever heard of the phrase, “black don’t crack”? Below are tips for a shiny, luster dark skin I Moisturise f you want to enhance the lighter tone in your skin, then, simply apply a tinted moisturizer or sheer foundation that matches the center of your face and then, use a copper bronzer on the forehead and perimeter of your face. Remember to blend as this will help diffuse the transition between the two tones. Those with dark skin, especially with dryness problems, tend to look ashy if skin is not moisturised properly. After your daily shower, make sure you apply a good moisturiser to keep your face and body well-hydrated. This will give you that clear, glowing dusky look. Acne or pimple scars Dark skin is more prone to have acne or pimple scars. Do not pick at your pimples or any other rashes, as they will show up more on your skin than those with lighter skin. The right foundation While selecting foundation for dark skin tones, the best spot to try it out is not on the back of your hand, but instead, on your forehead and just above your jaw line. Be extremely careful while selecting your shade, as anything that is lighter than your skin tone may end up making you look greyish. More often than not, dark skinned women tend to have an uneven skin tone. They have darker forehead and lighter center, so, in order to get flawless looking skin, we often have to play with few shades of foundation, if you want to get a natural look. Makeup products for dark skin tone The thing to remember, when applying foundation, is that you want to create a seamless finish and gradual transition between the lighter part of the face (which is, usually, the center) and darker parts (which are, usually, the forehead and perimeter). If you want to play a warmer tone, then find a shade that falls somewhere in between the lighter and darker part of your face and apply it everywhere Yes, all over your face because, if you simply apply a foundation that matches only the darker part of your skin (or a lighter part), it simply won’t look natural. Remember, you are trying to even out the two different skin shades. A liquid foundation will work better on your skin than a cream or powder based foundation, as these may end up making your skin look shiny. Dilute your foundation with a bit of water to make it even on the skin. Hydrate and eat a healthy diet. Maintaining a healthy and balanced diet rich with fruits, vegetables and water (eight glasses of water per day) will help you achieve a more youthful appearance. This is because hydrating and eating well helps to keep your skin moist, refreshed and supple which will help it fight wrinkles and blemishes. Eye makeup Dark and metallic eye shadow colours like green, copper, burgundy, purple and brown are great with dark skin, especially if you are wearing them at night. Smoky eyes look good on those with a darker complexion. Make sure you blend it in well, and if you are looking to create that extra effect, add on a pop of colour around the inner corners of the eye. Also, if you are mixing two shades, make sure they are of a similar colour family and complement each other well. Use the lighter of the two shades in the middle to inner part of the eyelids and the darker of the two on the outer edge. Majority of dark skinned ladies have either dark brown or hazel eyes, therefore, the best colours that complement those tones would be deep shades of purple. Dark skin tone Luckily, ladies with dark skin can amazingly pull off lovely golden and bronze tones as well, and, even, turn these tones from a natural day time look into a seductive and elegant night time one, it will always look gorgeous. Lipsticks Selecting colours for dark skin tones is a big task. Dark skinned ladies need to stay away from contrasting colours unless you are trying to look sick, there is, definitely, no reason why somebody with really dark skin tone should wear light nudes on the lips. If you still want to go for a nude lip tone, make sure you choose a colour that is close to your skin tone, which can be brownish shade and, sometimes, even an orangey one; these tones will make you look more natural. Deep shades of lipstick such as plums, wines and deep reds are the best colours for dark skinned girls. Use lip colours like beige, coffee, chocolate, soft pink, plums, berry, burgundy and gold. Stay away from lipsticks with a frosty finish or ones that are too glossy. Blush Shades like dark peach, bronze, deep orange, coral, wine, rose and gold and any darker shade of blush will complement your skin best. Sun screen Just because you have a dark complexion doesn’t mean your skin won’t get affected by the harmful UV rays. This is a common mistake that many dark-skinned beauties tend to make. Choose your sunscreen depending on your skin type. The most effective way to prevent sun damage is daily sunscreen lotion with SPF 30+. You can also use moisturizers and makeup foundation with SPF 30+ sunscreen already added. Powder If your skin is too oily and shiny, it is advisable to use a face powder that is closest to your skin tone and matches best. Remember, black is beautiful, and those with this skin tone have the best canvas to create various looks in terms of style and makeup. Take pride in your complexion, choose your colours well and use the above natural beauty tips and makeup to create stunning looks that are sure to bring in those compliments. Compiled by Miriam Humbe PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 I f you are a recent graduate, or jumping into the workforce after an extended break, your choice of interview attire will be viewed as an indicator of how serious you are about getting the job. Here is a guideline that will help you clinch that dream job. Attire basics • A dark, two-piece, gray, navy or black suit is your best option when interviewing with a conservative company. Compliment it with a light colored blouse or cotton shirt. Steer clear from strapless, spaghetti straps and well-worn tees under the jacket. Women can wear a black suit easier than men because they can lighten the look with a soft colored blouse and accessories. • Pantsuit vs. skirt suit. A pantsuit is generally an acceptable choice for a job interview, although, there are still some exceptions depending on the company. • Tech companies and other casual industries. If the company or industry is known for its casual work environment, such as a laid back tech company, you may choose to tailor down your look without looking unkempt. Slacks and a dressy blouse, or a tailored skirt and blouse worn with a cardigan or light weight sweater are appropriate options. The key is to think in terms of “three pieces”. It’s always better to arrive slightly overdressed than underdressed. • A white or light coloured, tailored shirt is an interview staple. Page 29 Suitable dress to help you grab the job Dress up your look with a necklace or other piece of conservative jewelry. • Hosiery may or may not be optional. A job interview is not the time to take any chances. If you know someone currently employed with the company, ask them about their dress policy. You may also make an effort to drive by the company during a time when employees are entering or exiting the building. If the women are wearing conservative suits and hosiery, it would be in your best interest to do the same. • Shoes. A mid heel, closed-toe pump is a safe choice. Regardless of the current shoe trends, your shoe selection for a job interview should be professional and understated. The exception would apply to a creative position, or a position in the fashion industry where your choice of clothing should reflect the current fashion trends. Details that matter -Leather purse or briefcase; carry one or the other, not both -Manicured nails with a neutral polish -Make up; even minimal makeup is an indicator that you value your professional image -Neatly groomed hair, worn away from the face -Clean and polished shoes (Pay special attention to heels and soles) -Conservative watch with a link or leather band -Black or neutral coloured trench coat (Inclement weather) PAGE 30 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 With Miriam Humbe Serves: 4 Beans porridge and plantain Ingredients 2 Cups Black Eyed Peas- Beans 1/2 Bulb of Onion 3 Tomatoes 1 Fresh pepper 1 Table spoon Ground Crayfish â€“ Optional 3 Cubes of Maggi cube 2 teaspoons of salt 1 teaspoon of dry pepper 2 cooking spoons of palm oil 5 Cups of water Directions Wash the beans (Black eyed peas) for a minute Pour 3 cups of water into the pot and Boil the beans Boil for 15 minutes and add 1 cup of water If the bean is not soft add the last cup of water When the beans has started to make a slight paste, and there is still water (but not covering the beans), add your chopped or blended onions Add your blended tomato and pepper and stir in. Add your salt, dry pepper and 2 cubes of maggi Allow to stew for an extra five minutes Add your blended crayfish powder and stir in. Taste your beans and if it still tastes a little too bland for you, add the extra maggi cube. (As we all have different taste buds and if you are hypertensive, you do not want to much salt in your meals) Allow to simmer for about 3 minutes and add your palmoil. For an extra 2 minutes, allow the palm oil simmer and serve with Fried Plantain, Boiled Plantain, Yam, Rice, Bread, Garri (Cassava flakes) or stand alone. Beans and plantain is a healthy meal full of protein and ideal especially for those on a diet. It is also easy to prepare and tastes so delicious. Get cooking and enjoyâ€Ś.. Cabbage, pear, lettuce and ginger juice Preparation Servings Per Recipe: 1 Amount Per Serving Calories: 110.3 Total Fat: 0.6 g Cholesterol: 0.0 mg Sodium: 18.2 mg Total Carbs: 26.8 g Dietary Fiber: 5.5 g Protein: 2.9 g Ingredients Water (two cups) 1 large wedge green cabbage 2 small pears 1 bunch romaine leaves 1 piece of ginger root How to prepare Servings Per Recipe: 1 Amount Per Serving Calories: 110.3 Total Fat: 0.6 g Cholesterol: 0.0 mg Sodium: 18.2 mg Total Carbs: 26.8 g Dietary Fiber: 5.5 g Protein: 2.9 glike it to be more diluted (though note that when you add ice, it will melt and naturally dilute the lemonade). If the lemonade is a little sweet for your taste, add a little more straight lemon juice to it. Refrigerate 30 to 40 minutes. Serve with ice, sliced lemons. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 31 Relationship Pacing a new romantic relationship T he beginning of a new relationship is often looked upon as the most electric and dizzying; a time when all you can think about is the awesome man/woman in your life. It feels so exciting when you fall in love. New relationships are fragile. If you rush through important intimacy stages, it takes a hit and often ends prematurely. New relationships are about hope, some expectations and fresh feelings. When you have just started dating someone it is very easy to make mistakes and scare the person away. Sure, every relationship is unique, but here are some things to be aware of in this foundling stage which will help your relationship get off to the best possible start. Honesty This is essential in any flourishing relationship. Telling lies or omitting pertinent things about yourself will only lead to problems later on. Laying your habits and everything else that makes you tick on the table is the only way to start a relationship you hope will last a long time. Of course, sometimes little white lies cannot be avoided, but remember the bottom line: Don’t lie about important things. No good can come from saying you come from a rich family when in fact you don’t. When you like someone it is natural that you want reciprocity. You want to gain the person’s approval and try hard to meet his/her expectations and preferences. However, you cannot make a different version of yourself. Sooner or later you will get tired of playing this game and when he/she gets to know your true self, it will break their heart. When you pretend to be someone else, your partner cannot appreciate your real personality. Don’t jump into bed on the first date People get caught up in the passion and wanting to please. But if you have sex early in the relationship, you are giving the most intimate behaviour you can possibly share with someone you hardly know. Although a serious commitment is what you want, but there is no need to pressure her early on. Saying, ‘I love you’ prematurely is a big no-no, as your partner might feel forced to respond or may even reject you on the spot. Any talk of the future, like laying out plans for marriage and kids, can scare a woman off more than your unkempt beards. Show your affection by reaching for her hand as you walk in the mall, touching her arm as you converse across the dinner table and making eye contact when she is talking to you. Don’t feel that you have to display your newfound love right away. Give it space to grow If you have been seeing one another once a week, suddenly spending the weekend together can be too much, too soon. Your relationship just isn’t ready for it. Instead, have dates that gradually increase in length and frequency. The same advice applies if you initially met online. Communicating via e-mail is fast and easy, so you and your partner can begin to feel close very quickly. However, when you live in different cities or states or even farther away having a normal first date can be difficult. You might think that instead of spending a relaxed three hours together, for example, your first date might last the entire weekend. After all, you have both spent a lot of time, money, and energy to travel some distance to meet. Don’t do it! Moreover, don’t let that great build-up of excitement convince you to hop into bed together either. If you do, you may very well break up shortly after the weekend and one or both of you could get hurt. So no matter how you meet, online or off, dignify yourself. Leave your new friend wanting more of you not less. You will be glad you did. Keep your own life People sometimes make the mistake of dropping their friends when a new love enters the picture. Whether you are male or female, it is best to maintain your friendships and family ties, and keep a healthy, balanced amount of activities with those people, even when you are dating someone special. Remember, your romantic mates will come and go before you finally settle with a long-term partner. On the other hand, if you show loyalty and nurture them properly, your friends and family will always be there for you. So treat them with care; don’t blow them off. Be careful when you’re needy If it is Christmas, or New Year’s Eve, or Valentine’s Day, or the anniversary of your last breakup, and you usually feel alone and needy around this time, be careful. Avoid bars, curb your drinking and keep in touch with your common sense. Don’t spill your guts about your ex or your loneliness, and avoid jumping into bed with someone just because he or she is there. Spend time with friends rather than someone too tempting to resist. Never ever try to compare your current partner with your previous ones. Moreover, you should never discuss your previous relationships with your new significant other. It is the easiest way to make him/her suspicious and jealous about all your (fe)male friends, which will surely lead to a breakdown. This rule works both ways. While you should keep silent about your previous guys, try not to ask him about his girlfriends as well. You “ Happy couple don’t really need to know the person’s past to get to know him/ her better, while dating you will have plenty opportunities to see everything with your own eyes. If you meet someone online who quickly becomes intense without even meeting you in person, or if she/he says they love you after knowing you for only a few weeks, take it with a grain of salt. Understand the comments in context; factor in the person’s state of mind before responding. Be respectful, positive, and polite, but keep realistic expectations about your friend and the relationship. The odds of any relationship working out long-term are low, so chances are, this one won’t work either. When you’re realistic in your expectations, you will not be hurt or shocked if your date does a 180-degree turn. Give each other space When you are in a new relationship, all you want to do is spend every waking minute together (often in bed), but despite your new love, it is also important to have interests outside of each other. The time you spend apart allows you to reflect on what is happening and gives you space to fully process your feelings. Spending too much time together doesn’t give you time to miss each other and can eventually be a drain on the relationship. Carve out some solo time to see your own friends and do activities that you love that your partner may not be into. Be open to discussion Communication and being willing to discuss all issues is key to making a new relationship work. If you don’t talk about what is bothering you, it won’t go away. Whether it is sex, family, finances or just his inability to let you finish a sentence, if it bothers you or you feel it is hindering the relationship, you need to discuss it openly and honestly. Take an interest in his/ her work, hobbies, family and past. When your partner is talking Many relationships fail simply because we expect too much from our partners. You are not ideal so it is rather dishonest to expect perfection from someone else. Both of you are human and it is natural that you have some shortcomings and imperfections. A new relationship always gives you a chance to start everything anew. Even though its outcome depends on many factors, you can still do a lot to make a good start. about something, be a careful and active listener. Guys will never tell you that, but they like to be complimented. Compliments will raise his self-esteem and dignity. Say some kind words about his achievements or personal qualities. The more you discuss things in the early stages of your relationship, the easier it will become. Making communication a priority now will only help you in the long run. Fight fair It is inevitable that if you are in a relationship, you are going to fight, but if you want yours to last, you are going to fight fair. This means listening to each other, being open to discussing even the more uncomfortable or frustrating topics and being flexible when things don’t go your way. If you can’t resolve your arguments in the early stages of a relationship, you aren’t going to have much luck doing it as time goes on. Fight fair now so you can learn from each other and figure out the best ways to compromise when disagreements arise. Many relationships fail simply because we expect too much from our partners. You are not ideal so it is rather dishonest to expect perfection from someone else. Both of you are human and it is natural that you have some shortcomings and imperfections. A new relationship always gives you a chance to start everything anew. Even though its outcome depends on many factors, you can still do a lot to make a good start. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 32 A chance encounter with the detective (Part II) ….Continued from last week T he question had the intended effect and jolted the operator. “Y… Yes sir I’m mobilizing a team right now. Can you describe the two men for me please?” “Tall, about 6’1” each. One has a stocky build and the other is lean.” Ibrahim peaked at the men through the space between the door and the changing room wall. “The lean one has a scar across his face. Runs from his left eye, across his nose and all the way down to his lips.” “Thank you sir. Team ETA is in two minutes and counting.” The operator disconnected the call. Ibrahim swiped away the holographic keypad and accessed his phone’s camera. He peered through the space once more and took a couple of pictures before tucking his phone away. Ibrahim turned his gaze towards his new friend, who appeared to be getting agitated and impatient. Such was typical of Nigerians, no matter how nice they were. Time was both an essential and wasted commodity. It was chased after so vehemently and yet so recklessly squandered. Ibrahim checked his watch. One minute and thirty seconds had passed. He heard noises coming from outside the store, followed by distant sirens. Soon, there was a frenzy as a couple of armed mobile policemen stormed inside, loaded with guns. The operator must have given very accurate descriptions, for they immediately trained their guns on the Ibrahim’s followers. “Freeze!!” The apparent team leader yelled. “You must be mistaken!” One of the followers yelled back. “I said freeze! I will shoot you o!” “Look I am going to slowly take out my ID…” There was a loud gunshot and the tension ignited like methane gas. Crowds stampeded out of the store, breaking through the glass structure without fear of lacerations. Ibrahim burst out from the changing room and grabbed his new friend. “We need to go!” He yelled. “What is going on?” The man asked as he ran after Ibrahim, his wife being pulled along. Ibrahim noticed pieces of wood falling from the ceiling where the bullet had embedded itself. The gunshot had been a warning shot. However, as a bullet whizzed by Ibrahim’s head, he quickly realized no more warning shots were being fired. There was an all-out exchange. “Put your head down!” Ibrahim yelled as they got closer to the entrance, where the glass doors had once stood. They climbed over the pile of broken glass remnants and escaped into the crowd. “Stop shooting at us! We think just spotted the real…” Ibrahim was already out of earshot and could not pick up the rest of it. We think. It was good enough. Ibrahim had already detached himself from his two friends. He melted away into the panicked crowd. The huge pyramid-like structure loomed in the distance and grew ever larger as the car drew nearer. The Innoson Bullet whizzed to a stop right outside the huge slab of steel the house utilized for a gate. Ibrahim got out of the car and paid the taxi man his fare. As the Bullet sped off, he turned around and took in the gigantic gate in front of him. It never seized to intimidate him. It never seized to annoy him either. Ibrahim’s eyebrows creased together into a frown, as he walked towards the gate and pressed his palm on the biometric reader embedded on the concrete wall the steel gate latched into. The green screen lightened up as it read his palm features before unlatching the gate. Welcome Master Wada. Master Wada was a phrase used to address him since he could understand what a name meant. Growing up, that phrase had given him a sense of pride and belonging. It had draped him with hope. The hope of growing up. That was years ago. Today, the phrase seemed to convey a rather sarcastic meaning. He was the less important Wada. The boy who could never grow up or out of his father’s shadow, no matter how hard he tried. Ibrahim could sense it in the voices of his university professors, his father’s peers and subordinates and even his family. Now, he feared, he sensed it in a mechanical voice too. Has technology abandoned me too? The gate had rolled back enough for Ibrahim to walk inside. He stepped into a pristine compound with pure white concrete walkways and perfectly trimmed lemon green grass. The grassy fields looked like miniature islands grouped together and surrounded by a sea of white rivulets. The pyramid’s exterior was covered in glass panes that reflected the sun’s rays, and emanated varying wavelengths of light in a dazzling display. It could have been a gigantic prism and in fact, Ibrahim thought of it as such. The house that reveals true colors. Ibrahim, walked up to the front door and knocked. He could hear the voices talking and laughing behind the door and took in a deep breath. Let the judgment begin The door opened and a tall man stood in the doorway. He was slightly taller than Ibrahim and his sharp gaze pierced at him. Ibrahim swallowed and spoke. “Ina kwana mahaifinsa” He greeted his father good morning in their native tongue. “So you finally made time to come welcome me.” His father said in a disappointed tone. “Is that Ibrahim?” It was the voice of his step mother and his father’s second wife. His mother had died two years before he got into college and things had never been the same since. “Ibrahim how could you not come home to welcome your father? You knew he was coming back.” “Ina kwana uwar” Ibrahim said, almost mechanically. Suddenly realizing they had both not let him in, they stepped back and beckoned. “Come inside.” His father said. Ibrahim stepped inside and turned around to close the door. He already felt like leaving. The interior was grandiose. The walls inclined at an angle and rose majestically upwards. Their convergence was cut out of sight by the concrete slab that marked the ceiling of the living room and the floor of the next level which was accessible by a pair of steps on either side of the living room. The stairs zigzagged their way up towards the second floor. The interior of the living room was a sight to behold. The walls were painted a pristine white and the windows were covered with emerald and gold curtains. The center of the marble floor was covered with a huge gold and emerald carpet with a lush and thick texture. Ibrahim walked to an empty couch and sat down. His father and step mother sat on two other couches situated opposite his. “So, how are things going with your studies?” His father asked in the familiar distant tone. “It’s going well. Happy to be graduating soon.” “I hope you will not do anything that’ll postpone the graduation.” His step mother jibbed in. His father completely ignored his encouraging feedback and sipped on a glass of water placed on a small table beside him. Ibrahim slowly clenched his fists to control his anger and flashed a smile that emanated from his skin and no deeper. “I’m sure I’ll graduate in time.” He finally said. “Anyway” His father said as he rose to his feet. “Are you hungry? And how are you financially? I’m sure that’s part of the reason you came.” Ibrahim smiled again and shook his head. His father could barely hide his resentment for him. It had all begun when Ibrahim first showed what was considered his ‘stupid worldly view’. It was a phrase coined by his father to describe his curiosity and tolerance for elements of the ‘western way of life’, including occasionally dating outside of his religion and tribe. His approach to his faith and his essentially open-minded disposition had made him the black sheep of the family. Try as he had, he could never make a positive impression on his father. He had chased after him, presented himself to be judged on more occasions than he could remember and each time, he had fallen short of the acknowledgement he yearned for. Ibrahim took a deep breath. “Father I’d like to speak with you.” “Go ahead. What do you want to say?” “Alone father. Please, it’s very important and private. For your ears only.” “What’s that supposed to mean?” His step mother bellowed. “If you have something to say…” “Then you would kindly excuse us.” Ibrahim said suddenly turning cold. His step mother’s mouth opened but no words came out. “Ibrahim have you gone mad!” His father roared as he stormed back into the living room. Ibrahim shot out of his seat and whirled around to face his father. “Father you need to hear me ou…” A slap raced across Ibrahim’s face cutting off the rest of the words. “You must be an idiot.” His father scolded. A small period of silence followed the thundering sound of the slap which had jerked Ibrahim’s face completely away from his father. “Y…yes. I’m sorry. You are right. I must be.” Ibrahim looked up at his father. “I hope you do not regret not hearing me out… Even now. Then again… who knows, you might not care either way.” “What?” Ibrahim glared at his step mother who was still looking on in shock. “My mom was more of a woman than you will ever be.” And with that, he stormed back out of the house, running towards the gate. He had his biometrics read once more and the gate began to open. “Ibrahim come back here!” His step mother yelled. “Ibra…” “Let him go.” His father cautioned. “When he calms down, he will come back and we will handle this thoroughly.” Goodbye Master Wada. “Shut up!” Ibrahim yelled. He slipped by the moment the opening was big enough for him to do so. As he walked away, he felt a cold metallic object gently tap his cheek. He quickly remembered the audio chip Artemis had given him before they split up. “Nonso, now you understand why I should have never come here. I’m a dead man, and I have nobody.” Ibrahim took off the audio chip and threw it on the ground. He stepped over it and pressed his weight down, crushing it as he walked off. …….End. Naijastories.com PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 33 Romance Fifteen years down the line; still loving him 8:19 pm June 19, 1998 Ikenegbu Layout, Owerri. K athryn walked with careful steps along the lonely dark bushy path. Her feet moved, one after the other, in swift strides; her thoughts maintained an equal pace too. Kathryn’s thoughts alternated between the possible dangers, she’d heard, that lurked in those paths; memoirs of the evening—well spent; and the stern faces she was sure would greet her when she got home. Kathryn prayed her parents would be considerate knowing this was the first time she would return home after her curfew. It only worried her that the curfew had elapsed by more than an hour. The movie Titanic she had gone to watch had started later than its scheduled time. As Kathryn walked, she wondered if an army would have found it an easy task to excuse her from her seat before the tape rolled its last. Kathryn smiled as she remembered a line. “Draw me like one of your French girls.” Rose had said to Jack. Her smile broadened as she remembered the sweaty hand against the window while Jack made love to Rose. Still, Kathryn knew the thrills and romance in the movie had not totally kept her fixed to her seat. The heavily perfumed shirt Simeon wore that evening had numbed her senses. She smiled as she recalled the look of importance on Simeon’s face when he mentioned that the perfume was a gift from an aunt who had returned from The States. “It just might be impossible to find another bottle of it in Nigeria.” Simeon had told her. Kathryn had told him the perfume fitted him well. Though she did not tell him that it lent a cool appeal to his rather brawny personality. The rustling of weeds close by pulled the brakes to her thoughts. Kathryn thought she heard the squeak of rats. And she hoped the rustling sound was nothing more than a large rodent in pursuit of a mate. The thought of mating rodents made her young mind drift back to Simeon. Kathryn assured herself that whatever scare she would have to face as she journeyed home or the beating she guessed her father would unleash would not measure to the joy she had sitting close to Simeon, taking in the smell of his perfume. Maybe not, she mused. She was sure she heard another sound. This time it was not a rustling sound. Kathryn was sure she had heard footsteps. She turned slightly, and she saw them behind her: three briskly walking figures. She was certain they were not friendly and they were all male. Her feet broke into a run and the boys followed after. It took only seconds for a hand to grab at her shoulder and a second more for a slap to send her crashing to the ground. Though her back hurt so bad, Kathryn cared more for the hand that was pulling her skirt down. Kathryn fought hard. But she knew she was no match for the trio, nor for the one who had her straightened on the ground. Yet she knew she had the strength to engage something else in a fight— her thoughts. There was something about the boy on top of her that made her tizzy. The perfume he wore could not be mistaken. It was same as Simeon’s. The perfume Simeon had called—Illusion. 5:41 pm November 22, 2013 Ambrose Giwa Holdings, Victoria Island, Lagos. Kathryn lifted her gaze from the table and the array of files that lay on it, most of them yet to be filled. Her eyes fell on the only clock that graced her office wall. She gazed fixedly on the slow movement of the seconds hand as it made its revolution on the dials. Its tick-tock sound momentarily providing an escape from the thoughts in her head. Her mobile phone on the table rang. Kathryn was grateful for the further distraction. “James,” she said after she pressed the green button on her phone. “Hi, Kathryn,” James’ highpitched, near-feminine, voice rang in her ears. “I was unable to complete the transaction at Planet 10. The bitch whom you warned me about lived true to her reputation.” James lamented. Kathryn smiled as James narrated his ordeal with Agnes. It puzzled her how she had been able to bear Agnes’ madness for the past eight years. It puzzled her more that Planet 10 would keep a quick-tempered secretary for that long. “I’ll come for the others tomorrow morning, first thing in the morning.” James said, giving the conversation a finer direction. “I’m sorry about—“ “No need to be sorry. I know Agnes and her infamous ways of delaying one’s work.” Kathryn said as she returned her gaze to the table, and the waiting files. She beamed. Kathryn was grateful that James was not coming for the files that evening. Most of them were yet to be filled. Kathryn chuckled before she said, “Moreover, the files, the way they are, won’t be of any use to you.” Kathryn whispered when she continued, “I’ve hardly touched them, except one or two.” “What?” “ Kathryn chuckled again. “Don’t worry; they should be ready for you to collect by tomorrow morning.” “Eight o’clock?” “Nine-thirty.” “Nine.” “Deal.” “I hope you don’t want to be another Agnes, do you?” “You never know.” “Don’t dare. It won’t fit you.” “Oh, thanks James. That’s a compliment.” Kathryn said. She could imagine James smiling from ear to ear, more like a little girl would. “Bye, Kathryn.” “Bye.” Kathryn smiled as she dropped her phone on the table. James Salako, a junior colleague, and one she would gladly call a friend. James had been there when she struggled with the pains of losing her mother. James had been there when she had been sick and away from work. He had brought a heap of files, on her request, to her house and they had worked late into the night. James had spent the night at her home. He had slept on the couch in the sitting room. James seemed to have been out of his elements when Kathryn jokingly suggested he shared same No need to be sorry. I know Agnes and her infamous ways of delaying one’s work.” bed with her. In the years she had known him, James had never mentioned dating a lady. Neither did he seem interested in the ladies that swarmed about him. Kathryn could swear that James was gay. Kathryn pushed the files on her table aside and made a fast arrangement of the other items on the table—work was done for the day. As she glanced at the clock, the thoughts that had waned for a while laid siege again. Time to get this over and done with, she mused as she raised a mirror to her face and dabbed on a bright red lipstick. Kathryn stood from her chair, picked up her handbag and walked towards the door. She planned to make a brief stop at her house before heading to Claire’s restaurant. She was meeting with Simeon for the first time after that night at the cinema fifteen years ago. Kathryn chose not to call it a date. Simeon was now married. As she closed the door behind her, Kathryn wondered if fifteen years had not been too long a time to wait. Naijastories.com PAGE 34 B a c k P age Col umn PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 May your road be rough, Dasuki (II) Contd From Back Page their chieftains and operatives. The squabbles between the different agencies have been a problem from the start. But the much bigger problem is whether some of them really want an end to the problem. It is being said, and there are some hints, though no real evidence, that one of the security agencies has a unit that also plays the terror game, bombing and shooting, as part of an agenda either to keep the money flowing or to deepen the schisms in the country and thereby hasten its break-up. The NSA shouldn’t completely dismiss such talks, or the more plausible one that there are rouge elements within the agencies who are deriving huge benefits from the insecurity situation in the country and, therefore, want it to continue. ******************** In the few weeks since the new NSA assumed duty, there has been no let in the Nigerian State’s oppressive and brutal conduct in its handling of the nation’s insecurity challenges. It seems, in fact, that while Dasuki is preaching peace, advocating dialogue with and extending the olive branch to the insurgents, the security operatives in the field are busy trying to beat their own terrible record in savagery and bestiality and set a new one. Consider the situation in troubled Plateau State. Not done with the senseless Shooting, killings, brutalising and sacking village and settlements in especially parts of Barkin Ladi and Riyom loca government areas of the State — inhabited largely by Fulanis — our armed forces have now taken to the air and have, in the last two weeks, according to reliable reports, conducted two air raids, using helicopter gunships, that left in their wake, countless dead bodies, hundreds of dead cows and animals and flattened Fulani villages and settlements in these parts of the state. As if it this is not bad enough, the Joint Task Force in Plateau last Saturday, and, later, the Defence Headquarters in Abuja itself, served a 48-hour notice on residents of some villages, including Mahanga, Kakuruk, Maseh and Shong — largely Fulani settlements — to move out of these villages, “with their properties”, because the armed forces have planned and would be conducting a full-scale military operation in the areas. Move out to where, the JTF and the Defence Headquarters are not saying and are not interested. Imagine! In the year of the Lord 2012, the Nigerian State is ordering its own citizens, against their will and not in any situation of natural disaster or emergency, to vacate the homes and villages where they have always lived, tilled the land, raised families, reared cows and animals, established and run businesses and trades and generally eked out a living, and where their own ancestors had also lived and died — the only homes and villages they know as and can rightly call their own. Even in this widely acknowledged land of impunity, this order has gone way over the top. No provision in our constitution and no law in any of our statutes permit such forcible removal of whole communities from their land. And collective punishment, which is what this quit order and the daily attacks and harassments of groups and communities by the JTF amount to, is a crime under both national and international laws — and, far from solving the problems of insurgency and militancy, it only compounds them, as resort to it by past regimes here in Nigeria amply show. Recall Odi. But what is even worse in this affair is that this draconian order has been targeted at a particular ethnic group, against which, it is all too obvious, the Nigerian State has taken sides in a quarrel between ethnic groups, and which it has, therefore, profiled, labelled and adjudged the aggressor, the terrorist and the guilty party in the crisis. Obviously, the JTF men and their superiors are encouraged in their savagery and acts of impunity by the resignation and lack of protest by the affected groups and other Nigerians, as well as the acquiescence of some powerful forces in especially the North. But, in case they don’t know, ethnic cleansing is clearly indicated in most of what they are doing. And the shootings, killings, burning and sacking of whole settlements and villages of a particular group, on account — as in this Plateau case — largely of its ethnic origin and religion, may well ground charges of genocide and crime against humanity, which may see our leaders, including the Commander-in-Chief himself, standing trial at the International Criminal Court, one day. Given that both the quit order and the declaration of full scale military action against Nigerian citizens were issued by the Defence Headquarters itself, it may be that that was what was decided by the National Security Council which met last week but kept mum about what was discussed and agreed at the meeting. The government may keep deluding itself that the crisis in Plateau is a peculiar one requiring a special treatment. But what the quit order and the intended collective punishment tell us about the government’s handling of the country’s insecurity situation is that Azazi’s departure has not brought about a change in either perspective or approach, that his standard manual which prescribes a mascular approach is what is still being followed, in spite of its many inadequacies. And this opens the door upon some very important questions about the new NSA. Did Dasuki go along with the decisions to issue those villagers a quit notice and carry out full scale military operation in their villages? And the new wave of killings, air attacks, burning and sacking of villages and settlements in Plateau state and elsewhere — do the orders for such acts emanate from his office? How much control does Dasuki have over the JTFs operating in some of the Northern states? Is he really in charge? Is what we are seeing an indication that the military top brass, notably the Service Chiefs and ranking Generals — with their obsession with ranks — are not, or are yet to bring themselves to be deferring to him as the president’s security czar? And is the new NSA worthy of our trust and confidence? With time, maybe, Dasuki will take full charge and reveal his hands. But these questions give some cause for concern, “ especially when they are viewed against the backdrop of the fact that he has also come to office with some baggages. Consider, for instance, his past as a military officer — a past that features blind loyalties and coupmaking. The young Dasuki was an archetypal “IBB Boy” — one of blind devotees of General Ibrahim Babangida who in August 1985 sacked General Buhari to become Nigeria’s military president, and to whom Dasuki was ADC for some time. Many wonder if he has — and Dasuki, now in his late fifties, really needs to show that he has, in fact — outgrown his days as an “IBB Boy” and so deserves to be trusted by all interests to protect the realm for the common good. In particular, many will watch to see whether Dasuki’s legacy of coup-making against fellow Sokoto aristocrat, Shehu Shagari, and General Buhari, or his sacking and that of his father as Sultan of Sokoto by the now deceased General Sani Abacha, would come into play in the conduct of his office. Especially as Buhari is now a major factor in the Nigerian drama, with Abacha’s ambitious son also a leading state politician in the same political party. In fact, the thinking in some quarters is that Dasuki was chosen as a counterpoise to General Buhari. The way Dasuki chooses to act or not act will say a lot about the sort of person he is, or isn’t. Colonel Dasuki’s choice as NSA by Jonathan follows a familiar tradition of reserving the job for only serving or retired military or police officers. In the evolution of our national security apparatus, no real civilian expert has ever led it, except perhaps for three months under President Shagari. This has meant that the apparatus has had to operate within the structures and rigidities of military-police authoritarian ethos. Even if Dasuki succeeds, and we hope does, it is high time that we as a nation begin to think conceptually, laterally and vigorously, and stop seeing national security as primarily about cloak and dagger effort in the pursuit of regime stability or preservation, or the office of National Security Adviser as the exclusive fief of serving or retired soldiers and policemen. It is time we shed the stifling legacies of the military state by embracing a more inclusive conception of national security that sees as its chief purpose the pursuit and defence of the wellbeing and prosperity of the largest possible number of our citizens at home and abroad. This, clearly, is not a task which only soldiers and policemen are best placed to lead. Indeed, such transformative or nationbuilding approach to national security is one that can best be realized under a civil democratic leadership. So, as is often the case in the United States, for example, we should have at the head of our national security bureaucracy civilian experts who are more likely to embrace fresh The young Dasuki was an archetypal “IBB Boy” — one of blind devotees of General Ibrahim Babangida who in August 1985 sacked General Buhari to become Nigeria’s military president, and to whom Dasuki was ADC for some time. Many wonder if he has — and Dasuki, now in his late fifties, really needs to show that he has, in fact — outgrown his days as an “IBB Boy” ideas and stimulate the kind of change which the dynamics of the modern democratic state requires. Dasuki may find useful, and use, Azazi’s suggestions in the latter’s national security strategy review, especial as this relates to the issue of human development of national security personnel and citizen participation, as opposed to the obsession with esoteric concepts, brutal practices and bureaucratic power struggles. But Dasuki would do well, in his and the nation’s interest, to steer well clear, for now, of the Strategic Security Alliance with the United States that his predecessor was canvassing. The proposal must be subjected to serious thinking and analysis to determine what its real nature and purpose will be, how Nigeria stands to benefit from it, who is to pay for what in the alliance, what traps and pitfalls may lie therein and whether Nigeria will not be served better if the main focus of the alliance is to get the U.S. assist Nigeria to solve the fundamental causes of insecurity instead addressing only its symptoms. The experiences of other countries that struck such an alliance with the U.S. can be a good guide. As part of any systematic approach to reform of Nigeria’s security and intelligence apparatus and practices, Dasuki must seek to forge a new national consensus on the kind of security our society requires; and also make careful strategic planning and pre-emption as its defining hallmarks. Across our nation-state and beyond its borders an array of problems and threats abound that requires new thinking and renewed efforts. Such problems as inept and corrupt leadership, institutional sloth, feeble policies, slack and shady justice regime, flawed education system, poor work ethics, joblessness, white-collar crimes, rapid population growth, resource depletion, environmental abuse, poor healthcare, pathetic infrastructures, and weak democratic and civic culture broadly define, shape and reshape not only our security environment, but also our global economic competitiveness. The nexus or interplay of all this in turn spawns or accentuates pervasive corruption, governmental failure, poverty, social inequalities, rural-urban drift, urban squalor and decay, the spread of diseases, mass alienation, drug and small arms trafficking, youth resistance, urban violence, communal conflicts, refugee crisis, and cross-border crimes, all of which impede our economic prosperity and threaten our national and regional stability. Obviously, therefore, an essential step out of our current morass will be to develop and resolutely pursue an inclusive, coherent and long-range set of geo-political and socio-economic strategies that will identify, advance, secure and safeguard our national security interests at national, regional, continental and global levels so that we are always well-placed to deal with existing or emerging security threats. Such an endeavour requires of Dasuki, as of all our élites, just and wise leadership; as well as clarity of imagination and purpose that cuts through the transformational waffle of the regime he now serves. The nature of his office also requires he stays above the rough and tumble of party politics, as well as resists any urge to let his own past cloud his official judgment and conduct. Meanwhile, as both Dr Mohammed and General Azazi repair home to the embrace of their families and life in the political wilderness, I offer Sambo Dasuki my very sincere and simple prayer: may his road be rough. Concluded PAGE 35 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Hollywood Kelly Clarkson returns to ‘American Idol’ K elly Clarkson is returning to American Idol for an episode. She will appear on Wednesday, April 1 and will not only be performing, but will act as a mentor for the contestants. After Kelly won the very first season in 2002, beating Justin Guarini with 58 percent of the votes, she went on to release seven albums, won three Grammy awards, and broke a whole bunch of records. Her first single, “A Moment Like This”, possibly the most quintessential American Idol performance in the show’s history, went from number 60 on the charts to number one, breaking a record set by The Beatles in 1964. It went on to be the number one single of 2002. Her recent album, Piece by Piece, was released on February 27, and its lead single, “Heartbeat Song,” made it to the top 40 on the Billboard 100. Clarkson hasn’t stayed away from Idol since she won and has appeared on the show a few times as a performer. She has also been a guest mentor on several singing shows in the past, including The Voice and Canadian Idol. Griffin leaves Fashion Police after 7 episodes U ltimately, Comedienne Kathy Griffin and Fashion Police were not the right fit. She is leaving the E! show after seven episodes as host, having replaced the late Joan Rivers in January. “We can confirm that Kathy Griffin is leaving E!’s Fashion Police. We wish her all the best and are grateful for her time on the show, as well as the many laughs that she gave us all. Fashion Police will return, as scheduled, on Monday, March 30, at 9 p.m. with our talented co-hosts Giuliana Rancic and Brad Goreski, and executive producer Melissa Rivers,” the network said in a statement. ‘No further information is available at this time.’ Ashanti opens up on break-up with Nelly S S ‘A new album is not my priority now’ inger Ashanti may have taken a break from the music scene for a while, but the R&B diva definitely has her hands full. The 34-year-old star sat down with talk show host, Meredith Vieira, to discuss two big things that have affected her life recently, dealing with a longtime stalker and breaking up with fellow hip-hop performer, Nelly. “We were talking in the beginning of the show all you have been going through with this man, this stalker. The way you handled it to me is very impressive. This is a man, just to remind the audience, he started stalking you, your family in 2003, 2009 he went to prison for a couple of years, has since come out and has continued the behaviour.” Ashanti responded, “It is not fun, it is a little kooky. It is annoying to continue to take-off from what I have to do with work for court and stuff. I think we have to go back to court again this month and I am not thrilled at all.” Another big move in her personal life was parting ways with her rapper beau after 10 years of dating. The duo called it quits last year, and while the nitty-gritty details behind their split were never really revealed, the singer explains to Vieira that it basically came down to trust. “I think sometimes when people have their own insecurities it allows them to act out of character. I have been betrayed. Again, you just have to grow up and accept responsibilities for the things that you do. I am not a fan of people being cowards. I think it is important to know yourself and understand what you want and get it. I’m in a different place right now.” uper star, Britney Spears, said her fans should not expect a new album now. “I am gonna do a new album slowly, but surely. There is a lot going on with my kids and schools and, you know, adding new sports and stuff like that. I am gonna try to do my best to do an amazing album, but it is not my full priority right now,” the 33-yearold pop star tells the new issue of Billboard magazine. “Right now we are just concentrating on putting out a few great singles as they come. We are not really talking seriously about a new album yet. Albums just aren’t as important in the digital age as they used to be. Britney will get to one eventually, but not right now,” Spears’ manager, Larry Rudolph added. One of Spears’ upcoming singles may be her collaboration with Iggy Azalea. When asked when their song will finally be released, she said “You will have to wait and see. It is really exciting.I saw her song on TV and I was like I love that video. I wanna work with her.’ And it was really weird, because a week after that her manager was like, ‘She is a huge fan of yours.’ I was like, ‘Let us do something together, so it worked out.” PAGE 36 Celebrity gists Tony Bennett to sing at Lady Gaga’s wedding M usic legend, Tony Bennett, has announced that he will sing at pop star, Lady Gaga’s wedding to Taylor Kinney. According to him, “they invited me to do it and, of course, I will,” he told The New York Post. He declined to divulge any details about the nuptials, saying “All I know is, knowing Lady Gaga, it will be fabulous.” Kinney proposed on Valentine’s Day with a heart-shaped diamond ring designed by Lorraine Schwartz. In an Instagram post, Gaga said her ‘favourite part’ of the ring is having their initials, T and S, written in white diamonds on the band. “He always called me by my birth name since our very first date,” wrote Gaga, whose birth name is Stefani Germanotta. “I’m such a happy bride-to-be! I can’t stop smiling!!” Neither Gaga nor Kinney has revealed a wedding date. The celebrity couple began dating in 2011 after meeting on the set of Gaga’s “Yoü and I” music video. The Born This Way Singer also expressed a desire to become a mother. “I want to have tons of kids, actually. I think at least three. I really want to have a family and I want to nurture my children and inspire [them]. To be honest, having my own kids will be like having three Little Monsters with me all the time. They probably won’t be fans. They’ll probably, like, hate my music. Who knows?” PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 I was raped in New York -Madonna M adonna may be one of the biggest pop stars in music history, but long before selling out arenas and millions of albums, she was just a girl with a dream who wanted to make it big in New York City. In a candid new interview with Sirius XM’s Howard Stern Show, the Rebel Heart singer opened up about her big move from the Midwest to New York City. “First I was in shock, I didn’t know a soul, I was saying hi to people on the streets like a dork.” And as months passed by, her apartment kept getting robbed, leaving her with very few items, one of the scariest events, however, happened when her friendliness got her into a difficult situation. “I was going to a dance class and the door was locked and I needed money for the payphone. A man gave it to me, he was a very friendly guy. I trusted everybody.” The unnamed person persuaded Madonna to make her phone call across the street where he lived. What came next was most horrifying. “I was raped. The first year I lived in New York was crazy.” Glennie, Harris win Polar Music prize S cottish virtuoso percussionist, Dame Evelyn Glennie, and US country singer, Emmylou Harris have been named 2015 Laureates of the Polar Music prize. They will receive their awards from Sweden’s King Carl XVI at a ceremony in Stockholm on June 9. Dame Evelyn, who has been profoundly deaf since the age of 12, said she was ‘humbled and inspired’ to be awarded the music version of the Nobel Prize. Harris, a 13-time Grammy winner, said she was ‘surprised and honoured’. Evelyn, who played at the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, was the first person in history to have a full-time career as a solo percussionist. “This award is so interesting, because it is recognising many musicians from different musical backgrounds.” Since the Polar Music Prize was founded by Abba manager and lyricist Stig Anderson in 1992, it has honoured musical achievements and boundary breaking. Harris, from Birmingham, Alabama, has recorded more than 25 albums over four decades and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008. She has collaborated with artists from Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons to Willie Nelson and Beck and is the subject of the 2012 song, Emmylou by Swedish folk duo, First Aid Kit. Dame Evelyn has released more than 30 solo albums, has won three Grammys and has played with the world’s most prestigious orchestras. “To be chosen from so many deserving people, from all genres of music, only makes me want to work harder, to make a difference and to rise to the occasion. There is no such thing as total deafness. If the body can feel, that is a form of hearing. Sound is vibration, that’s what it is.” Previous winners of the Polar Music prize include Sir Paul McCartney, Chuck Berry, Patti Smith and Youssou N’Dour. As well as their trophy, Harris and Evelyn will each be awarded 1 million Swedish krona (£78,560). Toyin Aimakhu produces first English movie T op Yoruba actress, Toyin Aimakhu, is producing her first ever English movie titled ‘Super Star’. The new flick features Comedian Ushbebe and MMMG’s Tekno among others. Tekno is playing the role of Toyin’s son. Her Alaakada movie has been rated one of the best in recent times and mostly rated after Funke Akindele’s Jenifa. The movie is produced by Tony Abulu, who produced the 2013 top Nigerian movie, “Doctor Bello. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 37 Ent e r t ain m en t Sam Smith, John Legend Halima release song for Comic Relief Abubakar set to S release look book N ollywood actress, Halima Abubakar, has announced that she will soon be releasing a bio book/look book. She shared a few pictures on her Instagram and captioned them ‘These are pics I love from my bio book/look book coming soon, with my movies under my production company modehouz. I won’t address any more negativity again. This is me.’ Another picture was captioned ‘I don’t like to hide my flaws, cos dem plenty… But regardless of how anyone feels, I am super confident, happy in my thick skin and at peace. This my tummy, I show you all, so the tummy jokes should stop…I am amazing, and if you don’t see that well check your eyes and stop judging.’ inger Sam Smith has recorded a special version of his single, Lay Me Down with John Legend for this year’s Comic Relief. The Brit Award winner recorded the single in Los Angeles with Legend earlier this year. The singers will perform the ballad during Comic Relief: Face the Funny on Friday, March 13 on BBC One. The one-off performance will be broadcast live from the London Palladium and a digital download of the special track has been released ahead of their performance. Smith said: “Lay Me Down h o l d s a very special place in my heart. Not only did I perform it at the Brits, I am now going to perform it live on the Red Nose Day show with the extremely talented John Legend. “I recently visited a Comic Relieffunded project in my hometown which supports the young LGBT community in London. I am extremely proud that my single will help raise money for projects like this and many others in the UK and across Africa.” Legend said: “Sam is such a talented artist and we have been looking forward to working together for a while now. I am so glad we could collaborate on such a great song and for such a g r e a t cause.” All the profits from the sale of the single will go to Comic Relief. ‘I didn’t know my hubby well before getting pregnant’ S inger Omawunmi, who is expecting her second child, told a national daily that did not know her now husband too well before getting pregnant for her first baby, saying that was the main reason why it a while for them to tie the nuptial knot. According to the love nwantiti crooner, ‘‘we wanted to make sure that we were getting married for the right reasons. That is the best way I can explain it. We were in love before we had a child together and we were still seeing each other after I gave birth to my first child. We wanted to be sure that we were truly in love because we really did not have time to get to know each other before I got pregnant. When I got pregnant, he did the manly thing by supporting me. We did not want to get married until we were very sure that it was what we wanted. I would have felt bad if we got married because we have a child together and end up hating each other eventually. We had to be sure it would work out and I am very happy that it worked out.’’ John Mayer talks about ex-girlfriend, Taylor Swift J ohn Mayer isn’t afraid to talk about Taylor Swift. The musicians dated briefly in 2010 and it didn’t end well. Swift penned the song “Dear John” for her 2010 album, Speak Now, and Mayer responded with “Paper Dolls” on his 2013 album, Paradise Valley. Rather than ignore his ex’s influence on pop culture, however, Mayer gave the singer-songwriter credit during an interview for MSNBC’s 7 Days of Genius special. According to Mayer, it is ‘really cool’ to have someone of Swift’s stature take a stand against Spotify. “Artists need the person with the loudest voice to speak for them,” the “Half of My Heart” rocker explained. The “Bigger Than My Body” singer said he is not worried that artists like Swift and Kanye West have more influence than he does. “Nothing bothers me anymore. There are going to be times when I make music as popular or as empirically value as that in terms of making pop music that won’t sell as many copies. I am fine with that. “All we’re talking about is being honest with yourself and what to ask for in this life. I put out a song called ‘Paper Doll.’ The song never got listened to as a song. It became a news story because of the lyrics.” PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 38 OUR MISSION “To be the market place of ideas and the leading player in the industry by putting the people first, upholding the truth, maintaining the highest professional and ethical standards while delivering value to our stakeholders” OUR PEOPLE Chairman Malam Wada Maida, Oon, Fnge Director/Editor-in-Chief Rufa’i Ibrahim Editor, Daily Hameed M. Bello Chief Operating Officer Ali M. Ali Deputy Manager, Production Abdul-Rauf Musa Acting Editor, Weekend Lawal Sabo Ibrahim Manager, administration Hassan Hammanyaji Head, Lagos Bureau Adesoji Oyinlola “To be a reputable, profitable, innovative and technologically reliant media company offering world class services and products” ISSUES Insult Tinubu but not his politics WRITE TO US Jude Egbas I t is Tinubu-bashing-season by the opposition and a prudish society all over again and it only goes to show how much of a factor Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu has become in our polity since he returned from a Sani Abacha induced exile in the 90s. As a caveat, I have never been a fan of the man. In 1999, minutes after he was elected governor of Lagos State, my elder sibling (Ken Egbas) and I drove to his apartment in Alausa, Ikeja, where a crowd of well-wishers was milling and felicitating with him. Dad was one of those who had helped elect Tinubu governor by working on a grassroots campaign for the Alliance for Democracy (AD) in Ojo Local Government Area and he was paying Tinubu a visit as were hundreds of others. Ken and I were there to meet dad of course. We pumped hands with the governor-elect of Lagos State as he sat glum on a chair in his living room, barely acknowledging our handshakes or presence. It is the closest I have ever been to the man and I have never looked forward to another meeting with him since that standoffish display in Alausa. He was a lousy governor as well and I still consider his eight-year stint a colossal failure. But over the years, I have watched with keen interest as Asiwaju’s political nous blossomed and how his stock has risen. I have become a fawning student of his brand of politicking—taking notes as he held the reins of the AD, grew the party to the Action Congress and Action Congress of Nigeria and applauding as he left an arm across the geopolitical zones to forge what has become the All Progressives Congress, Nigeria’s most formidable opposition party since the days when the SDP and NRC held sway. I have watched as Tinubu has gone for the best heads to pilot the affairs of states under the control of the APC from Lagos, to Osun, to Ekiti and Edo. He may be an annoying, interloping and meddlesome godfather but he is the kind of godfather whose talent-spotting ability our country pines for at this time of a surfeit of clueless Peoples Daily Weekend welcomes your letters, opinion articles, text messages and ‘pictures of yesteryears.’ All written contributions should be concise. Word limits: Letters - 150 words, Articles - 750 words. Please include your name and a valid location. Letters to the Editor should be addressed to: The Editor, Peoples Daily, 1st Floor Peace Plaza, 35 Ajose Adeogun Street, Utako, Abuja. Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] leadership. When Obasanjo raided the south west in 2003 to cart home states for the Peoples Democratic Party with all the federal might and slush funds at his disposal, Tinubu impeded his foray into Lagos and preserved the nation’s commercial capital for the opposition. Obasanjo withheld local government funds from Lagos in a bid to asphyxiate the state economically, but Tinubu would not budge. Two election cycles after, he retrieved most of the states from the ruling party’s clutches and annexed some more for his party. He was on a roll of some sort. He “ read the political signs correctly at every opportunity and moved in with the sublime dexterity of a facile artist. To his credit, the behemoth that was once the PDP has been cut to size and now stares defeat at the presidential poll in the face. You don’t move from a governor of a political party with control of just one cosmopolitan state in the south west, to the national leader of a political party with more than a dozen states in its grip, by playing schoolboy politics. Tinubu has earned his epaulet and should be applauded for giving the PDP a run for its tainted money as the nation To his credit, the behemoth that was once the PDP has been cut to size and now stares defeat at the presidential poll in the face. You don’t move from a governor of a political party with control of just one cosmopolitan state in the south west, to the national leader of a political party with more than a dozen states in its grip, by playing schoolboy politics. heads to the ballot in a few weeks. His understanding of the media is second to none as well. So, you can understand why the ruling party has become a television documentary expert. It is easy to situate PDP’s desperate politicking in recent times within the context of the foregoing. The tables are turning faster than anyone would have predicted and the incumbent president stares certain defeat in the face. The ruling party is up against a machinery cobbled by Tinubu but which now has several drivers at the steering wheel. The opposition APC has morphed from a regional party to a national one. When the story of this republic is told, it would be difficult to blot out Tinubu’s role in shaping same. These are exciting times all over again in our national politics because we have been bequeathed with two presidential candidates running neck-in-neck on account of the spread and clout of the political parties backing them both. Tinubu may be a corrupt ‘so and so’ and the landlord of all of Lagos like that beer-parlour inspired documentary has portrayed him to be, but he has built something of a political movement all the same. This is why more people are always willing to hold their noses and append their votes for whoever he endorses. His disdain for internal democracy and his corrupt disposition have been well documented over the years and have been brought to the fore by the ruling party, but it is an indictment on the federal government and the justice system that the man isn’t cooling his heels in jail for all his graft and rent-seeking tendencies as has been alleged. For all his failings and shortcomings, it has to be said that the Lion of Bourdillon has proven himself a political maverick of some acclaim. Casting aspersions on his person through video documentaries isn’t likely to torpedo that. For this, the PDP will require another tool. Egbas posted this article on Ekekeee.com PAGE 39 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Opinion Girl-child abuse and matters arising By Nda-Ali Fatima I n recent times, perhaps due to abject poverty in the country, people now use any available alternative for survival. In some families, the effect of poverty is severe. But no matter the hardship being faced, there are some alternatives that should not be made use of, as the consequences inherent may be more severe than the benefits it may bring to those who see them as the best way out. For instance, what will it benefit parents who maybe out of poverty send their daughters to work as house maids who will in return bring money to sustain the family? This is what poor families, especially in semi-urban or villages have resorted to, giving out their teenage daughters to sometimes complete strangers as house help. That teenage girls get pregnant on a daily basis is no longer news, what is news is the alarming rate at which they get pregnant and its spiral effects on these girls aged 13 to 17. One has witnessed what some of these girls go through the emotional trauma, loneliness, harsh treatment, sexual harassment among others. Recently, a 16-year old girl, Fadila Inuwa, was impregnated by the son of her master where she works as a house maid and painfully, the boy denied being responsible. To worsen the situation, the parents of the girl asked her to leave their house. “We did not send you to bring pregnancy for us,” the mother shamelessly said in their native language. While some people have attributed this to the increasing rate of poverty, I think most parents are becoming irresponsible. Why should it always be the girl-child that will be asked to “ drop out of school to hawk or become a house maid just to fend for the family? Why wouldn’t parents send to male children to work as house boys? We should understand that girls are generally vulnerable to societal evils. It has almost become a tradition where if a family is faced with the difficulty of sending children to school and some have to give way for others, it is always the female children that are asked to make this huge sacrifice. We should understand the importance It has almost become a tradition where if a family is faced with the difficulty of sending children to school and some have to give way for others, it is always the female children that are asked to make this huge sacrifice. of education to the girl-child. We have heard the saying that “if you educate a girl, you educate a nation, but if educate a boy, you educate an individual.’ In most poor homes even where there are male children, it always the girl-child that hawks to sustain the family. Even though many things can be attributed to poverty, parents should always consider the eventualities of these things. Majority of young girls that have been sexually harassed were not given sex education and how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases by their parents. Honestly speaking, these issue needs to be seriously addressed. The government should make sure that girl-child education is prioritised by making their education free and initiate awareness programmes on the effect of early pregnancy. Government should also provide counselors in primary and secondary schools to give advice to teenage girls and show them the effect of illicit affairs with the opposite sex at an early stage. It is the responsibility of parents to teach their children sex education early, especially the girl-child. Fatima is a 400-level Mass Communication student of IBB University Lapai Why Jonathan deserves second term By Wilfred Ozor I n the history of Nigeria, President Goodluck Jonathan ranks among the most committed in terms of uniting the nation. Forget the propaganda of the opposition and the mischief of the disgruntled former members of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Jonathan has the most diverse cabinet, electing to appoint more people from other parts of the country rather than his own ethnic group. Unlike in the past when heads of state and presidents always gave certain key positions to their kinsmen, he bucked the trend by making critical appointments, especially in security and finance, from across the nation. Federal projects and appointments are evenly spread. Jonathan’s desire is to see a country where people talk less about sectional issues but focus more on one indivisible nation. He demonstrated his belief in uniting and strengthening Nigeria by successfully convening the National Conference in 2014. In spite of a very demanding and unforgiving schedule, he has earned the reputation of a public administrator, who shows more than a passing interest in the practical side of the work of his administration. Those who work closely with him often marvel at the barrage of questions he asks them concerning the progress of projects being executed. Commenting on the administration’s initiative to reform sports after Nigeria’s failure at the 2012 Olympics, former Minister of Sports and Chairman, National Sports Commission, Malam Bolaji Abdulahi, said in a media interview: “We were lucky we have a president that understands the significance of sports and he immediately convened a retreat. It was the first time ever that sports will be getting that level of attention at the highest level of political authority in Nigeria”. Anybody who listens to the opposition will conclude that they have the magic wand to solve Nigeria’s problems. They criticize virtually every programme and policy of the Jonathan administration. They promise that if elected into power, they will solve Nigeria’s problems. Charity they say begins at home. The governors that were elected on the platform of the opposition – or those who defected to the party along the line – can hardly claim to have solved the problems of their states. How many of them have transformed healthcare and education in their states? How many have vigorously fought corruption in their states? How many of them have created jobs for unemployed youths? How many have done rural electrification? When the president decided to establish 12 new universities some years ago, you would have concluded that he had committed a crime. His opponents came roaring in simulated disgust. Some said he should just ‘improve’ the standards of the existing universities and forget “ about establishing new ones. There are three major problems confronting university education in Nigeria today: one, insufficient capacity to take new students; two, lack of funding; three, insufficient teaching capacity. Jonathan is taking a holistic approach to address the problems by increasing student intake capacity (and freeing the streets of thousands of admission seeking students), doubling funding of universities and improving the capacity of lecturers through retraining and further education. That to me is foresight. The President has launched an industrial revolution plan to turn Nigeria into a manufacturing hub in Africa. Nigeria will soon start exporting rice and producing cars. A clear analysis of the antecedents of the incumbent shows that any support given to him will be in the interest of Nigerians, justifiably, this support is based on a number of measurable achievements which actually puts it ahead of other aspirants. To start with, the With the seven percent yearly growth in our economy, massive job creation has been witnessed. Our airports have been given facelifts making them worthy gateways into the nation. Our roads are receiving attention like never before. For the first time ever, apart from the short period the late Yar’Adua was at the helm of affairs, democratic principles have been allowed to gain proper foot hold. result of his integrated agricultural approach, wherein value chain is put on the front burner has revolutionised agriculture. The result is that rice production has quadrupled within a very short period. Essentially, under Jonathan, food production has grown by 70 percent. Massive foreign investment has been recorded as never seen before in the annals of this country. In the education sector, Jonathan’s administration has recorded tremendous progress in meeting the UNESCO framework which says that at least, “25 percent of a nation’s budget must be channeled towards education”. This administration would score distinction based on the priority it accords the education sector. With the seven percent yearly growth in our economy, massive job creation has been witnessed. Our airports have been given facelifts making them worthy gateways into the nation. Our roads are receiving attention like never before. For the first time ever, apart from the short period the late Yar’Adua was at the helm of affairs, democratic principles have been allowed to gain proper foot hold. Naturally endowed with patience and humility, Jonathan has allowed criticism which is the hallmark of democracy to thrive under his watch. Of all the presidential aspirants, and all those who ever ruled us, he has had more tutelage on the tenets of democracy. Jonathan remains Nigeria’s best choice and the man to beat. Nigerians should realize that this election is about their welfare, they must guard their votes. Nigerians at this point cannot afford to make progress with a reverse gear. Jonathan is the only presidential candidate imbued with the tenets of democratic attributes. Ozor, a public analyst, contributed this piece from Udi in Enugu State. PAGE 40 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Comment Can someone call Dame Patience to order? By Kanayo Esinulo “The Yes man is the enemy, Your friend will always try to argue with you.” – Russian proverb. I t surprises some Nigerians, and I am one of them, that party chiefs, friends, associates and official aides of President Goodluck Jonathan are either shy or afraid to tell him that the utterances and conduct of his wife, Dame Patience Faka Jonathan, are doing great harm and havoc to his re-election project. In addition to the Russian proverb quoted above, there is also a popular saying among my people that ‘a man who speaks the truth all the time usually has very few friends’. Honestly, and I say this with deep respect, unless and until, Mr. President advises his wife to tone down her rhetoric and be less visible in this campaign, he and his party may lose so many otherwise sure votes to the opposition on account of her conduct, utterances and behaviour in public. Anyone who is genuinely interested in Jonathan’s political victory, career and future should advise him to call Dame Patience to order. As I write this, Jonathan may have lost nine precious votes of my neighbour and his household who, until that fateful morning, were his admirers and supporters. The patriarch himself called my attention to the new outing of the first lady and complained about what she said in Calabar. In my previous discussions with him and his wife on Nigerian politics, and the way the campaigns are going, particularly in the two major political camps, I have always known that the retired company executive, his wife and four children who visit regularly, his driver and two domestic staff were for Jonathan. How did I know? The day the couple succeeded in getting their Permanent Voter Cards, they were happy that, at last, they were now in a position to vote for the candidate of their choice. “Infact, my family and our staff are for GEJ’. But recently, my neighbour’s wife walked up to me and wanted to know if it was right ‘for Dame Patience to be insulting someone else’s husband. Is that right, neighbour, is that right?’ What is it again, this time? The story making the rounds was that she said at a rally in Calabar that “Buhari is brain-dead, and can hardly remember anything”. To any woman who sees and holds her husband as a living angel, insults and castigating insinuations against someone else’s husband is not acceptable. It is not right. Dame Patience needs to be called to order or else her style and conduct would cost her husband hundreds of thousands of assured votes. In fact, this is not the time Dame would be waging unnecessary wars in the name of political campaigns. She is harming the campaign so much. And those who enjoy some closeness to the president should advise him to call madam to order, unless they are telling us that the “ necessary advice has been given, but no actions were taken. Her ‘roforofo’ political campaigns started in Okrika, her home town, when she reportedly snatched a microphone from Chibuike Amaechi while the governor was still speaking at a public gathering. She descended on the governor of her state and said so many ‘bad, bad things’ about him and his administration. That was the beginning of the raging political war in Rivers State today. Almost the same level of bad blood now exists within the PDP in Bayelsa. The first lady is not on the same page with Governor Seriake Dickson. She simply does not like the man’s face any more and thinks he should not show face for a second term. Also, her meddlesome in Abia State is not going down well with some party chiefs and stalwarts. The raging battle between loyalists of a former governor and the incumbent, with the Dame identifying with a faction, would certainly cost Jonathan some votes. But it was in Calabar that she almost lost Dame’s rhetoric needs to be tuned down remarkably, and curses halted so that campaign messages are not suffocated. Her style and preferred methods do not, in any way, add value to the re-election project of her husband. Instead, they diminish the very essence of what Mr. President and his party want to achieve. control and certainly went to the very extreme. On tape, which has now gone viral, she was caught instructing party faithful to stone anyone who shouts ‘Change’- the signature tune of the main opposition party. That instruction was outrageous and Jonathan would lose so many votes, if she is allowed to continue this way. She needs to apply the brakes now. If her increasing excesses are not halted now, the opposition APC would reap a harvest and whatever victory the latter achieves in the coming elections may not, I dare say, be attributable to its superior arguments, values or achievable campaign promises, but to the unintended contributions of the first lady to their campaign efforts. Yes, the opposition is saying that the Jonathan administration, in the past six years, performed below average. And it came up with the slogan ‘Change’. It has the absolute right to think that way. It is their assessment of the man and his administration. On their part, PDP and Jonathan believe that the railways are back on track, airports are better than they were, the monopoly called NEPA has been unbundled, education and health are witnessing improvement, etc. It is also their right to tell us what they believe are their achievements. But what I am not too sure of, is whether anyone has the right to legitimise abuses, insults and curses as facilities for political campaigns and the knack for publicly running down someone else’s husband. To me, that smacks of bad politics. Dame’s rhetoric needs to be tuned down remarkably, and curses halted so that campaign messages are not suffocated. Her style and preferred methods do not, in any way, add value to the re-election project of her husband. Instead, they diminish the very essence of what Mr. President and his party want to achieve. Culled from Opinion.ng Silence is better than writing rubbish By Sanusi Mohammed Idris T he opinion titled “Sokoto under siege by NSA”, written by one Mohammed Kabir Hassan of Gidan Dare Sokoto is one of the most vacuous and illogical reports I have ever read. Arguments without logic or elementary intelligence are insulting to enlightened readers that spend their hard-earned money to buy newspapers. In the opinion under reference, Mohammed Kabir Hassan ended up not impressing anyone with the logic of his arguments. He argued to the effect that the National Security Adviser, Colonel Sambo Dasuki, as a Prince from Sokoto State, has “allied himself with the forces of darkness to desecrate the Sokoto caliphate.” According to his logic, is it a crime for a citizen of Sokoto State to work for the Jonathan administration? This logic is insulting to the intelligence of his readers and other enlightened Nigerians. Why did Hassan not advise all indigenes of Sokoto State working with the Jonathan administration, either as civil servants or political appointees, to resign? Is it a crime for Sokoto State indigenes to work for the Jonathan administration because the writer perceives the government representing what he naively calls “forces of darkness?” If association with the Jonathan administration or working for it amounts to the “desecration of the Sokoto caliphate,” then former President Shehu Shagari would not have been attending the National Council of State meetings, which is presided over by President Jonathan. How can any rational person publish this kind of trashy logic on the pages of newspapers? Who would take such a writer seriously? In fact, only morons would be impressed by this kind of asinine logic. Nigeria and the rest of the world have grown beyond this kind of parochialism and primitive mentality. The national security adviser accepted his appointment as a call to national service. Public appointments should not be given parochial interpretations. Why didn’t the people of the Niger Delta condemn their citizens who took appointments under the late President “ Umaru Musa Yar’Adua because Yar’adua was Hausa/Fulani? The Niger Delta people have historically supported the north politically. The Shehu Shagari administration drew remarkable support from the people of the Niger Delta. If Shagari was parochial, he would not have won election beyond the north. The former Senate President during Shagari’s Second Republic was Dr. Joseph Wayas, a prominent politician from the Niger Delta. Calling any section of Nigeria or group of Nigerians “forces of darkness” is the worst demonstration of stupidity and myopia. It is irresponsible to call a Nigerian “forces of darkness” Calling any section of Nigerian or group of Nigerians “forces of darkness” is the worst demonstration of stupidity and myopia. It is irresponsible to call a Nigerian “forces of darkness” because of your perceived sense of superiority. In this age and time, Nigerians should rise above this kind of narrowminded mentality. because of your perceived sense of superiority. In this age and time, Nigerians should rise above this kind of narrow-minded mentality. Can we build a strong and united Nigeria with an arrogant mentality of looking down on other Nigerians? The late American poet, Maya Angelou, said ‘‘hate has caused many problems in the world, but has not solved one yet.” With people like Hassan, who are preoccupied with parochial thoughts, Nigeria has a big problem. Indeed, when the mind is blind, the eyes cannot see. When seemingly educated people cannot see beyond their noses, how can that society advance with the rest of the world? When did public appointments become a crime? Why must someone vilify the Dasuki for serving his country? Is Hassan saying that the chief justice of Nigeria should have declined his appointment because Jonathan is in charge? Should his “forces of darkness” influence who accepts or declines public appointments, especially those from the caliphate? It is always wise to save your breath than to write rubbish and make yourself look stupid in the eyes of your readers. As an indigene of Sokoto State, I am personally embarrassed that an enlightened writer from the caliphate published this kind of nonsense. In his desperation for cheap publicity and malicious desire to malign Sambo, he ended up ridiculing himself and only a fool admires trash. Sanusi is a retired textile worker based in Kaduna PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 41 Online Comments Chibok parents to FG: We want our daughters, not school supporters: Stone members to death Adeola Ogunsuyi says: The first lady ordered thugs to stone members of the opposition party. There is God o! What an illiterate first lady. Odogwu_Aganaga says: I thought hate speech is against the law in Nigeria? Why has this bundle of embarrassment not been apprehended? Does she also enjoy immunity no matter what titles sycophants give her? Candid says: Please let the woman be, after all the APC started the whole thing. They stoned Jonathan’s campaign team in Maidugury. Don Kuti says: Shekau has sold our Chibok girls. What have we done to you? Fani-Kayode’s mentality is infantile – Shettima Don Kuti says: Fani-Kayode please go for check-up. Borno sai baba Kashim, Nigeria sai baba Buhari FG to spend N1.5 trillion on education, says Sambo Don Kuti says: We don’t want you people to play politics with the education sector. When ASUU was on strike where was the N1.5 trillion? We don’t need it now. 7 PDP govs working for APC victory- Okorocha Nolan Ayomide says: Mere listening or reading statements from these politicians makes one mad at times. The people making bogus albeit unsubstantiated statements have never been genuine or sincere in their actions and lifestyles, just get close to them and you find out that they are unrealistic, yet they want people to believe them. The hungry people will as usual fall for them. God help us. I’ll confront insecurity with grit, zeal – Buhari Amajoe says: I wonder why people are comparing those in government with those who want to serve diligently. Why should those in power be praised for the services they render as if they are doing executing them with their personal money. Service is the use of available resources given by God to better the lots of humanity in a just and equitable manner. The National Association of Criminologists and Security Professionals of Nigeria appreciate the efforts of the Nigerian government and the military for restoring peace to our people in the north east. The efforts of the Dr. Goodluck Jonathan led administration to ensure a credible election? Lamido to PDP: Kidnap APC leaders to break party Ay Baba says: He is a disgrace to Nigerian governors. Kaltume. says: He is known as a wicked man and is probably senile now. Chris C says: For now I and those around me are backing Jonathan for the presidential election, but if this unashamed PDP politicians and cronies including people like Sule Lamido, Dame Patience, FaniKayode etc do not mind their utterances, Mr. Ibu INEC selects Nasarawa, Niger as pilots for testing card reader Dsme Patience Jonathan Gov. Sule Lamido I believe many Nigerians will vote against the president. God may surprise PDP. Remember power is in God’s hands. Jonathan these people are digging the pit of your failure. V. Akwazie says: The second Niger bridge is in progress and I have been the site. People have forgotten that Obasanjo did the groundbreaking ceremony with nothing to show for it. We are not going to accept cheap blackmail. Imtiaz MNI says: Politics should be played democratically. Nzeogwu says: Please fellow Nigerians, I feel sad the way we abuse ourselves through this medium. Politicians use our emotional intelligence as if they have personal problems. As if they have good plans for the masses. As if we don’t know how corrupt they are. As if any of them is an angel. They have been there for about 16 years whether they profess or proclaim forward or change Nigeria. They are birds of the same feather. They are amassing wealth for their future generation with their children in the UK, USA etc, whereas the poor masses die fighting for them. This clash of interest is just about determining how our resources will be shared among them. The light is dim since what we hear is abuse without issue based campaigns. Be wise. Sani Adamu says: I am from Kebbi not Jigawa, and as a journalist, I have respect for only four governors in the entire northern region, Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, Sule Lamido, Ibrahim Shema and Shettima of Borno for their giant strides in moving their respective states forward in spite of their unique challenges. But if Lamido truly suggested the kidnap of APC leaders, then I withdraw my respect for him. And may Allah save this country. I weep for Nigeria. Favour says: Second Niger bridge is intact. GEJ is the man. embark on strike because the government is fair to their efforts and sacrifice. It is not by force to have free health care, (which is truly a scam to embezzle millions) the people who will be most affected have the opportunity to demand from the government or change the government or worst still, bypass the doctors entirely and perhaps try private hospitals, travel abroad or interestingly, rely on consultant nurses, pharmacists and even traditional doctors. You can never know the value of medical doctors until they are absent, so don’t hold a gun to their heads with an oath you have no true idea about its spirit, hold a gun to the government. No to further NMA strike Jade says: Your piece is very interesting, however, you need to be a doctor to fully understand the dimensions of the demands and other problems. I hate the fact that doctors are always blamed and not the federal government. They are the employer and when you compare the workload and standards of practice in Nigeria to other countries, you will weep. Doctors deal with a lot of inconsistencies within the health sector and as long as the public and you decide to focus on the Hippocratic oath and not the democratic/governmental oath, you are assisting in annihilating whatever sanity that can still be relied upon in the health system. Doctors will continue to migrate to other nations where they obviously don’t ‘I’ll rather die than give Jonathan my vote’ Ogodo John says: There is no need trying to discourage you from committing suicide as your mind is already made up. I have one thousand and one reasons why Jonathan is better than his main challenger, Buhari, but from your tone, you can no longer be helped. So Doc. we have given up on you since you have decided to be a disgrace to the learned society. Jega will go, heavens won’t fall – Fayose Mike says: The point is that if a referee has shown bias, he can be changed before the match. After all, the APC said they would not come to the debate because the process was compromised, why then do they want PDP to participate in an election which INEC under Jega has compromised? One now begins to see why Jega refused to do his work by screening out a candidate who had (and still has) no qualification. Ogodo John says: Jega has clearly shown partisanship and should be removed as it contraveneshis oath of office. If this man supervises our elections and GEJ still wins, as he is surely going to do, the APC will still cry wolf. The noise around APC is simply polluting the political space. I am in support of a viable opposition, but this one is a distraction. Olusola Thompson says: I am very happy that the current chairman of INEC has the vote of confidence. Sometimes we don’t know what we want and as a result things get lost in transit. The PDP and APC were just using Nigerians as their cooking pot (no substance). Election should be on policies. It is a shame because Nigeria has all it takes to become one of the best countries on earth. NSA and falsehoods of mischief makers Morris says: I have never seen a dubious party like the APC. I am ashamed that such political party exists in Nigeria. We all should unite against this party called APC. APC is destroying the future of our children with their rascality and false alarm. Buhari should be a good statesman by endorsing President Jonathan for continuity and shame corrupt people in the APC. Ribadu, Yuguda and Muazu have the qualities to be president come 2019. Polls: Plot to cripple APC strongholds uncovered Michael says: Card readers and the election which the electoral umpire have compromised in favour of the APC abi? No wonder their insistence on card readers. And who says APC do not stuff ballot boxes. Well, for all we have seen so far, it is the APC that has displayed so much frenzy and desperation. Therefore, if the PDP has decided to take necessary precautions, it is a justifiable retaliatory measure. PDP backs First Lady’s order to stone APC members Luka Dalang says: It is no surprise that Fani-Kayode who is equally a tout like Patience Jonathan must support his colleague in the game of further destroying Jonathan. They should allow this man to leave Aso Rock with a little prestige. The game is over for you ‘Mama War’ and your substance abused friend, Fani-Kayode. Mr Ibu vows to cater for APC will win in 26 states – late Muna Obiekwe’s child Buhari campaign Ogodo John says: The alarmist Lai Mohammed is at it again. Swear if all these things you listed are not what you are planning to do. Jonathan is not desperate. He has said that it if he is defeated he will go back to his village. But when Buhari was asked the same question, he stated that he will not lose. Now from the disposition of these two candidates, who do you think is more likely to go to that extent? First Lady to Jonathan’s Nnamdi says: Good sense of responsibility. You will never lack. “New entertainment levy to boost FCTA’s IGR with N15bn annually” Raliyat Babatunde says: Abuja is not a state, what is the legality of the luxury levy by the FCT? Can Abuja make laws? PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 42 Interview ‘My deputy should’ve resigned before defecting’ left. Contd from Page 2 When we were in G7, we started the idea to correct the anomaly that exists in the PDP. It wasn’t to defect to another party. But again when you are many you don’t know the kind of ambition that other people harbour. One or two probably joined us because they wanted a division. Because constitutionally, the only time you can defect and it is legally binding is when there is a division or problem in the party. But then I looked at it that if I defect from the PDP to another party, then I should resign my appointment as governor. But, look at it now, many of the people who have defected to the APC are now giving the achievements of the PDP. Because if you have been a governor for seven years as a member of the PDP and you have achieved that much, you cannot take it to another party and claim that it is its achievement. It is not possible, but I think because maybe they assume we are gullible, they go about doing all those things. We must have principles and morality attached to our politics otherwise we will run into a lot of problems. What were those anomalies in the PDP, have they been addressed? We noticed that the PDP leadership at that time was causing a lot of problems in the states. We had a problem between the then chairman and the governor of Adamawa State who all came from the same state. There was this issue that governors were too strong. In fact, some used to say that governors’ wings needed to be clipped. Many of the governors who used to have direct access and communication with the president could no longer reach him because few officers at the presidency were manipulating the process. Even letters written to the president were not getting to him. When you talk to him he would tell you that he did not see it. All of us believed that the party should be supreme, but for it to maintain that status, it must also put equity and justice in place. We saw that these things were not there and we protested. Even the walk out at the Eagle Square was because we agreed that delegates that participated in 2011 should be the ones that will be invited for that special convention. But the delegates from Adamawa that participated were not the ones that were allowed to come into the venue. That was the basis of the walk out and most of these things have been corrected. There were changes in the villa, in the party structure and I think that when you are negotiating sometimes you may misconstrue an issue. For me, we wanted to correct things, the government and the party were willing to do that and therefore, we should wait for other things. In fact, one of them said I am not a politician maybe that was why I wasn’t looking at it the way they looked at it. But I was a politician before many of them, because I got elected into the House of Gen. Buhari “ Dr. Aliyu No governor will be elected or will be qualified for election unless he has a deputy governor but then after election what happens if a deputy governor defectsd to another party? If our judicial system is working, a statement would have been made categorically as to the meaning of mandate defection. Representatives in 1983 when many of them were in the classroom. What is your observation on the controversy surrounding card readers? What system of voting will you recommend? I think in some years to come we can go for electronic voting. But given the literacy rate of our people, we need to be careful with the kind of innovation that we are putting in place. Those of us who were briefed properly on the card reader, your handset has certain capacity if you fill up they will tell you to buy more so that you can recharge. The card reader has about 600 kilobytes but only 40 kilobytes were used based on the information put there. What happens to the 560 kilobytes that are there? Like somebody said that if you put your ATM card it is likely that your picture and your thumb print may come up. What about a situation where the reader rejects your card? This cloning issue that was raised in Lagos how have we resolved it? Because if you see, for example, the APC shouting card reader, what is it that they know that we don’t know about? Those are some of the issues and the test that has taken place. For me, I don’t have any problem. We can do anything that will enhance the credibility of our elections, but don’t bring something that will create more problems. If I am told that a cloned card will be rejected by the reader, why not? But if I am told that there is room to manipulate it, then I have a problem. In fact, when INEC scheduled elections in February, I kept asking myself why February? Why the long distance between February and May 29? I thought they did it to see if many of the petition will have been resolved but that explanation is not good enough because you can’t go and force them to say they must finish this and that before so, so time. And there is room for appeal, there is room to go to the Supreme Court. In fact, one of my Supreme Court judgments came after two years of my administration. There is this administrative issue, the chairman of INEC’s first time tenure is supposed to expire in June and there was all this politics of whether he could go on leave preparatory to the expiration of his tenure and it has become a political issue with people speculating that the president wants to get rid of him. The president cannot get rid of him, the process has to be followed properly. So that is the only reason why they took the election to February, but we saw that in February they were not ready. Do you believe that INEC can deliver a free and fair election? Imagine if this election had taken place on February 14 with these kind of shoddy preparations; whichever party you announce as the winner the other party will react. But now tension has been doused. People have been educated on the needlessness of dying for nothing. Will INEC be able to give us a credible and fair election? That again is our own concern. If we the participants give them a chance they will, but if we don’t, they are not miracle workers, they are not angels from elsewhere, they are part and parcel of the society. It is important for us to know the symbiotic relationship between the people and the institutions that are on ground. Former President Olusegun Obasanjo recently dumped your party. What are the likely consequences of his exit from the PDP? People have a right to leave a party at any given time. Given his background many thought he should be non-partisan so that his statesmanship will be more established. For me, it is like he has done what he ought to have done many years ago. But the way he went about it, I think he didn’t leave much to be desired. Statesmen don’t tear party cards in public, particularly those of us who have benefited tremendously no matter how we feel about a particular situation. There are many ways and there are processes of leaving a political party. Because the constitution has registered me as a member and has also provided a process on how I will leave and if I don’t satisfy that, it means I have not As to what we have lost, I think he has given us the best. He has produced enough people in the PDP to be able to win elections whether he is there or not. In fact, we are very lucky that he is still alive if he had died, will we have said he left the PDP? No! That he has gone to be a statesman. I think this is wonderful for Nigeria. Between President Goodluck Jonathan and General Muhammadu Buhari, who will win the presidential election? I predict that the PDP will win this election, because it is not about noise or the campaign period. It is also about the widespread and institutionalisation that has taken place. The change of the APC is more of a sentiment and many of us are wiser to appreciate what happened during their primaries in Lagos. For me, if they had brought Kwankwaso and Amaechi, I would have said yes APC is looking for a change. But the way and manner and the bullion vans that many of us did not see during that primary and the fact that the Tinubu’s of this world manipulated the process to produce their presidential candidate tells me that the PDP will form the next government. Why do I say so? Many of us from this part appreciate the implication. Buhari said he is going to serve only one term, does that mean the north will be short changed again? Because he does not have the capacity to say I am serving one term therefore when I am going it will be a northerner that will take over. And any reasonable person can appreciate one thing, people who control economic power you don’t give them political power and that for a balance, the tripod should be retained. By 2019 at least we will know that with the zoning arrangement, the north will assume power, even if it is not constitutional that power comes to the north there is a force majeure it could happen. We must be careful that sentiment does not carry us to where we will run into a problem. People are saying that the Senate is now a retirement destination for governors, are you retiring to the Senate? The Senate is supposed to be for experienced people. The House of Representatives is slightly for the younger elements. Any person who successfully governed a state should be seen as a matured person. It is not really a retirement home. That is where you may do more research because you don’t open your mouth in the National Assembly until you are sure of the fact. Are you going to run for the presidency in 2019? I have a problem in that direction. Believe me, all the positions I ran for, even the House of Representatives that I contested for in 1983, it was the people who said come and represent us. Even this Senate, it wasn’t me who said I wanted it. If I am alive and if the people say I should come out and run for 2019, yes I accept even before the question. PAGE 43 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Siaka Probyn Stevens (1905 – 1988) S iaka Probyn Stevens (24 August 1905 – 29 May 1988) was the third prime minister of Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1971 and the first president of Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1985. Although criticised for his dictatorial rule, Stevens is known for reducing the ethnic polarisation in the government of Sierra Leone by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into the government. Stevens and his All People’s Congress (APC) party won the closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general elections over the incumbent Prime Minister Sir Albert Margai of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP). In April 1971, Stevens made Sierra Leone a republic and he became the first President of Sierra Leone a day after the constitution had been ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone. Stevens served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1 July 1980 to 24 June 1981, and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union, a threecountry economic federation of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Stevens retired from office at the end of his term on 28 November 1985. After pressuring all other potential successors to step aside, he chose Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh, the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces, as his successor. Siaka Probyn Stevens was born on 24 August 1905 in Moyamba, Moyamba District in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone to a Limba father and a Mende mother. Although born in Moyamba, Stevens was largely raised in Freetown. Stevens completed his primary education in Freetown and completed secondary school at Albert Academy in Freetown, before joining the Sierra Leone Police Force. From 1923 to 1930, Stevens rose to the rank of First Class Sergeant and Musketry Instructor. From 1931 to 1946, he worked on the construction of the Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) railway, linking the Port of Pepel with the iron ore mines at Marampa. In 1943, he helped co-found the United Mine Workers Union and was appointed to the Protectorate Assembly in 1946 to represent worker interests. In 1947, Stevens studied labour relations at Ruskin College. Political career In 1951, Stevens co-founded the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) and was elected to the Legislative Council. A year later, he became Sierra Leone’s first Minister of Mines, Lands, and Labor. In 1957, he was elected to the House of Representatives as a member for Port Loko constituency, but lost his seat as a result of an election petition. After disagreements with the SLPP leadership, Stevens broke ties with the party and co-founded the People’s National Party (PNP), of which he was the first secretarygeneral and deputy leader. In 1959, he participated in independence talks in London. When the talks concluded, however, he was the only delegate who refused to sign the agreement on the grounds that there had been a secret defence pact between Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom. Another point of contention was the Sierra Leonean government’s position that there would be no elections held before independence, Stevens which would effectively shut him out of the political process. He was promptly expelled from the PNP upon his return from the talks. Stevens then launched the Elections Before Independence Movement (EBIM). After successfully exploiting the disenchantment of northern and eastern ethnic groups with the SLPP, along with the creation of an alliance with the Sierra Leone Progressive Independence Movement (SLPIM), He was one of the 8TH member’s of the APC after it was formed in 20 March 1960. Interrupted Premiership The All People’s Congress is one of the two major political parties in Sierra Leone, the other is the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP). The party was founded in 1960 by a breakaway group from the Sierra Leone People’s Party who vehemently opposed the idea of election before independence, but instead supported the idea of independence before elections., the All People’s Congress (APC),was formed at 5,Elba Street,Freetown, and they consisted of the late Alhaji Chief Mucktarru Kallay, First chairman and Leader and who gave the name and the symbol. Allieu Badarr Koroma, Deputy chairman, C.A. Kamara-Taylor, First Secretary General, Alhaji Sheik Gibril Sesay,Treasurer, Kawusu Konte, Organiser, S A T Koroma, Public Relations, Kotor AbuBakarr S Bangura, The Artist, drawings of the Symbol, first seventh and later add six to thirteen. These were the first seven and founders members of the All Peoples Congress Party.The next Members are Siaka probyn Stevens, Nancy Steele, S.I.Koroma, Bob Allen, Mohamed Bash-Taqui and Ibrahim Bash-Taqui. Sir. Albert Margai who would later return to the SLPP and become Prime Minister, and Siaka P. Stevens who would also later become Prime Minister and subsequently President of Sierra Leone. The APC governed the country from 1968 to 1992, and became the ruling party again in 2007, after the party presidential candidate Ernest Bai Koroma won the 2007 Sierra Leone presidential election. In elections held on 17 March 1967, the APC won by an extremely narrow margin, and Stevens was appointed Prime Minister, but he was arrested in only an astonishing several minutes after taking office during a military coup. After a brief period of military rule, Stevens reassumed the post of Prime Minister on 26 April 1968. In April 1971, a republican constitution was introduced. It was ratified by the House of Representatives on 20 April. A day later, Stevens became the country’s first president, with wide executive and legislative powers. The Stevens Presidency In 1973, the first elections under the new constitution were held. The polls were marred by violence and were boycotted by the SLPP, which gave the APC all 85 seats in the House of Representatives. In March 1976 Stevens was re-elected President unopposed by the House. Stevens’s vice-president from 1971 until leaving office in 1985 was Sorie Ibrahim Koroma. Throughout the remainder of the 1970s, Stevens continued to consolidate his power, which culminated in a 1978 referendum on a new constitution that would create a single-party state--though the country had effectively been a oneparty state since becoming a republic. Stevens billed the proposed oneparty system as more African than Western-style democracy. However, the country had been a de facto one-party state since Sierra Leone became a republic. On 12 June, 97.1% of voters were reported to have voted for the new one-party constitution, an “ implausibly high total that could have only been obtained by massive fraud. Observers agreed that the elections had been heavily manipulated by the government. Proving this, even areas where the SLPP was still dominant were reported as supporting the oneparty state by landslide margins. Following the election, all opposition members of the House of Representatives were required to join Stevens’s APC or lose their seats. Two years after being re-elected for a five-year term, Stevens was sworn in for an additional term of seven years, having by then adopted the title of “Dr.”[citation needed] He also became known as “Pa Shaki”. President Stevens served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) from 1 July 1980 to 24 June 1981, and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union, a three country economic federation of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. Stevens’ regime was very repressive and corrupt, even by African standards of the time. Many of his opponents, some of which were once close associates, were imprisoned and killed. The Internal Security Unit, a gang of unemployed urban youths amply supplied with drugs, was deployed as Stevens’ personal death squad. Among his close associates sent to the gallows were John Amadu Bangura, who had once plucked Stevens from political oblivion when the army obliterated civilian politics after the 1967 Huha elections; at that time, Stevens had been down and out, living in exile in Conakry, Guinea, with his main remaining option, a planned assault on the sovereignty of Sierra Leone and her citizens. Bangura was to be the ring leader, but the plan never materialised because of a coup headed by Bangura. Bangura, in turn, handed over power to Siaka Stevens as prime minister (Kpana:2005). Another prominent Sierre Leonean murdered during Siaka Steven’s rule was Dr Mohamed Forna. He was hanged along with 14 other people in 1974 after trumped up charges of treason. Dr Forna was the popular finance minister when Steven’s came to power. He had fallen out of favour after protesting about rampant corruption. Stevens also grossly mismanaged the economy. He and his closest colleagues looted state resources, to the point that the state was unable to supply basic services. The education system was more or less nonexistent. The poverty was especially pronounced in rural areas, which were largely isolated from Freetown. Although he had retired by the time of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 1991, the impact of his political, social, and economic policies directly contributed to that conflict. Another prominent Sierre Leonean murdered during Siaka Steven’s rule was Dr Mohamed Forna. He was hanged along with 14 other people in 1974 after trumped up charges of treason. Dr Forna was the popular finance minister when Steven’s came to power. He had fallen out of favour after protesting about rampant corruption. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 44 The bombing raid that killed more than Nagasaki - and the world forgot I t was one of the deadliest attacks during World War Two leaving more than 100,000 people dead and destroying large parts of Tokyo. Now 70 years on, new before and after pictures have been released showing how the Japanese capital recovered after the firebomb strike that killed more than Nagasaki in a single night. On March 10, 1945, U.S. B-29 bombers flew over Tokyo in the dead of night, dumping massive payloads of cluster bombs. The raids left a fifth of Tokyo smoldering under an expanse of charred bodies and rubble. Around 104,500 people died in the attack, making it the deadliest conventional air raid ever, worse than Nagasaki and on par with Hiroshima. But the attack, and similar ones that followed in more than 60 other Japanese cities, have received little attention and were eclipsed by the atomic bombings and Japan’s postwar rush to rebuild. Where earlier raids targeted aircraft factories and military facilities, the Tokyo firebombing was aimed largely at civilians, in places including Tokyo’s downtown Shitamachi area, where people lived in traditional wood and paper homes at densities sometimes exceeding 100,000 people per square mile. Exhausted residents also chose to pull blankets over their heads and sleep when air-raid sirens blew instead of heading to shelters turned icy by an unusually cold winter. Haruyo Nihei, was just eight when the bombs fell and was among many survivors who kept silent about that night until recently. A half-century passed before she even shared her experiences with her own son. She said: ‘Our parents would just say, “That’s a different era.” ‘They wouldn’t talk about it. And I figured my own family wouldn’t understand.’ Ms Nihei, now 78, was mesmerised as she watched the attack from a railway embankment. She added: ‘It was a blazing firestorm. I saw a baby catch fire on its mother’s back. and she couldn’t put out the fire. ‘I saw a horse being led by its owner. The horse balked and the cargo on its back caught fire, then its tail, and it burned alive, as the owner just stood there and burned with it.’ Masaharu Ohtake, then 13, fled his family’s noodle shop with a friend. Turned back by firefighters, they headed toward Tokyo Bay and again were ordered back and they crouched in a factory yard, waiting as flames consumed their neighborhood. He explained: ‘We saw a fire truck heaped with a mountain of bones. It was hard to understand how so many bodies could be piled up like that.’ Survivors also speak of the hush as dawn broke over a wasteland of corpses and debris, studded by chimneys of bathhouses and small factories. From January 1944 to August 1945, the U.S. dropped 157,000 tons of bombs on Japanese cities, according to the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. A before and after picture shows the damage to the Matsuya department store in Tokyo and how it It estimated that 333,000 was re-developed after the end of the Second World War people were killed in total, including the 80,000 killed in the August 6 Hiroshima atomicbomb attack and 40,000 at Nagasaki three days later. The bombing campaign set a military precedent for targeting civilian areas that persisted into the Korean and Vietnam wars and beyond. But the nonatomic attacks have been largely overlooked. Mark Selden, a Cornell University history professor said: ‘Both governments, the press, media, radio, even novelists... decided the crucial story was the atomic bomb. ‘This allowed them to avoid Survivors of the bombing of Tokyo commute through The same street today in Tokyo’s Asakusa district addressing some very impor- the streets of the Naakamise shopping street in the showing the shops either side of the street and a days after the city was attacked by US bombers visitor praying towards a Sensoji temple tant questions.’ The bombs on the single night 70 years ago destroyed a fifth of Tokyo including homes and infrastructure as well as the Sumida-gawa bridge Seventy years on, a train runs over the re-constructed bridge as Japan’s tallest building the ‘Tokyo Sky Tree’ looms in the background PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 45 Burial chamber can’t belong to Alexander the Great T he gripping excavation of an ancient tomb in Greece, which has yielded five skeletons, is not all it seems, a geologist claims. Evangelos Kambouroglou has poured cold water on the theory that the Amphipolis tomb holds the remains of Alexander the Great, saying the simple burial chamber where skeletons have been found was built later than a series of vaulted rooms dated to the time of the warrior king. He said the burial mound is a natural hill and not man-made as previously presumed – and couldn’t have held the weight of a decorative lion linked to Alexander the Great. Mr Kambouroglou said a huge 4th century BC sculpture of a lion on a pedestal, which is more than 25 feet (eight metres) tall, was too heavy to have stood at the top of the tomb, as archaeologists had previously claimed. ‘The walls [of the tomb structure] can barely withstand half a tonne, not 1,500 tonnes that the Lion sculpture is estimated to weigh,’ Mr Kambouroglou said. The famed ‘Lion of Amphipolis’ was presumed to have stood at the top of the tumulus at Kasta Hill - the peak of burial mound in northern Greece. It was found decades ago in the nearby Strymon River and is now thought to have belonged to another ancient monument from the time of the warrior king, of which the lion was a symbol. As for the box-like tomb that contained the remnants of five bodies, possibly more, ‘it is posterior to the main burial monument ... the main tomb has been destroyed by looters, who left nothing,’ he added. ‘The marble doors [of the monument] contain signs of heavy use, which means many visitors came and went.’ The vaulted rooms had been dated to between 325 BC - two years before the death of ancient Greek warrior-king Alexander the Great - and 300 BC, although some archaeologists had claimed a later date. Katerina Peristeri, the chief archaeologist of the excavation, had advanced the theory that a member of Alexander’s family, or one of his generals, could be buried in the tomb. But the discovery of the boxy grave - which Mr Kambouroglou has described as being cheaply constructed - as well as the five bodies found, cast doubt on that theory, and his announcement appears to disprove it entirely. Some archaeologists present during the announcement at the 28th annual archaeological congress on Macedonian and Thracian archaeology at the University of Thessaloniki, criticised Ms Per- isteri’s absence and her methods. Alexander, who built an empire stretching from modern Greece to India, died in Babylon and was buried in the city of Alexandria, which he founded. The precise location of his tomb is one of the biggest mysteries of archaeology. His generals fought over the empire for years, during wars in which Alexander’s mother, widow, son and half-brother were all murdered - most near Amphipolis. Bones of an unidentified woman, a newborn baby and two men, as well as fragments of a cremated person, were unearthed in the underground vault on the site, near Greece’s second city of Thessaloniki. The Greek Culture Ministry said research on the bones showed the buried woman was 60 years old, while the two men were aged 35 to 45 years old. Alexander the Great was said to be 33 when he died, while his mother Olympias died aged 59 - although the Ministry has not said whether the bones belong to either of these dignitaries. Ms Peristeri said: ‘We need to focus on the monument, not the bones, which for me are not that important. You cannot receive accurate dating from a skeleton. ‘For me the skeletons are meaningless. They are misleading our research.’ The Greek Reporter said the archaeologist noted that the space inside the tomb was messy when it was opened, making it hard to analyse the scene. She said: ‘The skeleton may be sacrificial remnants, or even looters. Besides, we found skeletal material in more than one place.’ She still believes that if the original owner of the tomb was important, their bones may have been stolen alongside any artefacts by thieves. Excavations at the site began in 2012 and captured global at- A geologist has poured cold water on the theory that the Amphipolis tomb holds the remains of Alexander the Great, saying the simple burial chamber was not built at the same time as a series of vaulted rooms, which were added later. All the rooms are inside a hill. tention last August when archaeologists announced the discovery of the vast tomb guarded by two sphinxes and circled by a 1,630ft (497-metre) marble wall. Since then the tomb has also yielded a colourful floor mosaic depicting the abduction of Persephone, the daughter of Zeus, the supreme deity of ancient Greece, as well as two sculpted female figures known as Caryatids. Experts initially warned that the third chamber was probably the tomb’s last, and that it may have been robbed in antiquity with any remains destroyed. However, archaeologists found a collection of bones from five individuals, raising hopes that the mound may be Alexander the Great’s final resting place. It is traditionally thought that Alexander and his mother would have been buried in separate tombs - especially given the fact they died seven years apart. The other male could be the rumoured remains of Alexander’s general, but further tests will need to be carried out. The Amphipolis site, believed to be the largest ancient tomb to Mr Kambouroglou said a huge 4th century BC sculpture of a lion on a pedestal (shown), which is more than 25 feet (eight metres) tall, was too heavy to have stood at the top of the tomb, as archaeologists had claimed have been discovered in Greece, dates back to Alexander’s era, around 300 to 325 BC. The ancient conqueror died in Babylonia - in present day Iraq - in 323 BC, after a military campaign across the Middle East extending out to present-day Pakistan. His mother Olympias died in 316 BC. Alexander’s exact burial site is not known, but historians place it in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Speculation that the limestone grave in the Amphipolis tomb site might belong to the legendary leader, to one of his generals, or to family members has been rife since the dig began back in 2012. But it ramped up last summer after a number of chambers, and later the underground vault, were unearthed. The Culture Ministry added the woman was approximately 5ft 1in (1.57metres) tall. One of the men had cut marks in his left chest that were most likely from mortal injuries inflicted by a knife or small sword, the ministry said. But, Alexander was said to have died of a fever. Both males had an estimated height of 5ft 3in (1.62 metres) to 5ft 7in (1.68 metres). Armour previously found, which is said to have belonged to either Alexander or his father Philip II of Macedon, reportedly would have fitted a person who measured around 5ft 2in. But Andrew Stewart, an expert on Alexander art, placed Alexander’s height closer to 5ft 7in. The few burned bone remains of the fifth interred person, who was cremated, could not reveal the person’s gender and authorities said further testing would be carried out. Further analysis will also be done on the bones of the woman and two men to determine if they were related. ‘Part of the analysis will look into a possible blood relationship, but the lack of teeth and cranial parts that are used in ancient DNA analysis may not allow for a successful identification,’ the ministry said. Last year, the Greek Ministry of Culture showed off the mosaic inside the tomb, which measures 15 feet (4.5 metres) by 10 feet (3 metres) to cover the whole floor of a room. The female figure in it is Persephone - daughter of Zeus and the harvest goddess Demeter – who is wearing a white robe and riding in a chariot. Experts say the scene shows her being abducted by Pluto and being led to the underworld. She goes on to become queen of Hades for half of every year. The scene, based on ancient Greek myths, was popular for illustrating tombs at the time and a mural on a similar theme is found in another royal tomb at Aiges, nearby. The mosaic is composed of tiny pieces of white, black, blue, red, yellow and grey stone to form an image of a chariot drawn by two white horses, driven by a Pluto - a bearded man wearing a crown of laurel leaves. It dates from the fourth century BC, matching dating of the other finds, which are also from the time of Alexander the Great. There is widespread speculation over who was buried at the site - from Roxana, Alexander’s Persian wife, to Olympias, the king’s mother, to one of his generals. A number of scholars believe that the presence of female figures, known as caryatids, show that the tomb belongs to a female. Writer Andrew Chugg, who has published a book on the search for the legendary leader’s tomb, as well as several academic papers, told The Greek Reporter that sphinxes guarding the tomb are decorated in a similar way to those found in the tombs of two queens of Macedon, including the king’s grandmother. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 46 Anti-Terrorist surveillance and the enemy within Continued from last weekend The women who have been raped. By Julian Vigo The children who have been sliced up! Your enemy’s were the Taliban not innocent harmful familys. All soldiers should DIE & go to HELL! THE LOWLIFE F*N SCUM! Gotta problem. Go cry at your soldiers grave and wish him hell because that’s where he is going.” Where Ahmed was voicing legitimate concerns about the lack of representation and public discourse (“gassin”) over the deaths of those whom the media forgets (innocent Afghani civilians), expressing his ire for the western “slicing up” of civilians, he is held to account for the feelings of the western subject. Ahmed’s trial glossed over the actual violence to which Ahmed referred, instead fixating on public sentiment, underscoring the public vigilance of what Muslims do or should do. In his trial a family member of one of the six British soldiers killed in action was asked to testify and public opinion as to what is considered “grossly offensive” became the central protagonist of this trial. Predictably, “grossly offensive” was uniquely the measure for Ahmed’s Facebook post and never a consideration of the deaths that the British military have perpetrated in Afghanistan and Iraq despite the fact that Ahmed’s “crime” was the act of underscoring the “grossly offensive” nature of civilian deaths and the complete media/social blackout of these injustices. Further re-scripting the limits of the “offensive,” Ashleigh Craig’s court testimony lays bare the political agenda at the heart of this trial: “It really upset me. Soldiers have died for his freedom.” As per the government’s public service announcements and the burgeoning call by media to enlist public surveillance, Craig suspected something and reported it, putting into practice her readings of the officially prescribed signs of terror despite such activity being nothing more than strongly worded political dissent, not coincidentally by a man with the name of Azhar Ahmed. Luckily for this political vigilante, Craig’s emotional state (of being “upset”) forms part of the scope of anti-terror laws in the United Kingdom, while Muslim populations there and throughout the west dare not shift pace or lift its gaze in a political climate where many are being asked to apologize for the violent acts of a few. Amidst this ideological quicksand of faux expertise perpetually being alimented by public vigilantism and the incompetent musings of on-air experts paid to propagate familiar caricatures of the barbaric Muslim while extolling the “freedom” for which western soldiers have died, is it any wonder that the domestic landscape of the Global War on Terror ideologically mirrors its battlefields overseas? Julian Vigo is a scholar, film-maker and human rights consultant. She can be reached at: [email protected] B eholden are we in the west to baguettes, tight dresses, tweeting your BFFs your every thought, the mythology that we do not cut off from family members or distrust old friends (for I thought this was the hallmark of our cultures upon which most of our popular media is based), intransigence of our musical taste, our tenacity to stick with sports and as our constancy in eating habits. We, the citizenry, are now enlisted through such educational tools that instruct us how to root out terror, the 21st century’s search for the Communist threat turned eastward. We are empowered by various state structures not only to be beholden to our ignorance, but to act upon it as if a modern Crusader heading for battle. Paradoxically and conterminous to this shifting of surveillance onto the public sector rendering the average citizen competent to “spot the terrorist” is the augmenting incompetence of socalled media experts. Day after day newer terrorist “experts” grace our television screens proclaiming the very same stereotypes we have all studied from “See something, say something” to “StopDjihadisme.” It is a political hall of mirrors where everyone is parroting these public touchstones without any real knowledge of what we are looking at or talking about. Platitudes dominate the professional mediatized discourses. What is passing as “expert” today are a selected choice of political sycophants whose voice is in alignment with an extremely conservative political aperture. As Edward Said in Covering Islam, writes: “My concern, though, is that the mere use of the label “Islam,” either to explain or indiscriminately condemn “Islam,” actually ends up becoming a form of attack, which in turn provokes more hostility between self-appointed Muslim and Western spokespersons.” Sam Harris, a self-proclaimed expert on Islam despite a demonstrable lack of insight into this religion, offers his conclusive words on Islam stating that “Islam is the mother lode of bad ideas.” Harris, along with Bill Maher and Richard Dawkins, have been airing their Islamophobic prejudices on a weekly basis—none of these three individuals are experts in this field and yet by virtue of their media presence hatred is allowed to pass for expertise. Paul Cruickshank, “CNN’s Terrorism Analyst,” who like Sam Harris also holds no advanced degrees in Islamic or Middle East Studies and for whom Islam and terrorism is but a hobby, proudly declares in 2011 after 77 people were murdered in Norway: “It bears all the hallmarks of the al Qaeda terrorist organization at the moment” and “The working assumption right now is that it probably is something al Qaeda-inspired, some jihadist terrorism against Norway.” Unfortunately for Cruickshank, the criminal in this bombing and shooting tragedy was non other than Anders Intimidating look of London’s armed police Brevik, a Christian fundamentalist and white nationalist. Cruickshank still works for CNN as its official “Terrorism Analyst.” It is precisely through the use of these media “experts” that the Islamophobic circus is contained as political talk shows around the west become the de facto arenas for fake debates with even faker experts who, instead of having any “expertise” to offer often read the results of local opinion polls or embellish more of the narrative of “terrorology,” both which reflect the internally produced paranoia towards Islam and which recycle more of the same fictions about “radical Islam.” What are the proposed “symptoms” of terror are nothing other than racist truisms unleashed by one incompetent individual after another casting himself as expert for a willing public, rendered agent by the state in this global search for terror. Between the average citizen who is honing her terrorist-spotting skills based on public service announcements and the media which is stuffing the screens full of half-wits who declare “no-go” zones in London and Paris, the spectator/terrorist expert is caught up in this panoptical system of surveillance being offered racist platitudes as empirical truths internalizing them in his own surveillance of terrorism around him. And as good subjects, we are taught to read the signs, listen to the warnings and step up when it is our turn to recognize terror. It is pervasive, it is everywhere, it emanates from us. Least of all, let us not forget that these campaigns advocating mass surveillance are devastating to those who fall victim to such social mechanisms and I would argue that these campaigns have been set up, in part, to corrode civil liberties, notably free speech and public dissent. In 2012 Azhar Ahmed, a nineteen-yearold British Muslim, was charged with treason in the UK for posting a dissenting view on the war in Afghanistan on his Facebook wall two days after six British troops were killed in Afghanistan. Ahmed had been reported to the police by Ashleigh Craig who came upon Ahmed’s statement less than three hours after it had been posted it. Here is the entirety of his post: “People gassin about the deaths of Soldiers! What about the innocent familys who have been brutally killed. PAGE 47 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Business Technology and the fate of ‘recharge card’ sellers in Nigeria By Mohammed Usman T he fact that technological utilisation in a competitive market has remained one of the major market strategies cannot be disputed. In a competitive market where there are many producers or sellers of the same products or services, a strategy that will build the reputation of a service provider or producer, is being utilised. An example of a competitive market where technological strategy of taking brands to consumers in a convenient way, is the banking sector. Also, an area where technological strategy affects either positively or negatively is employment generation. For instance, the coming of mobile telecommunication has generated employment in Nigeria. Many people are engaged in this business consisting of wholesale printing of recharge cards to its distribution to small scale retailers. As you move from spot to spot, street to street, town to town and city to city, you see designated shops and containers where recharge cards of various telecommunication companies are sold. It is from this that most of the people who engage in the business get their basic needs. Speaking to Peoples Daily weekend, a man dealing in recharge cards, who preferred his name as Benco communication, said since he started the business, it has been helping him, as it is his main business. “When you go to my home, you will see how I live. Selling of airtime is how I earn my daily income. I have been using what I get from it to do a lot of things.” Airtime selling point The Bencom communication boss stated that with the business, he has been able to cater for his family, support himself, pay house rent and do other things. He also revealed that he bought a small car from the proceeds of selling airtime. Although he noted that the profit from selling recharge cards are not much, but when put together and handled well, it could become meaningful. In the same vein, an employee of a dealer who sells recharge cards, Mr. Sanusi Isah, said it is contributing to the betterment of his life. “With this airtime business, I became employed. So, at least, if I had not gotten employed here, I might have been sitting at home doing nothing or roaming the streets in search of non-existent jobs. Since I got employed here, I have been able to feed myself, buy some clothes and do other things.” Also speaking with Peoples Daily weekend, an airtime dealer, who also preferred to be identified by his business name, Ola Communication, said it is helping him economically, adding that the business has made it possible for him to pay his bills and feed himself. However, the livelihood of this group of small scale businessmen and women is being threatened, as banks, in their efforts to utilise technology, now sell airtime to mobile phone users who are banking with them. With this development, airtime is bought without the stress of locating a shop. Although, there may be specific service fee charges, but many prefer using the bank services just to avoid the stress of locating an airtime seller. Also, as there are efforts to lure more people into opening bank accounts through various market strategies, more people will continue to buy airtime using their bank accounts in a snap of the finger. Since almost all commercial banks operate this service, the competition in the market might make them reduce the service charge which will attract more people to the service and at the same time boost their banks capital. On what needs to be done to cushion the effect of this market strategy adopted by banks, the Benco communication boss, who stated that calling “ A Mobile phone for government’s help in such regard may not be fruitful, stressed that the way forward was an individual thing, adding that he believes that when one door closes, another will open. Pushing forward his advice, he buttressed that “When you see that the rate of turnover is going down every day, all you need to do is look for another lawful business to combine with the sale of recharge cards until business starts booming again. For instance, assuming that you are selling airtime and you discover that the turnover is declining, you should include the selling of phones.” For Sanusi Isah, the way forward is also a personal issue, although he added that even with such development from the banks, it is not everybody that may go for such service. “Yes, some people will go for the service since it creates convenience, but there are people who won’t use it. Don’t forget that it is not all Nigerians that have bank accounts even those who have, some of them do not know the various services that their banks offer apart from depositing and withdrawing money. You see, with every passing day technology advances. Before today, we didn’t know much about using mobile phones and airtime.” While appealing for government’s assistance, the owner of Ola Communication said, “If government can stop the banks from engaging in such business it will be better for us. I know it is not possible, but if they can do it, at least it will help us more. Since banks have other ways that they generate money, at least they should leave the airtime business for us.” So, at least, if I had not gotten employed here, I might have been sitting at home doing nothing or roaming the streets in search of non-existent jobs. Since I got employed here, I have been able to feed myself, buy some clothes and do other things. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 48 Interbank rates Gombe sells N5b bond rise on deposit G premium T he interbank lending rates doubled to an average of 25 percent from 11.25 percent last week. Dealers said the debiting of banks’ accounts for premium payment to the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) forced the rates to climb as high as 60 percent, before settling at 25 percent. Nigeria sold N91 billion ($457 million) in bonds with maturities ranging between fiveyear and 20-years this week, further draining liquidity from the system and forcing banks to scramble for funds. Dealers said although there was retirement of matured Treasury bills on Thursday, the central bank also debited about N110 billion to meet the Cash Reserves Requirement (CRR) for lenders. Nigeria’s central bank requires commercial lenders to set aside 75 percent of public sector and 15 percent of public sector deposits in liquid cash in their account with it. The regulator debits bank accounts twice in a month to enforce this requirement. The secured Open Buy Back (OBB) closed at 25 percent compared with 11 percent last week. Overnight placement rose to 25 percent against 11.5 percent. “We anticipate a slight increase in the cost of borrowing among banks next week because of plans to debit banks’ account for cash reserves requirement on Thursday,” a dealer said. Traders said rates would increase next week because of the anticipated cash withdrawal by the state-owned energy company, NNPC, from the banking system to deposit in its account with the central bank. Meanwhile, oil prices plunged on the double whammy of a surging dollar and a new report that raised worries about a U.S. oil glut that could send crude dramatically lower. The drop in oil also slammed the stock market, reeling too from the stronger dollar. The Dow tumbled more than 250 points, and the S&P lost 1.1 percent to 2042. West Texas Intermediate futures for April fell more than 3.8 percent to $45.2 per barrel, and Brent, the international benchmark, lost more than two percent to $56 per barrel. For WTI, the closing low of the year was $44.45 per barrel on January 28, though it touched an intraday low of $43.58 per barrel on January 29. Oil analysts expected the market to challenge those lows on strong U.S. supply, and a report on Friday from the International Energy Agency fed those fears. The IEA said U.S. production increased by 115,000 barrels a day in February and the growing inventories threaten to drive prices lower. ombe State government has raised N5 billion ($25 million) by selling a seven-year bond with 16 percent yield to help fund new roads and schools. The bond, which was issued with a maturity date of 2022, is the first tranche of a N10 billion debt issuance programme, the official who is an adviser to the issue said in a notice. Reuters reported that a total of three applications for five million units of N1,000 each were received from investors. The state had in 2012 issued a N20 billion seven-year bond maturing in 2019 with a yield of 15.5 percent. Also, as Nigeria prepares to hold its general elections, bonds yields will raise, while a planned Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting to set rates on March 24 would also unnerve investors. Reuters said Nigeria raised N91 billion ($455 million) in bonds during the week, with maturities ranging between five-year and 20-year at higher returns across the board. “Trading is expected to be mixed next week, but the market would likely stay above the 16 percent resistance level,” a dealer said. Yields on the 2016 debt closed flat at 16.15 percent compared with 16.16 percent last week, while the 2022 debt note dropped to 16.03 percent from 16.07 percent previously. The benchmark 2024 debt note however rose sharply to 16.63 percent from 16.13 percent last week. Meanwhile, Lafarge Africa, the Nigerian arm of the world’s biggest cement firm, Lafarge, said its 2014 pretax profit fell 35.9 percent to N41.19 billion ($207 million). Lafarge Africa said in a statement that turnover also dropped marginally to N205.84 billion from N206.07 billion a year earlier. The firm proposed to pay a dividend of N3.6 per share, compared with N1.2 the previous year. L-R: Director, Enterprise Segment, Etisalat Nigeria, Lucas Dada; Chief Marketing Officer, Etisalat Nigeria, Francesco Angelone; Director, Enterprise Development Centre (EDC) Pan-African University, Nneka Okekearu, at the launch of Etisalat Easybusiness Millionaire Hunt Season 2, recently at four Point by Sheraton, Lekki, Lagos, Dangote to launch $400m cement plant in Zambia A $400 million cement plant in Zambia owned by Dangote Group will commence operations by the end of March. Speaking to a group of journalists at Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport in Ndola, Aliko Dangote, Africa’s richest man and owner of the Dangote Group, said the commissioning of the new cement plant which is located in Masaiti district in Copperbelt, had been delayed as a result of flooding and a delay in getting the requisite permits from the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). “Hopefully, we will start production in the next two to three weeks or so and I think we are overcoming that. But the rainy season this year has been very intense which has taught us to protect ourselves next time we are in operations. So by and large, we are pushing and the team will try and deliver the factory by the end of this month, our power is already on so we are making good progress,” Dangote said. Once operational, the Dangote Cement Plant will have a production capacity of 1.5 million tonnes annually and will create at least 1,000 jobs. Meanwhile, Dangote is constructing another Cement Plant in Chilanga, a small town 20 km south of Zambia’s capital city, Lusaka. The cement plant in Chilanga will cost an estimated $420 million. “We have made good progress on the plant in Lusaka, we have already gotten permission to get into the land and start mining, so hopefully the same contractor might move there and build an identical plant with the one in Masaiti,” Dangote said. Dangote has been Africa’s richest man for the past five years. His current fortune is estimated at $15.9 billion derived from investments in cement, sugar and flour. World Bank Group Launches the Lighting Africa Program for Nigeria I FC, a member of the World Bank Group, has launched the Lighting Africa program for Nigeria. The program, a joint initiative of IFC and the World Bank, will help increase access to affordable, clean and safer lighting for more than 30 percent of Nigeria’s population who live in rural areas, and have low incomes and no access to grid electricity. Lighting Africa mobilizes the private sector to build and develop markets that enable access to clean, affordable, quality lighting products by fostering partnerships among local and global manufacturers and creating new channels through local distribution companies that will help build robust supply chains for offgrid lighting products. Itotia Njagi, Program Manager for Lighting Africa program said, “Lighting Africa is helping to build a market to bring off-grid lighting and energy services across Africa by establishing quality standards, investing inconsumer education, creating a favorable investment climate, and supporting innovative business models. As we foster these partnerships among all parties in the industry, variousopportunities would be explored and our goal of inclusive electrification would be achieved in Nigeria.” The expansion of the Lighting Africa program to Nigeria supports the World Bank Group’s Energy Business Plan. Under the Energy Business Plan, each World Bank Group institution will leverage its competencies and products to provide solutions to projects that encourage their viability and contribute to the sustainability of Nigeria’s power sector to underpin the government’s ambitious privatization and reform program. Eme Essien Lore, IFC Country Manager for Nigeria said, “Part of the World Bank Group’s targeted interventions in the power sector includes off-gridsolutions that make access to power more inclusive. These solutions, mostly solar powered, will reduce the hazards of using fuel based energy resources, improve the climate and accelerate development in Nigeria.” Lighting Africa is a key component of the Global Lighting and Energy Access Partnership (Global LEAP), an initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial. The Clean Energy Ministerial is a global forum where best practices are shared, and policies and programs encouraging and facilitating transition to a clean global energy economy are promoted. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 49 Oddities Compiled by Isioma Nwabasha Bar full of owls to open in London F irst there was the cat cafe, then the sheep cafe and now there is an even more bizarre place on the cards, an owl cocktail bar. The new pop up bar called ‘Annie the Owl’ is set to open in Soho in a secret location, and will be home to six owls. The bar is named after owl Annie, who according to her biography, “likes attention so make sure you bring loads of hugs and smiles for her. It was her decision to come to London and meet the people who dwell here. All of the owls are trained to be around the public and will be accompanied by professional falconers, in case you are worried about being pecked while trying to enjoy your Martini. Entry to the trendy new bar will be £20, and for that price you get two cocktails and two hours of owl time.’’ There has already been some backlash against the bar, with a Change.org petition calling on the Westminster council to “deny permission for a pop up owl bar”. The petition stated “It is one thing to raise awareness of owls and the help that they might need to thrive in the wild, but it is quite another to tether them up in a cocktail bar and have people touching them and handling them.” So far it has 2,056 signatures. The organisers of the pop up said they would keep noise to a minimum and people would not be allowed to touch the birds if their trainer does not feel they would be comfortable. Profits from the ticket sales will be donated to animal conservation charity, Barn Owl. Man gets drunk from eating chips M any people wish they could get drunk without having to spend a fortune, but Nick Hess only has to scoff some chips or potatoes for him to end up sloshed. Nick suffers from ‘auto-brewery syndrome’, a condition that means his stomach produces too much yeast and turns any carbohydrate into alcohol. For a while, he said he didn’t know what was happening, saying he would get sick for no reason with stomach pains and headaches. Friends and family started to suspect that he had a drink problem and his wife even started searching the house convinced that he had a secret stash of booze. He told the BBC: “It was weird, I’d eat some carbs and all of a sudden I was goofy, vulgar. Every day for a year I would wake up and vomit, sometimes it would come on over the course of a few days, other times it was just like “bam! I am drunk.” People often thought that he was drunk even when no alcohol passed his lips. It was only when his wife filmed him that he realised that something was up. His wife, Karen Daw, told ABC News “We would be watching television and by the end of the evening, he would start to be confused, he would start slurring and he did smell like he had alcohol on his breath. I went through the entire house looking for alcohol. Anywhere I think that maybe you could hide a small bottle or a small flask. The painful part was doubting him. It just made me more determined to try and figure out what was going on with him.” Despite having countless hospital tests, including three colonoscopies and three endoscopes, the condition was only diagnosed after he was fed a carb heavy meal. His blood alcohol level shoot up to 120 milligrams per 100 milliletres of blood, the same as having seven shots of whiskey. Now he has been given anti-fungal drugs and put on a low carb diet to combat the condition, however he still experiences one or two episodes a month. apartment. “At first we thought it was just the screams of sexual pleasure, but it turned out to be screams for help.” She then called the security guard who forced the door open and saw the man lying on top of the woman, unable to detach himself. Priscilla said they were also unable to free the couple. “We always hear of such things but have never seen it,” she said. According to a family member, the woman’s husband had frequently voiced his suspicion about his wife’s infidelity. “I think he locked her to catch the man she is cheating with.” An unnamed commentator said ‘locking’ a woman with muthi is a common way of catching and humiliating cheating lovers. The couple were eventually whisked away in an ambulance. Adulterous couple stuck after intimacy A man and a married woman were stuck together after a bout of intimacy. The incident happened after the man ignored warnings from the woman’s husband. About 2,000 people gathered outside the apartment block where the bizarre incident happened after word got out that the pair were stuck in postcoital distress. According to the Daily Sun, the stuck couple kept screaming for help and begging to be separated. The husband of the woman had apparently issued an earlier warning to the man to: “Leave my wife alone! I have put special muthi (medicine) in her ‘ladyparts’” A resident of the block of flats where the incident occurred, Priscilla Ndlovu, told the Daily Sun that she had heard screams from the woman’s PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 50 Healthy Living Make your own detox drink W hether you are just trying to steer clear of sugary drinks or aiming to help your body flush out the toxins lurking in your system, this refreshing blend of fruits will satisfy your needs. Watermelon (or cucumber): Watermelon helps the body flush out toxins because it contains the organic compound citrulline, which is an amino acid that has been shown to help the liver and kidneys filter and get rid of ammonia. Ammonia comes in external forms, but is also a by-product of the proteins our bodies are burning up constantly for energy, and it is quite damaging to our cells. Cucumber also contains citrulline, but not as much as watermelon. Watermelon may also give the liver an overall boost. Water: H20 is just plain good for us, it helps flush nasty toxins and waste through our system, giving organs like the liver and kidney an easier time doing their job. Lemon (or lime): Lemon or lime juice helps stimulate and regulate the digestive track (which is why it is helpful with constipation, heartburn and gas), stimulates bile production, and thins out bile, which allows it flow more freely. Bile is produced by the liver and ends up in the small intestine to break Detox fruits A jar of cucumber and lemon water down lipids (fats) that we have consumed. Mint leaves: Mint leaves are a nice refreshing flavour to add to your drink. On top of that, it can help you digest food more effectively, improving the flow of bile from the liver, to the gallbladder, to the small intestine, where it breaks down dietary fats. Mint also helps relax cramped up stomach muscles. You will need… -1-2 liters’ of water, depending on how strong you want it to taste -Watermelon or cucumber -1 lemon or lime -A handful of fresh mint leaves (approximately 10-13) -Ice cubes Directions Slice a good amount of watermelon into cubes and put them into a jug or pitcher. Cut a juicy lime into wedges and toss in with the watermelon. Add a handful of fresh, mint leaves and pour two liters of cool water, fill the jug to the brim. Let this sit overnight in the fridge and let all the fruits steep and infuse the water. When you want to drink it, put in a generous helping of ice cubes, pour, and enjoy daily. We all have different tastes and preferences, and like to mix things up every once in a while too. Experiment by trying out various ingredients, amounts, and methods (like blending, or boiling into a tea, or infusing into water, etc.) Below is a list of foods that have been shown to help boost your built-in detox system (namely liver, G.I., and kidney function.) If possible, always buy organic to avoid chemical ingredients or pesticides. Cruciferous vegetables and leafy greens: This group includes a lot of veggie superheroes and that is why you see so many ‘green’ detox drinks or smoothies. Included are broccoli, cabbage, lettuce and spinach. Broccoli and co. increases the amount of glucosinolate (organic compounds) in our body, which in turn help create enzymes that help our body’s breakdown and digest things. Leafy greens like lettuce and bok choy have the ability to neutralise metals, chemicals, and pesticides that find their way into our systems. Avocado: Avocados can help your body produce an antioxidant, glutathione, which our liver needs to do its job and filter properly. Grapefruit: High in antioxidants and vitamin C, grapefruit or grapefruit juice also aids the liver in flushing carcinogens (things linked to causing cancer, like stuff in cigarettes and tobacco, as well as some pre-prepared foods) and possibly pesticides out of the body. Beets: The systems in the body all work together and for various reasons beets seem to be helpful to more than one major organ. However, they have shown themselves to be particularly helpful when it comes to aiding the liver in detoxification. If it is chilly, make detox tea to keep you warm and healthy, or mix up an icy cool drink if the weather is hot. Play around with what you like and keep in mind things you know are good for your body’s own detox system, not things that claim to be a miracle detox system all on their own. Healing benefits of pineapple juice P ineapples can be consumed fresh, juiced or cooked. Juicing is one of the best ways of consuming pineapples. It is packed with vitamins, enzymes and has many health benefits. Ensure you drink fresh pineapple juice and not processed ones. Most of the time processed juice contains refined sugar or preservatives. Vitamin C Like many fruit juices, pineapple juice contains vitamin C, or ascorbic acid. Getting enough vitamin C nourishes your skin by helping it produce collagen, the protein that keeps your skin firm and maintains its elasticity. Vitamin C also protects your cells from damage caused by environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke. Each 4-ounce serving of fresh-squeezed pineapple juice contains approximately 66 milligrams of vitamin C -- 73 or 88 percent of the daily intake requirements for men or women, respectively. Manganese Drinking pineapple juice benefits your body due to its manganese content. Manganese helps fight the aging process by protecting your cells from free radicals, toxins that cause cellular damage associated with aging and disease. It also helps your skin produce new collagen to allow for healing after injury. Men need 2.3 milligrams of manganese daily, and women should consume 1.8 milligrams. Canned pineapple juice contains 0.63 milligram of manganese per 4-ounce serving, while fresh-squeezed pineapple juice contains 1.3 milligrams. Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B-6, or pyridoxine, found in pineapple juice also affects your health. Pyridoxine helps your brain produce chemicals involved in nerve communication and also helps your brain produce melatonin, a hormone that maintains your body’s internal clock. It promotes healthy circulation and helps your body make sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone. In addition to enjoying pineapple juice on its own, try using it to create custom juice blends. Use pineapple juice as a base for smoothies containing spinach leaves for a sweet beverage packed with vitamins Pineapple juice A and K. Enjoy pineapple juice in moderation. Even though the juice has health benefits, the USDA recommends consuming most of your daily fruit intake from whole fruits. Whole fruits provide fiber, a nutrient lacking in pineapple juice, so they benefit your digestive health more than fruit juice. PAGE 51 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 From the Pulpit Church abuse (II) P raise the Lord! I’m excited to welcome to your favourite column. I started this series last week and began to talk about the various dimensions of church abuse. Before I rounded off last week, I was talking about financial dimension of church abuse and I cited the example of Paul as an example of financial integrity. In fact, Paul is an example of financial integrity in ministry. As we saw, Paul told the Corinthians: “Did I do wrong when I humbled myself and honored you by preaching God’s Good News to you without expecting anything in return? I ‘robbed’ other churches by accepting their contributions so I could serve you at no cost. And when I was with you and didn’t have enough to live on, I did not ask you to help me.” (2 Cor. 11:7-9 NLT) It wasn’t that Paul didn’t receive financial support from any church – he did and said so himself. As said in the last Scripture, he “‘robbed’ other churches by accepting their contributions” (Verse 8 NLT) so that he could serve the Corinthian church at no cost. But he wasn’t a nuisance. The Philippians supported Paul generously. “Now you Philippians know also that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church shared with me concerning giving and receiving but you only. For even in Thessalonica you sent aid once and again for my necessities. Not that I seek the gift, but I seek the fruit that abounds to your account. Indeed I have all and abound. I am full, having received from Epaphroditus the things sent from you, a sweet-smelling aroma, an acceptable sacrifice, well pleasing to God.” (Phil 4:15-18 NKJV) If Paul had been a nuisance to the church, the Macedonians – churches in Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, and others in the region of Macedonia – who were going through hardship and serious poverty wouldn’t be begging him to collect from them the gifts for the impoverished saints in Jerusalem. They already have a ready excuse not to give but they pleaded to be allowed to bless their fellow believers; they were cheerful, willing givers. “Now I want to tell you, dear brothers and sisters, what God in his kindness has done for the churches in Macedonia. Though they have been going through much trouble and hard times, their wonderful joy and deep poverty have overflowed in rich generosity. For I can testify that they gave not only what they could afford but far more. And they did it of their own free will. They begged us again and again for the gracious privilege of sharing in the gift for the Christians in Jerusalem.” (2 Cor 8:4 NLT) There is nothing wrong in asking for financial support for the ministry but Christians, including ministers, must eschew greed and covetousness. “Take heed and beware of covetousness, for one’s life does not consist in the abundance of the things he possesses.” (Luke 12:15 NKJV) No wonder one of the qualifications for appointment as a deacon and bishop is not being greedy for money. (1 Tim 3:8, Titus 1:7) Paul’s appeal to fellow elders (church leaders) is: “The elders who are among you I exhort, I who am a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that will be revealed: Shepherd the flock of God which is among you, serving as overseers, not by compulsion but willingly, not for dishonest gain but eagerly... and when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that does not fade away.” (1 Peter 5:1-2, 4 NKJV) A minister should conduct himself with financial integrity. He shouldn’t give room for suspicion about any financial impropriety. He should be transparent and accountable. Hear Paul again: “Now about the money being collected for the Christians in Jerusalem: You should follow the same procedures I gave to the churches in Galatia. On every Lord’s Day, each of you should put aside some amount of money in relation to what you have earned and save it for this offering. Don’t wait until I get there and then try to collect it all at once. When I come I will write letters of recommendation for the messengers you choose to deliver your gift to Jerusalem. And if it seems appropriate for me also to go along, then we can travel together.” (1 Cor 16:1-4 NLT) Please take note of the last but one sentence: When I come I will write letters of recommendation for the messengers you choose to deliver your gift to Jerusalem – that was part of the procedures. Paul would not deliver the money on their behalf. I believe this was for the purpose of transparency and accountability. Nobody would accuse Paul of embezzling their money especially the Corinthian church which gave Paul a lot of trouble! They were to choose messengers to deliver their contributions on their behalf to Jerusalem with letter of recommendation from Paul. He could go with them if necessary. Wrong motives for church membership When believers join an assembly with wrong motives, there is bound to be church abuse. As part of the large scale abuse of the church going on today many people change their places of worship basically green pastures By Pastor T. O. Banso [email protected] GSM: 08033113523 because they feel if they join a denomination or move to another branch with a large congregation, they will be well connected to the big shots who are members or they will enjoy greater patronage of their products and services; the crowd in their new church will patronize their business. Church does not exist primarily for connection with top executives or politicians; it exists primarily to get connected with God and stay connected. There is nothing wrong in church members patronizing you but if it now becomes your priority for church membership, you are abusing the church. The church is not a market for selling of wares, but that’s what the new generation of believers in our nation is turning it to. It is so rife. The church is primarily not a place for social or business contacts. It is not mainly a place to look for marriage partners or to get many people to attend your naming ceremony or your relations’ funeral. The church does not exist chiefly to give you a pastor to bless or sanctify your new house or new car. All these are BENEFITS which should not be elevated above the primary reason of becoming a Christian or joining an assembly. I’ll stop here today and continue this series next week. He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. TAKE ACTION! If you are not born again, you Pattern of the life of faith Hebrews 11:8-12 W ithout faith, it is impossible to please God (Hebrews 11:6). To please God, each of us must live by faith in Christ. Abel, Enoch, Noah had faith in God and He testified of them that they pleased Him. In Abel, we learn the commencement of the life of faith; Enoch teaches us the characteristics of the continuity of the life of faith; Noah’s life and action instruct us on the conviction and courage of the life of faith. The Scripture challenges us to let “Christ dwell in [our] hearts by faith” (Ephesians 3:17), to “live by faith” (Galatians 2:20), to pray in faith (James 1:6), to resist our adversary, the devil, by faith (1 Peter 5:8,9), to overcome the world by faith (1 John 5:4), to “walk by faith” (2 Corinthians 5:7). To please God and to walk with Him, we are to “walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised” (Romans 4:12). Abraham’s life of faith provides a pattern for our faith. His life was nothing else, but a continual practice of faith. The first evidence of faith in his life is his obedience to God, when He called him out of his country. From then on, his life furnishes fuller details concerning the life of faith. 1. THE PILGRIMAGE OF FAITH Hebrews 11:8; Genesis 12:1-4; Joshua 24:2,3; Acts 7:2-4; Isaiah 51:2; Romans 1:5; Luke 5:32; 1 Thessalonians 4:7; Acts 13:2; 2 Peter 1:10. “By faith, Abraham, when he was called to go out... obeyed; and he went out, not knowing whither he went” (Hebrews 11:8). “The Lord had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father’s house, unto a By Pastor W.F Kumuyi land that I will shew thee” (Genesis 12:1). What a challenge to his faith this was! He was called to go out of idolatry, not out of the family of God (Joshua 24:2,3; Isaiah 51:1,2). What a testing of faith this was – to be converted at 75! Abraham was already seventy-five years of age (Genesis 12:4) and long journeys and break-up of old associations are not easily undertaken by elderly people. To forsake the old life, to leave loved ones and family idolatry behind, to abandon present certainty for a future uncertainty, to go forth, not knowing where, must have seemed unreasonable to the flesh and carnal reasoning; only faith could do such a thing in answer to God’s call. A practical separation from the world is demanded of us, for “the friendship of the world is enmity with God” (James 4:4). As it was contrary to nature for Abraham to leave family and idolatry, so it need to give your life to Jesus. I urge you to take the following steps:Admit you’re a sinner and you can’t save yourself and repent of your sins. Confess Jesus as your Lord and Saviour. Renounce your past way of life – your relationship with the devil and his works. Invite Jesus into your life. As a mark of seriousness to mature in the faith, start to attend a Bible-believing, Bible -teaching church. There you will be taught how to grow in the Kingdom of God. Kindly say this prayer now: “0 Lord God, I come unto you today. I know I am a sinner and I cannot save myself. I believe that Jesus is the Son of God who died on the cross to save me and resurrected the third day. I confess Jesus as my Lord and Saviour and surrender my life to him today. I invite Jesus into my heart today. By this prayer, I know I am saved. Thank you Jesus for saving me and making me a child of God” I believe you have said this prayer from your heart. Congratulations! You will need to join a Bible believing, Bible teaching church in your area where you will be taught how to live your new life in Christ Jesus. I pray that you flourish like the palm tree and grow like the cedar of Lebanon. May you grow into Christ in all things becoming all God wants you to be. is equally contrary to nature for the Christian to separate from the world and crucify the flesh. Abraham “obeyed; and he went out”. He obeyed not only in word, but in deed. “By faith, Abraham... obeyed” (Hebrews 11:8). Faith and obedience can never be separated just as the sun and light or fire and heat can never be separated. “He went out, not knowing whither he went”. At the time God called him, He did not specify which land he was to journey to, nor where it was located. It was by faith, real faith in the Living God, and not by sight, that he moved forward. Many so-called Christians only obey God after considering their own personal interests. God requires unqualified obedience from us. The path of obedience must be trod, if ever you are to reach heaven. No disobedient soul who is wrapped up in self will enter heaven. S p or T PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 PAGE 52 I want Flying Eagles to win every match —Garba >>PG 53 Gerrard fit for Liverpool’s trip to Swansea >>PG 54 All Africa Games qualifiers: Why Dream Team beat Gabon 6-1, says Siasia >>PG 55 PAGE 53 PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 LMC postpones Abia Warriors, Dolphins match T he Nigeria Professional game between Dolphins and Abia Warriors has been moved as a result of the Pride of Rivers’ engagement in the CAF Confederation Cup. Dolphins should have been guests of Abia Warriors in Umuahia on match day 2 this weekend but, will be away in Tunisia to play against Club Africain. That game has been rescheduled by the League Management Company, the body that run the league and it will now take place on Thursday 19th March at the Umuahia Township Stadium. Dolphins depart Nigeria for Tunisia on Thursday. They would play the game on Saturday and will be back in Lagos on Monday 16th March. After the game against Abia Warriors on Thursday, Dolphins will return to Port Harcourt for a match day 3 fixture against Warri Wolves on Sunday, March 22 Sports I want Flying Eagles to win every match —Garba M anu Garba, the head coach of the Nigeria Under-20 team and the first team to book their place in the semi final of the Africa youth championship as well as World youth championship in New Zealand, says they hope to end the tournament by winning all of their games. Garba tortured side have picked up two wins from their first two games, scoring seven goals in the process but, the coach insists while they are happy with their progression they still want to achieve more in the tournament. “I am grateful to the Almighty God for qualifying for the FIFA Under-20 world cup, it was a great victory playing most part of the game with 10 men. To score seven goals in two matches is not an easy job, I believe we are a strong side”, He said in his post match conference, after the 4-1 win over Congo. “My boys have done very well our target is to win all the matches, that means winning the trophy as well the first part of the job, which has been qualifying for the World cup. Now the other target is to go to the World cup as African champions” Nigeria is six times winners of the Africa Youth Championship, more than any other team in the history of the tournament but, they last won in 2011. Flying Eagles NBBF reschedules male, female leagues Stories by Albert Akota T he Nigeria Basketball Federation (NBBF) has rescheduled the commencement of the DSTV Men’s Basketball League and the Zenith Bank Women’s League. The rescheduling of the dunk-off dates for the leagues is based on the financial challenges faced by some clubs in both leagues. Only a few of them have met the registration deadline few days from the start of the new season. The NBBF, after consultations with their sponsors, Multichoice/DStv and Zenith Bank Plc respectively, has rescheduled the DStv League for March 13 to 20 while the Zenith League Phase 1, earlier slated for March 15 to 25, has now been postponed to the third week of April (after the elections). According to the NBBF, a new game schedule would be issued. The federation said it is confident this development will afford teams the time to conclude all arrangements for the new season and meet their obligations. Dolphins players NFF praises Jonathan as Flying Eagles excel T he Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) has given kudos to President Goodluck Jonathan for the excellent run of the U-20 National Team, Flying Eagles, at the ongoing African Youth Championship in Senegal, recalling that it was the country’s number one man who directed that the boys be kept together and made to grow to the senior category. “Following the triumph of the U-17 National Team at the FIFA U-17 World Cup finals in United Arab Emirates in 2013, President Jonathan instructed the NFF to keep the team together and allow the players grow through the ranks all the way to the senior team, and that he would give the NFF the needed support to do that. “I can confirm that President Jonathan has kept to his every word and has been there with maximum support for the NFF to keep the boys together in long camping programmes and getting friendly matches for them,” NFF president Amaju Pinnick declared yesterday. While honouring the Golden Eaglets for their victory at the FIFA U-17 World Cup in the UAE in November 2013, President Jonathan had promised to give support to the NFF to keep the team together, so the bulk can go ahead to dominate world football and then go ahead to try and win the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Telling performers of that squad have graduated to the U-20 team, which on Wednesday earned a place at the FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand with a 4-1 win over Congo, following a 3-1 defeat of the host nation on Sunday. “That promise has been kept and can be seen in the Flying Eagles’ superlative performances in Senegal. We thank Mr. President for being a man of his words and we assure that these boys will be kept together going to the FIFA U-20 World Cup and onwards to the 2018 FIFA World Cup finals,” Pinnick assured. President Jonathan Sports Weekend fixtures CAF Champions League Coton Sport v APR FC v Zesco United v El Merreikh v Mangasport v MC El Eulma v Mamelodi Sundowns Moghreb Tétouan v Kaizer Chiefs v Gor Mahia v Cosmos Bafia v Enyimba FC v AC Semassi v El Hilal v S.M Sanga Balende Al Ahly AS Kaloum Kabuscorp Stade Malien Asante Kotoko v TP Mazembe Kano Pillars Raja Casablanca AC Leopards Esperance Smouha Club Sportif Sfaxien Big Bullets CAF Confederation Cup Club Africain v Dolphin FC Royal Leopards v Petro Atletico ES Sahel v S.L. Benfica Sousse Warri Wolves v Dedebit SC Onze Createurs v Sahel S.C. Orlando Pirates v Uganda Rev. Authy Hearts of Oak v Olympique de Ngor C.F. Mounana v Power Dynamos Asec Mimosas v Al Ittihad AS Vita v Ferroviario Da Beira Djoliba AC v Petrojet Young Africans v FC Platinum CAF U20 Championship Nigeria U20 v Ivory Coast Mbour Senegal v Congo Ghana v Mali Mbour South Africa U20 v Zambia U20 Barclays Premier League Crystal Palace v Queens Park Rangers Arsenal v West Ham United Leicester City v Hull City Sunderland v Aston Villa West Bromwich Albion v Stoke City Burnley v Manchester City Chelsea v Southampton Everton v Newcastle United Manchester United v Tottenham Hotspur French Ligue 1 Metz v Lens v Lorient v Montpellier v Nantes v Lille v Bordeaux v Marseille v St Etienne Toulouse Caen Reims Evian Rennes Paris Saint Germain Lyon German Bundesliga FC Augsburg v 1. FSV Mainz Hertha BSC v FC Schalke 04 SV Werder Bremen v FC Bayern TSG 1899 Hoffenheim v Hamburger SV Eintracht Frankfurt v SC Paderborn 07 Borussia Dortmund v 1. FC Koln VfL Wolfsburg v Sport-Club Freiburg Borussia Monchengladbach v Hannover 96 Italian Serie A Palermo v Cagliari v Atalanta v Genoa v Sassuolo v Verona v Internazionale v Spanish La Liga Espanyol v Eibar v Rayo Vallecano v Celta de Vigo v Almeria v Malaga v Sevilla v Real Madrid v Juventus Empoli Udinese Chievo Parma Napoli Cesena PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Super Falcons test awaits Confluence Queens By Albert Akota A s part of preparation for the upcoming All African Games Qualifiers against Mali, Super Falcons will clash with Nigeria Women’s Premier League outfit, Confluence Queens. The match scheduled to be played today will be the senior women’s team third test match since resuming camp some weeks ago. The Coach Edwin Okon led Falcons and the Coach Suleiman Adamu led Confluence Queens will use the match to prepare for the AAGQ against Mali and the 2014/15 season respectively. The Chief Coach Edwin Okon stated that friendly games are meant to test the readiness for a tournament and also correct any mistake on the part of his girls. “Our preparation is very important to succeed at the World Cup, All African Games Qualifiers and the Olympic Games Qualifiers. We are happy with the friendly with Confluence Queens. It is coming at the right time as it will provide us a good test of our strength and readiness. “We hope to assess the players in another match situation after the two friendlies we played against Yahaya Football Academy. I believe the girls would improve for the task that awaits them in the year 2015. The encounter will be played at the FIFA Goal Project centre of the Abuja National Stadium in Abuja, the Nation’s Federal Capital. The game will get underway by 3pm Nigeria time today. Burnley aiming to avoid another nightmare against Manchester B urnley host Manchester City in the Premier League today, hoping to avoid a repeat of the shocking start they suffered when the teams last met at Turf Moor. In the corresponding fixture in April 2010, City blew Burnley away with a devastating attacking display - featuring three goals in the first seven minutes - as they enhanced their hopes of a top-four finish and heightened Burnley’s relegation fears. Emmanuel Adebayor, Craig Bellamy and Carlos Tevez all found the net in a flying start, before Patrick Vieira and Adebayor’s second gave City a 5-0 lead at the break. The match finished 6-1 as Burnley slipped towards the drop, while City were eventually pipped to fourth by Tottenham. today’s meeting sees Burnley scrapping against relegation again following their promotion last season, while City have raised their sights in the intervening five years and are now regular challengers for the Premier League title. Sean Dyche’s side have taken just two points from their last seven league outings and find themselves second-from-bottom in the table, three points adrift of safety. They stunned reigning champions City in the reverse fixture back in December, coming from two down at half-time to rescue a 2-2 draw at the Etihad Stadium. City, meanwhile, are five points behind league leaders Chelsea having played a game more, and can ill-afford any slipups as they enter the final stretch of the season. Edwin Okon Gerard fit for Liverpool’s trip to Swansea Steven Gerrard S Atletico de Barcelona Granada CF Athletic Club Villarreal Cordoba Elche Ramon Levante Manchester City players teven Gerrard will be available for Liverpool when they travel to Swansea City in the Premier League on Monday. Gerrard confirmed the news in a media conference ahead of a charity game to be held at Anfield at the end of the month. The Liverpool captain has missed the last seven matches after suffering a hamstring injury in the 3-2 victory over Tottenham last month. Without Gerrard, Liverpool have won all three of their league outings, although they were dumped out of the UEFA Europa League following a penalty shootout at Besiktas. With 10 Premier League games remaining - and an FA Cup quarterfinal replay with Blackburn Rovers still to come - Gerrard’s return to fitness will provide a welcome boost to manager Brendan Rodgers. PEOPLES DAILY Weekend, Saturday 14,- sunday 15, march, 2015 Page 55 AAG qualifiers: Why Dream Team beat Gabon 6-1, says Siasia Dream team in action against Gabon F ollowing their lethargic 2-0 win over the Gabon U23 team on Saturday at the Abuja National Stadium in a 2015 All Africa Games qualifier, which resulted in a 6-1 aggregate win for Nigeria, Dream Team VI coach, Samson Siasia revealed in an exclusive interview. He talks about the team’s progress to the next round, their lethargic display and how he hopes to fix the team before the next round of qualifiers. Enjoy. Coach, congratulations for the convinced win over Gabon. Tell us the feeling? It is a good feeling winning at home. Maybe not a very easy win, but the most important thing was the win and progression which we have made and now we have to look forward. Your team didn’t play well, what would you “ attribute that to? These young players are playing for the first time for Nigeria in Nigeria and you could see they wanted to make those passes but they couldn’t because they were a little bit jittery. But I think with time they will come through because I’ve seen these boys play and trust me, because even in practice sessions, they’ve been better and they make better passes than what we saw. So it’s all about getting their confidence high, because we couldn’t have played like this and won in Gabon, it’s not possible. There’s a problem we have to fix, these problems we have in Nigeria and the players sometimes think the fans are too hostile, especially when you don’t score on time. But it wasn’t the case because the fans were so calm and I’m happy for that because if they had started singing against the team, it could have been a problem, but I can assure these boys can do better than what they did on Saturday. Do you also think complacency was a factor, because having won 4-1 away, maybe the players were a little bit complacent? No I don’t think that was the problem. It was just a case of us not being able to put those passes together and they most times passed the ball to the Gabonese team and as a result the Gabonese team had better chances than we had. So it started right from the defenders, because getting the ball to the strikers was a bit too difficult for them and I wondered if they were playing for Gabon or Nigeria but all the same we didn’t lose, we won 2-0. There’s a problem we have to fix, these problems we have in Nigeria and the players sometimes think the fans are too hostile, especially when you don’t score on time. We have to improve on making sure that we have a little bit more confidence when we’re playing at home and try to make those passes that will lead to goals. Nigeria plays Zambia next, how much information have you gathered about them? To be honest I can’t say I Siasia know much about their U23 team but we will get their videos and prepare for them because if you don’t know them, it will be a problem to play against them. So we will get their clips and study them. Should we be expecting to see new additions to the team? Well I don’t know because it depends on the additions you’re talking about; if they are better than the ones we have right now. Of course I keep saying that we haven’t finished yet because we are still a work in progress and if anyone comes in and makes more sense than what we have, we will definitely bring such a player in. From what you have seen so far of this team, would you say you have seen signs you could have a team as good as that of 2008 or even better? I can’t see the future but I all I want to do is work very hard and give these guys the confidence to play better than they did on Saturday against Gabon because I don’t think Nigerians are pleased with the way we played today, but trust me, these boys will improve. The most important thing is to make sure we qualify and then keep them together for a while. I can assure you that we will improve. BIG PUNCH Peoples Daily WEEKEND, SATURDAY — SUNDAY, MARCH 14-15 , 2015 Saturday Column By Rufa’i Ibrahim I t is not unlikely, that some weighty voices, from both within Nigeria and abroad, had helped by putting in a good word for Dasuki, either on their own accord or when consulted on the matter by Jonathan. In the United State where Dasuki has, until now, been living on and off, he is, it is said, former U.S. Secretary of State, Collin Powel’s next door neighbour. And who knows what Powel, who must have direct access to Jonathan, might have done to help a good neighbour, especially with the U.S. now showing more than a keen interest in the insurgency situation in the north of Nigeria? Dasuki was, according to sources, one of four ex-soldiers that Jonathan considered for the job. Two of them are retired Generals. All the four are Northerners and Muslims. Now, is this merely a case of ‘if a Southerner can’t do it, try a Northerner’? There is, in my view, much more to it than this. By restricting his options this way, and zeroing in on only Northerners, Jonathan has, in a way, confirmed to the world what has always been obvious from the hints and intimations he has been dropping by way of his utterances and actions, namely that he views the raging insurgency essentially as a carefully woven conspiracy by Northern leaders against his person and his government. This jaundiced and narrow perspective of the Boko Haram insurgency, which is dominant in the Villa and among all those close to the president, is itself part of the problem. It has blocked opportunities for a proper understanding of the problem, made more difficult real rapprochement between the Jonathan administration and the Northern leaders and elders, led to the diversion of time, energy and attention from a search for the causes to a fruitless search for sponsors of the problem, and occasioned huge wastes and outright stealing of resources by government officials and the security chiefs and operatives. Yet, there is a way in which the choice of a Northerner makes sense. There obviously is merit in the idea of using a thief to catch another thief. Or, as the stratagem and experience of that arch British colonialist, Lord Lugard, teach us, in using local talents to conquer Advert: business: news: lagos: 0806 0704 0814 0805 0803 564 385 292 327 454 their own people, for which the Hausa have this apt phrase: Da dan gari ake cin gari. It may be, though, that in finding a replacement for Azazi, Jonathan reached for, and used General Obasanjo’s old manual of relations with the North, which teaches or prescribes turning always to the Northern aristocracy in general, or the relics of the Sokoto Caliphate in particular, for solutions to the problems in the North. Hence, the decision to settle for Sambo Dasuki, a caliphal aristocrat, son of a former Sultan and an ex-Colonel, who, incidentally, is Azazi’s classmate in the Defence Academy and also a close friend. This idea of, or fixation with, relying on the northern aristocracy and its scions to resolve problems in the North may have worked well in the past for Obasanjo, both as a military and civilian Nigerian leader. But today we live in such a drastically altered and dysfunctional Nigerian and northern Nigerian social and political universe that the same approach may well create more problems than it solves. New identities, new awareness, new ideologies and new technologies of violence, resistance and change have all permeated our society. So it is to be really doubted if the vestiges of the Sokoto Caliphate can today reassert their political writ over even the largely acquiescent northern space, let alone rein in the far more sulphurous Boko Haram, whose members have no more respect for the traditional institutions than they have for the Nigerian State and its coercive apparatus. As I have previously analysed in this column (05-07-11; 12-0711; & 19-07-11), the Boko Haram dilemma is one that has to be clearly understood historically and in its wider socio-political, economic and religious contexts. It cannot just be evaded or wished away. It is not just a matter which direct or back-channel negotiations, tokenisms, bribery, moral outrage or exhortation, and prayers would sort out, although all this might somehow help. Nor is it a phenomenon the brutal arm of the state can really curtail or crush forever, regardless of whoever directs the operation. Rather, it is illustrative of a grave social breakdown. In the Boko Haram insurgency, we are reaping the consequences of our 8620 9705 9046 1969 0344 We should not personalize this issue. It is not about Buhari, it is about us ...and the future of our children. My fear is that if we don’t kill corruption in Nigeria, corruption will kill us. So, the choice before us is to resolve to kill corruption and free our country from the firm grip of corrupt men and women. —APC Presidential candidate, Gen Mohammadu Buhari May your road be rough, Dasuki (II) Col. Sambo Dasuki past and present leaders’ failings and failures, their decades of misrule, their theft and corruption and their treacherous betrayals of the peoples’ trust and aspirations. It is a tragic national nightmare that may well require not only the restoration of a legitimate democratic state that is responsive to the pains and needs as well as aspirations of our masses, but also the rebooting of our socio-economy for a decent and fairer society in order to get things back on track. All this is not to doubt, or downplay, Dasuki’s qualification for the job he got. Perhaps he would still have landed the job even if he didn’t have the kind of pedigree he has. Still, on its face value and looking at it objectively, Jonathan’s preference for Dasuki seems to strike many as an odd decision. Hence, the question being asked everywhere: If a bright intelligence specialist like Azazi who rose to the pinnacle of the Nigerian Armed Forces couldn’t contain the current wave of insurgency in the north, is there a good chance a former artillery corps commander of far lesser rank and experience but equally good education would fare any better? That is an open question, to which only time will avail us conclusive answer. But, doubtless, Dasuki is coming to the job with many positives and bringing into it some useful experiences. He has a good educational background. He has wide exposure, and an even wider network of relationships and friendships that cut across our religious, ethnic and regional divides. I first met him in the house of former Senate President, Dr. Iyorchia Ayu. Unlike his predecessor and many of those who have wrapped their tentacles around the president, Col Dasuki is someone who can think and act with ease and grace across the country’s many divides. He is known to be humble and not greedy for money. All this apart, Dasuki has a father from whom he can gain experiences and insights that have direct bearing on his job. His father, former Sultan Ibrahim Dasuki, did a lot to promote religious harmony and understanding between Northern Muslims and Christians and was most instrumental in the formation, in 1991, of the Interfaith committee. Plus, the new N.S.A. seems to have started well. We can’t say for sure yet what the Boko Haram insurgents are making of his appointment, his visit to their territory and his overtures of peace to them. But with the local population and leaders and elders in both Borno and Yobe states, his visits and his overtures and show of concern for their plight seem to have earned him a bountiful harvest of goodwill and an assurance of what he needs most at this stage of his assignment: the benefit of the doubt. It would appear, however, that the new NSA, anxious to make a difference in as short a time as possible, is moving a little too fast, especially as regards his overtures to the insurgents. Has he properly guaged the size of the problem and fashioned the appropriate responses to it before making overtures to the insurgents and asking that they come out? A no less important question: is he on the same page with Jonathan and his people on the issue of dialogue and the larger one of amnesty, rehabilitation and empowerment programmes that he is already talking about? As the NSA, Dasuki must know a few things that the rest of us don’t. But it is now hardly a secret that there is not just one Boko Haram sect today but a number of them. Is Dasuki talking to all of the different factions, or just a few, or even just one of them? If so, which? And why does he expect that the insurgents will simply oblige him and come out without a ceasefire being agreed between the parties and without concrete guarantees for safety, when they are no fools and know that the government has a history of insincerity and betrayals in such matters? Then there is the issue of the security agencies themselves and Contd On Pg 34	i don't know
Roger Mellie, Finbarr Saunders & Buster Gonad are all regular comic strip characters appearing in which publication?	Couchtripper :: View topic - Viz Comics Viz Comics Posted: Fri Oct 19, 2007 12:38 am Post subject: Viz Comics Here are the issues in rars - you will need winrar or similar software to extract. issues 151-175 - download rar Once extracted, you'll need the Comic Book Reader to view the files, which you can get HERE for Windows. For other devices search for "Comic Book Reader". "I just bought the CD advertised in a recent Viz with issues 26-40 on it and your scans blow them out of the water. Wish I'd saved my cash now." - a happy visitor many thanks to dextrovix, Jay, Trelard, Ian, Leon, smellofmints, and Priestfan for sending some issues along with jacksprat and oohaah for checking mistakes. If you want to help by adding other stuff that isn't featured, send an email or pm This playlist has all the videos that were previously in this post. 'Viz - The Rock n Roll Years' is an extended radio feature about the comic... well worth a listen Chris Donald on episode 201 of 'The Museum Of Curiosity' Founder won't be celebrating Viz's 30th birthday Oct 25 2009 Coreena Ford, Sunday Sun Viz may be celebrating its 30th birthday this week but its founder, Chris Donald, will be taking a back seat as no longer having any involvement doesnï¿½t bother him one bit. Chris, who lives near Alnwick, Northumberland, first came up with the adult magazine with his pal Jim Brownlow back in 1979, dishing out copies of their first edition at a gig in Gosforth, Newcastle. He and his brothers Simon and Steve helped to flesh out characters like Sid the Sexist and Biffa Bacon from the bedroom of their home in Jesmond, Newcastle, before moving into their own studio. And the laughter organï¿½s characters like Eight Ace, the Fat Slags and the Pathetic Sharks soon ensured it was selling more than a million copies an issue ï¿½ almost toppling the UKï¿½s bestselling magazine of the time, the Radio Times. However, Chris quit as editor in 1999 . . . and says heï¿½s never looked back. He said: ï¿½Itï¿½s odd to think that Viz is 30 years old. When me and Jim Brownlow started putting the first edition together in 1979 it was only intended as a one-off. We did it for a joke, to amuse our mates. We didnï¿½t think it would last a week. Iï¿½ve not been involved with Viz for the last 10 years. I still keep in touch with the people at the comic, but Iï¿½ve not done anything for their anniversary issue or their recent books. Although I did lend them a bunch of old cartoons for the London exhibition. I donï¿½t think Iï¿½ll be going to see it. I have an allergy to London, and Iï¿½ve seen all the cartoons before. I donï¿½t miss Viz at all. I wasnï¿½t happy doing the same thing over and over again. It was like being on a treadmill. Iï¿½ve got a real treadmill now. Itï¿½s more fun, and Iï¿½m losing weight. I left Viz because I wanted to try something different. I worked in a bookshop for five years, then I got sick of that. Iï¿½ve recently started drawing cartoons again, for the QI TV showï¿½s 2010 annual. Iï¿½ve got enthusiasm to last me until Christmas, then I donï¿½t know what Iï¿½ll do next. Sit in the park and drink cider perhaps. Iï¿½m planning my own little celebration in Newcastle to mark the 30th anniversary. Just a handful of mates, a few strippers and a Transit van full of lager, perhaps. Nothing too fancy.ï¿½ The current editorial team ï¿½ Simon Thorp, Graham Dury and Davey Jones ï¿½ are marking Vizï¿½s birthday, which falls on Tuesday, with an exhibition in London at the Cartoon Museum. And theyï¿½ll also be heading North for several book signings, of their 30th anniversary edition and their two new books, the news annual ï¿½Council Gritterï¿½ and the ï¿½Magna Fartletï¿½. The trio will be at HMV in Newcastle on Thursday and at Waterstoneï¿½s in Gateshead on Saturday, and theyï¿½ll also return to the region, to the Borders store at Silverlink, North Tyneside, on November 7. As the team look forward to ï¿½ hopefully ï¿½ another 30 years of filthy gags and crude characters, Chris lets us have a sneak peak at the early days of Viz, through a series of snaps taken behind the scenes. Over the years, a raft of stars took part in spoof photo love-stories, posters and adverts, from Alexei Sayle to Peter Cook. Rude Britannia at The Tate A new exhibition at Tate Britain explores the British tradition of irreverence, from Viz comic to political satirist Gerald Scarfe. One of Britainï¿½s rudest institutions is based in the genteel coastal town of Tynemouth, near Newcastle. This is the current home of Viz comic, founded in 1979, infamous for such characters as The Fat Slags, Johnny Fartpants, foul TV presenter Roger Mellie and Buster Gonad, and now a central attraction of Tate Britainï¿½s new exhibition of British comic art, Rude Britannia. ï¿½People are often surprised by how civilised the office is,ï¿½ says genial production manager Stevie Glover, ushering me into an elegant townhouse to meet editor/artists Simon Thorp, Graham Dury and Davey Jones, and designer Wayne Gamble. ï¿½I think the local residentsï¿½ association were originally worried that weï¿½d erect a giant neon arse on the side of the building.ï¿½ There are no such decorations in view but the Viz office is crammed with pop culture ephemera and beautifully hand-drawn storyboards depicting bawdy antics. ï¿½For the Tate exhibition, weï¿½re creating a ten-foot tall comic sprouting out of the floor, featuring characters like The Fat Slags and a Letterbocks page,ï¿½ says Dury. ï¿½Weï¿½ve also done a Roger Mellie-style comment for each of the art exhibits.ï¿½ Rude Britanniaï¿½s exhibits will also draw suggestive connections between different media and eras, from William Hogarthï¿½s irreverent illustrations of 18th-century society to seaside postcards and modern designs including Grayson Perryï¿½s ceramics and Sarah Lucasï¿½s provocative visual puns. Surreal comedian Harry Hill curates the showï¿½s Absurd room, while legendary cartoonist Gerald Scarfe oversees the political satire section. ï¿½The exhibition isnï¿½t setting out a singular tradition, itï¿½s exploring comedy through graphic arts and other media, and trying to tell a bigger story,ï¿½ explains Tate curator Martin Myrone. ï¿½Society has become much more accommodating of low art alongside high art. Each room is going to feel very different but these are also works that seemed to chime together as an ensemble.ï¿½ While saucy humour is fondly regarded as part of British tradition, Myrone is wary of getting too cosy in Rude Britannia. ï¿½Ultimately, itï¿½s a celebration but there are undertones we do need to question within the jokes,ï¿½ he argues. ï¿½Should we be laughing at this? Does political satire actually change anything?ï¿½ The Viz team, meanwhile, are happy with their Bawdy category. ï¿½Weï¿½ve never really bothered with politics except in a very broad ï¿½theyï¿½re all liarsï¿½ sense,ï¿½ says Thorp. ï¿½Whenever we try to do politics, it soon moves into ï¿½pants-downï¿½ and farting jokes,ï¿½ adds Dury. The venerable Scarfeï¿½s take on politics certainly hasnï¿½t been any safer, as his section of the exhibition should demonstrate. ï¿½My position is that anything is questionable,ï¿½ he says jovially. ï¿½I did a cartoon about the Pope in The Sunday Times recently and got shoals of letters. I once drew Mary Whitehouse being screwed by Rupert Bear and she sued me ï¿½ but to my amazement itï¿½s in the Tate now. My drawings have really been about the things I canï¿½t stand: fear; abuse; everything thatï¿½s wrong with the world. Thatï¿½s why theyï¿½re grotesque. Iï¿½ve been lucky to have a platform to rail about them. Humour is quite a destructive weapon and if you canï¿½t have a sense of humour, then itï¿½s a pretty grim world.ï¿½ The public definition of ï¿½rudenessï¿½ changes all the time; are British audiences shocked by anything any more? ï¿½There probably arenï¿½t as many storms about transgressions now,ï¿½ concedes Thorp. ï¿½Even kidsï¿½ telly is a lot ruder. Johnny Fartpants seemed quite ground-breaking at the time ï¿½ or wind-breaking. I donï¿½t think weï¿½d deliberately try to provoke anybody. Weï¿½ve always said that if something made you laugh first and then wince it was all right but if you winced first and chuckled afterwards, itï¿½s probably beyond the pale.ï¿½ The team agree that Vizï¿½s humour is fuelled by its Britishness. ï¿½A lot of the comics we were inspired by, like The Dandy and The Beano from decades ago, donï¿½t exist abroad,ï¿½ points out Jones. ï¿½And maybe Geordie characters like Biffa Bacon or Tasha Slappa wouldnï¿½t be as good if they spoke standard English. People do write in asking for translations.ï¿½ The fundamental question remains, though: is Viz art? The editors reply in unison: ï¿½Naaah!ï¿½ ï¿½It is artier than a pile of bricks, though,ï¿½ adds Thorp thoughtfully. ï¿½Itï¿½s cheaper too.ï¿½ Happy 30th birthday Viz 17 October 2009 spectator.co.uk Some night soon on the peaceful back streets of Bloomsbury, you might want to keep an eye out for two young ladies from the north for whom the term ï¿½muffin topï¿½ might have been invented. They will be extremely drunk, laughing like open drains and displaying unsuitable underwear. They will be looking for romance. They are known widely as the ï¿½Fat Slagsï¿½. Sandra and Tracey are two of the Hogarthian figures that populate the pages of Viz, a distinctly adult comic. It is now celebrating an anniversary that few childrenï¿½s comics ever see: 30 years of scatalogical, frequently obscene cartoons. To celebrate this birthday, the normally decorous Cartoon Museum in Bloomsbury is staging a special Viz exhibition. The Fat Slags will be there, alongside a sweary parade of characters who have, over the past few decades, provided a most unflattering reflection of modern British society. Among these are: Sid the Sexist; Roger Mellie, the Man On The Telly; Mrs Brady, Old Lady; Finbarr Saunders and his Double Entendres; Millie Tant And Her Radical Conscience; Billy The Fish; Major Misunderstanding. All are drawn in a richly detailed style reminiscent of every comic you grew up with. Viz also has a raucously funny letters page, and a ceaselessly ingenious ï¿½Top Tipsï¿½ advice column (ï¿½Catch moths using a mousetrap baited with a jumperï¿½ was one recent suggestion). But the genius of the comic throughout the years has been its unflinching and rather unforgiving approach to various forms of antisocial behaviour. From benefits fraud to unreconstructed sexism to alcoholism to tiresome green posturing, Viz characters are quite often vividly irredeemable. The comicï¿½s founder Chris Donald once disingenously described the Fat Slagsï¿½ ceaseless promiscuity as ï¿½unbecomingï¿½. For long-term fans, it is a shock to think that Viz started as far back as Margaret Thatcherï¿½s first term as prime minister in 1979. ï¿½We still get a few young readers,ï¿½ says co-editor and prolific cartoonist Simon Thorp drily. ï¿½That is, people in their late thirties and upwards.ï¿½ Thorp has been with the comic since 1985. The Viz office, just outside Newcastle, comprises himself and his fellow cartoonists Graham Dury and Davy Jones, plus Stevie, their office manageress, and their designer Wayne. For a publication so comically ferocious, its monthly gestation is very equable. They all sit around on sofas ï¿½discussing what they watched on televisionï¿½; ideas come up; and if one person writes a script, then the other will draw the strip for it. Thorp says that the only real editorial requirement is that the stuff that makes them all laugh loudest goes in. And despite language that would make a horse retch, Viz is embraced snugly in the bosom of the comedy establishment. For instance, the veteran comic genius Barry Cryer is a huge fan, and once took the Viz team out to a pub ï¿½ accolades really do not come higher. Take another look, though, and some of the strips seem ï¿½ unless this is my imagination ï¿½ surprisingly right-wing, as opposed to simply anarchic. One regular is ï¿½8-Aceï¿½, a frequently incontinent alcoholic made to live in his shed by his understandably violent wife. Aceï¿½s sporadic attempts to find gainful work are always scuppered by his remorseless daily consumption of eight tins of extra-strength ï¿½Aceï¿½ lager. Then there is ï¿½Tasha Slapperï¿½ and ï¿½Tashaï¿½s Mumï¿½ who seem to be emblems of a Jeremy Kyle culture ï¿½ caterwauling, pathologically selfish, and again frequently drunken. It is all prime Iain Duncan Smith material. Elsewhere, in Mrs Brady Old Ladyï¿½s latest adventure, the formidable old bag is seen diddling her disability allowance and then, having fooled the benefits inspector, refereeing a football match. Meanwhile, the Fat Slags ï¿½ and their various paramours ï¿½ are rarely seen in any form of legitimate employment. In other words, the implication of these recurring strips is that the welfare state as it stands is often being played for a patsy by feckless, irredeemable monsters. Add to this the nauseatingly right-on monologues of spoiled, mollycoddled Student Grant, and the insanely politically correct diatribes from lesbian Millie Tant and... well, it is certainly not Guardian territory. Indeed, traditional Guardian readers are also traduced in the ï¿½Modern Parentsï¿½ strip, in which a pair of sanctimonious, ill-tempered eco-hypocrites bully their poor children out of mass-produced toys, TV-watching and meat-eating. But Simon Thorp recoils from this suggestion of right-wingery like a cat squirted with lemon juice. ï¿½No, I donï¿½t think we are right-wing,ï¿½ he protests. ï¿½I donï¿½t even know where we stand on the Lisbon Treaty.ï¿½ He also says that Viz tries to be even-handed with politicians, in the sense that ï¿½we lash out at everybodyï¿½. ï¿½We once included Stephen Poundï¿½s name for some reason in a word-search puzzle which was themed around ï¿½large organsï¿½,ï¿½ he says. ï¿½He sent us a box of chocolates.ï¿½ Thorp also cites the long-running Viz character Baxter Basics MP ï¿½ who as the name implies, came into being at the end of John Majorï¿½s premiership, ï¿½but then flipped to being New Labourï¿½. The circulation might not be quite what it was 20 years ago ï¿½ there was a point when Viz was outselling Radio Times, with a million copies per issue ï¿½ but Thorp is aware of just how loyal long-term Viz readers are. The forthcoming 30th anniversary issue features the return of such old favourites as Roger Irrelevant and Finbarr Saunders. ï¿½Some characters have continual appeal because they reflect the times,ï¿½ Thorp says. ï¿½Billy the Fish (half-fish, half-goalkeeper, Vizï¿½s surreal answer to Roy of the Rovers) will be competing on Strictly Come Dancing.ï¿½ Perhaps average Viz readers now resemble the three-bearded real-ale bores who sometimes appear in the comic. Every time I see someone chortling away at it, itï¿½s a middle-aged man in a jacket and tie. Oh, hold on. Thatï¿½s me as well. ï¿½We have had people reading us for a very long time. And convicts,ï¿½ Thorp adds helpfully. ï¿½We had a plaintive letter from a convict recently complaining that he couldnï¿½t get Viz in his prison. We sent him an issue with the proviso that on his release, he must never offend again. We always look out for our incarcerated clientele.ï¿½ Thorp is thrilled about the forthcoming Cartoon Museum exhibition. His own favourite artists are H.M. Bateman and Pont. ï¿½Pont...ï¿½ he says wistfully. ï¿½I only wish I had that subtlety. Itï¿½d have to be an accident.ï¿½ Too modest! In truth, the needle-sharp satire of Viz ï¿½ combined with the important fact that it is consistently, howlingly funny ï¿½ means that it has more than earned its place in the comic pantheon. The Viz exhibition is at the Cartoon Museum, Little Russell St, London WC1, from 4 November. Roger Mellie, It's Him Off The Telly October 27, 2009 Jo Couzens, Sky News Roger Mellie talks to Sky News Online on Viz's 30th birthday and reveals which Sky presenter he thinks most closely resembles him. Q. Who do you admire at the moment on telly? A. It's got to be Brucie, hasn't it? What a pro, still going after all those years at the top. Amazing. Getting a bit long in the tooth now, and that's definitely a wig, but I only hope I look as good when I reach that age. Q. How popular do you think you are with today's audience? A. In this business you have to keep re-inventing yourself for each new generation. You've got to keep in touch with all the latest fads and crazes that the kids are getting "into". That's what my new show Roger Mellie's Groovy Hula-Hoop Barbecue (Sky One) is all about. Q. Which Sky News presenter do you think is most like you, and why? A. Definitely Eamonn Holmes, because like me, he (the rest of this answer has been omitted on legal advice). Q. Who in the media would be your ideal date? A. Apart from Fiona Bruce, you mean? You know, I've always thought that Janet Street-Porter was the most fascinating woman in the media. She's got the most amazing mind - she's witty, clever, well-informed, and she's got a strong personality and knows exactly what she wants. But have you seen the state of her? Bloody hell. So, if I had to pick my ideal date, it would probably be someone with big knockers like Krystle off Page Three. Q. What would be your perfect night out? A. When you're a celebrity, you're forever running the gauntlet of the paparazzis' cameras. Whatever you do, it's difficult to stay out of the public eye. So I've recently joined an exclusive club where I can relax and be myself without getting splashed all over the tabloids in the morning. It's very discreet, tucked away under some railway arches in Acton and the dancers do this trick with ping-pong balls that would make your eyes water. Q. Have you got any new TV shows in the pipeline? A. Yeah, we've always got a few irons in the fire. In fact, my production company's got a few things in development with Sky at the moment, as it happens. Television has been dumbing down a lot recently, so we're trying to redress the balance a bit, come up with some more intellectually-demanding programme formats. Topless Paintball Question Time with Diane Abbott has just got the green light, and we've got high hopes for Kerry Katona's Sky at Night. Q. Are you planning to write any more books? A. I'll let you into a little secret. Us celebrities don't actually write our own bestsellers - we're far too busy. For example, it's a well known fact that Jordan gets someone else to type all her books out for her - she just comes up with the ideas. I've taken that process one step further. Someone else thinks up my ideas and does the writing. Q. Are you still working with Tom? A. Who? You mean the bloke with the beard and the specs? Oh yeah, me and Tom go back years. We met on the set of my first show, Family Fart-Tunes, 30 years ago, and he's been with me at FTV ever since, through thick and thin. Sadly, though, I had to make him redundant last week. I'm having my office refitted and it was either Tom or the iridescent tiles in my en-suite bathroom. They really are beautiful tiles. Q. Sky notices you have a Twitter page and a Facebook page. What do you think of the latest social networking tools? A. I don't really know the first thing about computers, to be honest - I'm no Stephen Fry! Though funnily enough, I met him last week in the BBC canteen, as it happens. Shorter than he looks on the telly and smelled very strongly of TCP. Hang on, I tell a lie, that was Moira Stuart. Q. Would you consider working for Sky News? A. Yeah, why not? I'm not proud. Is Paul Ross not available or something? Q. What advice do you have for someone wanting to get into television work? A. It's the hardest game in the world, it really is. The competition is so fierce. My advice to any young women who want to get into television is to get in touch with me, Roger Mellie, c/o FTV Television Centre, Fulchester. I'll happily do what I can to give them a leg up, and keep my eye out out for any openings, so to speak. Viz Comic takes over the Guardian On the occasion of its 30th birthday, Britain's fourth or fifth funniest comic does its business - Warf! Warf! ï¿½ all over our pages. Check the images below for our exclusive Viz strips Justin Quirk The Guardian, 7 November 2009 This month sees the 30th anniversary of "the magazine that's not as funny as it used to be". Viz, Chris Donald's foul-mouthed comic, evolved from a 12-page fanzine hawked around Newcastle's pubs into one of the country's highest-selling titles, shifting over a million copies an issue with celebrity fans ranging from David Bowie to Simon Bates. Since that 1990 peak, sales have declined to around the 100,000 mark; however, the comic which first posed the then-unanswered question "Morrissey; pop genius or twat?" is still going strong as it enters its fourth decade. Viz's influence on British comedy has been profound. Its squalid brand of anarchy and self-referential surrealism is present in everything from Mitchell and Webb and The League Of Gentlemen to Little Britain and The Daily Mash. And while its writers resist serious analysis, Viz's most overlooked quality has always been a furious intelligence. As its numerous, pathetic imitators (Smut, Zit, Brain Damage etc) proved, a comic cannot survive on profanity alone and Viz strips like Biffa Bacon, Sid The Sexist and The Fat Slags tell you more about the national character than many literary heavyweights. In a tongue-in-cheek documentary, Auberon Waugh suggested that "if the future generations look back on the literature of the age, they'll more usefully look to Viz than they would, for instance, the novels of Peter Ackroyd or Julian Barnes, because Viz has a genuine vitality of its own which comes from the society which it represents". His favourite strip was The Bottom Inspectors, by the way. The classic premise of situation comedy has always been that of a man trapped in his surroundings; and this is the case in Viz's finest strips, the characters poignantly locked in a doomed cycle by their giant testicles, religious fervour, undiagnosed autism, painful haemorrhoids, and terminal stupidity. Writer Graham Dury claims a core readership of "the well educated, the unemployed and people in prison" and Viz speaks to the parts of Britain that have a simmering and instinctive dislike of the rich, the show-offs, the moronic and the vain. Viz has been entirely prescient about where our culture is going. Once, its obsession with third-rate celebrities, Roger Mellie's endless ideas for cheap television ("I've got an idea, Tom ï¿½ Celebrity Shit Bucket!"), dishonest overselling, and ludicrously hyperbolic real-life stories seemed like flights of fancy. Now, they look like the vast majority of the modern media. "We pride ourselves on the fact you're no cleverer when you've read Viz," says Dury. "You might have had a few laughs, but you've not learnt anything." If that really is the case, then the fault lies with the reader, not the comic. BBC Magazine 23rd August 2004 Viz comic has become a national institution and, after 25 years, is taking to the stage at the Edinburgh festival. Is it finally respectable? In the 25 years since Viz comic first appeared, Sid the SExist, one of its most enduring characters, has spectacularly failed in the pursuit to which he has single-mindedly committed himself: having sex. Yet it almost didn't happen like that, says Simon Donald, who started the comic with his brother Chris. When they set out to find a serious publishing deal, Sid's crass exploits did not raise a smile with the suits at one of Britain's magazine publishing giants. "They wanted Sid the Sexist to be Sid the Smooth Talker. They were offended by the fact he was politically incorrect," says Simon Donald prï¿½cising a letter from one of the big publishers. It was 1985 and PC - political correctness - had taken hold everywhere from council chambers to student unions. Viz, an irreverent, sordid, at times outrageously offensive skit on the traditional British kids' comic, already had a thriving teenage readership in its native Newcastle. bThe next step was to go nationwide, and so the hunt for a big backer. The publisher in question, home to the sort of titles Viz had set out to lampoon, was looking for the next big thing. But it wasn't to be. The letter detailing the company's objections to Sid and just about everything else in the Viz repertoire is recited and entertainingly dissected as part of a show at this week's Edinburgh Fringe. Called Swearing is Both Big and Clever it is a potted history of the comic which the late Auberon Waugh predicted would be more usefully reflected on by future literary scholars than the novels of Peter Ackroyd or Julian Barnes. At the show's helm will be Simon Donald and Viz artist Alex Collier, both of whom have recently loosened their ties to the comic to pursue other projects. Pondering the upcoming show, Donald returns to the letter. "They couldn't stand the humour or the language, or the irreverence," says Donald, with the aplomb of someone who is still having the last laugh. "They said a great deal of our stories appeared not to have a recognisable ending. They wanted us to stop using four-letter words, be more political, develop a story about Maggie Thatcher." A strip entitled Sex and the Beatles, in which the mop tops are accused of having sex with their wives, caused particular anguish, he recalls. Eventually, Donald and his pals found a publisher who granted them full editorial freedom, with the one proviso that they stayed within the law. Viz's merciless ridiculing of stars and stereotypes, laced with much anarchic iconoclasm, proved the perfect antidote in an era of PC student politics and emerging celebrity culture. By the early 90s sales topped more than a million per issue, and Donald and co saw the money come rolling in. But the great minds behind characters like Those Pathetic Sharks - a strip about pernickety sharks who prefer ice lollies to human flesh - found swimming in the big sea of magazine publishing lured some serious predators. Donald cites a parody of an old Ready Brek advert which showed a child glowing warmth and the line "Central heating for children". Viz recreated the ad with a vagrant toting a well-known premium strength lager and changed the line to "Central Heating for Tramps", inadvertently drawing the rebuke of the brewer's lawyers. Given its reputation for poking abuse, one might feel a pang of sympathy for the poor Viz defamation lawyer. Not a bit of it, according to Donald, who says the comic relies on a loophole which permits "low abuse", ie plain non-libellous insults. Viz has only ever made two apologies - one after it ran a strip about gipsies, and got a letter from the United Nations alleging racism. "We didn't mean to offend. It doesn't look good on our record to be accused of racism," says Donald, who despite his record, is not averse to serious reflection. The other apology followed a misunderstanding about a celebrity who subsequently died from cancer. After a "cease and desist" letter from the company Viz hit back with a strip about a "miserable Scottish git" called DC Thomson. Not to be outdone, Thomson sharpened its knives and resurrected one of its old strips, the Jocks Versus the Geordies, as a means of mocking Viz's comic strips. Despite carving a handsome living out of parodying comics, Donald clearly retains great affection for the likes of Topper, Buster and Whizzer and Chips, which have shut down in the past 25 years. But he concedes Viz's warts and all approach has, in some small way, contributed to a changing market. "The world's constantly changing so we must have had a part in it in some small way. It certainly isn't one of our achievements that we shut down all the comics we grew up reading ourselves." As for respectability, Viz has followed a familiar comedic trajectory, ï¿½ la Monty Python or Billy Connolly, from outsider to institution. Donald is flattered by the Python analogy. "To paraphrase Quentin Crisp," he says, "if we're accepted now, it's not because we've changed, it's the establishment that's changed." Viz whizzes The Evening Chronicle Aug 26 2004 The Viz comic is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. Jamie Diffley meets the men who are still keeping its readers laughing. It must be a stressful life at a magazine which sells more than 130,000 copies per issue. Publishers on your back, deadlines looming, stories to finish. By the way when is the next deadline? "Don't know," is the instant chorus reply from three of the five staff who make up the current team of one of Newcastle's finest exports - Viz. The chorus comes from designer Wayne Gamble, cartoonist Davey Jones and Simon Thorp, who along with Graham Dury is joint editor. Graham is away when we visit - in Cornwall apparently - as is Stevie Glover, editorial manager and, in the words of Simon, the rock. "She would know the deadline," he says. "She's good at the sensible side of things. If we were Princess Di she would be our Paul Burrell." The next deadline (we learn later on by virtue of a quick check) is not for another three weeks. No need to panic then. Anyway, after a quarter of a century you'd think the comic is such a well-oiled machine that deadlines would become insignificant. With only 10 issues to produce every year it would make sense to everyone to have issues ready to go to print as and when required. To work in advance as it were. "I still like the idea of getting one in the bag, so to speak," says Simon, known to the rest as Thorpy. "When one deadline is over it would be good to work steadily towards the next one but after so long it still doesn't happen. It's a shame because it would make things easier for us all, but the way we work is quite chaotic. However, we still get things done." Viz is not just a North East institution but a national one. From the early days of a glorified fanzine produced in founder, Chris Donald's Jesmond bedroom, it went on to sell more than a million and still shifts a healthy 138,000 plus copies per issue. It gave us legendary characters like the un-PC Sid the Sexist, the half-man half-fish goalkeeper Billy and the man-mad Fat Slags. The comic spawned a host of imitators, most of which fell by the wayside and for a while itself suffered a huge dip in form. But recent subscriptions have almost doubled since the beginning of 2003 and with a host of events planned to celebrate its silver anniversary there is a buzz about the comic again. One collector's edition of old favourites is already in the shops and there's a 25th anniversary edition due out in October. There are two books set for release, one by original founder Chris Donald, and there is talk of a celebrity bash in London to mark the occasion. Back at the office, things remain the same if a little busier of late. "We try to ignore what's happening in the outside world," said cartoonist Davey Jones. "The publishers try to push the business side of it on us but we do our best not to listen. We just get on with it." Dennis Publishing Ltd owns half of the magazine, with the rest owned between Simon, Graham and Davy and Chris Donald, who quit the comic as editor in 1999. The writers have full creative freedom over the contents, which are decided in the comic's conference room. This is the creative heart of the publication, where scripts are scribbled on note pads and drawings doodled on whatever comes to hand. Staff thrash out ideas on the two battered sofas that sit in the middle of the room, surrounded by mountains of past issues, scores of irreverent books, a table football game and a dartboard. Most top magazines employ researchers to try and pin down their core audience to boost their sales. Readers are canvassed, focus groups consulted and the results presented to editorial staff in a stuffy boardroom on an overhead projector. The brains behind Viz don't believe in focus groups. "We talk about it between ourselves and if it makes us laugh, we'll go with it," said Simon. "It's a collaborative process where we just bounce things around. If it doesn't make us laugh we bin it." It's a bold marketing strategy but it's one that works. Fortunately for them the Great British public is tickled by the idea of a vibrating goat which has a bum for a face. The rest of the Viz office, set in Milburn House, close to St Nicholas' Cathedral, in Newcastle City Centre, is just as chaotic as the conference room. A framed gallery of the 100+ issues line one of the walls while a huge poster, mocking the merits of Skegness (too rude to print here but very funny) dominates another wall. Viz memorabilia is littered around. T-shirts, mugs, calendars. Even the remains of a Sid the Sexist Easter egg. In the middle of the room are the three drawing boards where the stories come to life. Simon is responsible for Billy the Fish, Farmer Palmer and Mrs Brady among others. Davey concentrates on the one-off specialist cartoon strips (the aforementioned vibrating bum-faced goats was one of his) while Graham's hand is the one behind the Fat Slags. From there Wayne takes over as page designer, laying out the final product on computer. The finished article is then electronically sent to the printers in Essex. Always on time despite the apparent haphazard nature. "We used to send it by train in the old days but we missed it once and had to drive it all the way down," remembers Simon. "We were told it had to be there before midnight and we just made it. We handed over this package to the printer and he put it down on a table. It didn't get done until three days later anyway." Simon first became involved with Viz in 1984. Originally from Pontefract, in West Yorkshire, he was an art student at Aberystwyth University, when he replied to an advert on the back of Private Eye for cartoonists. Although he was aware of the comic, he had never read it. In 1984 Viz wasn't available in too many places outside the North East. He moved to Newcastle to work full-time on the growing business just before it moved from Chris Donald's bedroom to offices in Portman Terrace, Jesmond, and watched it become the biggest selling humour magazine in the early 90s. In 2000 they moved to their current premises, which they call Fulchester House, after the fictional town where Billy the Fish plays his football. Throughout the changes Simon tries to keep the same approach to the humour which made it a success in the first place. They have resisted suggested changes from a variety of publishers, including a push to move them to London. "I couldn't imagine living and working in London," protests Simon. "It's horrible. If we had have gone we probably wouldn't exist today. We probably would have all been murdered." Cult comic Viz goes glossy MediaWeek, 21 September 2001 Cult adult comic Viz is undergoing its first significant format change since it was launched twenty years ago. In a bid to boost its on-shelf appeal, future issues will take on changes including a bigger size format, a stiff and glossier cover and better quality paper inside the comic. Publisher IFG said the changes were part of an overall strategy to consolidate its men's titles, including Bizarre Magazine and Fortean Times, to create the strongest men's magazine publishing house in the UK. In typical Viz style, commercial manager Will Watt said: "We've been talking for a while with the lads at Viz about making it bigger and stiffer as we're confident that these sort improvements will attract new and lapsed readers." Viz gives Fat Slags the elbow John Plunkett The Guardian, 19 October 2004 The publishers of Viz magazine have axed the Fat Slags, one of its most infamous cartoon strips, after their big screen adaptation was branded the worst British film ever made. Sandra and Tracey, two sex-mad north country factory workers from 69 Shit Street, Fulchester, will make their last appearance in the magazine's 25th anniversary issue, which is out next week. "I'm sorry to say that the Fat Slags are no more," said Graham Dury, the editor of Viz. "After seeing this crass and ill-conceived film I just don't feel like drawing them again. It was crap from start to end, there are no laughs to be had and it bears no relation to the comic strip on which we have worked so hard to make a success." The Fat Slags first appeared in Viz 15 years ago. The big screen version, which stars Sophie Thompson and Smack the Pony's Fiona Allen, follows them on a trip to London where they help an American media tycoon, who is brain damaged after insulting the Dalai Lama. The movie was universally panned by critics in tabloids and broadsheets alike. "Crass, demeaning and thoroughly depressing, I would sooner recommend you scoop out your eyes with teaspoons than watch this," said Wendy Ide in the Times. "There may still be some diehard Viz aficionados who'll love every second of this film - but I'm one and I didn't," said Johnny Vaughan in the Sun, while the Guardian's Peter Bradshaw concluded: "It has plenty of gross-out stuff, but chucked in with an eerie lack of enjoyment or conviction. Depression seeps out of the screen like carbon monoxide." "First they said that Mad Cows was the worst British film ever made. Then they said Sex Lives of the Potato Men was. Now the hot topic among connoisseurs of bad films will be: is Fat Slags worse than Cows and Potato Men combined?" asked Cosmo Landesman in the Sunday Times. The film adaptation also starred Geri Halliwell, Naomi Campbell, Angus Deayton and former EastEnder Michael Greco. The Dalai Lama was played by Pink Panther star Bert Kwouk. Privately Viz executives are furious that the film has been made at all - when the magazine was sold to Dennis Publishing the film rights were retained by the magazine's former owner, John Brown Publishing. As a result, the Viz editorial team had no control over the film and were "appalled" by the end result. The Fat Slags' creator and former Viz editor Simon Donald said it was "embarrassing". "Even the most idiotic, misguided teenage moron will not get a laugh out of this truly irredeemable crock of horseshit," he said. They believe that it will damage the reputation of the magazine and decided the only option was to distance themselves by killing the two ladies off. Mr Dury said: "As far as we are concerned the Fat Slags has already been made by Alan Clarke. His [1986] film Rita, Sue and Bob Too is the best film you could hope to make of the Fat Slags. This version was crap from start to end." Within weeks of their debut in 1989, the Fat Slags were recruited in an advertising campaign for Tennent's lager. At the time, a Guardian column said they "stood out [in Viz] as the most appalling and the funniest strip, perhaps because they contain a hint of truth and tragedy. They're gluttonous and amoral and they'll shag anyone who's good for a bag of chips." Fat Slags was directed by Ed Bye, who also directed Kevin and Perry Go Large. The big screen version of Harry Enfield's comic creation, Kevin the Teenager, was a hit at the box office and took ï¿½9m in the UK in its first three weeks on release. Back to top Posted: Sun Feb 16, 2014 2:56 am Post subject: issues 151-175 added - thanks again to dextrovix for his efforts Previous updates 23rd March - issues 111-150 added 6th March - complete downloads up to issue 110 available in first post. Thanks to dextrovix 2012 25th June - issues 93 and 97 added, thanks to PriestFan 21st May - issues 68 and 89 added, thanks to PriestFan 2nd May - issues 58 and 65 added, thanks to PriestFan for sending his scans 2011 19th September - issues 54 and 105 added - thanks to smellofmints for sending his scans 10th August - issues 98 and 147 added 6th August - 4 specials added to the bottom of the list 22nd May - issue 57 added - thanks to Ian for sending it 2nd Apr - issues 52 and 53 added 30th Mar - issues 29 and 30 added 25th Mar - issues 27 and 28 fixed - thanks to oohahh for letting me know of the problem. Also, streaming players added for audio files... 19th Feb - issues 25 and 26 added 10th Feb - issues 20 and 23 added 22nd Jan - issues 18 and 19 added 8th Jan - issues 15 and 16 added 2010 December 23rd - issues 1-14 added. Thanks to Leon for the uploads (he's sent all missing issues up to 55). I've tidied them up, got rid of the age-fading and improved the definition. October 12th - issues 183, 184, 185, 186 added April 5th - Issues 80, 81, 82, 83 added March 28th - Issues 115, 118, 124 and 130 added March 23rd - Issues 17, 21, 22, 24 added thanks to uploads by Trelard. He's also supplied a few of the specials, but I'll add them when I've got a few more to include. Back to top Display posts from previous:	Viz
Crown and Anchor, a gambling game traditionally played by sailors, is played using what equipment?	AMIGALAND V6.05 - CU AMIGA Issue 011 1991 Jan CU AMIGA Issue 011 1991 Jan Entrez votre recherche : CU AMIGA Issue 011 1991 Jan Publication : mercredi 29 avril 2015 19:43 \| Écrit par Nicolas RIQUIER \| Imprimer \| \| Affichages : 2964 AMIGA SPEC SCENE Watch out for this addition to our reviews. The Amiga is the finest home computer that money can buy, and it we really teel that a game is pushing the boundaries ot the machine we'll tell you how and why. Each and every Amiga soec will be tailored to the review. Some ot the ratings are objective eg number ot onscreen colours, levels etc; others, such as an assessment ot the scrolling speed, are based upon the considered opinions ot the CU Amiga team. All such subjective ratings are marked out ot ten. Welcome to Screen Scene, the essential guide to Amiga games. Our reviews are timed to coincide with the release dates of the games themselves, so you won’t find any out of date reviews here, only up to the minute information from an experienced team of joystick journalists. AMIGA SPEC MEMORY REQUIRED 440K SCROLL SPEED 6 COLLISION DETECTION 4 COLOURS ON SCREEN 32 LEVELS 48 DIFFICULTY LEVEL 8 HOURS TO COMPLETE 67 NUMBER OF PLAYERS 2 4 GRAPHICS STYLE SOME FRACTALS SYNTHESISED SOUND + COIN-OP SAMPLES ? CU k Ninety-three percent and a game's worth a superstar. We hardly throw these around but if a game displays totally superior qualities, it just might be in with a chance. CU SCREEN STAR The CU Screen Star is tor games scoring 85%-92%. If a Screen Star is awarded then you can be sure that the product will have reached a high standard in gameplay. Sound and graphics, and that it will have long lasting appeal. NEW TO CU A couple ot new faces join CU Amiga this month, as the magazine strengthens its position as the top games mag tor the Amiga. STEVE MERRETT If you've heard the name before, it's not surprising. Up until two months ago Steve was the Editor of Amiga Action, a rival mag. He's now seen the error ot his ways and joined the stalf ot CU Amiga. He brings with him over tour years of Amiga gamesplaying expertise to complement an already strong team ot joystick journos. Steve will be in charge of our news section and will help compile our cover disks, as well as writing reviews and features. Click image to download PDF Document sans nom ¦ AMIGA THE ULTIMATE GAMES GUIDE TO THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER JANUARY 1991 £2.95 DM16 PTA 770 111300 AN EMAP PUBLICATION DISNM UNBOQpl! Mmi DICK TRACY, ANIMATION STUDHW SPIELBERG’S HORROR FLICK ON T H I S D I S K ! A I ZOO FORfl HUEY THE nuci intwniu HELI SIM jR\|\| W 2F IN ON NO DISKU ¦a . * ATTACHED? GAMES! COIN-OP REPORT FROM NEW ORLEANS 30 HOLOGRAPHIC GAMING • LINE OF FIRE• SPINDIZZY 2* SHADOW DANCER •M.U.D.S.* SUPER MONACO GRAND PRIX GAUNTLET 3* PRINCE OF PERSIA* PD GAMES ROUND-UP FIRST SAMURAI • HINTS & TIPS ON THIRTY GAMES.... ASK YOUR NEWSAGENT ®l90Stjo. WrtjIihrMwed. S flo'ttotmdwrwrk oI9aErrt fprts«Ud. Choose between two ol the best aircraft thot ever llew.The F-4 Phantom is lost, powerful ond equipped with highly odvonced avionics. It is so flexible that it can perform any type ol mission. The A-6 Intruder has the first all weather computer operoted weapons guidance system (OIANE) ond an outstanding weapons load, both have stood the test of time and ore still in service. Up to 8 friendly ond 4 enemy oircrolt on screen simultaneously. 2 different oircrolt accurately simulated. 5 different roles: MIGCAP, IRON HAND, or STRIKE. Realistic mission environment with enemy ortiliciol intelligence. Switch between friendly aircraft in flight. Cotrier take off ond landing wilh 'MEATBALL' landing aid. In flight rodio messages with radio message queueing system. View from oil aspects and 14 in cockpit views. Large numbers of mobile targets including trucks, trains and barges. Realistic terrain taken from contemporary operations maps including Hanoi. Haiphong and Than Hoa. Instonl -Quickstart' option. 'USE 118 SOUTHWARK STREET LONDON SE1 OSW TELEPHONE 01 928 1454 FAX 01 583 3494 © 1990 Mirrorsoft Limited coins EDITOR Steve James ART EDITOR Andrew Beswick DEPUTY EDITOR Dan Slingsby STAFF WRITER Mark Patterson EDITORIAL CONSULTANT Steve Merrett ADVERTISING MANAGER Tom Glenister SENIOR SALES EXECUTIVE Tina Zanelli CLASSIFIED PRODUCTION MANAGER Remzi Salih PUBLISHER Garry Williams EDITORIAL ADVERTISING 071-251 6222 CU AMIGA Offices - Priory Court, 30-32 Farringdon Lane, London EC1R3AU. Tel: 071 251 6222 Distribution - BBC Frontline Limited, Park House, Park Road, Peterborough PE1 2TR Tel: 0733 555161 Subscriptions - PO Box 500, Leicester LE99 0AA Enquireries - Tel: 0858 - 410510 Order Line (answerphone) 0858 - 410888 Back Issues - P.O. Box 500, Leicester, LE99 0AA, Tel: 0858 - 410510. ISS 0265 -721X ABC 47. 091 JanJune 1990 Member ol Audit Bureau of Circulation AMIGA 50 DISNEY PREVIEW Steve James and Marke Patterson take a look at what's new (rom the Disney Studio, including the fraught- filled new feature film from Steven Spielberg - Arachnophobia. In an extra special feature we have an exclusive review of the long-awaited Dick Tracy game, take a look at the Disney Animation Studio, give the low-down on upcoming Disney games and movies, and preview Arachnophobia, the chilling new film directed by Steven 'Jaws' Spielberg. Turn to page 50 now! 119 AGENDA 128 ADDITIONALS 135 AND FINALLY... 82 ARCADES PREVIEW John Cooke, CU's resident coin-op maestro, flew out to New Orleans for this year's AMOA and came bock with this exclusive report on the latest arcade machines destined for your local arcade hall. New Turtles games on the wayl Find out more in BUZZ. Rainbow Art’s Master Blazer comes blasting onto the Amiga this month and Domark come up with what could be one of the smash hits of the year with Broderbund's Prince of Persia. Play Biffa Bacon in the latest game from Virgin based on the VIZ adult comic book. Special preview on page 20. CHOOSE YOUR PLAYER AND HERE IS THE NEWS... 8 20 32 53 82 90 All the big stories on what's happening and who’s doing what for everyone's favourite computer. This month, we uncover shock horror details on two more Turtle games and Gunship 2000. IN DEVELOPMENT One of Activision's last licence signings, Beast Busters, is shaping up r lives and make our way into its zombie-infested world to bring you i Also, we take a quick peep into the world of Viz and see what F licence. FIRST IMPRESSK It's back! After popular demand, First Impressions this month lifts the li Image Mirrorsoft's First Samurai and takes a quick shufty at what'll be hitting your screen during the next few months. This ain't no fawning preview. Buddy, it's an early critical appraisal... DISNEY DOINGS With Entertainment International handling their software arm in the UK, we take a look at what to expect in the near future - including an attack of the eight-legged kind. ARCADES Our arcode ace, John Cook, reports from the American Machine Operators Association conference held in New Orleans and previews the coin-ops we'll be playing late next year. PLAY TO WIN The definitive guide to beating Amiga games, this month contains vital information that will assist Colonel Buck Rogers and his loyal band in their fight for freedom. In addition, we also dish out cheats for practically dll the recenf releases. You lucky people... 40 WRATH OF THE DEMON 46 NINJA REMIX 49 PANZER KICK BOXING 50 DICK TRACY 56 LINE OF FIRE 61 PRINCE OF PERSIA 64 DEATH TRAP 66 M.U.D.S 74 NARCO POLICE 77 SPINDIZZY WORLDS 80 MASTER BLAZER By way of a change, this month we present a real coup - a full game. Super Huey wowed the flight sim world when it was first released, and we proudly present the entire game and its many missions free of charge. Boasting a nice mixture of arcade and simulator gameplay, Super Huey is the perfect launch pad for anyone new to flight sims, and a playable lest for old veterans. Ine best value disk in towni Play buper Huey, a complete game courtesy of Electronic Zoo. HE'LL BE BACK... Ocean is bringing out a game based around the sequel to cult science-fiction movie, Terminator. Fans ol the original tilm will be pleased to hear action-actor Arnold Schwarzenegger has been recast as the deadly cyborg assassin sent from the future. Many regard Terminator as the movie that made the Austrian muscle-man; it was here that Arnie first used his infamous ‘111 be back1 catch-phrase. Terminator II: Judgment Day continues on Irom the first film with Arnie-baby once more on the trail ol Sarah Connor, a young woman whose file will supposedly have great significance in the decades to come. Schwarzenegger plays a monstrous machine that teels no pity, pain or tear-just an overwhelming desire to kill the unfortunate Miss Connor and anyone who foolishly gets in the way. Surprisingly, although the first Terminator movie could have been turned into a cracking computer game, no software house ever took up the challenge. Ocean is extremely pleased to rectify this mistake with the film's sequel. This chart-topping company from Manchester has already achieved considerable success with games based on RoboCop and Batman, and it now hopes to do the same with Terminator II. The movie-script is the best I've ever read,' confides Gary Bracey, Software Development Manager at Ocean, ‘it’s going to be bigger than RoboCop.' Terminator II has just gone into production in the States and is scheduled for cinema release during the summer. The movie is in the capable hands of James Cameron, who previously wrote and directed Aliens. The Abyss and the first Terminator. The game will follow later. Ocean isn't giving away any of the gameplay details and the programming team has yet to be selected. It's possible that Special FX, who did a good job on RoboCop 2, could be given the project. II you’re interested in movie-trivia you may like to know Arnold Schwarzenegger's tee tor playing Terminator for a second time... his own private jet-plane! .JAkS'jPiUUU ili'AH vj ijjy jbus aiu jj us ihu Jiuil Uuiuuuir„ ... BuuiUl'A iu’AU UjJ ’ l BUZZ THE HUNT FOR RED OCTOBER It's not often that a computet game is brought out ol retirement, revamped and re-released. Grandslam Video has done just that with The Hunt For Red October in time to ride the wave ol the video's success. Unsurprisingly, Grandslam s boss Stephen Hall assures us it's ‘a totally different game'. Images is programming the mark two version. Paramount Pictures' blockbusting movie starring Sean Connery has been turned into a tive-level arcade game. Following the plot ot the movie, you must tirst get Jack Ryan aboard the U.S.S. Dallas, then navigate Red October, the world's most advanced nuclear submarine, through the Reykjanes Ridge - a key ridges in Red Route One (the Soviet Navy’s Baltic route) - while avoiding homing missiles and mines. In the later stages of the game you're pursued across the Atlantic Ocean by the Soviet's Red Banner fleet betore the tlnal confrontation with a KGB saboteur. The original game attracted tans trom the strangest places, including GEC-Marconi’s simulation scientists in Scotland who thought the tirst Hunt For Red October ms quite an accurate submarine simulationl GOING UNDERGROUND There's a new underground sporfin Ihe city. Up to three players can take part in a light to dethrone The Masked Warrior and his minions. Only the brutal get the hi-scores. Pit-Fighter, The Fighting Machine is the most recent coin-op trom Atari Games, the veteran arcade firm responsible lor the likes ol Hard Drivin', Paperttoyand S.r.U.N Runner. The game has attracted a lot ol attention because ot its novel graphics system. Every sprite is a digitally processed graphic. This is a game with life-like actors beating each other up with lull camera zoom and side-to-side pan. The blood, though js an artificial additive to stop punters from tainting. Players select one ol three lighters to take on anyone who dares. Buzz is a former pro-wrestler and body builder, Ty is the champion kickboxer and pit-light veteran and Kato is a master ol the Flying Dragon style ol karate. Each player has a special move to bring down anything in their path. Buzz has a killer body slam, Ty has a deadly double kick and Kato throws a lethal Dragon punch. At the end ol each match players are individually awarded a knockout and brutality bonus plus a fight purse. Atari is converting this light 'em up onto its Lynx handheld console, but Domark is currently negotiating the Amiga rights to Pit-Fighter. II it gets them you can expect to be punching people's lights out before Christmas “91. PREVIEWS SPECIAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION Alter its success in the arcades, the Amiga conversion ol Special Criminal Investigation is nearly upon us. Itself the sequel to Chase HO, SCI features two of Miami's toughest cops cruising the streets for info on the whereabouts of the Mayor's kidnapped daughter. Instead ol ramming cars off the road as in the first game, SCI lets you blast 'em with an automatic rifle until they give up, pull over and spill their guts. Catching up with the bad guys ain’t gonna be easy, though, as you've got to avoid other motor cars and must complete each chase within a strict time limit. Available on the Ocean label soon. INSECTS IN SPACE Another hit game on the 64 makes its 16-bit debut. This time it's Sensible Software's old 64 smash, Insects In Space. Deadly insects have invaded Earth and wiped out the entire human race except lor the very young. You play (and don't laugh) the Arch Leader ol the Motherhood, Saint Helen Bak, the sell-appointed protector of the last remanents ol the human race and must stop killer bees picking up the remaining babies and dropping them to the ground. Featuring 8 directional scrolling at 50 frames a second, the game has been programmed by Dave Cantrall with graphics by Mark 'Stormlord' Jones and is due for release on the Hewson label in January. Actually, it's much more fun watching the babes go splat on the floor than rescuing them! CHIP'S CHALLENGE Owners of Atari's 'hand-held' Lynx machine will already be familiar with this game. Set over 144 scrolling levels, Chip's Challenge is a maze-based puzzle game, with the game’s central hero, Chip, out to join his girl’s computer club. To gain entry, though, Chip must use all his skill and cunning to avoid death at the hands of the maze's evil occupants or by falling into the many traps that are placed in his path. The conversion is in the hands of Images, who in the past have produced the conversions of Back To The Future II and Ninja Spirit, and it looks surprisingly like its hand-held counterpart. Out soon from U.S. Gold. EDD THE DUCK Yoo, dudes! Edd the duck, currently to be tound waddling around the broom cupboard at the BBC during children’s teevee and star of his own hit tv-show, is to make his micro-screen debut in a platform shoot 'em up. Duckin' and a divin', Edd has to collect stars from various departments at Television Centre, the home ol the British Broadcasting Corporation, whilst avoiding Wilson the Butler and his legion of baddies. There are 20 stars to collect in the Weather, Special Effects and Children's TV Departments. II he tails, the filming halts and poor Ed loses one of his four lives. Armed with a special Snowball Shooter which freezes the opposition lor a short period ol time. Ed can be found battling the evil arglelrogs' from December onwards courtesy ol Impulze. BOTICS Set in the year 2085, Botics is a deadly future- sport. The game is played by two human players clad in mass- sive Transformer-like robotic suits. Once on the pitch, the two players must stand in front of a slit-like goal and try and deflect the ball into their opponent’s goal. Three consecutive games have to be won before you can make it to the next stage - fail and you're booted out of the competition and your chance lor riches is gone for good! Botics offers five computer opponents and four courts, each ol which vary in difficulty with the players getting faster and the pace of the game getting quicker. With an amusing intro featuring a robotic sportscaster setting the scene, Botics is out now from Krisalis. CRIME DOES NOT PAY Become the king of crime and, ultimately, the mayor of the city, in the latest game from Titus Software. Crime Does Not Pay, an adventure arcade game, lets you play an Italian or Chinese criminal mastermind as you seek to corrupt city officials, bribe the police and wipe out all opposition. Each group is composed of a Godfather type character, a hitman and a Gangster's moll. Whoever you choose to be, your character moves through the city and fights cops, rival cartels, street punks and petty criminals. Principal targets include the Chief of Police. Judges, the Mayor and other leading citizens. If they don't take a bribe they'll get the bullet instead. During the course of the game you can enter different city buildings in order to collect objects (money, keys, confidential files) which will help you to blackmail VIPs and plan raids or robberies. With 200 rooms to check, extensive maps and four kinds of enemy. Crime Does Not Pay is out now. EXTRA POWERMONGER DISKS ON THE WAY Bullfrog, the creator of Populous, is already working on extra data-disks for its new state-of-the-art strategy game, Powermonger. These disks are not simply filled with different graphics or extra missions, but completely redesigned scenarios. . Ax.J Electronic Arts and Bullfrog hope to make Powermonger more up to date, for instance a World War One data-disk is on the cards. With such a disk, you could have trench warfare complete with machine guns, barbed wire, biplanes, tanks, mustard gas, artillery barrages and no-man’s land. The gifted Guildford-based games team designed Powermonger with the idea of expansion built-in at the very start of the venture. Bullfrog can change absolutely everything in the game by altering its complex database - from the inner workings of its advanced artificial intelligence to trivial aspects like the size of a forest. There will probably be two Powermonger data-disks followed by an editor disk allowing you to create your own scenarios. You’ll even have the chance to design your own landscapes using DetuxePaint ill. The extra disks should be available by the end of February. No price has been set, but £!0-£15 per disk seems likely. TURTLEY AWESOME, DUDE - TURTLES 2 AND 3 ON THE WAY The lirst Teenage Mutant Turtles game has hardly hit the streets, and there is already talk ol two tol low-ups based around the hip hyped heroes in a half-shell. Konami has just launched the conversion ol its immensely-successlul Teenage -J Mutant Ninja Turtle coin-op in the States & _ and the second movie is about to go into ~JSe- production - with Jim Henson’s London- 'I 'J& to based puppet company again providing avL to the special effects. W V thSm to Although Mirrorsoft is keeping quiet at P** - - I tog the moment, it’s a fair bet that the fej * i Maxwell-owned company will snap up y aC Ihese two licenses betore the cowabunga 9 V bubble bursts and kids stop ordering . Jk, I \|) chocolate and anchovy pizza pies from I i ' V Pizza Shack. Many believe the Konami a* ’ I wjl ¦ arcade game to be superior to the current It f rl Spr Teenage Turtles title Irom Imageworks. ZJ ' r TV SPORTS BASEBALL First there was Basketball, then came American Football and now Cinemaware has turned its micro movie-making skills to the good old Yankee sport of Baseball. Cinemaware believes TV Sports Baseball is its most powerful statistical simulation to date with a complete 162 game season, 25 man rosters with five-man reserve lists to replace injured players, 26 teams of all-time greats and a complete general manager mode of play. Despite all these stats for the armchair manager, the database can be switched off if you want more action. Either way, the excitement of Baseball is captured with the help of large fully-animated players and a magnified batter pitcher window for a close-up of the ball-throwing and strikes. ’Baseball will have the same coin-op quality graphics, atmospheric sound effects and arcade action that has made the TV Sports series such a winner,’ says Mirrorsott, the game's European distributor. TV Sports BasebaWwill ship in the spring for £29.99. BIG BUCKS! EXCITEMENT! DANGER! ADVENTURE! The ultimate challenge has been issued... now, you must race across the globe in search of fortune and glory to become the richest duck in the world!! The adventure will require all your skills and courage ARE YOU DUCK ENOUGH? Available for Amiga® - PC PS - Atari® ST - Commodore 64 - Amstrad® CPC CPC+ GX 4000 - Spectrum® Amiga. Commodore, Amstrad and Spectrum arc registered trademarks. © The Walt Disney Company For more information please call 0268 541 212 NEWS STREET FIGHTING Everything went wrong when Haggar, newly elected mayor ot Metrocity, began his promise to rid the streets of the evil Mad Gear gang. These criminals retaliated by kidnapping Haggar's daughter Jessica. Now it’s payback time. In Final Fight you have the choice of playing Haggar, Cody (Jessica's childhood sweetheart) or Guy (Cody's friend) on a mission to rescue Jessica. This beat 'em up is split into five rounds as you move through the slum, subway, westside, bay and uptown areas of Metrocity. Each area is 'owned' by a big bad Mad Gear boss just itching to go one-on-one with you. All three heroes possess special abilities in addition to the full force range of back-hand punches, revolving kicks and throw moves. Haggar is an ex-street fighting champion who excels at wrestling, Cody is good with knives and Guy is trained in the art of ninjitsu using a special off-the-wall jump to catch the enemy off-guard. When you're in a pinch you can use the deathblow which produces a double rally punch or, for some real fun, pick someone up and pile-drive them into the concrete head-first. US Gold has picked up the rights to this Capcom arcade game which should be ready for release by the end of the year. Creative Materials is working on the conversion of this fashionable coin-op. RETALIATORY ACTION How can you top the success of the award-winning flighl-sim F-29 Retaliatory Well Digital Images Design, the team behind Retatiator, is working on Epic, Britain's answer to Origin's Wing Commander. Epic started lile as a three-dimensional version of Microdeal's Botdrunner before Digital Image Design decided to up the stakes and create a space simulation come shoot 'em-up with cinematic animated sequences and presentation. It's a shame we've been working in parallel with Wing Commander: sighs Martin Kenwright from Digital Image Design. If you thought the fast polygon graphics seen in Retatiator were impressive wait till you see Epic’s onscreen space fleet of over 80 shipsl You quickly realise the game has been influenced by the movies Battlestar Galactica and Star Wars. The launch of your slaughter from a carrier is depicted as a complete cinematic sequence with the camera (your view of space) zooming and panning as your lighter moves out into space. Movie effects are used throughout the game to make it much more special than your average space sim. Epic employs a revolutionary ultralast graphics engine to draw polygon cones, spheres and shaded shapes. These images can be overlaid upon a beautiful bitmapped screen to produce a similar effect to the matte painting technique used in the film business. 'We've had to strike a line balance between space simulation and arcade action,' says Kenwright. It looks as though Digital Image Design is achieving this admirable aim with some style. Epic should be out before Easter courtesy of Ocean. In the meantime, Martin Kenwright would like to hear from any keen programmer, graphics designer or musician. Just give him a call on 0928 579975 and tell him CU Amiga sent you. CLEAR FOR TAKE OFF Mindscape have announced a sequel lo Tracon the air traffic control game which became a cult hit on the PC in the States. The first version was never made available on the Amiga, but nevertheless attracted thousands of fans, not to mention the serious users. Both the USAF and federal aviation authorities employed ..ar. j it in their training programmes. Described simply as a sophisticated radar simulation' the game allows the player j to experience the pressures ol air controllers who have the responsibility of directing air traffic in the skies. Experience the thrill of delaying charter flights! Sweat as two dots approach each other! Panic when they merge! Restart after a mid-air collision wiping out hundreds! Tracon it is designed to link up with Microsoft's Flight Sim v4.0 by US developers Weston International, and the Amiga version promises digitised speech and a manual the size of 'War And Peace'. Mindscape meanwhile are talking to the Civil Aviation Authority in this country about the possibility of them adopting the simulation here. The company also announced a fantasy role playing game designed by Canadian Rob Anderson who produced the graphics for Grey Matter's Fiendish Freddy circus release last year. Moonstone features a novel approach to on-screen violence by allowing the player to set a meter dictating the amount of gory detail you see. Set to maximum we’re promised some of the most unpleasant death sequences ever seen. OCEAN SOFTWARE LIMITED 6 CENTRAL STREET ¦ MANCHESTER ¦ M2 5NS TEL: 061 832 6633 ¦ FAX: 061 834 0650 iTM & © WILLIAMS ELECTRQNICS (jfrMES INC Arcade action and a BIG finish. Infiltrate the criminal underworld - your mission is to seek o. and destroy the king pin ol the MR BIG CORPORATION - if you get that tar. You’ll have to outwit his enormous army ol body guards... gangs ot charisma-bypas- patients in trench coats, the bullet brain with the build of a rhinoceros and the breath ol a dung beetle, packs ot vicious canine yappies, the psychotic clown with an evil sense ol humour - you'll die, but not laughing! Then there's the gas guzzling Cadillac jock - a cool specimen, elbow hanging on the door rail. I a serious looking piece in his hand and ready to blow you away as he rolls down main street leaving you coughing lead. It’s not all bad!... You've got a chopper to back you up, a mean, shiny street machine, some heavy metal hardware and some pretty neat moves. And what about the king pin... did I say he was Mr. Big? No, he’s MR BIG! O F T H E MONTH LETTER PUZZLE PROBLEM What’s with the sudden influx of puzzle games? Over the last few months we've had Plotting. Welltris. Puzznic, Klax, Spiderman. And Pipemania. I mean, how are we ever going to progress on to fantastic looking games that really push the Amiga when we're stuck with these games that wouldn't stretch an 8-bit console? OK, so they’re playable, but normally only in the short term. I recently bought Plotting, and although it was fun for an hour, it got so repetitive I took it back to the shop and asked for a replacement! And my mate bought Klax after all its excellent reviews only to find that, this too, got really really dull. I can understand that these games are initially playable and that if you don't play them enough to get bored with them, but all the same let s concentrate on the decent stuff and try to ignore any new puzzlers. What do you say? Gram Peterson, Ponsmouth. OK, so some of the puzzle games aren’t that good in the lasting appeal stakes, but they do prove playable. I agree that there are a lot of them on the market, but if that genre is currently popular, you've got to expect a few clones - after all, just remember how many shoot ’em ups are available. As for your claim that they stop the decent games from coming out, I don't really think that stands up to close inspection. For every puzzle game that comes out, there are nearly two adventures and ten arcade games, so I don't think that they will kill off the Amiga just yet. WHO DAT MAN? I was reading your excellent December issue, and who should I see writing for but Steve Merrett. Now pardon me if I'm wrong, but isn't Steve the editor of one of your rivals? If so, do they know that he's moonlighting? Please, please can you explain what happened, and whether he'll be a regular amongst the team. V. Darryl Case, Shrewsbury. OK, it's a fair cop, Steve doesn't work for Amiga Action any more, and he’s joined us to produce features and reviews, along with other Amiga-related items. After all, he's good at it, so it's another feather in our already strong bow. BEST DISK EVER? There I was in my local WH Smiths the other day, and what did I see but the new CU. Cash in hand, I raced to the counter, paid for it. And rushed home for a read and a half. As I flicked through, I was really impressed by the Robocop II feature which went from describing the game (which I’ll definitely be buying), to a review of the film and a detailed look behind the scenes as to how the special effects work - more of these please, as they are briltiant. The rest of the issue was every bit as good, although there weren't as many reviews as I would have liked - how about adding a few more. Finally, First Impressions looks like a good new feature, and I look forward to the next one. Finally, the icing on the cake was the brilliant cover disk. I haven't stopped playing Robocop II, and Lemmings is simply the most addictive game I have played for ages. It was a pity that ESWAT wasn't playable, though, but two out of three isn’t bad. All in all, the best Issue you have produced to date - keep it up! James Hunter, Tyne And Wear. Er (blush blush), thanks a lot... VIRTUAL BOREDOM What's all this fuss about Virtual Reality? As far as I can see it's as boring as hell. I mean, what’s so good about walking through a world made up of poxy yellow and green polygons? Give me an all-action blaster like Saint Dragon any day. So come on guys, give all this Virtual rubbish a miss and concentrate on all the new games that are about to hit the Amiga. Steve Brice. Grimsby. As well as keeping an eye on the games that are on their way, it is also interesting to see what we may be playing in a few years time. After all, when we were Commodore User and were C64 based, we had people who objected to the introduction of Amiga reviews - now look, we’re totally Amiga orientated. Progression is bound to happen, so don't get impatient because it's not available here and now, keep an eye on the future it’s what we’ll all be playing tommorow. Who knows, then you'll be saying 'forget the CD Mini Movie System (or whatever), and concentrate on the fast new Virtual Reality stuff. As Maggie said, 'It's a funny old World'. COMIC CUTS I must write and congratulate Dan on his brilliant comics feature in the December issue. It was really interesting to read about what you lot at CU read, although I have really gone off Tony Dillon after reading that he likes Twinkle! I realise that this arti- WRITE TO CU, 30-32 FARRINGDON LANE, LONDON, EC 1 R 3AU cle was added to tie in with the rush of comic licences that you reviewed that month, but is there any chance that it'll become a regular feature? And, if so. Can you include stuff about horror mags and sci-fi stuff? Smart Kemp, WimbleOon A comics feature will appear occasionally, but don't expect it every month. COME AND FACE US! I read most of the Amiga mags on the market, and have come up with an idea I think you should include in yours. One of them, Zzapl, has pictures of the reviewer by whatever he is saying, complete with one of them frowning if a game is bad, or grinning if it is good. So, why don't you lot at CU get your faces in the mag more often? David Trent. Cardiff. If you saw Mark Patterson or Dan up close, you'd realise why! Seriously, we don't really see why having our faces spread all over the mag would aid the reviews in any way. We'll just let our scores and harsh words do the talking. HANG THEM ALL I think many of your readers have got a bit carried away with the recent piracy debate that's been raging in your pages for the last few months. Suggestions such as ten years in a high security prison or a swift kick in the nether regions are less thSh - helpful. Crickey, what's so bad about copying disks?! I do it all the time. Not games, you understand, but graphics that I've created using D- Paint or other such software packages. I’m not going to labour away at a picture for ten or fifteen hours only to have it get corrupted and then lose all my work. It's nigh on impossible to track down a good copying program these days as everyone's so paranoid about Stocking them D. Boner, Shropshire. Yep, quite agree with you there. It’s a very tricky subject and causes a lot of anger on both sides. All we can do is state CU’s position on the matter once again: CU is against the use of copying programs if they’re to be used to rip off games software, but obvio- suly there is a need for such programs when using graphic packages and the like. Let's call the issue closed now, can we? Please! TOP TEN What a year it's been. I think the games we've had this year have been utterley superb. I'd be quite interested to know what you all think were the best ones. For what it's worth, here's my top five games for the whole year. 1. Wings 5. RoboCop 2 (judging by your excellent cover disk playable demo) How about having a regular spot in Backchat for readers' top tens? Richard Rigglesworth, Tottenham. No sooner said than done. You’ve just supplied the first list. From next issue we ll collate all the top tens we receive and make a list of what our readers are buying. ROBOCOP 2 I cannot believe this, in fact I refuse to believe it, so I’ve come to a conclusion that this is all a-dream and I am going to wake up and read the December issue of CU and find out that RoboCop 2 has got a better mark than 83%. I played the demo, read the review and then saw the score. I think it should have got at least 90% or over. The way the game was put together and the graphics and animation were super. The sound was fabulous with different sounds for each gun. All the guns and rocket launchers firing at once was a real racket. After playing the demo I am certainly going to be buying the game. I just REVIEW Have you ever read one of our reviews and totally disagreed with what we’ve said? If so, this is where you can voice your opinions and stick up for your favourite games. If you do, you could win yourself a £25 game, so get scribbling to us at Backchat. KICKED OFF I've just read Sluarl Hardy’s 'reader's review' of Player Manager, so I thought I'd send in my review ol Anco's other biggie. Kick Oil II I've been hooked on this game ever since I boughl it in July and. I might add. Am getting quite good at il. I recently dug out my August copy ol CU and was quite surprised lhat it only scored 90% and collected a Screenslar ralher than a Superslar. Also, you only gave the sound 69%. There is only Ihe crowd sound and the noise ol Ihe ball being kicked, but that's about all you can expect from a football game. After all. A Ihumping soundtrack wouldn’t exactly fil in, would it? In my opinion, the sound is near perfect for the game and should have been given 95%. The graphics rating was also a bil harsh. Most of my Iriends who have played the game think that Ihe graphics are brill. The players run around realistically, and Ihe variety ol pilches is superb - just like the real thing and worth 97%. I've been playing this game for four monlhs now, so the playability should go up to 98%. Everything about this game is good, from Ihe tournaments lo the kil design, and Ihe addition of Ihe action replays is a brilliant idea. Likewise, Ihe many oplions are excellent, and allow you lo play a shod game in a storm, or a long one in nice weather. I think that this is the besl game I have bought for my Amiga, and well worth the twenty-five quid I paid for it. I’m not rich, so when I buy a game it has lo be a good one. And wilh Kick OHIII made a brilliant choice My overall score for il would be 98%, and Ihe only reason il didn’t score Ihe 100% mark is because ol a small bug. You know Ihe one: when you end up taking a corner against your own goal1 Like you said in your review 'no other footy game can touch this’, how perfectly true. Sluarl Sharp. Selby. I must agree with you there, actually. On reflection - and judging by how much time Steve Merrett wastes on it - we did underscore Kick Off II. I don't agree with your scores for the graphics and sound as whilst they do work well, they are still far from brilliant. Also, there are loads more bugs than the one you mention. Still, on reviewing the score, I reckon I'd give KOII95% and a Superstar. As for your impressive defence of it, though, you've won yourself a twenty-five quid game! Don't know how you can just give it 83%. But I suppose you are the ones with the degrees. And a word of thanks for bringing to the public such an informative and interesting mag with lots of other features too. Joseph Brannen. London. Dan replies: Ha, so you didn’t like my review eh? Eat lead, sucker, and taste the steel of my boot. See if I care. I can take it. Oh yes I can, gibber, sniffle... No, seriously, RoboCop 2 was a good game but it certainly didn't merit a score of 90%. In recent months we've cut down on the marks we award to games. Unlike other magazines we give a game what we feel it's worth and certainly don't massage the egos or cheque books of games publishers. WRITE TO CU, 30-32 FARRINGDON LANE, LONDON, EC 1 R 3AU ADVERTISEMENT ( ( Just what a game should be: looks good,) ) sounds good, and plays like a dream. Chris Morley, ACE, October 1990 Simulcra "Is verging on the 'awesome, conjuring up immediate comparisons with the classic Virus. Your SRV rotates 360 degrees and can tly or drive. The rotation and shading ate excellent and the game has a great feejing ot speed. Simulcra features solid filled 3D graphics with shadows and light Intensity surfaces. The system allows solid and wireframe surfaces to be freely mixed. Stipple and transparent semi- The game code runs up to 252 non player objects on the map. The game cycle rate and the view cycle are Independent so that game time can be kept more or less constant even If the display rate Is slowed down. Special explosion effects are achieved using a highly efficient particle controller that Individually moves up to 100 particles. Definitely a game that goes with a bang! Simulcra u Virus but includes blank' squares, Introducing ground-based and flight action Battle is last and lurio® and you can power up the SRV with loads ol goodies including speed- ups, radar, tire and target missiles, target display systems, shields, and extra lives. Here at MicroStyle we couldn't think of anything more to add to Chris Morleys' review for Octobers edition of Ace. RELEASE DETAILS ATARI ST £24.99 OCT 90 AMIGA £24.99 OCT 90 No other versions planned All excerpts quoted by kind permission of Ace MICROSTYLE hurl you into the computer war of the future and produce a red hot 3D shoot-em-up as an incentive... Ta add variety to an already exciting game, Microstyle have thrown in a wide variety of enemies. First, aed most common, are the laser turrets that slowly sweep In a complete circle until they lock onto you, whereupon they lire viciously. Various ground and air attack craft, such at jaops aad small taaks, race around tha walkways, thankfully needing only eee shot lo UN. Than you reach the megatanks - these can only be killed wtth missiles, but when shot explode In the most satisfactory way yet, by first ejecting the gun turret and then collapsing In on themselves wtth a terrific sound effect. Throughout the game you also have access to a map screen for strategic planning - and there's alto a neat power-up that gives you short raago mapplng radar facilities while you're moving. Cyberscape rules in the far future, where even war is played out inside massive computer simulators. A particularly unpleasant virus has, however, had the effect ot projecting the combat into the real world and as a result you have hordes ot bloodthirsty simulcratt pilots wreaking havoc all over the place. Your objective is to enter the 'battle matrix’ and destroy the other craft as wel I as the matrix itself. You control a sophisticated Sutace Reconnaissance Vehicle (SRV) wilh swing wings that give it limited bight capabilities. You drive your SRV around the matrix, encountering every so often a thin red line that denotes an energy barrier beyond wliich you cannot pass. You must then locate the relevant energy projector and destroy it, which will lib the harrier and allow you lo proceed. The result is a last paced 3D shoot-em-up that is slightly similar to Resolution 101 in gameplay terms but blends in elements ot Falcon and Virus as well. In addition, the grid construction introduces a maze element Sound effects are superb and add to the sensation ot speed. There's also a wonderful intro sequence. Just what a game should he: looks good, sounds good, and plays like a dream. The era) reflex name lhal will drive Vou loony ! GOODNESS, GRACIOUS, GREAT BALLS OF FIRE ! ST - AG - PC Vou are ad. Plan your strategy, combat evil, and become the supreme ruler of Euroland : Haunted Castle. Scotland : Help little Tommy rescue his mother in this thrilling, chilling arcade adventure game ! Only if you dare. ST - AG - PC v~; v Scinaiiaiiiuti u£ Saddlers House - 100 Reading-Road - Yi 1 Rev your engines ! The crowd is in delirium, intoxicated by speed, anticipating Days of Thrills at the dawn of the fifth millennium... fX W ST - AG K E Leave the world of mortals far behind, and enter a world where logic, a good memory, and white and black magic are your tools to attain the coveted position of BRAIN BIASTLR. ST - AG - PC m UBI SOFT LI Entertainment Software Steve ‘Finbarr’ Merrett takes a look at Virgin's Viz to see if it is going to be a big'un (fnarr, fweep!). Pictures reproduced with kind permission of John Brown Publishing House ol VIZ. Game to be a scrolling or flick-screen arcade adventure, as past attempts, such as Snoopy or Garfield, had both been insipid and lack-lustre affairs which captured none of their licence's character. Instead, a race game format was opted for, with as many of Fulchester's odd characters as possible cropping up throughout the game. But this threw up another problem. Of all the many colourful characters in the comic, who should they give the starring role to? After all, you could write individual games based on the antics of the Fat Slags, The Brown Bottle, and Billy The Fish. The answer came'in the form of the three who have appeared most regularly: Biffa Bacon, Johnny Fartpants, and Buster Gonads. In addition, that well- Until now, Monty Python and The Archers have been the strangest licencing coups. However, late last year. Virgin secured the rights to produce a game based on the characters ot the brilliant cult adult 'comic', Viz. Viz has been around for over five years now, but only in the last two or three years has it really taken off - with even the normally wary WH Smiths stocking it, albeit on the top shelf! The job of developing the game went to Probe Software, specifically the team of Martin Bish and Lee Aimes, with Sound Images doing the deed on the music front, and the project's progress was overseen by producer Jo Bonar. The sprites are Initially redrawn on the ST, but are subsequently ported over and retouched (oo-er, gweep!) On the Amiga. START u'rr m W bp* BACON F mms cMad f . I y OOF ill In all, Probe are confident that the race game scenario, whilst also allowing them to attempt a different style from the conventional arcade, adventure themes, will also allow them to cram nearly all of the comic’s many characters in. For instance, lesser characters, such as Aldridge Prior (the hopeless liar) can still be used, whilst still letting stalwarts like Rotjer Mellie and Finbarr hog the limelight. R IN DEVELOPMENT Fat Slags. A tairly recent addition to Via, the Fat Slags are Sandra and Tracy, a couple ol hens mho enjoy nothing more than a night out ot chips, dancin ’, chips, drinkin', chips, and honking known celeb, Roger Mellie, takes a break from TV and appears every now and then to commentate and give his opinion on the proceedings. Initially, the game involved traversing Fulchester and collecting Co-Op tokens which have been blown overthe town i- r- . V ' a. e ii iV v £ - a. s? 62 ii )’ ;5 ~ ¦¦ when the local supermarket exploded, but this "was dropped and changed so that you must earn your tokens now rather than have them handed to you on a plate. ? F V t ft ?v. F't fi; «vi ¦%& Ssk s=. '' As far as Viz’s John Brown Publishing was concerned, they weren't too concerned about the game. They did, however, supply the team with a more or less complete set of back issues for reference. After that, though, the team were on their own and left to decide just how far they could take the humour. They feel that they have faithfully recreated the strip's visual humour, and the extra medium of sound means that the effects consists of sampled farts and the like - a new dimension to the lavatorial humour! In addition, the sprites are instantly recognisable, and the game has been kept simple so that annoying niggles don't detract from the humour or playability. Graphic Re-Viz-ion Once the basic premise ol the game had been decided, work started on recreating the famous stars in pixel form. In all, 90% of the comic's characters make an appearance during the course of the game, including (deep breath) Spoilt Bastard, Norbert Colon, Roger Irrelevant, Sid The Sexist, Aldridge Prior, Mr. Logic, Jelly Head, Big Vern, The Parky, Felix And His Amazing Underpanls, and Billy The Fish. In addition, a few of the lesser- known characters make an appearance - Rodney Rix (he throws bricks) is the race marshal and, keeping in character, throws bricks at unruly racers. Finbarr Saunders. The master of the double entendre. Finbarr has been at it tor years (tnarrt), and has been keeping it up for as long as we can remember (tweepl). He appears regularly (Goo- erpl), and is a hardened member (Kwerk!) Ol the Viz team. Het'. HWV6 OU A MIMFT "II SEN IVE H SCRIPT TET-’ \|t’s two years since the last ball was thrown on a Speedball pitch. There are new teams, new stadia and new rules. The arena is bigger, the players arc tougher and the action is faster than ever before. The challenge is this- Take control of Brutal Deluxe, the worst team in Speedball history, and turn them into champions. Two divisions and 15 learns stand between you and (he championship. Take no prisoners. Transform weaklinfs into killers in the gym. A squad full of wimps? Shell out for a Star Player! Celebrate that moment of glory in style IN DEVELOPMENT One of Activision’s last coin-op signings was SNK’s Beast Busters. Steve ‘big ghoul’s blouse’Merrett looks at how its undead are shaping up... It s a scenario straight out ot a George Romero filnT The dead have inexplicably started to walk the Earth again, and are devouring the living to enlarge their army. However, whereas Romero hinted that a returning Venus probe was responsible tor reanimating his zombies, there is no logical reason as to why these tlesh- eaters are coming alive, and - even stranger - why is the contagion limited to a small American town in the middle ot nowhere? Armed with an Uzi and a number ot grenades, SNK's Beast Busters sends you on a seven-stage mission to locate and destroy the source ot the revival. Klilifl Normally associated with the Ikari Warriors series ot games. Beast Busters is a bit of a departure for SNK. Abandoning the horizontally- scrolling action that Vince and Paul of Ikari fame favoured, Beast Busters is another in the long line of Uzi-mounted coinops where you are invited to blast away at the on-screen action. Technically, and in terms of originality, Busters offers nothing over, say, Line Ot Fire or Operation Thunderbolt, but the major enhancements are a third Uzi and its decidedly unmilitary scenario. In fact, it was the grisly storyline and blood and guts action that made Busters such a hit with arcade-goers, prompting Activision to snap up the rights and rapidly farm it out to Fareham-based development house, Images, to convert. In the past, Images have been responsible for Activision's conversions of Ninja Spirit and Super Wonderboy, both of which were fairly well received. However, Beast Busters promised to be more of a challenge as it features multi-directional scrolling that brings the enemies towards you as well as from either side of the screen, a field which the team had never entered before. Jhe main bulk of the coding was given to Henry Clark, a freelancer based in Glasgow, and whose past conversions include Ninja Spirit and Firebird's Flying Shark. Using his PDS system, Henry's first task was to recreate the game's scrolling system, and this threw up more than its fair share of problems. In the end, though, the system was perfected and Henry could get on with adding the basics of the gameplay, such as sprite handling and in-game . R addictive gameplay utterly compulsive game EASiyONEOF199GSBESTPUZZUGAMES' ZAPP SIZZLER B4y this is a dass act alright f ¦ R'Sht from the start this game % 41a oozes a certain elegance11 YOUR SINCL ir i ii AiTn OCEAN SOFTWARE LIMITED 6 CENTRAL STREET ¦ MANCHESTER M2 5NS TEL: 061 832 6633 • FAX: 061 834 0650 AMSIRAD.COMMODORE.SPECTRUM ArancT nuiiiKA using OCP's Art Studio, which the team favour thanks to its useful sprite handling capabilities. At the moment, practically all of the zombies and end-of-level guardians have been converted, and Andy is currently in the process of adding backdrop detail to the basic wireframe maps, whilst the other two concentrate on finishing off the rest of the marauding ghouls. After they have all be redrawn and touched up, the graphics will then be ported over to the Amiga by Andy Pang and touched up slightly. If all goes according to plan, Images plan to include everything from the original coin-op, with only a few items missing. For instance, the game will run at a marginally slower rate than its arcade parent, and there will be sixteen colours on screen rather than thirty-two. And, obviously, the Uzi control has been replaced by the mouse, which works admirably with the left button sending a stream of bullets into the screen, and the right button throwing the grenades. Scheduled for a February release. Beast Busters is currently running on schedule, with pretty much everything drawn and all that remains is to get it up and running and add the soundtrack and effects. The sound is in the hands of another freelancer, and he is using direct samples from the coin-op to recreate the atmospheric effects and the noisy screams and explosions which complement the action. Apart from that, the rest of the game’s development will be given over to play-testing and eradicating any final bugs. Expect a review within the next couple of issues. » logic. Meanwhile, the three- man graphics team of Andy Pang, Chris Edwards, and Jim Kilough, were busy converting Busters' incredible graphics over to the Amiga. One of the main problems the team encountered was that SNK weren't particularly helpful. Although they were supplied with a coin-op board to work from and a few development photos, they had to record the game being played from start to finish, and made notes and sketches of the sprites by pausing the tape at key points. Once they had sufficient material to go on, the graphics were then redrawn on an ST THE COIN-OP It's very hard lo walk past a Beast Busters coin-op, as they must rank as one ot the biggest cabinets ever to grace your local arcade! Sporting no less than three Uzis. The game is a variation on the popular Operation Thunderboltttitm, with the grunts and loot soldiers ol the Taito original replaced by flesh-eating zombies and ghouls. These aren't the sort of zombies that George Romero envisaged, though. Instead ol lumbering alter you aimlessly, Beast Busters' dead are armed with limited intelligence and come at you with guns, knives, and they even drive cars and ride motorbikes! The basic aim ol the game is to uncover what has caused the dead's reanimation, and this takes place over seven levels ot furious shoot em-up action. You begin Ihe game with one tile, and a limited supply ol ammunition and grenades. Both are accessed via the Uzi. With the bullets tired by pressing the trigger, and a small bulton on the gun barrel activating Ihe grenade launcher. Depending on the level, the zombies are scrolled both towards you and from either side ot the screen, and must be picked off as they appear. Bearing in mind the grisly scenario, as the creatures are felled, they explode in superb splatter style, or will even get up again lor another go. Couple this with rabid hounds and guardians that appear both during and at the end ol each level, and you have a real test on your hands. Luckily, though, extra supplies ol lire and electricity bombs, along with medical kits. Are dropped in and. When shot, re-arm your flagging supplies. Energy permitting, as you progress through each ol the seven stages, the mystery gradually unfolds. Your mission begins in the subway with the ghouls tumbling from the trains, before taking you to the relative safety ol the riverside and on to a laboratory which is the apparent source ot the undead. The limited help from SNK came in the form of a few photos of the coin-op's development. However, this saved time, as if detailed animation notes. ZOMBIES-AN AFTERLIFE Although they have been around almost as long'' as the Frankenstein and Dracula films of the 30's and 40's, Zombie films have only recently gained the credit they deserve. The basic premise of the zombie revolves around voodoo and the occult, and rather than the reanimated corpses of today, the zombies were actually people reduced to a catatonic state by a cult leader and used as slaves. Early films, such as ‘I Walked With A Zombie’, were based around this original theme, but as the Hammer era'arrived, people wanted to see more graphic scenes, and the zombie scenario was taken one step further, and the slaves were miraculously transformed into slavering creatures who were still under someone’s control, but ate people, too! IN DEVELOPMENT In 1967, though, the undead's role was to be transformed with the advent of a low-budget horror film written, directed, and produced by a small independent band from Pittsburgh. John Russo and George Romero’s ’Night Of The Living Dead’ featured actual scenes of the dead chewing on flesh and entrails, something that had never been done before. As this was a time before censors started waving their scissors, the film was an instant hit and has attained a cult status which is still evident today. In many ways, ’Night’ was responsible for the many graphically gory films that followed, but it wasn’t until Romero and Italian shock-master, Dario Argento, followed up ’Night’ with ’Dawn Of The Dead' in 1977 that the genre was given a much- needed kick up the backside. ’Dawn’ took the first film's scenario one step further, with society on-the brink of collapse and the deads' numbers growing. Reluctance to kill loved family members resulted in the zombies enlarging their numbers, and shortly after panic set in. As with ’Night Of The Living Dead’, ’Dawn’ deals with the isolation of its main characters, as they attempt to survive in an overrun world. Set mainly in a department store, it also parodies the consumer age of the time and how, on the whole, material things aren't that important. Many clones followed, the most notable being Lucio Fulci's 'Seven Gates To Hell’, 'The Beyond', and 'Zombie' along with a few other low budget entries, none of which were majorly successful. UiiUBUI After a while, the genre started to look tired with the general theme even going over to comedy with the two ‘Return Of The Living Dead' films, which featured impressive-looking zombies, but in humorous circumstances. Unfortunately, the release of the first of those two. Overshadowed the release of Romero’s third ‘Dead’ film, 'Day Of The Dead’. In this third film, it appears that there are only twelve people left alive. This small party are working on a way to quell the dead’s urge to eat people, but their isolation starts to make them realise that there may be no point to what they are doing. A bleak film, ’Day' is definitely one of the best film Romero has done. With Tome Savini on effects, it is a visual masterpiece, coupled with a brilliant story. Unfortunately, Romero seems to be the only innovator in this field, as others that have tried to copy his style fail miserably. Another problem comes in the form of the censors who are unbelievably harsh on his films, and even if Romero went ahead with the proposed fourth film, 'Twilight Of The Dead’, it is unlikely that it would feature the gory effects that the stories necessitate. ' ITS 6RBATTO HAVB you BACK, KUK.--TBu.ne AU. ABOUT me 6000VS, TUB Fur MAM... yoj'BB so JMAVB... HEVKICK. BOOK AT that!.. HEZS’S JOSE MACK ASMNI-. ..ncsexnce m THIS TIMS is mpttoviN6: AH£M... I MS ASKSP.SHZ... BACK IN A FLASH FOR COMMODORE 64, SPEC Otates-based Cosmi were responsible for some of the best C64 games available at the machine's launch. Starting with 4ztec Challenge, they were famed for their chunky graphics and amazing playability. They backed up this reputation with the releases of Slinky (a playable QBert clone), O’Reilly’s Mine (a brilliant tunnelling game), and - most memorable of all - Forbidden Forest. After that, though, Cosmi’s release schedule slowed down, and only a handful of game’s appeared under their banner - this time released through U.S. Gold. These were the follow-up to Forbidden Forest, Beyond The Forbidden Forest, and the two Super Huey games. When originally released, Super Huey caused a bit of a stir. The game was due to be released through U.S. Gold, but due to an error somewhere along the line, Audiogenic also had the rights to publish it over here. What followed was a major battle, with Audiogenic under-cutting U.S. Gold’s price and U.S. Gold following suit. Eventually, the matter was resolved with both companies releasing the game, but Cosmi’s output was to rapidly dwindle, with Hue s sequel (with its UFO and arctic rescue scenarios making it just a little different from the array of flight sims appearing at the time) probably the last thing to appear from them. CHOCKS AWAY Loading: Just slot the disk in your drive, and it will boot automatically. An intro screen will then appear, and pressing the mouse button will skip this and take you into the game. Once the game has loaded, pressing the F7 key powers up your chopper’s computer, allowing you to select your mission by typing its name into the computer (ie. School). The Gameplay: Super Huey is split into tour distinct missions: a tutorial mode, an exploration mission, a combat exercise, and a rescue mission. For the main part, the joystick and the lirebutton will guide the helicopter and steer it. And that's it basically. The Huey’s controls are ideal for the tirst-time pilot, and allow you to familiarise yourself with taking off and landing. The missions are easy to get into without being a walk-over to complete, and all we can say is good luck - you'll be needing itl TAKE OFF PROCEDURE 1) Turn on the computer with the F7 key, then enter MISSION to select an assignment. 2) Enter the POW command to turn on power. 3) Start the engine by pressing F8. Wait for the the engine temperature gauges to warm up to middle range then increase the throttle to bring the engine RPM up to about 1200 RPM 4) Engage the rotor clutch (F9). Wait for the rotor RPM to stabilise at around one tenth of the engine RPM. 5) Increase throttle to build RPM to take off speed (3500-3600). 6) Increase lift by pressing fire and pulling back on the stick. Equalise lift to hover at around 100ft (by pushing forward and fire). Pushing forward on the stick (without fire) tilts the helicopter forward, generating speed. Pulling left or right banks the craft. The forward diagonals control the rudder, this lets you turn the copter without tilting it or losing altitude. Be careful, though, as the controls are fairly responsive, and you won’t need to keep pressing the joystick in one direction to move, it just takes a little time (as in the real thing), so have a little patience or you’ll end up crash landing! Another thing to note is that once you have set the angle of your turn, this angle then remains until you alter it. So once you are banking at, say, thirty-five degrees, you will continue to do so until you change the angle. COMMANDS F1 Loads rocket into bay one. Press again to arm it. F2 Loads rocket into bay two. Press again to arm it. F3 Loads rocket into bay three. Press again to arm it. F4 Loads rocket into bay four. Press again to arm it. F5 Arms the UH-1 XA’s machine guns (combat mission only). SSS5 F6 Not used. F7 Powers on board computer. F8 Starts engine. F9 Engages rotor clutch. It is not advisable to engage rotor clutches until the engine exceeds 1200 RPM. F10 Cuts the engine power. Left Amiga Key - Fire rockets Right Amiga Key - Fire machine guns This issue we've pulled out all the stops and have got a complete game for you to play, courtesy of Electronic Zoo. Super Huey was a hit several years ago and now you too can enjoy this exciting chopper sim. Watch out for more complete games on upcoming disks! COMPUTER COMMANDS Enter at least the tirst three letters of the command. Make corrections with the DEL key. Press return after each command. Abort - End current mission. Auto - Set automatic course correction. When prompted by SET enter compass heading. Auto only works when there's no manual control input. Climate - Displays current climatic conditions including temperature, humidity, and barometric readings. Distance - Displays line of sight distance from take off point. Homing - Drop a homing device that transmits directional signal to the navigation computer. Mission - selects new mission, then enter School for the training mission, Explore for the exploration mission. Combat for the air battle and Rescue for the rescue mission. Power - Turn on power. Send - Send coordinates when landing or during emergency. VOR - Activates VHF range reception for navigation. VSI - Display digital vertical speed reading. XXX - Cancel previous command input. THE MISSIONS Flight Instruction The computer will guide you in the basic take off, manoeuvring and landing procedure. Exploration The essential task of this mission is to map the terrain that surrounds your base. Mapping can be a very long and involved process that is probably best done in stages. The area to be explored is quite large, and contains many features. Map within a five mile radius. Rescue Military personnel are stranded. They are transmitting from a homing device whose heading will register on your rescue display. But since your briefing only indicates that the general location of the party is unknown, careful ground covering and search techniques must be employed. At an elevation that permits visual detection of the ground party, select a quadrant and establish a search pattern that allows for the transmissioffrange of their device - five to ten miles. When you've located the party land and they'll board. Then return to base a hero. Air Battle Based in a desert you have to do battle with an unidentified enemy. Your helicopter carries twenty missiles and two thousand cannon rounds, with which you have to face an enemy force of thirty-two helicopters. AMIGA DISK HOTLINE CU Amiga now have a coverdisk hotline, so if you have any technical enquiries about your coverdisk please ring PC Wise on 0443 693233 between 10.30am and 12. 30pm. If your disk is faulty, please send it to PC Wise and they will replace it for you. Their address is: PC Wise Ltd, Unit 3, Merthyr Industrial Park, Pentrebach, Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan, CF48 4DR. A big thanks to Electronic Zoo for supplying us with this game. For players hints on Super Huey or details of any of their new releases, please ring Electronic Zoo on 0453 887008. IN THE COCKPIT A Quick Guide To What’s What And How To Use It... 1. Radio Frequency (incoming). 32. Altimeter Digital Read-Out. 33. Malfunction Indicator Lights. ' 2345 67 8 This month’s peek into our crystal ball reveals a mixed bag of original and licensed product... SUPER MONACO GRAND PRIX GAMEPLAY: Already a massive hit in the arcades and on the Megadrive, Super Monaco Grand Prix is due to arrive on the Amiga from U.S. Gold in March. Converted by Probe, the game is a multistage racer, with you in the driving seat of a powerful formula one car. The basic idea of the game is to race through various famous courses and reach a check point within an ever decreasing time-limit. Failure results in a premature ending to the .game and the loss of one of your credits, whilst success means that you may continue on to the next tougher stage. There are two styles of race to partake in: a training mode which allows you to familiarise yourself with the track and the car's controls (the vehicle can be guided using the mouse or a joystick, with the firebutton changing between the gears); and the full game which sets you against a number of computer-controlled cars, all of which which vary in intelligence. As you zoom through the zones, the tracks get harder to negotiate and windier. In addition, should your car accidentally leave the track and hit p road-side object or another car, your car will suffer a set amount of dam age, and if this reaches a critical stage it will eventually explode, putting you out of the race for good. ANY QUESTIONS? Providing Probe can keep up the speed we have seen in the early demo, U.S. Gold should be on to a winner. However, there is still a lot to be added, so the end result may be a little slower. PLUS POINTS: As mentioned, the demo we saw is extremely fast, and it also looks extremely close to the with plenty of roadside attraction and detailed backdrops. The road scrolls smoothly, and the oppositions' cars, although blocky, are nicely detailed. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: Good racers on the Amiga are few and far between, but Probe's conversion looks set to become a winner. The only competition comes from Super Hang-On and Turbo Outrun, so this could corner the market if the speed remains intact. UPDATED version of the classic Atari coin-op, conceived and designed by Software Creations for U.S. Gold. GAMEPLAY: Basically, Gauntlet III takes the Gaunf eftheme of two players battling through hordes of demonic creatures in a search for bonus-giving treasures troves, but adds a new angle to it - literally! Although the title makes the game sound as if it is played in first-person perspective (ie: through the eyes of the character you control), the actual screen display takes the plan view of the first two games and tilts it slightly, displaying the action in Ultimate- esque forced perspective. All the usual ghosts, monsters, and goodies are still present - as is the dark-cloaked Death - but programmers, Software Creations (the team behind the brilliant Ghouls'n’Ghostsconversion), have improved on the graphics, making them notably more detailed, adding houses, rivers, and other obstacles, none of which have appeared in the series before. Unlike Gauntlet II, the game can only be played by two people (due to the limitations enforced by the scrolling system), but there are still four characters to choose from, each of whom boasts superior powers in one form or another. ANY QUESTIONS? So far, Software Creations have produced a very impres- sive-looking game. However, the version we've seen still has a long way to go before its March release, and the full quota of enemy sprites and land- based features hadn't been added. If it slows down too much, it’ll lose a lot of playability, so a happy medium between lots of on-screen activity whilst keeping the attractive graphics must be struck. In addition, The first two games did tend to get a little repetitive, so Software Creations may have to add one or two new features without detracting from the original ideas too much. PLUS POINTS: The game is extremely attractive to look at, and the scrolling rates as some of the smoothest I have seen for a long time. In addition, the new perspective works surprisingly well, and allows you to see more of what's coming earlier. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: It'S a little disappointing that the game isn't a 'true' 3D version, with the player running through a maze in a manner similar to, say, Corporation, but I suppose the game would be unbelievably slow if this system was used. However, despite the usual Gauntlet lack of variety, this could be an interesting and very playable update to an old fave. NOVEL 30 exploration romp from Activision. HUNTER The name Paul Holmes is relatively new to the Amiga scene, but you may remember him for his first Amiga title, Digital Magic's disappointing Drivin' Force. As soon as Paul had finished work on Force, he began work on a new 3D system with Murder supremo Jason Kingsley on the graphics, and the end result is Hunter- a massive arcade- cum-strategy romp which almost defies description. Looking like a cross between Conqueror and Battle Command, Hunter places you in the army boots of a lone soldier who has been sent to overthrow an island run by a mad general. Split into three distinctive sub-games, Hunter features arcade and strategy sections which should appeal to most game players, but the basic task of the game is to undertake a number of sabotage missions and eventually assassinate the general. The game takes place within a number of small islands which have to be traversed using whatever vehicles and weaponry you can find. In addition to the pilotting of helicopters, tanks and jeeps, you must also locate and liase with spies, who will pass you valuable information on the general's weak spots. ANY QUESTIONS? One of the best things about Hunter is its variety. The 3D works extremely well and it is obvious that a lot of effort has gone into it during the eight months Paul has been working on it. There's still a bit of tweaking to go, but expect a review next month. PLUS POINTS: The speed of the 3D will ensure that the game plays as well as any arcade game, and the nice addition of tactical and shoot 'em up scenes is a bonus. In addition, there is a wide range of weaponry and devices to use - all of which play a part in the evil despot’s downfall. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: A nice looking game, Hunters success will depend on its depth. From what we have seen there is plenty to see and do, but once the exploration has been completed, just how meaty will the missions be? Granted, there are twelve to enrole on, but the variety remains to be seen. Wf f • Featuring the W 40 Top Teams in Europe! W •Play Sunday League up !o International! • Pick your Team from the squad: • Decide your Formation! • Each Player with unique Characteristics! • Man to Man marking! • Comers, Free-Kicks, Tackling, Penalties, Throw-ins & Goal Kicks! • Swerve, Chip, Drive t Cross! • Multi-deectional scrolling! • Full management section for up to 16 players! • Versatile tactics editor adds a whole new dimension: be the player, manager and coach! Amiga screen shots shown Features taken from Atari ST SHADOW DANCER man who can thwart the plan - well, you and your dog, actually! The white-clad Ninja you control is armed with the usual array of moves, along with an infinite supply of throwing stars, but further protection comes in the shape of your loyal dog who can be sent to attack the evil terrorists. What follows is four missions, each of three or four stages, which involve MORE NINJA action in U.S. Gold and Image's conversion of the Sega coin-op. GAMEPLAY: The official follow-up to Shinobi, Shadow Dancer is a beat 'em up set over fifteen levels. A terrorist organisation is planning to blow up a space shuttle, killing its many passengers. The FBI have got wind of the plan and you have been sent as the only early sketches. “"““"g «» de'USi"? The planted bombs. The action scrolls in eight directions to follow the action, and the terrorists are replaced by a larger guardian at the end of each stage. Your journey takes you through the airport and into the crocodile-infested sewers, until you eventually make it to where the shuttle is set to depart from. As mentioned, you can off the many assailants by using your supply of stars, but should they get too close you automatically whip out a sword to kill them. Likewise, pulling down on the joystick whilst pressing fire sends your dog into action, although if he takes too many hits, he starts to shrink and his effectiveness is reduced. Finally, you are armed with ninja magic which comes in the shape of fire storms, whirlwinds, and normal magic which is used like a smart bomb. ANY QUESTIONS? Behind the conversion are Images, and they're confident that they can recreate the Ing what they could leasibly tit In. Early In the coin-op perfectly. The game is being game’s development It became apparent that written primarily on the ST, but the the Inter-level screens had to go, along with the Amiga version will have a few additions original's parallax scrolling. Which the ST couldn't fit - the impressive intro scenes, for instance. Images reckon that the conversion is relatively straightforward, and so far the only things missing are the original's parallax scrolling and the aforementioned intro screens. PLUS POINTS: The conversion does look very close indeed, with the team making a definite effort to capture the coin-op's look'. The addition of the dog to the fighting action adds a nice variety, and important features, such as the scrolling and backdrops-are smooth and well-drawn. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: The main problem with the original coin-op is that it was a trifle repetitive. Despite its many missions, the action is effectively the same each time, although the bonus stage where ninjas jump down towards you does break things up nicely. That said, this conversion is as close as you are likely to get, and fans of the original should be more than pleased. When recreating the sprites, Andy Pang and Co. Had only a video recording to work from. They recreated everything using OCP’s Art Studio on an ST. betore porting it and retouching them on the Amiga. Fw inmniii THE FIRST SAMURAI VIVID Image return with a rival to System 3’s Last Ninja courtesy of Mirrorsoft. GAMEPLAY: Set in the Japan of 2323, an I evil Demon King is the totpl master of all he surveys. Using his magical powers, he has riddled the land with Mev Dine, chose mutations and robots, ihe name 10 parody and these ensure that "The Last Ninja', there are no attempts to overthrow his rule. Killing off the peoples' spirit is an impossible feat, though, and a last-ditch attempt at freedom is about to be dispatched. Armed with a magical sword and whatever can be collected along the way, you are the titular First Samurai. Set over four massive levels of eight- way-scrolling action, The First Samurai is a hybrid of Black Tiger and countless other fighting games. Programmed by Raf Cecco, with the rest of the team of Mev Dine, John Twiddy, Dokk, Nick Steadman, and Teoman Irmak throwing in assorted ideas and coding, the game has been in development for just three months and already the game is looking good. Using a home-grown mapping system, Vivid are piecing Samurai together like a jigsaw, with Cecco performing the actual coding, and the rest mainly on graphics. Their system allows them to code the basics, such as scrolling and the like, and then set the whereabouts of the enemy characters and various landscape details. Thus, this saves them a lot of time, allowing them to concentrate on designing the rest of the game's graphics. Each of the four levels will be split into four sub-levels, and these levels must be traversed until you reach the end. The aforementioned warriors are out to stop you, though, so using your magic sword or whatever weapon you are carrying you must slay them all and continue with your journey. Your character's life force is determined by two bars: one detailing physical health, and the other his magic strength. Providing that his magical powers stay at a certain level, our hero can use his magic sword. However, if your energy is fully depleted, it will be temporarily topped up at the expense of your magical prowess. PLUS POINTS: The first thing that strikes you about the game are the superb graphics. Typically of Vivid Image, the sprites are superb and the backdrops even better. Each sprite boasts a hell of a lot of animation, and to ensure that the Samurai moves realistically, each part of it is drawn separately and added to make up a complete body. Likewise, Raff Cecco has gone completely ape with a sampler, so the game is supported with several loud samples taken straight from assorted martial arts films. These will be kept in, and for 1 MEG owners, they will be able to enjoy almost twice as many as their unexpanded friends. ANY QUESTIONS? The game is going to be big, but variety is almost guaranteed thanks to the addition of a number of sub-games. These will totally different from the basic hacking theme, and Mev is confident that they will be extremely playable in their own right. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: Although the game isn't due for release from Mirrorsoft until September, already The First Samurai is looking superb. There is so much in the game, and plenty of memory left to add even more. The main sprite is brilliant and control over his many actions is a doddle - he can even turn in mid-jump! Coupled with some addictive beat ’em up action and a sprawling map, this is definitely one to watch. $ tTQYOTA san i Amiga version Endorsed by Toyota (GB) Ltd. __ O Unleaded windscreen action. F88LPH] i vailal GREMLIN GRAPHICS SOFTWj Carver House, 2-4'CQrv Sheffield SI 4FS7TS: (07421 MU ST STE. AMSTRAD WHY BUY A COMPUTER GAME WHEN YOU CAN HAVE YOUR AA1 A? Ft At nearly thirty pounds each, buying a computer game nowadays can be anything but fun. But when you join Arcanum you can enjoy all the top titles from the leading software houses, without taking a megabyte out of your pocket. FREE COMPUTER GAMES CATALOGUE Because with Arcanum, except for a small initial outlay, you only pay a small charge each time you play a game. What’s more, the software is yours to keep forever. So you can enjoy a wide variety of games for w hat it w ould cost you to buy just one. An idea we think will add up on anyone’s computer. More good news, all games come in their original packaging complete with all manuals and are available in Amiga and Atari ST format. Ring now on 0839 400000 for our computer games catalogue and choose your FREE introductory game from a wide selection of top titles. Arcgnum COMPUTER GAMES CLUB - PllOttZ lAJDUiOV- 0839-400000 ARCANUM LTD. 400 BROADWAY. SALFORD. MANCHESTER M5 2DW. All calls charged at premium rate 33p Off-Peak or 44p Peak. All those aged 18 or under must gain permission from the phone owner before dialling this number. 'THIS OFFER IS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY. CUAl SCREEN SOUND Four channel sampled stereo rock or a Stock, Aitken and Waterman drum track? The higher the rating the higher you run the volume. GRAPHICS Not just overall prettiness, but animation, style, design and the way the visuals tit in. So it doesn't have to be the prettiest game in the world to score high here. PLAYABILITY This rating lets you into how easy it is to get into a game, and once you start playing whether it’s addictive or uninteresting dross. INSTABILITY Speaks tor itself. The higher the rating the longer you'll be loading it up. Ties in closely with the playability rating. OVERALL The most important of the lot. And here’s CU's rough guide to ratings:- 0- 29% Man, this stinks. 30-39% Phew, avoid. 50-59% Worth checking out if you're a fan of the game style. 60-69% Above average, but with a lot of room for improvement. 70-84% Good but flawed. Recommended. 93%+ Super Star, our highest accolade. Must not be missed. AMIGA SPEC SCENE Watch out for this addition to our reviews. The Amiga is the finest home computer that money can buy, and it we really teel that a game is pushing the boundaries ot the machine we'll tell you how and why. Each and every Amiga soec will be tailored to the review. Some ot the ratings are objective eg number ot onscreen colours, levels etc; others, such as an assessment ot the scrolling speed, are based upon the considered opinions ot the CU Amiga team. All such subjective ratings are marked out ot ten. Welcome to Screen Scene, the essential guide to Amiga games. Our reviews are timed to coincide with the release dates of the games themselves, so you won’t find any out of date reviews here, only up to the minute information from an experienced team of joystick journalists. AMIGA SPEC MEMORY REQUIRED 440K SCROLL SPEED 6 COLLISION DETECTION 4 COLOURS ON SCREEN 32 LEVELS 48 DIFFICULTY LEVEL 8 HOURS TO COMPLETE 67 NUMBER OF PLAYERS 2 4 GRAPHICS STYLE SOME FRACTALS SYNTHESISED SOUND + COIN-OP SAMPLES ? CU k Ninety-three percent and a game's worth a superstar. We hardly throw these around but if a game displays totally superior qualities, it just might be in with a chance. CU SCREEN STAR The CU Screen Star is tor games scoring 85%-92%. If a Screen Star is awarded then you can be sure that the product will have reached a high standard in gameplay. Sound and graphics, and that it will have long lasting appeal. NEW TO CU A couple ot new faces join CU Amiga this month, as the magazine strengthens its position as the top games mag tor the Amiga. STEVE MERRETT If you've heard the name before, it's not surprising. Up until two months ago Steve was the Editor of Amiga Action, a rival mag. He's now seen the error ot his ways and joined the stalf ot CU Amiga. He brings with him over tour years of Amiga gamesplaying expertise to complement an already strong team ot joystick journos. Steve will be in charge of our news section and will help compile our cover disks, as well as writing reviews and features. FIONA KEATING Another new face is Fiona Keating who joins us as our Editorial Researcher. She’ll be handling teatures and writing all those little information boxes that appear in our reviews. Ally well and with nearly fifteen levels of parallax scrolling, this is a very attractive section. The real violence starts on level 2. While you're resting a couple of goblins jump out from a bush, looking for a fight. One stands at the far side of the screen chucking rocks and knives at you while the other draws his sword and sets about hacking at your knee caps. This quickly dispatched by a sharp right hook. Potions occasionally surface on the road, requiring a deft bit of manoeu- vering to collect them. The horse is animated exceptionOnce more a brave hero is callcdjupon to right wrongs and slay vile creatures in the name of justice. Thisiittie an evil demon threatens a peaceful land. Only one faery can stop this dark force, only one person can rescue this faery from the demon. It’s down to you and your faithful joystick. As is increasingly popular on arcade adventures, Wrath of the Demon features an extended intro sequence. This tells the story of how your character became involved in his quest and uses some excellent audio and visual effects that rivals anything Psygnosis can do. Depending on the section your character will either fight with a sword or his fists. Like most unwitting heroes he has no special powers and is often outclassed by some of the lirgei') demons. Fortunately, • jnera ate lots of hidden potions vityw once foqpd, heip give yci a figh ' Tchance. A heal potion v f jttjre wounds, a zap bc:ion(feistroy&all the weaker enftftiey onscreen, and the thifetpofiqnEf swou tempo- it'Allne bi A U. s'fe I on nasr fO galloping b Vva ir.'jad' off.mcwEe back. Litfy roi ts, .ibdtfas and wwpls jiW'he ife -qnd col- Avjil\|g vrtk( .an of f these paries -en&rgy levels, The = ?v4lc Vh.M:is by dnirifcio stick Krw -h'Ouf' r 'wrnifv An ssoCTfnerit oi minor beroons tariff Ises’keKas at Vou WRATH OF THE The blue dragon isn’t particularly damaging, it's just that he can take a hell of a beating. It’s wise to enter this screen with a healing potion. The scorpian is one of the toughest creatures in the game. Approach with caution, and keep your finger near the potion buttons. This character guards the swamps, and is the first major challenge. Backing him into a corner is the best tactic. Is probably the least impressive section with just one screen and a very small enemy sprite. Next is the famous blue dragon, guardian of the caves. He's an impressive size and extremely well animated, making up for a rather poor previous section. It takes quite a few hits to dispatch him, as well as a healing potion. On the final hit he groans, shrinks to ankle height and runs off. The game changes on the following section to a two way horizontal scroller. This bit is almost impossible to complete without an extra healing potion. At the far left of the level is a key. Between it and you are minor demons, who take a few punches and sod off, larger demons who take quite a few hits before they die and a variety of blades, flame jets and spiky yellow things .which shoot out of the ground without any notice, knocking off energy points. It's these ground based hazards which cause the most Game over. Your quest's ended. The demon has laid waste to the land. Time for another go. MEMORY REQUIRED COLOURS ON SCREEN DIFFICULTY LEVEL DEVELOPMENT TIME NUMBER OF PLAYERS GRAPHICS STYLE 512K-1MEG 32 7 10 10 MONTHS 1 SPRITE BASED WITH 15 LEVEL PARALLAX ON SOME STAGES SOUND 20 TUNES + SAMPLES SPRITE SIZE. UP TO 122X250 PIXELS i Stunning and playable arcade adventure GRAPHICS 84% SOUND 81% INSTABILITY 87% PLAYABILITY 88% niediev demon altered The ovi time. Ever mares, the Ghi Horror, set to c - continuing where CHASE HQ left off. The Arcade thriller takes you from the bright lights of Paris to the rugged terrain of the Sahara. Your mission is to track down, chase and apprehend the dangerous criminals. Itl lr ' AiT it -v . The criminals wield some heavy 'fJ l Li'-I I I I W jP S1 hardware - but so do you! You can ll \| A 1 shoot but you must dodge their flak... Ik A " A ¦ I heavy gunfire, trucks unloading their J ¦ cargo onto your bonnet... it's the „ _ " -~ ™ i 1 1 ¦ P meanest pursuit game to hit your micro OCEAN SOFTWARE LIMITED • 6 CENTRAL STREET • MANCHESTER M2 5NS TEL: 061 83? 6633 FAX- 0A1 83n rwkn MOVE OVER TURTLES - ROBOCOP AND HIS PALS ARE IN TOWN AMIGA SCREENS GEMS PACK featuring ROBOCOP and friends Just look what you get!!! * Amiga as in standard pack PLUS exclusive lo Dowling * Days of Thunder * Robocop * Shadow of the Beast II * Batman the Movie * Back to the Future II * Ghostbusters II * Nightbreed * Indiana Jones and the * Deluxe Paint 2 Last Crusade THE ALL NEW ULTIMATE GAMES PACK Take the screen gems pack featuring Robocop etc and add the following; EXLUSIVE Dowling Mega Ten Game Pack comprising RVE Honda, Datastorm, Dungeon Quest E-Storm Grand Master Slam, Kid Gloves, Powerplay, Sltufflepack Cafe Microprose Soccer, Tower of Babel Total RRP of games over £229 Plus ? Megablaster Joystick * High quality Mousepad * Dustcover rtQQQ All for the unbeatable price of Jw O W w .95 £369 .95 All for the incredible price of 9 £ £ 8s COMMODORE 1084S OR PHILIPS 8833 MKII * Stereo Colour Monitor * Can be used as a TV with tuner * Includes Amiga cables AMIGA ‘FIRST STEPS’ EDUCATION PACK ? Amiga as in Standard Pack * A501 0.5Mb upgrade ? Pro-write 2.5 ? Deluxe Paint II * Deluxe Print II * Infofile All this for just * Music Mouse * Ten CBM Disks .95 £249 £529 RRP £299 OUR PRICE .95 MUSIC x SCOOP Music x Junior £7935 £34.95 Music X 1.1 £i4935 £59.95 4 Port Midi Interface £2935 £14.95 I HURRY!!! STOCKS LIMITED!!! 372" HIGH QUALITY DISKS Box of 50______________________________£19.95 Box of 100___________________________£37.95 Box of 250_________________ Roll of 1000 labels . £79.95 £5.99 * ‘Made in Japan’Media * Fully Guaranteed = IVSI Dowling wish all there customers a very merry Christmas UNITS 48-50 TYNE ROAD, SANDY, BEDS, SG19 1SA THE STAR ? COMPUTER PRINTERS PRINTERS Being Star registered dealers we only sell official UK machines which come with a lull I year guarantee Beware ol inferior imported products. OUR PRICE RRP £229.95 £263.35 £297 85 £343.85 £573.85 £527 85 £688.85 £688 85 £907 35 £2172 35 £74.75 £5 95 £7.95 £7.95 £7.95 Star LC10 Mono 144 36 C.P.S Star LC10II25% Faster version Star LC10 Colour. 7 colours Star LC24-10-24 pin multifont Star LC24-15 Wide Carriage version ol LC24-10t • Star FR10 300 76 cps, 31K Buffer. 16 NLQ fonts • Star FR15 Wide carnage version of FR10 • Star XB24-10 professional 24 pin series. 27K buffer ‘ Star XB24-15 Wide carriage version of the above with 41K buffer • Star LS08 LASER PRINTER 1 Mb Ram 300 x 300 dpi Star LS10 Sheet Feeder (auto) Star LC10 Mono Ribbons Star LC10 Colour Ribbons Star LC24-10 Ribbons Star LC10 Quality Dust Cover • 12 months on site maintenance £149.95 £169.95 £189.95 £229.95 £389.95 £369.95 £459.95 £459.95 £599.95 £1399.95 £59.95 £3.95 £5.95 £5.95 £5.95 DOWLING HOW TO ORDER BY PHONE Simply call our head office quoting your Access Visa number on 681760 THE NEW 200 SERIES FROM "The best printers just got better!” £ COMPUTER PRINTERS LC-200 FACT FILE MuBi-purpos* 9-pin. 80 Cotuim dot matni pmtw with coKxx ~ ' and ce»ouf ribbons included LC24-200 FACT FILE • Versatile 24 pm 80 column dot macn» pmter 87 cps «i Le LC 24-200 COLOUR FACT FILE • Multi purpose cctour aersMxi ot the 24-pm LC24200 • Seven ootour printing ttack. • 30 t&ytobuttof e pandabte to 62 Kbytes • 10 resident Loner Dually fonts Sanscrit. Tmes (toman. Courier. Presage Scrpt and itaK versons • Electrcoc dp switches operaOle • torn the push bunco tront control pare- (as the LC24-200 memo verson) • Opt on a) lent cards ncAxkng Russian • Standard Wack nt©ons ava table tor 8 LINES) BY POST • ssse • Ahghsj 81 lOCpt llaciK, 0(222 cps push or poll tractor • Bottom tort ¦ Advanced paper parking with sheet feeder nstalled • The economy ottrst and last Ine 180 Cps draX eMe‘45 cps Hour Mm Ouality High speed (Van facility 226 cps al rv yA Make cheques, building society drafts I \| or postal orders payable to: Dowling Computers DELIVERY \|UK Mainland most areas) Please add £6 courier delivery for orders over £100, add £2 p&p for orders under. £279.* CUMANA CAX 354 DISK DRIVE ‘SCOOP’ * LATEST SLIMLINE DESIGN ? HIGH SPEED ACCESS ? ACKNOWLEDGE AS THE ‘BEST’ 1 2 MEG UPGRADE BOARD * USES LATEST 4 CHIP DESIGN ? MEMORY .QN OFF SWITCH * OPTION OF BATTERY BACKED CLOCK * FULL 12 MONTH GUARANTEE ? NEW SUPER LOW PRICE RRP £89.95 SCOOP PRICE £59 .95 £29 .95 CLOCK VERSION £34 .95 * *???????* GOLD CLUB SERVICE * 7 day money back guarantee if not completely satisfied * 30 day exchange tor-new policy should a fault occur * 1 year guarantee giving FREE collection and delivery service should a fault occur * Exclusive gold card with personal membership number entitiling you to special otters * All this for a nominal £10 per item over £100 PRICE PLEDGE We know the majority ol you prefer to buy from us but are sometimes tempted by smaller companies ottering a £1 or so price difference. This is why we have now introduced our "PRICE PLEDGE” "WE WILL MATCH ANY PRICE OFFERED ELSEWHERE ON A SAME PRODUCT BASIS'¦ ¦ Subject lo slock CBM A590 HARD DRIVE * OFFICIAL COMMODORE DRIVE * COMPLETE WITH PSU TELESALES ORDER LINE 0767 681760 (8 lines) NEW SUPER LOW PRICE £269 .95 i WHY CHOOSE DOWLING? ? ESTABLISHED OVER 4 YEARS With a growing reputation for “putting the customer first . We intend to satisfy many more customers for years to come ? TECHNICAL SUPPORT ON-SITE ENGINEERS Employing over 20 specialist staff, we are equipped to deal with the majority of queries ? FULL TESTING PROCEDURE All computer hardware is tested prior to despatch, proving Dowlings commitment to customer care So choose Dowling and put our reputation to the test! Innovation is important tor a game to become a classic. But what was innovative four years ago certainly can't be now. 1987 saw the release ot The Last Ninja, a landmark computer game. But now, almost four years later the question to ask is has it stood the test of time? Yes and no is the noncommittal, but appropriate, answer. Yes in that the concept has yet to be successfully repeated, and no in that there’s more than a few pieople have played the original game to death. Although Ninja Remix isn’t a copy of the original Ninja game, the design, and some of the ideas have been duplicated. For a start the play area is a system of paths, as in the original, which run through the background. This may sound restrictive, but there's more than adequate room to move. Some of the levels do look very similar to those in the '87 version I suppose that's why it's a Remix, not Ninja 3. I new year. The quality of the graphics is excellent throughout. Each level employs an individual style. Enemy Ninjas are tidy PREDECESSORS Ninja Remix could be called Last Ninja 2.5. The original Last Ninja conversion was developed for the Amiga, though ultimately never appeared. Ninja 2 did show up, programmed by Activision instead of System 3, hut it wasn't a hit with the critics. Subsequently, System 3 have released Remix to redress the balance, taking ideas from its two predecessors as well as new concepts, and showing the public how a ninja game should be produced. Following hot on it's heels is the official Ninja 3 which should show up some time in the enough, and varied designs provide a" constant stream of new opponents. On the early stages they're content with running at you with swords drawn, but as the game progresses, they get smarter, waiting for you to make a move before they attack. A rather large status window runs round the bottom and right-hand side of the play area and displays your Ninja's energy, what weapons and objects he's carrying, and the status of any bad guys on screen. A suitably oriental soundtracks accompany each level, nothing spectacularly technical, but well written and atmosphere enhancing. The object is to pass through six levels, the wasteland, mountains, gardens, dungeons, palace and, finally, the inner sanctum - where the mysterious Ninja scrolls are kept. Guarding the scrolls is an veritable army of nasty Ninjas, leading up to their grand master, who has to be destroyed on the final screen. Level one kicks off with the Ninja standing alone and unarmed in the wasteland. WEAPONS AND ARMOUR Although your Ninja is proficient in unarmed combat, he won’t get very far without the aid of weapons. The sword is the first weapon you come across, lying near the start screen. Like most Japanese swords the blade is long, thin and incredibly sharp. Next is the powerful nunchaku which is formed from two short poles attached by a chain, a devastating weapon which was popularised by Bruce Lee, The most damaging weapon is the Bo, a two-metre hardwood staff which allows the user to attack at long range. Throwing stars can be found and used to destroy opponents before they come into striking range. Smoke bombs also feature. When thrown at an opponent they render them unconcious for thirty seconds. For their defense, the bad guys are armed with weapons similar to yours, plus armour. Tradditional Samurai armour was designed to give maximum protection with ease of use. Most of the highly decorative Japanese armour which survives was intended for presentation rather than practical use. This is an ideal time to practice controlling him. Rotating the joystick turns the Ninja around, pull in one direction and he'll follow that. Three types of jump can be accessed with the fire button and diagonals. The Ninja automatically switches to combat mode when facing an opponent, giving ' the player four attacking moves, jab, kick, high swing and a block. Obviously the attack differs slightly depending on the weapon used. Damage also varies depending on the method used. There's no way you can pass this dragon unprotected. You need to turn around and seek out a little bit of extra help. If you don't fricasse ed Ninja's on the menu. The longer you leave a guard without engaging in combat the tougher he becomes. This is shown the enemy’s energy bar in the top right of the display panel which steadily increases until it reaches maximum, or combat starts. It pays to move fast. Apart from gratuitous amounts of violence, Remix relies heavily on puzzles. Level one ends with an indestructible dragon blocking the exit, here you need to work out what to use and where. The puzzles follow the standard use object to pass problem idea, hardly ground breaking. However the puzzles are worked in such a way as to complimentary to the arcade feel of the game, striking a good balance between thinking and reflex. Twenty five quid may seem heavy handed for a four year old title, and indeed it is if you owned the original. The package contains four disks, one for the intro (which can be bypassed) and six levels of game crammed on the other three. Definitely recommended for new comers to the Ninja games, for those with experience of the original last Ninja they might find this lacking. Mark Patterson SYSTEM 3 £24.95 t Excellent conversion of a classic beat 'em up J GRAPHICS 83% SOUND 84% INSTABILITY 81% PLAYABILITY 84% OVERALL 85% IUBI SOFT I_ Entertainment Software ANDRE PANZA'S SCREEN SCENE KICK BOXING As contact sports go, Kick Boxing is definitely one of the most violent. A cross between traditional boxing and karate, it's origins lie in and, though the sport is ' now dominated by westerners. US Gold's kick boxing sim (programed by Futura in Franca)fs endorsed by Andre' the current world pion (who is also 3anza is also listed a; tjnical advice, noves shojd real thing.; I tf Cjectu 'rar you start last ‘ ithe game pur way up u're ready • three rat- i dictates. Amage ou (nfli; pppor petermij i you tijjb fror fteflex, your Boxer ! It helps to have rating It equal to those of yj bitioryAthbdgh the Lwill ban fights where1 i are overwhelming, a s( ally stronger bally dly ha fights Tt4o thin; acomt and moves. Has matte ne-s catered for extremely well There are fifty five in total, despite the fact that owing to joystick limitations only thirteen can be used during a fight. A custom fight system such as this allows you to alter a boxer to match his opponent; it also prevents the game from becoming repetative and allows you to create your own style of fighting. Adly the game is not as clever when it comes to speed. The Ijpxer often responds iy to commands, y when you want him round. The overall f the game could really a bit faster too; I've got a unch that this lethargy might ive" something to do with 'KB being an ST port. Sluggi: especi, to tui S\| Despite the fact that it's • low, the animation on the boxers is very good, especially when they've been crocked, with over-the-top sprays of spit, and bodies folding in half. It's always more rewarding when someone doubles up in pain after a backhander to the ribs. Panza Kick Boxing is well presented with just enough variety to keep you going until the next head-to-head combat sim appears. It’s shame about the lack of speed, but that uldn't put you off checking thig'put. Mark Patterson z There's always a crowd at a championship bout. The champ has been flattened, but the challenger is desperately low on energy. It doesn't look like he'll recover. KICK BOXING While English boxing is carefully governed by the Marquis of Queensbery rules, Kick boxing is a much looser style made up from several different martial arts. Although kick boxing is similar to Thai boxing they shouldn't be contused. Kick boxer's stand off and concentrate on their next moves, Thai boxers, however, get in close and grapple with their opponents. Thai boxing was originally developed over a thousands years ago when people fled from China to Thailand to escape Genghis Kahn's hordes, bringing knowledge of the Chinese martial arts with them. US GOLD £24.95 t Fun and accurate. But marred by lack of speed J GRAPHICS 76% SOUND 81% INSTABILITY 79% PLAYABILITY 84% OVERALL 82% 49 Walt Disney are swapping the mouse with a crush on Minnie for one that plugs into a home computer port. While Dick Tracy on Amiga comes via France, Steven ‘Jaws’ Speilberg’s new flick - a tale of killer spiders - is scuttling close behind. Steve Merrett moves to the insect house, Mark Patterson gets locked in the games room with Tracy... and Steve James gets housed at the Moulin Rouge... DISNEY SOFTWARE Paris-based gamesters, Titus, and French educationalists, Nathan Software, hold the prestigious contract to program software under the Disney name. As Disney explained to CU Amiga, choosing French companies to develop their software makes perfect sense promotionally as well as geographically. Movies get shown first in Paris; there’s the Euro version of Disney World being built near the city, excellent trade and communications links to the rest of western Europe, and there are large, plush Disney offices along the Champs Elyse e that are crammed with Disney memorabilia - including a Daffy Duck chest of drawers - vvhich dignitaries can gawp at. The set-up differs from Lucasfilm in that - as yet, at least - there are no plans to release original games into the market. Product will be licenced only. Through a miscellany of publishers, the odd Disney licence has cropped up in the past on home format, but fairly or otherwise, Lucasfilm's success begs the question: why wait this long to set up a label? These days, the lion's share of the company's profit comes from merchandising. Each deal is subject to careful analysis, and it's only now that Disney feel committed to home formats. Amiga, ST, PC and some 8-bit computer owners are the first to be served. Disney are being tight-lipped about CDTV development (then who isn't?), but when we spoke to them about it 'unspecified plans' looked bound for the pipeline. Disney has been a hard- won contract. Although they are delegating the production of code, obviously they set guidelines, including the controversial decision to make the Tracy game in seven colours. Warren Beatty himself had to approve the finished version. There are three strands to the label. Nathan software will predominantly deal with animation and educational packages (games with a puzzle strategy element and a strong learning bias), whereas Titus will be entertainment only. Disney could be the brand name association to end them all, and all three strands should benefit from the clout. DISNEY ANIMATION STUDIO This package, so the theory goes, will let you draw cel C, while the computer re-draws A and B. CU Amiga puts the theory to the test... Who better to release a computer animation package than the masters of animated features, Disney? Coming from such a pedigree stable, you'd expect something a little out of the ordinary, and with DAS, you won't be disap- pointed. DAS describes itself as ‘an easy-to-use animation program for anyone who is interested in learning about animation'. However, the rather high price of £99 seeths to point it more toward the pro1 fessional market. So which is it, beginner's tool or professional utility? Actually, both. Though deceptively simple on first usage, DAS slowly evolves to display all manner of powerful weapons in its armoury, such as instant checks on how your animation is coming along, full use of the Amiga's palette and a full import system, allowing you to pull in pictures and animation files from other programs, such as Deluxe Paint III. Creating animations couldn’t be simpler. Rather than create masterpieces from the word go, you begin by 'roughing' your artwork, sketching each sheet, or cel, in black and white. The key to this section, and the solid basis for the entire animation process, is the 'onion skin' style of overlaid pages. As you create new cels, the previous three are faintly displayed as an anima- tory guideline. This makes the production of your computer cartoons infinitely easier, as well as helping you towards a more polished and professional end result. However, does ease of use and exceptional design really warrant the high price tag? I can't really say yes, as - aside from the excellent 'onion skin’ facility - it does basically the same job as Deluxe Paint III in terms of animatics, but falls a bit short on the computer art side. An excellent product nevertheless, only marred by over-pricing. Tony Dillon »- ANIMAL QUACKERS Billed as educationsoft, Duck Tales is, in fact, a strategy game on the Disney label. Scrooge McDuck, the villain of the piece, is a greedy and conniving - but nonetheless loveable - entrepeneur whose activities the player regulates. Scrooge can amass his fortune by a) sky diving into a pile of money in a simple arcade sequence, b) by speculating in stocks and shares this bit calls for the use of one's noddle); or c) by selecting an area of the world to exploit, piloting an aeroplane to the location, and then sending Hewey, Dewey and Louis on various arcadey puzzley missions to bring back the goodies. Sorry, Hr. McDuck, but it will take 2 days to fix the plane. ROBOCOP GHOSTBUSTERS II INDIANA JONES :op«hight© Mutt'** Inc OCEAN SOFTWARE LIMITED 6 CENTRAL STREET MANCHESTER - M2 5NS TEL: 061 832 6633 - FAX: 061 834 0650 ‘Two fangs, eight legs, and an attitude’. That was the cover line tor the latest film to arrive from the talented combination of Spielberg and Disney. Harking back to the days of the attacking ants and rabid rabbits of countless 50's B-movies, Arachnophobia is an updated version of all those old creature features that we all know and love. Starring Jeff Daniels and Julian Sands, the film follows all the old plot routines of a mutant strain of creature sneaking up on a sleepy American town and terrifying its inhabitants. As the film's hero (played by Daniels) searches for the root of the problem, trouble appears in the form of ever-devious government officials. Meanwhile, whilst all this is going on„.the - populace of the small community is gradually being reduced, spurring the locals to search for the force behind the unprompted attack. ARACHNOPHOBIA • THE ULTIMATE FEAR? Steve Merrett takes a behind the scenes look at Arachnophobia, the not so insy winsy FX film and the next Disney movie coming to a monitor near you... SETTING UP The driving force behind the film is Frank Marshall, who is an old hand within the Spielberg camp, and was previously Executive Producer on the Indiana Jones and Back To The Future series, and the two Gremlins films. At first, he didn't particularly want a hand in the film's direction but the 50's-style theme and scenario of Arachnophobia appealed to him and it was one of the few scripts he felt he could do real justice to. However, with a script that necessitated no less than seven-hundred spiders, numerous FX-orientated deaths, and a massive mutated spider as its chief nasty, Marshall realised he would have a tough task ahead of him. To ease this problem, he called in the help of FX genius Chris Walas, whose previous work includes The Fly and its sequel and, more recently, Robocop II. ‘NEW’ FANTASIA Possibly the greatest full length animation ever, Fantasia, is due to be re-released in 1991. Although fifty years old, the movie ranks in terms of sheer technical accomplishment and imagination. A series of animated sequences set to classical music, the 'new' Fantasia has heen re-mastered from the best stock available worldwide. Anyone who appreciates the art of animation ought not to miss this event. After storyboarding and script revisions, filming started with a twelve day shoot in the South American rain forests. Frank had used the location before during the filming of Always, and during that production he had casually noted that if he was ever to be bitten by a poisonous spider, that forest would be the place. With this in mind, he had already found his first location. The scenes shot in the forests are when the lair of the spiders is accidentally opened by a couple of explorers, unwittingly releasing the deadly mutants in the process. After a couple of nasty deaths, the spiders continue their relentless march - straight into the lives of Mr. Daniels and his fellow villagers where an almighty battle ensues to stamp out the creeping arachnids. BIG BOB AND CO Marshall's main objective was to scare, and to do this it was essential that the all-imortant spiders were realistic. However, using real spiders involved difficult handling and unreliable stars (who fell asleep at inopportune moments during filming), so Chris Walas and his thirty-man crew started to prepare a handful of radio controlled creatures. This threw up two problems: first of all, Walas had less than half an inch to squeeze in more wiring than was needed to control another of his creations, Gizmo the Mogwai in Gremlins; and, secondly, the spiders' walk had to be totally realistic. The wiring problem was solved relatively easily, and the walking was also resolved using a wire- based system which got the principle stars' milling around almost perfectly. Once that nut was cracked, Walas then had to make no less than forty versions of ‘Big Bob’ the massive spider who ultimately controls the others, along with a selection of nylon-based webs and a few rotting corpses. Some scenes, however, required the actor and real spiders in the same shot, and Marshall refused to mess around with point of view shots as seen through the spider's eyes as he wanted the film to give anyone watching the shivers so that they could imagine that they were in the same situation - and some of the frightened looks are so effective you'll see in the film, are because the actors really didn’t like their hairy co-stars! THE GALLERY ARNDALE CENTRE LUTON, BEDS LU12PG TEL (0582) 457195 411281 GAMES PACKS 6ATPACK, FLIGHT OF FANTASY, SCREEN GEMS FUU AMIGA 500 PACK, PLUS: Botran Puck Soflwote: Bctmon, F18 Interceptor. New Zealand Slaty, OeluxePanl II OR digit ol Fonalsy soltwaie: E79 Reloliotor. Rainbow Island, , Escope ham die Planet ol The Robot Alonsiets. 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FtaNw, JOYSTICK ,. £369 ABSOLUTE BEGINNERS SOFTWARE PACK lor existing Amiga users £4 STARTER PACK FULL AMIGA 500 PACK, (WITHOUT 8ATIAAN FIIGHT SCREEN GEMS GAMES) WITH: 15 DISC HOBBYTE PD GREATS PACK, indudng Vitas Killers, the BEST Slot Itek Computet CotiHict, Breakout and coetttwhon Kit, Blittntd ond other jimes. A«ode flossies, Bead j Classics, Sliootem-llp Clossks, Best ol Ihe Utilities. Home pod induding Wold Ptocessot Spell Ched Spreodsbeet, Database. JOYSTICK £329 R D E R I N G : TELESALES NO: (0727) 56005 Next day delivery for credit card orders ploced before 4.00pm subject to ovailobilty. Alternatively send cheque, postal order, bankers draft or official order (PLCs, Education and Government bodies only) to; Dept. CUA, Hobbyte Computer Centre, 10 Market Place, St. Albans, Herts AL3 5DG. Flease dkrw 7 wrting days lor dwjue cteotonce. Subject to avoiloWity, despatch is notmoly within 24 hours of receipt of deored payment. 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Atm 2MB ...£369 PRINTERS inc VAT, load, and dust covar, (fiwttiOMSlOOS .....- ....£139 StailCIO .....£149 Slat LC20O CoJoor ..£199 Slot IC24-10 ...£199 Gtaen Swdt Coloui ..£217 PcnosOTt 1124 £239 Slat 1(200 ....£249 \| Slot IC200 Max ...£289 Slot XB 2410 Colour £469 HfDeiielSOO .£499 I Slot XB 24-15 Coloui £599 1 HPFMtwt .....£8791 Full AMIGA 500 pock All A500s feature FAT AGNUS, and are full ond complete UK spec, pocks with mouse, softwore, leads, modulator (except where ordered with a monitor) ond documentation. Beware . Of imports which (BM(UK) will not support or upgrade with . Enhanced chip set. MMODORE PREMIER DEALER Hobbyle proudly announce this highest CBM accolode, aworded to only the top few dozen CBM deolers offering the best in expertise and support. DICK TRACY Like Good Morning Vietnam, Dick Tvacy was one of those Disney films released through its ‘maturer’ offspring, Touchstone Pictures. The game marks the debut for Disney on an own-name label. Mark Patterson looks at program number one... Dick Tracy the movie was an yellow-coated hero starts his accurate and clever adapta- arresting mission on the left tion of Chester Gould's classic side of the screen and has to comic strip. The game couldn't cut his way through enemy be more different. Gone is the ranks to leave on the right side, kind, sensitive, intelligent Dick and a flick-screen system is once Dick reaches the end of the comics and movie; in it's used to depict the levels. Ol ,he stage, the main crimi- Unfortunately, though, the nal awaits him. Repeated favourite hideout for the bad shooting brings him to \|us- guys seems to be in each tice, allowing two cops to screen's border - an area come on screen and take which allows them to shoot him away, you, without you being able to retaliate. Likewise, if Dick is standing too close to a character when he fires, his gun will ance. The end-of-level bosses depict the action. Thanks to shoot past them, even though are only recognisable thanks the lack of this variety and the they can still sap your energy, to the addition of a small piccy quality of its graphics, sound, Every time Dick is shot you at the bottom of the screen, and playability, Dick Tracy place is a trigger-happy, yellow temporarily lose control as he Film tie-ins should take keys rates as something of a disap- coated Robocop whose only recoils. Your energy is subse- scenes from the movie they pointment for first ‘true Disney' aim is to shoot anyone who quently reduced and when this are based on - as seen in game. There's bags of poten- gets in his way-in fact,the cop- expires it's 'game over'. Robocop II or Batman - and tial from this stable so let's out gameplay in this simple. However, one of the game's use different game styles to hope that thenext one's better, horizontally scrolling shoot'em biggest faults is that avoiding up could have been used for the enemy bullets is a very hit Dick Tracey can colled two guns - a Colt 45 Special or a Thompson sub- any character, whether it be and miss affair, and this means machine gun AKA the Chicago piano -although the difference Is minimal. Robin Hood, Alien, or that skill isn’t needed to com- Superman. Plete the game, only luck. I can The graphics are as weak appreciate that the program- and as thin as Dick's objec- mers were trying to keep the tives. Tracy looks almost seven colour style of the film, passable, until he moves, but the Amstrad-style colours Utilising four frames of anima- used are just too gaudy and tion every two steps, our give the game a bland appear- THE PriCE IS RIGHT In terms ol US box office takings, Disney Studios were top of the chart in 1990. Although it failed to do a Batman, Walt's descendants wrung around $ 104 million out of Dick Tracy making it the fourth top grosser that year, while the 'thrillomedy' Arachnaphobia just missed top ten billing but still made a cool $ 50 million. DISNEY WORLD FRANCE Acres - or should that be hectares? - of Parisian land are being cleared to make way for Disney's first Euro theme park. Disney World France will give access to millions of 1992ers who don't want to fork out the air fare to the States to see Daffy, Donald and Pinnochio. And just like its American counterparts, the French centre will be packed with theme lands, avenues of the future and no doubt one from the ancien re gime. "New materials and systems" and audio-anlma- tronics are the cornerstones of the Disney parks, and for a few ten francs you'll be treated to some eye-boggling wonders. And in the meantime, should you be In Paris, why not visit the wonderful City ot Science and Industry? You'll find space stations, submarines, a geodesic dome, flight simulators, a twenty foot robot, plus a huge, sound-altering carbon dioxide bubble that you can play with. True, it’s not a Disney creation but it’s great fun all the same. (Left) When things start to get too hectic, a well-timed gret can be thrown. As the alir explosion clears, most ol the enemy on the screen at the time 1 ot detonation will be killed, and f the larger ones weakened. Your hazardous mission takes you through enemy-tilled camps, and later through the surrounding country. To speed up your journey, you 'borrow' numerous jeeps and boats to take you through the enemy lines. This is detailed on the map which appears between levels, and shows your progress as you battle your way to the awaiting plane to freedom. One of the first games to emerge from USG's recent exclusive tie-in with the arcade giants Sega. Line Ol Fire is an Operation Thunderbolt-s y e shoot'em- up spanning eight stages. However, whereas Thunder- boltwas played along horizontally and forward-scrolling levels, Line Ol Fire goes one better and combines the two by allowing the player to turn corners - effectively combining the two - a system that Sega’s dedicated sprite handling software could handle with ease, but could cause more than a few problems for tne Amiga, Fresh from their success with the Rotoscape system, Creative Materials were duly given the unenviable job of recreating Line Ol Fire - scrolling system and all - and, to their credit, they have produced what must rank as one of the best conversions of a Sega coin-op that the Amiga has seen. In case you aren't familiar with the coin-op. Line Of Fire follows the same all-action route trodden by Op Wolf and its sequel, with one or two players blasting their way through wave after wave of enemy foot soldiers, boats and tanks. The action is viewed as through the eyes of the soldiers, with the smooth dual scrolling bringing the massive sprites that make up the gun and missile-toting enemy towards you. A cursor is used to aim your weapon, and is moved around using either the joystick or the mouse, with the respective buttons of each firing a stream of bullets or lobbing a grenade into the fray. Care should be taken when firing, though, as your ammo supplies are limited to a few clips of bullets and a handful of grenades, although further supplies can be picked up by shooting the relevant icon as and when they appear on screen. Likewise, medical caches can be collected in the same manner and replace any energy lost due to enemy fire. If, however, your energy reaches zero, one of your five credits will be lost. The basic scenario of the game is that you and your buddy have succeeded on a mission to breach the unnamed enemy's defences and have stolen a prototype machinegun. Controlling the two heroes, your aim is to guide them safely back through the eight stages between the enemy base and relative safety, using the liberated gun to defend yourselves. Each of the stages is detailed on a map that appears between levels, and your journey begins with you sprinting through cramped corridors of the enemy base, before engaging the enemy forces as you battle through the treacherous caverns and rivers that must be negotiated. In addition, waiting at the end of each stage is a massive guardian which may take the form of a helicopter or a tank and can only be destroyed by repeated fire or a few grenades. With the exception of a MISSION IMPOSSIBLE Cramming the Line Of Fire coin-op into the Amiga is an impossible feat, so Creative Materials had to decide which aspects of the game were dispensible. The main difference between the two versions are to do with the graphics. They aren’t quite as detailed and there are less stepping frames as and when the sprites are enlarged and updated. In addition. Creative opted lor less enemies on screen which, luckily, doesn't affect the gameplay. Instead it means that Amiga Line of Fire can run at a faster rale. The sprites were transferred directly from the coin- op via a piece of screen grabbing hardware and then retouched. This saved a lot of time and hassle and also made the conversion slightly more accurate than if they had been drawn trom scratch - a feat that would have taken months of work. Reduced number of. Sprites on screen, Creative have somehow managed to squeeze practically everything from the coin-op into this Amiga version. More importantly, this version seems to have more playability than its arcade parent, and certainly more than Ocean’s two Taito games. Granted, there are a few rough edges to the graphics, but when you consider just how much is on screen and the speed at which it moves, this is more than understandable. In addition, the sound isn’t all it could have been, and the explosive effects are a little weak. I do feel that perhaps Line Ol Fire's difficulty level should have been tweaked to make it harder, but even so with is a brilliant shoot’em-up and one that warrants immediate attention. US GOLD £24.95 fi Superb conversion of a playable coin-op GRAPHICS 87% SOUND 79% LASTABILITY 76% PLAYABILITY 90% OVERALL 85% Steve Merrett Four Ml Abrams Tanks. Four soldiers in each. That’s Four Tanks, Sixteen Men. And you control the whole shooting match. ¦ Strategic and tactical command. Plan your winning strategies, gfyl.ngorders to your platoon of tanks, calling in airstiikes and artillery. At any moment you can 'jump' into the thick of the action, taking over direct control, as commander, gunner or driver of any tahk. ¦ Leadership. Each Of the 16 men ¦ Realistic Battlefield, terrain. • Endless variety. Fight during in Volar tank platoon Jias his own Make use of natural cover, such as . The day. At night, in snow. Mud. Battlefield skills and abilities hills, ridges and buiidings to hide jain or clear weather With Improving with experience your tanks across the huge 16.000 thousands of battlefields and promotion and decorations, your acre 3-D battle zone, just like a real millions of situations and you get chance§ of suCcess-increase as tank commander. ¦ "»V endless e'njdyment. Decide your platpon become battle ‘ " between single battles or an entire hardened ¦ High-tech war. Laser campaign. Rangefinders, depleted uranium - ¦ 'penetrators. Wire-guided missiles. : ___ reactive armour, air support and pm M arM-ery make- Ml Tank Platoon Egjg(\|\| \|\|\| .*SaWj HhMI most comprehensive up-to- HmB ¦ :::¦ dcre sirrv-ilatiar. Of armoured land TQ I "’I I M ¦¦ :::] warfare available lo: youi home H H H \|T1 H " computer. B » ¦" 'MicroPros© has surely excelled on this one: It’s all there, fcom superb playability through great attention to detail to one ol the best manuals I’ve seen In a long time. The competition should watch out, as this one’s going to take some beating.” •'* PC Leisure Spring 90 MAY VARY ' X can't really lault Ml Tank Platoon as It’s definitely MiciaProse's most comprehensive simulation yet." 87% C&VG Nov 89 • The most frighteningly accurate tank sim we’ve seen." 926 Ace Dec 89 ©1990 Unraft LH ©1990 Wa GnSi LM SCREEN In Prince Of Persia we have an example of the contrasting styles of British and American software. Games programmed in Britain tend to suffer from weak design, often the result of a sprint toward the profit line. Even so-called original products can be retarded, a rehash of an ancient game. American software, while,nbt always technically astounding, is often head and shoulders above. Companies like Broderbund, Sierra, Maxisand Cinemaware have made names for themselves in Europe, America and Japan, with some titles approaching the million sales mark. Broderbund first rose to fame on the C64 almost seven years ago with Karateka, an interactive karate movie. Since then they’ve produced titles such as Wings Of Fury, Typhoon Thompson and Shuffle Puck Cafe among others. Prince Of Persia is not much more than an average looking arcade adventure. The backgrounds are bland, the main sprite lacks detail, and at first glance it seems a visual non-starter. But it play and the game takes on a completely different light. The apparently dull main sprite comes to life with some amazing animation. Programmer Jordan Mechner studied hours of sword fights and human movement to make the characters move as realistically as possible, the effect is incredible. Your ultimate goal is to rescue your true love, who's been imprisoned in a high tower by her evil father. She's got one hour to decide between her love for you, or death. This gives the game a time limit and forces you to hurry up. Apart from the guards there are plenty of other pitfalls to face. The least deadly are clumps of spikes which shoot out of the floor. These are easy to avoid. One of the more novel pitfalls occurs on level four. A mirror appears just before the rnvvuv QUALITY STEREO SOUND The SOUNDBLASTER is a 5 watt per channel stereo amplifier that comes complete with high quality 50 watt 3 way speakers, power supply and leads and instructions to allow it to be quickly & easily connected to your computer. , The SOUNDBLASTER adds an extra dimension to your games, imagine super stereo sound effects, crystal clear samples and terrific tunes. The SOUNDBLASTER makes your games come to life, increasing playability and giving greater lasting appeal. FREE pair of stereo HEADPHONES with every SOUNDBLASTER!!! ORDER YOURS NOW VISA VISA FOR CREDIT CARD ORDERS, TELEPHONE: 061 228 1831. ACCESS VISA. PLEASE SEND ME A SOUNDBLASTER FOR MY. I ENCLOSE A CHEQUE FOR £52.99 OR CREDIT MY ACCESS BARCLAYCARD No. NAME - . ADDRESS ..... POSTCODE SIREN SOFTWARE, 84-86 PRINCESS STREET, MANCHESTER, M1 6NG, ENGLAND. TELEPHONE: 061 228 1831J SCREEN Prince of Persia is very easy to play. You only have to woriy about your sword when you’re facing a bad guy. Jumping Is performed by tapping the fire button while runnlng.As you fall, tap the button and make your hero reach out and attempt to grab onto a platform. I Level two takes place inside the palace. Here the cause of death is not just because of the spikes, but because of the extremely long fall. Obviously more practice is needed on the jumps. End, jumping through is the only way past. As you go through one side your reflection jumps out the other, returning later on in the game to cause you untold trouble. The control system is simplicity itself. Players unlucky enough to fall into a pit should push a button making their character reach out and try to grab any available ledges. On later levels this is essential as some jumps are too wide to negotiate in a single leap. Prince of Persia is immensely playable. The game owes a lot to the animation and ease of control of the main character. Without this it would be nothing more than a below par platform jaunt. All the elements come together extremely well to form a game which is both playable and enduring. One of the most interesting games I’ve seen in long time. Mark Patterson GAMEPLAY As the puzzles start taking shape so does the game. The first few levels are an introduction lo the mechanics ot the game; the initial problems require you to learn how the control system lor the character works, how the various puzzles are connected and how to battle your turban-wearing opponents. There's a useful level skip which lets you try out the tirst lour stages, although this only leaves you with fifteen minutes on the clock. THREE SECTIONS The whole game's set over just three sections. The first of these, the dungeons, is pitched just right for the beginner. Guards are easily defeated and the puzzles get progressively tougher as you get better. Next is the sequence set inside the castle. The graphics change to sandstone blocks and columns, the guards toughen up and so do the puzzles. Make liberal use of the pause button before trying to work out the next move. Finally there's the tower. At this stage there's not much time left on the clock, so all of your skills are required to overcome some very tough guards and mind bending puzzles. Throughout each level you're updated on the progress of the Princess via an attractive little graphic sequence. This adds somewhat to the scant in-game presentation. F Smart arcade adventure. Plays better than it looks. ¦ GRAPHICS SOUND LASTABILITY PLAYABILITY 83% 79% 87% 88% OVERALL 87% SCENE Leaving their footy boots behind. Anco return to the computer arena with Death Trap, a sprawling arcade adventure which involves the negotiation ot countless burst-scrolled rooms. The game's scenario tells ot an evil magician by the name ot Shankriya, who is the ruler of the domain in which you. As Abi. Find yourselt. Shankriya became a magician ot great power alter stealing some magic scrolls and deposing the historical ruler ot the land. He then hid the scrolls in a series of guarded labyrinths and sealed the fate of the land. You, as Abi, must find the scrolls and put an end to Shankriya's reign of terror. There are five levels of Labyrinths which you must work through, each populated with bizarre creatures, wizards and traps. Upon entering the Labyrinth, Abi is armed with a meagre Woolworth s boy scout pen-knife, which is about as deadly as a Woolworth's boy scout, but on killing someof the marauding creatures, he is rewarded with amounts of Red, Green or Blue potions which can be mixed together to create various spells. To cast spells, just hit the spacebar and the amount of each potion needed to complete the lowest strength of the highlighted spell, weapon or cure is shown. If you have enough ingredients to increase the strength of the spell then move the joystick up - the new strength of the spell is displayed in the lightening flash icon. Back at the main screen, the new weapon or spell is now selected and battle can recommence as you fight your way through the level, pulling levers down in various locations in order to gain passage to ever more dangerous locations. Death Trap is a remarkable break from Anco's footballing heritage. The scrolling is a little jerky, but graphics are clean and well detailed, even down to the tiny, power-draining leech that leaps up and sticks to your back, draining potions and energy. Although initially difficult, the game follows a simple pattern with items, traps and monsters always appearing in the same place, so that if you lose one of your four lives, you can retrace your steps to the point of your last demise. In all. Death Trap comes over as a very disappointing arcade adventure. Its presentation is far from what we expect these days, with badly-animated sprites and the aforementioned eye- straining scrolling makes positioning far from easy. These niggling faults mar what is already a decidedly average game, and there are far better games of this ilk on the market. THE ART OF MAGIK The earliest examples of spells were found on Egyptian papyruses in the first century, magical spells and sorcery have been used to defeat enemies, wake the spirits of the dead and to ensure success in love. Witchcraft is thought to come from a Stone-Age religion called Wicca, or Craft of the Wise . Unusual potions include swallowing gold to cure jaundice and a brew of horse dung as a cure-all. ANCO £24.99 t Arcade adventure that's 9 GRAPHICS 66% SOUND 63% LASTABILITY 71% PLAYABILITY 70% OVERALL 69% LEISURE GENIUS THE NAME SPEAKS FOR ITSELF .Leisure Genius BUY ANY VIRGIN LEISURE GENIUS OR VIRGIN GAMES TITLE AND ENTER OUR SCRABBLE© COMPETITION TO WIN £500.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE FROM YOUR LOCAL RETAILER «a 1C mu IW SI csa ass C8HM KC SPSCWM CASS 4 IB css US OK w SCRABBLE OE LUXE • • • • • i »«•» • • • SCRABBLE • MONOPOLY DE LUXE • • MONOPOLY • • • RISK DIPLOMACY • . CLUEDO MASTER DETECTIVE * * CLUEDO • • • MINDSTRETCHERS \| COMING SOON \| IT’S EASY LOOK AT THE GAME OF SCRABBLE AND MAKE UP THE HIGHEST SCORING WORD FROM THE TILES IN THE RACK - THE HIGHEST SCORING WORD WINS!! 1ST PRIZE - £500.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE OF YOUR CHOICE 2ND PRIZE - £200.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE OF YOUR CHOICE 3RD PRIZE • £100.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE OF YOUR CHOICE 4TH PRIZE • £100.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE OF YOUR CHOICE 5TH PRIZE • £100.00 WORTH OF SOFTWARE OF YOUR CHOICE SEND YOUR ENTRIES ALONG WITH YOUR NAME & ADDRESS TO: SCRABBLE COMPETITION VIRGIN MASTERTRONIC 16 PORTLAND ROAD, LONDON W11 4LA COMPETITION CLOSES MARCH 31ST1991 JBYJ* SptWUSOHSlTO GMT LCEMSiD BY MADONGTONS GAMES LTD IW AAODINCTOW GAMES ITO © U COYRGHIS F « MU COMWAY IEMNER PAFMER TOYS « (KPT) Match day dawns and there's a good turn out for the game. Shady deals take place in the bar. Apart from picking up tips on how to improve your game, you also get to meet opposition players. If you're feeling flush there's an option that lets you pay off other players. For instance, you might persuade them to play badly, or even join your side. Picking a fight with somebody is also a good way to mess them up before a match. It boosts your players' morale, too. As sport games go M. U.D.S. is extremely basic. But Rainbow Arts' novel approach has produced a potential classic. M. U.D.S. i£ set in a typical Dungeons and Dragons style land: the middle ages with plenty ot monsters running round. The main pastime consists ot watching M.U.D.S., a violent team sport that's not too unlike an Arsenal Vs Man United match, with two teams trying to score in opposing goals while knocking merry hell out ot each other. Take over as player manager of a small backwater M.U.D.S. team and aim to become the biggest sensation the sport has ever seen. Cross between soccer, rugby and American football. A team consists of five players - two in defence, one midfielder and two attackers. Instead of a ball, a small creature called a Flonk is used, which is vomited onto the pitch by a larger creature. There's a bucket at either end of the pitch which acts as a goal, into which the Flonk must be thrown. Between the goal and the defenders lies a shark infested moat, which can be negotiated by players, but at great risk. The average team consists of five main players plus six or seven reserves. In turn these are made up from the sixteen different races that inhabit the plus points tages. Fuzzools, for instance, are obsessed with playing in M. U.D.S. teams, even though the hapless creatures are con sidered to be a delicacy in some parts of the country and likely to be eaten while on tour. A player will fight until him or his opponent drops. A foul occurs when a player without the Fhonk is tackled. If the ref isn't looking you can usually get away with this; if you are with SCREEN spoiled the offending player is encased in a block of ice for thirty seconds as punishment. A large part of the game is devoted to the campaign mode, during which you look after your team, buy players, nobble the opposition, and arrange tours. Select a hotel to use as HO. If you don't stash your team in a hotel they end up milling around the streets getting into trouble. Everytown has a slave market where you can purchase fresh players for your squad, or flog off the trashy ones. Banks are on hand to update you on your finances, or lend you a small amountof cash. If you’re particularly skint a loan shark will spot you a couple of grand, although this is risky - if you default on your payments, their collection methods can prove painful... And you’re not just limited to one city. M.U.D.S. is set across an entire continent. This provides you with plenty of different teams and locations, and stops things from becoming repetitive. Initially M.U.D.S. seems very simplistic, but once you start playing it takes on a style of its own. Not only is it funny and uncomplicated, but incredibly addictive. One of the best games I’ve played in a long time. Mark Patterson Humans are good all-rounders. Their main drawback is unreliability: but it’s often worth placing one in mid-fields The word tough was tor Bulls. They’re the biggest, strongest creatures in the whole ot MUDS. The perfect, indestructible defenders. Whizzles are amazingly fast, but weak. They need to be kept well fed otherwise they'll feast on other Etanis are, slow, strong and incredibly thick - in other words natural defenders, only surpassed If it’s speed you want the Warklonks are the fastest. Unfortunately, they’re the weakest creatures in MUDS. RAINBOW ARTS £24.95 t Amazingly addictive. Best sports sim in ages, J GRAPHICS 77% SOUND 75% LASTABILITY 87% PLAYABILITY 89% OVERALL 87% IN CONTROL? There’s nothing Innovative about the control system. Control whichever Flonk is the nearest, or just one team member. Holding the fire button down releases a cursor which is used to place your shot, and releasing the button throws the Flonk. The of time this procedure takes often means you're fouled before you let go of the Flonk, definitely the downside of the game. AMIGA Screen GEM Pack from £359.99 (incl.) 24 HOUR Ordering Service AFTER HOURS TEL: 0493 851019 844504 AMIGA A500 Screen Gems £359.99 (incl.) I Ext Drive £70.99 + 4 GAMES £79.9 A5001 meg upgrade £34.99 1084S Colour I Stereo Monitor £259.99 HUNDREDS MORE SOFTWARE TITLES AVAILABLE! Alcatraz 11. 99 F29 Retaliator .. .. 14.99 Magic Fly .... 14. 99 Awesome .. 14. 99 .. 17.99 14 99 Back to Future II 14. 99 Conqueror . F16 Combat Pilot .... .. 14.99 Ml Tank Platoon . 14. 99 Flood..... .. 14.99 1799 Battle Master ... 17. 99 Days of Thunder...... 14. 99 Football Sim..... .. 11.99 1499 Betrayal 14. 99 Defenders of the Earth .11.99 Frankenstein ..... .. 11.99 14. 99 1499 Billy the Kid ...... 14. 99 Dragons Breath . 17. 99 Gold of the Aztecs ... .. 14.99 Rotor..... B55 J Seymour . 14. 99 Golden Axe ..... ..17.99 Rick Dangerous 2 ..... 14. 99 Blood Money .... .. 8.99 Dragon Strike .... 17. 99 Heroes (Comp) .. 17.99 Robo Cop II ..... 14. 99 Buck Rogers .... 17. 99 Immortal .. .. 14.99 Simulcra 14. 99 Budakhan . 14. 99 Dungeon Master Ed .. .. 5.99 Indy 500 ..... .. 14.99 1499 Cabal ... 14. 99 Interceptor...... 1799 Cadaver..... 14. 99 14. 99 20 99 Captive 14. 99 Drakker . 17. 99 Iron Man .. .. 17.99 Slag Beast 2 ..... Champions of Raj .... .17.99 Dragons Lair ..... 26. 99 Judge Dread ... .. 17.99 Snow Strike ...... 14. 99 Chase HQ . 14. 99 Kick Off II . .. 14.99 Teenage Mutant Turtles Time Machine ... 14. 99 Chaos Strikes Back .. 14. 99 Eagle Rider 14. 99 Killing Game Show .. .. 14.99 14. 99 Ecstacy . 11. 99 Knights of Kristillion . Larry II or III...... .. 17.99 Total Recall . 14. 99 Emlyn Hughes Int ..... 14. 99 ..24.99 11 99 m ANDREWS E. Et.P.O.t.am ...... 11. 99 Lotus Turbo ..... .. 14.99 1499 LQL_k & Flash Dragon .... 11. 99 Lost Patrol ...... .. 14.99 Warmonger 14. 99 TEL: 0493 331377 331388 COWAN 'Offer available only while stocks last! Some titles may not be released at time of going to press. New store open at below address! Personal Callers welcome! Shop prices may vary. Please make cheques PO.S. payable to Andrews & Cowan. Postage and Packing £1.00 on software, free on hardware. All prices include VAT. Andrews & Gowan, South Market Road, Gt. Vermouth NR30 2BQ. EJ ACCESS VISA HOTLINE TEL 0273-746467 ft m J 3 y f if mJT ALL ORDERS SENT L BY 1ST CLASS POST I WITHIN 24 HRS § (Subject to availability)! HAPI'Y CHRISTMAS TO ALL OUR CUSTOMERS .16.10 .13.90 .22.75 .19.15 34. 95 .13.10 .13.10 16. 10 .19.15 .22.95 1590 .16.10 16. 10 19. 15 .15.90 .19.35 22 50 .13.10 15. 90 .1590 22. 35 .15.90 .15.90 1690 .19.35 .13.10 .16.10 .19.15 .19.15 .15.90 .15.90 .19.15 .1915 .15.90 ...24.95 ...24.99 ...24.99 .10.25 .15.90 .1590 .15.90 .15.90 .15.90 .22.95 .16.10 .16.10 3. 5" DS DD DISKS High Quality Unbranded Fully Guaranteed inc. labels. 10T4.75 50-£21.00 100-£39.95 500-£ 174.95 A500 DUST COVER £3.75 MOUSE MAT £2.75 3. 5" DISKS CLEANERS £2.95 DISK BOX (HOLDS 10) £2.25 688 Anacx SuDmwin. 24.99 Armour G« Mon 24.99 Awesome ......34.99. Action Stations .29.99. AMOS • The Creator 48.99. Apprentice ......w...19.99 ATF 2 ..'...24.99 Back to the Future 2 24.99 Batttemasier 24.99 Beast 2------------- 34.99 Bkttkreifl May 1940 24.9... Bomber Moskxi Disk (1 Meg) .. 14.99 Chaos Strikes Back (1MB) ....24.99.. Days o» Thunder...- .34.99. F29 Retalator .24 99 Falcon Msssion Disk 2 ...19.99.. Final Battle 24 99 Flood 24. F19 Stealth Fighter ..29. Flip It. Magnose ....24.99. Harley Davidson ......24.99 Heroes Quest ...34.99. Kick 012 .....1999. Int. Soccer Challenge.....24. James Pond 24.99. Knights of Legend 29.99. KkHTyp .. Killing Game Show Mante ... Matrix Marauders ..19.99 Mrtmght Resistance......24.99 Necronom ....24.99.. Conspiracy...24.99.. Over the Net 24.99.. Plotting ..24.99.. Pools ot Radance (MB) 29 99 . Power Pack .24.99 .. Rck dangerous 2 ...24.99 Speedbai 2 .24.99 Supremacy ..29.99 Shadow Warriors 24 99 Sly Spy .24.9.. Spellbound ...19.99 Street Hockey ..24 99 STUN Runner ..24.99 Teenage Mutant Turtles..24 99 The Spy Who Loved Me24 99 Torvak 24.99 Ultimate Go« .24.99 Ultima 5 .29.99 V«nus • The Flytrap .19.99 Warhead 19.99 Wings (1MB) .. .29.99 TNT (Tengen Comp) 29.99 The Ultmate Ride ....24.99 Voodoo raghtmare ..24.99 Wheels of Fire ..29.99 Wolfpack (1 Meg) .....29 99 Yolanda .24.99 AMIGA 3.5" EXTERNAL DRIVE * Quality Citzen drive mechanism • Throughport connector + On Off switch • Fully compatible ? Guaranteed ONLY £59.50 Inc AMIGA 512 K EXPANSION £33.50 WITH CLOCK £32.50 WITHOUT CLOCK • Memory enable - disable switch • Simply plugs into Amiga A500 • Compact (only 4 FASTRAMS) • Fully compatablc + Guaranteed OTHER TITLES ALSO AVAILABLE Please send me the following real fast AMOUNT TOTAL CUST No (if known). NAME . Payment: Cheque PO Access Visa E3 Mail Order only. Prices include 1st Class Postage, packing and VAT. Overseas orders add £5 per iten BEST BYTE (Dept CU 12) 4H Nevill Av. Hove. E.Sussex. BN3 7NA If you plan to use your computer to escape trom the relatives, avoid the repeats on the telly, or just relax over the festive season, you'll be helped by knowing which software is worth your time and money. So how do you tell a Christmas "Turkey" from the year’s vintage offerings ? CUT OUT AND KEEP HriSTMAS iOOD A VlESGUiDE Label Amiga ST IBM PC % % % F19 Stealth Fighter ... ......MicroProse . ..91.00 .... ...93.45 . 92.00 Midwinter ...... .Rainbird ... ..91.00 .... ...93.54..... 93 90 Rick Dangerous II ......MicroStyle .. ..87.04 .... ...87.00 . Silent Service II ... ......MicroProse . 92 67 Tower of Babel ..... .Rainbird ... ..92.92 .... 91 50 Simulcra ......MicroStyle .. ..87.25 .... ...87.02 .. A whole host of other MicroProse games have also scored high average marks, including Railroad Tycoon (IBM) - 93.65%, Carrier Command (IBM) - 99.13%. and Stunt Car Racer (Amiga) 90.05%. Tis the season to be jolly....and also Tkm the season in which we suffer from • * excess; one Sherry or Mince Pie too many; that snog under the mistletoe with your best-friends * ugly little sister; actually enjoying the Christmas number 1 record; and looking pleased as you receive another pair of socks from granny. Christmas sometimes brings out the worst in people, and often brings out the worst in software, as the shops get crammed with games which are poor film licence conversions, and rehashed compilations of five year old "classics'. Disappointment is often the result for serious software users; Cow-a-dunga, Roboflop 17, Terminal Relapse, S.L.U.M. Runner; popular for the twelve days of Christmas, but likely to leave you as cold as Boxing Day's Turkey for the rest of the year. What of the year’s vintage offerings ? Which games have set the software shelves alight throughout 1990 ? Which publishers offer you the best of times every month of the year ? The Proof of the Pudding... V Every computer magazine takes a keen interest in the quality of games published. Every edition is packed with reviews, comments, and marks out of ten, aimed at making your choice easier. Some magazines cover specific computers, others a range of computers, and some every computer. But they all know one thing; How to spot a great game: One of the UK's leading magazines, “A.C.E.", keeps a monthly check on the marks scored in all the reviews in all of the magazines, to see which publishers' products are receiving acclaim everywhere. The results make interesting reading. The graph shows the average review mark scored, from Aug - Dec 1990, in all magazines, for five top publishers. (Source - Ace Stockmarket). "The conclusion to be drawn is that MicroProse games provide consistent quality, value, and enjoyment, all year round." The clear winners are MicroProse, proving to be the most consistent of the publishers surveyed. A list of average marks received by six of their games (remember this is across all UK mags) are shown above. All the games rank highly. Over the page you’ll see why... advert Eleven programmers and tjp researchers worked for four man years to produce the masterpiece billed as "The Strategy Game of the Decade”. Advert The reviewers held their breath and then gasped in amazement at what they saw.... “Many games are billed as ‘revolutionary’, but Midwinter is probably the closest you are going to get to the title. Although the presentation is superb, it is the superb gameplay that sets it apart from other 'classics'. Although your task is to destroy the evil General Masters, the gameplay allows you to perform the task in whatever manner you deem appropriate. As you put together a strong team with varying skills that actually have a bearing on the game, any method can be used to kill Masters. Couple this with four modes of transport, numerous missions, and an involving storyline, you have a game that really does live up to its classification." ST Action May 90 Midwinter has convinced me for the first time ever that a game can be really clever and incredibly playable. It’s an absolutely phenomenal game and there are no phenomenal game and there are no reasons not to buy it. Absolutely stunning." Zero March 90 “A landmark in computer entertainment." The One Feb 90 “Undoubtedly Rambird this Christmas. Set to be a classic.' C&VG March 90 "The most atmospheric, utterly magnificent game I’ve played, and will play, all year." ZZAP ! April 90 Midwinter tells the story of one islands struggle for survival in a new Ice-Age. Its Gallup chart history is one of triumph - another Number 1. For one hell of a Cool Yule, pit your wits against Midwinter from • advert It's 30 feet wide, 59 ¦JT feet long and has ®* an almost invisible radar signature. It's the plane that the US Air Force won’t talk about - but when MicroProse revealed it to the world, the reviewers spilt the beans about the F-19 Stealth Fighter. “F-19 is the business. It deals with state- of-the-art kit and is a state-of-the-art sim. Stealth is the most complete flight sim yet in terms of gameplay. It’s as if the plane was built for a game." Amiga Format Nov 90 "This definitely has to be one of the best, if not THE greatest flight sim out I" C. &V.G. Oct 90 "Fast smooth and technically sophisticated. The game's major advantage is its tactical scope. The four mission territories, cold war, conventional and limited war situations plus the selection of available options translate into a huge number of different missions - each with its own level of enemies, radar installations and alerted bases to face. Flying a successful operation draws on a variety of different skills - B BB 94% 91% ml F-19 Stealth Fighter justified the reviewers praise by soaring to the top of the Gallup charts. This is one fighter that they can’t keep under wraps. If you're looking for the best flight simulator available this Christmas, don't rely on radar. Rely on MicroProse. Other great games of 1990 includf Simulcra...Silent Service II M1 Tank Platoon International Soccer Challenge Pirates... Red Storm Rising Railroad Tycoon...Tower of Babel Fire & Brimstone radar negotiation, bombing accuracy, air-to-air improvisatji and plane handling skills. Presentatjofi, rigi down to the expansive manual, i impeccable throughout. For strategicde'pth and variety of gameplay, there's ypi little to touch it.” The One July 90 Midwinter II Gunship 2000....Darklands Knights of the Sky Railroad Tycoon Lightspeed....Covert Action Starlord....F 15 Strike Eagle II Grand Prix Betrayal and many, many more. SEROUS Rick Dangerous shot to Jp stardom in his first romp around South America, Egypt and Europe. Finding earthly adventure not enough, he shoots off into space in Rick II, continuing his quest to overcome the Fat Man. When a trap catches you by surprise it's annoying, but frustration develops into determination and you'll keep on going until you beat the blasted thing. And if you do get stuck, the four levels (five, if you get that far), are different enough to make it almost like having four separate games." Amstrad Action Nov 90 “The gameplay is superb, involving and addictive. It is the sheer volume of challenge and entertainment in this game that makes it absolute corker.” Raze Nov 90 "By now, Rick Dangerous has earned its place in the hall of fame for classic platform games, but just when everyone was taking it for granted, along comes the sequel - and its even better than the original. The graphics have been polished up, the sound effects are funnier and the gameplay is more fluid and enjoyable. With a little thought all the puzzles can be worked out (and some of the solutions are very strange!). Even if you haven't played the original game (where have you been ?) Rick Dangerous II is well worth a generous slab of any game- player's time. But a generous slab could have you sitting in front of your computer for days without rest. You have been warned....but buy it anyway." Amiga Format Nov 90 Did the reviewers welcome Rick returning "in a Flash” ? You bet your life on it.... ' A&T.. Santa should be able to find these games in any good software store. RD II is a compulsive game. Rick Dangerous is everyone's favourite original superhero - and he’s planning to eat turtles for brekkie on Christmas Day. He can find licroPros at Unit 1, Hampton Rd Industrial Estate, Tetbury, Glos, or by telephone on 0666-504326. TOTAL CO . IE JA. JMENT EXTRAORDINARY PRICES • no commitments • no obligation to boy » no fuss replacement • free call hotline • free game for every new member (P.PIague RRP £14.95) rol both the colour rbox 10 h DS DD I meg ... 3. 5 inch DS HD I meg ... ..£11. taint program. Deluxe Paint 3 . MEMBERS .....£54.99 ... RRP Deluxe Video 3 ...... .....£74.99 ... ....99 99 Digieview Gold 4.0 .....£94.95 .... ..149.99 Excellence . ...£119.95 .... . IH9 9S Pen Pal . .....£94.99 .... ..129 99 Pageselter 2 . ...79 99 Paeestream 2 ... WordPerfecl 4.2 ..... .....£89.99 .... ...£149.99 .... - --------149.99 .229.99 ANY - SUPERB QUALITY • IMLINF design • ONE year WARRANTY MUSIC X The No. 1 music software package We can offer you at a never to be repealed price RRP £129.95 MEMBERS PRIf E £39.95 incl. VAT £54.99 £74.99 £59.95 ALL ( PRICES 1 INCL. J TOP AMIGA GAMES VAT member, 688 attack sub .16.95 24. 99 DELIVERY CHARGES Software: UK £1.50 EEC £3.00 C. Service hardware: UK £6.00 EEC £10.00 Normal delivery 1-7 working days. All price, and -uppl.es subjecr 10 change without notification. Trading division of Nortek Computers Ltd. ES CALL FREE * 0800-898219 Number One Amiga Club, Trafalgar House, Grenville Place. Mill Hill. NW7 3SA QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE DELIVERY MEMBERSHIP TOTAL I I I I I I I \| I enclose cheque PO tor £_ I or charge my Access Visa No: j Exp Date After the War . Bar* Tale ? Btasietorl. . 8arje Valle, Had Company Barbana i ? Bear.e ol Fwwrj (hnwoQev. 2 Dr»in force Interceptor ..... L Suit; tm ? M 1 ** Soccer Onetu P «w fWerdromr Pout 3D Quair Rockford Surtvj e Space Hamer 2 Soulier mo S lere Service SboorC.mo Kc Warp WkinJ Zany »oll me VAT E3 f T'll 1 1 1 I nr future Sport Football V* g;r 2 Gravity Hoyx K -* «f r.amc, . Hie 1 Red October Inml W revl.ng GRAPHICS STARTER PACK 4 Fantastic graphics packs, ideal for beginners at a price you just c; AEGIS ANIMATOR: The classic animation software programme that gives you the ability t and the speed of the animation. AEGIS IMAGES: Similar to Deluxe Paint. A great start for the person wanting to get AEGIS DRAW: A computer aided design programme lor creating scaled drawings. AEGIS ARTPACK: I his programme is for use with Animator and Images. Essential pictures for people that draw. All this as one special offer for all dub members. OUR MEMBERS PRICE: £29.99 (rrp£99.001 members Leisure Sur l«iy 3 22-95 Mac-Fly iisgu Mid- gtr Rrv-,unce 15 99 Manfiumer 2 \|?w MiTanaManxr iuvu Powermongr; IS V5 JV4.ee Que j 21 .'0 49 Ponton 15.95 no Teiuuk Tour 15.95 f’tpema e \|5.99 I? 49 Dangerous 2 15.45 Red Storm K s.rig \|4 99 Resolution 101 ......15.49 Shadow of Beast 2 ......19.99 Shadow Warriors ..‘......15.49 Space Quest 3 .20.49 Supremacy ... IX.99 Startl.gM? 15.9* Tank Attack \|S95 Iwiage Mul Ninja Tunis 16 V9 I mt* 5 1? 45 1 MS 2 1X 99 S erua-t ) uap 13 99 Wrlltm 15,49 * -“•» \|X 99 Wtdtaaikef 17.99 Wonderland 16.99 NUMBER IM MADE IN W. GERM • THRU PORT • ON OFF SWITCH - SI 3. 5'' external A500 1000 2000 3. 5" with "track display" 3. 5" internal A2000 SPECIAL OFFERS PRICE BUSTERS DISK DRIVES ....5.49 9 9N 595 9A ? 95 799 8 99 8 99 699 799 . 799 , 799 999 ...9.99 .. 13.99 . 10.99 ...6.99 AMI Gr C L U B UCE Your exit Is blocked. It’s time to use the rockets on the door. Built up in strips. This allows the screen to update smoothly with a good 3D effect. Used in Afterburner and Powerdrift, this technique has never been exploited to it’s full potential. Alas, it’s the same case here. This slows the game, which is a shame as speed would have made a good product exceptional. However, the graphics for the police are excellent. The large, well animated figure adds immensely to the overall effect of the game, as do the size of the enemy troops you face. A third of the screen is taken up by the command computer. This is used to switch between units, or to check on personnel status, set explosives, use missiles or to call in reinforcements. Above the play area is a group of status windows. These outline the physical shape of the team member currently being controlled and tell you what type of ammo he’s using. Don’t worry if this sounds a bit stuffy, the arcade element is incredibly violent and fun. Had Narco Police been slightly faster it would definitely been a screen star. As it stands it’s an enjoyable, thinking person's, shoot 'em up. Mark Patterson DINAMIC £24.95 i Fun and original shoot 'em up, but a bit slow 1 GRAPHICS 81% SOUND 80% LASTABILITY 81% PLAYABILITY 85% OVERALL 82% Companies often try to work shoot 'em ups in with strategy - most of the time this fails. Narco Police, however, manages to combine the most popular styles of arcade game with a highly convincing strategy element. The Narco Police, as the name suggests, are a drug enforcement unit. Equipped with state-of-the art weaponry, their purpose is to do battle with drug barons in the by now quite standard not-so-subtle manner. To thwart the world drug problem once and for all, the Nps are planning to storm, via the tunnel network beneath it, the main drug cartel's island fortress. A twenty strong unit of heavily armed police are to infiltrate three of the five tunnels, which eventually lead to the main HO. The assault force is divided into three units of five men, with five units in reserve. Each unit uses computers to unlock doors, allowing the others to advance. It's impossible to control fifteen men simultaneously, so you command the lead character of one group, with the other units held in 'storage' until you access them. The tunnel graphics are ATARI ST AND ATARI STE, « IBM PC AND COMPATIBLES, » AMIGA 500, -1000, AND - 2000, C. G.A., E.G.A., V.G.A., TANDY 16 COLOUR AND AD LIB CARD HELL IP Sinmiii BBT RULING BOOK HAS NOW TURNED ,NTO THE No. 1 BEST SELLIHC GAME Engine smoke Thi will prove very useful m confusm, your enemy if you find yourself in a tight corner To the right of the [ compasses are live icons which represent the various types of weaponry available \|_ • o the unit. The major capability on the quadrant map screen is to alter the movement and formation of any platoon The whole of the map may be viewed at once, or you may zoom • nto any portion of the battlefield using the .cons to the right of the map AMIGA ACTION • The tanks have been superbly animated, with great attention fo detail! ‘ This has to be a must lor anyone ! \|fl This is a game and a half! • The of four screens in one is simply brilliant at times its almost like playing on four computers at once. • I find it hard to fault this game - x Tcroti icon, I quickly found my-f~ * - arrowsund. Self hooked on a rtgggs a, genre ol game which ¦ maP'ri any, previously held no lour a,r«c« interst. °~d stop, You have the flexibility to display \| either an overhead map view of the » surrounding area, a simulated 3-d ' view of the\|battlefield. Or a status - screen showing the performance of ' all vehicles in a platoon. Irrespective of which screen mode you choose during battle, there is a constant column of information to the right of the screen_ MACHINE GUN - which is always available lo Ihe player and has an infinite' number of rounds SMOKE • a smote grenade which allows enemy vision to be obscured. HEAT - a high explosive anti-tank round SABOT - an armor-piercmg tungsten shell TOW - a high-range anti-tank missile Team Yankee is designed ¦ to test your leadership fj and tactical skills to the I ¦ quick. You can display H in either "quadrant mode l] where all four platoons I' .. u,. I. ;; , I" H Full-screen Mode where the display homes in on just one platoon. Ml AB1UMS TANK 1U osoir ANTt-ADIC ST FORMA1: f • Hunting the Red f Bear has never been so (much fun! • You just won t be able to tear yourself away from Team Yankee.. 4 The S annotts. Laindoi WORLDWIDE • SOFT WARE* WORLDWIDE SOFTWARE 106A Chiliwell Rd, Beeston, Nottingham NG9 1ES WORLDWIDE SOFTWARE 106A Chiliwell Rd, Beeston, Nottingham. NG9 1ES * FREE Catalogue disk (plus latest demos when available) with every order over £10 (Amiga and ST only) * All orders despatched by 1 st class post ? Quality products at keenest prices * 7 Day 24 hour ordering * Credit card accounts debited only on despatch of goods _? Complete customer satisfaction is our aim Credit card order telephone lines 0602 252113 0602 225368 Fax your order with credit card details 0602 430477 Send payment with order Please give your name, address, telephone no, software title, price advertised and computer type Worldwide Pack 1 Worldwide Pack 2 Worldwide Pack 3 Amiga Second Drive + any 3 software titles with our Amiga Second Drive + any 2 software titles with our Amiga 1 2 Meg Upgrade + any 2 software titles advertised price or £17.95 or advertised price of £17.95 or with our advertised price of less less £22.95 or less ONLY £109.99 ONLY £99.99 ONLY £89.99 AMIGA SOFTWARE AMQA 30F1WARE Flpz and Mignoee AMIGA SOFTWARE Po«»t P«* CoirpUIo- ho tOcoma- . Po axno-gei 10 Europe.... .,. ..... --- Ro« Da~gerous 2 ... Rdors of Rohan .. Re»«p2 ZZT."ZZZTi7j6 22 95 - ---------1796 Sar* Dragon ... SocoK Front \|1 mag \| Sm City Ta Tn SmAtrt .... SkM Wars ...... jjF Spy Social Ag» Sop league Uaug* Sup* O" Read k»nj. Sws Chew S-mJalcn Ortncle* ol Omga .. Chuck Vsagar Flrd-l Tiuw ... Codon- kman( 1 mag) CorporabC" ... Cro »i Cajain ... Curao o' mo Aiu-o Bondt (Imio) 2295 Dm Madina... 17.95 TNT C 22. 95 KM., ¦SftiWp.,---- WoM?nar... 22 95 17. 95 1795 17 95 Wng Ccnwdac ...... 1795 WngsolDooih .2695 Woo. Ol Fur, ..... .1795 Wngi l Mn.i .. .1796 Wnoi (512K) ... WOW (Arrtge 1 magi Please make cheques or postal orders payable to Worldwide Software snipping costs ALL PRICES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND PACKING IN UK °'mi NOT ALL TITLES REI EASED AT TIMF OF fiOINfi TO PRFSS TIT1 FS Anfl PRICES ARP SIIR.IFOT TO CHANOP E3 00 P®' cassdlw lorexpiessair Order by Telephone: by Fax: by Mail: BUDGET TITLES Advanced Frurt Machine Slick Autofire - ...14.95 Fut&MtCoWUen . FunS« 2»»... I9)._ FunSOwOJO., . Fun ScfoO 3 (und* S»).... Fun Sdvx» 3(oe7yf»). Fun.? BsWatMl .... Gazzas Scccor 2 ..... arxtes GfcOAo Gou o'the Aztec .... QoM»" A.. ....._.... Goohs Rai»oy £ ix»w Grag Htrmtra Qtmaia Q Gramlr 2 ... GunbMt .... GumhO ..... H0Ovn'2 .. it Amiga 1 SCENE The lile of a cartographer is never easy, but by far the hardest working member of this profession is GERALD, the crystalline star of one of the best 8-bit games ever, Spindizzy, and this improved Amiga version. GERALD first appeared on the Amstrad CPC series a few years back, and the game was a variant on the then popular Marble Madness theme. 99 99 99 99 19 19 19 19 19 Controlling GERALD, ybu were given the arduous task of entering each of the game’s 500+ screens, and logging them whilst also keeping an eye out for the bonus diamonds which were just ripe for stealing. However, the task was set against a strict timelimit, and every time GERALD came into contact with the enemy creatures that inhabited the strange 3D landscape, he would lose valuable seconds. Likewise, should our accidentally lose his balance and slip off a precarious ledge, more time would be lost. For its time. Spindizzy was - if you'll excuse the pun - revolutionary, and now, four or more years after its release. Paul Shirley has come up with a sequel of sorts. Basically, these new Spindizzy worlds are tougher versions than those of the 8-bit game. First time round, for instance, GERALD had to solve tricky puzzles by rolling over floor switches in a certain order, and in this version the traps play a bigger part than before. GERALD is once again out to collect as many diamonds as possible, and you have to guide him through the 185 stages that make up the strange isometric worlds whilst avoiding the energy-sapping hazards and pitfalls that get in the way. Each world is based on certain themes, and you are eased into the game thanks to the addition of a few trainer screens that allow you to get used to its many new hazards. For instance, as well as the ice traps and water hazards that appeared in the original, the new worlds house squares that will take you in a set direction and others that lead into special bonus screens, so rather than being thrown in at the deep end, a clue box below the main area advises you of »• SPINDIZZY ¦ NEW WORLDS how to solve specific problems. Apart from the usual directional controls, GERALD can be made to jump over ramps by giving him sufficient run up to get to the other side. Likewise, the useful brake system of the first game stops him in his tracks with a press of the space bar, only this time round it doesn’t deplete his already limited energy every time it is used. In fact, pretty much all of the original's nice touches have been retained, such as the ability to choose which angle the action is viewed from, but GERALD no longer has the ability to change his shape into a ball or gyroscope. Finally, providing you can find it, Mr. Shirley has included a construction set which allows you to add a further 350 screens to the existing 185. Anyone who still remembers the original Spindizzy will instantly feel at home with this updated sequel. Graphically, the game is reminiscent of Marble Madnessi and there are a number of neat touches on the later worlds, such as a Pac World (complete with pursuing ghosts!) And assorted pillars and castles. These add to what is already a good looking game, and the bright colours and detailed backdrops are complemented by some of the smoothest multidirectional scrolling the Amiga has seen. Everything about the game is geared towards user-friendliness, tom the tutorial mode to the option to scroll the lay-out slightly to see what's coming. But that said, and despite its many worlds, I do doubt whether many people could be bothered to keep on playing it to the end. Although there is a lot of variety between each world, the tasks remain basically the same - no matter how tortuous it is to reach the elusive gems - and boredom could soon set in. It is because of this that I cannot award Spindizzy New Worlds a Screen Star, but even so it proves a pleasant diversion from the usual array of shoot'em-ups and coin-op conversions. MEMORY REQUIRED 512K SCROLL SPEED 10 COLLISION DETECTION 7 COLOURS ON SCREEN 8 LEVELS 185 DIFFICULTY LEVEL 9 HOURS TO COMPLETE WEEKS NUMBER OF PLAYERS 1 GRAPHICS STYLE ISOMETRIC 30 WITH SMOOTH SCROLLING AND THE ABILITY TO PAN AROUND THE PLAY AREA ACTIVISION £24.95 t Playable puzzler that may get dull quickly J GRAPHICS 83% SOUND 70% LASTABILITY 88% PLAYABILITY 82% OVERALL 81% Steve Merrett I CREATE your own MALE or FEMALE i Serve yourself a real Take advantage of ProTennis Tour 2 i Play SINGLES or DOUBLES I MORE tournamenis (Davis Cup...) ¦ ANY stroke is possible ¦ IMPROVED graphics and musical ambiance UBI SOFT UK SADDLERS HOUSE 100 READING ROAD YATELEY CAMBERLEY SURREY GU17 7RX Tel. 0252 860 299 € SCREEN SCENE nenls to work your way through, 1 but the action is significantly fl faster, adding speed to an already fast game. The main j enhancement, though, is the I inclusion of a tournament, which j allows you to compete for the coveted Masterblazer trophy by \| making your way through a num- ; ber of sudden death rounds. It was a real pleasure seeing ' an old favourite like Ballblazer j updated and improved - especially since all the original's 1 features have been improved ¦ and added to. The new tournament adds to the game's lasting appeal, whilst presentation has also been improved with a nice MASIERBLAZER efore they entered, and subsequently mastered, the world of point and dick' adventures, in 1984 Lucasfilm started to build their reputation with a quartet of unusual arcade games which were distributed by Activision. Three out of the four games were revolutionary in so much that they used fractals to depict the ever-shifting backdrops, but by far the most playable of these early releases was Ballblazer. A futuresport which could be played by one or two players. B Played on a chequered pitch, Ballblazervias a simple one-on- one affair in which two players must attempt to gain possession of a plasma ball and fire it into their opponent's moving goal. To do this, both players seated within an manoeuvrable craft, resource Arts; no I era1 negle made C64' _ Licen Rjf sic thS gain pds- he ball by Rotofoil, and you session and. Use of the j magnetic t attract and shooting and tackj __a' m system, with th ofTheSscgen viewing the action" from wmjo'yayr'ttotofoil, whilst the bottortVMI ipqis the view from your opponS all, up to ten goals scored before the match's timelimit expires, and success jn a victory for you and rath for your opponent, .thanks to those guys at Rainbow ir are Amiga own- kof the game that (ners gloat with from Lucasfilm, ive taken the iallblazer and and gener- "appearance, it Masterblazer in the protJessT II the basic gameplay features hbye been faithfully recreated, arxkjhere are still )_uteiveohS(olled oppo- tutorial option explaining the game's intricacies. These improvements also extend to the graphics which are detailed without sacrificing speed - a problem that could have wrecked this conversion. That said, I was a massive fan of the original, and have been looking forward to the Amiga conversion for ages, and must concede that Masterblazer probably won't appeal to all tastes. The action can be a tad repetitive, but as far as I'm concerned this is an incredible blast from the past that should be seen as soon as possible. Steve Merrett By way of a breather, there is a race mode for speedy players. RAINBOW ARTS £19.95 1 t A much improved blast from the past... J GRAPHICS 85% SOUND 77% LASTABILITY 72% PLAYABILITY 88% OVERALL 80% I In 1983. Various computer mags were raving about a new American import called Behind Jagged Lines. Written by a sub-division ol the Lucasfilm movie company, the game involved rescuing trapped pilots from the sutlace of a fractal-generated planet Its novel gameplay and unique graphics won it a lof ol fans, but it wasn't to be released over here until a year later, this time under the name Rescue From Fractalus to hype up the graphics system. Following it came KoronisRilt and The Fidolon which involved scavenging a planet's surface for scrap and exploring a diseased mind respectively. These games, despite their sedate gameplay. Were instant hits, and it seems likely that Rainbow Arts will be updating them for the Amiga. If they do, and manage to speed them up like they have with Masterblazer. These could be ones to watch. t Choices to Keep you jl Spellbound at Truly Wizard Prices! Jl. WM'ircafflflSfOTO] 'wor.wor AiKMOVTKfV • MtyMCKS AMIGA THE SUPREME AMIGA PACK FOR GENERATIONS TO COME CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) PLUS SOME GREAT SOFTWARE... CBM 1084S COLOUR MONITOR KEYBOARD AND MOUSE MONITORS AMIGA JSOO »llh Rkddotor. Moose, I It,9 Inletnol Oh. Drtue, 512. RAM, All Connecting Loau,lti kilnrl I J, 4096 Colours, BuSt-ia Speedr Synthesis lolri Tasking, Workbench 1.3 System Disk cm a EMI hi ol manuals. Bock to the Future II, Beost II, Doys ol Thunder, Nightbreed, & lor orts' soke Deluxe Paint II AU. Uy miLy.1 COMMODORE 1084S 141 Stereo Colour Monitor 9 AMIGA CUSS Of THI 90'i £259 AS6 OS Mb Up Pro-Writ 7.5 (t Dobitr Point II M» Print II Mom. Idbo.,1 Musk Moot* : PHILIPS CM 8833 11 14' Stereo Colour Monitor Success2. 10 Iht popjlor 048833 Its. Nr- Mark II ieiUen K sloeto. Bokog * on iht oU mcdcd £249 CM 8833 11 3 Thn designer vrrUon is \|«W ktytd and «ldl a mjwhwo ktlloapc, to YOUR keyboirdi r aaa ABS01UI1IY HU! V WE SAY CHOICE. And we mean it. FREE wilh EVERY Amiga ...From MERLIN EXPRESS you'll reteive ihis... STAR RANGE: „sw»» STAR LC 10 Mono STAR 1C 24 10 Mono STAR LC200 Colour 9 Pin Ool Motlix, 180 45 ps COLOUR STAR LC24 200 Mono 24 Pin Ool Matrix, 200 67cps MONO STAR LC24 200 Colour 24 Pin Dot Matrix, 20O 67cps COLOUR J © 0 Q 0 0 © SORCERORS PACK 1 A 10 GREAT GAMES g. (Worth E2I9.50) w Deiost4.it. [-Morion - NMIOAV .".""TL'- J SORCERORS PACK I j Mouse Mot Amiqo Dust Cover W Megobloster Joystick fckl in Lftiay Cost, Tn Grrol Gouts (os Pock 71, PUIS... you. CtoiMotMOotMl ' So cnois StrA" (W 3ULK BUT DISCOUNT! H you buy your AMIGA WITH other kordwore (eg Priateu or Monitor etc etc) ASK ABOUT YOUR EXTRA DISCOUNT! CITIZEN 120D+-£139 - 9 Pin Dot Matrix, 120 2Scps MONO CITIZEN 124D -£219 - 24 Plin Dot Matrix, 120 40cps MONO CITIZEN SWIFT 9 - 9 Pin Dot Matrix, 160 40 ps MONO VERSION-£199 COLOUR VERSION-£229 CITIZEN SWIFT 24 - 24 Pin Dot Matrix, 160 53cps MONO VERSION-£289 COLOUR VERSION -£319 80 Cap. DISK BOX £8.95 MOUSE MATS £4.95 DUST COVERS(AIITypei) £5.95 SPEEDKING-Autofire £10.95 CBM AS01 RAM £69.95 Including FREE 1 Mh Captive Gomel VTS 0.5Mb RAM £39.95 Commodore 3.5- diskettes 10X0110 (9.45 NMBDtm C Ctr nmm caa.os £84.95 ?Er CUMANA CB 354 Imig. 3.5 Single lnfa nol CM CUMANA CAX 354 Imog 3TSlngW i.le.nol MS CUMAHA CAX 1 OOP Imat S TS'Stogt. F.itmeICl W 'commodore 1011 3. 5" SECOND DRIVE Compatible wilh AIL AMIGAs 880K Formatted (aparity PSQ ’A J No external power required wpy A590 20Mb HARD DISK DRIVE At a Grant NIW 10W PRICE! £ rCamfe, Sana OffinW CRM I Mb I ?Mb .p .i y-.,14.6 a* rfurat MERLONS "SORCERORS SEVEN" SOUWA SEVEN OF THE LATEST SOFTV RE RELEASES BROUGHT TO YOU BY MERLIN EXPRESS AT A PRICE TO BEWITCH... _ Olcosino.die lilies Laud art admiinud ouu basod in Bn Cease dotes ft . Issued6.sebumedmitbuiocs tad SideshouUb«inolktfemotbelon LzfTI ih* ml* dote ol Ihh menu,,no w. do no! Ho-cte nan iespcuslbiv tlTN m. ,, o' dolor* in Cense dot! 6, sobuun lnues o, dembulots f CT P } ntmf He Uiayiy ncemeicd you check nmllotilliy btioro pioiinQ s' 7 V n* “do! .Foully sohuaii ». OCCII * in noiotcd uiih itiu wu tide. MO ROUNDS (AH BE GIVtX HOUYWOODCOUKTION £23.99 he- .... Compilotiod al Bal.de, l«£ana lo.es I the iftptf lost (made, Robocop L A Ohostbesters II £? TIENAGE MUTANT HERO TURTUS £19.99 C7 GREMLINS it- £19.99 sN I R0B0C0P1I--£19.99 A JX'OL. II £-19 STEAITH FIGHTER £23.99 J S . I , BETRAYAL -£ 23.99 Rj ’ "•" puuhmod uiih an tmieu o. 4 Ouyii. Mu then onu lOh j J©0®0 j JQ099 © SORCERORS PACK 3 © SORCERORS PACK A A TOP SoflWARI TITltS A THE ULTIMATE IN o“~: Jp. We iW.W OCOSE- m ¦U hOUYWOOD CollKTION j niNAGI MUMHT HIRO »rm 11WTIIS. 119 SKAITH I1! FIGHTER. IITSAIAL. OROCOf 1. GWMLINS II. ¦2* IHT. SOCCER CHALLENGE Sm BUT AS MANY AS YOU SC LHE...OI LESS THAN Hit Diwoonled fik.1 Stow. \|3 ilnl rtoM lo. DtloTs duudm* ¦ 07llAm,mMGwi an Amy J i 'W tr prtbostd nth to Any) Add one or more ol our SORCERORS PACKS' lo extend yout choice and SAVE EVEN MORE...Only (tom MERLIN! 3nly ovWfa6lguao you 6ay an AanOo.wnotei an mAwduoloatAi - ALL MERLINS PRICES INCLUDE V.A.T. AND POSTAGE (UK Mainland! EXPRESS LIMITED DepCUAtiO UNIT C7. THE ROPEWALK INDUSTRIAL CENTRE, STATION ROAD. ILKESTON. DERBYSHIRE. 0E7 5HX TELEPHONE: 0602 441442 FAX: 0602 440141 ALL our currently edueitisea oilers supersede any previously aoyertseo otter(s) and gooOs are NOT supplied on a trial Oasis. If it’s November anc then it must be A\| American Mat Association, a; all the major are world-boui what did Johi They were a New Orleap A ‘90, tlf i i Operators For three days, eight hours a day, you can play video games and more video games - for absolutely nothing whatsoever. It's a terrible job, but someone's got to do it... Just in case you didn't know it, coin-ops ard big business - estimates for last, year's revenue alone came to about £1.6 Billion pounds, with pinball coming a close nese, of ¦wrenching Mhucky tester was W 360 '! Secordwitn£i.2 Billion zoom ng its way down the M coin slot Pride a. of place and the urn: that A ised most inte'est was Ata the meg ri Games follow-up to a-hit Hard DritJn',- call R Am digitised Pit Fighter with its graphics also made somethii ng of an impression - as did anoth newif orr lied Shuuz. '4 j oe tnrowihg, witWi JF r akballs does sounds a bit pm too the wc T rld.Tm aoinafcfflhfowfl Left: ‘Stop th )M rld,Tn announces ori\|fof the te course) as he teps out Infinity coin-op. Belovr, looking at as he was thr Air Sammy's Pushman, an addictive puzzle game, requires a bit of thsvol' grey matter. B: Steel Gunner, yet another in the line ot electronic nassacres - this time Namco is the perpretator. . . . Below: Double Dragon 3 - the fight goes on, and this time you can buy a "double" in your quest to thwart evil____ Watch the big sprites slug it out. . . Best beat 'em ups were Brute force from Leyland, and Punch-Out from Fabtek.This is one's from the runner-up, Pound for Pound. . . . They're coming back - if indeed those tiresome games ever went away. Sega weigh in with Ghost Hunters, Namco with Steel Gunner and Taito with Space Gun - none of which would go down too well at a 'Nam Vets local. Still, someone must keep playing 'em as they keep making 'em. There were shoot 'em ups- aplenty. Carrier Airwing was Capcom's contribution and while better than UN Squadron, it's still direly unoriginal. I preferred Strato ghter, the excellent alien er from Tecmo. about playing Space Invaders again? Taito now t that golden opporlu- jjty inpthing called the ' agniflcent 12, just as " jvant you to play tin the form of and Lightning. Hit ttfug time warp, man. And then there was a couple of weird ones - Escape Kids from Taito, which races wacky athletes against each other and Ataxx from the Leyland Corp - a sort of Othello variant. I couldn't see this being too popular on the Southend seafront. Finally puzzle games. Everyone wants another Tetris - from the punters who want another fix, to the accountants whose wheelbarrows need filling up with more dosh. As it happens, some puzzle games are, well, shall we say strongly 'artistically inspired’ by Tetris, not the least Puzzled which appears on SNK's Neo-Geo and Mosaic by a small company called Space. Air-Sammy, previously into frantic shoot 'em ups, has launched a passable puzzler called Pushman (the name says it all), but the best came from the Hot B Co Ltd (yes, really) - a game called Palamedies. A cross between Block Hole and Poker Dice, if there's any justice, it is certain to make it in the arcades. As for pinball machines, the designer of Williams' Elvira excelled himself with the newie Dr Dude and Bally came up with Riverboat, a complex table that played very well indeed. But it was Data East's Simpsons that got the crowds lining up - if only to have photos taken with Bart, who made a rare personal appearance. But we took a look at the future of computer games with a video show from Taito. Heard of Sega's 360°, which straps you in and rolls you around and upside down as you play games? Well, Taito aren't going to be left out in the race to get you to regurgitate your eggs, ham and fried bread over your knees... Two players are strapped into this globe, called Infinity, and thrown about in synchrony to a video tape of rollercoasters, motorbike rides, and so forth. Maybe this trend means that next year, they'll be handing out plastic bibs at the door? Stranger things than this have happened..... throwing comes to the arcades In the unlikely lorm lls original coin-op proved to be highly entertaining Resident who reckons he’s a bit hot when it comes : If you got a bit tired he freeplay machines r at the convention J always take a trip on the Creole Queen, one of the aining paddle steamers that operate from the port. T Right: The New Orleans convention centre vibrated the electronic beeps of hundreds of new coin-ops. U'd The Atari stand was decked out with freeplay coin-ops ol Its teagtwinner. Race Drivin'. Watch for this one in your local arcade in tnc new year. Player One’s car’s moven is played back. You a so c to choose between three types of car, although onl; the original Sportster can selected with automatic transmission. Into ttils one. But be Warned - it’era bit more difficulMngn before. 1 that marked. You doc this \|lme.' Very steep c that, usually followed There'b nt or the seas ler with some perform. How iboir. Corkscrew? And the loopsJSilly- b-t 'UK had one more gag... At ttpend ot ie c Drivin'Is moraftf thi i Drive around (he original track,.the Ai Qofbss track, br the Super SlLnt tragk. The jt claim istha\|\|it's8jtherbn M jjwo-playerjbut that isfa Ittle Receiving Sis the cameplay (isn't simi faneous I’.ayer Ope has a go and the unit1 records bis proq essTn mem- Above: This looks tough. You're laced with a steep decent followed by a difficult hairpin bend and then a long open stretch ol road. It's best not to build up too much speed at first so you can take the hairpin at 50. Negotiate that successfully and you can then put your toot down. Mam- 1R dhd the »sitiveedback yap get frost the st®ring Jrteel of tfle unit,,i®ke if Ihe cest car simulator® Ihe,. 1 Arcades right novM onw the authors gould get in toujh with the team that c d ttys 3-D polygons tor WJFing Run - now that yvould»e a game worthy oflheEHe position. ¥ JohnCook ¦ Similar to Hard Drivin1 but even harder to win J SOUND 84% GRAPHICS 86% PLAYABILITY 82% CONVERTABILITY 85% arcade AMIGA SCANNING COULDN'T BE SIMPLER... ONLt £149.99V NEW VERSION III SOFTWARE COMPLETE HARDWARE SOFTWARE NEW FEATURES... IFF Buffer Save 1600 1 1024 pixels, dual buffer and scan matching for 1 Meg users, view Buffer and NEW interlace version of software. Full keyboard control of moot functions. Includes hard disk transfer to run under Workbench. • Unmatched range of cdlt capturc facilities and keyboard control simply not offered by other scanners at this unbeatable price. • An easy to handle Handy Scanner featuring 105 mm scanning width and 400 dpi resolution enables you to scan graphics and text Into your Amiga. • Adjustable switches for brightness contrast levels • Powerful partner for DTP that allows for cut and paste ediung of images etc. • Genlscan gives you the ability to easily scan images, text and graphics and even ofTers 200Dpt Dual Scan Mode. • Save images in suitable format for most leading packages Including PHOTON PAINT. DELUXE PAINT, etc. • Package includes GS4500 scanner. Interface. Power Pack and Scan Edit III software. Iscan GS 4500 COMES WITH FREE PHOTON PAINT • Comes complete with Photon Paint Illustrator Software. • Huge range of features. ... NOW A TRUE OPTICAL MOUSE! FOR THE AMIGA goldenIMAGE • YES A FULL FEATURE OPTICAL MOUSE FOR YOUR AMIGA - THAT MEANS NO MOVING PARTS! • Incorporating full optical tracking and counting - no ball so no problems with clogging, slipping, etc. • High count output for veiy line movement. • Two button microswitch action. • Direct replacement for all Amigas. • Comes complete with special "Optical Pad". • Superbly styled - supersmooth shape. • Moulded to fit the hand, perfectly ergonomic design. • Comes complete with moulded 9 pin connector. • Supplied with FREE mouse holder. • No more to buy!! Complete ONLY £39.99 ¦ HOW TO GET YOUR ORDER FAST... TELEPHONE (24 Hrs) CREDIT CARD ORDERS Of PRESS ANO SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. WALLERS WELCOME • -- VATBL BLBCTilOplCS LTV., GOVAN ROAD, FENTON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, FENTON, STOKE-ON-TRENT ST4 2RS ENC1 mn TELEPHONE SALES ONLV 07B2 744707 FAX 0782 744292 TECHN U . CE . AMIGA PRO SAMPLER STUDIO II + DATEL JAMMER • New design hardware now plugs into expansion socket of A500 completely freeing the parallel port. • Surface mount technology, twin A D converters for realtime stereo sampling. • Extensive Alters for extremely clean and noise-free sampling. • Through bus allows existing add ons. E.g. hard drive. • The NEW Sampler II software has been completely re-written in 100% Machine Code and incorporates faster routines, bigger displays and many new editing features such as Cut. Copy. Insert. Replace. Mix. Erase, etc. • Separate zoom windows and controls for left and right channels. • Multi-bank facilities for 1 Meg users. • Stereo lock control. • Adjustable trig record level and sound monitor. • Separate buffer for editing waveforms and improved wave-editor with Instant update. • Save files in Raw or single, multi- octave IFF format. • Envelope control panel for ramping up and down rc-scale amplitude, noise filter and scan waveform. • On screen display of filenames sample rate, length, etc. • Inputs for microphone or line 1 4" jack and DIN connections at rear of unit. NOW ONLY £69.99 COMPLETE (A500) CUMANA CAX 354 3.5” DISK DRIVE NEW MINI SAMPLER • Legendary Cumana quality now at an even lower price! • Throughport allows daisy-chaining other drives. • A full 1 meg unformatted capacity (880K formatted). NEW LOW PRICE , ONLY £69.99 • Good length cable provided for convenient positioning on your desk etc. • Extremely quiet click free operation. ONLY £24.99 COMPLETE PLEASE STATE A500 1000 2000 • A top quality 8 bit mono sampler complete with Pro Sampler and Jammer software. • Also compatible with most other PD Sampler software. • Inputs for microphone or ' line 3.5mm jack and din connections. • Utilises latest surface mount technology and incorporates all the features found on bigger, more expensive samplers. • Easy to use - Just plug in and start sampling! REPLACEMENT MOUSE LOWER PRICE 512K RAM EXTENSION CARD • If you can obtain your own Ram chips, we can supply the card. • Accepts 16 x 41256 D Rams. • Available with without clock option. • Switch disable feature. NOW ONLY £14.99 NOW ONLY £19.99 FOR VERSION WITH CLOCK CALENDAR N. B. THESE PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE RAM CHIPS. • High quality direct replacement for mouse on all Amigas. • Teflon glides for smoother movement. • Rubber coated ball for minimum slip. • Optical system counting - 500 mm. Special offer - FREE Mouse Mat + Mouse House (worth £7.99) NOW ONLY £24.99 complete NEW LOWER PRICE • Full Midi Interface for A500 1000 2000 (please state model). • Midi In - 3 x Midi Out plus Midi Thru. • Compatible with all leading Midi packages (In D Music). • Fully Opto Isolated. NOW ONLY £29.99 INC. 2 FREE MIDI CABLES BOOT BLOCKER • NOW YOU CAN END YOUR VIRUS PROBLEMS! • Fully compatible Midi Interface for A500 2000. • MIDI In - MIDI Out - MIDI Thru. • Fully Opto isolated. • Protects both internal and all external drives from virus damage. • Switch to enable disable protection. • Plugs into Amiga Disk Drive Port. • Works to with all known Boot Block Viruses. FOR ONLY £34.99 ‘PC VERSION £69.00 THE Kr»i r«rr * THE LATEST CUSTOM LSI CHIP TECHNOLOGY By using an on-board Custom LSI Chip. Syncro Express has the power to transfer an MFM image of the original disk directly to your blank disk - quickly, simply and without any user knowledge. One external disk drive* is required for AMIGA ST. SYNCRO EXPRESS IS AVAILABLE FOR THE ST AMIGA PC SYSTEMS - PLEASE STATE WHICH REQUIRED WHEN ORDERING ‘If you don't have a second drive we can supply SYNCRO EXPRESS together with a drive lor ONLY £104.99 (AMIGA) ONLY £119.99 (ST) HOW TP GET YOUR ST 7C7?0 TELEPHONE (24 Hrs) • t»j- CREDIT CARD ORDERS IgSCf LTD . ESTATE, FENTON, STOKE-ONii \| L CUSTOMER SERVICE 0782 7 - - ' LTD.. GOVAN ROAD, FENTON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, FENTON. STOKE-ON-TRENT, ST4 2RS, ENGLAND TECHNICAL CUSTC" THE WORLD S MOST POWERFL NOW EVEt “f 1 'Ml 4 1 LH' amiga Tctio AMIGAUCTION REPLAY SIMPLY PLUGS INTO THE EXPANSION PORT ,OF YOUR AMIGA VXNEftGIVES YOU THE POWER TO FREEZE MOST ANV PROGRAM JUST LOOK AT THE UNMATCHED RANGE OF FEATURES • SAVE THE ENTIRE PROGRAM IN MEMORY T erStf”" * FULL STATUS REPORTING Special compacting techniques enable up to 3 programs to tit on one At the press ot a key now you can view the Machine Status, disk. Now saves directly to disk as Amiga Dos - reloads independently including Fast Ram, Chip Ram. RamDisk, Drive Status, etc. of the cartridge - even transfer to hard drive! Works with up to 2 Megs q POWERFUL PICTURE EDITOR ot Ram - even 1 Meg Chip Mem (Fatter Agnus). Now yoo can manipulate and search tor screens throughout • UNIOUE INFINITE LIFE TRAINER MODE - NOW MORE POWERFUL memory. .Over 50 commands to edit the picture plus unique on Allows you to generate more and even infinite lives, fuel, ammo, etc. screen status overlay shows all the information you could evei Perfect as a trainer mode to get you past that impossible level. Very neCd to work on screens. No other product comes close to ofte easy to use. Such dynamic screen handling of frozen programs!! • IMPROVED SPRITE EDITOR • MUSIC SOUND TRACKER The full Sprite Editor allows you to view modify the whole sprite set With Sound Tracker you can find the complete music in program including any attached sprites. RANGE OF IMPROVED FEATURES. Demos,etc. And save them to disk. Saves in format suitable for • VIRUS DETECTION most track player programs. Works with loads of programs!! Comprehensive virus detection and removal features to protect your software investment. Works with all presently known viruses. WARNING 1988 COPYRIGHT ACT WARNING Dalei Electronics Ltd.. neither condones or authonses the use of 8 products tor the reproduction ot copyright material The t ackup facilities ot this produa are designed to reproduce only software such as Puttie Domain material te users own programs or software where permission to make Backups has been dearly pven It ts Aegal to make copies, even tor your own use of copyright material wehout the clear permisSon of the copyright owner, cr the icencee thereof. • SAVE PICTURES AND MUSIC TO DISK Pictures and sound samples can be saved to disk. Files are saved directly IFF format suitable for use with all the major graphic and music packages. Samples are displayed as screen waveform. • SLOW MOTION MODE Nov you can slow down the action to your own pace. Easily adjustable from full speed to 20°o speed. Ideal to help you through the tricky parts! • RESTART THE PROGRAM Simply press a key and the program will continue where you left off. 'L FREEZER-UTILITY CARTRIDGE I BETTER!! STILL ONLY Full screen editor • Load Save block • Write Siring to memory is text • Show frozen picture • Play resident sample Calculator • Help command • Full search feature Notepad Copper Assemble Disassemble - now with suffix names GET YOUR ACTION TELEPHONE (24 Ui' I ¦ CREDIT CARD ORDERS WE WILL DESPATCH PURCHASE WfTHIN CAYS. NO’ ERS MADE PAYABLE • nYoMTstoke-on-trent, SERVICE 0782 744324 Matt Regan straps on his jetpack and de rigeur regulation space suit and offers some handy hints on SSI's Buck Rogers RPG. The deserted spaceship looms threateningly in Iront ol your tug. Exploring it Is worthwhile, but not for the fainthearted. Prepare for the unexpected! Delense robots are tough opponents. Use laser pistols Irom a distance as they cannot move last and will be unable to stop you. T. m Mil N** m • w % Here's a guide to the first few situations you'll come across in the game. But first, some general hints that apply throughout the adventure. The first major problem with this superior SSI game is installing it onto three floppy disks. However, if you read the Amiga Data Card and persevere, you should struggle through. Also remember to format a floppy for saves! The pre-gen- erated party is well balanced, and a good choice for beginners, as it contains all the major classes and races. Once you've played for a while, you might find these characters somewhat limiting, so have a stab at creating your own. Another thing to bear in mind is the difficulty level. It’s templing to set it at Novice level, but this really does make the game too easy. Cadet level is a good choice at first, but even this can tail to provide enough ot a challenge once you’re used to the game. Another point to bear in mind is that the weaker members of the party must be kept away from danger as much as possible during combat - they die very quickly, and the last thing you need is for your medic to be unconscious! Advance your warriors towards the baddies to draw fire, and don't hesitate to use NEO forces under your command as cannon-fodder - they disappear after combat, so make hay II you don't like the icons used lor the heroes you can change their representation Irom the selection screen. 4? 4 & f J, v * while the sun shines (or something)! Watch for the characters’ names to go purple; this means they can go up a level. Unfortunately, this can only be accomplished in a space station, but with any luck your characters will be ready to advance once they've saved the Earth base. It’s difficult to avoid a fight or two on the roof at the beginning of the game. But providing you space out your party you should easily win - and. Just as importantly, gain booty! Be careful to distribute the goodies in an intelligent way: give your main warriors the laser pistols (they cause 1 -8 points of damage, instead of 1 -4), and the smart- suits (they give +2 to armour class) before the others get them. Once inside the complex, head east to get to the control room. After a vicious tight (watch out for the RAM forces behind you), the technician will throw a grenade in an attempt to destroy the missile controls. Nominate the character with the most hit points to leap on to the grenade to protect the controls. He or she should survive easily, and all the injuries will be healed. Once at the spacestation, take advantage ot the facilities. The bar can be a useful source of information and rumours, and the medics will heal any wounds sustained by the party. Go to the shop to purchase new weapons and better armour, as well as stocking up on ammo. This is the time to sell all the spare weapons - such as laser pistols and bolt guns - and armour the party has accumulated from earlier tights. Use the money wisely before reporting to HQ to get orders and a shuttle for exploring. The deserted spaceship should be your first port ot call whilst scavenging for debris. Make a map if you want, but at least keep a record of the floors you've In order to heal comatose characters, try to locate the sickbay. Here's a helpful hint: it’s on level 6, so use the ladders and airshafts to get there as quickly as possible. Once you've found it, request the major surgery trom the robot surgeons and input the number. DON'T give them the number of the doctor - he's dead, and the robots know it. Instead, a number found in a Log Book entry from the first floor will be acceptable to the doctors. Explored - to avoid repetition and needless fights. The enemies on this ship are a lot tougher than those on Earth! Make sure you keep a note of all Log Book entries you come across, as they're crucial to successfully completing this section. » After your first fight with the Gennies, some ot your characters will develop rashes and itches. Try to avoid letting the Gennies infect too many of the party, but don’t panic - even when your characters fall into a coma! Again, keeping the distance between the team and the creatures will help to minimise damage. Amiga pairs official Commodore repair centre is now open for business. At the Commodore National Repair Centre we have over 100 , highly trained technicians committed to repairing and maintaining your Amiga and C64 computers. Our expertise and experience ensures that your computer is repaired to the highest standard for the lowest cost. And we will repair your equipment within 12 days. One low payment covers diagnosis, repair, parts, labour and return carriage. And as an extra bonus, if you reply before January 26th we'll send you a piece of Free Software. To schedule a repair simply call the number below. Be ready to give us your name, address, computer type, serial number AND type of fault. Call the Commodore National Repair Centre NOW on 0733 361216 Payment accepted by cheque, PO and credit card. The charges are: £39.95 for the C64, and £49.95 for the Amiga 500 and remember, all calls prior to 26th January receive FREE SOFTWARE c* Commodore HELPLINE RESPONSES LOST IN SPACE Tommy Johansen was Iasi heard ot stuck in ZohauTs asteroid in Space Quest 2, with plenty ot objects to help him, but no idea how to use them. Here's Chad Goulding trom Boston. Lines, to help out: To go any further you need a basket, toilet paper, glass cutter, plunger, and lighter. Walk south from the entrance to the asteroid, and then turn left. Continue until a wall comes down in front of you, then go right and continue until another wall falls. When the floor starts to move, walk to the left wall and when the acid is nearly touching you, stick the plunger on the wall and hang onl The floor will return and then you can let go of the plunger. To avoid the robots that are after you, put the paper in the basket, light the basket, and set the paper alight. The emergency sprinklers will come on and get rid of the robots. Turn right and you will find yourself in Vohaul's chamber. THE GRIM SECRET OF THE FOREST There was more than one brave hero stuck in Faerytale Adventure back in October. Alan Godridge ot Barnsley takes them through to the end ot the game ... When you have collected the gold statues from the Isle Of Sorcery, Seaholdr Hemsath's Tomb, and Grimwood Forest, go to the temple of of the Sunstone, defeat the Knight Of Dreams, and take the Sunstone, which makes the Witch of Grimwood vulnerable to attack. Explore the forest until you find the secret tunnel that connects the pathways to the witch's castle. Use the Sunstone and kill her with the wand from the dragon's cave. HOW TO USE THE HELPLINE IT S EASY. Just send in your letter, marking your envelope with the appropriate code number if you are sending a response or mark it 'Enquiry' if you need some help. Post your letters to: Play to Win Helpline, CU, Priory Court, 30-32 Farringdon Lane, London EC1R 3AU If you are making an enquiry include a few lines explaining why you need a poke, cheat, help etc. II you are replying to any of these enquiries, don't forget to mark your letter with the reference code for the person you are responding to. If you send in more than one enquiry, please put each one on a separate sheet of paper. If you send in a response but have an enquiry too include them on separate sheets. That way we can file everything in neat alphabetical order. Take the golden lasso, make your way to the coast and call the turtle with the shell. Ride to Swan Isle and catch the golden swan with the lasso. Now fly to the Keep in the impassable mountains and rescue the Princess. You will automatically return to the Palace. The King will give you a writ to take to the Priest in Marheim. Talk to the Priest to receive the fifth gold statue. The hidden city of Azal will now appear at the desert oasis where the beggar lives. Fly there and search for the rose which will protect you from the lava barriers. Make your way to the Necromancer's Castle, kill him with the wand, pick up the talisman, and sit back to watch the end sequence! DYING TO GET IT RIGHT Demon's Tomb is an unusual adventure, in which the death of the player is inevitable in the Prologue. However exactly what the player does before he dies is all important to the main part of the game that follows. Here Helen Goddard of Dagenham recounts how she spent the last few minutes other life... Right at the beginning of the Prologue, switch off the torch, get the bag, go north, throw the bag through the hole, drop the torch and go east. Get the plaque, go west and west again, open the coffin and put the plaque in it, go east and get the bucket and torch, and then go north. Get the biro and bag, go south and west, put the notebook in the bag and tie a knot in it. Finally, put the bag in the bucket, and put it all in the coffin. Close the lid, lie down, and point to the coffin whilst awaiting your death! These instructions enable you to get the items into a safe place from the fire, and leave a clue to Richard as to where he should start looking for clues when the game proper starts. A CRUMB OF COMFORT Here snot a lot of help for Drakhen player Klaus Conrad, from Marcus Elliott of Bristol: I can only answer one very small part of Klaus' letter. Firstly, the forcefield to the prisoner's castle will not budge - I have tried everything I have not tried to get into the pyramid (I am mastering each terrain slowly) although I suspect he may have the same problem with the ice palace. Certain places will only let you in if you have already completed the problems before. If you have not gone to the third castle (the one in the marshlands with the helpful' drawbridge) then you cannot go into the palace. A GOLDEN OPENING Leighton Williams has been desperately trying to get to the other side of the golden door on the eighth floor ot the casino in Leisure Suit Larry t. Here is Nigel Parker of Basingstoke to open it: You need the bottle of pills from the east window on the top floor of Lefty's bar. Go to see Faith at her desk on the eighth floor, look at her, and give her the pills. She will rush off on an urgent need, which leaves you to examine the desk and press the button there! I won’t tell you any more as I'm sure you'll enjoy it more for not knowing! WHATEVER HAPPENED TO MARIE? HELPLINE In November, Kenneth Larsen was itching to speak up about the abduction ol Marie in Police Quest II. Trouble was. He didn't have a lead on the case. Here comes one, from Cem Baydar ol Ankara First you should phone Colby. (Did you go to the inn? Search there to tind the phone number.) After that, make a call to the city police. Getting help from the police, now try to adjust your sights for the final! Finishing that, head for the airport, get a ticket, and fly. If you haven’t enough money for the ticket let Keith phone Lytton Police. BARD'S TALE 2 You only need two passwords to enter the Destiny Stone dungeon; Freeze and Please. Each password must be entered on a separate line. So press return after 'Freeze' and again after 'Please'. Once beyond a certain point, you cannot return. You have to proceed forward through succeeding levels to the snare. Mr J W Glover, DronfielO FUTURE WARS To rescue the King's daughter you first have to enter the monastery. The items you have to find there are a magnetic card which you use to get the remote control unit which is used in the wine store to open the passage. Mr E Calcasola '* • LOST PATROL The main problem is keeping strength and morale levels up. The best way to do this is to rest for fifty minutes each time your men get tired. At the end of the day when it's time to dig in for the night, rest your men in fifty minute stages. This might take a while but it greatly increases strength and moral levels. Make sure you change your scout regularly because this drains a lot of strength, especially after a hand to hand combat encounter. Dave Firman, Hemel Hempstead DIZZY To get the fire proof suit go to the very top of the tree house and jump oft the right. Walk across the clouds until you find the pogo stick. Go back to the beach making sure you have the pogo stick and the rubber snorkel. Go into the water and stand at the notice on the second half of the wreck. Jump straight up. You will now be at the island in the sky and to the right is the fire-proof suit Joseph Leiper. Aberdeen ENQUIRIES A FROSTY REPORT yvind Adn y writes from Arendal in Norway to complain thatManhunler2 ‘has a tendency to load and load', causing him to reset his machine. He is playing version 3.06. Has anyone else suttered this problem, and on what version? Meanwhile, yvind has another problem, relating to Codename Iceman. The captain says 'Report when depth attained’. But how? I've tried everything and I can't find any clue in the manual, either. Thanks for the best magazine ever to appear in my University! (F1) A FISHY TAIL Rosie Russell ol Wakefield is getting fed up wailing for a mermaid! Can anyone tell me how to get the mermaid to appear in King's Quest II? I have collected all of the items but now I can’t get any further. (F2) LIFTING THE VEIL Not usually one to ask for help with an RPG, Matt Posey ol Brandon in Suffolk says he admits to being stumped! I can’t seem to pass the part where there are two magical veils with a portcullis in between. You have to run very quickly through the first veil and into the space between, then repeat the process for the second veil. Is there something I'm missing? I’ve tried the other door with an iron key and a key of Ra, and even a Zo spell won’t work. I would really appreciate some help. (F3) X-OUT Please could you send me a cheat for this brilliant, but extremely difficult game. Hurry, because I've only got one lock of hair left to pull out before I go mad. Nathan Dyer (F4) LOOM I've been losing sleep over this game. Will someone please tell me how to get past the waterspout? I’ve learnt that you can spin drafts backwards. But how do I get the necessary experience to spin drafts with higher notes? I'd also like a cheat for Xenon II Keir Livock (F5) RUNNING MAN Has anyone got a cheat for Running Man? I can kill the first stalker, but I can't get past Buzzsaw. I am also having trouble with Barbarian 2 from Palace. Any hints would be greatly appreciated. Ttm Streakier (F6) SUPREMACY Supremacy is one of the best strategy wargames we have played, but we are having problems with the games speed. We find it hard to keep track of the ships. Is their anyway of slowing it down? Dean Siford & Pete Bradley (F7) PARADROID 90 I've recently bought the great new game 'Paradroid 90’. Unfortunately, I've been unable to get past the first level or kill many droids. Has anyone got a cheat for infinite lives or level skipping? Sucha Singh Dhende (F9) DRAGON'S BREATH I have been playing Dragon's Breath for over a year now and always run out of money or my dragon dies. Could someone help me find pieces of the talisman and give me a cheat for infinite spells? Neil Green (F10) Commodo Flight Of FLIGHT OF FANTASY AMIGA Flighi ol Fantasy it the very latest Amiga 500 pack from Commodore, featuring BRAND NEW software releases, to make th«s the most spectacular A500 pack ever! The pack features the Amiga 500 computer with mouse controller and TV modulator, as well as four top software titles These include the following. The Ngti quairy gmptiK* program mat MU the Mandard lor o«wr m,9a rt package* Dwua Per* n inoum powerful. Easy 10 um Ioo4i mat bring out the arliO in you. Create mrwt- The Commodore A500 Batman Pack must surely rank as one of the mo6t popular computer packs ever! The pack features the Commodore Amiga 500 computer with mouse controller and TV modulator, plus four top software titles. The software includes: Batman The Movie’ Rid Gorham City of the cunning joker, in Ocean s top selling title based on the blockbuster Batman film. New Zealand Story • high quality conversion of the leading arcade game. Interceptor Dogfight with two F-t6’s in this leading flight simulator. Deluxe Paint II • top quality Amiga graphics package which set the standard for others to follow Return the coupon for further details. PACK INCLUDES: A500 Computer & Mouse £399.99 A520 TV Modulator £24.99 Batman The Movie £24.95 New Zealand Story £24.95 Interceptor £24.95 Deluxe Paint H .. £49.95 FOR FURTHER DETAILS OF THE AMIGA RANGE, COMPLETE THE COUPON AND RETURN IT TO SILICA SHOP THE UK’s No1 AMIGA SPECIALISTS TOTAL RRP: £549.78 Less Pack Saving: £150.78 PACK PRICE: £39940 Here « eometNng comotetofj ditlororr - a eo-enoe liction story utth comic bee* «»1e grap"ics Our heroes Jala and Duke are on itie Planer X rescu- by (he Robe Monsierj ana forced ro cerae an ewl he Arm lo DCSTROT EARTH! Jwe and OuU light the* .a, through hordes cr avil Robots lo help me Humana escape PACK INCLUDES: A500 Computer A Mouse £399.99 A520 TV Modulator £24.99 Deluxe Paint II £49.95 Escape Robot Monster* £19.99 Rainbow Islands £24.95 F29 Retallator £24.95 TOTAL RRP: £544.82 Less Pack Saving: £14582 PACK PRICE: £39940 MAIL ORDER: 1-4 The Mews. Hathertey Rd. Sidcup. Kent, DA14 40X Tel: 081-309 ini' Oder (.met Open Mon-Sat 900am-600pm_No law NigN Opening ii. Oei-xe 06C« LONDON SHOP: 52 Tonentiam Court Road. London, W1P 0B« Tel: 071-580 4000 Opening Houfs: Mon Sal 9Mam 6CPpm late NtgM Thursday unM 8pm_Fax No: 071-3234737 SIDCUP SHOP: 1-4 The Mews. Hatherley Rd. Sidcup. Kent. DA14 4DX Tel: 081-302 8811 Opening Hours Mon Sat S00am-530pm_Late Nigbl: Friday until 7pn»_ Fax No 061-309 0017 BUSINESS EDUCATION: 1-4 The Mews. Hatherley Rd. Sidcup. Kent. DA14 4DX Tel: 081-308 0888 Order UjjSS Open Mon Fn 9(Q»m dCCpm_Closed on Smgljl F* No MI-308 06C6 To: Silica Systems Lid, Depl-CU0190.1-0 The Mews. Hattierley RO. Sidcup Kent. DAI4 4DX PLEASE SEND INFORMATION ON THE AMIGA Surname: :i I Postcode: RETURN THE COUPON NOW FOR FREE BROCHURES Vhich compuler(s). Il any, do you A20 X ceot • fcivettuM tces and oeecitcelens may charge p«ie (atom me ooion to ihe mm nlormaleo - A-CHEAT-LINE WIN INTERACTION puma . For cheats, tips, pokes and secrets THE BARD IS BACK! The Bard’s Tale series has been popular for a number ol years now, and still the questions roll in!! Riddles are a feature ol the series, and one ol them is causing trouble right now! • I am stuck on the last level ol Bard's Tale 2, and don’t know the answer to: The one ol whom is great in fame. Restore to him his proper name.' I have tried every word I have lound in the game, but nothing happens. Roberto CampaneUo, Pordenone. Italy. Keith's Response: I can't help with that one. Roberto, but lor every riddle posed there is surely a CU Amiga reader who knows the answer! Take the case ol Thor Rune Haugen from Hammerfest who was contemplating Ihe riddle ‘Lie with ???’ in Bard’s Tale 1 when we last heard from him: • The seven words ol Ihe One God are: 'Lie with passion and be forever damned.' The riddle 'Past warscapes fought by men long dead...' does not need need to be answered to complete the game. Morten Svanes, Egersund. Norway Keith's Response: See what I mean? And there's more... • In Bard’s Tale 21 have managed to gel all the segments except the one on Level 5 in Dargoth's Tower. I have reached Ihe snare, but I am very confused with all the messages I get there. And where do I learn the dreamspell (I know ihe letters lo cast it: ZZGO)? Kjetil Hjelen, Tomretjord, Norway Keith's Response: You can learn the spell on Ihe first level ol Destiny Stone, underneath Ihe rock in Colosse. Meanwhile, what’s this ‘ere? • I'm in the tomb ot Valerian in Bard’s Tale 3, and have put Islotha’s heart and the water ot life in the bowl ot Valerian’s chest, but I can't work out what else to do. Please help! Kieran Hutton, Queensland Keith’s Response:--It s not a question of bringing him back to life. When you have put the heart in the cavity of Valerian’s body and poured the Water Of Life onto it, Ihe heart should start beating, and a secret door will be revealed. Go through it and look tor the tomb with frescoes on the wall, and get the Bows and Arrows ol Lite. But hang on a bit, is BT3 out on Ihe Amiga in your part ot the world? TROUBLE WITH TEXT If the text adventure is dead in the market place, it is certainly alive and well in the home ... on all computer and console games, ring now on 0898 10 1234 Live Adventure Helpline: 0898 338 933 7 days a week 12 noon to midnight PRIZES FOR BEST CHEATS, TIPS, ETC. Send to: PO Box 54, Southwest Manchester M15 4LY Proprietor: Jacqueline Wright. Please ask permission of the person who pays the bill, calls charged ot 33p per min 'Cheap Rate' 44p per min ot all other times. A 512 Kb memory--:- Our Incredible TOTAL piles includes the dock 00-95 I TOTAL PRICE INCLUDING POSTAGE AND VAT ! A totoly NEW DESIGN from the makers ot Britain's best selling Amiga expansion board. The AMRAM513 is smaller, and has higher safety margins than any other product. What’s more it is designed to accept a further 1 Mb low cost USER UPGRADE. With a IWO year guarantee trom Britain's long established - memory board specialists, who would consider anything else f "Drives With all the extra features you need:- Thru’ Port Memory Saver Switch Extra long lead INCLUDING POSTAGE & VAT Commodore A500 latest 'Screen Oems' pack - £355 Memory Chips for A590 - Pack of 4 (512Kb) - £23.99 A590 Hard Disk system for A500 £276.24 \| I I DEALER ENQUIRIES (ON trade letterhead) INVITED I Inr.hrvlinlf IM w» . 4» visa, access * srvif credit c »a' I inprtoiirm uxi. SL West BEDLlMQTOri I Northumberland NE22 5UB - Order Line (0670) 827480 j SCREEN GEMS is the only NEW Official Amiga A500 pack from Commodore ! )ack includes Amiga A500 Computer Keyboard 512K Random Access Memory Built-in 1 meg double-sided disk drive Superb 4096 Colour Graphics 4 Channel Digital Stereo Sound Speech Synthesis Multi-Tasking Operating System Kickstart 1.3 and Workbench 1.3 Three Owners Manuals Extras 1.3 and Tutorial Disk Amiga BASIC Programming Language Notepad Mini Word Processor Commodore Mouse Power Supply Unit with mains plug TV Modulator ..and all connecting cables to get you up and running on your home TV set! Shadow of the Beast II Days of Thunder Back to the Future II Night Breed Deluxe Paint II Art Package ilu EEDIGJSTAR pack Microprose Soccer Grand Monsler Slam RVF Honda Powerplay KidGloves TowerofBabel Datastonn Shufflepuck Cate Dungeon Quest E-Motion Microswrttctied Joystick Mouse Mat ind exclusive to DIGICOM!!! F-19 Stealth Fighter The Ltim& Fight Stn&xgame kxrktcrvpnxe worth £M99! Total package price includes VAT and Next Day Delivery by Courier* Don't delay-Oder now! 24HouQecUCad Hodhe Telephone (0908)378006 How to Order Catalogues! Ring or write in tor our latest Amiga catalogue listing hundreds ot products available lor this versatile Home Computer. We stock COLOUR PRINTERS. STEREO COLOUR MONITORS. EXTERNAL DISK DRIVES. MEMORY EXPANSIONS. HARD OISK DRIVES.AMIGA BOOKS.FRAME GRABBERS. DIGITISERS. SCANNERS WORD PROCESSORS. DATABASES. SPREADSHEETS. ACCESSORIES and ot course hundreds A hundreds ot games and all at welt below recommended retail prices! Digicom otter you the very best in customer alter sales support with 12 month warranty on all Computer Hardware. All units are lull UK specification with 30 day replacement guarantee on faulty items and FREE collection ot the detective units within this period And should you ever need any technical advice our experienced and helpful staff are available on the telephone or in our showroom. Remember ¦ there are no hidden extras all prices are fully inclusive of VAT and next day courier delivery e»tn A Sptei’ieahona air .,ei»c la Cange milBaal noilcaCAOt 36-37 Wharfside Watting Street Fenny Stratford Milton Keynes MK2 2AZ Telephone(0906)378008 -Fax(0906)379700 Showroom Hons -Mon to Sat 9. 00am-5.30pm INDY 500 EA's race game proved a hit with readers. Here's how to create the perect car tor the perfect Car: Lona Buick Gears: 8.13 Wings: Front Back 4 up from middle 5 up from middle Stagger: No difference Rubber: Right Front Right Back Left Front Left Back Hard Medium Soft Soft Cambers:Right Front Right Back Left Front Left - .50 +.25 +.25 +1 Pressure: All at 25 Shocks: Right front and back Left front and back Both at bottom Both at bottom Levers on dash: Both full forward Back VENUS THE FLYTRAP Beat the flytrap with these access codes to the different worlds in Gremlin's Venus game. (Not needed) - Forbidden Forest Mantids - Frozen Wastes Cicadas - Dead City Psyllips - Wood World Pierids - Kaverns Satyrid - Death Valley Lycalnid - Creeping Swamp Pyralid - Tech World Woctuid - Translucent Planes These codes will activate various cheats: Mars, Merctlry, Jupiter Saturn. HAMMERFIST Hammerfist’s journey under the sea isn't easy. Try typing in I WANT TO CHEAT backwards on the high score table. This will give you infinite lives. SIMULCRA Here's a few handy tips for Micro Styles futuristic battle game. The Mothership: It follows you around generating meanies and can take many hits. Ram rather than shoot. Homing Weapons: Retreat as fast as possible and shoot them. Most homing missiles have a limited range and can be out run. Blitzkrieg: The best attack is a fast one. Attack a generator by flying along power barriers at full speed. Learn to recognise the edge barriers. Barriers you can shut down never merge with the edge, and nearly always lead to a generator. UNTOUCHABLES Start playing, pause the game then type in SOUTHAMPTON GAZETTE'. Capone will now be facing an infinite army of Eliot Nesses. DRAGON BREED Pretty new, but already causing problems. Pause and type 'IREM1. You’ll be given infinite lives and pressing N will teleport you to the next level. GHOSTS'N GOBUNS Get a high score and instead of entering LEGEND OF THE LOST On the password screen type the word EDLER. You should now be able to skip levels. ATOMIC ROBOKID Typing in TUESDAY 14TH on the title screen will give you a natty little menu which allows you to give Robo infinite lives and all the best weapons. Your name type in (I). This will deactivate the sprite detection making you indestructible. MIDNIGHT RESISTANCE Pause then type in ‘it’s easy when you know how'. That should give you infinite lives. VOODOO NIGHTMARE If you're cursing Palace's Voodoo Nightmare here's how to obtain the last few pins to help you destroy the witch doctor. Mission 1 Feed the monkey on your back bananas. Eventually, this will give him a bad case of diarrhoea, and he'll run off to a secluded spot. Mission 2: Reunite the lion cub with his mum. Look in the tree trunks. Mission 3: Save a sick native, buy medicine. It’s always safer to move around at night, as that's when the creatures sleep. When day breaks, hit the pause key. Night will still fall but because the game's paused nothing moves. As soon as the sky darkens unpause and carry on exploring OPERATION STEALTH A Stealth Bomber’s gone missing in Delphine's Operation Stealth. Here’s how to get it back. Go to the newspaper machine and examine the returned coins slot. Take the coin and insert it into the machine to get a newspaper. Examine the newspaper and go west. Open the brief case and examine the passport. Take the notes. Operate the calculator and place the passport into the slot. Set the machine for Germany then press the centre button. Go east and show the customs guard your German passport. Speak to the girt then go west. Show the guard your airline ticket. Examine the baggage then take case marked Martinez. Go east (into the toilet). Open the suitcase and take everything out of It. Plug the cable into the power point and use the razor. Go west, south, then west again?At the airporf- stand near the sign and wait for a taxi. When one turns up get in and head towards town. In Town Go up, west, then enter the bank. Give the bank teller two lots of money. Go east twice. Give the coins to the florist and take the red carnation. Find John and give him the carnation. Go north then west twice. Sit down on the park bench. When the agent’s been shot take the card and the key then leave the park and turn east. Go back to the bank and give the key and the card to the teller. Go south and use the key on the safe (bottom right). Take the briefcase, the box and the envelope. You'll now be captured. Select operate and click on the ground. Use the metal to cut your bonds. Operate the metal and take the pickaxe. Face right and use the pickaxe three times. Go east Palace Negotiate the four mazes, saving the game as you make progress. Go through the door at the end ol the maze. Pull the statues arm. Use the box on the safe. Press the on button. Use the arrows to alter the combination, a red light will come on when you select a correct number. When all four digits are entered press the off button. Take the box, operate the lock and take the envelope. Underwater Swim straight down. When you reach the sea bed swim west until you see three pieces of seaweed. Keep examining them until you receive two messages. Swim east as far as possible. Press the button on the palm tree. Go east through the opening and operate the porthole. Once you’re inside the cage use your pen on the lock. Use your watch on the west wall, followed by the east wall. Go right, open the grill and pass through the mazes. And swim across three screens, surfacing for air wherever possible. Go up the stairs, west twice, then down the stairs to the beach. Speak the old man then give him some change. Go up the stairs then north. Enter the hotel, go through the west door and up the stairs. Go east and open the right hand door. Save the game. The Hideout Move slowly to the first alcove. Use the operate command on the guard. Take his clothes, his boots and his laces. Use the laces on the soldier. Take the napkin and use that on the soldier too. Take the glass and go south. Go Water Skis Avoid the rocks. Try to catch your opponent. On The Ship Operate the bracelet. Upon approaching the ocean select operate and click on the girl. Through the door and into the storeroom. Examine the doors. Take the rubber stamp and the laces. Use the laces on John. Go south then east and go through the door. Examine the cloths and take the instructions. Use the glass on the fountain. Operate the garbage. Take the lifeboat. Go west, north twice, west and enter the door. Use the glass on the officer. Take the stamp, go south and operate the cigarette case. Operate the top cigarette and use the paper on the glass. Go east then south and go through the door. Use the stamp on the ink pad, then use the pad on the instructions. Go west, north and use the fingerprint on the ID pad. Go east and use the instructions on the mailbox. Go north and use the electric cable on the plug socket. Operate the razor then use it on the trash can. Exit east, use the bottom cigarette on the the computer. When the computer blows up operate Otto. After the fight use the CD on the CD player. Exit through the top left door. MGHIERBD (THE MOVIE) Follow these tips to get through the first section of Ocean's Nightbreed. Go to the hospital. Narcisse will tell you about Midian. Go there next. Don't worry about running through road blocks, they won't stop you. Repeatedly thump the fire button to escape from Peloquin. Don't worry about being shot, Peloquin’s bite ensures you survive. Once you’ve escaped from the police, return to Midian and enter the town. Spin the joystick anti-clockwise to avoid the knives. Inside Midian you get to meet Mr Lyslesburg, who lets you have a good look around. Descend to level three to meet Baphomet. This leads you into the second section of the game. Helicopter Operate the elastic on the bomb. Operate the lifeboat to complete the game. O = C .2 w Q) o £ ,5 -g -g. Is s i-S’-s css Ift o O. S OS O 3 of o = UlH » L z o 2 sss I of s S 1 BO W n n ;cr PAGE s £ = 5 IL. II.II !!!!»¦¦ O ¦et -cr •K CD jslg K» £2 uaS • _ O _ • • Q£ -o£ SC 2 1 1 0?f ft Qg 9iJ :xa:goii£° - Z i QcOZSi 1 Qm • 3 £ 3 ¦» t 5 * '* ‘ « * fr k- o 0) w» ? O* cn _l - I c O* o -o Q_ «u li_i 03 X C CO Q O Ul •3 Oh ? A* a» eo CM - ligS 3"5\|s §§ 1=1+21+0111 = Srs II! 1? Isklilfc \|g .'M: Cki ill i IgiSf v. ii.ii. II £ ¦3-i f«s 2; l\|\|!\|5ij!!iilii Ri 2:1 ? - I “ * ©* • §.* 2 K m U - S£l 311 CM 11 = 5 -g\|ii s = 3 2 §!ies\| 5H KglJo 'S ! SSa- » £ S. £ £ = S" §«3 ig£ StsJ 52£§ sfcSo cs w Mi„ I Ui l in fill 2i ill \|liE ¦"- or ir a: • »!»SI gisgSs \| iililgi _-J sc«S£ ;° ' \|I S£s2»2 IlSSl _) I t © H= li\| II ,i!J r m i rir II if ilJUi I Sl.jlpfirii ac So s I-s~ts “ 1 = lJ™Si:«3i!S.3S siMiKinS s\|siIiiUn; 3«OOOQnao Q 1 CKO.U csciS32 333223 GRAPHICS 0 I Y Now your balls are bouncing nicely (oo-er), it's time to move quickly onto more complex animatics. It helps to decide early on as to what torm the demo is going to take. There are a number ot different approaches you may like to try. The sequence could, for example, have a cartoon feel. In this case, your animated subject need not be logically correct. In the same way some four-legged cfeatures are depicted as two legged - Bugs Bunny for instance. The real advantage to comical animation is that there are no rules to govern how the subject should look, but remember the end result should have all the same qualities as a realistic depiction, and that is the essence of the character. Last month, Gary Carr from Bullfrog explained the basics of animation, using the ‘squash and stretch sphere’ technique. This month, he moves onto the delicate subject of how to link animation and place it onto a backdrop.... With this thought in mind, try this little animation exercise. Get a friend to draw a squiggle on screen using D-Painl III. As you were shown last month, save it out as an animation brush and set up a ‘flick book' of animation frames (give yourself a generous amount). Now comes the wacky conceptual part. Try to imagine that the squiggle is your character and try to make it move in the style of the creature you are trying to emulate. In the case of this demo, try and suggest' ape-like movements to your shape. If you can get your head round this, you are more than half-way to winning the Demo competition. Who said artists are strange? So, once you have your cool animation and hot graphics, you can begin to add some artistic 'touches’. Here at Bullfrog, we try to make our 'nice touches' as functional as possible, rather than just being a pretty effect. Take Powermonger for example. Every single piece of animation and graphic within the game has an identity and serves a purpose. The pid- geons send messages, the storks deliver newly born babies, when it snows your men eat more to keep warm etc. These additional details are what can make a good piece of work into a great one. In my version of the CU demo, I used lots ot incidental graphics' to suggest depth and also to create a feeling of a hostile terrain. Incidental graphics are items of animation and backdrop that, though not important to any aspect of the core of the sequence, help provide atmosphere and or an enhanced presentation. In this case, during the eating’ sequence, a snake slithers from behind a rock at the rear of the cave. It then side-winds through the rib cage of the dead animal's carcass, finally sliding out of shot. These touches also help give a feeling of continuity. Moving back to animation tips, if you have access to a video recorder, try and build up a reference library of different movements by tracing the relevant frames (usually one in every three when using the ‘frame advance') onto tracing paper. Even better, if you have a friend or family member with A good sprite bank is essential for successful animation. Draw your characters as large as possible without taking up so much room that you compromise the speed ot movement. Incorporate this movement Into your designs. Remember the 'flickering page corner' effect we wrote about last month? Draw a character in various stages of motion. It could be eating, running, engaged, in fact, in any activity to 'animate' the subject. Try to make your animation as interesting as possible. A salivating monkey chewing on a fleshy bone with one arm while swatting a fly with the other is far more interesting than a chimp who shakes a Bonio____ ‘REALISTIC’ FANTASIES If you decide to present the sequence in a realistic nature, it’s worth spending time studying how the subject moves, trom any good reference. . « a video camera, you can film as many scenes as you need. Remember to include some sort of scale measurement within the shot. This may sound a little like cheating, but if it improves the quality of you work, then why not use it? Don’t make assumptions while designing the animation, - p J as though the hand of an ape looks fairly similar to that •V 1 2 3 of a human being, the joints move and function in a totally sflpj different way. There can be nothing worse in a demo than -,«7 THIS MONTH'S SEQUENCE - THE DEAD CARCASS wondefully realistic still graphics being spoilt by a poor 5 ,'» I understanding of subject movement. From the storyboard we chose a mid-shot of the apeman pulling a bone off the dead carcass, picking at the bones and leaving the screen (this suggests our character is some sort of leader). The majority of this sequence is the apeman eating the beast, but I have added other touches, such as flies irritating the ape in an attempt to join in the feast. The ape also scratches his head in a diched ape-like manner. As I mentioned earlier, these touches help enforce the characteristics of the object. The bone is then tossed into the air, linking up to the spinning bone sequence. When starting your animation sequence, don’t get bogged down with graphic detail within each frame. If you do. The chances are you'll end up with hundreds of attractive pictures which animate badly. Remember, the quality of animation comes first. Once you have this cracked, then work on improving the graphics. For reference, take a look at the 9raPhiCS ,0r Lemmin9S ,r°m Psygnosis. The actual sprites are far from impressive, but thanks fo some wonderful animation, they take on an incredibly strong character. Pulling the pieces together. Now should start to combine sections ot the demo. You were shown how to draw the backdrop in the November issue, how to animate last month, and this month you'll combine the two. Now you have the beginnings ot a sequence. Here we see the establishing shot. The monkeys are in tront ot the tire, one ot them will pick up a bone and toss it into the air. The bone will spin in the air, you'll see an explosion ot light, and then the bone will turn into a spinning CU Amiga monolith. C64 SEGA SPECTRUM AMSTRAD ST AMIGA MEGADRIVE PC ENGINE LYNX NINTENDO JANUARY '91 No. 110 £1.31 DM 8.SO SP 87.30 380 PTA EXCLUSIVE!! E-SWAT US GOLD’S CRIME-BUSTING ¦ CYBER-CONVERSION 'Oa FREE!! ¦TOPPS TURTLES CHART! TURBO EXPRESS: PORTABLE i PC ENGINE r • ini!) s 1820 o m-rn m D E » D t CREDITS a I EXCLUSIVE!! LINE I OF I FIRE TABL MACHINE GUN MEGADEATH!!! Wwra-n t-m GOLUk« review: _ NARC • TUR. OU R' GOLL»»_. SPEEDB* NOW EXPOSED INSIDE!! SUPER FAMICOM! FAMICOM! Speedb .... JOHN MADDEN'S ruuT' THE BEST CONSOLE YET plus the latest stuff IS HERE!! MASTER SYSTEM AND I 17 Bit Software That Bit Better Than The Rest!! PO Box 97, Wakefield WF1 1XX, England. S 0924 366982 The UK’s Largest Amiga Only PD User Group, over 1,000 Top Quality Public Domain Disks and over 17,000 members in our friendly club!! LATEST ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 792 GARY TOMER SI JOE SHOW (RRII.E, 791 TORI AS RICHTER SUDE SHOW OS 790 TWO DISKS (791, 792) STUNNING 789 ANARCHY MUSIC DISK 788 WRA TH OF DEMON PRODUCT DEMO 787 M A RE A LCONS MUSIC DISK 786 NEUTRONS MUSIC BOX 785 OPTI UTILS I (ESSENTIAL UTILS) 784 BOWL V.2 783 GOLDEN FLEECE SOLUTION 782 DUNGEON MASTER SOLUTION 781 INTACT (FANTASTIC SHOOT EM UP!) 780 EXORCIST VIRUS KHJJ-IR DISK 779 ANOTHER GREAT UTILS DISK 778 MUSIC UTILS I (NOISE TRACKER ETC) 777 STAR WARS DEMO ON TWO DISKS 776 ONE FOR ALL STAR WARS FANS 775 PROPERTY MARKET PD GAME 774 INTRO'S 48 FANTASTIC DEMO'S 773 CA VE MUSIC DISK , 772 MUSIC DISK 771 ADVENTURE GAME HINTS AND TIPS 770 GAMES SOLUTIONS AND HACKS 769 BRAND NEW COMS DISK!! 767 HOUSE MUSIC SAMPLES 766 HOUSE MUSIC SAMPLES 765 house: MUSIC SAMPLES 764 I MEG MADONNA ANIM (GREAT) 763 FONTS DISK 762 STEALTHY 2 I MEG ANIM!!! 761 DEMONS SLIDESHOW 3 (AMAZING) 760 UPRUNNING UTILS 759 GAMES GALORE (10 PD GAMES) 758 100 ( 64 CONVERSIONS (The BIZ!!) 757 INDY 500 ROLLING DEMO (SUPERB) 756 CRIONICS NEVERWHERE DEMO- 755 SILENTS MUSIC DISK 754 WHA TEVER NEXT UTILS DISK 748 MED V2.0I 746 PD SHOOT EM UP 778 DIR MASTER V3.0 BETTER THAN CUM A TE FOR A MERE 2 POUNDS ALL ABOVE DISKS ARE JUST£2.00 INCLUDING POSTAGE AND PACKAGING. COME TO 47-BIT PROBABLY THE ONLY PD LIBRARY YOU WILL EVER NEED. CLUB MEMBERS ALSO GET DISCOUNT ON ALL MAJOR SOFTWARE RELEASES. ZYDEC RAM EXPANSION 17-BIT TOP I ft 595 AND 596 STARTKKK 2 DISK GAME 645 VIZ CALENDAR 651 MENTAL HANGOVER 671 MARIA WHITACKER SLIDESHOW 688 HORROR SIJDESHOW 722 AMAZE MUSIC DISK 761 DEMONS SLIDESHOW 3 770 GAMES HACKS AND TIPS 781 GREAT SHOOT EM UP 792 GARY TOWER SI JDESHOW Upgrade your Amiga 500 to 1 Meg. Of Memory with the Zydec 512K expansion Fitting neatly into your Amiga this compact unit comes complete with a One year guarantee and an on off swtich. ONLY £32.95!! Or £39.95 with special 5 disk 1 Meg PD pack!!! I7BIT OFFER A WIDE RANGE OFPUBUCDOMAN SOFTWARE PACKS, USTED BELOW ARE JUST A FEW PI J-ASF PHONE IN FOR MORE DETAILS. CLASSICAL MUSIC PACK Three superb music disks, and a catalogue. All for only £6.50 music creation pack A 5 disk pack for only£7.99. Pack includes disk 778, octyUser and noise tracker, disk 440 soundtrackerrippers and play routines disk 482 games music creator, disk 478 sound man, disk 479 samples disk for all above disks. Q5+CD popular pack that introduces you to all aspects of pdfeatures great music, great utils, and great gamges. A vailaMe at an unbelievable £6.50 SAMPLER PACK Asti say a selection ofjust about everything PD has la offer, at only 111 for? Disks it repre seals aa idea1 way to try out IS-II it. ASTRONOMY PACK A 3 disk pack which includes the latest catalogue and 2 superb astronomy disks, 173 Amigaser and disk 223 Starchan GAMES TIPS PACK 3 disks for only 15 with solutions, lips, hints for lttOs of current and old game titles, with lifetime membership to 17-bit sou just can't go wrong, complete all those games that you gave up on a long time ago!!!!!!! 5 ISSUES OF THE LEGENDARY 17-BIT UPDATE res, 5 issues of the update for only CS, that, only a pound each, which includes all postal charges .and lifetime membership, and also special offers which arrive with each monthly update. BIANK DISKS Blank disks are now only £5.99 for III complete with labels Ira club members only!) AMOS PACK 7 disks to help you gel the most out ofAmos, only £9.95 a must for all those who own this excellent programming package. Also available demo pack 7 and 2. Graphics pack I and 2. Adult pack. I meg pack 1 and 2 Music pack 7 and 2 and utility pack. All are £11 each and all represent fantastic value. ALSO AVAILABLE IS A SUPERB CHRISTMAS MUSIC DISK WHICH IS ONLY AVAILABLE EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH 17-BIT ONLY £2. EVERYTHING ABOVE GIVES LIFETIME MEMBERSHIP TO 17-BIT AND OPENS UP A WHOLE NEW WORLD FOR YOUR AMIGA!!!!! DON T DELAY ORDER TODAY WF. ALSO STOCK FISH-1 TO 360 AMICUS-1 TO 26 AMIGAN-1 TO 23 T-BAG-1 TO 42 All these including the whole range of PD in our library are only £2.00 EACH MEGA DOS Mega Dos is an Amiga dos manual-on-disk designed to be an easy to use self help reference and tutorial for understanding the CLI and WORKBENCH. MEGA DOS IS NOT PD AND IS ONL Y A VA!I ABLE FROM 17-BIT SOFTWARE OUTSTANDING VALUE AT £6.96 IT ALSO NOW COMES FREE DIR MASTER V3.0 AN UNBEATABLE PD FILE HANDLER SIMILAR TO CLIMATE. 17-BIT SOFTWARE ARE OPEN From 9.00am to 8.00pm Mon to Friday and 9.00am to 5.30pm on Saturdays. We take all major credit card orders over the phone. TEL: 0924 366982 Postal orders and cheques should be made payable to 17-bit software. 10 disks are £18.(K) or any one disk £2.00 Mark Patterson takes his monthly look at what's new in the PD libraries and previews disks from Tobias Richter, 2 Bad Boys, Fraxxion, Demons and Time Codes. Above: Tobias deviates trom the tradditional Star Trek. Here we have the new Enterprise which features in the Next Generation. SUPPLIERS’ GUIDE Virus Free PD: 23 Elborough Street. Swindon. SN2 2LS. A Bit On The Side: 8 Thorald Place, Kirk Sandall, Doncaster. The Deeper Domain, 128 Portland Crescent, Stanmore, Middlesex. HA71NA. NBS: 132 Gunville Road, Newport, Isle Of Wight, P030 5LH. Seventeen Bit. PO Box 97. Waketield, WF11XX. Perspective PD, Clover Close, Cumnnar, WN2 3LL EMPDL, 54 Watnell RO. Hucknell, Notts. NG15 7LE Sector 16,100 Hollow Way, Crowley. Oxford Drawing away from SF, this pic depicts Baron Rictoven piloting his Fokker going In for the kill against a French Spad. 2 Bad Boys present their latest Amiga remix. This time it’s from the London Boys and is available from Virus Free (999) DEMOS COMPETITION Three months ago we asked you to An excellent example of colour digitising. This disk is available from PCS. II you want more inlo about getting your stuff digitised, check out Additionals. Identify four top demos by looking at just a snippet of a screen shott As usual the response was overwhelming, with the majority ot the entries being correct. Shot number one was the Budbrain Mega demo, two was Star Trek the game by Tobias Richter, three was Fraxxion Horror, and number four was the Power Remix by i Fraxxion appear once more. Though Iheir new demo Is nothing more than a well presented slide show, the intro Is their version ol the original Alien titles, complete with samples. From A Bit On The Side, disk 702. First prize of a hundred PD disks goes to Wayne Morrall from Tamworth, second prize of twenty five disk going to Mr A D Kay in Canterbury and Above: Suntracker Ml features some original ideas, graphics and music. Produced by Demons, Analog and the Power Lords, it's now available from A Bit On The Side, disk 681. Rhodes in Romford. Thanks to Virus Free PD for supplying the prizes. ENTRY FORM FOR CU DEMOS COMPETITION Time Code's Total Recall demo features b w stills from the movie and a soundtrack which takes samples from the same place. A BIT ON THE SIDE 8 Thorold Place, Kirk Sandall, Doncaster DN31NU. Telephone: (0302) 887332 (Answerphone throughout day) We would like to wish all our members and readers jfJP a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year PLEASE DON'T PAY!! £3, £2.50 or even £2 for your PUBLIC DOMAIN software We are devoted entirely to the AMIGA computer, although we have only been In business for a few months, we can offer you the following: • Now over 1,000 members • Nearly 700 top quality Public Domain titles In stock • Only £1.75 per disk • Only branded double-sided, double-density disks used In duplication • Our price Includes first-class postage and packaging • Same day despatch of your order • Our catalogue disk contains two music graphic demos, a PD game plus full lists of titles available PLUS special pack offers • Overseas members are welcome, prices as follows: Offer A £2.50: Offer B £10.00. All those prices Include overseas package and postage. Please send money with order (sterling) WHAT IS PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE? Many people have been frightened off from PUBLIC DOMAIN software over the years, hearing such things as .. .'It’s cheap so it must be rubbish". NOT TRUE. Most PUBLIC DOMAIN software is written by very talented people throughout England and abroad. They put their talents in the library because they, for example, can't afford the expense of marketing their product, but, because they want their product to be seen, they are willing to put it out at no financial gain to themselves. Others hope that their talents will be seen and recognised by a software house who will in turn offer them a job (many people who have put products into the PUBLIC DOMAIN now work for software houses). - • Another common mistake heard is "All PUBLIC DOMAIN has got a virus on it". It is a very rare thing to find a virus on PD these days, if any slip the net, most libraries of any repute will make sure that they are destroyed. PUBLIC DOMAIN software contains ANIMATIONS,MUSIC, GAMES, ARTSHOWS, UTILITIES and MUSIC GRAPHIC DEMOS. DISKMAGS can also be found within the realms of PUBLIC DOMAIN. We have the following joining offers: PRICE £1.75 OFFER A: CATALOGUE DISK + FREE MEMBERSHIP OFFER B: DISCS CONTAINING GAMES, UTILITIES, MUSIC, MUSIC GRAPHIC DEMOS + CATALOGUE DISK + FREE MEMBERSHIP ... ALL 6 DISKS PRICE £9.00 N. B. We have noticed a large upsurge of heavy pornographic material circulating within the public domain. We do of course have adult titles but only the glamour pics type. If you want the stronger material, please try elsewhere. • I would like to join your PUBLIC DOMAIN LIBRARY and I would like offer: ¦ A ? B ? Please tick the appropriate box. Please print the following information clearly: I MR MRS MISS: .. I Age (if under 18).. Tel No:. Postcode:. I I I Please make all cheques postal orders payable to: A BIT ON THE SIDE, and send to: £Pf C01, A Bit on the side, 8 Thorold Place. Kirk Sandall, Doncaster DN3 1NU. M PD Soft. (CU) 1 Bryant Avenue, Southend-on-sea, Essex SSI 2YD. Cre CarHHotlines \|\|EMPDI. STARTER PACK. A 3 disk collection of the most useful utilities Database, Word processor. Text Editor, Spell Checker. Spreadsheet. \|FMPDL Bl'SINKSS PACK. A 4 disk collection of utlities with the business u mind. Inc. a very good invoicing program. ¦SOZOBON "C" COMPILER. The very best available on PD. I MED V2.13. The latest and best version of this music program. I ARP VIJ. The complete ARP librar ' for all budding programmers. Ill DISK 1.1 A very good card index type database. I moBED. Excellent mobile sprite editor. UCON VERTER. The best for convening ST. or PC. Pictures to Amiga. JlFISH (JAMES. A 5 disk collection of the latest and best games from the Fred Fish ¦Collection. HTBAG (JAMES. A I disk collection of games fn m the latest TBAG disks. U MODEL RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION SET. Plus other games on I disk. IdaDDYKIVS 7. Utility disk including the latest DiskSalv. VirusX V4.I. IKYLIE MINOGUE. A 2 disk demo with the music of Kylie. ¦ POLICE CHASE DEMO. I disk animation ( Best with I meg ). I PORCHK DEMO. Very good I disk animation. \|\|BLDBR AIN DEMO. A brilliant 2 disk demo. Second disk not for children ). (THE ADAMS FAMILY DEMO. A very good I disk demo of the TV show. LlERAXION HORROR SHOW. A brilliant animation disk. \|\|PANTHER OF LYNX UTILITY DISK I. Very good utility disk including a very ood password program. M MORI A V3. Latest version of this brillant I meg game. (0702) 612259 466933 \| ALL OUR DISKS ARM VIRUS FREE AND DESPATCHED BY FIRST CLASS POSTON DAY OF ORDER AT THE INCLUSIVE PRICE OF 2.50 PER DISK. SEND LOO NOW FOR OUR LATEST DISK CATALOGUE CONTAINING DETAILS OF \|OUR COLLECTION OF OVER l«X) DISKS REFUNDABLE ON FIRST ORDER. PLASE STATE CLEARLY THE MAKE OF YOUR COMPUTER. Cheques «S P.O. 's payable lo: E. M.P.D.L. 54 WATNALL ROAD. HUCKNALL NOTTINGHAM NO 15 7LE TEL : 0602-630071 SOUTHERN P.E . AMIGA PI) LIBRARY OPEN MON-SAT 10am-5pm ALL PD DISKS ARE 99P ONLY (+60P P+P per order) THIS MONTHS SPECIAL OEKER BUY I0PD DISKS AND GET 2 PD DISKS OR 5 BLAMK DISKS INC LABELS I REE * 242 * 147 A143 A220 A070 A07S A241 New TBAG T44 - Vbhi. Track Salve. Pequesier, V37 - Sards. Oer 25 of the G-Shell. Flash Disk 856 - Pugg* In Sooce T45 - Texl Point. Fost Blit. Edit Sleepy. ~ “ * View Dir. Is Today FLETCHER FONTS A190 A211 A239 A0 23 A046 A112 A120 A223 A225 A209 A114 A139 A119 A095 A005 A168 A083 A098 A187 A200 A202 A197 A110 A185 PACK 1 to 3: 6 disks per pack, each disk has 7 to 15 different colour fonts, various sizes but no repeals Instructions lo load the 16 colour fonts info DPAINT as fonts. Help, Advise & Support available from PD Soft. PACK A or B: Black & White packs of fonts as above but 10 fo 20 fonts per disk. £15.00 Per Pock. IDEAL FOR VIDEO & ARTISTIC WORK A2C3 Aiac * 024 * 036 A 039 A177 A-03 A21B A043 A075 A-73 A113 All 7 A191 A108 * 10 * 0H A207 UCENCEWARE GAMES £3.00 each SPACE BLOB - Cross between Bomb Jock & Manic Miner MR DIG (1Mb) - The famous Mr Do! Q-BOID - The Coin-up Game Vulcan. Tefris Variant. CATALOGUE DISK I FRED FISH PAPER I PRICES PER DISK H I.ASK MAKE CHEQUE POSTAL OKU! KS PAYABLE TO: SOITIIERS COMF1 I KKS. TEL: 027.1517147 POST Al l. ORDERS TO: 31 HANSON Kll NK.VVII WI N K VST SL SSKX BN9 VEQ SEND S.A.K 8X4 FOR A ERK.E CXI VI.OGl K. VI. 1.1.I) DISKS AKE99P EACH 601* POSTAGE & PACKAGE (PER ORDER) CRUSADERS COLLECTIONS (8 DEMOS) NEWTRONS MUSIC BOX SCIENCE 451 MEGADEMO DIGITAL CONCERT 2 DIGITAL CONCERT 3 DIGITAL CONCERT 4 DIGITAL CONCERT 5 DIGITAL CONCERT 6 CAVE PARTY DEMO DEBBIE GIBSON EVOUTH (2 DISK) DARKSTAR UTILITY DISK 2 DARKSTAR UTILITY DISK 3 MEGA UTILITY DISK (209 UTILS) SHADOW OF THE BEAST DEMO BETTY BOO (MUSIC DISK) EMERALD MINE 3 (GAME) EATMINE (BOULDERDASH GAME) PREDATORS MEGADEMO (2 DISK) KEFRENS MEGADEMO 8 (2 DISK) ALCATRAZ MEGADEMO 4 (2 DISK) TRILOGY MEGADEMO (2 DISK) DRIP" (GOOD GAME) 2 PLAYER SOCCER LEAGUE BY D.RAMSEY FLASH - NO BRAIN NO PAIN (2 DISKS) FLASH HIT THE ROAD (2 DISKS) TREACLE MEGADEMO (2 DISKS) STAR TREK: GAME 3 (2 DISK) - RAF MEGADEMO (2 DISK) BUDBRAIN MEGADEMO (2 DISK) SCOOPEX SONIX BEAST MUSIC D-MOB MEGA MUSIC DISK 3 THE WALL (PINK FLOYD) PORKY PIG DEMO VANGELIS DEMO- BAD (MICHEAL JACKSON) MADONNA: SPANKY FRAXION HORROR’ WALT DISNEY PICTURES" DEF JAM RED SECTOR DEMO P-COPY (DISK COPIER) D-COPY (DISK COPIER) COOL COUGAR" TURTLEMANIA KILIE DEMO (2 DISK) PUGGS IN SPACE FLEXIBASE (DATABASE) SPACE ACE DEMO SPEEDBENCH PSEUDO-COP GAME SAFE SEX DEMO COOL FRIDGE DEMO A-COPY (DISK COPIER) AMIGA CHARTS 5 ARMADA DEMO DISK BLANK 3.5" DISKS 1-9 60P EACH 10-49 SOP EACH 50+ 48P EACH All inc of Labels DISKS MARKED * * = 1 MEG ONLY Mega Demos 349 - RAF 121 500 • Scoopex Mental Hangover 662 • Crionics Modama 664 • BudBroln 121 667 - Crionics Never Where 724 - Wulion 760 - PsedudoOps 799 - Gams 12 827 - War Falcons Animations (1Mb) 186 - Slar Trek (2) 380 - The Jugler 381-The Cool Cougor 477 - Fractal FhgKf 532-High lander 533-Trackball 542- Pugs taSpoce 555 - The Run 586 • bghl Cycle 121 611 - Vangelts domo 624-TooMuch 3d 674 - £p»c 733 • PMC Froctal 734 - Clothes Peg 791 - Space Shuttle 826-Space Fighier 828-Huey 831 - Mochne 849 • Dragons Lair II - Time Warp Golden Okies 99 -DragonsLaw 102 - Probe Animator 111 -Woker Demos 12) 112-luxo Teenager 129 • Commodore 64 Music 143 • Robocop Demo 168 • NASA Picture Show 286- Kylie Manogue 121 272 - Freddy Kruga demo 612 - Monty Pythons 121 614 - DeObte Gbson flectK Youfi C2I Adventures & Games F184 - Moonbose F224 - Polers Orest style* F324-Telris Clone F345 - Crobas like Meek warriors F336 - Car F336 - Mimblast F336 - SYS Pongo F343 - SncfcePll 847 • Hey»is 848 - the Maze V42 - TriTns lAe Arcode F192-Packman 87 V44 - Emerald Mwe F232 - Battys 12) F25I - Monopoly F347 - Orip 850 - Turricon I (Playoblel F355 - Tron Game 688 - Bock to Ihe futue II PttyaB* 673 - Balle Command Playable Tired of bamg catalogue disks’ Gel Ihe unique, easy to use PD SOFT Database Catalogue Disks They contains details oI over 1300 dsks ovotabie directly Iran slock fcom us A multitude of options including Search & prmi ? Disks Only £1 50 Free Updates • a* New FISH F370 • SkSh UseM lo Urw Users F369 • laslesl Aquarium. Ffcp. Fortune. Spy. Vaxherm. F368 - Elemenls Irterortve Display F366 • Print Skudo Very Good F365 • Easy Bock Up. Pass Word, view 80 F364 - More An moled Pointers F363 - 3 5 Disk lobeler Peods directories F362 - Imperium tomanum. Smovio F361 - Brush4d Ccnvorls FF Images to Sculpl 3D F359 - Afindge, DICE Inlergroled C Ervrcrmenl F358 - Ppe line Gome. Blob. Pood Route. Scan IFF F357-Empire A Multi player economics gome F356 • Ncomm New far Comms F355 - Berserker (Virus Kilert. Trock Solvoge F354 - Mondel Mountains New V2.0 F353 - Norti C. New Version VI1 F351 - POC A ccmpeie C Compilation System F337 • The C Monuollor Amiga F339 - Pascal Compiler F349-MEDV2.0 F228 - Jossbench Pepkxes Ihe origiol workbench F240 - Cross Doss Roods Wriie MSOos F253 - Power Packer 2.3b F302 -Turbo Mondel Exceient Music 803 - Journey mio Sound 274 - Crusaders Freeked Out 292 - Audio Conversions 451 - Dr Awesome 580 - PC Boys 575 -wheres he base 592 - Miami Wee 593-CrocketsTheme 601 - Bodena Musk 602 • Get lo ihe Sole Hoise 635-100 aigdl 64 Titles 129 - Commodore 64 Music 658 - Flome Arrows Vocal Attack 686-The Sound dsienls 689 - Techanlics Pemx 711-Ghost & Goblins 717 - Rebals Megablosl Ever wanted a complete description ol all the Fred Fish disks on Paper’ Well, ihe entire list is now ONLY available from PD SOFT Approx. 60 Pages revealing everyihrg about every program in this ronge as desenbed byFred Fish. Only EL 50 PCS New Section 796 • Turtles Oemo 806-Turlies Demo II 860 • PDS Hi-Res Turlies Pictures 836 • Total Recount 833 ¦ Total Retrial 834 Total Pcslyte 835 • Total Resproy 834-Slar Wars Pictures he'Apceis Over 184* 26 Hot Gris Picture Osk 60 Megoircn Man's Futures 78 Sate Sex Sample Disk 164 The Mighty Fart Blower 254 X-Mas Sampled Song \|21 267 Uloplo Picture Slideshow 449 Excel Pictures No 1121 476 The Porn King Pictures 501 Playboy Sweshow 12) 544 Final Ecstasy Mogazne 545 The Best ol Escort May 1989 546 Paradise Slideshow 564 DigimoneNol 573 Slog Picture Sideshow 632 dayboy August 12) 638 Donno Edmonson Arimaticw 644 Ftoyboys Blende Beoubes 682 BigAlGirtsolSpal 683 Bosh one Dirty Pictures 693 Sam Fox Picture Slideshow 703 Hove o lough. Trockmaster 728 Saddam Hussein 751 8robusl«.Ogal Dreams 774 Utopia Pictures No 4 775 Maria Whittaker Sfcdeshow II 851 Viz Slideshow 865 Secrets PdKemans Boll Disk 02 867 Dgrkol Damsels No.l 873 Woman lo Woman Disk 02 Demo Selection 757-Chase HQ 2 Preview 758 - Annie and Bmerburner 759-Visit Merseyside Sample 763 - Cave Runner ond Trock Record 767 - Hymnes Frcm the Bhe III 779 - Charley Playable Preview 792 - Aliens Mega long Sample • (21 794 - Bbck Marks Brocck Daxe Mu« 795 - Mind Warp Ccfeclon No 2 797 - Madonna Hanky Ponky 798 - Turbo Mark Animations 807 - The Twist 809 - Pang Playable Preview 811 - ITV Mego Nusic No 7 81? - 4 Mol ol Anarchy Reflections 815 - Comic Strip Presents 817 - Fresh Cda The Semi Coders!2) 819 - Gensis Land ol Confc&on 823-Sam Fox Big Bobs 824 • Electric Channel 5 By Impoct 825 - The Pink Goes Ape Anmation 833 - Eml Ivory Gold 834 - Star Wors Futures 835-Christmas Music 840 - Rising Face Music No 1 842 - Waterproof 843-PhalanxMusic 844 - Magic Roundabout 845 • Hocking etafcons Various F3I5 • Amiga Fox Wad Processa VI7 . Vc Spreadsheet V2I • wcrd processing ask V27 -QuickBose V29 - House Mold inventory V43 • Jossbench VS6 • Disk Master V3.0 V81 - D-Copy V89- Megaman V1.5 V90 -PDS Unities Very Useful OTHER BITS (nl ¦ n represent number ol disks required. All others ore single dsks • = 1Mb Required I-5 Disks £2.50 6-10 Disks £2.25 II-20 Disks £2.00 21+ Disks £1.75 With exception lo bcencewore and Special Pocks XXX please ask la list ond slate that you ore over 18 Simply The Hottest Amiga PD Library! 33 Chapel Green Road Hindley Wigan WN2 3LL INTERNATIONAL PCS. INTERNATIONAL ¦"IP L ¦mill III M (AMOS) Prices: 1-5a«.50 Disk Name Popc e Game Popeye Meets The Beach Boys Breakout Contruciioo Kit Ri ... Track Record Game . Diplomacy .. Miami Vice Remix ... Skyfighi ..... Max Headroom ... ? C s Blanks Sony Branded £1 I nbranded 60p APD1: GAMES MUSIC CREATOR (UT) APD2: TREASURE SEARCH (AMOS) APD3: FONTS DISC 1 (AFT) APD4: FONTS DISC 2 (AFT) APD5: FONTS DISC 3 (AFT) APD6: STOS TO AMOS (UT) APDZ: VIRUSX 4.0 (UT) APD8: MUSIC & SAMPLES 1 (MA) APD9: AMOS BIG DEMO V4 (DEM) APD10-13: SAMPLES 2-5 (MG) APD14-16: IFF PICTURES 1-3 (AFT) APD 17: INSTRUMENTS (ST-01) (MG) APD 18: INSTRUMENTS (ST-02) (MG) APD 19: MICROMAN'S MUSIC SENSITIVE BALLS DEMO (DEM) APD20: ARC ANGEL DEMO 1 (DEM) APD21: WORD SQUARE SOLVER GAMES APD22: FUN SCHOOL III DEMO (DEM) APD23-30: ST MODULES 1-8 (MG) APD31: SCREEN DESIGNER (UT) APD32: AMOS PROGRAMS (AMOS) APD33: PINK GOES APE (DEM) APD34: LUKE MILLER'S MUSIC 1 (MA) APD35: ARCHIVIST (UT) APD36: AMOS UPDATE V121 (UT) APD37: ARC ANGEL DEMO 3 (DEM) APD38: IFF FONTS DISC (AFT) APD39-50: MUSIC 2-13 (MA) APD51: WEIRD SCIENCE DEMO (DEM) APD52: F.R.U. or FORMS REALLY also 53-57: CAT DISC £1.00 Business Hours 920pm-10.30pm only Mon-Fri Tel Fax: 0942 840820 TEL: +44 942 840820 3 A small selection from our vast range 35»360StatTrek3 1 Meg 443 Coma Demo 1 Meg 444 Dope Intromaker 0. 5 Meg 445 Magnetic Fields Music 0. 5 Meg 453 Cryptic UK Demo Comp 0. 5 Meg 459 Time Circle Demo 0. 5 Meg SPECIAL OFFER! ALL 7 DISCS - C11.SO VICTORIA ARCADE, ALDERGATE, TAMWORTH, STAFFS S79 7DL TEL: 0827 59566 Dept CU, 15 Croxteth Drive, Rainford, Merseyside, WA11 8JZ We’re Number One For P.D. A Selection from our Vast Library AMIGA PUBLIC DOMAIN BLANK DISKS FROM 37p EACH INC. VAT PD:- £1.80 each or £16.50 10 inc VAT Disk Number Dak Name 299 Wemet Game . 135 Flextbase ... 298 Mona (DAD Game)..... 118 Unreal Demo .. 288 Halloween Music . 116 Fractal Flight .. 287 Vfticak Spreadsheet 114 Basketball Amm (1Mb).. 286 Cool Cougar (IMb) . !!!SPEC1AL OFFER!!! Membership and an 4 disks listed belim 0N1V £5-00 MEMBERSHIP ONLY £1 inc Life Membership Catalogue Disk Free P.D. KIKEES Magnetic Media KAD-SOFT UK KAD-SOFT WISH A MERRY CHRISTMAS TO ALL OUR CUSTOMERS KA1 - The Business CoNction. Spreadsheet. Database & Wordprocessor 2 disks KA2 - The Wordprocessor (or the Amiga KA3 - C-Computer Assembler & Unker KA4 - The Brilliant RIMS database programme KA5-Disk Doctor Collection KA6 - Oil Help. Worried by CU’ This one mil make IcSSonofbrilliant arcade games 8rlliint twin frt KA7 ____________________ KA8- Predators Mega Demo KA9 - Break out construction set KA10-Nightmare on Elm Street Demo KA11 - North Star and Silent Demo KA12 - Star Trek Bnlliant 3-ttek game , KA13 - Deluxe Music Construction (Ot A collection ot instrument (or the original programme KAI4- Magnetic Fields Demo. The Ultimate Bobs & Sprites Demo KA18- . . KA19 - Coot Cougar Demo. Cartoon Quality KA20- Virus Killer KA21- The Anti-ST Demo Osk KA22 - The Miami Vice Demo. Digitised sounds KA23-Kyl.eMmogue Demo disk 1 KA24 - Kyi* Unogue Demo disk 2. Needs KA23 to run KA25- lam verson 12. Brilliant Dungeons and Dragons KA26 - Shanghai Playable Demo ot great game KA27 - Utilibes Collection 1. Quick copy. P copy. Oir Master. Funckery. Blitz. Virus X KA28 - Games Collection 1 Cribbage. Ties. Buun. Tc TacToe KA29 - Games Collection 2. Amoeba. Yelp. Rock Sme. Egyptian Run KA30 - Bankn. Home Help, Home Finance Packages KA31 - Elvira Brilliant Demo KA32 - RAF Mega Demo Bntkant 2 disk Demo KA34 - North Star and Fardight Mega Demo 3. Bnlliant 2- diskDemo KA3S - Death Star Mega Demo Yet another twiivdisk Demo . .. Fractal F KA37-VZ Slide KA38 - Fish Games Collection 3 disks KA39-Holy Gran Adventure Bnfcant text adventure 1 Meg KA40 - Star Trek The New Version. Bnlliant 2 disks KA41 - Coma demo Bnlliant mus demo otHit Film. 2 Red KA43 - Mutant Nn)a Turtles Demo!!' KA45-BudBram Demo Bnlliant New Demo . 2 disks as reviewed Over 18s only KA46 - Flash Beard one ot the very best PO Games KA47 - Quickbase. A ready simple and easy to use database IA48- C' Manual. 3 disk set . A great marvaltoraflypu'C programers IhOudes examples Special price £5.00 KA49-Red DenS. Crunchers. Archrvers & Virus Killers V.20. loads ot great progs for the serious users KA50- Red Devils. Darkstar Comp. Includes Coma. End ol Matoy. The links Journal & many more KA51-Formula 1 Slide Show by Dag. AverygoodDigi pks slideshow-one ot the best KA53 - 2oz utiS by DemOisher. A really great collection of utts. 202 mall. A you'll ever need. KA54 - Red DeviS Soundtracker Boot diskV.4.0 includes Med. Soimdtracke. Noise Tracker + KA55-STeeSideshow Brilliant High Quality Slide Show. 1 meg only KA56 - Christmas Carols Disk loads of your lav Christmas Carols All Disks £2.50 2 Disks Free with every 10 ordered Special PD Packs i Tracey Demr Devils Demo Fonts Set Collection Soundtracker Instrument Set 10 Soundtracker disks every instrument you’ll ever need. Was £25.00. Now £16.00 Starter Set 5 Disk set includes Cli tutorial, database, word pross, etc Was £12.00. Now £10.00 Fish Games Collection 5 Disk Fish Game Set Was £12.50. Now £10.00 Clip Art Collection Set 5 Disks full of Clip Art pictures Was £12.50. Now £10.00 3 Font disks, to use with favourite art program Was £7.50. Now £5.00 Sonix Music Set 10 disks full of the best of Sonix Instruments and Tune Was £25.00. Now £16.00 Educational Set 1 5 Disk Codection. Suitable for an oWer child Was £12.50. Now £10.00 Educational Set 2 2 Disk learn and Play. Suitable for younger child Was £5.00. Now £4.00 ACCESSORIES Disk Boxes DISKS 3. 5" 135 TPI DD DS disks unbranded (Sony) error free. All prices include labels, p&p. No quibble money back 80 cap £6.75 100 cap £7.75 Mouse Mat £3.75 Mouse Houses £3.75 Amiga Dust Covers on with with own 80 cap 100 cap 10 £6.80 £12.25 £14.80 25- £13.80 £18.00 £19.75 50- £26.00 £32.50 £34.90 £4.50 Amiga V2 Meg Upgrade £48.00 Membership special offer during December and January we will be offering the following special offer Life time membership of Kad-Soft PD discount club. Plus our special 2 disk Christmas catalogue plus 1 free PD disk for £5.50 OPEN 9.30AM-9.00PM 7 DAYS ""£T Overseas orders please add £1.25 1 J VIRUS FREE F D WE STOCK ALL THE LATEST DEMOS, MUSIC & UTILITIES ETC, AS WELL AS THE CLASSICS, AT ONLY £2 A DISK OVER 100 DISKS ADDED EVERY MONTH ALL DISKS ARE DISTRIBUTED VIRUS FREE & MOST ORDERS ARE DISPATCHED WITHIN 24 HOURS... COME AND SEE US ON STAND 109 AT THE 16 BIT COMPUTER FAIR BUY ANY TEN PD DISK AND CHOOSE ANOTHER FIVE FREE!!! OVER 1 OOP F»P DISKS CATALOGUED KEFRENS MEGA DEMO DEMONS MEGA DEMO KEFRENS PYRIMIDS DEMONS SLIDES 2 IKS MEGA DEMO JOE'S SLIDE SHOW 2 LINK MEGA DEMO CHAOS MEGA DEMO PSEUDO-OPS DEMO VISION MEGA DEMO 4 MUSIC GROOVE IN THE HEART THE POWER REMIX 1 MEG THE LONDON BEAT 1 MEG KEFRENS JUKEBOX PHANTASM MUSIC 3 100 C64 TUNES PSA MUSIC DISK REFLECTIONS 2 CAVE MUSIC DISK PACE MUSIC 2 GAMES XENON 3 GOLDEN FLEECE BREAKOUT CON KIT HOLY GRAIL METAGALACTIC LLAMAS HI SOFT MUSIC GAMES OVER 18 SICK N' SEXY TRIPLE PORN SHOW BEDROOM OLYMPIAD RISING FORCE PORN SEX VIDEO BRA BUSTERS PARTY GAMES TWISTED DREAMS DIGITAL DAMSELS DELTA 3 MEGA CLEAN SHOW JACK THE NIPPER MAYFAIR SLIDES SAM FOX SHOW UTILITIES ART OF VIRUS KILLING ATARI TO AMIGA GFX PRINTER DRIVERS VIRUSCOPE ESSENTIAL UTILS 1 LA00SA MUSIC UTILS RIM DATA BASE MED NOISE TRACKER ETC COMMS DISK 3 QUICK BASE WORD WRIGHT ULTIMATE UTLIS LE COPIERS 202 UTLITIES DOPE INTRO MAKER COLOUR IFF FONTS LABEL DESIGNER FREEWARE UTILITIES 57 UTLITIES BOOT MAKERS TOP TEN 558 THE POWER REMIX 659 ESSENTIALS UTLIS 1 613 202 UTLITIES 644 DOPE INTRO MAKER 999 LONDON BEAT 899 GROOVE IN HEART 567 NOISE TRACKER 920 100 C64 TUNES 890 ARTISTIK SHOW 828 DRAGNET 12-MIX PD STARTER PACK NEW TO PD THEN SEND FOR OUR GREAT 5 DISK STARTER KIT THE ESSENTIAL UTIL DISK DYNAMIC DEMOS 3 ARTISTIK SLIDESHOW REFLECTIONS MUSIC AND OUR CATALOGUE ONLY £5.99 inc P&P NOW AVAILABLE: CLIP ART VOL.1 3 DISKS ONLY £5.99 CATALOGUE DISK AVAILABLE AT £1 Send Cheque or postal order to VIRUS FREE PD (Dept CU) 23 Elborough Road, Moredon, Swindon, Wilts, SN2 2LS, ENGLAND TEL: (0793) 512321 .00 SENT FREE WITH ORDERS OVER 3 • Minimum order of 3 Disks • Prices Include P&P • Overseas orders welcome But please send Euro Cheque or Bankers draft with order. Add £3.00 towards P&P SUPERVISION ONLY 99: ONLY 99p PER DISK! Fax:(0983)811514 Punll 2, Zille Industrial Estate, Monklon Street. Ryde. Isle of Wight P033 1LW PER DISK! PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE Telephone: (0983) 812867 MINIMUM ORDER OF 2 DISKS Dragons Mega Demo Intuition Mega Demo Upfront Mega Demo Crionics Neverwhere Mirage Mega Demo Hack Pack V Rebels Mega Blast Cebit 90 Rebels Mega Blast Silents Mega Demo Alcatraz Mega (3) Chromium 4 ORA MS FOR LOW POWER CONSUMPTION without clock caw with clock nm O. KhMI 2 Into PS* 0. ii«iW truer 0 95 MNUIBMMlI 121 95 DISK STORAGE BOXES BLANK OISKS lot* CnliKM ttror bee LoMitvnio ssoflBcn '0 CSOO iinnunvB (mh Sr“T& TREK ftVMQ AMMAT. «iKV9" 11 tun U 11 lAW I LOIS MORE SEW FOR CATALOGUE NOVA PD WE SWAP 2 FOR 1 PUBLIC DOMAIN OISKS PHONE FOR DETAILS F. T Please add 60p P P on all UK orders EunOPEAN ORDERS - 30p PER DISK WORLDWIDE ORDERS - 50p PER DISK SEND SAW FOR CATALOGUE CfWONCS MCGAOEMO Fiu» MACOMSA txoc fk OOP - MAG FIELDS »« ilMC PACUANl CtKOHn a Otiroi nctxVg PACMAN OtOi - TBIAIX UEGAOEUO (3 0»i\| B»n» i ol. 11.1 if. » -.1,1, OM’ FORGOTTEN RIALMS &"fO!(M1i « non ft* limn UKOCE EARTH boo. O) - SAFE SEX CEM3 ur, 0»S - INTirnON MEGACCM0 mm. 06 ANARCHY CES RELEASES T- • v «imn Engumi dmi OM’-CEOT 90BYR£0SECTOR mw XIMnofton THE BEST" MCGl BEAST SONIX At m. iu** epM MM' OGITAl CONCERT 12 • MU HU* MC01 - OatCS WJStC * (2 0«nl MOOT - KAATUS A MA.CN! Y 0EIA3 2 UHO - TITANCS MUSC IKICKSTARI Mil I - TIME CFKIE UUSC Nw M) 13 - ICO CM TW.ES Smu fc DO’S PUGGS IN SPACE Wmnfttt.il.* BEMItiSYPUOT* 001’ REBELS COMPETITION DCM0 G0U - WO SCCTC* WEGAOEMO12 Oatxi eesTiONMo wMoa. 0 » - COMA BY REBELS Tc, wvn 11 (X»-CAGONS« »40€W3 Oc«xto»«To ¦YVJF'Q UNI MTEO HOBS " MOT - «E'(N5 MlGADCMO 8 (2 Oaui LMMMcrwUtur C010 MIRAGE MtOAOeAOCC " Ha I otm aj rarta" c«wr 0) 1* - pnroA’ces «e s£€mo a o»i A 10 lift w ra - fiOMWAJN ME GAGE M3 it Dwi 3r 0011 - HACK TK AovENTuRI GAME (too M«iu rg«« Dxnanw G012 - CARO » BOARD GAMES CN - CN»1 001* - TCMTESPELET M mry at HO PON. 2 own & * UXO - GAMES MU9C CREATOR Cn !"» "H»t O' « ,. Amo* UXO - FUTURE COMPOSER 1 * i„ .mr Munw LO04-OCOPY -.cm. ‘"" ‘tETFUCOPCR n- OA V M) 1* - OOITAI CCC«T 6 (W 1. U axuxDio ¦» - INTACT ™ an at Inn GCOi FlASCHBEIi Mi unt an GCOI M3NO OlY auiOO Bnaa «i IV cng«« too ("« uwt I '.'tj-l'Jr™. 12“ U0’‘’“t0( K SPACE 11 - SOLP.OTRACKER SONGS SPECIAL ft 0 _ WonOWMQHT AMCASmi Wad- »" • K»WW II ¦ BAN. N -mi CN. A «, In. 0-CfiASEVlSlCALC DJUDH.IW). S RM OATASASt W, .gt .nrtaul - MXSf TRACKER i TETRIS » THE FOLLOWING DISKS ARE ON OFFER AT 75P PER DISK Maria (RPG) • Power Music 2 Digital Sounds 1 The Run Anim Power Surge Music Jarre Concerts Wild Copper Trip to Mars Anim DBW Render Jeopardy Battle Force Fractal Flight Walker Demo 1 * Direct Action * Tennis" Drakstar Utils 6 Walker Demo 2 • Hanky Panky ARP 1.3 Raiders Anim Busy Bee Anim * Learn and Play 2 Lam RPG ESA Utilities 1 North C MED 2.12 Audio Utilities Basic Compilor RIM Database Video Tools 2 Blizzard Golem Sfedeshow D-Copy VO-99 Education Pack (5) Technotronic Darkstar Utilities 4 Digital Concert 6 FiHet the Fish Flaschbler Darkstar Utilities 2 Stealthy 2 • Jam Tracker Nudge Nudge 2 Pendle Util 6 Future Synthetic M. Tetracopy Pacman 87 Pedles Util 7 Sound ot Silents 100 C64 Songs Crusaders Music Timex Music Nightbreed Slidesh. Clip Arl (3) DJ Disco Leif 2 Pharooh Anim * Coders Club Pack 5 Star Wars 2 PSA Music 1 Robocop 2 (Pics) Monty Python 2 Space Deliria Hanky Panky Protracker PLUS HUNDREDS MORE FOR UNDER £1 SEND AN SAE FOR A PRINTED LIST Indicates 1 Meg, numbers in () number of disks FISH, AMICUS, TBAG,AND AGATRON COLLECTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE SEE OUR THREE DISK CATALOGUE FOR DETAILS - ONLY £2 Christmas Specials sunject to minimum order of £3. Over 4 yrs Amiga Experience P&P free Over 1000 disks in stock plus tree ordering service. Credit card orders are subject to min order ot ___£5 due to bank restrictions (DEPT CU5), 30 Parsons Street, Banbury, Oxon. OX16 8LY Tel: 0295-262029 BBS : 0295-275045 toi mwmr ?m©m m m toi W@ [L© f CHIRISTMAS SPECIALS THE FOLLOWING DEMO DISKS ARE ON OFFER FOR AN AMAZING 50P PER DISK THIS MONTH ONLY! OFFER ENDS 16TH JANUARY 1991 Wartatcons Purple Crusaders Hotwired Danish Know How Silents Tropical Sunset RSI Mega Demo (2) Anarchy Smokers Comp BLITTERCHIPS AMIGA P.D ONLY 95P Dl PLEASE ADD 60PENCE TO THE TOTAL ORDER VALUE FOR PP CATALOGUE DISK OF 550 DISKS SENT FREE WITH YOUR ORDER REMEMBER : NO MEMBERSHIP FEES, FIRST CLASS RETURN OF POST SAME DAY SERVICE. TOP QUALITY DISKS AND VERIFIED. ALL DISKS VIRUS FREE. NO HIDDEN EXTRAS THE PRICE YOI SEE IS THE PRICE YOU PAY YOU MAY PAY BY CHEQUE.P 0 ACCESS VISA. SEND TO BLITTERCHIPS, ’CI.IEFE HOUSE', PRIMROSE STREET. KKICIII.EY, WEST YORKSHIRE Bl 21 4NN (Offer applies to UK only I. TEL FAX (0535) 667469 OPEN FROM r jj \| I0am-7pm. Please note disks marked • require men I of memory. You muv pay l BBDH cheque PO AcceWVisa DISK PRICES 1 •9:C1.60 88Ch 10 - 19 = £1.25 Mich 20 + = El .00 Mch PLEASE MAKE CHEQUE .O. PAYABLE TO ‘CRAZY JOE* • -1 MEG REQUIRED FIGURES M BRACKETS WdttATE NO. OF DISKS M BET PQ - OVER 18‘e ONLY MCLUSIVE OF P A P M U.K. EUROPE PLEASE ADO Cl.80 REST OF WORLD ADD C2.80 * *»! MHD 17p M STAMPS FOR OUR FREE CATALOGUE DWK AND LTI \| VBA CRAZY JOE'S, DEPT. CU, 148 EFFINGHAM ST., ROTHERHAM, A YORKS. S86 1BL __TELEPHONE (0708) 828288 OUR LIBRARY NOW STANDS AT OVER 1,000 DWKl 0046 GokSen Fleece (Adventure) 0136 Ouaic Card ft Board Qimw 0167 Cool Cougar Animation (¦) 0161 Kyle Mnogua Demo (2) 0240 Pugo« in Spece Cartoon 0314 Breekout Conetucdon Set 0316 Fteturn fc Ettrth G«me 0483 Elvira Damo 0486 The Hofy Grail (Adventure) () 0674 Laurel A Hardy (2) 0680 Dope Intro Maker 0846 Predator Megademo (2) 0680 Laarn A Play (2) 0684 Video AppllcaOona (2) 0727 Star Trek Gama (2) 0729 8 Track Soundtrackar 0742 Madonna Sudeehow 0744 Red Sector CaM Damo 0748 Crusader* Bacteria Demo 0766 Treasure Hunt Game (31 Utopia Cartoon Shdeeho C53 Dragona Lair Damo f) C886 Coma Damo C861 Creepehow 1 C896 Tomaolt Trip To Mara 0887 Scoopex Mental Hangover (01 QED Amiga Text Editor 02 THE Comma Otak C»06 Madonna Cartoon Anlm f) (13 Emra ActWliae Dnk n (36 Madonna: Hanky Panky (36 Nc* t)9 8 O'clock Newa 1 (2) (47 Mara Fight Animation (¦) (54 Teenage Turtle* Damo II HERE ARE JUST SOME OF THEM 0867 Pipeline Gama 0862 Drip I Gama D OperaDcn VarKI Gorazona Sudeahow (X) (76 Scoopex Beast SonOr 87 Snakeplt Gams 0881 Jeopard Gama f) 1004 Gamas Disk 8 1022 AMOS RAMOS 12 Update Future Composer 1026 Digital Concert VI 1033 At the Movies (1.6 mag) 1034 Stealthy Animation (•) 1061 Total Racal Sideshow 1068 Zero Virus V3.0 1082 Golems Gate Sideshow 1071 Noise Player V3.0 1073 Fraxlon Fantasy Sideshow 1082 Annie Jones Shdeehow 1084 aEU.CX Games 1080 MED V2.13 1068 Epic DemoO 1082 Pharoah Animation n 1106 Crtonks Nevervrhere Demo 1108 Looney Tunes Animation (•) 1110 Fractal Fight Demo 1113 Wet Beaver Games 1117 Geneatfogy () 1188 Filet the Fish Cartoon 1188 Donald Duck Animation H 1180 Pussy : Innershlp Damo 1188 Soundtrackar V4.0 (2) 1200 Raiders ot Lost Ark Anlm (¦) 1201 Porky Pig Animation (¦) Public Domain Software for the Amiga 4 Wake. Demo 1 le.rtfie anmawn 5 Wafcer demo 2 as above but different * 6 Kaktas & Mahoney music 10 tracks, brill. 8 Mazzax 8.12 tracks o' grsal music 12 Bootbench V2 0. Demo or intro maker. 13 Lam an adventure game. Good. 20 Forgotten reafrns slideshow, impressive. 22 Kefrenes mega demo 7. Very good 24 Evra game demo, terrific. 26 Jugglel demo, an otd classic. 31 The famous probe sequence 33 Amos, the game creator demo 43 Puggs in space, one o'the best. 51 Enemies music 3,16 great tunes. 65 Cryptobumere music, br* 9 tunes 77 Dexion music. 10 Hacks very good 78 Holy Grail, very good text advedure 79 The Education o' cool couger anlm.' 95 Dexion mega demo, very good, gel it 101 The famous Gymnast demo excelent' 318 Dope the intro maker, make your own. 323 Digital concen 3.12 mms o' music. 333 Dgital concen 4. More great music. 341 Popeye meets the Beechboys. Tunny. 363 Golden fleece.Drill text adventure. 376 Redecwns 1. Half hour ol music. 378 Reftectons 2. Over 40 mins o' muse. 394 Sump collector, animation. 395 D-Mob music 2.10 tracks. 26 mins long 416 The Definitive jarre show, music. 440 Elite Mf*. Music, ten tunes, good 441 Peeudo Cop game, horizontal shoot em up. 444 Fillet the fish, very good animation. 448 Teutonice music CD4. More good stuff. 455 Ke'rone Jukebox music, very good 458 Castle ot Doom, adventure game. 459 Buggy Commando, playable demo 530 Power Surge music disk 14 tunes, good. 529 Amiga chart 3. Music by Ftado Poland. 528 Rebels Mega Blast. 9 'anastic tunes 522 Avirex Sideshow, great fantasy pictures. 520 Alcatraz Mega demo. DEVILS KEY. 3 disk 514 Flash Oigital concert $ . More good music. 511 Tram Construction set great game. 509 WatersNp down, lovety sideshow. 507 Sounds o' Gnome, brfl muse by Mahoney. 482 Charmel 42 great. 35 tugh res. Pictures. 484 Garf»eld Sideshow, at; pctures to cotour. 478 Kylie Minogue 'Made in heaven'. 2 ask. 34 Forgotten Realms, 'antasy slideshow. 44 Trilogy Mega demo, superb demo. 2 disk 45 Ketrens Mega demo 8. Fantastic. 2 disk 53 Nasa pictures, space picture slideshow. 83 Miller Lite demo. He ainl heavy' the Holies l04Yellow Mix. G-eat adlld type music. 115 Rebel ion Music by 4 man. 5 greal tunes. 121 Mental Hangover by Scoopex. Great demo. L320ragons Mega demo, a very good disk. 144 Music Maestro 6, jukebox demo. 9 tunes. 518 Rave Demo, way out music, crazy graphics. FRED FISH disks now stocked Irom 161 up to 360. Fish catalogue disk now available. STARTS ] Green to Ped CevlJez,'Stents? Franf: Goid'roJ?otoot crVStenu.Tantdus Toxk: .Leroy end dl others I Don Ano-chy (rWg me) MqrkBrl Joe.Wlndy. end any other tonaflcs out thoro in Anvgolona obo a megogreet 11o oil the phrookt we met at the Commodore ihow ... y wll meet as this a bong written bofcre the ihow I COMPUTER SYSTEMS 542 saenn Fuil Power Muse - Pealy good house remues 540 PE demo ccmp 12 • with Crusaders and Stents demos 539 PE demo comp 11 -More great demos end Intros 535 GolDFtt Megadomo • Nee I Thanx 4 the greef Nick 532 CRUSADERS • A few knes . Totaly ‘Awesome- 531 Captured imognation - Nice comp by Anarchy 530 Ancrchy MF Comp ¦ SUPERB I Nice demo Den 4-Mat 529 Technohcnlc MegoMix - J et ike the song I remxed 525 Adept • Nice corrgiation with (tiled vector demos 520 Timecode • Total RecOI demo from me run 519 A journey Into sound - Very nice muse disk 512 inhjttn Compilation - Suoerb Deepsea demo I 511 Awesome Preview - Vackeddemo of the gome 504 Network party demo • Great demo correlation 496 The JCS - Very very very weeeeeeeeird' 472 Crusoders ctemo pock-nice one I vrflh ED-209 gcme 463 EPIC Preview - Totaly and utter* Bnknt! Get It I 445 4-Mot Naaic • Bril Ike your stuff mat I 444 sscrt demo pod. 5 - inckxtos Hotwired by Crusaders 426 Crtontos Neverwhere - Realty excellent megodemo I 423 Cool Fridge • Nice psasma FX end copper ttvngys 314 Mrogo Megodemo • Bg I Meg demo, very nee I 254 lorreofl trip to mars - We Ike It I nice vector demo 252 253 fkx)train Megodemo - Superb demos and music 251 Soents Megodemo • Bnllant I 164 Scoopex Mental Hangover • S18 as krpxessve as ever' 136 Fraxtoo Horror - Totaly crap doni buy it i 133 Boctedd • Crusoders Mega music disk - Get It 499 Slobby Musk: • Oh wow its arrong i 425 DigiCcrceff 6 - Megamx o' music I Very coooO 424 Sound o' Stents - Brtlont Brtlcni Brittont Brttont OK ? 245 Scoopex Beast rrwskc * Al the music (torn the gome 242 100 64 Tunes * Wld I SO Ives on HI Get thh dsk • 227 Jarre Dockkanmds - Greet muse and pics by HCC 223 224 225 Dgfld concerts 345 - All very good! 220 221 D-Mob Music 4 • Briiant house mjsC dek 218 Kehem Jukebox - Superb muse hem the kefs 186 DtgiConcert 2 - Brittont muse remix 107 Vongeds Demo-MuScood art slides 1 Meg 496 Vscato - Powerful PD spreadsheet 495 RIM - a kity reotlond database systems 494 ARP1.3 - CU replacement, prefect 425 Scrtrekker • 8 Chemen mj«c composer 466 467 458 Cantoch Clpcrf • Very good cup an 464 Sozoban C compter - One of the better ones 4«0 Iconmonlo - Brittonr BrushHcon tools and icons 459 Jamcrocker • BrttOnt chp muc corn© system 434 Ambase - Good custom datobase with search 377 North C 1.1 - C compter - 378 379 300 C Mcnud - Britton! Way o' teorring to progem 356 Fish 327 • Messidce PC «e reoder 354 SD 14-The most cod CUWlerutttty for editing and stuff 345 346 VkdeoApolcatcne - Great fonts and scrdteg ut»s 340 Jazzbench - Workbench clone with more tunc tens 334 Dakstc Utls 2 • If you expect me to list ol the utllhee on 130 Dcrkstcr Utls 3 - these dekthen forgot It I Just buy cne 333 Dcrkstor Utls4 - end ring Red devil up and ask Nm I (Dont) 330 PE UtIR 5 • Mote utils by Mr .Dev«. dll can soy is they are dl 331 PE Unb 6-very wel done and ccnton LOADS of very 332 PE UtW 7 - useful utiHtes that no home shodd be wthout I N B None of these disks ccntdn kkby vocumn cleaners 180 Wordwright • Comprehensive wotcKxocesscr . More uNs 123 ST-91 - Rather good instruments dtskdene by me « 122 ST-TO -1 wll do some more sooocn which wtt be koool I 118 119 120 Nobetnxker and insirumnents dsk(st-01 st-02) 474 Spocechose Anlm - Brittont chase sequence l Meg 458 SfarTrek Fteet Men • Brtlad anm by T Rtohter 1 Meg 450 Steamy 2 - Cartoon style anm of a sfedttiy bomber Imeg 456 Agotron 15-3 Brttont anmsby To&os dl n 512KI 452 Enterprise leaving dock • Ouite ArrCTng I Imeg 212 SforTreK Anm - GreatTobtes adrre to 512 493 Vox Pcs - Superb ptoture created on a Vox corrputer 484 CdorCycte* • Brttont sdesf ow of cdor cycling 461 vaCbcOabba - Hey es the Fltotsiones I Wlmaoodch r 454 Nghtbreed - Fantastic sddesnow o' Horrcr goofys I 156 Agatron 6 • totaly brittont Roy traced space pcs 137 138 Stents Skdeshow • Superb Fantasy sides with musto ? ????MAIL ORDER MADE EASY DEI WuiTl • BONNERSFIE LPD DISKS ARE 99p PER DISK PLEASE ADD 60p POST AND PACKING TO YOUR TOTAL ORDER VALUE 5 EN JUST SEND US A CHEQUE .POSTAL ORDER OR INTERNATIONAI MONEY ORDER TOGETHER WITH YOUR ORDER DETAILS F A C S I M I I ? USE YOUR ACCESS.VISA.MASTERCARD OR EUROCARD & CALL OUR CREDIT CARD ORDERIINE ' Min. cxder 5 PD DISKS T E L E P H O N ©ADAM • M Stort Computer Systems TWO End Of Century strike back. EOC latest is a collection of animation, scrollies and music. Nothing really outstanding, but there's plenty of variety. Available from 17-bit. The latest edition of the Sentinal disk mag is now available, with articles written by many of the top names in the Demo world. Following the success of Mental Hangover, Scoopex have released Cromium, a bizarre mixture of starfields and metalic graphics. Weird but wonderful. Available most anywhere. Speeding vectors make up the new demo from Phenoma. Some nice effects, but nothing new. - TC»TOrirrnN7AB957 .nJRTL£e The Turtles are back! This time it’s a neat version of the cartoon's theme tune as well as digitised pic cies. One for the kids. Available from A Bit On The Side. DJ Leif’s megamix disk contains three cliched, but good, dance tracks. From 17-bit. PD OR NOT PD Public Domain software is intended to be copied and distributed by anybody. It includes utilities, games, or demos put out by programming crews showing off their various talents. PD IS a cheap, easy way of getting hold of some really top quality software. Keep an eye on this section for a definitive roundup of hot new releases. If you have any demos of your own which you would like featured in this section, send them to. Readers' Demos. CU Amiga, Priory Court, 30-32 Farringdon lane, London, EC1R 3AU. Please enclose an S AE if you want your disks returned. PD TOP TEN A-Animation S-Sound U-Utility G-Game M-Miscellaneous 1 U Game Music Creator 2 s 100 64 Tunes 3 A Stealthy Manoeuvres 4 S Sound Of Silents 5 G Star Trek 6 V Donald Duck 7 A Digi Movie 8 M Budbrain Mega Demo 9 M Mental Hangover 10 G Fraxxion Slideshow Yes it’s back. The offer that shook the Public Domain world 6 months ago THE NBS PD EARTHQUAKE!! PER DISK ALCATRAZ MEGA DEMO 4 (3 Oaks) HEBtTIC DEMOS . IMPACT COMPACT MMOS 40 STATIC BYTES MEGA-CE MO HAROCRACK GRAPHICS DEMO THR NOS’ALCA DISK KEFRENS DEMO COMP PE DEMOS65 RED DEVH. COMPOS ..... CftONCS KEVERWHERf OEMO D146 RSI MEGADEMO ...... 0 153 PUGGS IN SPACE 0180 SCOCE'EX MENTAL HANGOVER 0186 COMA OEMO .. 0190 RSI OBIT OEMO . 0033 TOMSOfT TRIP TO MARS 0034 BUOBRAMMEGAMMO 0091 RiifrncnsH 0315 UNREAL. OEMO ... X110 ERAXTON HORROR MOOS MAHONEYi KAKTUS IRON UMOEN SIOESHOVI THE DEFINITIVE MAWNNA SLCESHOW THE DEFINITIVE BRUCE LEE SHOW NIGHT BREEO ..... ¦ M030 DIGITAL CONCERT 2 ..... M170 NEWTRONS MUSIC (SK G 107 STAR TREK GAME G 109 BLI2ZARO G 133 PO GAMES COMPO G136 ORIP .... 6137 THE TURN and TRICKY G138 MAR8LE SHOE U220 SK ..... ... DIGITAL CONCERT 3 OIGTAl CONCER- 4 DIGITAL CONCER’5 DIGITAL CONCER 6 fffijgOr n* nans NEW AMIGA OWNERS START HERE WHAT IS PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE? Basicaay. PUc doman software comes trom 2 train sources. The iwst a -here someone has wnOen i tocfci lime lAlity. »«ch a ol us* to the »»itBf and hence almost certarty ol use to other Amga users, but has no commercial value The second is trom enthusiastic Amipa owners who rust love to show on their codng prowess. PossC* to impress their males, or maybe to pro* to a sonars house therability lo code graphics In the eart, dw. Much o' the PO Wtt a lot to be desired, but these days there are many lantastc utilities, panes, and demos -filch, at a nominal cost can bnng many hours ot pleasure to the home Amiga enthusiast, and there is no- a veritable army o' PD coleaors It you have past acquired your An«a We reewnmerd the following disks, wheh -ill eerier amaze, amuse, or be very useful NBS disks are Ovtded Into the following grow D - Demos 6 = Games M - Music U - Unities All Oses are ordy 99p per disks. (Some titles are 2 or more disks) .....One o'the best ever demo flstt (2 DISKS) A brilliant cartoon demo, yet B Be betMred A miestcne n coding - BrN nwsic ana graphics ... Hashy acd demo, together with more Great Oerros. • .....Ternic demo, with the best ever muse.- .....Vidor oraphics-rth a theme.1 Our No 1 title' Fantastic, and tunny but contains some X rated cartoons 12 Dsksi C. ...SttnMir to PUGGS but not as good StilDri A game demo to show off some great graphics Great cartoon graphic demo o' nasty stutt ’Over 12 mns oimaed house music DBANGfR* Vouwfl not believe this!"" Good graphic adventure. Best with t meg (2 disks) ......Good horizontal Shoot am Up. Good selection inc WeBrlx and Breakout. Very tncky painter type game. Almost commercial qukityl ....A coupe ofpood puzzle games by Peter Hamdel. ......A cross between Ptpemanaand Biding ktocB Great! ..A good ut'ity to lake the hard -ork out ot (XI I Great rww dn-os Scocwi. Kekens. Stack etc Beet recertreteesee Armada.Otvanchacid.It MEGi Features superb VKKr Turret Oenw 11 MEGi A must tor Mmonna freaks Vsr good, bom Poland)! ... me the flashes! Acid ever" The best teen nrya demo yet1 (1 MEGi Some original meets Good Otgi pccy -itn cartoon overlays Clever1 (1 MEGi not mega but gocd1 pood carteon Kyte and Jason sorted to pwd" Coiectkn ot tfasma copped demot .Weed and morbrJ demo1 Great tunes nppedtro«de«os get the "icto-ma treatment' reat tracks trom one ot the best (2 OlSKSi rvaitie Iftin pus Bucifco - Ride on Tme .usssss:sxsxi Mon rouse a« olher horn tfe loot toys Another 12 mans pus super mxmg' At«3 the latest music mi.' Great muse hem Jester KvOd Nee FX together -ith traohcs rrom te od days Olsco and Hear, music Turn n & Very daisy tram Otgi of I Got The Power More of fre best dene tunes ogi pccys ot nasty right creatures Amazing pictures reaiybnmanti' Tobias Richter's poke chase amm (I MEG) Walker m from o« the Amigi 200011 MEG Waller attached b the hdHOPtor I’ MEGi snort t-J. Very s-eet amm 11 MEGi . . Cever OD anm 11 MEGi ie game is hail as good gel that loo 11 MEGi Smilar to The Runfcut far tar tetter 11 MfGi 4 great Oemos by DMOB. RSI. REBELS and MtGAEORCE 5 good demos, scene or-inch amaze a so part mega demo AJI clever stutt Miry beautiful 9-aphci 512K RAM UPGRADES ...... MOUSE MATS (SCfl.bo.edl ... X for Cl 00 200 tor £5.00 1.000 for £15.00 15 tor £1.00 100 tor £5.00 62peach 100 tor £50 00 .....49peach 100 tor £40 00 DISK LABELS (wrap round) . PUSSY HMRSHP INTUITION DEMOS I Mefil RAZOR 1911 BEST OEMOS I! TOTAL RECALL BY PENDlEEU AHNIE TOIAJ P M ARNIE TOTAL REMIX (DISK 71 EXCIUSNE NIGHT-CAT PICTURE LABELS . SONY UNBRANOEO WHITT DISKS (Japan) UNBRANMD 0SKS (Various manutacture) ORDERING DETAILS r . D «.’ : j \|i V 1'4 : ui U306- ('ease make ttequesrPO payable to NBS and send to: NBS (Out C.) 132 GunvNIe Road rc great music trom the UK« !SBMs5fe?M NBS AMAZING CHRISTMAS BONANZA COMPETITION DEMOS JUNGLE BUNGLE PD adventure games are few and far between, and most that appear are awful. Jungle Bungle, although straightforward, features plenty of puzzles to get into and lots of graphics. Most of your character's actions are controlled by the mouse, but this leads to confusion as to what option to use. But on the whole, Jungle Bungle is a good, fun, well presented adventure. ARCADIA As breakout clones go, Arcadia is very competent. The levels are similar to those in Arkaniod as well as the overall layout. A new type of alien has been included which immobilises your bat on contact, as well as deflecting the ball. The usual features such as catch bat, enlarge, slow, warp and bombs are included. Nothing new, but Arcadia is the best PD breakout-style game to date. THINGAMAJIG Educational products are normally only played by adults for a good laugh. Thingamajig is liable to draw adults in through sheer interest as well as captivating the kids. Thingamajig is nothing more than an elaborate jigsaw. It takes a picture, breaks it down into thirty or so pieces, then gives them back to you one at a time. A help mode is at hand if things get really tough. Basic, but interesting kids package. COLOURING BOOK Another novel idea is the colouring book. It comes with six black and white pictures based on nursery rhymes, and sixteen colour palette to paint them with. Sampled animal noises and tunes play throughout. If it's anything to go by Tina, our sales exec., spent half an hour colouring a pic in. If she enjoys this, then the kids will too. DYNAMITE DICK This is very reminiscent of early 64 games. Dick is out searching for gold in a abandoned mine, much to the annoyance of the resident wildlife. All Dick has to defend himself with is a supply of dynamite, which he can use to blow up creatures, walls and dirt piles. Before he completes a level he needs to collect a number of gold nuggets which often lie in awkward locations, forcing a bit of thought from the player. Dynamite Dick is a good, fun game with amusing noises, graphics and game- play. AMOS PD By launching AMOS, Mandarin have created a veritable army of amateur programmers. It was only a matter of time before these programs started to infringe on the machine-coded PD world. Although relatively new, the AMOS library now consists of over a hundred programs, ranging from AMOS updates and sound banks, to games, utilities and educational software. The AMOS PD library and club isn’t just restricted to the UK, there's branches in Australia and the US, which means the catalogues will soon be updated with overseas software. There’s a licenseware section which contains some higher quality games and education packs, but these cost £3.50 each as a royalty has to be paid to the author. Most AMOS PD will run independent of AMOS, this means that it's open to anyone. For existing AMOS users there's a range of utility disks and expansion packs including fonts. IFF pictures and screens. Most software in this range comes unprotected so that the user can learn how the routines were put together. For further information on AMOS PD you can contact the AMOS Public Domain Library on (0942) 495261 or PCS on (061) 8392542). THE WORLD’S BEST CONSOLES MAG!!! THIS MONTH’S SPECI a SUPER MONACO GP f f RARE'S SOLAR JET i n ' FOUR NEW GAMEBOY * PANG ON GX4000! M. SEVEN PAGES OF ME EXCLUSIVE JOHN MADDEN’! FOOTBALL BEST CONSOI GAME EVER1 PACMA MIA GAMEBOY lGHLYfdtXPLOSIVE • MMANBO ACTION!!! Y PACMAN IS BACK IN HIS BEST GAME YET!!! DOUBLE-SI POSTEI CALENDi NIGHT CLUBBING- BY COMPUTER OK, so your mates have dragged you down to the local disco, you're wearing your best togs, nicked some aftershave and are doing your best to look cool. Trouble is, you don’t know anyone and suddenly feel intimidated by this unfamiliar social confrontation. The usual solution used by chaps down through the ages, is to get as many pints down you as quickly as possible, then try and chat someone up before the short window of confidence moves onto incoherence. Barbaric, isn't it? An American company has come up with a simple solution to break the ice at such gatherings. Entering the disco, you fill in a simple questionnaire on your likes, dislikes and details; this is scanned into a computer, INTIRTAINmr DO The recent Intertainment ‘90 conference, held in mid-town Manhattan, New York, brought together delegates from all over the entertainment industry - people who realise that Interactive Entertainment is the boom area in the ‘90s - John Cooke was there as well, picking out the weird and the wonderful - yes, this is the shape of things to come. Along with a digitised video mug shot. Selection in the knowledge that at least Out comes a printout full of compatible you now know a few names and maybe types (who have also filled the same form might have something in common to talk in) along with their pics and a percentage about to break the ice. This could be the score on how compatible' they are with next craze after Karoke, y'know you. Armed with this you can make your Left: A smiling John Cooke (top right) submits his ugly mug to the video camera, fills in the computer form, and out pops a digital list of compatible types with whom he can build a long and fruitful relationship. Obviously, they've never met John! ~ Stmt DOWN AND AGO MY?TEBYT For just £1.95 PC Leisure gives you playable previews of PGA Tour Golf and Where In Europe Is Carmen Sandiego - exclusives from Electronic Arts and Broderbund. Get into the festive spirit as PC Leisure shows you how to turn your PC into a home entertainment system and takes the wraps off the most cracking Christmas games. On Sale November 15th - only £1.95. - THE INTERACTIVE BOOK Did you Know that only 2% of top execu tives ever use a personal computer? Too busy talking into mobile phones maybe, but it is true that in the so-called Computer Age, tar too many people are still scared ot anything that has a keyboard, TV monitor and begins with the letter C. A G E N 0 A A Texas company, Empruve, have decided that this isn't good enough and has designed a new computer for training and learning purposes, primarily, with user friendliness in mind to produce an, 'optimum delivery solution for information ! Retrieval.' It’s called Cornucopia. Using Human Factors engineering techniques, they've come up with a design that looks like a book resting on a lectern - in fact Empruve see Cornucopia as a book that uses the microprocessors as a helper. In the same way that an automatic camera has microprocessors to autofocus and produce the right exposure, Cornucopia is designed to be a book with microprocessor support to turn the whole thing into a true multimedia experience. The multiple displays are the most innovative part of the design, with a VGA mono A4 screen to display pages of text, a smaller 4” full colour screen to the left and a thin column of icon displays running down the right of the text display. There's also stereo sound coming out at you to the left and right of the display. Initial tests on the unit show it to be remarkably effective - add it’s certainly a powerful piece of machinery, with a 20MHz 368 processor, on board modem, bags of memory, and a CD Rom drive. And around 15 thousand pages of text, 20 thousand colour stills, 6 hours of speech and 80 minutes of video can fit onto one of its Cds. That's a lot. It's expensive right now - at $ 4,000 plus - and aimed at industrial training markets, but if it was ever sold in the shops it would be a lot cheaper and would be the ultimate personal teaching tool. With • » less th* nil.. Im • AMIGA DREAMS Vincent Jean-Vincent has made a real splash over the past few years with a software package called the Mandella system that has an Amiga at its heart. He points a video camera at himself, up against a green “chromakey" screen. Then this image is sent to the computer, overlaid over some computer graphic screens. The example here is a set of drums. The person in front of the camera looks at the resulting merged image - and the system reacts to movements you make on the screen. For instance, when you hit the drums with your hand, drum sounds are produced by the computer, a different note for each drum, plus the cymbals. Quite hoopy really - but there are other appli- Al $ 4,000 Cornucopia Isn’t cheap but this user-lrlendly interactive book \|ust might cause something ot a minor revolution in the computer world. Primarily aimed at educational and training markets, the device Is being touted as an optimum delivery solution lor information retrieval'. Cations, for instance, games! The most popular is one in which you find yourself standing in front of an ice hockey goal, and computer generated pucks zoom towards you. Deflect the pucks away from the goal by flailing your hands wildly. More surreal are what are termed ‘experiences' - complete with mood music. Bubbles rise from the bottom of the screen. When you move to touch them, they burst and turn into birds that circle your head! With the package installed at such places as the Smithsonian Institute in Washington and the Wonderland of Science and Art in Tokyo, the system produced by Vincent's company Vivid Effects is getting quite a reputation. And if you fancy having a go yourself, author- : units are for sale. N9 Top: Standing against a chromakey screen, a video camera records your image and sends it to a computer. Next, some computer graphics are added to the picture and then the soltware program - Madella - takes over allowing you to inter-react with the combined Image. 2 WILLIAM CLOWES ST. BURSLEM STOKE-ON-TRENT ST6 3AP TEL : 0782 575043 AMIGA SPECIALS SALE SALE SALE SALE SALE AMIGA SPECIALS AMIGA SPECIALS Power 19.99 Torvak the Warrior .....17.99 Rick Dangerous 2. 17.99 Team Battle Command 19.99 Simulcra ...17.99 Pag 17 99 Wondeta'KJ 2199 Caxr.e 17 99 Corporation 1 99 Cadaver 11 99 I nm ?099 Fl9S‘rwth ?0 99 Spy wvi i o«wd Me .....17.99 Lotus Espirit 500 .17.99 Robocop 2 17.99 Chase HQ 2 .17.99 Billy the Kid ..17.99 ESWAT .....17.99 Betrayal ....17.99 AFTERBURNER £6.99 X-OUT £9.99 LAST NINJA 2 £6.99 SUPER HANG ON £6.99 CONQUEROR £9.99 RALLY CROSS £7.99 BLUE ANGELS £7.99 BATTLE SQUADRON £9.99 AMIGA SPECIALS Ofl Roac RacNr i 99 .amesPorc 17 99 Bor b.* Bob 1 99 GokJerAxe 17 99 ATT 2 1 99 C veager 2 i?99 Ope'abo' Steair 17 99 Wings 1 2 meg ....21.99 Wings 1 meg 21.99 Kick Off 2 1 meg .17.99 Lemmings 17.99 Guide ....7.99 Leather Goddess ..7.99 Postman Pat ..7.99 Line of Fire ...17.99 UN Squadron ......17.99 • Ja-c '799 Bacbridx l?99 StW Rurr* 17J9 21 99 Oragontmd 1799 TEST DRIVE £9.99 TIMES OF LORE £9.99 TUSKER £7.99 GRAN PRIX CIRCUIT £9.99 3D POOL £8.99 HONDA RVF £9.99 STUNT CAR RACER £9.99 AMIGA SPECIALS Zout .14.99 Speedball 2 ..17.99 WoHPack .21.99 Chaos Strikes Back.. . 19.99 Judge Dredd 17.99 Supremacy ...19.99 Days of Thunder .17.99 Fantasy World Dizzy ....6.99 Fast Food Dizzy ....6.99 Treasure Island Dizzy ..6.99 Finale 17.99 Death ..21.99 Knights of Legend......21.99 Harpoon ...21.99 Flight of Intruder ..17.99 Ferrari Formula 1 ..7.99 Hound of Shadow .7.99 Snow Strike ..17.99 Sim City ....19.99 Battle Master 17.99 Shadow of Beast .27.99 SALE \| AMIGA SPECIALS BARDS TALE 2 HOSTAGES £7.99 KICK OFF 2 £12.99 FRUIT MACHINE SIM £6.99 SHADOW OF BEAST £9.99 PLANETFALL £7.99 SHADOW GATE £9.99 POWERDROME £7.99 SALE TIME AT CASTLE SOFTWARE - CAN YOU AFFORD TO MISS THESE. ALL ORDERS SENT FIRST POST, POSTAGE AND PACKING UNDER £6 - 75p, OVER £6 POSTAGE AND PACKING IS FREE! IN STOCK ITEMS DESPATCHED BY RETURN SOME ITEMS MIGHT NOT BE RELEASED YET SALE SALE SALE SALE AMIGA HARDWARE SALE AMIGA SPECIALS Please send me the following titles rftii TNT HARO DRIVING. DRAGON SPRIT. APS. XYBOTS. TOB8IN SPECIAL OFFER £19.99 NAKSHA MOUSE BEST ON THE MARKET RRP £49.95 Gufi PRICE £32.95 EDITION 1 DOUBLE DRAGON. XENON. SILKWORM. GEMNI WWG SPECIAL OFFER £19.99 10 BLANK DISKS PLUS LABELS GO ON TREAT YOURSELF. ONLY £4.99 JOYSTICKS CHEETAH £7 99 QUICKJOY JETFIGHTER £14.99 QUICKJOY 2 TURBOt 11 99 QUICKJOY JUNIOR £6 99 QUICKSHOT 2 TURBO £11.99 WtZMASTER £11 99 QUICKSHOT 5 SUP BOARD .£17.96 STOP PRESS A. M.O.S RRP £49.95 ONLY £32.95 P&P (If applicable) Total Amount AMIGA MASTER SOUND RRP £39.95 OUR PRICE £29.99 1 2 MEG UPGRADE WITH CLOCK LAST FEW £39.95 PLUS £2.00 P&P SHADOW OF THE BEAST 2 RRP £34.95 OUR PRICE £26.95 KICK OFF 2 PLUS WORLD CUP 90 RRP £24.95 OUR PRICE £12.99 POWERDROME £7.99 AMIGA SPECIALS Typh Thompson....4.99 Quartz .6.99 5th Gear.... 4.99 Return Jo Atlantis .5.99 Destroyer 7.99 Chronoquest 2......9.99 1 K + ...4.99 Theme Park Mystery ...7.99 War Machine 2.99 Warp ...„..3.99 Savage ...5.99 Rick Dangerous .. .9.99 Tower of Babel 7.99 Joe Blade 2.99 Jos Blade 2 ....2.99 Manix ..2.99 Yolanda ...9.99 Super Wonderboy.9.99 Baal ....3.99 Bad Company 4.99 Telephone No Name :.. Address CU JAN BATTLETECH - INTERACTIVE GAMES The world's first interactive computer game centre has just opened in Chicago - and with celebrities like Kurt Russell and his film crew queuing up to have ago, it's proving to be a huge success. Playing teams of 4-on-4 in a future conflict, each player controlling a gigantic robot and linked to other team members by radio, it’s certainly state-of-the-art team combat-and a lot less muddy than running around in the woods, firing paint balls at each other. It's all very high- tec, with the specifications of each cockpit being positively mind boggling, each made up of 26 separate PC boards, with two screens: one shows the main view out of the robot, the other one the radar. On the primary screen, resolution is 320x200,64 thousand colours out bottom. Of a palette of 16 million. Each unit alone There are close to 100 controls and has 34.5 Meg of Ram and all sorts of hard- even more indicator lights. Initial test ware scaling, scrolling, transforming, etc. results say the punters love it - even The sound system can place any ‘though it gets a bit pricey at about £2 for sound within three dimensions - plus a 10 minutes of play, huge Woofer in the seat, to vibrate your ABOTS . 110 ATI .. .38 ANDREW AND COWAN .... 68 BEVERISS ... 136 BEST BYTE .68 BLITTERCHIPS ... 114 CASTLE ... 122 COMMODORE REPAIRS .. . 92 CORTEX .. .....130 CRAZY JOES .J14 DATEL 85,86,87,88,89 DIAMOND 124,125 DIGICOM 97 DITCHBURN COMPUTERS 136 DOWLING 44, 45 EMPDL ......111 ENTERTAINMENT INTERNATIONAL 11,34,75 ESP ....133 GREMLIN ......12,37 GUIDING LIGHT 96 HANDISOFT 123 HARWOODS 100,101, 102,103 HOBBYTE 54 MAGNETIC MEDIA 112 MATRIX ... 136 MERLIN EXPRESS ..81 MICROPROSE 17,27,28, 29, 58, 59 MIRRORSOFT 4,5,22,60 MICROSMART 128,129 NBS NORTEK NOVA PD INPHOLINK INSTAMEC...... 96 136 KADSOFT I HANDiSOFT ADVERTISERS’ INDEX JANUARY SPECIAL OFFERS Title_ Antheads Data Disk Awesome Battle Command Beast 2 Betrayal 1199 24. 99 1699 2499 1999 1699 14 99 1699 1699 14. 99 1699 1999 1699 1699 1699 1699 1895 16. 99 1699 1699 1699 1699 1699 1699 1699 18. 95 10. 99 116 73 113 BSSJane Seymour » CORPORATION Cadaver Damocles OCEAN 14, 24, 43, 52, 139,140 PCS INTERNATIONAL 112 PD SOFT ....111 PREMIER MAIL ORDER ....134 PREMIER PD • DAYS OF THUNDER Death Trap Dragons Breath Emtpi Hughes Ini Soccer Escape Planet Robots European Superteague Excallbur • F-19 STEALTH FIGHTER F-29 Retaliator Gremlins 2 Grid Iron 2 GT4 Rally Hardball 2 indy 500 int. Soccer Challenge Iron Lord • IT CAME FROM DESERT James Pond Kick Ott 2-Final Whistle HORSE-RACING COMPUTE-A-RACE + ...£9.99 Flat and National Hunt. Tips horses, calculates return and computes Yankees! Essential! Still only £9.99 OFFERS WHILST STOCKS LAST! HANDISOFT. 37 Hearsall Lane, Spon End, COVENTRY CV5 6HF Lemmings 16. 99 Lotus Turbo Esprit 1699 Mi Tank Platoon 1999 Midnight Resistance 1699 Midwinter 1699 Murder 16. 99 Nuclear War 1699 Nin» Remu 1699 Operation Steanh 1699 Onental Games 1699 Paradroid 90 1699 • PLAYER MANAGER 1599 Power monger 1999 Rick Dangerous 2 1699 Robocop 2 1699 Shadow Warriors 1699 Speedbaii 2 16. 99 • SPORTING GOLD (Comp) 1895 Spiderman 1699 Subbuteo 1699 Supremacy 1999 Turrtcan 1699 Unreal 1999 Voodoo Nightmare 1699 • WINGS (1 Meg) 16. 99 Wings ot Fury 1699 Wonderland 1999 2-Out MR DIAMOND’S THE WORLD'S LARGEST Southampton (0703)232777 Fax 232679 Pool (0202) 716226 Fax 716160 London 081-597 8851 Fax 590 8959 Midlands (0926) 312155 Fax 883432 Manchester 061 -257 3999 Fax 257 3997 Bristol (0272) 693545 Fax 693223 Eire (061) 376744 Fax (061 )376740 Revenge of the settle Ion. Anyt uny Ce4&! * FREE UTILITIES DISK WORTH £49.95 * ON-OFF SWITCH NEW MB 8MB Ramboard 2MB Populated £149.00 INC VAT £29.95 INC VAT A590 2Mb Populated £299 f vat DIAMOND PACK 3 II you thought our Diamond Pack 1 was good value \|ust look at our Diamond Pack 3. UK 8833 or 1084 S SAME AS PACK 1, BUT WITH PHILIPS 8833 Mk 4 COLOUR MONITOR £599 INC VAT ONLY DIAMOND PACK 4 Same as Pack 2 but includes 9 PIN printer £685 ONLY INC VAT RIBBONS ' Quantity Each 2 6 12 OKI 20 COL £7.00 £6.50 £6.20 OKI 20 BUCK £6.60 £6.20 £6.00 PANASONIC KXP1124 £7.50 £7.00 £6.50 KXP 1080 1 2 3 £3.95 £3.80 £3.60 JUKI 6100 £1.75 £1.60 £1.50 M. TALLY MT80 £3.50 £2.70 £2.50 STAR LC10 £3.90 £3.70 £3.50 STAR LC10COL £6.50 £6.00 £5.50 STAR LC24-10 £6.50 £5.90 £5.50 CITIZEN 120D £3.25 £3.10 £2.90 LX800 EPSON £2.50 £2.10 £1.90 AMSTRAD PMP 4000 £3.85 £3.70 £3.40 OKIMATE 20 24 Pin Colour Printer £149. Inc VAT & Delivery While stocks last DIAMOND - THE NAME YOU CAN TRUST EXPORT HOTLINE (0272) 693 545 EXPORT FAX NO (0272) 693 223 Diamond Computer Systems Ltd 84 Lodge Road, Southampton. Diamond Computer Systems Ltd 406 Ashly Rd. Poole. Dorset BH14 0AA Diamond Computer Systems Ltd. 227, Filton Avenue, Bristol. LAN Computer Systems Ltd, 1045 High Road, Chadwell Heath, Romford, LHC Microsales, 121 Regents St., Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. Diamond Computer Systems Ltd, Ballina, County Clare, S. Ireland Diamond Computer Systems Ltd. I 1022 Slockporl Road, Levenshuime, Manchester CHIP SHOP PRICES WE ONLY SELL NEW CHIPS A590 CHIPS 0. 5Mb 221.95 inc VAT 1,0Mb £39,95 inc VAT 2,0Mb £75.00 inc VAT A590 2Mb Populated £299 * VAT 6 UP BOARD CHIPS 2Mb £69.95 inc VAT 6Mb £209.90 inc VAT 4Mb £139.95 inc VAT 8Mb £279,00 inc VAT 8 UP Board Supra only £99 inc VAT ? SPECIAL ? DIAMOND DRIVE, THRU PORT ON OFF SWITCH only £49.95 ' t height with metal case £34.95 PLASTIC INC VAT DRIVE WITH 10 BLANK DISKS & DISK £53.95 INC VAT NEW COMMODORE AMIGA 3000 DIAMOND 16 40 A3000 P.O.A. DIAMOND 25 40 A3000 P.O.A. DIAMOND 25 100 A3000 P.O.A. AMIGA 1500 Dual drive B2000 & 1084S Colour Monitor, with Simcity, Populous, Their Finest Hour and The Platinum Editor Works Deluxe Paint III Free X r Bridge Board (makes it compatible with vou know who!) Your AMIGA 500 is worth over £800!! When you part exchange it for a B2000 with an autoboot hard disk! Phone or call in to a Diamond store for details Amiga 2000 from £499 inc VAT when your part exchange your existing system. Call for details. CALL FOR VOLUME DISCOUNTS WITH CBM OS 2 DIGIVIEW GOLD V.4 £99.00 INC VAT AUDIO ENGINEER £149.00 inc VAT PROFESSIONAL PAGE Price on Application POD SCAT GRAPHICS TABLET P. O.A. PRINTERS j ¦ STAR LC 200 COLOUR ¦ New colour 9-pio pooler 225 cpt high speolrcenoo 1 ¦ machine ¦ CITIZEN 124D £165 1 ¦ New low cost high quality 24-pin pnnter £185 1 ¦ OKI DATA LASER 400. 4 PPM 1 ¦ New laser with LED ¦ technology £599 1 ¦ All pnnters in our range are dot matrix and include the I ¦ following features ¦ Standard centronics parallel port for direct connection to 1 ¦ Amiga. PC’s. ST. Archimedes etc. Tractor and friction ¦ paper feeds PHILIPS MNS 1432 £99 HIGH QUALITY 9-PIN PRINTER CITIZEN SWIFT-24 £229 WITH COLOUR £249 PANASONIC KXP-1124 £199 24-PIN D.MATRIX PRINTER OKIMATE 20 £130 24-PIN COLOUR THERMAL DOT MATRIX PRINTER STAR LC-10 MONO £119 I Multiple font options from front panel, excelleni oaoer I I handling C64 128 version available 1 STAR LC-24-10 £199 1 1 24 Pin version o« the popular LC series with \| letter print quality. Exceptional 1 Diamond Configured Packs: AT System Amiga B2000 AT Bridgeboard 2090A 20Mb Autoboot HD 1084S Colour Monitor XT System Amiga B2000 XT Bridgeboard 2090A 20Mb Autoboot HD 1084S Colour Monitor RENDALE 8802 GENLOCK £179 INC VAT Basic System Amiga B2000 2090A 20Mb Autoboot HD 1084S Colour Monitor FLICKER FIXER [£2991 Audio System Amiga B2000 + 2090A 1084S Colour Monitor Music X & Midi Interface Visual System Amiga B2300 Genlock Deluxe Video 3 + 1084S colour monitor Phone for our incredibly low prices on the above systems! COLOUR PIC Real Time Frame Grabber £399.00 MONITORS 8833 MONITOR Mk II All UK monitors have 1 year on site guarantee PHILIPS 8833 (U.K.) COLOUR MONITOR WITH STEREO SOUND ONLY £199.00 DIAMOND MULTISYNC MONITOR ONLY £295.00 1084 S £189.00 COMMODORE 1084 SD MONITOR ONLY £189.00 NEW CBM 1084SD ALL PRICES EXCLUDE VAT. COURIER £7. NEXT DAY SERVICE £10 E & OE. All prices correct at time of going to press and are subject to change without notice AMIGA UTILITIES & BUSINESS ST AMIGA - £13.99 - £16.99 £13.99 £14.99 . £13.99 £16.99 £18.99 £23.99 - £26.99 - £16.99 . £16.99 £14.99 £21.99 £18.99 . £13.99 £16.99 . £13.99 £12.99 £26.99 . £13.99 £13.99 . £16.99 £16.99 £1699 £ 699 £1699 C2399 0699 06 99 04. 99 0699 0699 £ 699 £ 399 0599 £?¦ 99 £2299 AMIGA 0399 C 999 0399 0699 0399 £2699 £2699 £ 699 0399 £'499 0199 0499 0399 0699 0399 0699 £8 99 0699 06. 99 £•399 £ 499 0199 £1-99 0299 £1699 - 0699 £ 199 0699 £699 0699 £’199 £2699 £2299 £'199 0699 £ 699 £1999 £1699 0499 0199 tU99 £1499 04 99 - 0699 0699 08 99 £1299 0399 Bombor Mission Disc ... Budokan .... Castle HO ... s Champions 2175 Codename Iceman Colonels Bequest .. Conquest Emlyn Hughes Soccer .. Escape from Singes Castle.. Escape Planet or Robot Monsters .... F-29 Retaliator .. ft end Brmgtone Mood Hwrt.d I' M-gl lnVM .ffl into rat ©na 30 ten-»» iron .xrtj it Came fro fne Desert I osiPetro Me i;N«Ar«M Mehpyrvtei mSantis • Meg; Mdh.gnt Re starve Midwinter Newrumarcer Operation T*,n Jert Ol Men e • Heyer Menege- P0facty4e --- Rat-bow is and* Red Stitt* Pisrg Sneccw wart 3* Specs Ace Space Quest I (t Meg; Super Care t i»sm .n\| fh»» ‘meal tm fagjs Tumcar -- Tv Sports 8asKetba i Ud mate Ooh Un-eel X Out ST AMIGA - £ 799 - £ 4 99 . - £ 9.99 . £ 4.99 £ 4.99 £ 4.99 £ 4.99 .£ 7.99£ 7.99 .£ 7.99£ 7.99 .. - £1099 ..£ 4.99E 4 99 £ 9.99 £ 999 £ 9.99 £ 999 ¦ ¦£ 4.99£ 499 ..£ 6.99£ 699 . .£ 7.99 £ 7.99 ..£ 4.99 £ 4 99 . .£ 7.99 £ 7 99 ..£ 4.99£ 499 ..£ 9.99£ 9.99 ..£ 499£ 499 - £ 4 99 .. - £14.99 3 Stooges ... Airborne Ranger Ant Heads ...... Art ot Chelsea . Ballistic . Barbarian 2 (Palace) Bards Tale I ... Beasl & T-Shirt. Biasteroids . I North & South Pacland ... Pacmania Paoerboy . Passing Shot . Question of Sport..... Rocket Ranger . Running Man , ShufflepuckCafe I Sdent Service ... ) SmCity .. ) Spy vs Spy ...... » SpyvsSpyl .... ) Spy vs Spy III I Super Hang On I Tank Attack ..... * The Cycles ...... Toobin Tower of Babel .. Treasure Dray Island. Triwal Pursuits , TV Sports Football.... i (IMS i Wierd Dreams .. Fish .... F ball Manager II • Exp Kit . Galaxy Force .. GaldregonsDomain... Gauntlet II . Grand Prlx Circuit..... Hard Drlvln' ...... Hollywood Poker Pro Infestation . IngndsBack .... Interphase Knstal . Laser Squad ..... leaderboard ..... Lombard RAC Rally.. Lords of the Rising Sun ..... Mane Miner ..... Marbte Madness Menace ..... Millenium 22 .... Mr.Hei .. Netherworld ... Kit .. Brian Clough's Football . Captain Blood . Commando .... Conflict in Europe.... Cybernoid ll .... Daily Double Horse Racing Dray Dice Dragon Spint. Orakken COMING VERY SOON!!! TELEPHONE FOR LATEST DETAILS ST AMIGA £16.99 £16.99 £16.99 £16.99 - £24.99 - £19.99 £16.99 £16.99 £16.99 £16.99 £6 99 £1899 . C999 £1999 . £899 11699 . F lu .99 - £19.99 , 0699 0699 . 0699 £1699 . 0699 0699 0999 . 0699 0699 . 0699 06 99 . 0699 0699 . 0699 .1899 . £1999 0999 0899 0399 0 3 99 - 04 99 0699 OC 99 £1699 06 99 £1999 0999 £4999 . £16.99 £16.99 4D Boxing ... AFT 2' . CnmgW8v« C.rw o' Ajxe 17 l«« Dregrn Sdfca’ - «•'* E-Swat’ Epc* Eyeu- eersW * ••« anc • j'Qtr 2 H p 1 «o1 Mhgnusv* :VM»nA e' c».w«r. M5 rywnnc lanapc is •*** Jjdce Oredd" tOck O-r* m-3. Une ot Fve* Me a- Streets' MlW Ml«k IJV Narc’ ... Navy Seals’ . RjuI ci Rec ante fhwdatfi? Pur mc* «euc-' 'l* me Sues' Rr cv HjTor S cw- Hngue trooper RuWur* Search kv rre King’ «-r«i Segv MasierM.* Shadow Sccer©* Sounc F»p-M bbe«ouond St-atega' Stnae?’ TNT’ Toorr»~e-4 CC lyycta Ceics' v&xme’ vwdfre' wtm Maca- Wonderland” ...... World Champ Soccer' Wrath of the Demon’... (•see nut (•«ee (•see o«ee (•«ee (••e r «ee tixee ftee (•see «••• (••ee c«e (22 ee ..ci4.ee ..ci4.ee ..ci3.ee ACCESSORIES Naksha Mouse.... Contriver Mouse Commodore 1084S Stereo Monitor Power Drive ..... Cumana Drive QS II Turbo ... QS III Turbo ..... Pro 5000 .. Navigator with Autofire Spewdkmg with Autofifd «01 ockafcie Cis Bo* 0u t iKkafcie C«s Bo* Mouse Mat MouSh House A ri(ja 4-PlSyWi Aita: Vr Arriga 500 Du! Cover 0a Ofan ng kji Bd* lOBuUtWs-.. .. Brancod So"y 'Bo 10k COMING SOON TEENAGE MUTANT TURTLES__ o ee new cue® (•vee ( s ee (•see (•see (•see (•see ..C3e.ee ..€18.49 ..ci3.ee ..cnee Hall Meg Upgrades 512K Upgrade Inc. clock with It Came From The Desert £49.99 512K Upgrade Inc. clock with Gold The Realm £45.99 512K Upgrade inc. clock Dragons Lair £65.99 512K Upgrade inc. clock with ACE £65.99 512K Upgrade inc. clock Dungeon Master £65.99 512K Upgrade inc. clock Manhunter2 £69.99 Naksha Mouse with hard mat & house £26.00 « fw f * S-oo J ’ anc o ATW ij n Mvt trvWi (OCtt • act Main ji» i • acvt ct OCStl Mega Mam* OCSti P' g»4(iah I r-rvg* to OO e«9 *ord» an Soar doo «-e t ••» ei« - • Let 6p4 at m S'too (too* * • Amiga Logo . Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing.. Answer Back Junior . Drt- (iv i»n A » • -x t Mni-n. »4$ cftoo« i tt Italian Tutor...( Kid Talk ..... Math Talk ... My Paint .... Puzzle Storybook ... Rhyming Notebook . Spanish Tutor . MICROSMART MEGA DEALS! THE YOUNGER YEARS EDUCATIONAL • xre» Aotwe'Ber LB) 0908 564369 Amiga A500 Screen Gems Pack £379 inc VAT & Next day Courier Screen Gems Pack includes: Amiga 500 512K keyboard with built in 1 Meg disk drive e Free TV Modulator worth £24.99 allowing you to use the Amiga with a normal TV e Joystick, mouse mat + 10 blank disks, mouse + mains plug e Amiga basic, Amiga extra’s 13 workbench 13 PLUS Amiga step by step tutorial e With a further lour new releases e Shadow Beast II, Back to the Future II, Nightbreed and Days of Thunder e Deluxe Paint II Amiga A500 Screen Gems Pack Extra £399 inc VAT & Next day Courier Screen Gems Pack Includes: Amiga 500 512K keyboard with built in 1 Meg disk drive e Free TV Modulator worth £24.99 allowing you to use the Amiga with a normal TV e 10 free games PLUS software has a potential RRP of £200 e Joystick, mouse mat + 10 blank disks, mouse + mains plug e Amiga basic, Amiga extra’s 13 workbench 13 PLUS Amiga step by step tutorial e With a further four new releases e Shadow Beast II, Back to the Future II, Nightbreed and Days of Thunder e Deluxe Paint II Amiga 1500 The Amiga 1500 Personal Home Computer is the ultimate in Personal Home Computers for the whole family. Platinum works - integrated - Word Processor, Database and spreadsheet. Deluxe Paint 3 - the ultimate in paint packages. Populous and Sim City - State of the Art strategy games. Battlechess - the chess programme amongst all chess programmes. Their Finest Hour - The battle of Britain brought to life in a technical flight sim. A1084’s stereo colour monitor to get the best from your Amiga. The Amiga 1500 has been designed around the already popular Amiga A500, but with hardware facilities that would put any mid range business machine to shame. Please call for further details AMIGA A500 CLASS OF THE 1990’s BUSINESS + EDUCATIONAL PACK £499.00 inc VAT & next day courier FEATURES Amiga A500 TV Modulator e Midi Interface- Software e Kind Words II wordproc'or e Page Setter DTP e Super Base Personal Database e Maxplan 500 spreadsheet e Amiga Logo BBC Emulator Deluxe Paint II e Mouse mat 10 Blank Disks and disk wallet AMIGA A500 SOUND & VISION RACK £399 inc VAT & next day courier Amiga A500 512K keyboard with built in 1 Megabyte Disk Drive e Free TV Modulator worth £24.99 allowing you to use the Amiga with a normal TV e Deluxe Paint II Graphics Package e Shadow of Beast II horizontal scrolling games software • Back to the Future film action software e Nightbreed state of the art graphical arcade action e 10 free games worth £200 e Free joystick, mouse mat & 10 blank disks e Amiga Basic Amiga Extras 1.3 Workbench 1.3 PLUS the Amiga Step by Step Tutorial e All leads, manuals PLUS Mouse and Mainsplug e PLUS Days of Thunder serious fast action HALF MEGS - Quality four chip ram board with complete utility disk support with software on off switch. £34.99 AMIGA + ST DRIVES - A powerful 880K formatted drive with an external on off switch, anti clicking and daisy chain facility. £59.99 MONITORS Commodore Amiga A1084 Stereo Monitor inc lead... . £269.00 Philips CM8833 stereo colour monitor inc lead for ST or Amiga .£259.00 4096 coloured stereo monitor with first class reproduction including leads for ST & Amiga_____________________________£259.00 Naksha Mouse - Quality micro switched, accurate Amiga ST £26.00 Contriver Mouse - The perfect direct replacement mouse for the ST or Amiga £18.00 PRINTERS Star LC24 200 24PIN including ST Amiga--£259.00 Star LC200 including lead for ST Amiga-£210.00 Star LC10 colour including interface lead for ST Amiga ... ______£219.00 LC10 - The most popular letter quality printer on the market only £219.00 with all Amiga + ST leads Tel: 0908 564369, Fax: 01 908 560040 MICROSMART 24HR HOTLINE (24 HRS) TELEPHONE 0908 564369 imsmismi ii iliiSisssiiisSiissssssssssSssSiSSSs iiiiissSSiiii sssssss s sSSS3SsS£SifiSE£ssi issisisississiesSlISSSiiSfi&iil' iilssi sisisiliiiiSlliCI TITLE COMP PRICE Have you ordered from us before? YES NO NAME: .... ADDRESS: .. .. I TEL NO: TOTAL COST £: .. \| Please send this to Microsmart, 125 High Street, Stony Stratford, \| \| Milton Keynes. MK11 1 AT jynmoNALS With a bewildering array of Amiga peripherals and software packages available, it’s often difficult to decide on that all important new joystick or printer. Help is now at hand with the definitive CU guide to help you get more out of your Amiga. Each month we'll be reviewing the very best in books, disk copiers, stereo speakers, disk drives, and other important accessories. UTILITY SOFTWARE PROJECT D Project D is basically a disk copier program. There are other functions included as well, such as the disk editor which allows you to examine and modify data on the disks from AmigaDOS level right down to the raw MFM level. Not only does Project D allow you to back-up unprotected disks, it also allows certain protected disks to be copied as well. It will even copy disk formats from several non-Amiga operating systems, such as Atari ST, MS-DOS, C PM and Xenix. These will only copy to the same formats of course, not translate to Amiga formats. You can make multiple copies of disks, although since this program is primarily intended to make back-up copies for your own use, the inclusion of this facility is somewhat dubious. CU would like to make it perfectly clear that we don't condone software piracy in any shape or form. Verdict: A moderately fast disk copier with a good disk editor and some extra facilities you may find useful. Evesham Micros (0386 765500) Price: £57.50 AMOS Billed as The Creator', AMOS Basic is designed to make program creation easy - or at least easier than doing everything from scratch. Because the Amiga is quite a complex machine, anyone upgrading from a computer like the C64 suddenly found themselves in difficulties when they tried to use all the fancy features. While AmigaBASIC has commands to handle many of the Amiga’s features, to write even a half decent game was difficult. AMOS allows programmers to concentrate on the design of the game, without worrying too much about how the fancy effects are actually achieved. With over 500 commands, the AMOS Basic language gives you a power over the Amiga only previously available to the most dedicated programmers. In addition to the AMOS program there are a number of utilities that come with it. These include a sprite editor, a sprite grabber (which allows you to create a sprite from any IFF format picture), a background screen designer, and a very handy HELP facility which can be loaded into memory for use while you are running AMOS. Also included is AMAL. An animation language which allows you to generate smooth animation sequences for inclusion in your AMOS programs. Animation speeds are quite impressive. There are one or two problems if you own an A1000 with expansion memory: some of the screen displays go haywire and the system crashes frequently. These occured while running all of the 4 demo programs supplied as examples. A500 owners shouldn't suffer from these problems though. Verdict: You still need the original ideas in order to write a games program, but AMOS will make it much easier to achieve a creditable end result. A must for budding games writers Mandarin Software (0625 878888) Price: £49.99 K-SPREAD 3 AND K-SPREAD 4 Reknowned for their application software, Kuma have now extended their range with K- Spread 3 and K-Spread 4, two professional sporead sheet systems. The systems are billed as some o fthe most professional to hit the Amiga, and can load and save DIF, Lotus, ASCII, WKS and WK1 files, and the systems are fully WIMP operated for user- friendliness. Each package sports over two-hundred functions and cover database, logical and financial handling, and time and date calculations. There is also a facility to define your own functions to suit your needs. These can then be added to the system's menu system. Files can be loaded, swapped and comapred and the system automatically senses whether it is a numeric or text file it is handling. K-Spread 4candoallthis,butalso has macro and graphic facilities, which allow you to string sequences togteher and provide graphs of your details respectively. In addition, the graphs can be summoned and redrawn via the F keys. Both come with a War And Peace-size manual, and are available now. Kuma Price: £79.95 (K-Spread 3) and £99.95 (K-Spread 4) THE DIGITAL MUSICIAN Thalamus are normally associated with their fast all-action shoot'em-ups, but with The Digital Musician they take a brave step into the field of music software. Written by Sofleyes, The Digital Musician is a complete package that takes you by the hand and guides you through the difficult stages of making music. Amongst its many features, it offers music, sample, pattern, and song editors, and claims that, despite its many features, it is extremely user- friendly. It also sports a MIDI option. The manual is extremely easy to follow, and punters about to enter the world of music packages, should give this a whirl. Thalamus Price: £29.99 ACCESSORIES SOUNDBLASTER Ever wanted arcade-quality sound from your Amiga? If so, then Manchester's Siren Software have come to your rescue. Soundblaster is a new device which allows you to hook your Amiga up to two fifty watt speakers for better sound quality. The speakers look like the ve been nicked out of a car, but they make your games sound out of this world. The main device plugs into the back of your machine, and it sports buttons which allow you to alter the balance and change the volume of the output. In addition, Siren are also giving away a pair of stereo headphones with the device so that if your Xenon It exploits get too loud for your neighbours' liking, you can plug in and still benefit from the improved sonics. Siren Software Price: £52.99 MINI-AMP II STEREO SPEAKERS If you don't have your hi-fi stereo system in the same room as your Amiga or you . Don't have a stereo monitor, then you could be missing out on some superb sound. The Mini-amp II consists of two rectangular speaker units and a volume control box. There is also a lead to plug into the serial port, for power. By placing a speaker either side of the TV or monitor, you get the full stereo effect of games, music programs and those excellent demo disks that are always appearing on the PD market. One problem is the very short lead between the Amiga and the volume control box, which means if you use something like the A500 Control Centre then it is difficult to adjust the volume. Write to the disk. The write light of the Phaserwill flash on at any lime the disk is being written to. Boot block and Link viruses both write to disk within 10 seconds of switching on the computer. All you need to do is watch the indicator and if it lights you’ve got a disk virus. The Phaser costs £34.95 plus £1.25 p&p direct from the inventor. Please make all cheques payable to John Dudley and send to: 118 MiddleCrockerford, Basildon. Essex. SS16 4JA. Verdict: If you don't already have a stereo sound facility then give this serious consideration. Trilogic (0274 678062) Price: £19.99 THE PHASER This device taps into the internal and external drive signal lines of the Amiga and enables Ihe user to see exactly what happens when the computer accesses the disk drive. It comes in a smart white and grey plastic box. And measures 3 inches wide by 6 inches long and 11 2 inches deep. . The unit can be plugged into the external drive socket of the Amiga and has four independent functions, each one indicated by at least one high intensity LED. Two LEDs indicate which side of the disk is being written too or read and another lights up when the computer is accessing the external drive. A useful write protect switch at the back of the unit will write protect disks in all drives, even if the disks themselves are unprotected. This will stop all viruses from being written to any disk. The most important feature of this unit is in detecting viruses. For a virus to be destructive, it must first result is an even clearer image, thanks to the custom LSI chip that has been added. Continuing these improvements, they have also added to the scanner's software and it now features the ability to merge two scans, along with a number of new editing commands, In addition, Datel are now bundling the scanner and software with Photon Paint Illustrator. Making it one ot the better value scanners around. Datel Price: £169.99 A500 CONTROL CENTRE ACTION REPLAY MK III Also from Datel is the new, updated Amiga Action Replay cartridge. The new MK II version still has all the facilities that the first one had. But has had a Music Sound Tracker, instant DOS commands, a boot selector, and an Autofire manager added making a powerful and extremely useful development tool. Also, for people who feel the need to save screens from their games to show off high- scores and the like, whereas the first unit required a bit of hassle as you tried to get it to save as an IFF file, the new software saves it down as IFF straight away. Similarly, snatched music is saved straight to DOS. A few other rough edges have been smoothed off, too, and there is also a version out which will fit the A2000 which costs ten quid more than the price listed below. Datel Price: £59.95 If you are fed up with all the wires coming out of the back of your Amiga and the fact that the monitor (or TV) has to sit well behind the computer to avoid fouling the plugs and leads, then the solution is at hand. The Control Centre fits over the rear of the A500 and gives a large surface for the TV or monitor to stand on, directly above the computer. There is also a small, full width shelf which will house extra disk drives, papers, and disks. Since the joystick and mouse ports are now tucked away underneath the unit, two leads connect from the back of the Amiga to two sockets on the side of the Control Centre so that the mouse and joysticks can be easily removed or replaced. The whole unit is made of metal so will take virtually any weight of monitor or TV. The unit comes in two parts, but needs only four screws to assemble, plus the fitting of two 9-pin sockets into their holes in the side. Verdict: If you have your A500 permanently installed somewhere then this is an ideal unit to keep everything neat and tidy. MINIGEN A mini-genlock device to allow you to combine a TV (or VCR) picture with the display from your Amiga. This is a budget model aimed directly at the home market and means that you can now use the Amiga to title and even interact with your home videos. The unit is the same Premier Micros (0480 300738) Price: £49.95 GS4500 SCANNER Datel have improved on their GS4500 hand scanner and the size as the TV modulator box and plugs into the same socket. There is a three position switch which displays the Amiga graphics only, the video signal only, or a combined picture. In the combined picture the video signal replaces the background colour on the Amiga screen. Thus a coloured title on a plain background will show up as a coloured title superimposed on your video picture. The output signal from the Minigen is composite video so if you are used to using an RGB monitor the combined picture will lose some of the fine detail of the Amiga screen. Verdict: If you are into home videos in a big way then this is well worth considering. Applied System Developments Ltd. Price: £115 AUDIOMASTER III Famed fortheir£xpert cartridge, Trilogic return to the field with a new Amiga sampler. The Audiomaster III software is billed by the company as the 'finest piece of sampling software available for the Amiga', and it runs on any 512K machine, although those of you with extra memory can take advantages of a few additional features. Amongst the many features, there is a CD simulator for crisper sound, and it can also sample at an impressive 52.6K samples per second. Also, adding to the software's value, Trilogic are throwing in a free MK2 Stereo Sampler. This useful piece of kit complements the new software and can handle the fast sample rate at over 100K a second. Audiomaster III also houses a state-of-the-art sampling chip. For a measly extra fifteen quid, Trilogic have added a printer through port to avoid any annoying pulling of cables, allowing the sampler to be kept plugged in all the time. Trilogic Price: £99.99. Send cheques to: Dept Memory Expansion Systems Ltd. Britannia Buildings, 46 Fenwick Street Liverpool L2 7NB (051) 236 0480 ADDmONALS BUSINESS SOFT INFOFILE This useful software acts as a database manager and can organise sound graphics and information into easy-to- access bite size chunks. With InfoFile you can store and organize addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers of all your business contacts, clients and friends. It can also help with basic business accounts - expenses and inventory for your small business or home can easily be maintained. InfoFile comes with readymade database templates already designed for the most common uses for storing information. The Template Disk containes templates for addresses, your cheque book, church and counfry club (!) Activities, expense reports, inventory, libraries for books, music, video, real estate listings, staff members, and even one for keeping track of your work out sessions. InfoFile is also capable of storing and diplaying any IFF graphic file created from Fusion Paint, Deluxe Paint, DigiPaint, or any other IFF compativble painting or digitizing program. Additionally, the utility can also store and play any IFF digitized sound file created by Future Sound, Pro Sound Designer or any other IFF compatible sound digitizing program. We'll have a full review next issue. Forfurther information write to: The Disc Company, 60, rue Marcel Dassault, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Price: £49.95 EDUCATIONSOFT FUN SCHOOL 3 Database continue their Fun School 3 series with the addition of three more packages. Each aimed at a different age group, there are learning games for 5-7 year olds, over 5s and over 7s, The games are very simplistic and involve elementary puzzle solving, but they are bound to please the younger members of the household who maybe don't get to use the computer very often. The presentation is about as good as you are going to get, with colourful and simplistic sprites brightening it up and making the games fun to look at - vital if you want to keep a kid s attention for more than fifteen minutes. In all, these packages are well worth a look, they should keep their respective age groups going for a while, and with six games per package, they probably won’t get bored too soon. Well worth a gander. Database Price: Not available at presstime NEWS SOFT Derbyshire schoolchildren will soon be experiencing Japanese culture and language without leaving their classrooms - thanks to a technological breakthrough by Commodore. Commodore's revolutionary CDTV combines the technologies of the computer and the compact disk with an ordinary television. The Derbyshire scheme is part of the CDTV pilot marketing prior to its launch in Spring 1991. Japan World is the first dedicated educational program for the new machine and was developed by Global Learning Systems Ltd and Derbyshire County Council following Toyota's decision to build a £700 million car assembly plant in the county. Commodore will be supplying CDTVs to the secondary schools taking part in the scheme, which is designed to foster a better understanding of the Japanese language and culture. Using a simple infrared remote control unit, the Derbyshire schoolchildren will be able to ecxperience Japan on their classroom TV screen in full colour and stereo sound, complete with text, graphics and motion video. WE'RE TALKING ABOUT YOU. . . ADDITIONALS OFFERS THE READER A CONCISE YET COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO AMIGA UTILITIES, PERIPHERALS, MUSIC AND GRAPHICS PACKAGES. IT’S EASY-TO-READ. DOESN'T DRONE ON, YET IT PACKS IN THE FACTS. PLEASE HELP US MAKE THIS SECTION EVEN BETTER BY KEEPING OUR REVIEWERS INFORMED OF YOUR PRODUCT UPDATES. WRITE TO US NOW. MARK YOUR LETTERS FOR THE ATTENTION OF TONY DILLON c 0 ADDITIONALS, CU AMIGA, PRIORY COURT, 30-32 FARRINGDON LANE, LONDON EC1R 3AU. WE'RE WAITING. ... By linking the presentation of audio and visual info to their responses, students are able to work at their own pace and teachers can tailor programs to individual needs. JOYSTICKS RACEMAKER An unusual joystick in that it is shaped like the control handles on an aircraft, with fire buttons on the tops of the two handgrips. It also has a variable rate auto-fire capability controlled by a rotary switch on the base. Although it looks as though it will give proportional control it is a straight on-off type joystick and doesn’t give a very firm feel, particularly in the up down directions. Great fun to use for car race games and flight simulators. Verdict: Definitely has appeal, but a little pricey, Euromax (0262 601006) Price: £36.75 ULTIMATE RAPID- FIRE This wide base, metal shafted joystick will really let you kill those aliens. There are no less than 4 big red fire buttons, two either side of the stick. Combined with a variable rate auto-fire control, this means that it can be used comfortably by virtually anybody, either left or right handed. Verdict: Although expensive, this is the one I'd use. Euromax (0262 601006) Price: £26.40 QUICKSHOT II PLUS The old, trusty OSII joystick has been given a new lease of life by the inclusion of new micro-switches which give a much more responsive feel. In the past, the Quickshots have been heavily criticised for their lack of strength and responsiveness, and the addition of the switches should ensure that they have a more positive feel and that they last a lot longer than their switchless predecessors. Also, at the surprisingly low price, this is definitely a worthwhile buy for Christmas. Verdict: A new version of an old favourite which is good value for money. Spectravideo Price: £7.75 Unit 4, B.D.C., 21 Temple Street, Wolverhampton. WV2 4AN. Tel: 0902 25304. Fax : 0902 712751 CALL US ON : 24 HOUR CREDIT CARD HOTLINE 0902 25304 OFTWARE CITY SIXTEEN BIT COMPILATIONS ATARI ST & AMIGA (JAMES Airjrrtj SpOorman (New) Arc Meads (Came from tw Dess'! Ado oni Robckld___________ BSS Jane Seymoui Baal ________..... Back lo tf5 Future 2 ...... oIPoww’MO . Bar Game* .... BarcH law 2 (New pnc) Chau ... ol Bntam Tb« finost hour) BtaetS'Otae (Special Ofior) Br»y8 Scary School Capdv* . - Carrier Command (Special Oher) CeraotoU Squa'cs ...... Krynn (iMg)------- OM Champions 2t75 ------- C-CcO Kingdoms (Speael Otter) Cocnds Bequest --------- ----------- Conquest Cametol Corporation ... Count OucKUl .- Cnclu* Caplan ... Curse ol Axore (xnat (1 meg only \| Daily DcOte Hera Raong Damocles--------------------------------- Deluxo Pm ( New price ) Deluxe See PcAer (New price) OwacZ .. Oagon Brood (Now) Oagon Fight .... Dragon Stnk* ._____..... (MMn .... Dungeon Master---------------------- Dungeon Master Editor ELF __________________ E itwSpeeiel Otter) Eml," Hughes Intematcna Soccer Eicapo Rew Monsters from Srgte Castle . Fie Combat Plot . F29 Reiaiotor ...... Facon Miss on Dec 1 or 2..... Ferrari Forrnua crt (Soccer (Sj Fn» Bame al Otter) »o and Forgot 2 . :re Bndage (1 Meg) FlmtxJt Quest Flood ...... I Manager 2 - E.wroon K... Fcofeaier cr 9» Yoar 2 ..... Fcrmula 1 Grand Pit* . Future Basr4dtf .. Future War ... .L Amerrcan Football . G F l. BaseCctl ... G F.L. Gdt ..... Gaurdet 3 ... Ghceis and GoMns \|1mog\| Gctden ( New) . Grand National ..... Gramme* ..... Guardian Argol* ..... GunsNp------------------------------ trim (Speciel Otter) - Hartey Davidson ... Skadar (New)-------- Htch Hikers gude »the galary RVF 7SO .... Hong Kong Phoocy .. of Shadow (special otter) Immortal (1 meg ooty m 30 Tcma .. I. Cherpcrshp Wvesdmg.. uwnalcrvt Soccer ChaWrge came "on fie desert (1 meg) anho* - ..-u Jac* fuolaus God ...... Jac» Ncholas Ira Courees-Add on NchoUs Exl Courses Vet 1 * Od2.._ KkC2 0 meg) ... (Word processor) Kings Ouosl« fanja 2 (New price) LeaTer Goddesses (New pncei legend olFaerghai Sul Larry 3_______ The LtgPI CorrxX* ... ...... Lotus Eepe* Turtx CtWleogo .1699 Ml Tare Platoon . 999 Mage Fly .... 1699 Man Hurra «t SanFrancisco 24 99 Man UritaO 16 99 Manic Miner Menace (Special Otter) Mdnyrt Resistance .. Mdwnier ------------------------- Ughi aid Magic 2 (New) ‘to"y Pytion I* 0o ft* Run .. MuO Payer Soccer Manager (New) Murder----------------------- Now Zoaond Story Nig« Manse... Night Breed-Arcade Night Hurra Nmp Sprit (Special Otter) NuchKi'Wa' Oops Up----------------------------- Operanon Harrier (New) Operaoon Sloallh ..... OperaSon Tnunderbon ..... Onenlal Game ...._ Oulixn----------------------- Pac land (Special Otter) Peng (New) P«6boy .... Pmbeii Mage---------- Ppemarta ...... Prune___________ Para Fat (New Price) Player Manager Pttl0 ... PotceOuestZ ...... Pool ot radiance (i Meg or,I Populous------------------------------------ Populous New WotMs ...... Postman Pal .. Powdrcroe (SpecMt Oder) Pro Terra Tc»* ... Pub TrMa ..... Plain* (New) Rambow Island.....-- Red Storm Rang-- Rick Dangerous 2---------- 1691 1399 1699 ... 24 99 3999 1699 jBS 1999 16 99 RcO Star Ate M, Hamsra Rogue Trooper .. fterkasDtdi fti and Ready .. Saint Dragon ...- Seers* AgerSty Spy Shaft ol tho Beast (Special prtce) Shaft* ot The Beast 2 .. Shaft* Warriors . Sherman M4 ... ShmB Snoot om'up Coneirudion KM... .. ------- SmCey .... SroCfyEdra Smfcra ...... 1699 1699 2999 SV Spy Secret Agent .. Snowstrike ... 16. 99 e. h»» Space Ac* ... Space Ouatf 3..* , ....- Space Rogue SftdXMKl . spy Who Loved Mo Spy v Spy 1 cr 2 or 3 1399 1699 1399 Seorn auoes Europe ORDER FORM AND INFORMATION All orders sent FIRST CLASS subject to availability. Just-fill in the coupon and send it to: SOFTWARE CITY. Unit 4, The BDC. 21 Temple Street. Wolverhampton. WV2 4AN. NAME ..... Street Hxkw, . SuDOateo . Slnder 2 (New) Summer Olympiad - Super O" Road Rer (New) Super Hang O (New Price) .. Supremacy ... 1999 699 1999 S words c Twtighi (SpecMi Oder) TV Spcrts BasMlbal Tartan------------------------------------ Toam Yarkoe .. TEL NO :...... Teeraoe Mutam Hero Tullei (New) The LxraxhaNes------------------- TcrvaK ThoWamcr Tracksuit Manager (New price) Name of Game Computer Value Postage TOTAL TreOe Chanwns Trivial Puma . Turbo Cup ... Turican . Tusk- (Special Otter) UMS2(New Utlma 5 ...... Ubmalo GotGrej Normm Unreal . Vaxoe (New) Vonowrtng (New) Varus Fly Trap (New) POSTAGE FIATES : Please add 50p lor post & packing on all orders under £5. EEC countries add £1 per item. Non EEC countries add £2 PAYING BY CHEQUE - Cheques payable to Software City. Card Type ......Expiry Date .. Card No: ... ELHOPEAN CODERS Signature: ... master cars Date: ..... euROCARDACcemo CU 01 90 VocCco NgMrrare WheOear Wrgs (1 magcrty) Wrgs 112 Mag only) WrgsotOewh Wrgs Ot Fury.... ... WahBrrget (New pnee) Wonderland (New) World Claw leaoerooard ZenyGolt (Sparar oden Zombie . Zorv (New prtee) ... SOCCER MANIA* Football Manager 2. Microprose Soccer. Football manager W.C Ed. & Gazza’s Super Soccer AMIGA 16.99 * WHEELS OF FIRE* Hard Drivin’. Chase HO. Turbo Outrun Spowerdrilt AMIGA 19.99 * HOLLYWOOD COLLECTION* Robocop.Ghostbusters 2. Batman the Movie & Indiana Jones LC AMIGA 19.99 * SEGA MASTER MIX • Superwonderboy, Dynamite Dux, Crackdown, Turbo Outrun & Enduro Racer AMIGA 19.99 * TNT. * Hard Drivin’ Toobin. Dragon Spirit. Xybots & APB AMIGA 19.99 * EDITION ONE- Double Dragon. Xenon, Silkworm & Gemini Wing AMIGA 16.99 * MAGNUM FOUR* Operation Wolf Afterburner D.Dragon Batman T.C.Crus. AMIGA 19.99 WITH LABELS 1 0.69 10 5.99 25 13.99 3. 5 40 PIECE DISC BOX 6.99 3. 5 80 PIECE DISC BOX 7.99 MOUSE MATS 2.99 ST & AG EXTENSION LEADS 5.99 NAKSHA MOUSE ST AM’PC 29.99 NEW PRICE QN EXPANSIONS AMIGA 12 MEG EXPANSION 39.99 AMIGA 12 MEG EXPANSION ? CLOCK 49.99 AMIGA 1 2 MEG EXPANSION ? KICK OFF 2 49.00 AMIGA 112 MEG * CLOCK . KICK OFF 2 59.00 * ACCOLADE IN ACTION * Grand Prix Circuit. Fast Break 4th and inches & Blue Angels AMIGA 19.99 » POWER PACK * Xenon 2. TV Sports Football. Bloodwych & Lombard RAC Rally AMIGA 16.99 * PLATINUM * Strider. Black Tiger, Forgotten Worlds & Ghouls and Ghosts AMIGA 19.99 » SPORTING GOLD * California Games The Games Winter & Summer Edition AMIGA 19.99 * MINDGAMES* Waterloo. Conflict In Europe & Austeriitz AMIGA 16.99 - HEROES • Barbarian 2. Running Man, Star Wars & Licence to Kill AMIGA 19.99 ADDmONALS i Most AUTHENTIC MULTI-MANAGER Football Game Has Finally Arrived. After 2 Years Research S Development The Ultimate Game Is Ready And Waiting To Test Your Skills. FEATURES INCLUDE:- \| Mli-Manager Game for 1 to 4 Players. II UK and European Cup itinary including FA. League, Zenith Data, Leyland Oaf topean, Cup Winners and UEFA Cups. All Cup matches are played to the precise ts. Eg. 2 Leg Ties. Extra Time, Away Goal Rule, Seeded Draws, Penalties, etc. tiplete league line up with 201 st division teams and 24 in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th d ol season Play-offs with expulsions. II team surnames are the real ones for all 92 dubs (CURRENT 89 90 SEASON). Istoric Records are maimained for 6 seasons with the ability to call up all previous esults against your next opponent. Lively Transfer Markel lo Buy and Sell Players with an end of season deadline layer Loans, Free Transfers with Approach 8 Offers on players or trainees. Fenagers can be sacked or offered jobs at better teams. SySaSfifiWin a Pleasanl lormal'which is eas 10 use and comfortable read. PRINTER facilities also exist. Znttplete Instructions, for the beginner, are provided in a 16 page booklet. And would you believe it doesn’t stop therel We have included many other fine details which are just impossible to list in this space. They include all the regular Mures you would expect like loading 8 saving yourgame, player injuries plus much, much more. The mosl genuine implementation of a Football Managers hectic season awaits you for only £19.95. Take Your Team To The Top And Win The Double. Or Are You Good Enough To Win The Quadruple Crown. Never Yet Achieved By A League Team Manager. Just in time for Christmas, Citizen have unveiled the 124D 24-pin dot matrix printer. Citizen reckon that the printer is a perfect entry printer which is one of the most versatile on the market. It can produce charts, diagrams and graphs with minimum of effort, and can print at 120 characters per seconds while in draft mode. Also, bearing in mind that Citizen are aiming it at the home user, they have made it simple to use thanks to a colour-coded control panel. Likewise, it can be made to print on either fan-fold paper or single sheets - the latter of which are useful for headed documents. Citizen will be supporting the machine with a variety of accessories, including a selection of sheet feeders, a stand, a serial interface and a memory expander. Finally. Citizen are offering an incentive to new buyers, in so much that any one who buys one will receive a full guarantee on all parts and servicing requirements for the next two years. Citizen Price: £279 (EXC VAT) , 32D Southchurch Road, .•' ’ K' Southend-on-sea, :.!£¦ Essex SS1 2ND. I ! ‘ Orders outside the UK please add £1.00 extra. TELEPHONE ORDERS PRINTERS price. Unfortunately the quality of the text leaves a lot to be desired, so this cannot really be considered as the only printer if you have a need for good quality letters etc. The Okimate 20 is a very small printer and the actual size of a full screen picture is smaller than on most other printers. It is also exteremely slow, particularly if the whole picture requires to be coloured in (i.e. no white background). The ribbons have the colours laid down one after the other, rather than in four continuous stripes, and since they are only single pass ribbons you will use them up at a fair rate. Verdict: Despite some short-com- ings. If you want a printer mainly for dumping colour graphics then this is good value for money. Oki Price: £149.99 CITIZEN -124D DOT MATRIX PRINTER STAR LC-IO COLOUR With the Amiga's colour graphics of such importance to the appeal of the machine, many users want to be able to capture the images on paper. The Star LC-10 is a popular printer and the colour version will work well with the Amiga. The preferences printer driver must be selected as the EPSON JX-80, which the Star printer emulates. Although there are only four colour ribbons (Red. Yellow, Blue and Black), these colours are mixed together by overprinting to give a wide range of shades. Unlike an inkjet printer, which normally gives fairly faithful colour reproduction, the overprinting method with a dot-matrix printer like the Star does sometimes leave the overall picture rather darker than it appears on screen. While you can compensate for this by using the primary colours more than subtle shades, this does not help when printing predefined pictures from D- Painl etc. Despite this, the ability to print out a picture in colour has got to be a major advantage over a straight black and white printer. Text is just as good as the standard B8W version and a normal black ribbon can be fitted to save wasting the expensive colour ribbons. You cannot upgrade from the B8W Star LC-10to the colour version, so if you think you may need colour printing in the future, go for it now. Verdict: A good all-round printer with good quality text and adequate colour printing. Star Micronics Ltd Price: £298 OKIMATE 20 For sheer value for money it would be difficult to beat the Okimate 20. It prints in colour using a thermal transfer ribbon, which gives a kind of high quality, waxy feel to the picture. The quality of the colour can only be described as very good, particularly when you consider the H (0702) 600557.FAX 10702)6,3747 PREMIER MAIL ORDER Titles marked * are not yet available and will be sent on day of release. Please send cheque PO Access Visa No. And expiry date to: Dept CU01, Trybridge Ltd., 8 Buckwins Sq., Burnt Mills, Basildon, Essex. SS13 1BJ. Please state make and model of computer when ordering. P&P inc. UK on orders over £5.00. Less than £5.00 and Europe add £1.00 per item. Elsewhere please add £2.00 per item for Airmail. These offers are available Mail order only..Telephone orders: mon-Fri 9am-7pm. Saturday lOamApm. Fax orders : 0268 590076. Tel Orders : 0268 - 590766 1. 2 Meg Upgrade 1 2 Meg Upgrade with clock . AFT 2 Falcon Mission Disk 2 Final Battle * .... .13.99 Fireball* ..... Fire and Forget 2 . Flight Sim 2 Flip it and Mag nose...... Flight ot the Intruder * . Fit Disk European . Fit Disk Japan Football Director 2 . Ford 98 Rally* ...... Flood .. Fun School 3 5-7..... Fun School 3 over 7 Fun School 3 under 5... Fun School 2 (6-8) . Fun School 2 (over 8) .. Fun School 2 (under 6) Future Wars ... Gazza 2 ’ ... Gremilns 2 .. Golden Axe * .. Gunship ...... Gunboat * ... Hard Drivin' 2 Hollywood Collection ... Horror Zombies .... Heroes . Hydra * . IK. * ..... Imperium .. Indy Jones Adventure Indy Jones Hint Book . Indianapolis 500 . Int Soccer Challenge .. Int 3D Tennis ... It came from the Desert Data . Hranhoe ... Jack Nichlaus Extra courses... Jack Nichlaus God Jack Nicklaus unlimited God. Judge Dredd * Kennedy Approach ... Kick Ofl 2 Kick Off 2(1 Meg) Killing game Show Klaxx ... K. O.2 Final Whistle * . K. 0.2 Giants of Europe* . K. O.2 Return of Europe * ...... K. 0.2 Winning Tactics * ... Knights of the Sky * ... Last Ninja 2 .... 2 ... Leisure Suit Larry 3 ... Licence to Kill . Life and Death * .... Line of Fire * ... Lombard Rac Rally ... Loom . Lords of Chaos * ...... Lords of the Rising Sun... Lost Patrol ..... Lucasfilm Double Pack... Magnum 4 .... Magc Fly . Mean streets Mig 29 .... Manchester* United..... Matrix Marauders ..... Monty Python ...... M1 Tank Platoon . Mid Winter ... Midnight Resistance.. M. U.D.S. Murder ...... NARC Navy Seals.. New Zealand Story.. Nightbreed RPG Ninja Spirit . Ninja Remmx .. Nightshift * .. World Champ Soccer ..... Wrath of the Demon Wings ...... Wizoall Wixkid * ... Wings of Fury . World Cup Compilations. Xenon 2 Megablast ... Z-Out * ... Zak Mckraken Zombi ...... Quickjoy Jetfighter ....10.99 Quickjoy Megaboard .19.99 Cheetah 125+ .6.99 Cheetah mach 1 ....9.99 Quickjoy Turbo 2 ...8.99 Qucikshot 3 Turbo (Sega Comp)..9.99 Sega Control Stick .....13.99 BLANK DISKS Top Quality llnbranded Disks 10 x 3.5" DSDD__________________________.5.99 2x3J" DSDD ..10.99 50x3.5" DSDD--------------------------.23.99 100 x 3S' DSDD.. Branded Disks - TDK 3. 5" DSDD____________________1.25 Each 5. 25" DSDD----------------0.75 ..Each TEENAGE MUTANT TURTLES ONLY £16.99 E. A.SPECIAL OFFERS ONLY £7.99 EACH POWERDROME BARDSTALE 2 ZANY GOLF KEEF THE THIEF INTERCEPTOR HOUNDS OF THE SHADOW SWORDS OF TWILIGHT SPECIAL OFFER SILENT SERVICE Now only £9.99 SPECIAL OFFER RICK DANGEROUS Play any level version ONLY £7.99 SPECIAL OFFER BLOOD MONEY NOW ONLY £7.99 & Finally... TOP TEN THINGS WE DON'T WANT FOR CHRISTMAS 1 The Gazza and Friends LP 2 The official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles swimming trunks 3 Food poisoning 4 Cheap ‘n' nasty liquors that cost 50p a box down the market 5 Humorous ‘sink the ships' toilet game 6 Saint and Greauies world cup diary 7 Twenty five air miles (utterly useless) 8 A Christmas selection stocking 9 Computer games 10 Wizard of Oz video 199 i FIVE CHEERY FILMS FOR BOXING DAY One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Last Exit to Brooklyn Killing Fields The Bitter Tears ol Petra Von Kamp Scum WHAT WE D LOVE SANTA TO LEAVE IN OUR STOCKINGS [ The new cast test shots for Night Breed II ] i Steve Merrett A video of every Doctor Who episode ever! A driving licence. Mark Patterson to keel over after getting a ten pence piece stuck in his throat while stuffing down his chrissie pud! To wake up without a hangover on New Year's Day. Spot cream. Dan Slingsby An inflatable Betty Boo. Five years knocked off his age. Everybody to be as miserable as he is. The complete back catalogue of games from every single software house. Waking up in the morning next to Kim Bassinger. A toupee. Steve James A ticket for a transworld tour. A year's supply of Addles Old Peculiar. A cow and a flour mill with which he can produce his own pasties. Somewhere to call home. A decent pair of braces and trousers that fit. Andy Beswick The Masamato Tsurami all-in-one ninja outfit. Large amounts of cash deposited in a Hitchin bank account. Julia Roberts and Isabelle Adjani, in stockings. A sense of humour. Tom Glenister A Spitfire piloted by Paula Abdul. A replica set of Douglas Bader iron legs and a Raptu all-in-one vegetable slicer dicer. A rubber catsuit and mask (oo-er). The RAF museum. Not to be taxed at 75% because of some cretin at the tax office! Tina Zanelli Kanu Reeves. An automatic salami sheer. Frontal lobotomy to be preformed on Tom which will stop his obsession with planes and prevent him from thinking he's Bomber Harris. Mark Patterson A flashy Ibenez universe seven string guitar. A metal plate surgically inserted in his head. The bit of Malibu beach where they film Bay Watch, complete with that rather nice blond lady life guard. Some friends. 51 w Remzi Salih Harrison Ford. A new front tooth (to replace the capped one she thinks sticks out). For editorial to let her have some good games for her A500 instead of all the leftovers that no-one wants. A Roger Dickson all- pro fishing rod and lifetimes supply of maggots. And Ihe editorial department would like Santa to deliver the ad department a three toot high neon NO SMOKING sign and a dozen packets ol Nicobraven SELL OUT TO BE SEEN IN SELL-OUT CALL TINA ZANELLI ON 071 251 6222 ROGER SMELLEE 0898 800 211 DARE YOU RING THE NAUGHTY QJU3 '&t 0898800 298 JOKE OF THE CENTURY 0898 800 206 HORROR LINS 0898 800 208 AUSSIE NAUGHTY JOKES 0898800209 TASTELESS TIM S BAD TASTE (jrlJNFIGIITER USE YOUR UOICE TO 0UTDRAW THE GUNFIGHTER CASH PRIZES 0898 31 35 90 InfCOtAL P06ox 36 LSI 4TN Cct chorgw 33p Pe Mn Cheep 44p Per Min Afl Other Tfnei \| NOTE FROM PCS INTERNATIONAL: Merry Christmas !!! AMIGA GAMES PROGRAMMERS !!! Also because its Christmas and you thought the Comp, in the November Issue was hard. If you can answer these 2 questions then you can still enter: 1 Name the 4 Turtles? 2. Who appears at the top of the Sell-Out? Find our address in the Demos section. Amiga owners sick of high priced gomes, then come and join us! SAE North East Games, 5 Alder Road, Stockton-on-Tees TS19 PEP_ W1LB! PD - Specialist in Amiga Music & Audio £2.50 eg SONGS - De-La-Soul. New Order, B-52s etc (all include player). SAMPLES - Monty Python, Hitch Hikers Guide etc. Also players & Sample Editors. 10 Dairy Bonk, CHESTER CH2 092 2872 3618 3. 5" DS DD DISKS High Quality unbranded fully guaranteed inc labels. AMIGA PENPALS NEEDED! 10 £4.75 100 £41.50 Please write to Vincent, 45 Jalan 17 33, 46400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. All letters answered. Write NOWI Best Byte (CU01) 48 Nevill Avenue, Hove BN3 7NA See advert on page 68 for details Seven Seas Want to write Amiga games? Heed help programming the custom hardware? The AMIGA GAMES PROGRAMMERS GUIDE is a new book explaining all aspects of game writingl Including Copper, Blitter, Sprites, Audio etc. & source codel For FULL DETAILS,' send an SAE NOW to: Ditchburn Computers, 2 The Woodlands, Nunthorpe, Middlesbrough, Cleveland TS7 OPR Seven Seas PD A wide range of titles available. Send £1 for our latest disk catalogue to: Seven Seas PD, 7 Canary Road, Dungannon Co. Tyrone N. I. BT7I 6SU YOU CAN MAKE MONEY FROM YOUR AMIGA!!! With our software Send a S.A.E. to Computer Visions. Dept Cl, 106 Bromley Heath Rood. Downend Bristol BS16 6JN YOU HAVE GOT NOTHING TO LOSE! 50 £21.75 500 £179.95 AMIGA NUTS WANTED!! Send disks dnd lists to Matthew, 98 Newbold Road, Desford, Leicester LE9 9GS Always a reply. 100% guaranteed FOR SALE AMIGA 500 V-S complete joystick £450 worth of games including Untouchables. PV Sports. Basketball, Indiana Jones etc ONLY 8 months old. Virtually unused. £425 o.n.o. Sf. Albans 0923 663311 SEGA MEGADRIVE (SCART) 2 months old, boxed as new. 6 games £140. No otters, please ring 0536 520969 after 6pm or before 2pm any day! MATRIX SOFTWARE CLUB TRY BEFORE YOU BUY. * Hundreds of lop titles for Aiari ST. Amiga and Amsirad systems to review without obligation. * Generous members discounts on all purchases of brand new software. * Special purchase sales massive savings on members software deals. * Fast same day service. £1000 FREE DRAW. £1000 worth of prizes given away in the next 6 months. All you have to do is reply to this advertisement -no cost - no obligation, to find out more about Matrix and your chance of winning one of the fabulous prizes on offer this month simply telephone 0836 403807 Now or send a large stamped addressed envelope stating your machine to: Matrix Leisure Services Dept CU1, Unit 10. Mill Studio Business centre, crane mead. Ware. Herts SG12 9PY. No catch - No Obligation. Call* oi ,Vp min cheap. 44p mm wher lime* FIVE VIDEOS FOR JANUARY 1. ALIENATOR & Finally... Budget movie about a condemned prisoner who escapes to Earth from his penal colony and is hunted down by a Terminator rip-off. Film made by Fred Olan Ray, infamous for his many $ 10 movies. 2. NUNS ON THE RUN Robbie Coltrane is in sparkling form as one of two crooks who escape their pursuers by dressing up and living the life of nuns. Classic slapstick comedy not seen since the days of Terry Thomas and co. 3. THE PUNISHER Another comic strip character gets the silver screen treatment in this entertaining shoot 'em up that would send Mary Whitehouse bananas. Dolph Lundgrun stars as the Punisher. 4. WINGS OF THE APACHE Stars Nicholas Cage and Sean Young as ‘Top Gun' chopper pilots who take on a vicious drugs cartel. Action sequences were filmed with the full cooperation of the US military and real attack helicopters, but spoilt by over sentimental direction. TOTAL RECALL GUILD RELEASE DATE __ "SEE- Awmlet.9Ton ° uesi to find his HIGhn rHT- °h '3Ch°n 9i" 7?en,es" esPecial\|y 6 human shield! Iwck them up “* omoz'"9. Wi* superb FX to Unless you've spent the last six months on Mars you can't have failed to pick up at least the basics about this $ 75M dollar smash. For from being the happily married labourer he perceives himself to be Arnie is actually . Uh° u T mind,has been tampered with after he KmeTJ°l ll'n lt]e1F°f3fJ,f u 's' His charmin9 wife (Sharon Stone) meanwhile is actually a lethal killer sent to earth to watch over nim. InZtTZ W b e Shefr,SiZe °f T0tal Rkall'S a cost of P d Id® m vlrtuQl sh°wcase of FX, with splitting women, a cost of hundreds of mutants, and even a disgusting red boqey which Arnie has to extract.. Unforgettable! Uogeywmcn IN OUT Lard and onion sarnies Hsdith food CU Amiga Format Long hair Spikey tops and shaved sides Jingly jangly indie music Progressive guitar music On-pifch soccer scrapping Rugby Middle East war games Saddam Monster Raving Loonies Tories Hippy free love communities Rip off discos European unity France Lager ' Naff cocktails 16) ' WHO’S PLAYING WHAT Steve James: Prince of Persia, Wrath of the Demon, Panza Kick Boxing Dan Slingsby: Prince of Persia, M.U.D.S., Narco Police Maik Patterson: Narco Police, M.U.D.S., Master Blazer Steve Merrett: Kick Off 2, Line of Fire, Golden Axe " ' f 'k - % k. i jl k .Vi :'t. -Si Li'i'C5 TOP TWENTY AMIGA CHART 1 F-l 9 STEALTH FIGHTER (MICROPROSE) 2 LOTUS TURBO CHALLENGE (GREMLIN) 3 KICK OFF 2 (ANCO) 4 ADVANCED FRUIT MACHINE (CODEMASTERS) 5 TREASURE ISLAND DIZZY (CODEMASTERS) 6 YOGI'S GREAT ESCAPE (HITEC SOFTWARE) 7 SUPREMACY (VIRGIN) 8 DRUM STUDIO (PLAYERS) 9 INDY 500 (EA) 10 HOLLYWOOD COLLECTION (OCEAN) 11 WHEELS OF FIRE (DOMARK) 12 POWER PACK (BEAU JOLLY) 13 GREMLINS 2 (ELITE) 14 TARGHAN (ACTION 16) 15 Ml TANK PLATOON (MICROPROSE) 16 CORPORATION (CORE DESIGN) 17 TURBO CUP CHALLENGE (SMASH 16) 18 RUFF AND REDDY (SMASH 16) 19 BLOOD MONEY (NEW PSYGNOSIS BUDGET) 20 CADAVER (MIRRORSOFT) CU AMIGA-THE TOP GAMES FIRST! 'ell, we may not have been that accurate in last month’s Next Month, but tor our scintil- ting February issue you can expect,.. REVIEWS Already in we have Ocean's eagerly-awaited Battle Command, Mindscape’s bike sim. The Ultimate Ride, and the hot-licence starring Edd The Duck'. In addition, you can expect (well, almost certainly expect!) Reviews ot Audiogenics bug-killing Exterminator, the futuristic goings-on of Speedball II (promise!), Domarks MiG-29 along with their other vector masterpiece, the conversion of Atari Games' STUN Runner, Pogo's return in Nebulus II, the technocop forces of ESWAT, Viz and its mad-cap race against time, those suicidal Lemmings, the sequel to Chase HO - SCI, and SWIV. And - in true Ronco tradition - many, many, more... PLAY TO WIN Not only do we review games better than anyone else, we play and tip them better too! Dan totally dissects Bullfrog EAs Powermonger, whilst the Immortal is tamed with our complete solution. Coupled with our brilliant adventure helpline and tips aid. It s the most important place for any struggling games-player to look. N-N-N-N- NINETEEN Clad in our army fatigues, the brave band that makes up CU enter the deadly world of the Vietnamese war and, whilst avoiding mines and napalm attacks, will bring you everything you need to know about the war, its films and books, and all the games based on the infamous conflict. And we also take a look at the most recent addition to the 'Nam game brigade - Domark's newie of the same name. FIRST IMPRESSIONS Casting our eye over our crystal ball, we take another look at the games that you’ll be seeing during the course ot 1991. In addition, we'll be making comments as to each game's failings and plus points, ensuring that you know what's what when it comes to future releases. FREE! FREE! FREE! Yes, being the generous so-and-sos we are, we've teamed up with one of Britain's leading software houses to bring you the ultimate in money-saving offers. So start saving your pennies, as you'll be needing them. AGENDA Another trip into the future of computer entertainment. Whether we'll be exploring the newest form of Virtual Reality or travelling through millions of cinematic worlds with our trusty Amigas as our key to this exciting dimension, you can guarantee that this is the place where you'll see it first. Are you ready for for the future of gaming? IN DEVELOPMENT As always, our team are in search of news and info on all the best up and coming conversions and original titles. And next month, you can expect the definitive behind the scenes info on two of the most hotly- awaited games ever to grace the Amiga, along with words of wisdom from the development teams behind them. And that’s it really, certainly enough to warrant rushing out and buying the mag. So if you want the ultimate in up-to-date reviews, previews, news and views, then buy February’s CU AMIGA. And if that's what you avoid in a computer mag, then there must be something wrong with you... DISK NUMBER TEN Without a doubt the best disk to grace a magazine cover. CU Disk 10 will feature our usual array of playable demos of all the games that matter. SOMEON iNCon ¦ YC WOUL SURRE. Am on e's jet to Better sue Y'OL Yol A J- MUTAf OCEAN SOFTWARE LIMITED 6 CENTRAL STREET • MANCHESTER • M2 5NS • TEL: 061 832 6633 • FAX: 061 834 0650 ATARI ST CBM AMIGA IBM PC & COMPATIBLGS Set in the nut future, as an altematiue reality. Battle Command is an arcade strategy game m uihich the player contnls a single "Haulat" Bssault lank in one of IB scenarios (missions) in the ultra war. Fought between two dominant races in the new Idorld. The latest phase of the Korth South war has been going on for oiier 10 years, with a stalemate euentually deuelopinq - a standoff between armies massed over a long dug-in battlefront. Such are the defensive capabilities of each side, full scale attacks are suicidal, so any offensive moves are, by necessity, small "behind the lines" actions performed by elite troops in specially designed vehicles Ihe Hauler is the latest such machine - capable of being lifted in and out of hostile territory by fast stealth choppers and armed urith the most advanced weaponry the Horthem scientists can devise ail • 'an nr UX Stands ml in Me graphics and atmosphere depaitmeei Ben omimciog Ben epee Bet\| 'Being Mete'; add 10 Mis Me iKieasinqtg conplicaled missions m a rang II lacier and gm Bam smelting nf a coitet Dial'll Beep pen coming Back lor Hie and mere" "I nghg segmel Id Me wgBtg tamer [pmmand. Encepl it's ralBer different" III ¦ - BtX 'Battle [amend is cmBai uiill a stralegrc edge "(Be II miss ions are mere Man enough In keep e en Me nos! Ardent lank commander happg" OK Bll BIX Me leteie is here and it's called lallle tomoand" In lechmcal lens lliis is oee anaeing program, and In gaMplag terms Me same applies “ll's all eerg addict* aid null lui* indun lachciaE gibtoriig like Monies' Ocean Software Limited 6 Central Street Manchester M2 5NS Telephone: 061 832 6633 Telex: 669977 OCEANS C Fax: 061 834 0650 1 mfunn»hiV!n»iaMwnnii»ih«6!maMan»m .illM»l.iu».Wi9m«a.«iWi„iit,owe ¦ ¦niM.nmMnao nmurr am,mim.u„,„w .uiM.a» »na »¦ nun .. » it mu. W. mi. U uauuiMn., -I,.,..™, nU aunn uim mi n enutoui. L«un m ml »t. Uu.ni ni.ma»i,,m. mu ik mm. X mn: enKuiiMMaxnMiiwiFBEiGftiiieauuieMiM 4muuniin«v..ii»irhimim.iaiKnn£a(iu«(Mi. illnan i"m rn mud nrmmlnlii'i Ain.yniii \|nil-»»W«iilmnnin,»»i~i»l»lli»iiuvi«l 2 eiaaniKai nui.m., iK.mi.iiun ma COUKtW emu Bin. .Mi.i. 3 m«l Keuas wn. Nai ti. Unirwr Diuner. ..mm i. nnoonoo. N,m .n »i ¦ ki h jcu, nn u houxuih . M 1„„ . Mil. • mi«. .11 n. iMimi_ 4 How can I open the sarcophagus in Infidel? I guess I should be putting something in its recesses, but what? And I do not know what to do with the stone slab with tour holes in it. I’ve come as far as going out in the sub with Tip, bunting the shark, in Seastalker. But I can't find it! How can I track it down? I am unable to tell the computer the co-ordinates of my destination, in Starcross. Therefore I can’t find the black hole, and I’m stuck at the very beginning. Jon Ramstad. Dale, Norw 5 THRILLTIME PLATINUM VOL 2* 6 Buggy Boy. Bombjack. Space Harrier. Live & Let Die, Thundercats, Beyond the Icepalace & Battleships AM 16.99 HINT BOOKS Bards Tale 1 or 2 or 3 Champions of Krynn Codename Iceman Colonels Bequest Conquest ol Camelot Curse ol Azure Bonds Dragons ol Flame Dungeon Master Heroes ol the Lance Heroes Quest Hillsfar Indiana Jones the Adventure Kings Quest 1.2.3,4 Letsuresuh tarry 1.2.3 Might and Magic 2 Police Quest 2 Pool ol Radiance Secret ol the Silver Blades Space Quest 1,2.3 0molhoufsAnswrPhone 7 SALUTE OF THE JUGGER Uninspiring sci-fi epic about a violent futuresport starring Rutger Hauer. Poor on characterisation, high on violence, the movie paints a grim picture of the future. Bleak and uninspiring. Click image to download PDF	i don't know
What is the capital city of Afghanistan?	Afghanistan Facts, Capital City, Currency, Flag, Language, Landforms, Land Statistics, Largest Cities, Population, Symbols Afghanistan Facts (long form) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Capital City: Kabul (3,895,000 pop.) Afghanistan Population: 30,419,928 (2012 est.) 1000 Afghanis Ethnicity: Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4% GDP total: $19.85 billion (2012 est.) GDP per capita: $1,000 (2012 est.) Language: Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Largest Cities: (by population) Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-I-Sharif, Charikar, Herat, Jalalabad Name: Meaning, "Land of the Afghans," Afghanistan's name originated in ancient times, and refers to the Pashtun people National Day: August 19	Kabul
Which strait in north-west Scotland separates the north-west Highlands and the northern Inner Hebrides, from Lewis and Harris in the Outer 1 Hebrides?	Capital of Afghanistan - definition of capital of Afghanistan by The Free Dictionary Capital of Afghanistan - definition of capital of Afghanistan by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/capital+of+Afghanistan Kabul Afghanistan , Islamic State of Afghanistan - a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south; "Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979" Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Kabul References in periodicals archive ? During the talks, the sides reached an agreement on the opening of Uzbekistan's trading house of in the capital of Afghanistan in the near future. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
Together the holders of the posts of President of France and Bishop of Urgel become the co-princes of where?	April \| 2015 \| Rome Across Europe Rome Across Europe [email protected] Leave a comment Every nature is contented with itself when it goes on its way well; and a rational nature goes on its way well, when in its thoughts it assents to nothing false or uncertain, and when it directs its movements to social acts only, and when it confines its desires and aversions to the things which are in its power, and when it is satisfied with everything that is assigned to it by the common nature. For of this common nature every particular nature is a part, as the nature of the leaf is a part of the nature of the plant; except that in the plant the nature of the leaf is part of a nature which has not perception or reason, and is subject to be impeded; but the nature of man is part of a nature which is not subject to impediments, and is intelligent and just, since it gives to everything in equal portions and according to its worth, times, substance, cause (form), activity, and incident. But examine, not to discover that any one thing compared with any other single thing is equal in all respects, but by taking all the parts together of one thing and comparing them with all the parts together of another. [email protected] Leave a comment Today Rome Across Europe takes a look at something less abrasive. We want to show that not everything we discuss is male-oriented. Keeping that in mind, today’s exploration is for Roman Glyptic. Glyptic is the art or process of carving or engraving especially on gems. In Roman times glyptic reached its height during the reign of Emperor Augustus and continued till the collapse of the Empire. Glyptic was started in Ancient Sumer and Egypt around the 7th Millennium BC, where many of these pieces were used as seals by priests and elite members. Other cultures such as Phoenicians , Etruscans and Greeks also produced worked gems. Long before the first money appeared in 600 BC, beads were the only currency, traded for barter. The sensation of beads swept across the ancient world like wildfire. Bead-work spread across the western world by Phoenician traders, ending up on the finest Mycenaean and Roman jewelry. Throughout human history, beads came in all shapes, colors, sizes and materials. Beads were carved from bone, stone and wood, or man-made in the form of glass wound-bead flame work. Ancient beads were made from agate , chalcedony , carnelian , chrysocolla , feldspar , jade , jasper , lapis lazuli , onyx , obsidian or man-made glass, quartz , soapstone , terra cotta and turquoise . Organic materials are also popular bead materials. These materials might include bone, coconut shell, copal , fire coral , ivory, shells, and mother-of-pearl . To create intricately carved cabochons , cameos , and intaglios out of sapphire, early Roman engravers may have used adamas (diamond) fragments as carving tools, given that they are the only material that is harder than corundum . Decorated gems with a wide range of motifs were how the Romans preferred them. The most popular engravings were of mythological scenes, deities, human figures carrying out different activities and animals. Romans were very skillful in carving and engraving designs in small gems. These pieces would then form part of different pieces of jewelry such as rings, pendants and earrings. In Sanisera Archaeology Institute’s project a red engraved gem was found in one of the rooms belonging to a city building. The oval shaped gem the upper-half of a human figure. Most likely this would have formed the central part of the ring. In Ancient Greece and Rome engraved glyptic gems were used as personal signets or seal-stones which could be impressed into wax or clay to create a signature. So having a ring with a gem in Roman times was a symbol of high status. Up until the 1400s, gem cutters were constrained to cabochon style cuts and odd asymmetrically faceted cuts due to the limited technology at hand. The resulting shape has a convex top with a flat or concave back. The term cabochon is used to describe any gemstone cut shape that is not faceted. When a gemstone is cut en cabochon, a minuscule amount of light that is able to enter and exit through the stone. This is due primarily to its crystalline structure and optical properties, and has little to do with the gem-cutter’s expertise. Today, cutting a stone en cabochon is usually applicable to opaque gems, although transparent semi-precious gemstones are also this way. Romans loved to be as fancy as they could for any extravagance made you appear as though you were of a higher status citizen. This tradition of the want of luxuries seems to have carried on till the present time. We hope you enjoyed learning more about beads and glyptic. Maybe you even learned a new word today? In any case, till next time Don’t Stop Rome-ing! References: Henig, Martin (ed), A Handbook of Roman Art, Phaidon, 1983, ISBN 0-7148-2214-0 Thoresen, Lisbet. “On Gemstones: Gemological and Analytical Studies of Ancient Intaglios and Cameos.” In Ancient Glyptic Art- Gem Engraving and Gem Carving. LThoresen.com (February 2009) http://blog.archaeology.institute/the-art-of-roman-glyptic/ [email protected] Leave a comment Today we are taking a journey to into the Pyrenees to discover a hidden gem nestled snugly between France and Spain. Rome Across Europe is discovering the Principality of Andorra . Before diving right in, we want to talk about how Andorra came to be. During the Roman Empire, the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra would have been in that sweet spot dividing Roman Gaul and Hispania . Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule containing modern-day France, while Hispania contained modern-day Spain and Portugal. Roman control of the area lasted for more than approximately 500 years, Hispania feel in 400 AD and the last vestige of Roman rule in Gaul was effaced in 486 AD. The Roman Republic began its takeover of Celtic Gaul in 121 BC, when it conquered and annexed the southern reaches of the area. Roman armies invaded Hispania in 218 BC and used it as a training ground for officers and as a proving ground for tactics during campaigns against the Carthaginians , the Iberians , the Lusitanians , the Gallaecians and other Celts . Although not mentioned in any source by name, Andorra was important to the Romans for it was a gateway keeping the northern Barbarians from Gaul from passing into the provinces of Iberia. When Rome fell and the gate was opened several tribes left traces of their passing through including the Alans , the Visigoths , and the Vandals . The history of Andorra is rather sparse and not very well documented. In fact, no major historical work mentions Andorra but that of Charlemagne . There story of Andorra properly begins with the Moors invasion of Spain at Gibraltar . After the defeat of the Spanish King Roderick at Jerez de la Frontera , the Moors spread like wildfire and Christian peasants near the Pyrenees found refuge in the many mountain valleys. The Moors continued to raid into southern France. The inhabitants of Andorra appealed to Charlemagne for assistance. Charlemagne swept the Moors out of Andorra and most of the adjacent Spanish areas, but when the French armies left the Moors returned. Charlemagne then sent his son, Louis the Pious , to deal with them, and he defeated them decisively at a battle on the plain where the Valira River forks. After slaughtering the Moors, Louis formally settled the boundaries of the tiny buffer state , settled some of his soldiers in the villages, and established the original annual tribute. He placed Andorra into the care of the newly-created Count of Urgell , one of his knights who would undertake to protect France from incursion from the Spanish side of the mountains. The most important document in Andorra is the Carta de Fundacio d’Andorra. Written by Charlemagne in 788 AD and given to Louis the Pious, this charter establishes the country of Andorra’s independence. There are many who suspect the document is a forgery dating from the 12th Century, made by the Andorrans themselves to support their claims to independence from both Spain and France. After much back and forth upon who controlled Andorra, in 1278 the Acte de Pareage was created. This is the “ Magna Carta ” of Andorra, and established the co-rule of the Bishop of Urgel and the Count of Foix over the country. This treaty, and another signed 11 years later, established that Andorra would become independent yet would still pay an annual tribute called questia. The tribute was alternated every year, first going to the Count of Foix and the next year to the Bishop of Urgell. This agreement is still the basis of Andorra’s constitution and political independence. The questia is still paid to the Bishop of Urgell, and the President of France as the successor to the Counts of Foix. The twin heads of state are referred to as “co-princes” so therefore the country is referred to as the “Principality of Andorra”. In 1793 the French monarchy was overthrown, and for the next fifteen years the Andorrans were without the protection of the French government due to the French Revolution . This was an issue for the Andorrans worried their Spanish co-prince would revoke their independence, and again make them a subordinate territory. When the French Revolutionary Army was dispatched to take Urgel they requested rite of passage in Andorra. The request was firmly rejected and Andorra’s militia, about 500 strong, was mobilized for the first time in a millennium. In 1933, France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections. On 12 July 1934, a Russian adventurer named Boris Skossyreff issued a proclamation in Urgel, declaring himself Boris I, sovereign prince of Andorra, while simultaneously declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell. He was arrested by Spanish authorities on July 20 and ultimately expelled from Spain. During World War II, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route from Spain into France. The French Resistance used Andorra as part of their route to get downed airmen out of France. In 1978 the parishes of Andorra were expanded from 6 to 7, with the establishment of the parish of Escaldes-Engordany. In 1981 an organization called the Government of Andorra was created as the executive branch of government. It consists of the Head of Government, elected by the Council of the Land, and 4 to 6 Councillors who act as Ministers. Each of the Councillors looks after a particular area such as defense, education, finance, foreign affairs, etc. Andorra formally became a parliamentary democracy in May 1993 following approval of a new constitution which retained the French and Spanish co-princes although with reduced and narrowly defined powers. Civil rights were greatly expanded including the legalization of political parties and trade unions, and provision was made for an independent judiciary. Andorra entered into a customs union with the European Communities , now the EU , in 1991 and was admitted to the UN on 28 July 1993. The country has been seeking ways to improve its export potential and increase its economic ties with its European neighbors. The financial services sector of the economy is highly important, given Andorra’s status as a tax haven and banking secrecy laws. Andorra has a total land surface of 181 square miles making it slightly less than five times the size of the city of Barcelona. Andorra la Vella is the nation’s capital and lies in the geographic center of the country, where the two tributaries of the Valira River merge. According to current legislation, foreigners can acquire citizenship after 20 years of residence in the country. Their children, born in Andorra, acquire citizenship at age 18. Catalan is the official language of Andorra. It is used throughout public administration, is taught in all schools, and is the language of all road signs. It is also the dominant language in communications media and is the language spoken by the national elites. In commercial signage, Catalan alternates with Spanish and French, but Spanish dominants the streets of Andorra due to the Spanish population being the largest immigrant community. The use of French is limited to populations in the extreme southwest of the country. Andorra after World War II achieved considerable prosperity through a developing tourist industry, now receiving an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually. This development, abetted by improvements in transport and communications, has tended to break down Andorra’s isolation and to bring Andorrans into the mainstream of European history. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Meritxell , patron of the nation, constitutes the most important religious symbol for Andorrans and is also an attractive spot for tourist visits in the summer. Its 30 Romanesque churches, old castles, medieval fortifications and other treasures of medieval art serve as historical referents as well as emblems of identity. As a culture shaped by seasonally transient shepherds in the past and international merchants in the present, Andorrans are open in character and inter-ethnic relations are non-conflictive. An urban rule also fixes the invented tradition of the “mountain style.” This demands that 30% of any facade be constructed of stone masonry. Hence large commercial buildings and the majority of urban public buildings show a blend of invented tradition and modernity, combining stone with iron and large surfaces of glass. The diet in Andorra is based on consumption of meat, garden vegetables, and some fish. The most common winter dish, in rural and urban zones, is Escudella i carn d’olla . Normally, the midday meal is eaten near the workplace in a restaurant. Andorra’s industrial development is extremely limited. Apart from tobacco, the most important industry is construction along with its derivative industries, hospitality industries, and semi-artisanal activities such as jewelry. Class differences in Andorra are quite clear and possess marked characteristics, such as residence. Practically all the original Andorran population belongs to the high or medium-high stratum of society as the first group to arrive in the nation. The rest of the Spanish population is basically salaried, although there are executive groups and small entrepreneurs among them. Most Portuguese are found in less-skilled labor positions, especially in hostelry and construction. The French population comprises bureaucrats and small-scale entrepreneurs in hostelry or commerce. The family remains the basic social unit, more important than the individual, despite the accelerated evolution of Andorran society. Most enterprises and business are organized through the family, distributing functions according to capacities and the level of study of each member. These family groups, following the institution of the familia troncal (stem family), incorporate a married pair and their children. Even though Andorra lacks a formal religion, Roman Catholicism is dominant. One fundamental element of this presence rests on the role of the Bishop of Urgel as co-prince and, at the same time, head of the Andorran Church. All public ceremonies, including some sessions of the parliament, are accompanied by a Catholic mass. The Andorran festive calendar adapts to the Catholic liturgical calendar. The nation, like every parroquia, has a patron saint and a collection of religious and lay celebrations. In addition to the national festival of the Virgin of Meritxell on September 8th, each parroquia has its own patronal festival. Given the commercial orientation of the nation, which remains open for business especially when neighboring nations have holidays, the only formal holidays are Christmas and New Year’s Day. Thanks for joining Rome Across Europe and we hope you enjoyed discovering this hidden gem of Europe. Till next time, Don’t Stop Rome-ing! [email protected] Leave a comment Every moment think steadily as a Roman and a man to do what thou hast in hand with perfect and simple dignity, and feeling of affection, and freedom, and justice; and to give thyself relief from all other thoughts. And thou wilt give thyself relief, if thou doest every act of thy life as if it were the last, laying aside all carelessness and passionate aversion from the commands of reason, and all hypocrisy, and self-love, and discontent with the portion which has been given to thee. Thou seest how few the things are, the which if a man lays hold of, he is able to live a life which flows in quiet, and is like the existence of the gods; for the gods on their part will require nothing more from him who observes these things. [email protected] Leave a comment The part of modern Hungary west of the Danube came into the Roman Empire in the 1st Century AD, as part of the Roman province of Pannonia . The town of Sopianae was founded on the southern slope of the Mecsek massif in the 2nd Century by colonists from western Pannonia and Italy, who intermarried with the indigenous Illyrian – Celtic peoples. In the Roman Province of Pannonia a remarkable series of decorated tombs were constructed during the 4th Century AD in the cemetery of the town of Sopianae. The ruins survived under the ground and are situated in the current city of Pécs , in South Hungary. These are important both structurally and architecturally, since they were built as underground burial chambers with memorial chapels above the ground. The tombs are important also in artistic terms, since they are richly decorated with murals of outstanding quality depicting Christian themes. The burial chambers, chapels and mausoleum excavated on the site of the Sopianae cemetery form a complex that bears witness to an ancient culture and civilization that had a lasting impact. It is the richest collection of structural types of sepulchral monuments in the northern and western Roman provinces reflecting a diversity of cultural sources. Excavations have revealed that the early Christian complex of monuments provides exceptional evidence of a historical continuity that spanned the turbulent centuries from the decline of the Roman Empire in the 4th Century to the conquest of the Frankish Empire in the 8th Century. The Roman cemetery was found by archaeological excavations, which began 200 years ago, in the area now immediately in front of the cathedral, which had been terraced in antiquity. The World Heritage site consists of 16 funerary monuments, of which the most outstanding are: Burial chamber I (Peter-Paul): discovered in 1782, this late 4th-century chamber consists of an above-ground chapel, the subterranean burial chamber proper, with religious wall paintings, and a small vestibule leading to the burial chamber. It is cut into the slope of the Mecsek hills. Burial chamber II (Wine Pitcher Chamber): a two-storey structure, with limestone walls and brick vaulting. On the wall of the niche carved above the sarcophagus there is a painting of a wine pitcher and glass, symbolizing the thirst of the soul journeying to the netherworld. The Cella Trichora: this elaborate chapel has a rectangular central space with three apses and a southern vestibule ( narthex ); the eastern apse has a raised floor and was probably an altar. The Cella Septichora, a sepulchral building with a unique floor plan with seven apses; it was not used for burial purposes. It dates from the end of the Roman period, in the 430s. The Early Christian Mausoleum, a subterranean burial chamber entered from a vestibule or narthex surmounted by a single-nave church with an apse at its east end. The northern, eastern and southern walls are all decorated with mural paintings of biblical subjects. The Early Christian Burial Chapel was used solely as a chapel. There is a cluster of more than 100 graves from the late 4th and early 5th Centuries around it. The Painted Twin Grave: a gabled double grave contains wall paintings of Christian symbols in red, carmine and yellow on a white background. Communal burial containing fourteen graves, separated from one another by stones and bricks. Stone and brick fragments bear names, presumed to be members of a single family. Till we visit our next Worl Heritage Site, Don’t Stop Rome-ing! [email protected] Leave a comment After the celebration of Rome’s Birthday maybe some are feeling, well, crappy. Today explores a less glamorous side of living in Ancient Rome but what was still very much a part of everyday living. We are talking about public latrines . In his Natural History , Pliny remarked that of all the things Romans had accomplished, the sewers were “the most noteworthy things of all”. This was said in the 1st Century AD for the Roman sewage system was very efficient, but it had not always been that way. Most towns throughout the Empire were smaller towns where there weren’t any sewers . That meant sewage collectors came through and got the waste from each house and carried it off to sell to farmers to use as fertilizer on their fields, just like in China at the same time. In small villages they didn’t even have outhouses, so people just walked out to the fields to handle their business there. In larger Roman towns, people often got sick or died from drinking water that had been contaminated with sewage. Just as in Greek towns, early Roman sewage management equated to people just pouring their waste into the street however they wanted. If you are curious as to why most Europeans and European-style toilets are made for sitting, instead of squatting like most toilets still in use in modern China, you have the Romans to thank. They introduced the sit down public toilets that had room for lots of people at the same time. Public latrines date back to the 2nd Century BC and, whether intentionally or not, they became places to socialize. The act of actually relieving oneself is thought of as private, but the socializing is still done in modern times. An axiom from Martial (Book 11; Epigram 77) reveals just how public privies were among the most frequented places in the city for socializing: “In omnibus Vacerra quod conclavibus consumit horas et die toto sedet, cenaturit Vacerra, non cacaturit.” Roughly translated, the saying goes: “In privies Vacerra consumes the hours; the whole day does he sit; Vacerra wants to dine, he does not want to sh*t.” Public toilets (foricae) can usually be found at many archaeological sites, varying in size and shape from large and semi-circular, so all could be seen while talking, to smaller and private ones. In general, public latrines were long bench-like seats with keyhole-shaped openings cut in rows offered little privacy. Most latrines were free, for others small charges were made. Just like today privacy costs money. According to Lord Amulree, the site where Julius Caesar was assassinated, the Hall of Curia in the Theatre of Pompey was turned into a public latrine because of the dishonor it had witnessed. The sewer system, like a little stream or river, ran beneath it, carrying the wastes away to the Cloaca Maxima . Hygiene was still considered generally high for all in ancient Rome hence the famous public baths, latrines and toilets, exfoliating cleansers, and public facilities. There’s always an exception and Rome’s was the use of a communal toilet sponge . It is commonly believed the Romans used sea sponges on a stick & dipped in vinegar after defecation. Not so hygienic no matter how dutifully it was rinsed out after use. To help with sewage, and the other dysentery -like illnesses or deaths caused by waste water, many Roman towns built aqueducts to bring in fresh water from the hills outside of the towns. This, combined with the elaborate systems of sewage pipes, allowed the raw sewage to be washed into the river instead of leaving it lying around in the streets. Romans then recycled public bath waste water by using it as part of the flow that flushed the latrines. Terra cotta piping was used in the plumbing that carried waste water from homes. The Romans were the first to seal pipes in concrete to resist the high water pressures developed in siphons and elsewhere. That speaks well of the ancient artisans for their construction and craftsmanship. Running water, however, did not reach the poor’s tenements from the aqueducts. These lesser folks relieved themselves in pots or commodes which were emptied into vats located under staircases and these emptied into cesspools throughout the city. A law was eventually passed to protect innocent bystanders from assault by wastes thrown into the street. The violator was forced to pay damages to whomever his waste hit, if that person sustained an injury. This law was enforced only in the daytime, presumably because one lacked the excuse of darkness for injuring another by careless waste disposal. Beginning around the 5th Century BC, city officials called Aedilis supervised the sanitary systems. They were responsible for the efficiency of the drainage and sewage systems, the cleansing and paving of the streets, prevention of foul smells, and general oversight of brothels, taverns, baths, and other water supplies. Roman water and sewage systems were the forerunners of the sanitation systems we have today that keep people’s water clean and safe. Today the city of Rome has been joined by newer cities like London and New York City in maintaining healthy water supplies, and new street cleaning services keep the streets and buildings much cleaner than they were in Ancient Rome. Whether it was the streets of Rome herself or at the Housesteads Fort along Hadrian’s Wall , Romans had some form of hygiene in mind for sewage removal. It’s been said cleanliness is next to godliness. That probably includes one’s bum as well. Hopefully you were not put off by today’s article. Come back and see what Rome Across Europe has tomorrow. Till then, Don’t Stop Rome-ing! [email protected] Leave a comment We keep soldiering on with another commander Rome Across Europe thought was among the best in ancient Rome. You can find the entire list here, along with biographies of #1 , #2 , #3 , #4 , and #5 . Without further adieu we bring to you… 6: Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus (15 BC – 19 AD) Rome 15 BC, a son was born to a General and his wife. The father was General Nero Claudius Drusus , son Empress Livia Drusilla who was the third wife of Emperor Augustus . The baby’s mother was Antonia Minor , the younger daughter of triumvir Mark Antony and Octavia Minor , the sister of Emperor Augustus. His parents decided to name him Tiberius Claudius Nero. Born into royalty of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty , this infant would be destined for greatness. In 9 BC the young Tiberius received the agnomen Germanicus, when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honor of his victories in Germania . As soon as he began campaigning Germanicus became immensely popular among the citizens of Rome as they passionately celebrated his military victories. Emperor Augustus also cheered on his great-nephew, and it was thought that Germanicus would become his heir to the Empire. In 4 AD Augustus was persuaded by his wife to name his stepson Tiberius as his heir, but the Emperor compelled Tiberius to adopt Germanicus as his son and to name him as his heir. An adoption of a grown man by a man of a similar, or even older age, was commonplace to ensure a family line endured. Upon this adoption, Germanicus’s name was then changed to Germanicus Julius Caesar. Germanicus held several military commands, leading the army in the campaigns in Pannonia and Dalmatia . He is recorded to have been an excellent soldier, an inspired leader, and loved by the legions. In the year 12 AD he was appointed Consul after 5 commissions as Quaestor . Like his father before him, Germanicus was appointed commander of the forces in Germania by the Senate. Upon the death of Augustus in 14 AD, the Legios rioted when informed their recruitment time would not be marked down and these rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus to be the new emperor. Germanicus put down this rebellion himself, preferring to continue on in his current position as General. In a bid to secure the loyalty of his troops and his own popularity with them, Germanicus led them on a spectacularly brutal raid against the Marsi . During the massacre of this German tribe on the upper Ruhr River, 1 of the Legions’ 3 Aquila was recovered. Germanicus continued to gain stardom back in Rome for these exploits. Back in 9 AD Roman rule had successfully been overthrown in a rebellion by a coalition of Germanic tribes led by Arminius . Twice in the next two years, Germanicus led his 8-Legio army into Germania against Arminius and the coalition of tribes. In 14 AD, Germanicus’s Legions routed and destroyed most of the Bructeri tribe, recovering the lost Aquila of Legio XIX . In May 15 AD Germanicus captured Thusnelda , wife of Arminius. Germanicus treated his prisoner well and with respect saying, “They are women and they must be respected, for they will be citizens of Rome soon.” Germanicus laid waste to large areas and eliminated any form of active resistance, even with a majority of the tribesmen fleeing into remote forests at the sight of the Legios. The raids were considered a success though since the major goal was to destroy any rebel alliance systems. Germanicus next moved on to the site of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest where 3 Legios (15,000 men) had been slaughtered in 9 AD. After burying the remains of his comrades, which increased his love from both soldiers and citizens, Germanicus launched a massive assault on the prize of Arminius’s tribes, the Cherusci . Having initially lured Germanicus and his equites Romani into a trap, Arminius’s troops inflicted minor casualties upon the Romans. Successful fighting though by the Legionarii caused the Germans to again break and flee into the forest. With this victory, and the fact that winter was fast approaching, Germanicus lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine River . In 16 AD, in spite of doubts by Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germania again at the start of campaign season. Germanicus forced a crossing of the Weser River and then met Arminius at Idistaviso, in an engagement often called the Battle of Idistavisus . This battle showcased the superior leadership, command qualities, tactics, and better trained and equipped Legios of Germanicus while inflicting huge casualties upon the Germanic tribes. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall, continuing the pattern of lots of Germanic fatalities and them fleeing. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of the last 2 Aquilae lost by the Legios in 9 AD, Germanicus was finally recalled to Rome and honored with a triumphus . In an attempt to separate Germanicus from his troops and weaken his influence, Tiberius sent him to command Rome’s Legios in Asia. This did not slow down Germanicus one bit as he defeated the kingdoms of Cappadocia and Commagene in 18 AD, turning both into Roman provinces. The following year Germanicus found that the Governor of Syria , Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso , had canceled the provincial arrangements that he had made. Germanicus then ordered Piso’s recall to Rome, even though this was probably beyond his own authority. It was during this time that Germanicus was stricken with a mysterious illness and died shortly thereafter in Antioch . The death of Germanicus described as dubious and the unknown circumstances greatly affected Tiberius’ popularity in Rome. Many thought the Emperor was responsible, or at least assisted in, Germanicus passing away at the height of his military prowess, success, and fame. Tiberius looked even more like a suspect due to the jealousy and fear of his nephew’s popularity and increasing power. On 19 December 19 AD, the announcement of Germanicus passing reached Rome. The news brought much public grief in the city and throughout the Roman Empire. There was public mourning during the December Feriae , abundant eulogies and reminders of the General’s fine character. It should be noted that there were oddly no procession statues of Germanicus at his funeral (Tiberius at work?). Several posthumous honors were bestowed upon Germanicus. Arcus triumphales were raised to him throughout the Roman Empire, especially where he recorded his deeds. In Antioch, where he was cremated, he had a sepulcher and funeral monument dedicated to him. In 37 AD, when Germanicus’s son Caligula became Emperor, he renamed the month of September to Germanicus in honor of his father. Many Romans considered Germanicus as their equivalent to King Alexander the Great due to the nature of his death at his young age, his virtuous character, and his military renown. They also believed that Germanicus would have easily surpassed the achievements of Alexander had he become Emperor. Beloved by the people, Germanicus was widely considered to be the perfect Roman long after his death. He was a success that inspired Rome’s citizens and, most importantly, its troops and caused fear to those in power. Similar to Julius Caesar , fellow Julio-Claudian Dynasty member, Germanicus was a popular General snuffed out before his story should have ended. What we know for certain is that Germanicus was one heck of a Top Roman Commander. Come back next week to read more about the next of Rome Across Europe’s Top 15 Roman Commanders. Till then, Don’t Stop Rome-ing! [email protected] Leave a comment Rome Across Europe began this series with the Backbone of Rome’s Power and then carried on to the leadership of the Senior Officers , discovered the toughness of Centuriones , and most recently explored the Legion’s Lower Ranks . Today we take a look at the Special Duty Posts. Aquilifer : The Aquilifer was an enormously important and prestigious position. As the Legio ‘s Senior Signifer , and bearer of the Aquila , there was only a single position within the Legion. To lose the Aquila was considered the greatest dishonor a Legio could endure. This post was filled by steady, veteran soldier with an excellent understanding of the tactics of his legion. The Aquilifer’s position was accordingly one of enormous prestige, and he was ranked immediately below the Centuriones and above the Optiones . Signifer: Each Centuria had a Signifer and within each Cohors the 1st Century’s Signifer would be the senior. He was Standard Bearer for the Centurial Signum, a spear shaft decorated with Philarae and topped with an open hand to signify loyalty, which was also used as a rallying point for the soldiers. In addition to carrying the standard, the Signifer also functioned as the banker for the Legio. Cornicen : A Junior Officer in the Roman Army, the Cornicen worked hand in hand with the Signifer drawing the attention of the men to the centurial Signum. By issuing the audible commands, the job of the Cornicen was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the Legiones. Cornicines always marched at the head of the Centuries. Imaginifer : A special Signifer in a Legion who carried the imago, or Image of the Emperor. The Imaginifer was added to the ranks of the Legions when the Imperial Cult during the reign of Augustus . The imago was a portrait made from beaten metal. It was carried only in the leading cohort as a constant reminder to the troops of their loyalty to the Augustus . Immunes : By definition, the Immunes were legionary soldiers who possessed specialized skills. Artillerymen, Carpenters, Drill and Weapons Instructors, Engineers, Hunters, Medical Staff, Military Police, Musicians, and Quartermasters were among the multiple specialized jobs Immunes provided for the Roman Army. Immune status within the army was achieved either through selection or through promotion. These men were still fully trained Legionaries and were called upon to serve in the battle lines when needed. Evocatus : A soldier who had served out his time and obtained a military diploma, but had voluntarily enlisted again at the invitation of his commander. The number of Evocati who joined a General’s standard naturally increased when the general was a favorite among the men. The Evocati were officially released, like the Vexillarii, from the common regular military duties, and held a higher rank in the army than the common Legionary. Promotion to Centurion was common but not all Evocati could be since due to the number of Cohortes in the army. The name Evocati was also applied to a select body of young men of the equestrian order who were appointed by Emperor Domitian to guard his bedchamber. This body is supposed to have existed under succeeding rulers and known as Evocati Augusti, or Emperor’s Veterans. There will be more to share about the Legions and the Roman Army. So stay tuned for there shall always be more. Thanks for stopping by and Don’t Stop Rome-ing! [email protected] Leave a comment Welcome back to another edition of Rome Across Europe. Today we discuss what we consider one of the most important dates in history, the Founding of Rome . Yesterday, the City of Rome held a big party to celebrate its 2,768th birthday! Rome is getting old. Sort of makes your complaints about turning 30 or 40 or whatever look a little silly. According to tradition, the city celebrates its birthday on the 21st of April in honor of its humble beginnings in 753 BC. This date is when legend has it Romulus and his twin brother, Remus, found Rome on the site where they were suckled by a she-wolf as orphaned infants. Legend has it that Romulus and Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia , the daughter of King Numitor of Alba Longa . Alba Longa was a mythical city located in the Alban Hills southeast of what would become Rome. Before the birth of the twins, Numitor was killed by his younger brother Amulius , who forced Rhea to become a vestal virgin so that she would not give birth to rival claimants to his title. Rhea, however, was impregnated by the war god Mars and gave birth to Romulus and Remus. Amulius ordered the infants drowned in the Tiber River , but they survived and washed ashore at the foot of the Palatine Hill , where they were suckled by the Lupa Capitolina . When the shepherd Faustulus found the boys, he and his wife reared them as their own. After learning their true identity, Romulus and Remus led a band of young shepherd warriors against Alba Longa, killed the wicked Amulius, and restored their grandfather to the throne. The twins then decided to found a town on the site where they had been saved as infants. They soon became involved in a petty quarrel, however, and Remus was slain by his brother. Romulus then became ruler of the settlement, which was named “Rome” after him. This story had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, the one that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus , the namesake of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty . Originating in ancient Greece, this legend tells of how the mythical Trojan Aeneas founded Lavinium and started a dynasty that would lead to the birth of Romulus and Remus several centuries later. In Homer ’s epic Greek poem the Iliad , Aeneas was the only major Trojan hero to survive the Greek destruction of Troy. A passage told of how he and his descendants would rule the Trojans, but since there was no record of any such dynasty in Troy, Greek scholars proposed that Aeneas and his followers relocated. In the 5th Century BC, a few Greek historians speculated that Aeneas settled at Rome, which was then still a small city-state. In the 4th Century BC, Rome began to expand within the Italian peninsula and came into greater contact with the Greeks. Romans embraced the suggestion that Aeneas had a role in the foundation of their great city. In the 1st Century BC, the Roman poet Virgil developed the Aeneas myth in his epic poem the Aeneid , which tells of Aeneas’ journey to Rome. Supposed decedents of Aeneas were Julius Caesar , founder of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, and his great-nephew Augustus , who lived in Virgil’s time and was 1st Emperor of Rome . During the Italian Renaissance , a group of humanists affiliated with the Roman Academy formed a sodality to pursue antiquarian interests, celebrating the “Birthday of Rome” annually. In 1468, the Academy had been suppressed by Pope Paul II for fomenting “republicanism, paganism, and conspiracy”. The sodality was reinstated about 10 years later under Pope Sixtus IV as the Societas Literatorum S. Victoris in Esquiliis (Literary Society of Saint Victor on the Esquiline ). The reformed group placed itself under the new patronage of the Saints Victor, Fortunatus, and Genesius , “whose feast day was conveniently proven to coincide with the Palilia “. Organized by Pomponio Leto , their “Palilia” featured speeches, a communal meal, and a poetry competition. Despite its current status as Italian capital and seat of the Vatican , Rome still seems pretty obsessed with its gladiator-sandaled, laurel-crowned ancient legacy. There’s a very good reason for this approach, every year over 4 million tourists visit the Colosseum alone. Many of the monuments and museums permit free entry on this day and there are several guided tours around the city that can also provide wealth of knowledge about Rome’s rich and colorful history. Celebrations were held this weekend, up through the city’s official founding date. Events were convened in several locations throughout Rome, like live bands and concerts at the Pantheon and Piazza del Campidoglio . Street performers and street parades are all over so you can enjoy the traditional costumes of historical figures such as Roman Senators and Soldiers , along with Barbarians and slaves. Typical performances include the story of Romulus and Remus and several exciting battle scenes between Romans and Barbarians. The majority of events take place at the Circo Massimo which is easily accessible by subway to Colosseo station , by bus and taxi. All run frequent services to Palatine Hill, Colosseum and Circus Maximus. To round the day off there is an impressive fireworks display from the Circus Maximus. With the close of another year celebrated we here at Rome Across Europe would love to wish Rome a very Happy Birthday, although belated by a day. If there was never a Rome, there would never have been an amazing Roman Empire, nor would there be Rome Across Europe. Let’s celebrate what we have while we have it. Till next time, Don’t Stop Rome-ing!	Andorra
Which composer wrote the opera Falstaff which premiered in 1893 just before their 70th birthday?	a - Europe ~ Provinces and Principalities Europe ~ Provinces and Principalities AABENRAA See ÅBENRÅ. AACHEN Aix-la-Chapelle (Fr); Aken (Dutch). Once an Imperial Free City, in western Germany, WSW of Cologne, now a Stadtkreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen close to the German frontiers with both the Netherlands and Belgium. Its thermal springs led to the founding of a Roman settlement, Aquis Granum, on the site of which, centuries later, a palace was built for Charlemagne, who spent much of his later life there. In 813, the year before his death, Charlemagne crowned his sole surviving son, Louis the Pious, as joint Emperor, in the chapel of the royal palace. Louis spent much time in the city during his reign as Emperor. When the Frankish lands were partitioned in 843, Aachen was included in the Middle Kingdom, the share of the eldest brother, the Emperor Lothar, and was his principal residence. His second son, Lothar II, inherited the northern lands. Aachen became part of the East Frankish Kingdom in 870, the year after Lothar II's death, and ceased to be a principal residence. Frankfurt was more important to them. Aachen's decline was not helped by its vulnerability to Viking attack, and it was twice sacked: in 851 and 881. Its importance was revived in 936 by Otto the Great, the second Saxon King, who came to Aachen in Frankish dress, to be crowned King in the chapel of the greatest Frankish King. Thereafter it was the coronation city for the German Kings until 1531, though not every King could be crowned there. In 1198, for example, King Philip, of the Hohenstaufen family, had to be crowned in Mainz because Aachen was in the hands of his rival, though when his fortunes improved, he was recrowned in Aachen in 1205. When Maximilian II was crowned as King in 1562, during the lifetime of his father, the coronation took place in Frankfurt, the city where Kings were elected, because there were doubts about the clerical status of the Archbishop of Cologne, who was the officiating prelate in the chapel in Aachen. What turned a temporary arrangement into a permanent transfer was the Protestantism of Aachen's inhabitants in the later 16th century. Although the city had been an Imperial Free City since 1336, the population were twice forcibly returned to Roman Catholicism - in 1598 and 1614. Illegally too, according to the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555, but Aachen was too close to the northern Netherlands for Catholic comfort to be left alone. The city called its territory "das Reich von Aachen". It belonged to the Rhenish Bank of Imperial Cities in the Reichstag and to the Lower Rhenish and Westphalian Circle. Aachen was occupied by French troops in 1792 and 1794, and became the capital of the French Department of the Roer in 1798. It was placed in Prussia in 1815 and belonged to the Rheinprovinz that was formed in 1824. Today, besides the Stadtkreis of Aachen (population 230,000), a fairly narrow band of territory, north, east and south of the city, forms the Landkreis of Aachen (population 270,000) in the Land of Nordrhein-Westfalen. AALAND ISLANDS See ÅLAND ISLANDS. AALEN Once an Imperial Free City, in southwestern Germany, in Swabia, east of Stuttgart and north of Ulm. The town stands on the River Kocher, a tributary of the Neckar, and is now the administrative centre of the Ostalbkreis in the Land of Baden-Württemberg. Aalen was founded by the Hohenstaufen, and later held by the Counts of Oettingen, 1258-1358. After being briefly mortgaged to the Count of Württemberg, it was made an Imperial Free City by Charles IV in 1360. It belonged to the Swabian Circle from 1500 and ceased to be a Free City in 1802-3, when it was added to Württemberg. AARGAU Argovie(Fr); Argovia. (1) District in the East Frankish Kingdom, mostly between the Rivers Aare and Reuss, now in northern Switzerland; (2) a Canton of the Helvetic Republic, lying west of the lowest reaches of the Aare; and (3) since 1803 a Canton (AG) in the north of the Swiss Confederation, on both banks of the Aare. The River Aare is the largest river solely within Switzerland and actually brings more water to its confluence with the Rhine than the Rhine itself. Its German name is Aar, but, although the river belongs to German-speaking Switzerland, the French spelling is normal. When the Carolingian lands were partitioned among the sons of Louis the Pious in 843, the River Aare formed the border between the lands of Louis the German and the Middle Kingdom of his brother, the Emperor Lothar. The Aargau was thus the southwesternmost corner of the East Frankish or German Kingdom until Rudolf II of Burgundy acquired much of it, c.922, as a result of his marriage with the daughter of the Duke of Swabia, with whom he had been in dispute. The Aargau later fragmented. The southern half, the Obere Aargau, is today divided between the Cantons of Bern, Lucerne and Obwalden - the northeastern corner of Bern is still called Oberaargau. In the northern half, the Untere Aargau, the Counts of Lenzburg, whose castle lay between the Aare and the Reuss, were powerful. They also held land between the Aare and the Rhine, and a branch of their family held territory across the Aare and Reuss in the German Kingdom. When they died out in 1173, part of their lands came to the Counts of Habsburg - Habsburg was a castle not far from the confluence of the Aare and the Reuss - and more of the inheritance, particularly east of the Aare/Reuss line, became Habsburg in the 1260s. The name of Aargau was now associated with these territories, only part of which had been in the original district. The Habsburgs were driven out by the Swiss in 1415, after Frederick, the Habsburg Count of Tirol, had fallen foul of the Emperor Sigismund at the Council of Constance through helping Pope John XXIII, one of three rival Popes, to escape. The lands west of the Aare/Reuss line were made subject to Bern; those to the east were held jointly by several of the members of the Swiss Confederation, in two groups of territories, Baden and the Freie Ämter. When the Helvetic Confederation was formed in 1798, the Bernese Aargau west of the Aare became the Canton of Aargau while the subject lands east of the river became the Canton of Baden, which also included the lands of the secularised Abbey of Muri. The Helvetic Confederation was abandoned in 1803 but there was no return in the new Swiss Confederation to the subjection of districts like the Aargau to members of the Confederation. Instead a new Canton of Aargau was formed by uniting the two Helvetic Cantons of Aargau and Baden, and adding the Fricktal and the towns of Rheinfelden and Laufenburg. These lay west of the confluence of the Aare and Rhine, and had been held by the Habsburgs until 1801, the last of their lands south of the Rhine. The language of Aargau is German, and it has a Protestant majority, though there is a significant Catholic population in the southeast, where the Abbey of Muri had been independent until 1798 while the Freie Ämter had been ruled exclusively by Protestant members of the Confederation only from 1712. Aargau is unmountainous, 10th in area in the Confederation, but 4th in population. It is 16th in precedence of the cantons and 19th of the members of the Confederation. Its capital is Aarau. It was in Aarau that the Helvetic Republic was proclaimed in 1798, a significant act as it had hitherto been subject to Bern, though the hope of the town that it would be the capital of the new Republic was disappointed. Lucerne was chosen instead. AARHUS See ÅRHUS. ABASGIA See ABKHAZIA. ABAÚJ-TORNA Abauj-Turña (Slovak). A county in the north of the Kingdom of Hungary. It was drained by the River Hornád, a tributary of the Sajó, which itself flows to the River Tisza. Its capital was Kassa (now Košice, the capital of East Slovakia). The Habsburgs, who became Kings of Hungary in 1526 in that part of the Kingdom not under Ottoman control, twice temporarily ceded the county of Abaúj to the Princes of Transylvania, first in the 1620s, then in 1645. The county was divided between Czechoslovakia and Hungary in 1918 (confirmed in the Treaty of Trianon, 1920). The part remaining in Hungary (the northernmost land in post-1920 Hungary) still formed a separate county, with Szikso as its capital. Abaúj-Torna was reunited in 1938 when Hungary recovered southern Slovakia from Czechoslovakia in the aftermath of the Munich crisis, but the 1920 border was restored in 1945. In 1949 the Hungarian remnant was merged into the new county of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. The northern lands are now in Slovakia. ABENBERG County in the Holy Roman Empire, in southern Germany. The town of Abenberg is south of Nürnberg, in the Land of Bayern. The Counts, vassals of the Bishops of Bamberg, were powerful in the 11th and 12th centuries and held several lay advocacies over Church lands. When the last Count died in 1199, the County passed to the Burgrave of Nuremberg, an office which had recently passed to the Hohenzollern family, though Abenberg itself was sold to the Bishop of Eichstätt by Burgrave Conrad II in 1296. ÅBENRÅ Abenrade (Ger); Aabenraa (Anglicised). Former county in southern Denmark, once part of the Duchy of Slesvig (Schleswig). It belonged to Germany, 1864-1920, and is now part of the county of Sønderjylland, whose capital is the town of Åbenrå. ABERCONWY & COLWYN Proposed name for 1996 Welsh unitary authority, but CONWY prevailed.. ABERDEEN City in northeastern Scotland, one of the four cities whose Lord Provost acts as its Lord Lieutenant. From 1929 Aberdeen, as a County of a City, was a completely independent local authority, until 1975, when, somewhat enlarged, it became a district in the Grampian Region. In 1996 the City of Aberdeen became a unitary authority. In medieval and Stuart Scotland the Bishopric of Aberdeen covered Aberdeenshire, coastal Banffshire and parts of Kincardineshire. The see was originally at Mortlach (now part of Dufftown) in the 11th century, tranferring to Aberdeen in 1132. In the Scottish Episcopal Church the diocese is now of Aberdeen & Orkney. ABERDEENSHIRE (1) County in northeastern Scotland until 1975, extending from the eastern Cairngorms to the North Sea and from near Fraserburgh to Aberdeen; (2) a ceremonial area since then; and (3) a unitary authority from 1996, more extensive in area. The county grew from a medieval sheriffdom based at Aberdeen, whose first recorded mention is in 1136 in the reign of David I . The sheriff acquired jurisdiction in the Earldoms of Mar (in the southwest of the county) and Buchan (in the north) and in the districts of Garioch and Strathbogie between them. Until the Local Government Act of 1889 there were several pockets of Banffshire within the county. In 1929 the Scottish counties gained in powers at the expense of most of the burghs, but in Aberdeenshire, the city of Aberdeen became completely independent of the county administratively as it was already so far as the Lord Lieutenant was concerned, the Lord Provost acting as Lord Lieutenant within the city. Aberdeenshire became part of the Grampian Region in 1975, and (including the city of Aberdeen) was divided among four of the districts. The county only survived ceremonially, with its Lord Lieutenant. In 1996 a new unitary authority of Aberdeenshire united the three former Grampian districts of Banff & Buchan, Gordon, and Kincardine & Deeside. The new authority included former Aberdeenshire (without Aberdeen), pre-1975 Kincardineshire and northeastern Banffshire. Three Lord Lieutenants have duties within the area of the unitary authority: one for Aberdeenshire (the old county, excluding the city of Aberdeen), one for Kincardineshire (the southeast) and one for Banffshire (the northwestern corner of the authority, plus the northeast of neighbouring Moray). ABERFFRAW Or, Aberffro. Medieval Welsh cantref in the west of the Isle of Anglesey plus Holy Island. Anglesey was the bread basket of the Principality of Gwynedd, and the chief residence of the Princes of Gwynedd was to be found in the settlement (now a small village near the coast) which gave its name to the cantref. In 1230 Llewelyn the Great styled himself Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon. ABERGAVENNY Welsh Marcher lordship in southeast Wales, named after the town and castle at the confluence of the Usk and Gavenny Rivers. The valley of the Usk provides a route between the Brecon Beacons and the Black Mountains, giving access to southern central Wales from the southeast. The lordship controlled the more southerly sector of that route. The first lord, Hamelin de Ballon, was an associate of King William Rufus. In the later reign of Henry I and the early years of Stephen's troubled reign, Brian Fitz Count, bastard son of a Duke of Brittany, held the castle. He was succeeded by Miles of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, c.1141. After the death of Miles's sons, the lordship passed to the great marcher family of Braose in 1165. The Cantilupe family succeeded to this part of the Braose empire through marriage, c.1230, and their own heiress took the lordship to the family of Hastings, Earls of Pembroke, in 1273. Their long tenure ended with their extinction in 1389 and Abergavenny passed to the younger brother of the Beauchamp Earl of Warwick. His son's heiress married one of the numerous family of the Nevilles, and from that marriage the present Marquess of Abergavenny descends. The lordship was similar in extent to the Welsh commote, Gwent Uwchcoed (Upper Gwent) and the Welsh continued to live in the upper parts of the region. A bitter, brutal incident occurred in 1175 when William Braose was responsible for the massacre of several Welshmen in Abergavenny. Later life became more peaceful and cooperative. The lordship was abolished in 1536 and its lands became the northwest of the new county of Monmouthshire. Abergavenny and district today belong to the unitary authority of Monmouthshire. ABERHONDDU The mouth of the Honddu. Welsh name of BRECON, which stands at the confluence of the Honddu with the Usk. ABKHAZIA Or, Abhasia, Abhazia (nearer to the pronunciation). Region on the eastern shores of the Black Sea and the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. Sometimes it has been the northwestern region of greater Georgia, sometimes autonomous within Georgia, sometimes completely independent. Its language is quite separate from Georgian, forming with Abazinian and Circassian, the Northwestern Caucasus language group.. Abasgia is an older name, used by the Ancient Greeks for the region, and derived from the Abazinians, who later emigrated across the Caucasus Mountains to Karachai-Cherkessia. Abkhazia came under Byzantine influence and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the mid-6th century, and was for some time a recruiting ground for the Byzantine army. It was conquered by the Arabs in 711, but recovered its independence c.735, and in 788 extended southwards to take in Lazica, the ancient Colchis. This Kingdom of Abkhazia included all later western Georgia. The son of the King of Iberia (eastern Georgia) succeeded his uncle in Abkhazia in 978 and his father in Iberia in 1008: the combined Kingdom was called Georgia. In the late 15th century Georgia broke up, when the Sharvashidze family became Princes of Abkhazia until 1864. In the 1570s, after a long struggle with Iran, the Ottoman Empire gained suzerainty over Abkhazia. The coastal zone around Sukhumi came under direct Ottoman control. In 1810 Russia seized the fortress of Sukhumi, though it was not until 1829 that the Sultan acknowledged the fact. Russia struggled long to bring the rest of Abhazia under control. In 1864 it was annexed and became part of the Russian province of Kutais. The long struggle reduced Abkhazia's population through death and flight (it is estimated that there are about 50,000 Abkazians in modern Turkey). In 1918 Abkhazia became part of independent Georgia, but in March 1921 Soviet troops entered it and a Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. After the Communist victory in Georgia the SSR was allied by treaty with the new Georgian SSR and thereby entered the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, one of the founding members of the Soviet Union in 1922/3. In 1931 the Republic became the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR, which itself became a full member of the Soviet Union in 1936 when the Transcaucasian SFSR was abolished. The Soviet period saw the number of Georgians and Russians in Abkhazia grow, so that in the 1989 census only just over a sixth of the population was Abkhazian (more than 45% Georgian). After the fall of the Soviet Union, Abkhazian nationalists proclaimed independence, and a war was fought 1992-3, ending in Abkazian victory in the autumn of 1993. Negotiations were opened, with Russia using its good offices. In 1994 Russian troops were placed on the border between Abkhazia and Georgia proper. Later in the year the Abkhaz Parliament reaffirmed independence. In 1995 the new Georgian Constitution declared Abkhazia to be an autonomous Republic within Georgia, a status rejected by Abkhazia. In 1998 refugees who had returned into southern Abkhazia were expelled and fighting broke out within Abkhazia, followed by a ceasefire. Refugees began returning in March 1999, under guarantees given by the Abkhazian President. Abkhazia is in a state of limbo, independent in its own eyes but unrecognised by the outside world. Georgia will not let Abkhazia go but is for the time being too feeble to do anything to bring the secession to an end. ÅBO-BJORNEBORG Province in southwestern Finland during Swedish and Russian rule, named after two of its cities, now the province of TURKU-PORI. Åbo (Turku) had been the capital of Finland until 1812. ABRENE District in northeastern Latvia between the wars; ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic to the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1944. ABRUZZI ABRUZZO (It); Aprutium (late Latin). Region in central Italy, between the Lazio Region and the Adriatic Sea, and containing the highest peaks of the Apennines. Between the later 6th and early 11th centuries it belonged to the Lombard, later the Frankish, Duchy of Spoleto. By the 11th century the Popes were claiming the Duchy of Spoleto as their territory, though the Emperors contested their contention. In the Abruzzi, neither Pope nor Emperor prevailed. The Normans of southern Italy spent many years in asserting their power, and by the 1140s had secured the region as part of their Kingdom of Sicily. Frederick II, King of Sicily as well as Emperor, made it a province in 1240 and in the 17th century it was divided into the three provinces of Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II and Abruzzo Citeriore, i.e. the furthest, less far and nearest to Naples. These became the provinces of Teramo, Aquila and Chieti in the Kingdom of Italy in 1860-1. Since 1965 the Abruzzi has been an autonomous region, comprising four provinces: the large inland Apennine province of L'Aquila, and the coastal provinces of (north to south) Terano, Pescara, and Chieti, all of which are mountainous inland. Under the Italian constitution of 1948, the region was that of ABRUZZO E MOLISE, which consisted of these four provinces plus that of Campobasso, but like most of the regions of Italy it had no effective institutions. While still in this embryonic state, it was divided into its two parts by a constitutional amendment in 1965. Legislation in the 1970s finally gave life to the regions. Of the 20 Italian regions, the Abruzzi is 13th in area and 14th in population. ACARNANIA AKARNANÍA. District in western Greece, both Ancient and modern, bounded in the west by the Ionian Sea, in the north by the Gulf of Amvrakia, and in the east and southeast by the River Akhelos. In both the late Roman and the Byzantine Empires it was associated with Epirus (to the north). After the collapse of Byzantium in 1204, it became part of the Despotate of Epirus, was Byzantine again in 1337, and then part of Stephen Duãan's Serbian Empire, probably in 1347. After his death in 1355 his brother was Despot in northwestern Greece. There was a considerable Albanian influx, and from 1374 John and Paul, members of an Albanian family called Spata, ruled in succession in Acarnania and Aetolia. Maurice Spata, who died in 1416, and Carlo Tocco, ruler of the nearby island of Cephalonia, seized Acarnania, from Paul Spata c.1406. Acarnania fell to the Ottomans in 1449. It was a centre of the Greek revolt in 1821, and was part of independent Greece in 1830. In present-day Greece it is joined with its eastern neighbour to form the nome of Aetolia & Acarnania. ACHAEA AKHAÍA; Achaia. District in Ancient Greece and a nome (department) in present-day Greeece, which gave its name to a Roman province and a Crusader Principality, both larger than the district.. The Achaeans were one of the principal peoples who formed Ancient Greece. The district of Phthiotis in southern Thessaly and on the north of the Euboean Gulf was anciently called Achaea, but the area where the name persisted lies in the northwestern Peloponnese, between the Gulfs of Corinth and Patras in the north and the Erymanthos mountains in the south, with Elis lying to the west and Corinth to the east. After the fall of Byzantium in 1204, it became part of the large Crusader Principality that bore its name. It was incorporated in the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in 1432, and became Ottoman in 1458. A part of independent Greece from 1830, Akhaía was joined with Elis to form a nome until 1899, when it became separate. Since 1987 Akhaía has belonged to the the region of Western Greece (Dhytikí Ellás), which lies on both sides of the Gulf of Patras; before then it was part of the Peloponnesos region. ACHAEA, Principality. Crusader State in southern Greece, 1205-1430; sometimes called Morea. It was founded in 1205 in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade's destruction of Byzantium. Boniface of Montferrat, disappointed at not becoming Emperor, campaigned in Greece. By 1205 much of the Peloponnese was in Crusader hands and Boniface appointed William of Champlitte as its ruler. William's father had been the son of a Countess of Champagne, though not of the Count. In 1208, when William had to return home to deal with family affairs, Geoffrey de Villehardouin was appointed as interim ruler. He had come independently to the Peloponnese by sea in 1204 and was already active there when Boniface entered the peninsula, though he accepted William's lordship. William died on his journey home. His nephew, who had been sent out to replace him, also died, so Geoffrey was elected Prince by the Crusader nobles of Achaea in 1209. By then Boniface of Montferrat was two years dead, killed in battle, and his son was an infant, so Geoffrey de Villehardouin submitted to the Emperor Henry, the only one of the Latin Emperors with real political ability. Geoffrey and his Villehardouin heirs created the most powerful of the Crusader States in the Aegean region. There were twelve great fiefs, two held by the Prince, ten by individuals. These ten nobles plus the Archbishop, six Bishops and the commanders of the three Military Orders constituted a Council, which shared the functions of government with the Prince. In secular affairs the Principality generally was conciliatory to the Greeks, but as with all the Crusader conquests Orthodox Bishops were replaced by Latin ones and some of the Greeks emigrated to regions that remained Orthodx, in Epirus and in Anatolia. At the height of its power, the Principality held practically all the Peloponnese. The last Byzantine stronghold, Monemvasia in the southeast, was taken in 1246. The northeastern corner was held by the Crusader Dukes of Athens as a fief from the Princes of Achaea. Venice held the southwest, with its towns of Coron and Modon. The result of the feebleness of the Latin Empire was that the Prince of Achaea became the most powerful of the Latin Princes. In 1236 the Latin Emperor recognised him as overlord of Euboea and the Aegean Duchy of the Archipelago. In 1259 the Principality suffered a blow from which it never fully recovered. Prince William II was captured by Michael VIII Paleologus, at first co-Emperor in Nicaea, and from 1261 the restored Emperor in Constantinople. William was released in exchange for three fortresses in the southeastern Peloponnese in 1261. He knew that he lacked the resources to resist a revived Byzantium, and so he allied himself in 1268 with Charles of Anjou, the new King of Sicily, whose second son, Philip, married William's daughter, Isabella. By their agreement, if Philip died without offspring, his father would become the heir to Achaea. The childless Philip died the year before William, with the result that the greedy, grasping Charles inherited Achaea in 1278. The Angevin Kings of Naples controlled Achaea for a century, and were nominal lords for longer. Charles I was efficient and ruthless. His possession of Achaea meant that the Byzantines were cautious in the Morea for the time being. In the earlier years of Angevin rule the government was sometimes exercised by a bailli sent out from Naples, sometimes held by Isabella de Villehardouin and later by Mahaut, her daughter by her second husband, Florent of Holland. Florent was a successful ruler. He had the advantage over any efficient bailli that his wife was of the old princely family. A bailli served the interests of the Kingdom of Naples first and foremost, not the inhabitants of the Principality. From the point of view of the King, though Isabella and later her daughter could appeal to the affections of the Franks in Achaea, they both were inclined to behave as though they were the rightful ruler. For example, after Florent's death in 1297 Isabella married a third time, failing to get the permission of King Charles II of Naples for her marriage, as she was supposed to do. It turned out badly. Her husband, Philip of Savoy, Count of Piedmont, was only interested in Achaea for his own benefit. In 1307 Charles II secured Achaea for his second son and Philip departed. His descendants in Piedmont (by another marriage) used the title of Prince of Achaea until their extinction in 1418. Mahaut, the daughter of Isabella and Florent, ocasionally ruled in Achaea, but like her mother she was liable to treat Achaea as her own. For much of the 14th century Achaea served an appanage for one of the Neapolitan princes, who mostly did not go there, and who were more interested in what they could get out of it than what they should put in to ensure the future. The most effective of the Crusader states in Greece and the Aegean became ill-governed and impoverished. All the while the Greeks in the Morea were gradually chipping away the Principality's territory. From 1377 to 1381 the Knights Hospitaller held Achaea but were displaced by a band of Navarrese adventurers, one of whose number, Peter of St. Superan, bought the title of Prince from the King of Naples in 1396 (though he forgot to pay). When he died in 1402 the government passed to his widow, but she was soon displaced by her nephew, Centurino Zacciaria, who held lands in Arcadia. He too sought the permission of the King of Naples to use the title of Prince, but he was more honest than his uncle and actually paid up. The Principality by this time consisted of Achaea proper and Arcadia; the rest had been lost, mostly to the Greek rulers of the Morea, but Elis in the west had been taken by Carlo Tocco, Count of Cephalonia, early in Centurino's reign. Centurino entered into a subservient alliance with Venice in 1407. In 1415 he paid homage to the Emperor Manuel II when he came to the Peloponnese to invest his son Theodore as Despot, but this did not prevent the Byzantines in the Morea putting pressure on the fading Principality the following year. In 1427 the Greek Despots of the Morea began the final forward advance of their territory and in 1430 Centurino bowed out, his daughter marrying one of the Despots, Thomas Paleologus, brother of the Emperor. From him and another brother the Ottomans seized the Peloponnese in 1458-60. ACHAEA, Roman province. The province was much more extensive than the Greek district, covering the whole Peloponnese, Attica, Euboea and the northern shores of the Gulf of Corinth. In the reforms of Diocletian (late 3rd century) the province became part of the diocese of Moesia and then, when that divided, of Macedonia. ACHALTSIK See AKHALTSIKHE. AÇORES Ilhas dos Açores. See AZORES. ADDA Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, consisting of the Val Tellina, through which the River Adda flows. The Val Tellina had belonged to the Grisons until 1797, when it was added to the Cisalpine Republic. It did not return to Switzerland after the fall of Napoleon but was transferred to the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. ADIGE Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1805; its capital, Verona, stands on the River Adige. Its territory had belonged to Venice until 1797, when it became Austrian. In 1801 the land west of the Adige was ceded to the Cisalpine Republic, the land east of the river passed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1805. The former department became Austrian again in 1814-5. The river, the second longest in Italy, has also given its name to the Department of ALTO ADIGE and to the present Italian region of TRENTINO-ALTO ADIGE. ADJARIA See ADZHARIA. ADRIANOPLE Greek name of the Turkish city of Edirne (Edreneh, old-fashioned spelling); Odria (Bulgarian). It stands at the confluence of the Rivers Maritsa and Tundzha, was anciently in Thrace, and was named after the Emperor Hadrian, who re-founded it. It was always important because it stood on the principal route from Istanbul into the Balkans. Moreover, whenever Bulgaria was independent, Adrianople was normally close to the frontier . The Avars took the city in 588; the Bulgars in 813, 914, and 1004; they held it with varying degrees of brevity. In the carve-up of the Byzantine lands among the Crusaders in 1204, Adrianople was allocated to Venice, which however put all its efforts into protecting its sea route to Constantinople. In 1205 the Latin Emperor Baldwin was defeated and taken prisoner in a battle outside its walls, and Adrianople fell into Bulgarian hands. The local Greeks soon revolted against Tsar Kalojan, whose attempts to retake the city in 1206 and 1207 failed, though he devastated the country around. To help protect them the city's leaders acknowledged the authority of the Emperor Henry, the ablest and most conciliatory of the Latin Emperors. Adrianople became part of the Epirote Empire of Thessalonica in 1225, of Bulgaria in 1230, and of the Empire of Nicaea in 1246 (which recovered Constantinople in 1261). It fell to the Turks in 1369 (rather than in the early 1360s as used to be thought) and until 1453 was the European residence of the Ottoman Sultan when he was not on the move with his armies. EDIRNE was seized by Bulgaria in 1912, but recovered by Turkey in 1913, only to be granted to Greece in the Treaty of Sèvres, 1920. It was only briefly Adrianople again: by the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923, it was restored to Turkey. ADRIATIC LITTORAL See KÜSTENLAND. ADRIATICO Adriatique. Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, 1805-14, with Venice as capital. It stretched along the coast from the Po delta to the River Isonzo. Its lands were Venetian until 1797, then Austrian until 1805, and Austrian again after Napoleon's defeat. Venice fell from being Queen of the Adriatic in 1796 to being administrative HQ of Adriatico in 1806. ADVOCATE Advocatus (Latin); Avoué (Fr); Vogt (German). An officer who carried out certain secular functions connected with the lands and rights held by bishops and monasteries. The position often enabled the nobles who held it to detach some of the lands and rights to themselves. By the 11th century churchmen were looking for other ways of protecting themselves and ensuring that their secular duties could be carried out. In one area the rights of advocacy continued important in the 12th century. Great nobles would found monasteries, transfer the property rights to the Pope, but secure appointment from him as advocate of the new monastery. As the Pope was far distant and they, the founders and advocates, were near to hand, they effectively controlled the monasteries, at least in secular matters. The Zähringer, one of the greatest families of southwestern Germany, for example, founded monasteries in the Black Forest and used them to clear part of the woodlands and develop the land economically, thus enhancing their own wealth and power. ADYGEYA An autonomous Republic in the Caucasus region in southern Russia, forming an enclave within the Krasnodar Territory (Krai) of the Russian Federation. Adygeya extends from Mounts Fisht and Chigush in the northwestern Caucasus northwards to the lake on the River Kuban, east of Krasnodar. Its capital, Maykop, is southeast of Krasnodar. The Adygei are the western Circassians; their language belongs to the Northwestern Caucasian group. They once ranged over a far larger region than the present Republic, but were subjected by the Russians between 1829 and 1864, a long and brutal conflict which led many of the survivors to take refuge in the Ottoman Empire. In 1922 Adygeya became an autonomous region in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, and in 1991 a republic in the Russian Federation. ADZHARIA Adjaria; Ajaria. Autonomous Republic in southwestern Georgia; capital Batumi. It lies at the western end of the Lesser Caucasus, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, and bordering on Turkey. The region, on the edge of the Byzantine Empire, was part of medieval Georgia, but was added to the Ottoman Empire in 1564. It was ceded to Russia in 1878, becoming part of the province of Kutais. In 1921 it became the Adzharian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgia. Although over four-fifths of the population is Georgian, Adzharia's long years within the Ottoman Empire led to almost all of them being Moslem in faith. Thus, uniquely, the Adzharian ASSR owed that status to the religious differences between itself and the SSR of which it was part, and not, as with all the others in the Soviet Union, to differences of language. This unusual acknowledgement by the atheistic state of cultural differences based on religion came about because of Soviet-Turkish collaboration at a time when both states were isolated among the powers and each needed friends. In 1991 Adzharia became a Republic within Georgia. AEGEAN ISLANDS NÍSOI AIYAÍOU. All the Aegean islands, except one island of middling size, Gödçeara (Imroz), which is west of the Gallipoli peninsula, and some small ones close to the shores of Turkey, have belonged to Greece since 1947. They belonged to the Byzantine Empire, though some of the eastern islands were briefly occupied by the Arabs in the 670s, when they besieged Constantinople. After the collapse of the Empire in 1204, the western islands were held by Venetian families and only the Northern Sporadhes amongst them were later recovered by Byzantium. It did however recover the northern and eastern islands, which had been either in the Latin Empire or under local rule after 1204. In the 14th century the eastern islands became Genoese, while the Dodecanese in the southeast were held by the Knights Hospitaller. The Ottoman Turks slowly extended their rule in the 15th and 16th centuries; in 1566 their seizure of Chios (Genoese) and the Cyclades (Venetian) virtually completed the conquest, though Tenos in the northern Cyclades remained Venetian until 1715. In 1830 the western islands became part of the new Greece. The northern and eastern islands became Greek in 1913, the Dodecanese in 1947 (having been held by.Italy, 1912-43, and then under occupation first by German and then by allied troops). The eastern and southern islands formed the Aegean Islands Region until 1987, when it was divided into two. The North Aegean Region (Vórion Aiyaíon) consists of Samos, Chios, Lesvos, and Lemnos; the South Aegean Region (Nótion Aiyaíon) of the Cyclades and the Dodecanese. AEGEAN MACEDONIA The part of MACEDONIA allocated to Greece after the Balkan Wars of 1912-3. AEGINA AÍYINA. Greek island in the Saronic Gulf, southwest of Athens. It was part of Latin Greece after 1204, and was later held by Venice, 1451-1537, 1693-1715. AEMILIA Roman region and province in north central Italy. It took its name from the Via Aemilia which ran from Ariminum (Rimini) on the Adriatic to Placentia (Piacenza) on the River Po (the Via Aemilia was itself named from Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the consul responsible for its construction in 187 B.C.). Aemilia was very similar to the old Gallia Cispadana (Gaul this side of the Po). In the later Roman Empire the united province of Aemilia et Liguria was formed in 332. The Aemilia lands within the province no longer included the coastal region, which belonged to Flavinia et Picenum, but the province extended across the Po to take in what is now western Lombardy and northern Piedmont. Its capital was Mediolanum (Milan). Aemilia et Liguria united the former Gallia Transpadana and Cispadana, but without their eastern districts. Aemilia's name survives in that of the region of Emilia Romagna in present-day Italy. AETOLIA AITOLÍA. District in Ancient Greece, north of the Gulfs of Patras and Corinth, and extending to the southern Pindus Mountains. After the fall of Constantinople in 1204, Aetolia belonged to Epirus, and in the 1220s and 1230s was held by Constantine the brother of Theodore, the ruler of Epirus who had been crowned Emperor after taking Thessalonica in 1225. In the 1270s it formed part of the lands of John of Neopatras, whose wife was the daughter of a Vlach chieftain (in the mountain zone of Aetolia the Vlach chieftains were usually the real rulers, whoever had the nominal authority). It was added to Stephen Duãan's Serbian Empire, probably in 1347. Later in the century Albanians migrated into the region, and in 1374 an Albanian chieftain, John Spata, became the most powerful figure in Aetolia and in southern Epirus. When he died in 1400 his brother Sgouros held Aetolia but lost southern Epirus. In 1406 Paul Spata, son of Sgouros, was driven out of Aetolia by Maurice Spata of southern Epirus and Carlo Tocco of Cephalonia. He sold his last territory - around Naupaktos (Lepanto) - to Venice in 1407. Carlo II Tocco lost Aetolia to the Ottoman Turks in 1431. The district around Naupaktos was Venetian from 1407 until conquered by the Turks in 1499. Aetolia became part of independent Greece in 1830, and is united with its western neighbour, Acarnania, to form a nome. AETOLIA AND ACARNANIA AITOLÍA KAÍ AKARNANÍA. Greek nome (department), uniting two historic districts, bounded in the south by the Gulfs of Corinth and Patras and in the west by the Ionian Sea. Until 1987 it was part of the region of Central Greece & Euboea (Stereá Ellás-Évvoia) and since 1987 it has belonged to Western Greece (Dhytikí Ellás). AGDER Or, Agdir. Former region in southernmost Norway; now divided into the two counties of Vest and Aust Agder. AGENAIS Or, Agenois. Pays in southwestern France. It includes the lower course of the River Lot, a tributary of the Garonne, and near the town of Agen, in the south, it extends southwards across the Garonne. The Agenais was normally a part of Aquitaine, its Counts owing allegiance to the Dukes, but was subject to Gascony, 936-1032. After the extinction of the Dukes of Gascony, it belonged to Toulouse until 1044, when the Duke of Aquitaine re-established his rights. In 1196 part of the Agenais returned to Toulouse as dowry, when the Count married Joan, the sister of Richard the Lionheart. In 1259, the Kings of England and France agreed that, if alphonse, Louis IX's brother and the husband of Joan's granddaughter, died childless, the Agenais would return to Aquitaine. He did die without child in 1271, but the French lawyers managed to delay its return until 1279. With its return, the eastern flank of the English King's Duchy was better protected. Twice the Agenais was confiscated by the French King (1296, 1325) and twice returned (1303, 1360). In 1360 the French only grudgingly withdrew after the Treaty of Bretigny had granted the Agenais to English Aquitaine. With the renewal of war it was seized from the English King in 1369 and 1370, though it remained in the war zone for many years. It was part of the appanage given to Louis XI's brother Charles as Duke of Guienne (1469-72) and was later granted to Eleanor of Austria, second wife of Francis I. It passed to her daughter, Marie of Portugal, who died unmarried in 1577, and later still to la Reine Margot, the sister of three Kings and eventually the divorced wife of a fourth (Henry IV). In the Ancien Régime Agenais belonged to the gouvernement of Guienne & Gascony and to the généralité of Bordeaux. In 1790, it formed the greater part of the Department of Lot-et-Garonne, of which Agen, the seat of a Bishop since the Roman era, is the capital. aggershus Old province in southeastern Norway, more extensive than the present county of Akershus around Oslo, and taking its name from a castle on the coast within the city of Oslo. AGOGNA Westernmost department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, extending from the River Po to the Alps northwest and west of Lake Maggiore. Its capital, Novara, stood above the River Agogna, a tributary of the Po. Its territory had belonged to the Kingdom of Sardinia and returned there after the fall of Napoleon. AGRI DECUMATES Dekumatenland. Roman region east of the Rhine, extending from the lowest reaches of the River Lahn southwards across the Main to include the valley of the Neckar and the Black Forest. When the Romans withdrew to the Rhine and the Danube frontiers after their disastrous defeat at German hands in 9 AD, the Black Forest region formed a wedge between the Roman lands west of the Rhine (in modern Alsace) and those south of the upper Danube. In 74 AD the Romans advanced into the Black Forest and the Neckar valley, removing that wedge. At the same time the province of Rhaetia, to the east, was extended northwards from the Danube. Later a frontier line with walls and ditches was constructed, south from Aschaffenburg on the Main and west from Kilheim (above Regensburg) on the Danube. The two sections met near Lorch, which stood on the River Rems, a tributary of the Neckar, west of Schwäbisch Gmund and east of Stuttgart. The region from the Black Forest and the Neckar valley to Coblenz was part of the province of Germania Superior and was known as the Agri Decumates. (In a legionary fortress the 10th cohort was stationed near the principal gate, and this countryside was perhaps seen as a gate into the Empire. The prevailing modern view of the origins of the name however is more prosaic - it means ten cantons). It was abandoned in the 260s or 270s under pressure from the Alemanni, a confederation of German tribes; in the next century they occupied the region. AGRIGENTO Province in southern Sicily, named after its capital. The town, a little way inland from the southern coast, was originally the Roman town of Agrigentum and was known in modern times as Girgenti, until its name was changed in 1927. Girgenti was the capital of one of the Arab emirates in Sicily, 9th-11th centuries. The province is 4th both in area and in population among the 9 provinces of Sicilia. AHR County in the Holy Roman Empire, in western Germany; the River Ahr is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, the confluence being below Coblenz but above Bonn. The town of Ahr (now Altenahr) stands on the middle course of the river. The lands are now in the north of the Land of Rheinland-Pfalz, where the Kreis is called Ahrweiler. The County was partitioned among male heirs, the normal practice in Germany. In 1246 the Count of Altenahr died. His uncle and heir was a priest, who gave his lands to the Archbishopric of Cologne. The County of Neuenahr (Neuenahr is further down the river from Altenahr) survived. It passed by heiresses first to the lords of Saffenberg (c.1363), then to the Counts of Virneburg (c.1420). When the Counts of Virneburg became extinct in 1545 Neuenahr was added to the Duchy of Jülich(-Cleves). AHVENANMAA Present and Finnish name of the ÅLAND ISLANDS. AIGLE Town in the district in southwestern Switzerland which lies east of the River Rhône as it approaches Lake Geneva. Aigle and district belonged to Savoy until seized by Bern in 1475. In 1798 the district became part of the Canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, and since 1803 has been the southeastern district of the Canton of Vaud in the Swiss Confederation, the Rhône forming the boundary with Valais. AIGAION PÉLAGOS Greek name for the Aegean Sea, from which our word archipelago derives: there was a Duchy of the ARCHIPELAGO among the Crusading principalities. AIN The Département de l'Ain (01) is in eastern France. It lies between the Rivers Saône (west) and Rhône (east and south), and borders on Switzerland. The River Ain flows southwards across the department to its confluence with the Rhône. Between the Rhône and the Ain is the southern extension of the Jura Mountains. The northern border with Saône-et-Loire is featureless as it crosses the plain of Bresse, but it is an ancient political one, Bresse having been divided between France and the Kingdom of Burgundy, to which the lands of the Ain belonged. The department was formed in 1790 mainly from the southeast of the gouvernement of Burgundy, that is, from lands that had been acquired from the Duchy of Savoy in 1601: Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and Gex. The southwest of the new department had been the Principality of Dombes, nominally independent until 1762, but under strong French influence long before that. In 1798 the pays of Gex was transferred to a new Département of Léman, which was centred on the city of Geneva, recently acquired by France. In 1815 most of it returned to the Department of the Ain, but part remained in the new Canton of Geneva in the Swiss Confederation. In the Second World War most of the department was in the unoccupied zone until November 1942, but the east, because of its position on and near the Swiss frontier, was in the occupied zone. Under the Vichy régime the Regional Prefect in Lyon (Rhône) had responsibility for police and economic matters from 1941. From 1960 the territory of the department formed part of the region of Rhône-Alpes, which also included Savoie, with which the lands of the Ain had earlier been associated. The capital is Bourg-en-Bresse. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are in Belley, the seat of the Bishop, Nantua and Gex (with an interruption, 1926-33). Trévoux, the seat of the short-lived généralité for the former Principality of the Dombes in the 18th century, was also a sub-prefecture until 1926. AIRGIALLA Anglicised as Uriel or Oriel. A region of small kingdoms in Ulster until the 13th century, which lay in an area where now are found the counties of Fermanagh, Monaghan, Armagh and Louth, and, in its early years, in Tyrone and Londonderry as well. In those early years the people of Ulaid, who had dominated northern Ireland, were pushed back to the lands east of the Boyne, probably by Airgialla and the Uí Néill together. Even if it was the work of Airgialla alone, the little kingdoms composing it, which usually acknowledged one of the kings as over-king, were unable to stand up to the Uí Néill, and they were driven from the more northern lands. The Northern Uí Néill had control of northern Armagh by the mid-9th century. After that, the fluctuating territory of Airgialla formed a buffer zone between the lands of the Northern and Southern Uí Néill, and its subservient status may well be suggested by its name, for it is generally believed that it means hostage-givers. When the Normans arrived in the later 12th century, eastern Uriel came within their orbit. They usually held the coastal zone, or English Uriel, later the County of Louth, a region which, because it was linked to the Pale, came to be thought of as part of Leinster, whereas the other lands connected with Airgialla are in Ulster. Inland, the extent of Anglo-Norman influence varied in Irish Uriel, later Monaghan and southern Armagh. AISNE The Département de l'Aisne (02) is in northeastern France. Most of it lies in the northeast of the Paris basin, but the northwestern region around St Quentin lies on the upper Somme, which rises near that town. Two major tributaries of the Seine flow westwards across the department: the Oise in the north and the Marne, in the area around Château Thierry in the south. The name-giving Aisne, a tributary of the Oise, flows through the centre, past the town of Soissons. Laon, the capital, is between the valleys of the Aisne and Oise. Most of the department was formed in 1790 from eastern Picardy and the northeast of the Île de France. Though in different gouvernements, these areas had been under the same intendant as part of the généralité of Soissons. The southern district around Château Thierry however had belonged to Champagne and to the généralité of Châlons. In the early Middle Ages this whole region had been a conglomeration of lordships, many important, and most of which came into royal hands well before the coming of the Renaissance. The department contained two longstanding episcopal cities. Soissons was preferred to Laon, with its hill-top cathedral, as the seat of the Bishop, but Laon became the capital. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are St Quentin, Soissons, Vervins (in the northeast) and Chateau Thierry (with an interruption, 1926-42). During the Second World War the department was in the occupied zone from 1940. The north, including Laon, lay in the zone interdite, to which those who had fled as refugees in 1940, were forbidden to return. In 1941 the Vichy régime made the Prefect of the Aisne the Regional Prefect with responsibility in police and economic matters for a region of four departments: Aisne, Ardennnes, Somme, and Oise. Since 1960 the department has belonged, with the Somme and the Oise, to the Picardie region. AITOLÍA See AETOLIA. AIX (1) Généralité for Provence, in southeastern France, during the Ancien Régime, created in 1542 and named after its administrative headquarters, Aix-en-Provence. Provence was a pays d'Etat, one of the provinces where the Estates survived and decided how the taxes were to be raised, making the Intendant less powerful. In 1790 it was divided into three departments. (2) Aix was also the seat of a Parlement from 1501, with jurisdiction in Provence. (3) Aix was the seat of an Archbishop from 894, when the province of Arles was divided. Before the Revolution the province of Aix consisted of the dioceses of Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez and Sisteron. As a result of the Revolution it absorbed the province of Arles, and in 1860 added the diocese of Nice, with the annexation of that city to France. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE French name of AACHEN. AÍYINA See AEGINA. AJARIA See ADZHARIA. AJOYE Or, Ajoie; Elsgau (Ger). Carolingian district between the Jura and the Vosges, now divided between eastern France and northwestern Switzerland. In the 11th century, westernmost Ajoye lay in the northeast of the County of Burgundy, where it remained. The rest of the district came into the hands of Louis of Mousson c.1036, and was divided between two of his grandsons in 1104 into the Counties of MONTBÉLIARD and FERRETTE (the latter later became associated with the County of Sundgau in Upper Alsace). The district around Porrentruy, once part of Montbéliard, was sold to the Bishop of Basle in 1271 and the town later became his residence. In 1793 the Porrentruy distrct became French. In 1815 they were included in the Swiss Canton of Bern, but they now form the northwest of the Swiss Canton of Jura. AKARNANÍA See ACARNANIA. AKERSHUS County in southern Norway, around the city and county of Oslo, at the head of Oslofjord. The former province of Aggershus included Oslo, and took its name from a castle built in the reign of Haakon V (1299-1319) between two inlets on which Oslo stands. The castle is not in the county named after it, but within the city of Oslo. AKHAÍA See ACHAEA. AKHALTSIKHE Or, Achaltsik (old spelling). Town in southern Georgia, on a tributary of the River Kura, not far from the Turkish border. It was acquired, with the surrounding district, by Russia from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. AKROTIRI British Sovereign Base Area in southernmost Cyrpus. The base extends along both Episkopi and Akrotiri Bays; the village of Akrotiri stands on the peninsula between them. There is a second SBA at DHEKELIA in the east of the island, southwest of Famagusta (Gazima»usa) and northeast of Lárnaka. Since the Turkish invasion in 1974 a stretch of the boundary of Turkish northern Cyprus has run along the northern limits of the Dhekelia base. The bases were agreed on during the negotiations for the independence of Cyprus within the Commonwealth in 1959. With the British withdrawal from the Suez Canal Zone in 1954 Cyprus had become important as a British base. The reduction of British overseas commitments has meant that the two areas are much less important as bases than when Cyprus became independent in 1960, but they remain important as posts listening in on other countries' radio commuinications. They also help support the United Nations peacekeeping force in Cyprus. Together they are some 256 sq. kilometres (100 sq. miles) and have about 5,000 personnel. Ironically one British justification for leasing Cyprus from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 was its usefulness as a base in the eastern Mediterranean, a usefulness that soon disappeared with the British occupation of Egypt in 1882. After final withdrawal from Egypt in 1954, Cyprus became important again, leading Henry Hopkinson, Colonial Office Minister of State, to declare a year or two later that independence for Cyprus would never come. It was the beginning of a period of instruction during which politicians learnt never to use never. ALAÇAHISAR Ottoman district (sanjak) in Serbia in the 16th century; the valley of the Western Morava and the middle part of that of the River Morava. The sanjak was named from the Turkish form of Kruševac, on the Western Morava, a royal centre in medieval Serbia. ALAMANNIA See ALEMANNIA. AL-ANDALUS The Arabic name (the west) for Moslem Iberia. For its history, see UMMAYAD SPAIN, TAIFA STATES, ALMORAVID SPAIN, ALMOHAD SPAIN and GRANADA. This article will deal with the various peoples that composed Moslem Iberia The most important, though not the most numerous, of those who conquered most of Spain in the second decade of the 8th century were Arabs, the elite of the Islamic world. They settled in the south in the valley of the Guadalquivir and further north in the plains of the valley of the Ebro. They were joined in the 740s by a fresh influx of Arabs, who belonged to an army that had been recruited in Syria to fight the Caliph's enemies in North Africa. This particular army had been badly defeated in 741 and had retreated to the sea at Ceuta. They sought refuge in Spain but were refused by the authorities until widespread Berber rebellion led to a change of mind, whereupon the Syrians were shipped over to help suppress the revolt. They later settled, group by group, in places scattered through southern Iberia. The Arab world was split between two great tribal groups, Yemen and Qays/Mudar. This had caused little trouble in the early years as most of the Arabs belonged to the Yemen grouping but the Syrians belonged to the Qays. The result was mid-century turmoil in Moslem Spain, which Abd al-Rahman, an Umayyad who had survived the slaughter of his family, was able to exploit to establish himself in power in Spain in 756. The more numerous of the conquerors of Spain were the Berbers, the people of northern Africa. The army that had landed in 711 was Berber, with a Berber commander, though it was soon followed by the army of the Arab governor of northwest Africa. In the shareout of the spoils the Berbers got the poorer land of the southern meseta in Extremadura and New Castile (though doubtless there were many Berbers for whom the life of transhumant shepherds and herdsmen was an acceptable continuation of life at home). How far the Berbers settled beyond the central mountains - in the northern meseta and in Galicia - is not clear; Galicia itself must have seemed miserably damp to them. Whatever the extent of their northern settlement, it ended with the revolt of 741, caused by their resentment against the Arabs. The Berber numbers were then much reduced and could not have sustained widespread settlement in the north. The Christian Kingdom of Asturias took advantage of the changed circumstances to campaign in the lands either side of the River Duero, with the result that a vast frontier region of depopulated towns lay betweeen Asturias and the Moslem Amirate that emerged under Umayyad leadership in 756. The Berbers became the people of the Lower and Middle March, which defended the richer lands of Moslem Iberia against attack and also served as the base for attack upon the Christian lands by raiding-parties and, every so often, large armies. The later 10th century saw the arrival of more Berbers in Spain. These came to serve in the armies of the great minister, al-Mansur, during whose time destructive assaults on the Christian lands became part and parcel of normal life. These Berbers lived much closer to the centre of power, and after the deaths of al-Mansur in 1002 and his able eldest son in 1008, the tensions between them and the settled landed and commercial establishments in al-Andalus erupted into a violence that made the Caliphate the tool of factions and in the end destroyed it and the unity of Moslem Spain. Several Berber chieftains became the rulers of petty states clustered in the hills and mountains that lie to the south and east of the valley of the River Guadalquivir. To return to earlier al-Andalus. Among the political elite were natives of the peninsula, for not every noble in the Visigothic Kingdom had died or fled. Some of them accepted the new order, changed their faith to Islam and remained powerful. These were the muwallads. One of the most powerful families until the early 10th century was the Banu Qasim, muwallads descended from a noble called Cassius. Tudela, on the Ebro above Zaragoza, was their base; at times they ruled in Zaragoza itself, one of the most important cities of Spain. A major figure in southern Iberia of muwallad descent was Ibn Hafsun, the brigand chieftain who greatly bothered the Umayyad Amirs of the late 9th/early 10th centuries from his various bases (the chief was Bobastro) in the region of the southern mountains. So too in eastern Spain was ibn Mardanish, known to the Spanish Christains as el Rey Lobo - King Wolf. He defied the Almohads from the late 1140s until his death in 1172. Many of the Christians remained Christians. Islam tolerated both Christians and Jews, though there were restraints upon them: the conversion of Moslems from their faith was beyond the pale, for example. Both paid taxes from which Moslems were exempt. Gradually Christians converted for self-interest, like the muwallad nobles, or for genuine religious reasons, but there still remained many Christians in al-Andalus at the end of the 11th century. By then the times were changing. Moslem Spain was no longer top-dog; the Christian states were resurgent; to rescue the Moslem princes of Spain the harsh and puritanical Almoravids were called in; when they succumbed to pleasure the ardently faithful Almohads displaced them in the mid-12th century. The numbers of Christians declined in such a dangerous political and fervent religious atmosphere. Other Christians, at least in their origins, had been brought into Spain over the centuries. These were slaves, who had lost their freedom through defeat or raids. There was a thriving slave trade; in the middle of the 10th century, for example, merchants from Verdun (why Verdun, one wonders?) organised the export of slaves from eastern Europe. Thus many of the slaves were Slavs. The Amir al-Hakem I, who died in 822, used them for his palace guard and subsequent Amirs and Caliphs built up a regular army. The slaves, freedmen and hired men in the army and administration of the Umayyad Caliphate became an important element in society and there were considerable tensions between them and the Berber tribesmen recruited from North Africa by al-Mansur. As the Caliphate became the plaything of factions and then fizzled out, the leaders of the slaves and freemen came to dominate much of the Levante for most of the 11th century. In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon took the city of Toledo; in 1086, after some of the petty Moslem rulers had apealed for his help, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the Almoravid ruler of Morocco, crossed over the narrow seas for the first of several expeditions. He and his Almoravid heirs and their Almohad successors were the principal powers in Moslem Spain from then until Almohad unity was destroyed in the mid-1220s. They campaigned in and ruled over southern Spain because it was necessary, but Morocco remained their home. In 1224 rival Caliphs appeared among the Almohads, who thereupon quickly lost their grip upon Spain. The Spanish Moslems were left to fend for themselves, but the Christian advance could not be contained. Granada, the last surviving Moslem Kingdom, was usually sustained between the 1260s and 1340 by the Marinid Sultans of Morocco but after the defeat of the Sultan in the Battle of the Salado in 1340 no Moroccan ruler intervened in Spain again. Granada was on its own, sustained partly by its own merits, largely by Castile's problems, until in 1492 the last remnant of al-Andalus disappeared. ÅLAND ISLANDS AHVENANMAA; Aaland Islands (in English, pronounced "Awland"). Group of approximately 6500 islands, 80 of them inhabitated, lying between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea and belonging to Finland. They belonged to Sweden until 1809, when they were ceded, with Finland, to Russia. In 1921 the League of Nations allocated the islands to Finland, despite a plebiscite in which the (mainly Swedish) population had voted to return to Sweden. The Islands have formed a demilitarised zone since 1921. Unlike the other läänit (provinces) of Finland, which are organs of the central government and do not have elected councils, Ålands län (Ahvenanmaa lääni) is an autonomous province, with its own elected assembly (the Lagting) and executive board, though the governor is appointed by the Government of Finland and, like the other governors, has oversight over the local work of seven of the national ministries. The government of Åland is also responsible for regional economic development. There are 17 kommuner (municipalities) - elected local authorities. ALANIA In 1994 a new Constitution for the Russian Republic of NORTH OSSETIA, in the Caucasus, named the republic Alania, the Ossetes being descended from the Alans, who had once dominated the steppes. ALANS An Iranian people on the steppes, the eastern branch of the Sarmatians, who had dominated the steppes for hundreds of years in the Classical age. With the coming of the Huns in the 4th century the main body of the Alans moved into the plains north of the Caucasus Mountains, away from the main route between Asia and Europe. There they lived for centuries, sometimes independent, sometimes subject to the power that controlled the steppes, until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century ended their independence. The Ossetes, who live either side of the Daryal Pass in the centre of the Caucasus Mountains, are in all probability the descendants of the Alans. One body of Alans fled before the Hun advance and got caught up in the great movement of peoples in Europe. By 406 they were linked with the Germanic Suevi and Vandals, and with them they crossed the frozen Rhine on the last day of the year, to rampage through Gaul and eventually on into Roman Spain. In 416 they and the Siling Vandals were caught by the Visigoths, the allies of the Romans, and were so shattered that they disappear from history. ÁLAVA ARABA (Basque). The southernmost and largest, though least populous, of the three provinces that make up the BASQUE COUNTRY (Pais Vasco or Euskadi), Álava is partly mountainous, though with fertile valleys. The greater part of the province lies in the basin of the River Ebro, which forms much of its southern boundary,but the rivers in the mountain valleys of the north drain to the Bay of Biscay. The capital is Vitoria (Gasteiz, in Basque), whence the abbreviation for the province - VI. Vitoria is also the capital of the Basque Country. A fairly large enclave - once the County of Treviño - around the town of that name belongs to the province of Burgos; a much smaller enclave, belonging to the province of Vizcaya (Bizkaia), lies in the far north, on the border with the province of Burgos. The origin of each of the Basque Provinces is lost in time, but Álava was a county in the early history of the Christian Kingdoms. Its position north of the Ebro made it important in defence against attack from the valley of the Ebro, the one relatively easy route from the Mediterranean to the northern coast, where the Christian Kingdom of Asturias lay protected by the Cantabrian mountains. It was consequently, together with its neighbour, the County of Castile, in the area most frequently attacked by Moslem raiders and by Moslem armies. In the later 9th century the Kingdom of Asturias began to resettle the lands between the Cantabrian Mountains and the River Duero. The County of Castile shared in this advance and as a result became more important than Álava, which did not have the opportunity to extend itself because the Moslems remained formidably strong in the valley of the Ebro. When it emerged the County of Álava was probably linked with the Kingdom of Asturias but in the 9th century the Kingdom later called Navarre arose, with its capital at Pamplona. For several centuries Álava havered between Navarre and the more western Kingdom (Asturias, then León, then Castile). By around 1200 Álava's destiny was linked with Castile, though under the terms of its charters (fueros) it had a considerable degree of self-government. The fueros were finally abolished in 1876. Because it has long been open to influences from the rest of the Ebro valley Álava is the least self-contained of the three Basque provinces and has the smallest proportion of Basques among its population. ALBA Judeþ (county) in west central Rumania, drained by the River Mures, a tributary of the Tisza and named after its capital, Alba Iulia - Gyulafehérvár (Magyar) or Karlsburg (Ger) - which is northwest of Sibiu. A part of Transylvania, it belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary until 1918: its Magyar name was Alsó-Fehér. ALBA Or Alban or Albany, from the Gaelic word ALBAINN for the island of Britain, a word that later became restricted in meaning to the lands north of the Forth-Clyde valley. It was probably related to the Greek and Latin name of Albion for the island. The name is used for the early Kingdom of Scotland, after Kenneth MacAlpin, the King of the Scots, became King of the Picts as well in 843. That united Kingdom lay north of the Forth-Clyde region, though the western coastal lands, where the Scots had had their Kingdom of Dalriada, were falling under Viking control, and so were the northern coasts of Pictland. King Malcolm II, who died in 1034, was described in death as King of Scotia, and we might say that the 11th century sees the transition from Alba to Scotland. In the first place, the Kingdom had moved southwards by 1034. The Kings of Alba had long had influence in the Welsh Kingdom of Strathclyde (in southwest Scotland and northwesternmost England) and they advanced southeastwards into Lothian, which had been part of Northumbria, during the 10th century. Their control of the land extending to the lower Tweed was confirmed by the Battle of Carham in 1018. In the same year Malcolm II's grandson, Duncan, became King of Strathclyde (though this is now disputed) and in 1034 he succeeded his grandfather in Alba/Scotland. That succession marks the second great change. When they died the Kings of Alba were not succeeded by their sons but by brothers or cousins, their appointed heirs and the descendants of earlier Kings. Such a succession ensured that the Crown passed to an adult, but it also meant the the tanaist - the appointed heir - was inclined to jump the gun and dispose of his predecessor. Malcolm secured the succcession for Duncan and in the year before he died killed cousins who could claim the succession. Although Duncan became King he was defeated and killed in 1040 and succeeded by MacBeth, the ruler of Moray and husband of Gruoch, who belonged to the family whose possible male claimants Malcolm II had disposed of. MacBeth may well have been a descendant of the House of Alpin through his mother. He was defeated and killed by Malcolm III, Duncan's son, in 1057, but when Malcolm died in 1093 it was his brother, Donald Ban, who seized the throne. He was temporarily displaced in 1094 by Duncan II, the son of Malcolm III's first marriage, and finally overthrown in 1097 by the sons of Malcolm's second marriage. Donald Ban, the last brother to be preferred as King to a son, was the last Scottish King to be buried on the island of Iona, burial place of the Kings of Dalriada and Alba. The name was later revived, as ALBANY, for a Royal Dukedom. ALBACETE Large but sparsely populated inland province (AB) of southeastern Spain; once marshy. It is named after its capital, which stands on the Canal de Doña Maria Cristina, in the basin of the River Júcar. The town, al-Basita in Arabic, became part of Castile when the tributary Kingdom of Murcia was suppressed in 1266. The province was formed from the north of the province of Murcia in 1833, and has belonged to the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha since 1983. It is 9th in area of the 50 provinces of Spain, but 39th in population. ALBAINN Gaelic form of ALBA, and still the Gaelic word for Scotland. ALBANIA Name of (1) region and country in the Balkans (see next article); (2) an ancient region in the Caucasus on the lower course of the River Kura (Cyrus) and on the shores of the Caspian Sea at the southeastern end of the Greater Caucasus Mountains: now the greater part of the Republic of Azerbaijan; and (3) a variant form of Albion, Alban or Albany, meaning either the island of Great Britain or the northern part of it, Scotland north of the Clyde-Forth valleys. A pre-Celtic word meaning heights gave rise to the name of the Alps, whilst an Indo-European word meaning white gave rise to words like Albion and Albany. Which is the origin in the case of Albania the country is not sure; perhaps the one reinforced the other in a region where snow-topped mountains could be seen. ALBANIA SHQIPËRIA. Independent country in the western Balkans since 1913, and a region before that of varying extent. 1. Origins. Its inhabitants are generally believed to be the descendants of the Illyrians, who lived in much of the western Balkans before the coming of the Slavs. The name comes from a tribe, the Albanoi, that lived in the Durrës region, but the Albanians' own name for their land means land of eagles. The Albanians are divided into two main dialects: the Ghegs north of the River Shkumbi and the Tosks south of it. Among the Ghegs, who lived in the more mountainous parts, a clan system still prevailed in the 20th century; the Tosks' life was centred on their villages. Much of Albania is mountainous, though there are coastal plains, quite wide in the centre of the country. As in many mountainous regions power has tended to be broken up and held locally rather than centrally, so that clans and tribes have importance into modern times. Even when Albania has been held by one of the great Balkan Empires - Byzantium, the First Bulgarian Empire, Stephen Duãan's Serb Empire, and eventually the Ottoman Empire - control of the mountains has often been tenuous. Though some of the coastal lowlands are marshy, there is also fertile land, but Albania is today the poorest country in Europe and has never been a rich region. Yet it has often been of interest to outsiders, partly because of its ports and partly because of an old land route, the Via Egnatia. This was the Roman road from Dyrrachium to Constantinople (from Durrës to Istanbul, via Elbasan, Ohrid, Bitola and Thessalonica), the route from Italy to Constantinople that avoided too long a crossing by sea. Control of the route made Albania, or at least central Albania, attractive to the great Balkan Empires, and also to the rulers of southern Italy, particularly to those ambitious for a Balkan Empire, like Charles I of Sicily and Naples. The ports of Albania had attraction for the rulers of inland Serbia even into the 20th century, when their ambitious hopes and the frustration of those hopes by the great powers contributed to the coming of the First World War. They also had attractions for a maritime power like Venice. In the middle ages northernmost Albania of the present time usually belonged to the region called Duklja (Dioclea), then Zeta, and now Montenegro. The present town of Shkodër, on the lake named after it, was then the town of Skadar, at times the residence of those who ruled in Zeta. In 1913 Montenegro was bitterly disappointed that the creation of an independent Albania prevented the return of Skadar to Montenegro. Much of southern Albania was linked with the Greek territory of Epirus during the middle ages. Albania was one of the areas where Bulgaria challenged the Byzantine Empire, both in the reign of Simeon (893-927), when the First Bulgarian Empire reached its height, and in the reign of Samuel (976-1014), the ruler of the successor Kingdom that was centred on Macedonia. Simeon held much of Albania but not Dyrrachium (Durazzo/Durrës) and the coastal lands to the north; Samuel captured Dyrrachium. The Norman rulers in southern Italy in the late 11th century, Manfred of Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily (1258-66), and his Angevin successors thereafter, all had footholds on the Albanian coast. Charles I of Anjou, King of Sicily, who held territory around Durazzo, took the title of King of Albania in 1271. His successors as Kings of Naples kept the title and usually had some possessions in the region, but they never succeeded in establishing anything like a real Kingdom there. During the 1330s the Angevins still had possessions in Albania and the Byzantines recovered much of southern Albania when they resumed control of Epirus late in the decade, but Albanian chieftains, most notably the head of the Thopia family, still controlled much of the land. The Serb King, Stephen Duãan, intervened in Albania at times; in the 1340s he became the dominant figure, driving the Byzantines out and restricting the Angevins of Naples to Durazzo. After Duãan's death in 1355 his Empire gradually disintegrated. One of his associates, John Comnenus Asen, held southern Albania and much of Epirus; in Zeta and in northern Albania the Balãiæi emerged and they were later to acquire territory in south central Albania. The Thopia family, who controlled much of the country between the Shkumbi and Mata Rivers, achieved the expulsion of the Angevins from Durazzo in 1368, and Carlo Thopia took the title of King of Albania. In 1392, with the Ottoman Turks threatening the western Balkans, George Thopia, Carlo's son, handed Durazzo over to Venice, and abandoned the title of King. In 1396 George II Balãiæ, the feeble ruler in Zeta, handed over Skadar (Scutari/Shkodër) to Venice. In the 1420s the Turks began to absorb Albania into their Empire, but from 1443 met with strong resistance led by an Albanian prince, George Katriotis, who had been a hostage among the Turks. On converting to Islam, he was renamed Iskander Bey, whence his name as hero: Scanderbeg. He died in 1468. By 1479, the year in which Venice lost Scutari, Albania was under Ottoman control. The fall of Venetian Durazzo in 1501 completed the Ottoman conquest, except that in the far south of present-day Albania Venice held on to the port of Butrint, acquired in 1386, until the end of the Republic in 1797. As the Ottoman Empire in its turn declined, a Moslem family, the Bushati, controlled the region around Shkodër, c1760-1831, whilst in Epirus and southern Albania, Ali Pasha, the Lion of Janina, held sway between 1788 and 1822. In the later 19th century, with the independence of Greece achieved in 1830 and that of Montenegro recognised in 1878, Albania tended to mean the western part of the Ottoman lands in Europe, and so included Epirus as well as present-day Albania. 2. Independence. During the First Balkan War, when Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro united to drive the Turk out of Europe, an Albanian assembly proclaimed independence on 28 November 1912. If Greece, Serbia and Montenegro had had their way Albania would have been divided up between them, but the the great powers gave their support to Albanian independence. Scarcely had that independence been precariously established than the First World War broke out, and the German Prince of Albania, William of Wied, withdrew in September 1914 after a six-month reign that had done little to sort out the internal chaos. At the end of the war troops of several of the allied nations were present in Albania, but at the Peace Conference in 1919, at President Wilson's insistence, Albania's continued independence was accepted. Internal instability continued. In 1925 one of the northern chieftains, Ahmed Bey Zogu, who had been Prime Minister in 1922, became President, and in 1928 he became King Zog. Although he was the target of many feuds, he ensured that at least one way of killing him was closed by having his mother cook his meals. The stability that he brought about came through accepting satellite status under Italy. On Good Friday 1939 Italian troops entered the country and King Victor Emmanuel III became King of Albania as well as of Italy. Albania continued to have its own government, but under Italian control. With the Italian surrender in September 1943, German forces occupied Albania and a new Albanian government restored, at least in name, the country's independence. By May 1944 much of southern Albania was free of German troops and by late November the last of them withdrew from the country. Albania had been enlarged in 1941 with the addition of the Kosovo region from fallen and dismembered Yugoslavia, but with the return of peace and the restoration of Yugoslavia this district with an Albanian majority was handed back. Part of the resistance movement in Albania had been Communist-led, and as the Germans withdrew in 1944 it was these Communist-led Partisans who were able to take control in Tirana. Sections of the Albanian Communist Party were strongly pro-Yugoslav. They were overthrown in 1948 when the Soviet Union turned against Tito's Yugoslavia, and Enver Hoxha was able to assume full control in Albania. With one neighbour, Yugoslavia, a pariah in the Communist world, and the other, Greece, having renewed, in the ideological climate of the Cold War, demands for the restoration of "Northern Epirus" to Greece, Albania was physically isolated. Its isolation became more intense in 1961 when it supported Communist China against the Soviet Union, and even worse in the late 1970s when it became disillusioned with China's raprochement with the West. In 1991 the regime was forced to allow free elections. The urban voters mostly turned against Communism but the caution of the rural voters allowed the Commmunists to retain power, though only briefly. In 1992 they were voted out. 3. Extent. The present borders, which slightly modified those of 1913, were drawn up by the Conference of Ambassadors late in 1921 and marked out on the ground by an international demarcation body over the next four years. 4. Territorial divisions. In 1923 Albania was divided into 10 Prefektorats (prefectures). Since 1949, with an interruption between 1953 and 1956, when the prefektorats returned, Albania has been divided into 26 Rrethët (districts; sing., rreth), plus the capital Tirana. . ALBANY In 1398 Robert Stewart, brother of the King of Scotland and former Regent for his father, was created Duke of Albany, i.e. the lands north of the Forth, or Alba. The title expired when his son, Murdoch, was executed in 1425, but it was subsequently re-created on several occasions, always for very close relatives of the monarch, for example, Darnley, the second husband of Mary Queen of Scots. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, it was, except for the last creation, held together with the Dukedom of York. That last creation was for Victoria's fourth son, Leopold. His son and heir, the second Duke, was also the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deprived of the Albany Dukedom in 1917 for being on the side of the King's enemies. ALBARRACÍN Petty Taifa Kingdom in Moslem Spain, 1012-1104. Its capital stands on the upper River Turia, which reaches the sea at Valencia, and is WNW of Teruel, in inland eastern Spain. City and Kingdom were named after the ruling dynasty, the Banu Razin, a Berber family who appeared as local rulers in the mid-10th century during the Caliphate of Abd-ur Rahman III. Abd al-Malik, who became King in 1043 or 1044, reigned until 1103, the longest reign of any of the Taifa Kings of the 11th century. The year after his death his Kingdom was absorbed into the Almoravid empire. The city was conquered by Aragón in 1170 and is now in the province of Teruel and the community of Aragón. ALBERTINE LANDS (Habsburg) In 1379 the Habsburg lands were partitioned between two brothers. Duke Albert III and his descendants - the senior line of the Habsburgs - held Austria above and below the Enns (not as extensive as the present-day Länder of Oberösterreich and Niederösterreich) until 1457, when Ladislas Postumus, Albert's great-grandson, died while still a youth. With the extinction of the Albertine line their lands passed to the Emperor Frederick III, the senior male heir of Leopold's line, who had acted as Regent for Ladislas. He however was forced by his brother Albert VI to hand over some of the lands and it was not until Albert VI's death in 1463 that the Emperor gained full control over the Albertine lands. ALBERTINE LANDS (Wettin) In 1485, Ernest, the Elector of Saxony, and his brother Albert partitioned the Wettin lands, which had been re-united in 1482 after the death of their uncle, who had held Thuringia.. Albert's share was the solid block of the Margraviate of Meissen in the east, part of the Osterland and the Pleissenland in the centre and some northern Thuringian lands in the west. In 1547 the Electoral dignity was transferred from the fallen Elector of the Ernestine line, John Frederick, to Albert's grandson, Maurice, and with the dignity came the Electoral lands, the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg. In 1554 the Elector August, Maurice's brother, ceded part of the Albertine lands, including Altenburg, to make peace with his kinsmen. The Albertine line did not normally partition its lands. The Elector John George I, who had added Lusatia to his territory in 1635, is the exception; on his death in 1656 his sons shared out all but the Electoral lands, which were legally indivisible. The three junior lines resulting from the partition were Saxe-Weissenfels, Saxe-Merseburg and Saxe-Zeitz (extinct in 1746, 1738 and 1718 respectively). The Elector became King of Saxony in 1806, but lost his northern lands, including the old Electoral Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg, to Prussia in 1815. The dynasty ceased to reign in 1918. ALBI Capital of the Albigeois, a medieval County in southwestern France; the town of Albi, which stands on the River Tarn, has also been the seat of a Bishop - an Archbishop since 1678. The County came early into the hands of the Counts of Toulouse, but by the 10th century its real ruler was the Vicomte, though he had to face the rivalry of the Bishop in the city. The Vicomtes belonged to the Trencavel family, who in the late 10th century also acquired the Vicomté of Béziers and then the comital power, though without the title, in the County of Carcassone. This family, more powerful than many counts, was overthrown by the first Albigensian Crusade in 1209, and Raymond Roger, the Vicomte, who had sympathised with the Cathar heresy against which the Crusade was directed, died in a dungeon in Carcassone. His rights passed to Simon de Montfort, the leader of the Crusade, whose son later resigned them to the King of France. Raymond Roger's son was briefly restored in 1224; in 1229 the Count of Toulouse was allowed the government of the county, and in 1271, after the death of the heiress of Toulouse and her husband, it reverted to the King and became part of the province of Languedoc. Although the Albigensian Crusade takes its name from Albi, it is because the Trencavel family rose to greatness through being Vicomtes of Albi, not because the town was itself a leading Cathar centre. The Bishops were powerful in the city. The Archbishopric was created in 1678 through the division of the province of Bourges, to which the diocese had hitherto belonged. In 1790 the diocese was demoted to a bishopric in the province of Toulouse, but its metropolitan rank was restored in 1822. Albi became the capital of the Department of the Tarn in 1790. ALBION Name used for the island of Britain by Ptolemy, who was Greek, and also by the Latin writer, Pliny, who linked it to the word albus,which meant white, with the result that the name is regarded as an allusion at the white cliffs of Dover. Alban, from the Gaelic name for Britain, but later restricted to the northern half of Scotland, may be a related word. Albion has survived as a poetic name for Britain or England, in an insult (perfidious Albion), and in the name of some football teams, e.g. West Bromwich Albion and Coatbridge's Scottish League team, Albion Rovers. ALBON County in the Kingdom of Burgundy. The town of Albon, now in the north of the Department of the Drôme in southeastern France, lies eastwards of the Rhône, and NNE of St Vallier, which stands on the river some way above Valence. The Counts were originally lords of Vion, west of the Rhône, between St Vallier and Tournon, and acquired the southern part of the Viennois in the 1030s when they became Counts of Albon & Vienne. Their territory later became known as the DAUPHINÉ. ALBRET Lordship in the sandy plain of the Landes in southwestern France, originally centred on Labrit (a variant spelling of Albret), north of Mont-de-Marsan. It extended in the early 14th century to include the Vicomté of Tartas to the southwest and the district around Nerac west of Agen. The lordship then reached from a narrow foothold on the Atlantic shore across the Landes towards the River Garonne. The lordship belonged to the English King's Duchy of Gascony, but in the 1360s the Lord of Albret quarrelled with the Black Prince and transferred to the French camp. One of the Lords, then Constable of France, was killed at Agincourt, but in the end the English lost Gascony. Alain d'Albret, who died very old in 1522, acquired the territories of Périgord and Limoges, and saw his son, John, become King of Navarre by marriage. Spanish Navarre was however seized by Ferdinand of Aragon in 1512. In 1520 King Henry II, John's son, was created a Peer of France and Duke of Albret in his grandfather's lifetime. Henry's grandson became King of France in 1589, and Albret a land of the French Crown. The title of Duc d'Albret was given to the Duke of Bouillon in 1651, after surrendering the sovereign principality of Sedan to the French King. ALCÁNTARA Military religious Order in Spain, founded in the Kingdom of León, c.1175, as the Order of San Julián de Pereiro, which was a monastery close to Portugal and WSW of Salamanca. The Order was linked at first with that of Calatrava. Its headquarters later moved to Trujillo, east of Cáceres, in 1188 and finally in 1218 to Alcántara, which had been taken by Alfonso IX four years earlier. Alcántara stands on the River Tajo (Tagus) some way above where it forms the border between Spain and Portugal. Above the town today is the immense Alcántara reservoir on the Tajo and its tributaries. The Order held substantial territories in Extremadura: in the northwest, the lands on the borders of Portugal from San Vicente in the south to Valverde del Fresno and Santibáñez in the north, and in the southeast, the lands contained within the great arc formed by the River Zujar, a tributary of the Guadiana. In Andalucía the Order acquired territory southeast of Seville, around Cote and Morón. The Order was usually subject to royal influence and eventually the Grand Mastership became tied up with the Crown after Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Queen Isabella, had been elected Grand Master in 1494. ALDERNEY Aurigny. The third largest of the Channel Islands, and a dependency of Guernsey. ALEMANNIA Or, Alamannia; ALEMANNIEN or Alamannien (either spelling, whether in English or German, is common). The Alemans or Alemanni were a confederation of German tribes, whose name means all-men. They were pushed southwards from the region of the lower Main by the Franks. After the Romans had abandoned the Agri Decumates (where they had advanced their frontier forward to take in the Black Forest, the valley of the Neckar and the lower Main and Lahn) in the 260s or 270s the Alemans moved very gradually into the region and became established there. In the early 5th century they began to settle across the Rhine in Alsace and through much of that century they spread into what is now German-speaking Switzerland. The Schwyzerdütsch, the spoken German of the Swiss, is descended from Alemannic German. Although they thus advanced the German language in place of Romance across the Rhine, politically the Alemans were much weaker than the Franks. The terrain of the Black Forest, Alsace, and northern Switzerland, broken up by hills and mountains, favoured local power. As the Franks grew in power and spread their authority into eastern Gaul, the Alemans became subservient to them, and Alsace became a separate Duchy under Frankish rulers. By the 7th century, the Alemans east of the Rhine had recovered autonomy. Several campaigns by the Carolingians in the 8th century restored the full authority of the Frankish Kingdom; at the end of the last campaign, in 746, the Aleman princes and a large part of their nobility were slaughtered at Canstatt, near Stuttgart. In the division of the Frankish Empire of 843 Alsace together with the lands south of the Rhine and west of the Aare became part of the middle Kingdom of the Emperor Lothar, whilst the Black Forest region, the lands east of the Aare, and Rhaetia (the uppermost lands of the Rhine and the Inn) were placed in the lands of Louis the German. In planning for the partition of his lands after his death Louis the German allocated Alemannia as the future share of his youngest son, Charles the Fat. In 870, after the death of Lothar II of Lotharingia, all the old Aleman territories were reunited in the German Kingdom. But not for long. Though Charles the Fat was to reunite practically all the Carolingian Empire in the 880s, it was by default. The feebleness of the Empire in the face of Viking and Arab threats led to its breakup in 887-8. The lands west of the Aare became part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, except for those running along the Rhine, reaching nearly to Basle, though these, together with the region between the Aare and the Reuss, were added to Burgundy some thirty years later. In the German lands a Duchy emerged in the early 10th century, later than in Saxony, Bavaria or (probably) Franconia, the delay having been caused by divisions within Alemannia Alsace had frequently been separate, whilst in Rhaetia, the Bishop of Chur had long had great power. Moreover there were two families contending for power, and blood flowed in Alemannia in the 910s. One contender was slaughtered by his rivals in 911 and they in turn were executed in 917 by Conrad I, the German King and their brother-in-law. With their destruction, Burchard, the son of the contender murdered in 911, became Duke. The name Alemannia became replaced in the Duchy by Schwaben (Swabia), though by the 13th century it was sometimes used for the German Kingdom. The name of Germany is one on which there is no consensus; the three major languages of western Europe each have utterly different names for it. The Hohenstaufen era led to Germany being called the regnum Alamanniae: the Staufer were Dukes of Swabia, and had much property both in Alsace and in the northeast of the Duchy. The French still use Allemagne, and the Spanish Alemania, for Germany. ALENÇON (1) Medieval County (later Duchy) in northern France; and (2) a généralité during the Ancien Régime, named after a Norman town (on the borders with Maine), which stands on the River Sarthe, a tributary of the Loire. From the early 11th century the lordship of Alençon was held by the lords of Bellême, which lay in the county of Maine to the east of Alençon. In 1070 Alençon and Bellême passed through an heiress to the great Norman family of Montgomery. Already Earls in England and Counts in Ponthieu, the Montgomeries began to use the comital title in Alençon as well. The power of the family, then headed by Robert of Bellême, was broken by Henry I early in the 12th century, though he later restored Alençon to the heirs of the imprisoned Robert. Their male line died out in 1219, by which time Normandy had been conquered by Philip Augustus, so that Alençon passed to the French royal domain. It twice became an appanage in medieval France: (1) 1268-83, for Pierre, son of Louis IX; (2) 1293-1525, for Charles, Count of Valois, brother of Philip IV, and, after his death in 1325, for Charles's second son and his descendants. Count Jean I became a Duke in 1414 but was killed at Agincourt the following year. The town and district of Alençon was in English hands, 1417-49. After the extinction of the Dukes in 1525, the Duchy was given to various royal princes, as an appanage, for the purposes of income rather than administration; the last nominal gift as appanage was in 1785, to the elder brother of the King, the future Louis XVIII. For only one of these princes was Alençon his principal title. This was Francis Hector, youngest son of Henry II, 1566-84, and even in his case he held the higher title of Duke of Anjou for the last eight years of his life. In 1636, a new généralité was created in the southern part of Lower Normandy together with the County of Perche, which lay in neighbouring Maine and had long been associated with Alençon. The Intendant resided in the town of Alençon. In 1790 the généralité was divided among four departments. That of the Orne, of which Alençon is the capital, was formed entirely from the southwest and south of the généralité. ALENTEJO Or, ALEMTEJO. Old province in the south, though not the far south, of Portugal; its name means beyond the Tejo (Tagus); it was sometimes called Entre Tejo e Guadiana (i.e. between those two rivers). Between the 1130s and 1230s it was the border zone with the Moslems, across which fortunes ebbed and flowed until it had become firmly Portuguese by 1240. In 1833 it was divided into the districts (southwards from the Tejo) of Portalegre, Evora, and Beja. In Salazar's Portugal after 1936 there were two new provinces of Alto and Baixa Alentejo. ALESSANDRIA City (its district is the Alessandrino) and province in northwestern Italy. The city, which stands on the River Tanaro, a tributary of the Po, lies ESE of Turin and southwest of Milan. It was built by the anti-Imperial Lombard League in 1168, and named after their protector, Pope Alexander III. In the 1260s it came under the control first of the Marquis of neighbouring Montferrat, later of Uberto Pavallicini, who controlled Cremona, and then of the advancing champion of Papal interests, Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily. Charles was over-stretched, so that, by 1269, Alessandria had come back into the hands of the Marquis of Montferrat, who was eventually overthrown in 1290, and died in an Alessandrian prison. Alessandrian freedom was short-lived; Milan intervened in its affairs in the 1290s; later Robert, King of Naples, dominated it as Papal Vicar in northern Italy, from 1310 until 1315, when Milan resumed control. Visconti, Sforza, French Valois and Spanish Habsburg successively held Alessandria. During the War of Spanish Succession, Savoyard troops occupied it in 1706. Savoy's possession was confirmed by treaty in 1713. With the rest of Piedmont Alessandria was annexed by France in 1802 and became the capital of the French department of Marengo. When the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored, the department became a province, named after its capital. The province of Alessandria is today in the Piemonte Region. ALFÖLD Geographical region, known in English as the Great Hungarian Plain. It is crossed by the Rivers Danube, beyond which the Romans did not advance, and Tisza. The Plain was later settled by the Huns in the 5th century, by the Avars between the late 6th and 8th centuries and, permanently, by the Magyars from the late 9th century. ALGARVE Province in the far south of Portugal; its name comes from the Arabic al-Gharb, meaning the West. The Moslem al-Gharb was much more extensive than the later Algarve, similar to the Roman province of Lusitania, which combined most of later Portugal with Extremadura in Spain. With the Christian advance it was an area that receded until it was the southern coastal land to which its name has stuck. Silves, in the west, had been the capital of a Taifa state in the region and was taken by the Portuguese in 1189, but was soon lost. It was not until 1238-50 that the permanent conquest of the province took place. The Moslem ruler of Niebla, who continued to rule in that southern town with the consent of Ferdinand III of Castile, claimed the Algarve as part of his territory but after the Portuguese conquest he ceded his rights to Ferdinand's heir, the future Alfonso X. Both before his father's death in 1252 and after it, Alfonso X campaigned against Alfonso III of Portugal. In 1253 the two Kings came to an agreement, as a result of Papal mediation. Alfonso III was to marry Alfonso X's bastard daughter Brites, who was still a child, and was recognised as the sovereign of the Algarve, but Alfonso X was to have the usufruct of the land until the eldest son of the marriage reached the age of seven, when it would fully pass back to Portugal. Alfonso X therefore would have control of the Algarve for several years, given the age of his daughter. There was also a further encumbrance, which both the Kings and the Pope passed over in silence. Alfonso III happened to have a wife already - the childless Countess Matilda of Boulogne, who did not stay silent. A couple of Papal arrangements later became necessary to end the marriage with Matilda and to legitimate the children who had by then been born to Brites. In 1267, the year before the future King Dinis reached the age of seven, the Kings of Castile and Portugal agreed in the Treaty of Badajoz that Alfonso X would forthwith give up his rights in the Algarve. The Kings of Portugal had earned their title of King of Portugal and the Algarve. In 1415 Portugal took Ceuta on the north Moroccan coast, and between 1469 and 1471 gained control of the northwestern shores of Morocco, including Tangiers in 1471. This north African territory was known as the Kingdom of Algarve daoem mar (Algarve across the sea) and passed to Spain along with the entire Kingdom of Portugal in 1580. When Portugal recovered its independence, only Tangiers briefly (1660-2) returned to Portugal. In 1833 the province became the district of Faro (a town on the coast - the southernmost region of al-Gharb had been called al-Fagar); from the 1930s, when new provinces were placed alongside the districts, the new province of Algarve occupied the same territory as the district of Faro until the end of the Salazarist regime. ALGÄU See ALLGÄU. ALGECIRAS A Taifa Kingdom in Moslem Spain, 1035-55, named after its capital, which stands on the Bay of Algeciras opposite Gibraltar and which was founded in 713 early in the Moslem conquest, as al-Gezira al-Khadra (the green island). Its only two Kings belonged to the Hammudid dynasty, members of which had contested the Caliphate with the Umayyads in the last decade and a half of its existence. They were ultimately descended from the fourth Caliph, Ali, and so belonged to the Prophet's family. The Kingdom of Seville absorbed Algeciras in 1055. The town was later in the far west of the Kingdom of Granada. After Alfonso XI had decisively defeated the armies of Granada and their Marinid protectors in Morocco at the Battle of the Rio Salado in 1340 Algeciras was besieged and was taken by Castile in 1344. It is now in the province of Cádiz. ALICANTE The southernmost province (A) of the Valencia autonomous community in eastern Spain, named after its capital (Alacant in Catalan), which lies on the Mediterranean. Denia on the coast in the northeast of the province was once the capital of a Moslem kingdom. The town of Alicante is an ancient one, called Acra Leuka by the Greeks, Lucentum by the Romans and Al Lukant by the Arabs. At the time of the Reconquest it belonged to the Kingdom of Murcia, which submitted to Castile in 1243 and was allowed to remain free as a tributary state. But Murcia was involved in Granada's incitement of rebellion among the Moslems in Andalucía, and its independence was ended in 1266 by James I of Aragon, who in accordance with the Treaty he had made with Castile in 1244 handed the former Kingdom to Castile, an act of good faith resented by a number of his subjects. In 1304 a new Treaty between Castile and Aragon transferred eastern Murcia to the Kingdom of Valencia, a possession of the King of Aragon: Alicante and the coast, with the inland towns of Orihuela and Jumilla in the southwest and Sax, Villena and Caudete in the northeast. Of these only Caudete is now outside the province; it lies in Albacete, once the north of the Murcian Kingdom. The province of Alicante was formed from the south of Valencia in 1833. ALLENSTEIN Town in the Bishopric of Ermeland, which became part of Poland in 1466 and of Prussia in 1772. In 1920 it was the principal town in the plebiscite area in southern East Prussia, set up by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919: the population overwhelmingly voted to remain in Germany. In 1945 Allenstein became the Polish town of Olsztyn, and is the capital of a province of that name. ALLER The northern department in the Kingdom of Westphalia, whose King was Jerome Bonaparte. It was added to the Kingdom in 1810. Formerly part of the Electorate of Hanover, it had been held by Prussia from 1805 until 1807, when the area had come under French occupation until its handover to the emperor's brother. The capital of the department was Hanover; its other leading town was Celle, which stands on the River Aller, a tributary of the Weser. The Aller flowed northwestwards across the department. In 1813-15 the lands returned to the Kingdom of Hanover. ALLGÄU Or, Algäu. District in early Germany, now mostly in the southwestern corner of Bavaria but earlier in eastern Swabia. Much of it is drained by the River Iller. Allgäu survives in place-names such as Immenstadt-im Allgäu, the Allgäuer Alps (in which the Iller rises), and, outside the valley of the Iller, Wangen-im-Allgäu, which is just within Baden-Württemberg. ALLIED DISTRICT (Switzerland) The Eidgenossenschaft - the confederation of cities and country districts in Switzerland - had 8 members between 1353 and 1481, when two new members were admitted. By 1513 it had 13 members and added no more thereafter until its abolition in 1798, but around its edges were districts that were allied to it (the Zugewandte Orte, literally the facing districts). Three of the allies, called the associates of the Confederation, were allowed the special privilege of representation at the Diet, where they were allowed one vote instead of the two permitted to the members. They were the Abbey of St Gallen (1451), the town of St Gallen (1454), and the town and district of Biel (1479). The district of Appenzell had also been an associate between 1452 and 1513, before becoming a member. The other allies were not as closely linked as the associates: the Valais in the south (1416); Neuchâtel in the west, which made everlasting alliances with Bern (1406), Fribourg (1495) and Lucerne (1501); Mulhouse, in Alsace (1515); Rottweil, in Swabia (1519, until it withdrew in1632); Geneva (1526); the Bishopric of Basle, mostly in the Jura (1579); and the largest of them all, the Grisons, in the east. The Grisons was itself a confederation of three Leagues: the Gotteshausbund (formed in 1367 and allied to the Swiss Confederation in 1498); the Grauer Bund, or Oberer Bund, (formed in 1395 and reformed in 1424, allying with the Swiss Confederation in 1497); and the Zehngerichtesbund (formed in 1436). The first two banded with one another in 1451; the traditional date for the joining of all three is 1471, but there is no sure evidence until 1524. Neither Rottweil nor Mulhouse bordered on any Swiss territory, while Neuchâtel was distinctly peculiar in that it was an hereditary principality allied with republican territories, and even more odd after 1707 in that its new Prince was the King of Prussia. In addition to the Allied districts, there were two protected ones, the Abbey of Engleburg between Unterwalden and Uri, and Gersau, on Lake Lucerne. In 1798 the Eidgenossenschaft was abolished and the Swiss lands formed a unitary state, the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 a new Confederation was formed, in which the only allies remaining as Swiss territory, the St Gallen territories and the Grisons, formed cantons and were as fully members as the thirteen. After Napoleon's fall the lands that had been either absorbed by, or subordinated to, France, except Mulhouse, were added to Switzerland. The Biel district and the former Bishopric of Basle were added to the Canton of Bern; the rest became cantons in the recreated Swiss Confederation. ALLIER The Département de l'Allier (03) is in central France. It is drained by the Cher (in the far west, around Montluçon), the Loire (which forms much of the eastern border) and the Allier itself (somewhat east of centre) as each of these rivers flows generally northwards out of the Massif Central. The greater part of the department had formed the greater part of Bourbonnais before 1790, the rest coming from Auvergne. Its territory had been the core of the straggling généralité of Moulins. In 1960 the department became part of the region of Auvergne. The capital is Moulins, once the capital of Bourbonnais and residence of an intendant. The subprefectures for the other arrondissements are Montluçon (in the west) and Vichy (in the south). Vichy, then the centre of administration for France with Paris occupied by the Germans, replaced La Palisse (in the southeast). Until 1926 there was a fourth arrondissement with Gannat, near Vichy, as sub-prefecture. ALLOD Or, alod; allodium, or alodium (Latin). Land completely owned by its holder and free of all obligation, unlike a fief (feodum) which was land held from someone else with an obligation to provide a particular service. Allodial land was widespread in northern Europe, including Germany. ALMERÍA (1) Small 10th-century Moslem Kingdom in southern Spain; and (2) a province (AL) in Andalucía since 1833; named after their capital (Al Mariyya in Arabic), which is southeast of Granada and stands on the Gulf that also bears its name. The Taifa Kingdom began with the rule of a former slave leader and his son, c.1013-38. Then it fell under the rule of Valencia for a time. The Banu Sumadih provided the Kings between 1041 and 1091, when Almería passed to the Almoravids. In 1147 the city was taken by Castile, with Genoese help, and formed an enclave within Moslem Spain, but it was lost to the Almohads in 1157. Later it belonged to the Kingdom of Granada, and did not finally fall to Castile until 1490, becoming the seat of a Bishop in the new province of Granada in 1492. The province was formed from Granada in 1833 and is largely mountainous, but with a Mediterranean coastline. Since 1982 it has been the southeastern province in the Andalucía Community, though the creation of that community was somewhat fraught because of Almería. In the plebiscite held in 1980 to approve the Statute of Autonomy for Andalucía, a considerable majority voted in favour, but the 1978 Constitution required that each province should also approve. By a narrow majority Almería rejected the Statute. A strict interpretation of the constitutional requirements would have sunk the Community of Andalucía forthwith, but further negotiations led to some revision of the Statute and a referendum in 1981 gave a majority for the Statute in Andalucía as a whole and also in Almería itself. ALMISSA See OMIã. ALMOHAD SPAIN The Almohads were a religious movement among the Berbers that emphasised the unity of God; they were al-Muwahhidun, the upholders of that unity, from which the names Almohads and the alternative MUWAHIDS are derived. A disastrous attempt to seize Marrakesh in 1130, with some of the leaders of the movement among the casualties, was shortly followed by the death of the founder, Ibn Tumart. This allowed Abd al-Mumin, another of the leaders, to take over the direction of the movement. The Almohad rulers after him were all his descendants. The movement took control in southern Morocco, and in 1147 finally overthrew the Almoravids who had ruled in Morocco and Spain since the later years of the 11th century. Abd al-Mumin's priority lay in northern Africa, but through his sons and other supporters Almohad control extended into Spain. One vital capture was the city of Seville, the Spanish capital of the Almoravids, early in 1148. In the last years of the Almoravids a number of local leaders had made themselves more or less independent. Several were persuaded to give up their local rule for positions of authority under the governor at Seville, though away from the places they had previously ruled. One managed to hold out until his death. Ibn Mardanish had come to dominate the Levante in the last days of the Almoravids. He ruled in Murcia, while his brother acted as governor of Valencia. Ibn Mardanish became more vulnerable when the Almohads took over Granada from Almoravid loyalists in 1155 and Almería from Castile in 1157. For a time in 1159 he threatened Córdoba. In 1162 he and his father-in-law gained control of the the Alhambra hill at Granada, though they were later defeated and withdrew. In 1165 Ibn Mardanish was defeated; in 1169 his father-in-law deserted his cause; in 1171 his brother submitted to the Almohads and surrendered Valencia. Ibn Mardanish died in 1172 and his son, as his dying father had advised him, submitted to the Almohads, who from then on controlled Moslem Spain, except for the Balearics, which only came under their rule in 1203. In 1195 the Almohads defeated the King of Castile at Alarcos, with the result that La Mancha, south of Toledo, largely fell under their control. In 1212 Alfonso VIII had his revenge at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Much of La Mancha fell back to Castilian control, but the death of three of the Christian Kings, leaving two children and one leper in their place delayed the ability of the Christian Kingdoms to advance. From the mid-1220s the advance became inexorable. The Almohads became disunited, with rival Caliphs contending for power in Morocco. By 1250 most of Almohad Spain had fallen to the Christian rulers. Two Moslem Kings, not Almohads, reigned in Granada and in Murcia, tributaries of Castile. Atlantic Andalucía alone survived of Almohad Spain. Their rule had ended there by 1265; they disappeared from Morocco in 1269. ALMORAVID SPAIN The Almoravids or MURABITS, in Arabic al-Murabitun, were a strict Islamic sect in northwest Africa in the 11th century whose members lived in a religious community (a ribat, whence the name). Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the nephew of the founder, turned the movement into a political force and in 1070 took control of Morocco. After Castile had taken Toledo in 1085 - the first city of major importance in Moslem Spain to fall to a Christian Kingdom - the petty Moslem rulers in Spain (the Taifa Kings) sought his aid. His army and that of the largest Kingdom, Seville, defeated Alfonso VI of Castile at Sagrajas, northeast of Badajoz in 1086. Yusuf himself was preoccupied with affairs in Morocco and soon returned there. He was back in 1088 for a time, when disputes between some of the Taifa rulers occupied his attention. When he once more returned to Spain in 1090 he began the subjection of the Taifa Kingdoms, whose rulers were morally decadent and who still continued to pay tribute to Castile. The King of Seville had gone further and allied himself with Alfonso VI. Malaga and Granada fell in 1090, Seville, Almería and Murcia in 1091, Badajoz in 1094. Much of the territory gained by Castile-León in the 1080s was regained by the Almoravids: Lisbon, Coria, much of La Mancha south of Toledo. Valencia, which had fallen to the Castilian Roderigo Diaz, the Cid, in 1094, fell to the Almoravids in 1102. But neitherYusuf nor his successors were able to retake Toledo, though there were times when its Castilian defenders were under severe pressure. Yusuf died in 1106. His son and successor completed the task of absorbing the Taifa Kingdoms when he took Zaragoza in 1110. But Zaragoza was far from the centre of Almoravid power and it fell to Alfonso the Battler, King of Aragon, in 1118. By the 1140s the Almoravids were in sharp decline. Castile made Toledo more secure by recovering the lands to the south and east, the Portuguese advanced to Lisbon, the Count of Barcelona seized Tortosa and Lleida at the end of the decade. By then the Almoravids had lost Morocco to a new movement, that of the Almohads. In Spain various local leaders struck out for power, as once their predecessors had created kingdoms out of the wreckage of the Umayyad Caliphate, but those in Andalucía were soon overwhelmed by Almohad intervention. One of the little Kingdoms, that of Majorca, survived until 1203. Its rulers, of the Banu Ghaniya, were relatives of the Almoravids. ALPEN UND DONAU REICHSGAUE From 1942 the Alpine and Danubian state districts was the politically correct name in the Third Reich for the lands of former Austria. ALPENVORLAND Name given to the three northern Italian provinces of Bolzano, Trento and Belluno, taken into the Third Reich in the autumn of 1943. On 10 July 1943 Allied forces invaded Sicily. On 25 July Mussolini was overthrown. The Germans increased the number of their divisions in Italy from six in July to eighteen in September. On 3 September the Allied invasion began, in the toe of Italy. On 8 September the new Italian government surrendered and on the following day Allied forces landed at Salerno, but the German army was able to secure most of Italy. Mussolini was freed and on 9 September became the head of the new Italian Social Republic. In reality the German military authorities provided much of the government of Italy. As far as the routes over the Alps between Germany and Italy were concerned, the government of six provinces was entirely in German hands. The three northeastern provinces of Gorizia, Trieste and Pola were under German military administration, pure and simple, but the northern provinces of Bolzano, Trento, and Belluno were placed under the authority of the Gauleiter of Tirol in October 1943 after the Royal Italian government had declared war on its former ally. Belluno (Italian since 1866) bordered on East Tirol and the province was crossed by an important railway link between Germany and northern Italy. The provinces of Bolzano and Trento had been the South Tirol until 1918, and there was a substantial German population in Bolzano and a not insignificant one in Trento. These were Germans whom Hitler had not sought to bring into the Third Reich out of respect and affection for Mussolini. Nor did he bring himself either in October 1943 or later to formally annex the Alpenvorland, even though it continued to be treated as part of Tirol. At the time of Germany's complete collapse in the spring of 1945, the civil government of the region could be said to be in the hands of the Austrians, who had again declared their independence. The Peace Treaty with Italy in 1947 recognised the region as Italian, though the way had been paved by an agreement in 1946 between Italy and Austria in which Italy promised to create an autonomous government for the German areas. That promise was only gradually fulfilled. ALPES Besides the Roman provinces and departments of France given below, there is a department of HAUTE-ALPES and there was one of BASSES-ALPES. Two modern French regions include Alpes in their names: PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D'AZUR and RHÔNE-ALPES. ALPES COTTIAE The middle of three Roman provinces which lay in the Alps between Cisalpine Gaul (now northern Italy) and Gaul in Augustus's day. It was named after the mountain range now called the Alpi Cozie, in which the River Po rises. In the later Empire the province lay on the Italian side of the Alps in the diocese of Italia, and extended to and along the coast on the Italian side of the Alps. (Liguria, normally between the Apennino Ligure and the sea, at that time lay north of that mountain range). ALPES-DE-HAUT-PROVENCE The Département des Alpes-de-Haut-Provence (04) is in inland southeastern France and was called BASSES-ALPES until 1970. In the northeast, where it borders on Italy, is the valley of the Ubaye; in the southeast, where once it bordered on the Kingdom of Sardinia, is that of the Verdon; in the west is the valley of the Durance, the river which also forms part of the northwestern border. Its territory had been part of Provence, though the valley of the Ubaye belonged to Savoy, 1382-1713. In the 12th and 13th centuries the town of Forcalquier, in the west, was capital of one of the counties into which Provence was divided among heiresses. In the Second World War the Basses-Alpes was in the unoccupied zone, 1940-2, except for a small area occupied by Italian troops during the brief fighting in 1940 and annexed by Italy. In 1941 the Vichy régime placed it under the authority of the Regional Prefect at Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) for police and economic matters. With the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942, the department was occupied by the Italians, replaced by Germans in 1943. Since 1964 the department has belonged to the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. When it was renamed in 1970, it became the first department to include the name of an old province of royal France and so broke the revolutionary taboo. The capital is Digne, which is also the see of the Bishop. The sub-prefectures of the other arrondissements are Barcellonette (in the northeast), Forcalquier (southwest) and Castellane (southeast - interrupted, 1926-42). Sisteron, in the west, was another sub-prefecture until 1926. ALPES GRAIAE ET POENINAE Or, Alpes Poeninae et Graiae. Roman province. In the early 3rd century, simply Alpes Graiae. The Graian Alps are separated from the Mont Blanc massif by the Little St Bernard Pass; the Pennine Alps, further north, have the Great St Bernard between them and Mont Blanc. In Augustus's day, it had been the most northerly of the three Alpine provinces between Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul (present-day northern Italy). In the reorganisation of the late 3rd century the province belonged to the diocese of Gallia. ALPES MARITIMAE The Alpine province bordering on the Mediterranean in Augustus's reign. In the reorganisation of the late third century it belonged to the southern Gaul diocese of Viennensis. ALPES-MARITIMES Two Departments have been named after the mountain range in the southeastern corner of mainland France,. (1) The first Département des Alpes-Maritimes was formed in 1793 from the annexed lands of the County of Nice (previously in the Kingdom of Sardinia) and the Principality of Monaco, but in 1814 the lands were given up by France and the department ceased to exist. (2) The second Département des Alpes-Maritime (06) was formed in 1860 from (i) the County of Nice, which had just been ceded to France by the Kingdom of Sardinia; (ii) the districts around Roquebrune and Menton, which had more or less seceded from Monaco in 1848; and (iii) the eastern sector of the Department of the Var around the town of Grasses, formerly part of Provence. In 1940 the border districts of the department were seized by Italian troops during the brief period of fighting and were annexed by Italy in 1940. The remainder of the department was in unoccupied Fance, though Italy claimed the former county of Nice as its own. After the allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942, Italian troops occupied the rest of the Alpes-Maritimes, though in 1943 they were replaced by Germans. The department has belonged to the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region since 1964. The capital is Nice, which is also the see of the Bishop. The other sub-prefecture is Grasses, in the west. Monaco was a sub-prefecture in the first Alpes-Maritimes. So was Puget-Théniers, in the northwest, which also served in the same capacity in the second Alpes-Maritimes until 1926 ALPES POENINAE See ALPES GRAIAE ET POENINAE. ALPUENTE Petty inland Moslem kingdom in the east of Spain, 1009-92: its dynasty was the Banu Qasim. It was named after its capital, which is northwest of Valencia. It is now in the north of the province of Valencia. ALS Danish and present name for ALSEN. ALSACE ELSASS (Ger), Alsatia (Lat). Region between the Vosges and the Rhine: (1) a Duchy in the Merovingian era; (2) a region in the Holy Roman Empire; (3) a gouvernement in 18th century France; (4) the greater part of the German Reichsland of Elsass-Lothringen, 1871-1918; and (5) a present-day region in eastern France. Alsace was part of the Roman Empire, but in the early 5th century, the Alemanni, a confederation of German tribes who lived mainly between Rhine and Danube, occupied the region with the consequence that the boundary between the Germanic and Romance languages was pushed westward to the Vosges. The Franks later subdued the Alemanni, and Alsace came under the control of Frankish Dukes, 670-740. About the year 740 the title of Duke stopped being used. The family of the Etichonen, who had held the Duchy, continued as Counts of the Sundgau and Nordgau, a division between southern and northern Alsace which has been a normal feature of Alsatian history. Ecclesiastically Alsace was divided not merely between dioceses (Basle and Strasbourg) but between provinces (Besançon and Mainz), a partition which echoed the Roman division of the region between the provinces of Maxima Sequanorum and Germania Superior. Politically the early division between the Sundgau and the Nordgau was followed in the 12th century by the appointment of Landgraves for Upper and Lower Alsace, and centuries later revolutionary France divided Alsace into two departments. The Carolingians linked Alsace and Alemannia east of the Rhine until the great partition of their lands in 843, when Alsace became part of the Emperor Lothar's territories. In 855 it passed to his second son, Lothar II, who unavailingly tried to have his son, Hugh, whom he made ruler of Alsace in 867, legitimated. In 870, the year after Lothar II's death, his uncle, Louis the German, incorporated Alsace in his East Frankish Kingdom, and it again became linked with Alemannia, or Swabia as it became increasingly called in the 10th century. The Etichonens continued to be the most powerful family in Alsace. Their senior line died out c.1000; they had bestowed much property upon the Church, including the Abbey of Murbach, their foundation in Upper Alsace. The most powerful Counts in the 11th century were those of Egisheim, almost certainly members of the Etichonen family. They too died out, having divided their lands along the way, and weakened themselves with family feuds. (It is said that the three separate towers on a hill near Eguisheim were to protect the Counts not so much from their enemies as from one another). In the later 11th century the Staufer or Hohenstaufen, a family from the vicinity of Stuttgart, acquired land in Alsace from marriage with an Egisheim relative, and in 1079 Frederick of Hohenstaufen became Duke of Swabia. In 1125 Duke Frederick II, the son of the Emperor Henry V's sister, failed as a contender for the German Crown. His successful rival, Lothar III, sought to weaken Hohenstaufen power by appointing Landgraves in Upper and Lower Alsace, c.1135. The new Landgrave in Upper Alsace belonged to a family possibly stemming from the Etichonen but by this time called Habsburg from their castle in the Aargau. The Landgrave in Lower Alsace, the Count of Metz, came from the family of the Counts of Blieskastel in the valley of the Mosel. The Hohenstaufen gained the Crown in 1138, became overstretched in the next century, and by the time the last nominal Duke, Conradin, was executed in 1268, Alsace had long fragmented. It had become a patchwork quilt of territories. There were several ecclesiastical principalities, chief among them the Abbey of Murbach and the Bishopric of Strasbourg. The Bishop's prestige was further enhanced in 1359 when he became Landgrave in Lower Alsace, an office previously held by the Counts, first of Metz, then of Werd, and lastly of Oettingen, who were all descended in the female line from the Counts of Egisheim. Among the lay lords, the breakdown of power allowed some very small lordships to survive. A few, like Lichtenberg or Rappoltstein, were big enough to called small rather than tiny. Only one principality was of significant size: the Habsburgs' original lands in the south, dignified by the Landgraviate of Upper Alsace, had been made more solid in 1325 when they had acquired the County of Ferrette (Pfirt) by marriage. Their lands became known as the Sundgau. For a short period, 1469-74, the Habsburg lands were held by Charles the Rash, Duke of Burgundy, but some of the Alsatian cities and the Swiss districts helped Sigismund of Tirol, who was always looking for money, to buy back his rights. It was not simply that Alsace was a land of small lordships. There were also miniscule ones. As in Swabia, the Hohenstaufen had rewarded their ministerials (their unfree captains and administrators) with estates held directly of them as Kings. It was in the Strasbourg region that clusters of the lands of the Imperial Knights, as the one-time ministerials became known, were to be found in Alsace. Another, and subsequently more powerful, legacy was the Hohenstaufen encouragement of the towns. A group of them in 1353-4 formed the association later known as the Decapolis; they were under the superintendance of the Emperor's representative, the Landvogt, who lived at Hagenau, but they were an important force in Alsace for several centuries. One of them, Mulhouse, later left the Decapolis, and became an associate of the Swiss Confederation in 1515. Strasbourg, having freed itself from control by the Bishop, was an Imperial Free City but never belonged the Decapolis. Alsace suffered miserably in the Thirty Years' War; in the 1630s Swedish troops occupied it. Their candidate to rule in Alsace, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, died in 1639, with the consequence that the Swedes became willing for France to intervene there, something which Colmar, one of the principal cities of the Decapolis, had already sought in 1634. In the Peace of Westphalia,1648, France acquired the Sundgau from Austria, the rights of protection over the towns of the Decapolis, and the titles and rights of the Landgraviates of Upper and Lower Alsace. As there was no agreement as to what these rights were, they later caused much trouble. Breisach (Brisach), on the right bank of the Rhine, was also ceded to France. Later in the century France advanced from this base. The Decapolis was annexed in 1672 (the actual submission came in 1673), and this was confirmed by the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678/9. The ten cities that comprised the Decapolis, with their dependencies, were scattered the length of Alsace. In the immediate aftermath of the peace at Nijmegen, the Chamber of Reunion, a special court attached to the Conseil souverain, meeting at Brisach, considered what those dependencies were, and also various other matters arising from the rights of the Landgraviates. As a result of their judgements other parts of Alsace were added to the lands of France and the independent lords were obliged to acknowledge the overlordship of its King. By one of the judgments of the Conseil souverain, the outlying villages of the Imperial City of Strasbourg were declared part of the Kingdom in 1680; in the following year the city itself, to which there could be no clear legal claim arising from the Treaties of 1648 and 1678/9, yielded to the pressure of the French armies camped outside it and was incorporated in the Kingdom. Though protests were raised against the réunions, no action was taken against these peaceful annexations, partly because the Emperor was preoccupied with what turned out to be the last Ottoman assault on Vienna. In 1684 French possession was confirmed in the Treaty of Regensburg, and again in 1697 in the Treaty of Rijswick, when French control over all Alsace was acknowledged, though Breisach was returned to the Habsburgs and most of the réunions away from Alsace were handed back. The various princes and lords within Alsace retained their proprietorial rights, but had to accept that the King of France and not the Emperor was their suzerain. The Dukes of Zweibrücken had territories in northern Alsace; another cadet branch of the Electors Palatine had acquired Rappoltstein; either the Dukes of Württemberg or the head of that branch of their family holding Montbéliard held Horbourg and Riquewihr (both near Colmar); and the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg (from 1736 the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt) owned Lichtenberg. Alsace became a gouvernement in Ancien Régime France. In civil affairs the principal officer was the Intendant for Alsace, the intendancy often being called the généralité of Strasbourg. Alsace had its own Conseil souverain, though not a Parlement, as its highest court. It sat at Ensisheim, the old Habsburg capital of the Sundgau, from 1658, then at Brisach from 1674, becoming settled at Colmar in 1698. The Cour d'appel (the regional court of appeal) for Alsace still sits in Colmar. The northernmost of the Decapolis towns, Landau, remained an exclave of France within Imperial territory until the 1790s when revolutionary victories absorbed the lands west of the Rhine. The war of 1792, which made these victories possible, had been in part caused by the abolition of the feudal rights of the Imperial princes in Alsace. In 1790 the province was divided into the departments of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Mulhouse, an ally of the Swiss Confederation was added to Haut-Rhin in 1798, as was part of the former Bishopric of Basle in 1800 (though only until 1814). In 1814 France was allowed to keep Landau and the territory around it so that it remained physically joined to France but after the Hundred Days of Napoleon's return, Landau was lost and the present boundary between Germany and France was established. In 1870 Alsace was occupied, and in 1871 was annexed to Germany, except for Belfort, where French resistance had not been overcome. Alsace became part of the Reichsland of Elsass-Lothringen, Bas-Rhin became Unter-Elsass and Haut-Rhin (less Belfort) Ober-Elsass. Alsace was recovered by France in 1918, re-absorbed by Germany in 1940 and liberated in the winter of 1944-5. In 1960, when new regions were created for economic planning, the Departments of the Bas-Rhin and the Haut-Rhin formed the région of Alsace. Strasbourg was once the residence of the Intendant and is now the headquarters of the region. It has been the seat of a bishop since the Roman era; since 1802, all Alsace has formed the diocese. From the time of the transfer of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871 the Bishopric of Strasbourg was been directly under the supervision of the Holy See. ALSACE-LORRAINE ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN. Reichsland in the German Empire, 1871-1918. In 1871, all Alsace, except the Territory of Belfort, and northeastern Lorraine, including the fortress city of Metz, were annexed to the German Empire. The loss of this territory deeply embittered much of French opinion, partly because the frontier on the Rhine seemed to symbolise French greatness as a power, partly because the French-speaking population in Lorraine and many of those in Alsace whose language was a form of German did not wish to become part of Germany. Alsace-Lorraine was an anomaly within the German Empire. The rest of the land consisted of at least nominally sovereign states, whereas Alsace-Lorraine belonged to them all. Being a border zone, it was subject to a great deal of Army influence, and the Prussian army was not known for tactful consideration of civilian feelings. As late as 1913, in the Zabern incident, an officer incited loutish behaviour by the soldiers under his command, and was backed up by his commanding officer. Whatever benefit might have resulted from a discreet posting or two was obscured by the shouting of the undying virtues of the Army from the house-tops and by the vigorous condemnation of the civilians as provocative. The incident, besides adding to international tensions, cast doubt on the new constitutional arrangements, made in 1911, which were designed to make the Reichsland into a more normal political body. Whether the changes could have reconciled the people of the Reichsland with the Reich no-one was to know, because the Great War changed the politics and destroyed Elsass-Lothringen. The French government moved warily at first when Alsace-Lorraine was recovered in 1918, setting up special bodies for the three new departments - Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin and Moselle - and appointing a High Commissioner to superintend the reintegration of Alsace-Lorraine within France, but even so there was resentment at French centralism and secularism. In 1924 the largely Roman Catholic region did not welcome the advent of a left-wing anti-clerical government ready to dispose of the Concordat with Rome that France had inherited with the region in 1918. The High Commissioner left in 1925. The unhappy inter-war period was followed by war and conquest. Though the armistice agreement between Germany and France did not mention Alsace-Lorraine, the German authorities treated it as part of the Third Reich. Alsace came under the Gauleiter of Baden and Lorraine under the Gauleiter of Saarland-Pfalz (whose territory was renamed Westmark). In 1942 conscription was introduced, a clear case of integration into the Reich. The winter of 1944-5 brought the end of German rule, but the return to France was less unhappy than before, partly because Nazi Germany was so much worse than the German Empire, partly because in the new Fourth Republic the Catholic MRP was one of the major parties. In the new era that soon dawned of seeking reconcilation in Europe, Alace-Lorraine's position within France and on the borders of Germany gave it a new importance. The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, on which many European states are represented, has its headquarters in Strasbourg. Its most important institution, the European Court of Human Rights, established in 1959, sits there. When the Coal and Steel Community was established in 1951 its Common Assembly held sessions in Strasbourg; the European Parliament, its successor in the European Union, continues to hold plenary sessions there. In the 1990s successive French governments strenuously resisted the concentration of the Parliament upon Brussels, favoured by many members of the Parliament itself, and had the support of many Germans in this. The introduction of the Coal and Steel Community was of particular importance, within this region, to northern Lorraine with its heavy industry. The Region of Lorraine, first established as an administrative unit in 1960 but with elected institutions from 1986, has cooperated with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Land of Saarland on economic matters. ALSEN ALS (Dan). Island lying east of, and very close to, the Jutland peninsula, north of the outlet of the Flensburger Förde. It formed part of the Danish Duchy of Slesvig, from almost all of which Denmark was expelled in 1864. The island became Prussian in 1867 but was returned to Denmark in 1920. It is now in the county of Sønderjylland. Sønderborg, at the closest point to the mainland, gave its name to a branch of the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein, two of whose cadet lines took their names from Nordborg and Augustenborg, also on the island. ALSÓ-FEHÉR Former Hungarian county, in Transylvania. Since 1918 it has been the Rumanian county of Alba. It is drained by the River Mures, a tributary of the Tisza. ALTAI (1) A Territory (Altayskiy Kray) in the Russian Federation, in Siberia, on the northeastern borders of Kazakhstan; (2) a Republic in the Russian Federation on the northern slopes of the Altai Mountains. Before 1991 the Republic was the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region in the Altai Territory, and before that had been the Oirot Autonomous Region, 1922-48. The word Altaic is used much more broadly than these territorial uses: the Altaic languages include Turkish, and are part of a wider family, the Uro-Altaic, which includes Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. ALTDORF The one-time capital of the Welf lands in Swabia stands near Lake Constance (Bodensee) and belongs to the Ravensburg Landkreis in Baden-Württemberg in southwestern Germany. It is now part of the town of Weingarten, which grew up beside the monastery of Weingarten, founded by the Welfs as their burial Abbey. Altdorf lies northwards from Ravensburg, which replaced it as capital of the Welf properties. The Welf properties in Swabia passed to the Hohenstaufen in 1191 after the death of Welf VI. ALTENA Imperial County in northwestern Germany. Today the town, which stands on the River Lenne, a tributary of the Ruhr, lies southeast of Dortmund, and is in the Lüdensheid Landkreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen Altena passed in the 11th century from the Counts of Arnsberg (which lay to the east) to the Counts of Berg, whose County divided c.1160 into those of Berg and Altena. Later in the century Altena was partititioned between Limburg (north of Altena) and Mark. ALTENBERG Site of a zinc mine. The territory belonged to MORESNET NEUTRE, 1816-1914, which lay between the Prussian Rheinprovinz and Belgium. ALTENBURG See SAXE-ALTENBURG. ALTMARK The old March, in northeastern Germany, later forming the western part of the Electorate of Brandenburg. It lay almost completely west of the Elbe and north of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, itself also part of Brandenburg from 1680. The Altmark was the remnant of the Nordmark, which in the 10th century had advanced Saxon and German power across the Elbe and deep into the Slav lands beyond the river. The Slav revolt of 983 had thrown the Nordmark back to the Elbe. After that the Nordmark was held by various families until in 1134 it was given by the Emperor Lothar III to Albert the Bear, the Count of Ballenstadt and Anhalt. Albert, whose vigour was tempered by sympathy and whose military talent was complemented by diplomatic skill, acquired Brandenburg to the east of the Nordmark by bequest of its Slav Christian prince, who died in 1150, and made good his claim over the next seven years by force of arms against a Slav claimant. The Nordmark thus became just a part of the Margraviate and Electorate of Brandenburg, though it remained important, as illustrated by the fact that when the great-grandsons of Albert the Bear partitioned their land in 1257, both had their capitals in the Nordmark. By 1304 the name Altmark had displaced Nordmark. After the Golden Bull of 1356 had confirmed that the Margrave of Brandenburg was an Elector, the Altmark became part of the Kurmark, the lands that were earmarked as belonging to the Elector and which were to pass undivided to his successor. In 1807 the Altmark was ceded to the new Kingdom of Westphalia, where it formed the Elbe Department, but was recovered by Prussia in 1813. In 1815 it was added to the new Prussian province of Sachsen (Saxony) rather than returned to the province of Brandenburg. Its lands are now in the north of the Land of Sachsen-Anhalt. ALTO ADIGE Haut Adige. Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, comprising the former Bishopric of Trent and the southern districts of Tirol. These lands had been acquired by Bavaria from Austria in 1805, but were ceded to Italy in 1810, and later recovered by Austria in 1813. The Department included Bolzano (Bosen), but not the Tirolese towns of Merano (Meran) or Brissanone (Brixen), which remained Bavarian in 1810. Since 1918 all the upper course of the River Adige has been in Italy, and the term Alto Adige is used for the South Tirol, the northern part of the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige. ALTO ALENTEJO Upper Alentejo. New Portuguese province during the Salzarist era, lying south of the Tagus, in the lands of the districts of Portalegre and Evora, which continued to function as administrative areas. It was formed from the north of the pre-1833 province of Alentejo. ALTO PO Haut Po. Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, in southern Lombardy, with Cremona as capital. It belonged to Austria before 1797, and again after 1814. ÄLVSBORG An inland county in southwest Sweden, separated from the sea by Göteborg och Bolus. Its northern part, lying west of Lake Vänern, was the old province of Dal or Dalsland; the southern part was in Västergotland. It was named from the fortress of Älvsborg or Elfsborg, which is not however in the county, being now a part of Göteborg. In earlier times Norway and Denmark, which then held southern Sweden almost met, but the fortress, a short stretch of coast, and the hinterland, the present Älvsborg, were Swedish. AMALFI City on the Gulf of Salerno in southern Italy; originally a Greek colony. In the Dark Ages it belonged to the Duchy of Naples, a vassal-state of Byzantium, until it was conquered by the Lombard Principality of Benevento in 837. That principality split up almost immediately and Amalfi became independent in 839, a republic whose principal magistrate became known by the title of Duke in 958. The city came under Norman control in 1073, though there were ocasional efforts later to recover independence. The Duchy had no territory outside the city. It was as a maritime and trading power that it found the wealth to be independent. Its influence long survived, not only its loss of independence, but also its facilities as a port, which were badly damaged by floods in 1343, because its maritime law, the Tavole Amalfitana, continued to serve the western Mediterranean until 1570. The title of Duke of Amalfi was revived for the Piccolomini family, two of whose members married bastard descendants of the Aragonese Kings of Naples, 1458-1566. The eventual heiress did not suffer the terrible fate of the heroine of John Webster's tragedy. AMBROSIAN REPUBLIC Oligarchic régime in Milan 1447-50. It was established after the death, without legitimate children, of Filippo Maria, the last Visconti Duke, and was named after St Ambrose, Bishop of the city 374-97, and subsequently its patron saint. Some of Milan's subordinate cities, notably Lodi and Piacenza, saw the chance to break away and appealed for help to Venice. The Republic tottered, and in 1450 Francesco Sforza, a celebrated condottiere and the husband of Bianca Maria, Filippo Maria's bastard daughter, became Duke. AMIENS Amiénois (pays). (1) Medieval County in northern France; and (2) Ancien Régime généralité. The city stands on the River Somme. The County was held in the early 10th century by Ralph of Gouy, who was killed in 926, after which it passed to the Counts of Vermandois. Mid-century, it was in the hands of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders. After his death in 965 it reverted to the family of Ralph of Gouy, which also acquired the County of Valois. When the last Count of this family retired into a monastery in 1077, the County was again held by the Counts of Vermandois, though the Lords of Couci twice interrupted their tenure. After the death in 1183 of Countess Isabel, childless wife of the Count of Flanders, and after much legal wrangling, the County came into the hands of the King of France, and eventually joined up with the other royal territories in the region to form the province of Picardy, of which the city of Amiens was the capital. The city itself was left politically fragmented. A quarter each belonged to the Count, the Bishop, the castellan, and the Vidame, a lay officer of the Cathedral. The diocese of Amiens belonged to the province of Reims; the diocese survives as the diocese for the Department of the Somme. In 1435, as part of the inducement to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to desert the English cause, he was given much of Picardy, including the Amiénois; Louis XI temporarily recovered it, 1463-5, and permanently in 1477, after the death of Philip's son, Charles the Rash. The city was the seat of the Intendant for the généralité for Picardy, established in 1542. The généralité of Amiens included Boulogne, which formed a separate petit gouvernement, and Calais, after its return to France in 1558. Eastern Picardy became part of a new généralité of Soissons in 1595. Artois, recovered by France 1640-78, was placed in the généralité of Amiens at first, but in 1754 was transferred to the Intendancy of Flanders & Artois at Lille. In 1790 the south of the généralité of Amiens became the Department of the Somme, with Amiens both as capital and as Bishop's see, while the northern districts became part of the Pas-de-Calais. AMOUNDERNESS District, now in Lancashire, lying between the Rivers Cotter (to the north) and Ribble (to the south). It includes the Fylde. The name is Scandinavian, Agmund's headland or district. King Athelstan (924-939) bought it from a Scandinavian and gave it to the Archbishop of York. Later Tostig held it as Earl of Northumbria, 1055-65, as did Morcar, his successor. In 1071 it was granted to Roger of Poitou, of the great Norman family of Montgomery, who forfeited it in 1102, when he shared in the fall of his House, though he had not held it in 1086, at the time of Domesday Book (in which Amounderness was treated as part of Yorkshire). Roger also held Lancaster and other northwestern lands, and this collection of territories was the first coming together of the future county of Lancashire. AMPURIAS AMPURDAN (Catalan). See EMPURIES. AMSTEL Department in the Batavian Republic, 1798-1801, consisting of Amsterdam and its immediate hinterland (the Amstel is Amsterdam's river). AMT Or, AMTSKOMMUNE. Territorial division of Denmark, usually translated as county. The amt first appeared in the aftermath of the Swedish victories over Denmark in the 1650s. Until then Denmark had been an elective monarchy. Even though the heir by primogenture was always chosen in normal times, Kings were obliged on their election to make promises. The charter issued on Frederick III's accession in 1648 had made many concessions to the nobility, who held much influence in government. The most significant local unit was the len, the fiefs of the greater nobles, which accounted for about a quarter of the land of the Danish Kingdoms. The Church too held much land. In 1660 Frederick III, in alliance with the burghers, moved to reduce noble power and establish hereditary succession to the Crown and an absolute monarchy. As part of the reforms that followed, a new system of local government was introduced in 1662. The new unit of provincial government was the amt, headed by the Amtmand. Today there are 14 amter, plus the city of Copenhagen, which exercises the powers of both an amt and a commune (municipality). Since the 1970s more functions have been exercised by the elected councils of the amter, instead of by the Amtmand (Prefect), who is appointed by the central government. He retains certain responsibilities in family matters and supervises the communes within the area. The kommune (commune/municipality) is the unit of local government. There are 275 kommuner at present. ANATOLIA ANADOLU. Peninsula bounded by the Black Sea (north), the Aegean (west) and the eastern Mediterranean (south), the westernmost region of Asia, also called ASIA MINOR. The eastern limits of Anatolia (whose name means sunrise and hence the east) are a matter of argument, but the tendency is to identify Anatolia with Turkey-in-Asia. Its northwestern shores lie along the Straits (the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus) that separate Europe from Asia. In the Ancient world there were Greek settlements in Anatolia, particularly on the Aegean coast. Most of the region fell under the rule of Alexander the Great of Macedon and later was part of the Roman Empire. In the Byzantine Empire Anatolia was an important source of revenue and the principal recruiting ground for its soldiers. The Byzantine theme specifically called Anatolikon occupied the southwest of the central region of the peninsula and included the city of Iconium (Konya) and the lake region that lies over an extensive area to the west of it. In the mid-11th century the Byzantine Empire took over the Kingdom of Armenia on its northeastern frontier. Armenia had usually served as a buffer-state, but in advancing into it the Byzantines alienated much of its population by its religious policy (the Armenians were heretics in Orthodox eyes) and by heavy taxation. They also complacently disbanded the Armenian militia, at a time when a new power, the Seljuk Turks, was rising in the east. In 1071 at Manzikert near Lake Van in Armenia the Seljuk Sultan decisively defeated the Byzantine Emperor. Over the next twenty years the Seljuks were to seize practically the entire peninsula from the Empire. Two Black Sea bridgeheads, both distant from Constantinople, survived - at Sinope and Trebizond. The First Crusade was partly caused by the Byzantine need for help in recovering its lost ground. The Crusade made it easier for the Empire to advance again, though it created more problems than it solved. Western Anatolia, the Black Sea coast and most of the Mediterranean coast came back into Byzantine hands but the centre and east of the interior of the peninsula were never recovered. The Byzantine Empire was permanently weakened by the defeat at Manzikert because it had lost the best recruiting grounds for its army. When the city of Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204 three Byzantine successor states vied for the leadership of the Greek world. Two of them were in Anatolia, with capitals at Trebizond and Nicaea. Trebizond was better protected - it was to survive the fall of Constinople to the Turks in 1453 by eight years - but it was much farther from the Straits than Nicaea, which was not very far inland. By 1246 the Emperor at Nicaea controlled western Asia Minor, including the entire Asiatic side of the Straits, and most of Thrace and Macedonia. In 1261 Nicea recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire. One reason why Nicaea succeeded was that Turkish Anatolia was fragmented. The recovery of Constantinople led a concentration of Byzantine attention upon Europe, where there remained dangers. The Emperor Michael VIII, who had taken control in 1258-9, placated the landowners in the east and eased the burden of taxation. Military expenditure there was reduced. The result was that in the last years of his reign the Turks infiltrated into the Asian lands. As he became aware of the dangers, Michael VIII sought to rectify the situation but new threats in the west turned him back and in 1282 he died. Byzantine Asia continued to crumble. Near the end of the century a new Turkish dynasty came to the fore in northwestern Anatolia. The Osmanlis or Ottomans were eventually to hold all of the northwest. By the end of the 1330s the Byzantine Empire had only a few coastal fortresses in Anatolia and one inland city, Philadelphia, now Alaªehir, up the valley from Izmir. Philadelphia did not fall until 1390. By then the Ottoman Turks had not only crossed into Europe but were bringing all Anatolia under their control. They were shortly to be battered as the Mongol ruler in Central Asia, Tamerlane, rampaged through southern and western Asia - in Anatolia's case, in 1402, when the Ottoman Sultan was killed. But the Turks recovered, to establish an extensive Empire. In 1918 the days of that Empire were numbered. The Ottoman Empire, defeated in war, awaited its fate. Among the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920, was one that placed the Straits under international supervision. Though the Sultan was left with Constantinople, most of eastern Thrace was granted to Greece. Greece had also been allowed to occupy the region around the city of Smyrna (Izmir) in 1919; by the terms of the Treaty, a referendum would be held after five years to determine the future of the area. An alternative and nationalist regime, headed by one of the Empire's successful generals, Mustafa Kemal, was in place in Ankara long before the Treaty was finalised. Fighting broke out in March 1921 between Greece and Turkey. For a time in the summer it looked as the Greeks might take Ankara, but they were overstretched. A long stalemate followed, broken in August 1922 with a Turkish offensive. By September the Greek army was broken. The result for the Greek population of the Aegean coastlands was death or flight or departure by agreement, in a massive population exchange - the end of three thousand years of history. Henceforth Anatolia was undeniably Turkish. ANATOLIKÍ MAKEDHONÍA KAÍ THRÁKI Greek Region since 1987: see EASTERN MACEDONIA & THRACE. ANATOLIKON Byzantine theme in central and southeastern Anatolia, probably from the reign of Constans II (641-68), at first a military zone but later in charge of civil matters as well, so the equivalent of a province. During the second quarter of the 7th century the Byzantine Empire was in retreat. In the east the outpouring of Arabs, inspired by the new religion of Islam, drove Byzantium from Egypt and Syria. The Army of the East (anatole in Greek) lost much of its territory, though it held on to Isauria and Cilicia in southeastern Anatolia. Many of its soldiers were resettled in central Anatolia. The territory held by its soldiers became the Anatolic Theme, one of the four original themes in the Empire. Its first headquarters, in the northwest, was Amorion or Amorium, now a ruin about thirty miles from Sivrihisar, itself southwest of Ankara. The easternmost lands - in Cilicia - were soon lost, The flanks of the theme, vulnerable to attack through the Taurus Mountains, were protected by the divisions of Cappodocia and Seleucia, which became known as cleisurae (mountain passes), c.840. The inland Cappodocia, which faced the pass known as the Cilician Gates, was soon raised to the status of a theme; the coastal Seleucia some ninety years later. These changes left Anatolikon occupying central Anatolia. It was truly central in that its rivers drained to the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Several of the great families of the Empire emerged from this key frontier region of Anatolikon and Cappodocia. ANCONA (1) City on the Adriatic; (2) a great March between the Apennines and the Adriatic (see MARCHE, Le); and (3) a province in central Italy. Ancona was originally a Greek city and belonged to the Pentapolis, which was recovered by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century. The Lombards drove the Byzantines out in 751, but their Kingdom was soon destroyed by the Franks. Ancona belonged to the lands that the Pope regarded as his, but as it bordered upon the sea, and, by land, upon whichever power controlled the northeastern sector of southern Italy (whether Lombard Duke, Byzantine governor, or Norman King), it was bound to be of interest to the Holy Roman Emperor. He had the power to make it part of the Marchland protecting the southern borders of the Empire, though for a while, from the mid-1150s to the death of the Emperor Manuel in 1180, the city was allied to the Eastern Emperor. The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was fully occupied coping with the Lombard cities further north. From 1198 the influence of the Pope became stronger than the Emperor's, though the city long enjoyed communal government. It rarely fell under the domination of a single lord, though the Malatesta of Rimini briefly controlled it, 1348-55, as did the condottiere Francesco Sforza in 1433-43. Otherwise the city governed itself, under the protection of the Pope. Eventually the Pope acquired the wherewithal to make good his claims; and from 1532 Ancona was fully Papal, with a new fortress to symbolise the reality of his power. In 1797 Ancona became a Republic, uniting with the Roman Republic in 1798. The Pope recovered control the following year. In 1805 Ancona became the capital of the Metauro Department in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, but returned to the Papal States in 1814, and was absorbed into united Italy in 1860. The province of Ancona, which extends from the coastal plain to the mountains, and includes the Rivers Esino and Misa, is today the smallest but most populous province in the Marche Region. ANDALUCÍA ANDALUSIA (Eng). Former province and present autonomous Community in southern Spain, very similar in extent to the Roman province of Baetica. One explanation for its name derives it from the Vandals because forms like Vandalusia exist. Certainly the Vandals were settled in this part of Spain for a time during the first quarter of the 5th century, after leaving Germany via Gaul and before they crossed to North Africa. Al-Andalus, however, means the lands of the West in Arabic, and became the Arab name for Spain. Andalucía was the heartland of Moslem Spain. Within it were Seville (the capital in the early years and later the Spanish capital of the Almoravids and at first of the Almohads), Córdoba (the capital of the Umayyad Amirate and Caliphate and from 1162 Spanish capital of the Almohads), and Granada (the capital of the last Moslem Kingdom). The west and north of Andalucía (sometimes called Lower Andalusia, for much of the region belonged to the valley of the River Guadalquivir) fell to Castile in the 1230s and 1240s, and the King of Castile then added the Kingdoms of Córdoba, Jaén and Seville to his titles. In these Kingdoms both the Military Orders and Castilian nobles acquired enormous estates (the latifundia), their reward for the past help given the King, but it also helped to create a military zone on the borders of Granada, the remaining Moslem Kingdom in Spain. The conquest of Granada (or Upper Andalusia, a land where the mountains reach nearly to the sea) was completed in 1492. The year 1492 also saw Columbus's expedition across the Atlantic, which had considerable consequences for the economic fortunes of Andalucía, because it became the Spanish centre for trade with the Americas, In the 18th century Captains General in Andalucía and Granada had military responsibilities, but the century also saw new civilian officers, the intendants, appointed temporarily at first, but permanently from 1749. These took over financial and other administrative responsibilities. In the later 18th century there were four intendencias in Lower Andalucía (Cádiz, Sevilla, Córdoba, and Jaén) and two in the old Kingdom of Granada (Granada and Malaga). These became provinces in 1833, in which year two more were added: Huelva (formerly western Sevilla) and Almería (eastern Granada). In democratic Spain the lands of these eight provinces form the autonomous community of Andalucía, whose first parliament was elected in 1982. Andalucía was the fourth of the autonomous communities to be created and the first in a region where there was no significant language other than Castilian. With autonomy being allowed to three of Spain's communities and with the option of autonomy being on offer to all of them, Andalucía decided to go for autonomy for itself as quickly as possible. It was the community with most people, in itself a spur to gain autonomy for the sake of prestige, but it was also one of the poorest regions of Spain, so that it hoped to improve its standard of living though its own self-government. A Statute was drawn up, giving to Andalucía powers beyond the limited ones that were available under the Constitution. After the Statute had been agreed with central government a referendum was held in February 1980. Although the first constitutional requirement of a majority in the community was easily met, the second constitutional requirement - that there should be a majority in each of the provinces - was not, because Almería had narrowly voted against. So changes were made in the Statute, and a second referendum in October 1981 saw both the requirements met and the Parliament was elected in the following year. The executive in Andalucía is known as the Junta. Of the autonomous communities only Castilla y León, with nine provinces, exceeds Andalucía in size; none has more people. ANDECHS Imperial County in southeastern Germany until 1248, which, until 1132, had been called Diessen. Diessen is a town at the southwestern corner of Ammersee, a lake southwest of Munich, while Andechs was a castle overlooking the lake from the east. The Counts of Andechs, who may well have been descended from the Luitpoldings, the Dukes of Bavaria in the first half of the 10th century, built up a considerable, though scattered, territory. From the Bishops of Brixen they held part of the Innertal, including Innsbrück, and this was linked to their lands around Ammersee. They also held the Pustertal on the further side of the Alps as a fief from the Bishop. In eastern Bavaria they acquired part of the inheritance of the Counts of Formbach: an arc of territory to the west of Passau, lands which now straddle the boundary between Austria and Germany. Way to the north, in eastern Franconia, they obtained part of the inheritance of the Margraves of Schweinfurt, including the districts around Kulmbach and Bayreuth, after 1157. In 1173 Count Berthold became Margrave of Istria, on the borders of the Empire and the shores of the Adriatic. About 1183 the Count-Margrave became Duke of Meran (meaning, Duke of the sea, i.e. the Adriatic shores in Istria). It was merely a title, and was probably compensation for not succeeding the deposed Henry the Lion as Duke of Bavaria in 1180, for the Count of Andechs was more powerful within the Empire than the Wittelsbach Count who had been preferred to him as Duke. The family were still enormously powerful. Of the sons of Duke Berthold, who died in 1204, the Duke of Meran married the heiress of the County Palatine of Burgundy, and thus the family gained a presence in the Jura, the second son was Margrave of Istria, while two others were churchmen, the Bishop of Bamberg and the Patriarch of Aquilaea. Of the daughters, one was Duchess of Silesia, another Queen of Hungary, and a third, Agnes, was the third wife of Philip Augustus, King of France. Her status was dubious however, because Philip's second wife was still alive and was indeed to long out-live both her husband and Agnes. The fortunes of the family changed in 1208 when they were allied with Otto of Wittlesbach, the Count Palatine of Bavaria, against his cousin, the Duke of Bavaria. In that year Otto murdered Philip, the German King, and the House of Andechs shared in the disgrace. Their fortunes had only partially recovered when the last lay male died in 1248, and their lands were divided up. In Franconia, the Bishop of Bamberg, the Counts of Orlamünde and Truhendingen, and the Burgrave of Nuremberg gained; in the Tirol, the Counts of Görz were the eventual beneficiaries; whilst in Bavaria it was the Duke who absorbed the Andechs lands. ANDORRA Also ANDORRE (Fr). In full, Valls d'Andorra (Catalan). Tiny Catalan-speaking independent state on the southern slopes of the east central Pyrenees. Andorra was a district in the old Spanish March of the Frankish Kingdom. It later belonged to the County of Urgel, but in the 13th century was disputed between the Counts and the Bishops of Urgel, on the Spanish side of the mountains, and the Vicomtes of Castelbon (and later their successors, the Counts of Foix) on the other side. In 1278, the Bishop of Urgel and the Count of Foix, taking advantage of the youth and doubtful legitimacy of the then Count of Urgel, made an agreement to respect each other's rights in Andorra, and set up a princely condominium over the land they had previously disputed. Against whatever odds might have been offered by some 13th century Ladbrokes, that condominium still survives, though modified in 1993. The Count of Foix became King of Navarre in 1479, the King of Navarre became King of France in 1589, and where the King of France once reigned is now the President of the French Republic, but he still shares the sovereignty of the Principality of Andorra with the Bishop of Urgel. Their representatives in Andorra, the Viguiers, retained certain responsibilities for law and order and the administration of justice until 1993; otherwise the Andorrans ruled themselves, through a Council of 28 members representing the seven parishes of Andorra, the Council appointing a Head of Government. A new Constitution in 1993 vested the sovereignty of Andorra in its people, though the President of France and the Bishop of Urgel continue as joint heads of state. The principal changes put justice firmly into Andorran control and allowed Andorra control over foreign policy, though the heads of state retain a veto over any treaty made by Andorra with either France or Spain that affects the borders or security of the Co-Principality. ANDRIA Inland town in Apulia in southeast Italy, WNW of Bari. In 1265 Bertrand des Baux, who belonged to the Provençal family of Les Baux (Del Balzo), accompanied Charles, Count of Anjou and Provence, on the expedition which brought Charles the Crown of Sicily in the following year. Bertrand's son was made Count of Andria in 1308 and his grandson, who married a great-granddaughter of King Charles I, became Duke in 1351. The title died with the 4th Duke in 1487. ÅNGERMANLAND Former province in northern Sweden, through which the lower course of the River Angerman flows. Its chief town was Härnösand, on the Gulf of Bothnia. It is now the northern and larger part of the county of Västernorrland. ANGERN See ENGERN. ANGLES Germanic people, from what was then called Angel or Angeln (in northeastern Schleswig-Holstein), who emigrated to the land that now bears their name, England. How distinct the Angles, Saxons and Jutes really were is a matter of argument; traditionally, the Kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria were the principal kingdoms of the Angles. The Middle Angles, for a time a sub-kingdom of Mercia, lived in the East Midlands. ANGLESEY MON. (1) Island off the northwestern coast of Wales; (2) a county, which included Holy Island, close to the western coast of Anglesey, until 1974; and (3) a unitary authority (as the ISLE OF ANGLESEY) from 1996. Anglesey was conquered by the Romans in 61 AD. From c.500 it was one of the principal territories of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, being its granary and having at Aberffraw the principal residence of the Kings and Princes. It suffered from raids by the Vikings in the late 9th/early 10th centuries, and from the Norse settlements in Ireland at the end of the 10th. There was also trading with the Norse in Ireland, and it was they who gave it the name still used by English-speakers (ey = island, but what Angle means is not sure). After the English conquest of Gwynedd, Anglesey became a county in the new Principality of Wales created by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. Of the 13 Welsh counties before 1974 only Flintshire had fewer acres, but five counties had fewer people. In 1974 the county was reduced to the status of a district in the new county of Gwynedd, and was called Ynys Môn, the Welsh for Isle of Anglesey. In 1996 the Isle of Anglesey became a county again and a unitary authority. It belongs to the diocese of Bangor. ANGLO-SAXONS A name originally used for those Saxons who emigrated to what came to be called England, as opposed to those Saxons who remained in Germany. It later became a composite word for the German peoples who settled in England, Angles and Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. Anglo-Saxon has frequently been used adjectivally in phrases like Anglo-Saxon England, denoting England before the Norman Conquest. For the early language and literature of the English, Anglo-Saxon has been replaced by Early English, but in general use it seems sturdy enough to survive the strictures of those who dislike it ANGOULÊME Angoumois (pays). County, later Duchy, in southwestern France; the city stands on the River Charente, northeast of Bordeaux and WSW of Limoges. The Franks established a county there after they had expelled the Visigoths in 507; when the Frankish kingdom was divided, Angoulême belonged to the Kingdom of Aquitaine. The line of Counts, who began in 866, and who originally held Périgord as well, lasted until the 13th century. Vulgrin, the first of this line, was brother-in-law of Bernard Plantevalue, who was master of much of southern France, particularly the Auvergne. The acquisiton of the Duchy of Gascony in the 1030s by the Dukes of Aquitaine, who were also Counts of Poitiers, greatly increased the importance of Angoulême, because it lay between Poitiers and Bordeaux, the two centres of ducal power. At the end of the 12th century, the last of three brothers was Count. All three had been a great nuisance to Richard the Lionheart, Duke of Aquitaine and later also King of England. The heiress of one dead brother was married, as his second wife, to Hugh IX of Lusignan, a troublesome Poitevan vassal of the Duke's; Isabella, the heiress of the surviving Count, was betrothed to Hugh's son, Hugh X. In 1200 King John, who had recently succeeded to both England and Aquitaine, decided to resolve his problems by divorcing his childless wife and marrying Isabella, thereby acquiring cvontrol of Angoulême. It was one of the factors which led to Philip Augustus of France depriving John of his northern French territories. In 1220 the widowed Isabella married her former betrothed, and at the age of 34 began to acquire a second brood of children. In 1245 she retired to a monastery, not as the result of piety, but of crime. Her husband had been obliged to render homage to King Louis IX and his brother Alphonse, Count of Poitou, so Isabella had tried to poison them both. Her great-grandchildren lost control of their Counties, mortgaging them to the King to pay their debts; after the death of the last Count in 1308 the Crown got full control. In 1328 Angoulême was given to Philip of Evreux, King of Navarre, in compensation for the King keeping Champagne, to which Philip's wife, Joan II, had been the heiress. Not long before her death in 1349 Queen Joan exchanged Angoulême for lands in Normandy, an exchange resented by her son, King Charles II, called the Bad. Angoulême was given to Charles of Spain, the Constable of France. In 1354 Charles the Bad's brothers lived up to his nickname and murdered his supplanter. By the Treaty of Brétigny,1360, Angoulême was supposed to become part of the English King's independent Duchy of Aquitaine, but by 1373 it was clear that this was not going to happen. In 1394 Louis, Duke of Orleans, the King's brother added Angoulême to the lands he was accumulating. After his death in 1407 it passed to his youngest son, whose grandson, Francis, Count of Angoulême from 1496, became King in 1515, whereupon he bestowed Angoulême on his mother, Louise of Savoy, as a Duchy. On her death in 1531, the Duchy was held until 1536 by Charles, son of Francis; in 1582, Henry III gave it to his bastard half-sister, Diane of Valois, the brightest of Henry II's children, and she bequeathed it on her death in 1619 to the bastard son of Charles IX. With the death of his granddaughter in 1696, the Duchy returned to the Crown. The title was last borne by Louis, the elder son of Charles X. He was also the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830. In 1559 Angoumois belonged to the enormous gouvernement of Orléanais, but early in the 17th century joined with its western neighbour to form the gouvernement of Saintonge & Angoumois. Angoumois belonged to the généralité of Limoges and came under the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris. In 1790 most of it became part of the Department of the Charente, the rest was included in Deux-Sèvres and the Haute-Vienne. Angoulême has been the seat of a Bishop from Roman times. ANGRA DO HEROISMO District in the Azores, consisting of the islands of Teceira, Sào Jorge and Graciosa, which are the eastern islands in the main group. ANGUS (1) Early Earldom in eastern Scotland; (2) a county until 1975; (3) an administrative district, 1975-96; and (4) a unitary authority since 1996. Angus lies north of the Firth of Tay and is drained by the Rivers North Esk, South Esk and Isla. Its northern boundary lies on the watershed that separates the valleys of these rivers from that of the Dee. The lower course of the North Esk formed the boundary between Angus and Kincardineshire (or the Mearns), which were once joined together to form the Pictish province of Circinn. Angus was one of the seven early earldoms in the Scottish Kingdom, certainly in existence by 1153. The original Earls died out before 1242. Matilda, their heiress, (died c.1247) brought the Earldom to the powerful Northumberland family of Umfraville. These Earls sided with England in the Wars of Independence, so that their title was only recognised by the English King. In Scotland one of the many scions of the family of Stewart, John of Bonkyl, was made Earl in 1328 or 1329. His granddaughter, Margaret, resigned the Earldom in 1389 in favour of George Douglas, her bastard son by the first Earl of Douglas. His direct line ended with the death of the Duke of Douglas (and 14th Earl) in 1761, when the Earldom passed to a cadet, the Duke of Hamilton, and his successors. It serves as a courtesy title for that grandson of the Duke who is in direct succession to the Dukedom. The local Sheriffdom was possibly established at Forfar in the reign of David I (1124-53). It certainly existed by 1164. The county consequently became known as Forfarshire, though the name of Angus remained in common use. There was some modification of the border with Perthshire in 1891 - the town of Coupar, for example, had been divided by a stream between Perthshire and Angus and in 1891 passed entirely to Perthshire. (To avoid confusion with Cupar in Fife the name Coupar Angus survived for the whole town, though none of it was in Angus anymore). In the local government reforms of 1929, Angus became the official as well as the common name. The largest city in Angus had long been virtually separate: Dundee was a Royal Burgh and in 1929 became administratively completely independent as a County of a City. In 1975 Angus became a district in the new Tayside Region; some parts of the county adjoining Dundee were added to the Dundee district and one parish was transferred to the Perth & Kinross district. In 1996 Angus became a unitary authority with the abolition of the regions; it recovered those districts that had been lost to Dundee in 1975. In medieval and Stuart times Angus was divided between the dioceses of St Andrew's and Brechin. The small cathedral city of Brechin lies northeast of Forfar. The diocese, founded in the mid-12th century, consisted of enclaves of various sizes lying within the diocese of St Andrew's, mostly in Angus and Kincardineshire. There is still a diocese of Brechin in the Scottish Episcopal Church. ANHALT Principality in eastern Germany, which in the 18th century lay between western Brandenburg in the Kingdom of Prussia and western Saxony but in the 19th century was entirely surrounded by Prussia. It stretched from lands to the north of the Elbe across to the lowest reaches of the Mulde and to a section on the lower Saale. There was also a detached portion lying on the northeastern edges of the Harz Mountains. The Principality was usually divided among branches of the family. It had begun in the 11th and 12th centuries with the County of Ballenstedt, which was at the northeastern end of the Harz. Count Otto the Rich, who died in 1223, married Eilica, one of the heiresses of the last Billung Duke of Saxony, and through her he acquired some of the Billung lands in the region of the Elbe. His son, Albert the Bear, accumulated many territories and was the founder of Brandenburg. When he died in 1170, his lands were divided among his several sons, the youngest, Bernard, becoming Count of Anhalt. That name came from a castle in the Selketal, in the Harz south of Ballenstedt. Bernard soon acquired the County of Ballenstadt from a dead brother, but the name of Anhalt prevailed. Bernard was made Duke of Saxony by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa after the deposition of Henry the Lion in 1180. The lands that belonged to the Duchy were few, and made fewer by the advance of Denmark southwards in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, so that when Bernard died in 1212, his elder son, Henry, took the County of Anhalt, leaving the more distinguished title to his younger brother, on the principle that a County in the hand is worth a Duchy in the bush. Henry used the title of Prince of Anhalt from 1218. When he died c.1252, Anhalt was divided amongst his three sons, the Princes of Anhalt-Aschersleben, -Bernburg and -Zerbst. There were various other divisions and rearrangements before 1570, when all the lines but one had either died out or given up their claims. The survivor, Prince Joachim Ernst, reigned in all Anhalt until his death in 1586, after which his sons ruled the Principality jointly. Joint rule brought its problems, and in 1603 the five Princes divided Anhalt between five lines: Dessau, Bernburg, Plötzkau, Zerbst, and Köthen. The Anhalt Princes belonged to the Upper Saxon Circle. The surviving Princes (of Dessau, Bernburg and Köthen) entered first the Confederation of the Rhine in 1807, as Dukes, and then the German Confederation in 1815. In 1863, the other two lines having died out, Anhalt was reunited under the senior (Dessauer) line, whose head took the title of Duke of Anhalt. In the Weimar Republic Anhalt remained a separate state, but in Nazi Germany there was one Governor for Anhalt and Brunswick. At the end of the Second World War, Anhalt was included in the Soviet Zone of Germany and was united with Prussian Saxony to form the Land of Sachsen-Anhalt. ANHALT-ASCHERSLEBEN The senior line of the partitioned Principality of Anhalt, c.1252-1315. When the line died out in 1315, Aschersleben, which is northeast of the Harz Mountains, southeast of Halberstadt, and SSW of Magdeburg, passed to the Bishops of Halberstadt. The Ascanians (Askanier), the dynasty that reigned in Anhalt, derived their name from a Latin form of Aschersleben. Ascanians were also Margraves of the Nordmark and then of Brandenburg, 1134-1320, and Dukes of Saxony from 1180. The junior line of Saxon Dukes - of Saxe-Wittenberg - were Electors of Saxony, from 1356 until their extinction in 1422. The senior line were Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg until their extinction in 1689. ANHALT-BERNBURG One of the divisions of the Principality of Anhalt, c.1252-1468 and again from 1603, when it was held by the second oldest brother and his heirs, until the extinction of the line in 1863. The town of Bernburg is on the River Saale, south of Magdeburg. One of the last acts of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 was to raise the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg to the rank of Duke. The Duchy entered the Confederation of the Rhine in 1807 and survived the Napoleonic upheavals to enter the German Confederation in 1815. With the death of its last Duke in 1863 the whole of Anhalt was reunited under his Dessauer kinsman. The Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumberg-Hoym, 1718-1812, belonged to a non-ruling line within this branch - Hoym was west of Bernburg and Schaumburg was a distant castle in Nassau in the County of Hofpazel, which had been acquired through marriage by a member of this line. ANHALT-DESSAU One of the divisions of the Principality of Anhalt. The town of Dessau is on the River Mulde, a little above its confluence with the Elbe, and is southeast of Magdeburg and north of Leipzig. Anhalt-Dessau is sometimes used as the name for the senior line of Anhalt-Zerbst following the partition of 1396, though by the 16th century Dessau was held by junior princes of that line. When Bernard, the last of them, died in 1570 the reunification of Anhalt in the hands of his brother, Joachim Ernst, was completed . As a result of the partition among the latter's sons in 1603, the eldest became Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. The line survived to enter the Confederation of the Rhine in 1807, the Prince assuming the title of Duke. The Duke joined the German Confederation in 1815. In 1863 the Duchy of Anhalt was reunited under the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau after the death of the last Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg. ANHALT-KÖTHEN A division of the Principality of Anhalt, held by princes of the branch of Anhalt-Zerbst between 1396 and 1562, when the last Prince abdicated. The town of Köthen lies in the country between the Rivers Saale and Mulde, north of Halle. In the partition of 1603 among the sons of Joachim Ernst, Köthen became the residence of the youngest of the five brothers. When his line died out in 1665, the Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau moved to Köthen. His line, whose head became a Duke in 1807, survived the Napoleonic era but died out in 1847, when the Duchy passed to the senior (Dessau) line, with the agreement of the Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg. ANHALT-PLÖTZKAU Plötzkau, now a small town to the southwest of Bernburg, was capital of an old county in the marcher region on the edge of the Duchy of Saxony. Its Counts in the 12th century claimed to be Margraves of the Nordmark, though they failed to establish themselves. They died out in the mid-12th century, and Plötzkau became part of of the lands of Albert the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg and Count of Anhalt. Some of the junior Anhalt princes in the 16th century held Plötzkau. In the partition of 1603 the third brother became Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau, but when Köthen became vacant in 1665, this line transferred there and gave up Plötzkau to the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg. ANHALT-ZERBST When Anhalt was divided c.1252 amongst the sons of its first Prince, the youngest took Zerbst, a town southeast of Magdeburg and on the further side of the Elbe from the bulk of the Principality. This Zerbst line divided in 1396 into the lines of Zerbst (or Dessau) and Köthen. Eventually the Principality of Anhalt reunited under one of the princes of the Zerbst line only to be redivided in 1603 among his sons. The fourth of them took Zerbst as his residence. The male line died out in 1793 and the lands were redistributed amongst the surviving lines. The last Duke's sister, Sofie Auguste, survived him, the most distinguished member not merely of the Zerbst branch but of the entire Ascanian House, for her Orthodox name was Catherine and she ruled Russia as its greatest Empress. ANHOLT A small lordship in northwestern Germany held directly from the Holy Roman Emperor; the town of Anholt is on the River Ouder IJssel, north of Kleve and northwest of Wesel. Today it is in Germany, though very close to the Netherlands border, belonging to the Borken Landkreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen. The lordship was held by several families in succession, coming in the 15th century to the Dutch family of Bronckhorst. In 1641 the Bronckhorst heiress of Anholt married the Prince of Salm. In 1739, when this line died out, one of its heiresses was married to another member of the Salm family, with the result that Anholt was held by the Princes of Salm-Salm. The Lordship belonged to the Lower Rhenish/Westphalian Circle, and in the Imperial Diet was a member of the Westphalian Grafenbank. The revolutionary era in the 1790s deprived the Prince of Salm-Salm of his territories on the left-bank of the Rhine, but he was compensated in 1802-3 with the lands of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster that were adjacent to Anholt. Salm-Salm joined the Rhine Confederation in 1806 but was annexed by France in 1810. In 1815 Anholt became part of Prussia. ANJOU (1) County, later Duchy, in northwestern France; and (2) a gouvernement, occupying both banks of the lower Loire, but more to the north, where the city of Angers stands on the River Maine, the short river that carries the waters of the Mayenne, Sarthe and Loir to the Loire. City and pays derive their names from the Andevaci, a Gaulish tribe. Angers was also the seat of a Bishop, in the province of Tours. Anjou's importance as a centre of communications was enhanced in the early middle ages by its position near to the borders of Neustria, the western Frankish land. To the west lay Brittany, Celtic, largely independent, and troublesome; Angers was a base for the Breton March that was supposed to hold the Bretons in check. To the south lay the vast region of Aquitaine, a part of the Kingdom of France but enjoying considerable autonomy. Those who controlled Anjou became important if they were not important already. In the 860s Anjou was in the hands of Robert the Strong, the ancestor of the Capetian Kings of France, and it remained part of his family's territories for more than half a century. They were Marquises of Neustria, Counts of Paris, eventually Dukes of France, and had willy-nilly to leave Anjou to the control of deputies, the Vicomtes, who became more and more powerful until in 929 Fulk the Red took the title of Count. The first House of Anjou (929-1060) was a succession of formidable Counts, who extended Anjou south of the Loire. They competed with the Counts of Blois for control of Touraine, to the east, and by the 1040s had prevailed, and with the Dukes of Normandy for control of Maine, to the north. They also competed with Normandy for control of Brittany, and were influential in the County of Nantes, on the lowest reaches of the Loire. The Counts were also interested in the Auvergne and Aquitaine, especially Count Geoffrey II (d.1060), who married the widow of Duke William V, but they were divorced, and Anjou's southern ambitions only enjoyed ephemeral success until the 12th century. The second House (1060-1204) had been Counts of Gatinais (which they gave up) and inherited Anjou through Geoffrey II's sister. In 1067 Count Fulk IV usurped his brother's County and later in his reign ran into marriage difficulties. Until 1087 he also had to put up with the unneighbourly presence of Duke William the Bastard of Normandy, who frequently asserted power in Maine and Brittany, though he was diverted at times by his problems in his conquest, England. The later Counts greatly enhanced Angevin power and prestige. Count Fulk V abdicated from his County, which had been augmented by his first marriage to the heiress of Maine, to marry the heiress of Jerusalem, of which he and his male heirs of that marriage were Kings, 1131-1186. His son and successor in Anjou, Geoffrey V, married the heiress of King Henry I of England. Though in 1135 she was deprived of her inheritance by Stephen, her cousin, Geoffrey conquered Normandy in 1144. His son, Henry, succeeded him in 1151, in 1152 married Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine, and in 1154 obtained his mother's land of England. He thus was lord of most of western France, and a King besides. But in 1204 that Angevin empire was broken up, when Philip Augustus, King of France, deprived King John of Normandy and Anjou. King Louis VIII bequeathed Anjou and Maine as an appanage to his son John in 1226, but John soon died, and it was Louis's posthumous son, Charles, who became Count in 1246, the same year as he became Count of Provence by marriage with its heiress. By Papal grant and force of arms he became King of Sicily in 1266; in 1290 his son, Charles II, gave Anjou and Maine as dowry to his daughter, Margaret, on her marriage to Charles, Count of Valois, the French King's brother. Their son succeeded as King of France in 1328. In 1356 King John II gave Anjou as an appanage to his second son, Louis. It was raised to the rank of a Duchy in 1360. Duke Louis I hoped to succeed Joanna I, Queen of Naples, but when she died in 1382, the throne went elsewhere, though he did acquire Provence, which remained with his male heirs together with the title of King of Naples. Only on rare occasions did it appear that the Angevins of the House of Valois might make good their claim to the Kingdom, but they failed each time. The most famous of the House, Good King René, did acquire the Duchy of Bar in 1419/30 by inheritance through his grandmother, and the Duchy of Lorraine during the lifetime of his wife, its heiress. His son and grandson died before him and on his death in 1480, Louis XI of France took control of Anjou, disregarding the rights of René's nephew, who died the next year anyway. Anjou had been scene of skirmishings in the later years of the Hundred Years' War, but it never came completely under English control. The Duke of Bedford, the English Regent of France (1422-35), had allocated Anjou to himself, to no avail. Anjou continued to be granted to members of the French royal family as an appanage: to Louise, mother of Francis I, 1515-31; to Henry, son of Henry II, 1552-74, (he became King of Poland in 1573, and King Henry III of France in 1574); and to his brother, Francis Hector, 1576-84. In 1640 the title of Duke of Anjou was conferred on Philip, the younger son of Louis XIII, but was given up in 1660 when he became Duke of Orleans. The last time it was bestowed was on Philip, grandson of Louis XIV, and, fittingly enough, given the past form of the Counts and Dukes of Anjou, he became a King (of Spain, in 1700). Anjou became a part of the gouvernement of Orléanais after the death of Francis Hector in 1584, though in 1589 Saumurois, the southeastern part of medieval Anjou, became a separate gouvernement. In the 17th century Anjou itself became a separate gouvernement. Anjou belonged to the généralité of Tours and judicially was subject to the Parlement of Paris. In 1790 most of Anjou became the greater part of the Department of Maine-et-Loire; the lands on the fringes of the province were placed in those of Mayenne, Sarthe and Indre-et-Loire. ANNALY Anglicised form of the Gaelic ANGHAILE, a region in central Ireland, lying northeast of Lough Ree. It was the territory of the O'Ferralls. At times it came under the lordship, later the county, of Meath, and was included in the new county of Westmeath in 1542. In 1571 (by an Act of 1569) it became a separate county, changing its name to Longford, its principal town. ANNANDALE lORDSHIP in southwestern Scotland. The River Annan rises in the Moffat Hills and flows southwards to the Solway Firth near the town of Annan. The great family of Bruce held the lordship from c.1124 until King Robert the Bruce gave it to his nephew and companion in arms, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray. Randolph's daughter and eventual heiress, Agnes, brought the lordship to the Earls of Dunbar (or March), who lost it near the end of the century when the Earl deserted to the English after his daughter, betrothed to the heir to the throne, had been jilted. The lordship was then given to the Douglases. After the execution of the Earl of Douglas in 1440 it reverted to the King. Annandale was part of the county of Dumfries and also of the Western March. The principal family, the Johnstones, were often Wardens of the March, and in 1661 their chief became Earl of Annandale, and a Marquis in 1701. The latter title became extinct in 1792, when the former became dormant. It was revived in 1985. In 1975 Annandale & Eskdale became the eastern district in the Dumfries & Galloway Region; it was abolished in 1996. ANSBACH Or, Brandenburg-Ansbach. Imperial Principality in southeastern Germany, named after its capital, which stands on the River Rezat, a tributary of the Rednitz and eventually of the Main. The town, which is WSW of Nuremberg, is now a Stadtkreis in the Land of Bayern, while the surrounding area forms the Landkreis of Ansbach. Originally called Onoldsbach, it was the site of a monastery in the 8th century, which became a collegiate church in the 11th. The lords of nearby Dornberg were the lay protectors of the church and of the town which grew up around it. Their rights were inherited in 1288 by the Counts of Oettingen, who sold them to the Hohenzollern Burgraves of Nuremberg in 1331. By 1385 Ansbach had become a principal residence of the Burgraves, who had acquired a considerable territory in eastern Franconia on either side of Nuremberg. After the death of the Burgrave Frederick V in 1398 the lands outside Nuremburg were partitioned between his two sons, the elder, John III, taking the "Land oberhalb des Gebirges" (Culmbach and Bayreuth) and the younger, Frederick VI, the "Land unterhalb des Gebirges" (Ansbach). In 1415 Frederick VI became the Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg, and in 1420 reunited the Franconian lands after his brother's death. When he died in 1440, his eldest son took Bayreuth, the second became Elector and the third, Albert Achilles, became Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (the title deriving from the association of Ansbach with the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg). Albert Achilles reunited the lands, succeeding to Bayreuth in 1464 and to the Electorate in 1470. In 1473 he made provision whereby the lands were never to be divided into more than three parts. When he died in 1486 he was succeeded in Ansbach by Frederick, the elder son of his second marriage, who in 1495 added Bayreuth and Kulmbach on the death of his younger brother. Frederick abdicated in 1515 (his mental health was dubious) and the Franconian lands again divided, Ansbach being the share of the second son, George, who also acquired Jägerndorf and other territory in Silesia by purchase. His successor, George Frederick, 1543-1603, reunited the Franconian lands in 1557 and was Regent of Prussia for his cousin, an imbecile. George Frederick died childless in 1603, whereupon the lands reverted to the Elector of Brandenburg, who bestowed them on the two eldest of his half-brothers, Ansbach being the share of the younger, Joachim Ernest. His line survived until 1806, but in 1791 the last Prince, Charles Alexander, who had reunited the Franconian lands in 1769, gave them up and sold his rights to his kinsman, the King of Prussia. He was broke and he wanted to marry an English lady of aristocratic but not princely birth. In 1805 the King of Prussia ceded Ansbach to France and in 1806 it became part of Bavaria. Ansbach, which belonged to the Franconian Imperial Circle, was a fairly compact principality, though small enclaves of other principalities lay within it, while the Ansbach district around Uffenheim was separated from the main body by the Free City of Rothenburg. A distant pocket of land, Sayn-Altenkirchen, in the Westerwald east of the Rhine, had been acquired in 1741. ANTERIOR AUSTRIA See VORDERÖSTERREICH. ANTERIOR POMERANIA See VORPOMMERN. ANTIOCH Crusader state in northwestern Syria,1098-1268, with its capital at Antioch, on the River Asi (Orontes). Antioch is now the Turkish city of ANTAKYA. The city, Antiochaea in Greek, was founded by the Macedonian ruler of much of western Asia, Seleucus Nicator, c300 BC, and named after his father. In later Roman and Byzantine times the city was a great Christian centre, the seat of a Patriarch. It fell to the Arabs and Islam in 638, but was recovered by Byzantium in 969 until it was seized by the Seljuk Turks in 1084. In 1098, after a long siege, the city was taken by the men of the First Crusade. Their leader at Antioch, was Bohemond, who, though the eldest son of Robert Guiscard, the Norman ruler of southern Italy, had been disinherited in favour of the son of Guiscard's second marriage. Bohemond made himself Prince of Antioch. This act embittered relations between the Crusaders and the Byzantine Empire, for the latter saw the Crusade as assistance in restoring and strengthening the Empire as the bulwark of Christendom against Islam, whereas many of the Crusaders saw the Empire as decadent and schismatic, whilst landless younger sons and disinherited elder ones saw the Levant as an immense oppportunity, and themselves as worthier and more vigorous champions of Christendom than the Byzantines. Of Bohemond's vigour there was indeed no doubt. The Principality extended along the north Levantine coast until it met with the County of Tripoli in the south. Inland it extended well into the middle Orontes region, and it advanced eastwards beyond the river in the direction of Aleppo. It never reached that city, nor, higher up the Orontes, could it overcome the sect called the Assassins. By 1170 the lands east of the Orontes had been lost, and in 1188 Saladin drove a wedge between Antioch and Tripoli, so that the southern lands were lost. The Principality survived until 1268, when the Mamelukes of Egypt took it. In 1516 the city became part of the Ottoman Empire; in 1920 it was included in the French mandated territories in the Levant. In 1938 the province of Hatay, of which Antioch was the capital, became an autonomous republic, and in 1939 the French ceded it to Turkey. ANTIVARI Italian name of BAR, a port in southern Montenegro; also called Tivari (Albanian), Antibarum (Latin) and Antibari, which gives the meaning clearly, for it is on the opposite side of the Adriatic from Bari. It became the seat of a Roman Catholic Bishop in the 11th century, promoted to Archbishop in 1089 (the coastlands were Catholic, but the hinterland was, and remained, Orthodox). Antivari was often self-governing, but strong rulers in Zeta or Duklja (the former names of Montenegro) or in Serbia would sometimes control the coast. Antivari was a Venetian possession for a short while in the early 15th century, and more permanently from 1443 until 1571, when it became part of the Ottoman Empire. By the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in March 1878, Montenegro was given three ports, but the revising Congress of Berlin in June/July reduced them to Antivari alone, and furthermore required that it should be demilitarised. ANTRIM Aontroim. The northeastern county in Northern Ireland, lying between the River Bann and Lough Neagh in the west and the North Channel in the east. Antrim and Co. Down, to the south, were the remnant of the old Kingdom of Ulaidh (Ulster) after the O'Neill had taken over the lands west of the Bann; they were also part of the Anglo-Norman Earldom of Ulster. Antrim, not being part of the lands confiscated after the flight of the Earls in 1607, was not included in the Plantation of Ulster in the reign of James I, but it was privately and substantially settled with Scottish Presbyterians, making it the most Protestant of the Six Counties. In fact settlement across the narrow seas separating Antrim from Galloway and Kintyre was not uncommon: one of the most significant movements in the history of the British Isles had occurred in the other direction a millennium before, when people whom the Romans had called Scots crossed from the Kingdom of Dalriada in northern Antrim to found a new Dalriada in Argyll. The county was formed in 1570, perhaps in 1560, and took its name from the town on the northeastern shores of Lough Neagh. Belfast was negligible then, but by the time elected county government came in, by the Act of 1898, Belfast was Ireland's major industrial city and it was given county borough status. In 1974 the county lost its administrative functions to new district councils: Moyle, Ballymoney, Ballymena, Larne, Carrickfergus, Newtownabbey, and Antrim, all within the county; and Lisburn, from Cos Antrim and Down (Belfast too stood on land from both counties). Co. Antrim survives for ceremonial purposes, with its Lord Lieutenant (within the city of Belfast, the Lord Mayor undertakes the duties of the Lord Lieutenant). Connor, within the county, was the medieval diocese but it united with its southern neighbour to form Down & Connor in 1441. A separate diocese was re-created in the Church of Ireland in 1945. ANTWERP ANTWERPEN (Flemish); Anvers (Fr). (1) A Marquisate in the Holy Roman Empire; and (2) a province in Belgium. The city and port of Antwerp stands on the right bank of the River Scheldt. (1) The Marquisate was a small district on the right bank of the Scheldt, the river which formed the boundary between the Empire and France. In 1045 it was granted by the Emperor Henry III to Baldwin, the heir to Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, as an inducement to the Count to support him against Godfrey of Lower Lotharingia. Count Baldwin however backed Godfrey. Towards the end of the decade an alliance against Baldwin deprived his son of the Marquisate, which was later given by Henry IV, together with Bouillon in the Ardennes, to Godfrey, the future Crusader. Henry made the grant as compensation for his refusal to endorse the bequest of the Duchy of Lower Lorraine by Godfrey's uncle, Duke Godfrey the Hunchback, in 1076. Godfrey the Hunchback was the son of the Godfrey who had troubled Henry IV's father thirty years earlier. Henry IV eventually relented, and in 1088 gave the Duchy to Godfrey of Bouillon, who had continued loyal despite his disappointment. The Marquisate was thereafter held by the Dukes of Lower Lotharingia (known as Brabant by the end of the 12th century). In 1355 Duke John III of Brabant died, leaving only daughters. The elder received the Duchy, whilst Antwerp went to Margaret, the second daughter, who was the wife of the Count of Flanders. Their daughter, Margaret, carried her lands to the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, from whom they passed to the Habsburgs. (2) When the French absorbed the Austrian Netherlands in 1795, they created a Department of the Deux-Nèthes, consisting of the city of Antwerp, the former Marquisate of Antwerp and the northern part of Austrian Brabant. When the Kingdom of the United Netherlands emerged after the French defeat in 1813-5, these lands became the province of Antwerpen, from 1830 a province of independent Belgium. The province now belongs to the Flanders Region and is divided into three districts: Antwerpen (in the west), Mechelen (south), and Turnhout (east). 7th in area, it is now the most populous of the 10 provinces (but in pre-federalised Belgium, when Brabant was one province and included the Brussels Region, Antwerpen was 8th in area and 2nd in poulation). The port of Antwerp had been badly affected by the independence of the Dutch Republic. During the fighting it was generally blockaded and when peace was agreed in Westphalia in 1648 the River Scheldt was closed to trade. Only in 1792 did the French revolutionaries open up the river to international trade again. The principle of freedom of navigation was included in the Vienna Settlement, 1814-15, but when the severing of Belgium and the Netherlands was finally completed in 1839 the Dutch, who held the outlets to the sea, were allowed to charge a duty on all ships coming into the Scheldt to help pay for dredging costs, so that, although the principle of free passage was maintained, there was a financial impediment. The Belgian government chose to pick up the bill, which became more onerous year by year. Eventually in 1863 the Dutch government settled the question of the dues by accepting a lump sum and the navigation of the Scheldt became fully free. AOSTA AOSTE (Fr). Province of northwestern Italy, named after its capital, a town on the Italian side of the Alps at the junction of the routes over the Great and Little St Bernard Passes. Aosta, once Augusta Praetoria, is one of many towns which owe their name to the Emperor Augustus. Aosta was surrendered in the 580s by the Lombards to the Merovingian King Guntram, whose realm lay in Burgundy, and was part of the Kingdom of Jurane Burgundy that emerged under King Rudolf I in 888, the one district of that Kingdom to lie on the Italian side of the Alps. It belonged to the lands held by Humbert with the White-Hands, the founder of Savoy, in the first half of the 11th century, and by his successors. It remains a French-speaking district to this day, although in Italy. In 1792 the French seized Savoy, but Aosta remained in the Kingdom of Sardinia until it was occupied by French troops in 1800. It was annexed (with Piedmont) in 1802, and was included in the Department of the Doire. Aosta returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814, and remained in Italy in 1860 when the rest of Savoy was ceded to the French Empire. After the Second World War there were some French claims to this French-speaking region, but they were unsuccessful. The new Italian Republic of 1948 gave autonomous status immediately to four regions, among them the Valle d'Aosta (Val d'Aoste), which consists of just the one province of Aosta. The title of Duke of Aosta has been borne by several princes of the House of Savoy. APANAGE See APPANAGE. APENNINS Appennino. Department in the French Empire, at the northwestern end of the Apennines. Its capital was Chiavari, its largest town La Spezia; It was formed from the eastern lands of the Ligurian Republic (formerly the Republic of Genoa), which was annexed by France in 1805. After Napoleon's fall it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. APPANAGE Or, apanage (the French spelling). Provision made for junior members of a family: the literal meaning is the provision of bread (panus in Latin), but the word is normally used for the provision of land. The appanaged territory remained part of the Kingdom or principality from which it was detached; the degree of independence of the appanaged prince within his lands varied. Sometimes he was simply the financial beneficiary of the properties; sometimes he was the real ruler of the lands. APPENZELL Canton in northeastern Switzerland, surrounded by the Canton of St Gallen, and divided into two Half-Cantons from 1597. It was called after the town of Appenzell (Abbot's cell). The whole area originally belonged to the Abbey of St Gallen, but it revolted against the Abbot in the early 15th century and was taken under the protection of the Swiss Confederates in 1411. Appenzell became an allied district in 1452 and a member of the Confederation in 1513. It was bitterly divided by the Reformation, and in 1597 was split into the two Half-Cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR) (the Rhoden was a tax district). Appenzell is the capital of the Catholic Innerrhoden, Herisau of the Protestant Ausserrhoden. In the Helvetic Confederation, 1798-1803, Appenzell was included in the Canton of Säntis, but became two half-cantons again in the new Swiss Confederation of 1803. Ausserrhoden and Innerrhoden are 15th and 16th in precedence among the members of the Confederation (as a Canton Appenzell ranks 13th). Innerrhoden has fewer people than any other member and only Basel-Stadt is smaller in area. Of the 23 Cantons Appenzell is 21st in area and 20th in population. APULIA PUGLIA. (1) Roman region; (2) medieval Duchy; and (3) contemporary Region in southeastern Italy. It lies mainly east of the Apennines and extends from the spur of Italy round the heel to the instep. Apulia was one of the regions formed in the reign of Augustus and did not then include the heel of Italy (which was then called Calabria, a name later transferred to the toe). When provinces were formed in Italy in the late 3rd century the two regions were joined together to form Apulia et Calabria. The Byzantines recovered the region from the Ostrogoths for the Empire in the 6th century, but the Lombards later encroached and much of Apulia became part of the Duchy of Benevento. Arabs raided during the 9th century. During its third quarter, they settled along much of the Apulian coast, but Byzantine power revived and Apulia was reoccupied later in the century. The Byzantine authorities allowed Lombard law to continue, and called the region Longobardia. The disputes and intrigues that arose from the fragmentation of southern Italy gave opportunities for adventurers, who were ready to hire themselves out as fighting-men, and in the 11th century many Normans, landless or poor or finding settled life tame, were ready to seize the main-chance in Italy. One such knight, known as William Iron-Arm, was elected Count of the Normans in Apulia in 1042. He came from a family in Hauteville in Normandy, and was followed as Count by two brothers, and then by a half-brother, Robert, called the Guiscard, the Trickster. In 1059 the Pope, who reckoned himself to be overlord of southern Italy, made Guiscard Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily. By 1071 the Byzantines had been driven out of Italy; in the 1070s the Lombard Duchies disappeared, and when Robert died in 1085, he controlled much of southern Italy. In 1127 his nephew, Roger II, who had been Count of Sicily since childhood, succeeded Guiscard's grandson as Duke of Apulia, and in 1130 became King of Sicily. In the 1130s he added the hitherto independent territories, Naples and Capua, to his Kingdom. While the Normans ruled, the title of Duke of Apulia was used by the heir to the Kingdom of Sicily. Apulia remained part of the southern Kingdom - whether called Sicily, Naples, or the Two Sicilies - until Italian unification in 1860. After World War II, but made effective only in the 1970s, Puglia became one of the autonomous regions of Republican Italy. It is comprised of the provinces of Foggia, Bari, Taranto, Brindisi, and Lecce. APULIA ET CALABRIA Province in southeastern Italy in the late Roman Empire, joining Calabria, the heel of Italy, with Apulia to the northwest, a district that included the "spur" of Italy. The old province is now the region of Puglia (Apulia). The name of Calabria transferred centuries ago to the toe of Italy. AQUILA See L'AQUILA. AQUILEIA AQUILÈIA. Now a village in northeastern Italy, near the Laguna di Marano, northwest of Trieste, but a very important city in the later Roman Empire. Its importance led to the Bishop being raised to metropolitan status, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over northeastern Italy. The metropolitan later became known as the Patriarch of Aquileia, a consequence of the strong Byzantine influence in this region. In 452 the city was sacked by the Huns, and never recovered the importance that it had had. In 568 the Lombards invaded Italy, and the Patriarch fled to the island of Grado in the lagoons south of the city. In 606 a new Patriarchate was established by the Lombards at Aquileia. Centuries of disputes followed, only resolved in the mid-12th century under Papal pressure, when the Patriarch of Aquileia gave up his claims over the lagoons and the Patriarch of Grado his claims over the northeastern mainland. The Patriarch became head of a large principality, when the Emperor Henry IV gave him the March of Friuli in 1077, but the real beneficiaries were the local nobles, particularly the Count of Görz in the east. In the 15th century disputes between the Patriarch and the nobility led the latter to appeal to Venice for help, and after warfare in 1418-20, Venice took most of the old March, leaving the East, including Aquileia itself, under the care of the Counts of Görz. When they died out in 1500 they were succeeded by the Habsburgs. The Patriarch had resided at Udine from 1258 but had perforce to return to Aquileia in 1420. The Patriarch remained the metropolitan over his ecclesiastical province, but relations between Venice and Austria were often strained, so in 1751 the Patriarchate was abolished and replaced by the Archbishoprics of Udine (for the Venetian lands) and Gorizia (for the Austrian). The Patriarchal palace became a ruin and the medieval town declined into a village. AQUITAINE (1) Roman province (see AQUITANIA); (2) Duchy, Kingdom, and sub-Kingdom in the Frankish era; (3) a medieval Duchy; and (4) a modern administrative region - in southwestern France. The extent of Aquitaine has varied greatly, from the days of the Romans onwards. They first used Aquitania (or Aquitanica) to describe the land between the Pyrenees, the Garonne and the Bay of Biscay. It was named after a people called the Aquitani (since aqua is Latin for water, it perhaps suggested to the Romans "land of waters"). The Romans were apt to move names or extend them, and by the reign of Augustus Aquitania had extended towards the Loire, and, in its uppermost reaches, across it. Since then Aquitaine has either meant a vast region bounded by the Bay of Biscay in the west, the Pyrenees in the south, and the vicinity of the Loire in north and east (like Aquitania, Aquitaine usually did not quite reach the river), or it has denoted some lesser territory within this vast expanse. After the Romans, the Visigoths ruled a vast region between the Loire and the Pyrenees. Their Kingdom also included Toulouse, which served as their capital and which had not belonged to Roman Aquitania. They were driven out of most of Gaul after the Franks had won the Battle of Vouillé in 507, but the lands beyond the Loire were too distant from the centres of Merovingian power to be firmly held. What usually happened when the Frankish Kingdom was partitioned was that Aquitaine was divided among the two, three or four Kings, a practice which perhaps arose out of weakness and which must have further weakened Frankish authority there. In the south the Basques intruded into the lowlands of the lower Garonne and the region became known as Gascony from a variant of their name, while in the north an independent Duchy of Aquitaine emerged in the 7th century. In 721 Duke Eudes successfully defended Toulouse against the Arab/Berber conquerors of Spain, but in 732 he had to seek the support of Charles Martel against Arab attack. Together they defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Poitiers (or Tours) in 732. When Eudes died in 735 Charles Martel intervened in Aquitaine and brought it back more tightly into the Kingdom. His sons had to campaign there in 745 and it was only in the 760s that Pepin the Short brought about the end of ducal power after several campaigns, the last of them in 768, the year of his death. His Kingdom was partitioned between his sons: the elder, Charlemagne, held coastal Aquitaine and the younger, Carloman, Berry and Auvergne. Charlemagne, in the first year of his reign, dealt with the rebellion of the son of the last Duke of Aquitaine. Carloman died in 771, and the Frankish Kingdom was reunited. Ten years later southwestern Gaul, including Toulouse, became the Kingdom of Aquitaine for Charlemagne's three year old third son, Louis. From 806, when Charlemagne proposed the future partition of his lands after his death, Louis's Kingdom was prospectively the Kingdom of all southern Gaul, because Charlemagne planned its extension eastwards across the Rhône to the southwestern Alps. In the event the two elder brothers of Louis the Pious died in 810 and 811 and Louis inherited the entire Carolingian Empire when Charlemagne died in 814. Louis too created sub-Kingdoms for his sons and in 817 his second son, Pepin I, became King of his father's old Kingdom. After Pepin's death in 838, Louis the Pious gave the Kingdom of Aquitaine to his son by his second marriage, Charles, later nicknamed the Bald rather than to Pepin's son, Pepin II. A long struggle followed, not finally resolved until Pepin II finally disappeared within monastic walls in 864, and presumably, given his track-record for reappearing after defeat, he went quickly into the monastic graveyard as well. Charles the Bald gave Aquitaine to two of his sons in succession, the survivor, Loiuis the Stammerer, succeeding Charles as King of the West Franks in 877, when the separate sub-Kingdom of Aquitaine disappeared for ever. The prolonged dynastic struggles of the 9th century meant that much of the power in the Kingdom of Aquitaine was exercised by the local great men. Gascony remained largely independent, the Spanish March south of the Pyrenees had the necessary autonomy of a border zone, the Dukes or Counts of Toulouse were powerful in the Midi, so that whatever the nominal extent of the sub-Kingdom, its real power lay more in the north and northeast. Sometime before his death in 890, Count Ramnulf II of Poitou, a grandson of Louis the Pious through his mother, assumed the title of Duke of the Aquitanians (King, according to one source). After his death, his bastard son, Ebles, sought to succeed him, but in the ensuing struggle lost both the Ducal title and Poitou. The most powerful prince in France south of the Loire at that time was William the Pious, the Count of Auvergne, who also held lands in Berry and in Burgundy, where he founded the Abbey of Cluny in 910. By 909 he was using the title of Duke of the Aquitanians. He had some claims of overlordship over Toulouse, of which his father, Bernard Plantevalue, had been Count for a time. Gascony and Bordeaux lay beyond his power. He died without a son in 918 and was succeeded by his sister's sons in turn. The second died in 927, but by then his power was confined to the Auvergne, while Ebles, restored to Poitou in 902, and Raymond Pons of Toulouse, who used the Ducal title, contended for predominance in Aquitaine. For a while Raymond Pons was overlord of the Auvergne, but well before his death in 950 power there had slipped away from him. His heir as Count of Toulouse made no attempt to revive his claims. In 965 Count William II of Poitiers, grandson of Ebles, assumed the ducal title. It was Poitou that made him powerful; he and his successors held such power and influence in Berry, Auvergne, Limousin, Périgord and Angoumois, as their own strength and the weakness of others made possible. What made Poitevan Aquitaine more than a very powerful County, generally able to influence its neighbours, came about as a result of the second marriage of Duke William the Great, who died in 1030, to a daughter of the Duke of Gascony. The ducal line in Gascony died out in 1032. Eudes, the son of William's Gascon marriage, claimed the Duchy of Gascony and also became the ruler of Aquitaine and Poitou when his half-brother died in 1038. Eudes himself died childless in 1039. Eudes's half-brother, who succeeded to Aquitaine, claimed the Gascon inheritance as well, even though he was not descended from the Gascon Dukes. A long struggle followed, ending in victory for Aquitaine in 1063. Poitou and Gascony were thus joined together, and with time the centre of gravity in the Duchy shifted from Poitiers to Bordeaux. The lands between Poitou and Gascony - Saintonge, Angoulême, Limousin, Périgord - inevitably felt the power of the Duke more, but Auvergne and Berry became less important because more peripheral. The succession of Poitevan Dukes came to an end with the death of Duke William X in 1137. He had arranged with King Louis VI, who also died in that year, that his heiress and elder daughter, Eleanor, should marry the heir to the Kingdom, Louis VII. Thus the Kingdom gained a great Duchy and its heiress gained a protector able to see off other claimants. Two troubles afflicted the marriage: as husband and wife Louis and Eleanor were ill-suited and the only issue of the marriage were daughters, so Kingdom and Duchy must again part when either King or Queen died. The marriage ended in divorce in 1151, but Eleanor, who lacked the profound sense of doing the decent thing that her divorced husband had in abundance, did not take the customary course of retiring to a monastery and devoting herself to prayer and good works. Instead she married a prince several years younger than herself, Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy. Although of course a lesser prince in France than Eleanor's first husband, Henry had the distinct advantage that his lands of Anjou bordered on the inheritance of his wife, whereas among the lands that Louis VII directly held, only a few parcels of territory in Berry lay close to Eleanor's land. Henry therefore was much better placed to exploit his gain than Louis had been. The danger to the King of France was magnified when, shortly after the marriage, Stephen, who had usurped the throne of England which Henry's mother had reckoned was hers by right, accepted Henry as his heir. In 1154 Henry became King of England and his lands stretched from the Pennines to the Pyrenees. Henry II, Eleanor, and their son Richard I, to whom the Duchy was granted in 1169, engaged in family rows, but the Duchy and the other lands stayed intact. It was left to the youngest son of the marriage, John, to lose many of the territories he inherited in 1199. By 1204 he had lost Normandy and Anjou and parts of Poitou, the land of his mother's ancestors. By the 1220s Aquitaine was reduced to western Gascony and the Bordeaux region, though some of the local rulers in eastern Gascony and the lands along the Rivers Dordogne and Lot were at times persuaded to acknowledge the rights of the King of England as Duke. Henry III, John's son, sought eventually to stabilise the situation. The piecemeal encroachments upon the remaining lands made it necessary for the King-Duke to swallow his pride and renounce most of the lands he had lost. This was done in an agreement in 1259 with Louis IX, whom the English King was obliged to acknowledge as his overlord in his Duchy of Aquitaine. Henry had the promise that the lands in Agenais and Quercy would return when Alphonse, the French King's brother, died. Alphonse held what might be called the anti-Aquitaine: he was Count of Poitou, the principal lands of the Dukes in the 10th century, he was lord of the Terre d'Auvergne, where the first two Duke Williams had ruled, and he was by marriage Count of Toulouse, whose predecessors had been rivals and sometime claimants to Aquitaine. This subordinate status of the English Kings in their Duchy of Aquitaine restricted their diplomatic freedom and injured their pride without necessarily freeing them from the attention of French lawyers and the encroachments of royal officials. One way was to transfer the Duchy to a son, but that only pushed the problem away a little distance in space and time. Twice the Duchy was confiscated by the King of France, in 1294 and 1324, and on both occasions the Duchy was seized by French troops. Papal mediation in 1297 brought about a settlement of the first crisis in 1299, while the second was resolved in 1325 by Charles IV of France returning the Duchy to Edward II's son, Edward, whose mother Isabella was Charles's sister. Isabella was already preparing the way for the destruction of her husband's rule. Edward III, who became King in 1327 and effective ruler in 1330, had thus direct knowledge in his youth of the problem created by the subordinate status of the English King in his Duchy of Aquitaine. That problem was to be one of the principal factors that propelled him into claiming in 1337 that he was himself the rightful King of France; by doing so he bypassed the problem of his subordination in Aquitaine to the King. The English successes in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War led to peace proposals in the Treaty of Brétigny of 1360 which allowed freedom from subordination for Aquitaine, as well as setting generous limits to its boundaries. Poitou, Limousin, Périgord, Quercy, Rouergue and the eastern lands of Gascony were all included in the independent Duchy; only Berry and most of Auvergne, of the lands once linked with Aquitaine, were excluded. Neither King ratified the Treaty however, and by 1373 it was a dead letter, so that the lands actually held by the English King were those much nearer the coast and the Gironde. These lands and those to the east remained a war zone for many years to come. The next great surge of English power, in the 1410s and 1420s, rushed through northern rather than southern France, though, except for Calais, it was in the south, around Bordeaux, that English rule survived the longest. In 1453 the English-held Duchy of Aquitaine gave up its last territory and the word became simply an historical relic. There was in fact an alternative name for the Duchy: Guyenne or Guienne, a diminuitive of Aquitaine. The name of Guyenne had been used earlier in the 15th century for a Duchy held by one of the several sons of King Charles VI who predeceased him - another variety of an anti-Aquitaine. After 1453, whether for a ducal title, such as for Charles, the younger son of Charles VII, or for a province, or for the huge gouvernement of Guyenne & Gascony, it was Guyenne that was used rather than the older name of Aquitaine. Aquitaine however made its reappearance when the economic administrative regions were first set up in 1960, giving its name to the southwesternmost of the French regions, which comprised (anti-clockwise from the east) the departments of Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (previously Basses-Pyrénées), an area not too dissimilar from the last two centuries or so of English-held Aquitaine. AQUITANIA Or, Aquitanica. Roman province in southwestern Gaul. The original Roman province, which was formed before Caesar's conquest of Gaul, lay between the Pyrenees and the River Garonne below its confluence with the Tarn. It included the upper reaches of the Garonne, but the eastward sweep of the river, including Toulouse, lay beyond it. With the conquests of Caesar and the organisation of the Empire under Augustus the name of Aquitania extended northwards and northeastwards towards the River Loire, though in general the province fell short of the river. However to the east of Bourges the Loire formed the boundary of the province, whilst both banks of its highest reaches were in Aquitania. With the reorganisation of the Empire in the late 3rd century, Aquitania was divided into three provinces, all belonging to the diocese of Viennensis. Aquitanica Prima was formed from the northeast and east of the old province, the later Berry and Auvergne. The west and northwest became Aquitanica Secunda, and included the later Poitou and Périgord, and the lands either side of the Gironde. Most of the original Aquitania, the lands north of the Pyrenees, became Aquitanica Tertia, more commonly called Novempopulana, the land of nine peoples. The late Roman provinces in Gaul became the ecclesiastical provinces of medieval France, where the Archbishops of Bourges, Bordeaux and Auch were the respective metropolitans of the three former Aquitanicas. The province of Bourges was divided in 1678, its southern dioceses forming the province of Albi. ARABA The Basque name for ÁLAVA. ARAD County in Hungary before 1919-20 and in western Romania since. It is named after the town of Arad, which is north of Timisoara and east of Szeged, and stands on the River Mures, a tributary of the Tisza. Its name is the same in both Magyar and Romanian. In the Ottoman era several districts, including Arad, in eastern Hungary, known collectively as the Partium, were joined to the Principality of Transylvania. Though the leadership in Transylvania was Magyar, much of the population was Romanian. Romanians moved westwards into the Partium during this period. As a result Arad had a Magyar majority in the west and a Romanian in the east. It was ceded by Hungary to Romania in the Treaty of Trianon, 1920. ARAGÓN A County in the Pyrenees, a Kingdom in the east of the Iberian peninsula, an 18th century Spanish province, and a present-day autonomous community. The name comes from the River Aragón, which rises in the west central Pyrenees, and flows south, west and southwest to the River Ebro. ARAGÓN, County. The original County of Aragón lay in the upper valley of the River Aragón, high in the Pyrenees and leading to one of the passes that crosses the mountains. It very probably began as a Frankish march, established in Charlemagne's later reign, when his son, the future Emperor Louis the Pious, reigned in Aquitaine. The Frankish grip in the west and centre of the Pyrenees had gone by the 820s, possibly because Louis, having succeeded to the Empire, could no longer give his old Kingdom of Aquitaine the attention it deserved. The Counts of Aragón became subject to the Kings of Pamplona (the later Navarre). In the 920s the heiress of the County was married to the King of Navarre and thereafter the County was held by the Kings. Navarre reached the height of its power during the reign of King Sancho the Great (1000-35). From 1015 his bastard son Ramiro governed for him in Aragón. When Sancho died in 1035 his lands were divided among his four sons, who all held the royal title. Ramiro gained some of the Navarre eastern frontier zone, but, though King, he remained subject to his half-brother, the King of Navarre. His realm was really only a County still, as Ramiro himself wryly acknowledged when he called himself "as if King". ARAGÓN, Kingdom. The Kingdom of Aragón means three things: (1) the Kingdom proper; (2) the lands of the Crown of Aragón (Aragón proper, Catalonia and Valencia, plus the Balearic Islands); and (3) the Mediterranean empire which resulted from the King of Aragón's acquisition of the Kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. 1. The Kingdom proper. The original Kingdom of Ramiro I (1035-63) consisted of the County of Aragón, focussed on the town of Jaca, and some Navarrese land to the west. To the north beyond the Pyrenees lay France, to the south the Moslem lands. The King of Aragón was subordinate to the King of Navarre; his was the sort of sub-Kingdom that came and went. But Aragón survived. Ramiro was able to extend his lands eastward to include the Counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza after the death of his half-brother in 1044 or 1045, so that he held a long strip of central Pyrenean lands between Navarre and the lands of the Spanish March focussed on Barcelona. Ramiro's subordinate status was eased in 1054 when his half-brothers, the Kings of Navarre and Castile, fell out and the King of Navarre was killed in battle. The new King of Navarre also ended his days violently, murdered in a family dispute in 1076. The Kings of Castile and Aragón then divided Navarre between them, King Sancho Ramirez of Aragón taking the title of King of Navarre. His father Ramiro had wryly called himself "as if King"; by becoming King of the well-established Kingdom to which his own was subordinate, Sancho Ramirez removed any doubts about his royal status. The title of King of Navarre was lost in 1134. By then Aragón stood on its own two feet. If there was any doubt, it was about Navarre's capability to be a Kingdom, not Aragón's. What had happened was that the Kings of Aragón had inched their way forward from the mountains to the foothills by extending into Moslem territory in the late 11th century. In 1089 the town of Monzon in the lower valleys was taken, in 1096 Huesca, in 1101 Barbastro. In the reign of Alfonso the Battler (1104-34) Aragón had begun to leap forward. In 1118 Alfonso took the great city of Zaragoza (Saragossa), the most important of Moslem cities outside Andalucía. Besides these advances at Moslem expense, Alfonso was married to Queen Urraca of Castile, an unhappy arrangment, but the quarrels gave him control of some neighbouring Castilian territory as well. Alfonso had firmly established the Kingdom, yet it might have died with the greatest of its early Kings. He was childless and at odds with his stepson, the King of Castile, while his only remaining brother, Ramiro, was a monk. Alfonso therefore left his Kingdom on his death in 1134 to the Crusading military Orders. The Aragonese had no intention of suffering this fate: they brought his brother Ramiro out of a monastery and found him a wife. A daughter, Petronilla, was duly born, whereupon Ramiro returned to his vocation in 1137. A Queen in a cradle was not however much of a ruler. Happily the able and adult Count of Barcelona, Raymond Berengar IV, was unmarried, so he was betrothed to the infant, as Regent bearing the title of Prince of Aragón. He seems to have scrupulously cared for the interests of the Kingdom, before and after marrying the Queen in 1150. Their son, Alfonso II, succeeded his father in the County in 1162 and his mother in the Kingdom in 1164. Both Raymond Berengar IV and his son added to the original Kingdom of Aragón, Alfonso completing it with the addition of the region in the mountains beyond the Ebro around Teruel in 1170. Teruel lay in the upper valley of the River Turia, which reaches the Mediterranean at Valencia, and so could serve as base for the next advance. With its capture the original Kingdom was completed. 2. The lands of the Crown of Aragón. Alfonso II inherited the County of Barcelona from his father in 1162 and his mother gave up the rule of the Kingdom of Aragón to him in 1164. The two lands did not unite. Each kept their own laws and customs, but had a common ruler. The Counts of Barcelona had acquired much of the territory of the old Spanish March: the region became known as the Principality of Catalonia. It had more people, was more fertile and wealthier than Aragón. The Kingdom provided the royal title, but much of the power of the Kings came from their being Counts of Barcelona, so the line of rulers descending from Alfonso II and only extinguished in the male line with the death of Martin I in 1410, is usually known as the Count-Kings. The lands of the Crown of Aragón (Corona d'Aragón) were extended by conquest from the Moslems. The Balearic Islands were seized, 1229-35 and much of the Kingdom of Valencia, which extended southwards from Catalonia, was added in the 1230s, all of it by the early 1250s. Valencia was treated as a Kingdom, with its own laws and customs, though under the rule of the Count-King. James I of Aragon created a Kingdom of Majorca for his second son, James II. It consisted of the Balearics and the north Catalonian lands of Roselló and Cerdanya. When James II died in 1311 his successor was obliged to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Count-King. In 1343 Peter IV, the Count-King, confiscated the Kingdom. The line of the Count-Kings, the male heirs of Alfonso II, died out in 1410, and the last century of complete Aragonese separation saw the lands of the Crown of Aragón ruled by a cadet line of the Castilian royal House. The last of these Kings, Ferdinand II (1479-1516), had married Isabella, the future Queen of Castile, in 1469. He administered Castile for his mentally sick daughter Juana after her husband's death in 1506. When he died in 1516, his Habsburg grandson, the future Emperor Charles V, succeeded him in Aragón and took over the rule of Castile. The title of King of Spain (more accurately King of the Spains) began to be used. 3. The Mediterranean Kingdom. The Kings of Aragón became a Mediterranean power first by the acquisition of Catalonia and then by the advance into the Balearic Islands. In 1282 Peter III of Aragón, the son-in-law of Manfred of Sicily, who had been dispossessed and killed by Charles of Anjou in 1266, was able to capture the island of Sicily. When he died in 1285 his second son, James II, succeeded him in Sicily, though the death of his elder brother in 1291 brought him the throne of Aragón. Eventually a third brother became King of Sicily in 1296 and his heirs reigned there until 1409, when the King of Aragón, Martin I, succeeded his own son, Martin I of Sicily, who had inherited the Kingdom from his wife, its heiress. Martin I of Aragon thus became Martin II of Sicily. Thereafter Sicily was united with the Crown of Aragón (and so with that of Spain after 1516) until the War of Spanish Succession in the early 18th century. The Pope in appreciation of James II of Aragón's agreement to give up the throne of Sicily in 1295 had granted him the island of Sardinia though it was not until 1321 that James began to act to secure his claim and not until 1478 that the entire island was more or less under Aragonese control. King Alfonso V of Aragón and Sicily was bequeathed the throne of Naples by Joanna II, who died in 1435. Not until 1442 was he securely established. At his death in 1458 Aragón was inherited by his brother John II but Naples passed to his bastard son Ferrante. In 1502-4 Alfonso V's nephew, Ferdinand II of Aragón and Sicily, ousted his cousin and added Naples to the possessions of the Crown of Aragón. The Kings of Aragon thus created a Mediteranean Empire, which later passed to the Habsburg Kings of Spain. The War of Spanish Succession, which followed on the death of the last Habsburg, separated Naples and Sicily from Spain. Though later in the century, in 1735, a son of the King of Spain became King of Naples and Sicily (the Two Sicilies) it was a requirement that if he succeeded to the throne of Spain, which he did in 1759, he should give up the Two Sicilies. The Aragonese Empire thus did not reappear. 4. The lands of the Crown of Aragón in Spain. Although both Castile and Aragón were ruled by the same King after 1516, the lands of the Crown of Aragón (the Kingdoms of Aragón and Valencia, and the Principality of Catalonia) continued to be ruled according to their own laws and privileges, with Viceroys representing the King within each territory. It was a nuisance to the Habsburg Kings, but in the Kingdom of Castile, where royal power was much stronger and more centralised, they had the means of governing Spain, and so they were generally able to treat the lands of the Crown of Aragón as an irritating provincial backwater. Occasionally they became of great importance, most notably in 1640 when Catalonia revolted. Eventually the revolt was crushed. France, which had given encouragement to the rebels, walked off with the loot in the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659, adding the Catalan lands north of the Pyrenees to the French Kingdom as the province of Roussillon. It was the extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs in 1700 and the subsequent War of Spanish Succession that gave the incoming King the chance to reduce the separateness of the lands of the Crown of Aragón. Aragón, Catalonia and Valencia had all decided in 1705 to support the claims of the Archduke Charles, the Austrian candidate, but it was the Bourbon Philip V who prevailed. Their privileges were abolished and the lands were reduced to the level of provinces. ARAGÓN, Province and Autonomous Community. In 1707 King Philip V of Spain, the first of the House of Bourbon, recovered control of the old Kingdom of Aragón, which two years earlier had rallied to the support of the Austrian Habsburg candidate for the throne of Spain, the Archduke Charles. He abolished its privileges and reduced its status from Kingdom to province, no longer ruled by a Viceroy but by a Captain General. The Province of Aragón, the lands of the former Kingdom from the Pyrenees to Teruel, remained a large one throughout the 18th century, even though the lands of Castile were being divided into more manageable units during that time. In 1833 Aragón was at last divided into the provinces (south to north) of Teruel, Zaragoza and Huesca. In the northwest of the province of Huesca was the original County that had appeared in the early 9th century and had become a Kingdom in the 11th. In democratic Spain the lands of these three provinces form the autonomous community of Aragón, whose first parliament was elected in 1983. The capital is Zaragoza, on the River Ebro. The government is known as the Diputación General. Aragón is the fourth largest of the autonomous communities, but 10th in population. The province of Zaragoza, in the valley of the Ebro, has more than twice the population of the two mountain provinces that lie either side of it. ARBOREA One of the four hereditary judgeships in the island of Sardinia in the middle ages. The district of Arborea was in the west and centre of the island; the town itself is near the Gulf of Oristano on the west coast. The judges emerged in the 9th century, and remained in partial control of Sardinia during the period that Pisa dominated the island from the 11th to the early 14th centuries. Arborea was the last surviving judgeship. The heiress of the Capraia family, which had held the judgeship since 1253, died in 1403, and then her son, of the Genoese family of Doria, in 1407. The Cubello family held the district from 1409-1478, but with the title of Marquis of Oristano. With their extinction in 1478 the district was absorbed into the Aragonese administration of the island. ARCADIA ARKADHÍA. District in ancient, and nome (department) in modern, Greece, extending from the central Peloponnese to the western shores of the Argolian Gulf. It belongs to the Peloponnesos Region. ARCHANGEL ARKHANGELSK. An Imperial province and modern region (oblast) in the north of European Russia. The province, formed in the reign of Peter the Great, was of gigantic area, though tiny in population. It extended from the Kola peninsula to the Ural Mountains, and included the island of Novaya Zemlya. The province was named after the city and port on the Northern Dvina River, 20 miles from the White Sea. Archangel, which had been founded in 1553, was Russia's only seaport until the founding of St Petersburg in 1703. The city was held by British troops from March 1918 (later joined by Americans and Italians) until September 1919, and a considerable area around was held by them and by White forces against the Bolsheviks, who eventually took Archangel in February 1920. The present oblast is smaller than the Tsarist province: the Murmansk region, the Karelian Republic and the Komi Republic have all taken territory from it. Even so, it is huge, containing much of the basin of the Northern Dvina, the eastern coastlands of the White Sea, and the Arctic coast up to Siberia, as well as the islands not only of Novaya Zemlya but of the far northern archipelago of Franz Josef Land, annexed by the Soviet Union in 1926. ARCH-CHANCELLOR See PRINCE PRIMATE. ARCHENFIELD ERGING (Welsh). A district on the English borders with Wales, lying between the River Wye, as it flows (erratically) southwards below Hereford, and the River Monnow, as it flows towards Monmouth. In the 11th century it was in the border zone between England and Wales. Domesday Book included it in Herefordshire, but gave it special treatment, describing the customs of the Welsh-speaking population. The Bishops of Llandaff and Hereford both claimed it as part of their diocese; in 1130 Hereford won. Welsh speaking later died out from what had securely become southern Herefordshire. ARCHIPELAGO Our word for a sea clustered with islands comes from the Greek name for the Aegean Sea, the great sea. The Duchy of the Archipelago (also called Naxos) was a Crusader state in the Cyclades, an island group in the southwestern Aegean. After the Fourth Crusade had taken Constantinople in 1204, many of the Aegean islands were allocated to Venice, but the actual work of conquering them from the local Byzantine authorities was given to various families, together with the prospect of perks. The Cyclades was the responsibility of a group headed by Marco Sanudo, who kept Naxos, the largest of them, as his own property, and was overlord as Duke of the Archipelago of the other proprietors. Sanudo threw off the supervision of Venice in 1210, submitting to the Latin Emperor in Constantinople as his new and virtually powerless lord. Later, with the decline of the Empire, the powerful Prince of Achaea was overlord. In 1383 the son of the Sanudo heiress was ousted by Francesco Crispo, whose family ruled in the Cyclades until 1566. Venice was partly responsible for the coup, and thereafter took a closer interest in the affairs of the Duchy. The Ottoman Turks conquered the Cyclades in 1566, though they did allow a puppet ruler to hold Naxos for another twelve years. ARCOS Petty Moslem kingdom in southernmost Spain from 1012 until it was added to the Kingdom of Seville in 1066. It was named after its capital, which stands on the River Guadiana, northeast of Cádiz. The town was taken by Castile c.1262, and became Arcos de la Frontera, being then near the border with the Kingdom of Granada. It is now in the province of Cádiz. ARDEAL The Rumanian name of TRANSYLVANIA. ARDÈCHE The Département de l'Ardèche (07) is in central France, lying west of the Rhône, with the slopes of the Cevennes in the west and northwest. The River Ardèche, one of the longest tributaries of the Rhône to come from the Massif Central, flows generally southeastwards across it. The Loire rises in its northwestern corner. The department was formed from the northeast of Languedoc; its territory had once been in the Kingdom of Burgundy. Much of it became part of France in the early 14th century when the Bishop of Viviers acknowledged the overlordship of King Philip IV, the Fair. The northeasternmost corner belonged to the Dauphins of Vienne and to the Counts of Valentinois and in practice became part of France when the Dauphiné came to the heir to France in 1355. During the Second World War the department was in the unoccupied zone from 1940 until German forces entered it after the allied landings in French North Africa in November 1942. During the Vichy régime the Ardèche came under the Regional Prefect in Lyon for police and economic matters from 1941. Since 1960 the department of the Ardèche has been in the Rhône-Alpes region. The capital is Privas. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are at Largentière (in the south) and Tournon (on the Rhône in the north). The Bishop's see is at Viviers, an ancient diocese. ARDENNES The Département des Ardennes (08), is in northeastern France and borders on Belgium. The north of the department lies at the western end of the range of wooded hills that give it its name; the Meuse flows through the northeast, and the Aisne westwards across the south. Before 1790 its lands were part of the province of Champagne & Brie, but earlier, in the middle ages, there had been several small counties and lordships, the largest of which was the County of Rethel. The Meuse region was a border zone between the Empire and France; Sedan only became fully part of France in 1641. Its northeastern sector was the scene of the catastrophic entrapment of the armies of Napoleon III in 1870 and of the breakthrough across the Meuse at Sedan in 1940. After the Armistice in 1940 the department was in the zone occupied by German troops and lay in the zone inderdite, the zone to which those who had fled as refugees during the 1940 campaign were forbidden to return, the zone earmarked for future German settlement. In 1941 the Vichy régime placed it under the Regional Prefect at Laon (Aisne) for police and economic matters. Since 1960, the department has belonged to the Champagne-Ardenne region. Its capital is Charleville-Mézières. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are Rethel (in the southwest), Vouziers (southeast) and Sedan (northeast). Rocroi, in the north, was also a sub-prefecture until 1926. Sedan also ceased to be a sub-prefecture in 1926 but was restored in 1942. The town also acted as the seat of the Bishop, 1790-1802, but since then the department has belonged first to the diocese of Metz, and, since 1822, to the archdiocese of Reims. ARDGOUR District in the western Highlands of Scotland, bounded by Lochs Shiel (to the west), Eil (north), and Linnhe (east), and by the district of Morven (south). It belonged to the territory of the Macleans, and was part of Argyllshire until 1975, when it transferred to the Lochaber district (since abolished) in the Highland Region. ARDNAMURCHAN District in the western Scottish Highlands, in the southwest of the peninsula between Loch Linnhe and the sea. It includes the westernmost point on the Scottish mainland (its name means point of the great ocean). It belonged to Argyllshire until 1975, when it became part of the Lochaber district (since abolished) in the Highland Region. ARDRES Ardrésis (pays). Lordship in the north of France; its lords were the stewards of the Counts of Boulogne. When the English took Calais in 1347 Ardres became the border town of the French Kingdom - it lies just south of Calais. At the meeting of the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 Ardres was the base of Francis I. ARDUDWY A commote in the cantref of Dunoding and the principality of Gwynedd in northwestern Wales. It lay between the Rivers Glaslyn (in the northwest) and Mawddach (in the south and southeast), and included Harlech, Barmouth, and Ffestiniog. In 1284 it became part of Merionethshire. ARELATE The Kingdom of BURGUNDY, which began in the Jura in 888, acquired Provence in 933 and became a part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032, was also known as the Kingdom of ARLES or the Arelate, the Roman name for Arles. After the acquisition of Provence, the Kings were crowned in Arles, which was the seat of an Archbishop and which stands on the River Rhône at the head of its delta. By its last shadowy years, in the later middle ages, the Kingdom was generally known as Arles or the Arelate. It existed then as a diplomatic bauble to be dangled before ambitious men, last of all for Charles the Rash, Duke of Burgundy. ARENBERG Or, Aremberg. Originally a lordship, eventually a Duchy, in the Holy Roman Empire, in northwestern Germany. The original lordship was tiny and lay in the Eifel, in hills above the River Ahr, southwest of Bonn and WNW of Coblenz. It passed through an heiress to a branch of the Counts of Mark in 1299, its head eventually receiving the title of Count in 1509. Through another heiress the County passed to the Netherlands family of Ligne in 1547. The Count became a Prince in 1576 and the Prince a Duke in 1644, not because their territory had become larger, but because they were loyal servants of the Habsburgs, particularly in the Netherlands. The Duke lost his lands when they were annexed by France in 1797, but was compensated in 1802-3 with the districts around Recklinghausen (north of Essen and formerly part of the Archbishopric of Cologne) and Meppen (on the River Ems and until then belonging to the Bishops of Münster). The relocated Duchy was sometimes called Arenberg-Meppen. In 1806 the Duke entered the Confederation of the Rhine but in 1810 Meppen became part of France and in 1811 Recklinghausen was added to the Grand Duchy of Berg, so that the duchy ceased to exist. The Duke was not restored in 1815, the lands going to Hanover and Prussia. The ducal family still survives. The district east of the Ems below Meppen is still called Arenberg, and is in Niedersachsen; the Recklinghausen district is in Nordrhein-Westfalen; the original Aremberg is just within Rheinland-Pfalz. AREZZO (1) City, the seat of a Bishop, in central Italy, southeast of Florence; and (2) a present-day province in Tuscany. The city was self-governing in the 12th and 13th centuries, and usually Ghibelline. In the early 14th century the Tarlati family was prominent, notably Guido di Tarlati, the Bishop, and lord of the city 1321-7. A faction in the city sold it to Florence in 1337. Both Florence and Arezzo came briefly under the lordship of Walter of Athens in 1342. Arezzo recovered its freedom in 1343 but its politics continued disturbed and in 1384 it came permanently under the control of Florence. The modern province is in the Apennines and contains the upper valley of the River Arno. It is now the southeastern province in the Tuscany Region. ARFON A cantref in the medieval principality of Gwynedd in northwest Wales. It included Snowdon and the shores that lay on and westwards of the Menai Straits (its name means opposite Mon, the Welsh name of Anglesey). In 1284 Arfon became part of the new County of Caernarvonshire (Caernarfon means fortress of Arfon). From 1974 until 1996 its name was revived for one of the districts in the county of Gwynedd. ARGENGAU Medieval district to the north and northeast of the eastern end of Lake Constance (Bodensee), named after the River Argen. The great family of Welf were powerful in this region in the 10th -12th centuries. ARGES County in south central Rumania, on the southern slopes of the Carpathians; a part of former Wallachia, and named after the River Arges, a tributary of the Danube. ARGOLIS Eastern nome (department) in the Peloponnesos Region in southern Greece, on the northern and western shores of the Gulf of Argolis. In the late 12th century, with the Byzantine Empire incompetently led, a local noble, Leo Sgouros, the hereditary archon of Nauplia, revolted against the Empire and gained control over the cities of Corinth and Argos. In 1201 he advanced towards Athens and occupied much of Attica, though he did not take the city. By the time he died in 1208 he had lost practically all he had gained to the men of the Fourth Crusade, who pushed into Greece after taking Constantinople in 1204. Argolis itself was occupied early in 1205 by the Crusader commander, Boniface of Montferrat, though the cities of Argos and Nauplia held out. They were taken in 1212 (Nauplia quite possibly in 1210). Othon de la Roche, who had played a considerable part in the conquest was granted Argolis as a fief by the Prince of Achaea, the ruler of the Peloponnese; he was also made lord of Athens by the Latin Emperor. Argolis remained associated with the Lordship (which became the Duchy) of Athens until 1311 when the Catalan Company defeated and killed the Duke, Walter of Brienne, and took over Attica and Boeotia in 1311. His heirs (at first of the family of Brienne and then, by marriage, of Enghien) managed to hold on to Argolis, but in 1377, when Guy d'Enghien died, Maria, the young heiress of Argos and Nauplia, came under the protection of Venice. She was later married to a patrician of Venice and when he died in 1388 she sold Argos and Nauplia to the Republic. Theodore, the Greek Despot of the Morea, pre-empted Venice by occupying the cities, though he handed them over in 1394. Argos, the inland city, fell to the Ottomans in 1463, Nauplia, on the coast, in 1540. Venice recovered the region for a few years, 1687-1715. Argolis became part of the new independent Greece in 1830 and belonged to the nome of Corinthia & Argolis. Since the Second World War the two have been separate. ARGOVIE The French name of AARGAU. The Latin form, Argovia, is sometimes used in English. ARGYLL Name of importance in the history of the western Highlands and Islands of Scotland, but covering regions of widely differing sizes. (1) A region or kingdom of the western Highlands. Argyll is derived from the Gaelic Earra-Ghàidheal, meaning the coastlands of the Gaels, a vast area extending from the Firth of Clyde northwards to Loch Broom (on which Ullapool stands). In the south of this region the Gaels or Scots from northeastern Ireland established their Kingdom of DALRIADA in the Dark Ages, and other branches of the reigning family established lordships further north. These lands were eventually settled by Norsemen, but the Gaelic Kings of Dalriada, though they lost control of the coastlands of the Gaels, survived and took over Pictland, the lands north of the Forth-Clyde valley, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland. In the mid-12th century Somerled, a chieftain of Gaelic and Norse ancestry, was King (or Lord) of the Isles & Argyll, that is, of the islands (of the Inner Hebrides) and the coastlands. He was killed in 1164, and his three sons succeeded him, one in Garmoran (the northern lands), one in the peninsula of Kintyre and its neighbouring islands, and one, Dugald, in the lands between. Just over a century after Somerled's death, the King of Norway made an agreement with the King of Scotland in 1266, whereby he gave up his claims to be overlord of the Kingdom of the ISLES - the Hebrides and Argyll. The Scottish Kings were already involved in the region, though it was to take many years to establish their authority fully. (2) The lands of the Macdougalls, the descendants of Dugald, were on either side of lower Loch Linnhe and the head of the family was Lord of Argyll, or, in the case of Ewen in the 1240s, King. These lands might be called the province of Argyll. Ewen was driven out by Alexander II of Scotland in the late 1240s, but it was not until 1309 that the power of the family was broken. In that year Alexander of Argyll and his son, John of Lorn, who were opposed to Robert the Bruce, were driven into exile. Later in Robert's reign Argyll became a Sheriffdom. The lands of the MacDougalls were parcelled out among supporters of the King. The lands west of Loch Linnhe went to the MacDonalds, the Lords of the Isles, who already held Kintyre; those east of the Loch went to various people, but in particular the Campbells. (3) The principal lands of the Campbells, who were probably the sheriffs of Argyll, lay between Loch Awe and Loch Fyne. A Campbell was lieutenant in Argyll in 1382, and in 1457 the head of the family became Earl of Argyll. The district that was the centre of their lands is therefore sometimes called Argyll, a small part of the original vast coastlands region. The 9th Earl was raised to a Marquessate in 1641 and executed in 1661. His son was later restored to the Earldom, though he in his turn was executed in 1685. His son, the 11th Earl, was created Duke in 1701. (4) In 1633 the Sheriffdom of Argyll was united with the Sheriffdom of Tarbert, which had been created in Knapdale and Kintyre by 1481, to form the county of Argyll & Tarbert, as it was called at first, and later Argyll or ARGYLLSHIRE. The county was similar in extent to the Scottish Kingdom of Dalriada, formed more than a thousand years before by settlers from Ireland. It included lands east and west of Loch Linnhe. East of the loch, the county lay south of Loch Leven; it included Glen Coe and extended to part of Rannoch Moor. South of this zone the main bulk of the county lay on the mainland between the Firths of Clyde and Lorne (the latter the southward continuation of Loch Linnhe). Westwards lay the islands of Jura, Islay and Colonsay. West of Loch Linnhe, the county of Argyll included the mainland east of the Atlantic Ocean, south of Loch Eil and south and west of Loch Shiel, as well as the neighbouring islands, from Mull to Coll and Tiree. This massive county, with a greatly indented coastline and a mountainous interior, was exceeded in acreage only by Inverness-shire among the 33 counties of Scotland. In 1975 the county of Argyll was abolished, the western mainland and neighbouring islands, together with Glen Coe and Rannoch Moor, going to the Highland Region, the rest, the greater part of the county, to Strathclyde. (Originally it had been proposed to include Argyllshire in the Highland region, but this would have made that region one of even greater distances than it became. From the actual border of the Highland region to the town of Campbeltown in Kintyre was about 100 miles). (5) The Strathclyde lands of Argyllshire became the greater part of the district of ARGYLL & BUTE, which also forms a ceremonial county, with a Lord Lieutenant. (6) The Bishopric of Argyll was established in the late 12th century. The see was at Lismore (the alternative name for the diocese), an island in Loch Linnhe. The Argyll diocese extended into the districts of Moidart, Knoidart and Lochaber, which belonged to southern Inverness-shire. (In the Scottish Episcopal Church the present diocese is called Argyll & the Isles). ARGYLL & BUTE (1) A district in the Strathclyde region in western Scotland, 1975-6; and (2) a unitary authority since 1996. The district united the greater part of the former county of Argyllshire with the island of Bute. It was also (and still is) the ceremonial successor to Argyllshire, for it has a Lord Lieutenant. In 1996, with the abolition of the Strathclyde region, Argyll & Bute became a unitary authority, and was augmented with those lands of former Dunbartonshire that lay west of Loch Lomond. ÅRHUS Aarhus. Danish county in eastern Jutland, named after a seaport, which was also the seat of a Bishop. ARIÈGE The Département de l'Ariège (09) is in southern France, bordering on Spain and Andorra. It is drained by the River Salat in the west and in the east by the River Ariège, on which Foix, its capital, stands. It was formed in 1790, mainly from the province of Foix, but partly from Guienne & Gascony (the former Vicomté of Couserans) and from Languedoc. It was in the unoccupied zone from the Armistice in 1940 until the Germans occupied it after the Allied invasion of North Africa in Novemmber 1942. In 1941 the Vichy government placed it under the Regional Prefect in Toulouse for police and economic matters. The department has belonged to the Midi-Pyrénées region since 1960. Its capital is Foix. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are at Saint-Girons (in the west) and Pamiers (northeast). The Pamiers sub-prefecture was temporarily abolished, 1926-42. Pamiers is also the seat of the bishop; it is an ancient diocese. ARKADHÍA See ARCADIA. ARLES County in Provence, in the Kingdom of Burgundy, named after the city near the head of the Rhône delta, which is now in southern France. Arles was a Roman city, and in the late Empire was for a time the capital of Gaul. It was capital of a Carolingian county; Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, 926-47, was the son of one of the Counts. He had dominated Provence for several years, but in 933 accepted its union with the Kingdom of Burgundy. In mid-century two brothers ruled in Provence as Counts, one of them residing at Arles. The Kingdom of Burgundy was later (when it was part of the Empire) called the Kingdom of Arles or the Arelate, the Latin name of Arles. Arles was the seat of an Archbishop from the 5th century until 1790. His province lay in coastal Provence. ARLLECHWEDD Cantref in the medieval Principality of Gwynedd in northwest Wales. It was bounded on the north by the Irish Sea and east and south by the River Conwy, and included the Carneddau, the eastward extension of the Snowdon massif. It became the east of Caernarvonshire in 1284. ARMAGH Ard Mhacha. County in Northern Ireland, south of Lough Neagh. Its southern and western borders are with the Republic. In the early middle ages it was part of Airgialla, but by 850 the district around the monastery of Armagh, said to be St Patrick's foundation, had been placed under the protection of the Northern Uí Néill, though that did not prevent the Kings of Airgialla, or later the Vikings, from raiding the region. In the twelfth century, when Ireland was being ecclesiastically reorganised into dioceses, the town of Armagh became the see of an Archbishop, soon recognised as the Primate of Ireland. Armagh still remains the seat of the Primates of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland and of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland. The future county was usually outside the area of Norman and English domination, the north being in the Uí Néill territory of Tir Eoghan, the south in Irish Uriel, an area where English influence fluctuated. The county was created in 1585, but the times were troubled in Ulster, and it was not firmly established until the Plantation of Ulster in the reign of James I. As a result of the Plantation, Co. Armagh became more than 50% Protestant in population, though the south remained strongly Catholic. In 1920 it became one of the Six Counties that formed Northern Ireland. In 1974 the county, though it remained in ceremonial existence, ceased to be an administrative body, and its powers passed to three districts. Armagh was formed entirely from the county, while both Craigavon and Newry & Mourne were made up from parts of Co. Down as well. The district of Newry & Mourne, in the south, was strongly Catholic and firmly Republican. ARMAGNAC Medieval County in Gascony in southwestern France, now mainly in, and forming much of, the Department of the Gers. The original County was much smaller, just the west of the department, and was formed c.960 for the younger son of Count William of Fezensac, himself a younger son of Duke Garcia of Gascony. In 1140 the Count of Armagnac acquired the larger county of Fezensac to the east, so that from then on Armagnac extended from the River Adour to the River Gers. At the same time the city of Auch became the capital of the County, though in the city itself the Count had to share power with the Archbishop. The orignal Counts, descended from the Dukes of Gascony, whom they sought but failed to succeed in the 1040s, died out in the male line in 1215, and were succeeded by the Vicomtes of Lomagne, a territory north of Auch. The Counts later gained lands outside of the old Duchy of Gascony when they acquired Rodez in the Rouergue in 1306. The Counts were vassals of the Duke of Aquitaine for their Gascon lands, but threw off their allegiance to the English King in the Hundred Years' War, and became some of the fiercest partisans of the French King and bitterest oppponents of the Dukes of Burgundy. Count Bernard VII, who was Constable of France 1415-8, married his daughter to the son of that Duke of Orleans who had been murdered by Burgundians in 1407 and was himself murdered by them in 1418. The following year his followers took their revenge on the Duke of Burgundy. Little wonder then that the two main factions in France at this time were called Armagnacs and Burgundians. (Armagnac came to mean, in eastern France and beyond, the wandering bands of murdering, plundering soldiers that lingered through the later years of the war and for some time after. An example of its use for French mercenary troops was in the Swiss wars of the 1440s). The Counts did not long survive the French King's final triumph over the English. For one thing, Louis XI, King from 1461, determinedly pursued powerful princes, at least when it was reasonably safe to do so. Amongst those he destroyed was the son of his former tutor, the powerful Armagnac cadet, the Duke of Nemours, who was executed in 1477. The head of the family, Count John V, endangered himself by his incestuous relationship and marriage with his sister. He was deprived of the County in 1460, later partially restored, but killed in 1473. His brother, Charles, was restored as Count in 1484, but fourteen years in jail had made him witless. When he died in 1497, the County was granted to his sister's grandson, Charles of Alençon. After his death in 1525, King Francis I gave it to his sister, Charles's widow, and her second husband, the titular King of Navarre. Eventually their grandson inherited, and in 1589 became King Henry IV of France; in 1607 Armagnac was merged with the royal lands and became part of the province of Guyenne & Gascony. ARMENIA HAYASDAN; Armeniya (Russian). An immense region in western Asia, much of it a plateau, to the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian, including Mount Ararat, the upper course of the River Euphrates, the upper and middle courses of the River Aras (Araxes), and the large lakes, Van and Sevan. It has a long history. There was a Kingdom of Van - called Urartu by the Assyrians - in the last quarter of the second millennium B.C. and much of the first half of the next. The Armenians themselves appeared in the region c.600 B.C. Armenia was sometimes independent, sometimes dominated by one of its neighbours, but even when dominated it was often self-governing because of the distances involved. It enjoyed independence in the early first century B.C., but defeats by Rome in the 60s made Armenia a client-state. Its Kings survived until 428, and had to balance between the rival pressures of Rome and Persia. In 303 Armenia was the first state officially to adopt Christianity as the state religion; the majority of its people have remained Christian - of the Monophysite variety - since. From 428 Byzantium and Persia contended for domination, though often local Armenian governors were appointed, until 717, when the Arabs gained control of Armenia. By the 9th century the Bagration family were acting as governors for the Arabs, and in 885 the Bagratid governor became King, though parts of Armenia remained separate from their rule. By the 11th century the Kingdom was breaking up, and in 1048 Byzantium took control. In 1071 the Seljuk Turks devastated the Byzantine army at Manzikert and Byzantine Armenia fell to them. By 1116 the last of the separate Armenian lands had lost independence and the region was ruled by several Moslem dynasties until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century brought Armenia under the control of the Ilkhanate, one of the Mongol states. The Ilkhanate began to disintegrate in the mid-14th century, and later the region became one of the lands attacked, held and plundered by Tamerlane. Eventually the Ottomans established their authority over much of Armenia in the 16th century though in the east Persia pursued its own claims, and in 1620 the Ottoman government acknowledged Persian rights there. The Russian government began its advance into and beyond the Caucasus in the later 18th century and in 1801 took control of Georgia. In 1828 Persia ceded much of its Armenian territory to Russia and it became the province of Erivan. In 1878 the Ottoman government ceded northeastern Armenia around Kars and Ardihan to Russia. In the Ottoman Empire the Armenians had been becoming increasingly nationalistic during the 19th century. They were spread through much of the Empire, for they were a commercial and financial people. In 1894 there began the series of massacres that continued on and off until the First World War, massacres that were encouraged by some government officials. In 1915, with the threat of Russian invasion, the Ottoman authorities allowed the massacre and mass deportation of the Armenians in Turkish Armenia With the military collapse of Russia and the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in 1917 a Trans-Caucasian Republic was proclaimed, but it faced immense problems, including the revival of Ottoman power, for with Russian defeat the Turks retook the lands they had lost to the Russians and advanced into Transcaucasia. The Transcaucasian Republic fell apart in May 1918 and in Russian Armenia a new Armenian Republic was proclaimed. Turkish power was restrained by the advance of its enemies and eventually it was obliged to make an armistice and withdraw. The British had already intervened in the region.. In 1920 the Ottoman government was obliged in the Treaty of Sèvres to acknowledge an extensive and independent Armenia. Thus in 1920 there was the possibility of an united Armenia emerging from Russian civil war and Ottoman defeat, but in Russia the Bolsheviks won their war while in Turkey a new nationalist regime left the Ottoman government in Constantinople high and dry. Neither of the new regimes wanted an independent Armenia and they cooperated diplomatically in 1920 and 1921 to thwart the Allies and the Armenians. In 1920 Turkish trooops began to recover territory in Armenia and in late 1920 the Armenian Republic collapsed as Soviet troops advanced from Azerbaijan. In the following year the Soviet government ceded many of the 1878 gains back to the new Turkish government, as well as the Mount Ararat region. By the time the peace settlement with Turkey was renegotiated at Lausanne in 1923 there was no question of anyone seeking to breathe life into an independent Armenia that had never actually existed. Perhaps the massacres of the 1890s and the war years, and the consequent diaspora of the Armenian survivors, had done their work so well there was no real chance of it In the new Soviet Union that was created in 1922/3, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic formed part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, and when that disappeared in 1936, the Armenian SSR became a full member of the Soviet Union. The southeast of the old province of Erivan had been separated from Armenia during the days of Soviet-Turkish cooperation and had become part of the Azerbaijani SSR. As the Soviet Union began to collapse in 1988 a bitter dispute came into the open between Azerbaijan and Armenia. To the east of Armenia, but separated from it by a strip of land peopled by Moslems, was Nagorno Karabakh, a mountainous district whose population was mainly Armenian and which formed an autonomous region within the Azerbaijani SSR. Armenian demands that it should be united with the Armenian SSR were not met and the dispute was still continuing as the Soviet Union fell apart. Armenia then became an independent republic, but the war with Azerbaijan continued. Armenia occupied Nagorno Karabakh and nearby Azeri districts in 1993. A ceasefire was arranged in 1994 but the dispute is still unresolved. ARMORICA Roman name for the region later called Brittany, from a Gaulish word, Armor, meaning land facing the sea, a name which also extended along the Channel coast beyond Brittany. . The inland of Brittany was known as Arcoet, the land of woods. The influx of immigrants from Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries led to the change of name to Brittany. In 1991 the Département des Côtes-du-Nord, a typical revolutionary name avoiding all provincial references, became that of Côtes-d'Armor. ARNO Department in the French Empire, taking its name from the river on which Florence, its capital, stands. It had been in the northeast of the Kingdom of Etruria (formerly the Grand Duchy of Tuscany), which was annexed by France in 1808. In 1814 it was returned to Tuscany. ARNSBERG (1) Imperial County in northwest Germany ; (2) an administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) in Nordrhein-Westfalen, named after the town of Arnsberg, which stands on the River Ruhr, ESE of Dortmund. (1) Conrad, one of the Counts of Werl (which is east of Dortmund), built a castle at Arnsberg c.1060, and from it he and his successors were called Counts of Werl-Arnsberg. The last Count lost half of his lands to the Archbishop of Cologne in 1102; when he died in 1124, the position he had held as lay advocate of the Bishopric of Paderborn lapsed, increasing the temporal power of the Bishop, whilst the County passed by an heiress to the family of Cujik, who held it until 1368, when the childless last Count sold it to the Archbishop of Cologne. The Archbishops had been Dukes of Westphalia since the fall of Henry the Lion in 1180, and the lands they had acquired from the Counts of Arnsberg became known as the Duchy of Westphalia. On the secularisation of the ecclesiastical principalities in 1802-3, the Grand Duke of Hesse was given the Duchy, but in 1815 it passed to Prussia. (2) When the Land of Nordrhein-Westfalen was formed in the British Zone of Occupation in 1946, Arnsberg became its southeastern Regierungsbezirk (administrative region). The town is also the administrative centre of the Hochsauerlandkreis. The largest city in the region is Dortmund, with well over half a million people. ARNSTEIN Medieval Imperial lordship in the eastern Harz Mountains, a neighbour of Mansfeld and lying northwest of Halle. Two branches of the family acquired territory in the region southeast of Magdeburg, at Barby and at Lindow (Lindau). The Lindow branch also acquired the distant lordship of Ruppin on the further side of Brandenburg and bordering on Mecklenburg. Arnstein itself passed through marriage to the Counts of Falkenstein, c.1290, was inherited by the Counts of Regenstein in the 1330s and sold to the Counts of Mansfeld in 1387. ARQUES Ephemeral medieval County in northern France, formed from the west of the district of Talus in the Duchy of Normandy (the town of Arques is SSE of Dieppe). It was held by William, a bastard son of Duke Richard II. He became the principal opponent within Normandy of his nephew, Duke William the Bastard, in the early 1050s, but was defeated in 1053 and fled, leaving his County, which had become extensive, to be divided among the Duke's supporters. ARRAN An old name for western Azerbaijan, the land between the Rivers Kura and Araks; sometimes extended to include northern Iranian Azerbaijan between the lower Araks and the lower Kura. ARRAN The largest island in the Firth of Clyde in western Scotland, close to the Kintyre peninsula. It was part of the Kingdom of Man & the Isles, which was ceded to Scotland by Norway in 1266, though it was probably under Scottish control already. The title of Earl of Arran was given in 1467 to Thomas Boyd, son of Lord Boyd and husband of Mary, the King's sister. Father and son were seen as upstarts and driven from the Kingdom in 1469. The title was later given to the Hamiltons, descendants of Mary's second marriage, and became dormant in 1651. (The existing Earldom of Arran is not Scottish but Irish, taking its name from the Aran Islands in Galway Bay). Arran belonged to Buteshire until 1975, when it became part of the Cunningham district in the Strathclyde Region. This became the unitary authority of North Ayrshire in 1996. Since 1975 there has been a Lord Lieutenant for Ayrshire & Arran. ARRONDISSEMENT (1) Since 1800 the departments of France have been sub-divided into arrondissements (from 1790 until 1800 into districts). The principal officer there is the sous-préfet (sub-prefect). In 1926 a number of arrondissements were suppressed, but some were restored in 1933 and more between 1940 and 1943, during the Vichy regime. There are now 325 in the 96 departments of metropolitan France. (2) The cities (and communes) of Paris, Lyon and Marseille are also divided into arrondissements. ARTA The southern nome (department) in the Epirus (Ipiros) region in northwestern Greece, named after its capital. It lies north of the Ambracian Gulf (or Gulf of Arta - Ambracia was the name of the old settlement near Arta). Its history generally follows that of Epirus, of which the town was capital. In the later 14th and early 15th centuries, Epirus tended to be split between north and south, with separate rulers at Arta and Ioannina, with local chieftains having much local power. In 1881 Arta and the area around it became a part of Greece, 32 years before the rest of Epirus. ARTOIS (1) Medieval County; and (2) an Ancien Régime gouvernement in northern France. Originally the district around the city of Arras, it later included the Ternois to the west and northwest and the districts around Bethune and St Omer. In the later 9th century Artois and Ternois formed a marcher region in the Kingdom of the West Franks under the command of Raoul, a Carolingian through his mother, and Abbot of the great monastery of St Vaast, in Arras. After his death in 892, Baldwin II of Flanders got control, and except that it was twice temporarily lost to the King of France in the 10th century, it remained with Flanders until the marriage of Isabella of Hainault, niece of Count Philip of Flanders, to Philip Augustus, King of France. Artois was her dowry. Their son, King Louis VIII, left Artois as an appanage to his second son, Robert, in 1226 (effective from 1237). When Count Robert II was killed in battle in 1302, his son having died before him, the County passed to his daughter, Matilda, rather than his infant grandson, Robert of Artois, who consequently became one of the biggest troublemakers of the 14th century. Matilda was married to the Count of Burgundy; Jeanne, her daughter and successor, was wife of King Philip V of France. On Jeanne's death in 1330 Artois passed to her elder daughter, also called Jeanne, whose line ended in 1361 with the death of her grandson Philip le Rouvre, last of the Capetian Dukes of Burgundy. Artois then passed to the elder Jeanne's second daughter, Margaret. After the death of Margaret's son and heir, Count Louis II of Flanders, in 1384, his lands passed to his daughter, the widow of Philip le Rouvre, and to her second husband, Philip the Bold, the first Valois Duke of Burgundy. Thus, with Flanders, Artois was the foundation for the Burgundian state in the Netherlands later built by the Valois Dukes. When the last of them, Charles the Rash, was killed in 1477, King Louis XI seized Artois and in 1482 an elaborate diplomatic arrangement was made to give due legality to the coup. The heir of France, the future Charles VIII, was betrothed to Margaret, infant daughter of Maximilian of Austria and Mary of Burgundy, the heiress of Charles the Rash. Pending the marriage, Artois was to be held by France as dowry. The arrangement fell through in 1491. Maximilian, a widower, had become betrothed to Anne, heiress of Brittany. France had no wish to see the future Emperor as ruler of this northwestern part of the Kingdom, and Anne was obliged to marry Charles VIII. Artois had perforce to be returned to Philip, brother of the jilted Margaret and son of the frustrated Maximilian. In 1525, after his capture at Pavia, King Francis I was forced to acknowledge that neither Flanders nor Artois belonged to, nor any longer owed any allegiance to, the Kingdom of France. Not until 1659 did Arras and the Ternois return to France and it was 1679 before St Omer and northern Artois did. Artois became part of the gouvernement of Picardy, though it kept its Estates unlike the rest of Picardy. In 1754 Artois left the généralité of Amiens, which was responsible for Picardy, and became part of the intendancy for Flanders & Artois. In 1765 it became a separate gouvernement, and remained as such until the Revolution, when it became the greater part of the Department of the Pas-de-Calais, of which Arras is capital. ÁRVA Magyar name of the northernmost county in the Kingdom of Hungary before 1918. Orawa (Pol); Orava (Czech); Oravsko (Slovak). By a decision of the Conference of Ambassadors it was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia (the larger part) in 1920. It was named after a river, a tributary of the Vah, the main river of western Slovakia. ARWYSTLI Cantref in central Wales, containing the source and upper reaches of the Severn, and part of the upper reaches of the Wye. It lay on the southern borders of the principality of Powys, but, as a buffer territory, it managed to keep its own dynasty of princes until nearly the end of the 12th century. Not only Powys, but at times the Welsh princes of Deheubarth and of Gwynedd, and the English or Norman holders of Hereford interfered in its affairs. Eventually the new Prince of South Powys, Gwenwynwyn, annexed Arwystli in 1197, but he was soon in trouble with King John, and was defeated and dethroned in 1208. He was restored in 1210, but was under the dominance of England, then of Gwynedd before his death in 1216. Arwystli was controlled by either South Powys or Gwynedd during the 13th century. The Prince of Gwynedd's awareness of his rights there was enhanced by the fact that Arwystli was a detached part of the Bishopric of Bangor, which was the diocese for Gwynedd. A dispute over Arwystli in the 1270s helped bring about the destruction of independent Wales, for King Edward I insisted that the matter be resolved in the English courts, according to English law - acceptable to Powys but not to Gwynedd. After the destruction of Gwynedd's independence, Arwystli remained in what became the marcher lordship of (South) Powis until 1536, when it became the south of the county of Montgomeryshire. ASCH Now Aã. A town in the northwest of the Czech Republic. It lies within a district which is shaped like a finger thrusting into Germany, thereby separating the northeastern corner of Bavaria from Saxony. The district belonged to the Egerland, which came into the possession of the King of Bohemia in 1322 when the Emperor Louis the Bavarian mortgaged it. About the year 1400 the lordship of Asch came into the hands of a family called Zedtwitz. It became Protestant in the Reformation. Asch escaped the Counter-Reformation which triumphed in Bohemia with the defeat of the Protestant cause in the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620 because it did not belong to that Kingdom, but was a mortgaged part of Germany. In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia underwrote the freedom of Asch, as a German territory, to be Protestant. In 1736 and again in 1746 the Habsburg authorities sought to overturn this anomolous restriction but the courts frustrated them. Only with the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 did Asch legally become part of Bohemia but by then a greater degree of toleration had come to the Habsburg lands. After 1918 Aš belonged to Czechoslovakia. It was included in the territory ceded to Nazi Germany as a result of the Munich agreement, but returned to Czechoslovakia in 1945. ASCHAFFENBURG Territory, in central Germany, which once belonged to the Archbishops of Mainz. The city of Aschaffenburg, which is now a Stadtkreis, stands on the River Main below Würzburg, and above Frankfurt. The neighbouring area forms the Landkreis of Aschaffenburg in the Land of Bayern. The Archbishop of Mainz acquired rights of government there after the death in 982 of Otto, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, a grandson of the Emperor Otto the Great. Aschaffenburg was separated from the lands around Mainz by the County of Katzenelnbogen (later part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt). The city became the second residence of the Archbishop in the 13th century and his principal one after Mainz became French by occupation in the 1790s and by treaty in 1801. In 1802-3 Karl Theodor von Dalberg, the Archbishop of Mainz, was transformed into becoming the Electoral Arch-Chancellor and then in 1806 into the PRINCE PRIMATE. He remained an ecclesiastical prince, by 1810 the very last one, and retained Aschaffenburg. He still kept it when his principality was secularised in 1810 and he became the Grand Duke of Frankfurt. In 1813 Austrian troops occupied the city and in 1816 it was added to the Kingdom of Bavaria. ASCHERSLEBEN See ANHALT-ASCHERSLEBEN. ASCOLI PICENO The southernmost province in the Marche region in east central Italy, named after its capital, which stands on the River Tronto. The Roman province in the area was called Picenum. ASIA MINOR See ANATOLIA. ASSISI Town in Umbria in central Italy, lying in the Apennines ESE of Perugia. It belonged to the early medieval Duchy of Spoleto, which was disputed between Popes and Emperors. Generally under Imperial control in the 12th century, it came under the Pope in 1197; but local power was often subsequently held by the town's nobility, or by outsiders, such as the city of Perugia, 1321-67, the Visconti, late 14th century until 1403, the Montefeltro from 1408, and the condottiere, Francesco Sforza, 1434-42. Thereafter it was in Papal hands until Italian unification in 1860. It is now in the province of Perugia and the region of Umbria. ASSR = AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC. ASSYNT Historical district in western Sutherland in the far north of Scotland, including the Loch of that name; a territory of the MacLeods. ASTARAC A small medieval County in eastern Gascony in southwestern France, southwest of Auch; now in the south of the Gers department. In 937 it was given to a younger son of Duke Garcia Sancho of Gascony, and was held by his male descendants until 1511, when it passed through an heiress to the family of Foix-Candale, whose own heiress brought the county to the Nogaret family, later Dukes of Épernon. They died out, heavily in debt, in 1661, when the County passed to the family of Roquelaure. Besides their luck in producing male heirs for six centuries through the middle ages, the Counts of the original family were fortunate in that their lands in the foothills of the Pyrenees were on the direct route to nowhere, which helped ensure that their independence survived. ASTI (1) City, the seat of a Bishop, in northwestern Italy, west of Alessandria and ESE of Turin; and (2) a present-day province in Piedmont. The city enjoyed considerable independence in the 12th and 13th centuries, and was a member of the anti-Imperial Lombard League in 1168. Occasionally it succumbed to outside interference, as when it was defeated by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1155 and 1174, or held by Umberto Pavallicini, the chieftain of northern Italy, 1260-2, or in the grip of the neighbouring Marquis of Montferrat in the late 1270s and early 1280s. The first half of the 14th century destroyed its independence. It was held for a time by King Robert of Naples (Imperial Vicar in northern Italy by Papal appointment), and later by Savoy and then Montferrat. During the 1340s the Visconti lords of Milan established their authority over the city. In 1389, Asti was part of the dowry of Valentina Visconti, the bride of Louis, Duke of Orleans, the brother of the French King, though the Visconti resumed control in 1422. Valentina's grandson, from 1498 King Louis XII of France, claimed Asti as his property and the Duchy of Milan as its rightful heir. The Kings of France were intermittently successful in their claims until their disastrous defeat at Pavia in 1525. In 1529 Charles V granted Asti to the Duke of Savoy. The Duchy, including Asti, was occupied by France from 1536 until it was restored in 1559, though Villanova d'Asti, in the west of the Asti district, was not returned to Savoy until 1575. Asti remained with the House of Savoy and in united Italy with one exception: it was part of France,1802-14, and was capital of the short-lived Department of Tanaro until 1805. The province of Asti is one of the smaller Italian provinces (85th out of 95). Until the Second World War, it had been part of Alessandria province. Its territory now belongs to the Piemonte Region. ASTORGA City (founded by the Romans, Astorica Augusta) in the León province in northwest Spain, WSW of León. It lay in the devastated border zone between Christian and Moslem Spain, and was rebuilt by King Ordono I (850-66). For seven years one of his sons, Vermudo, reigned as King of Astorga in defiance of his brother, Alfonso III, the Great, of León. ASTRAKHAN Russian city on the delta of the Volga, and capital of (1) a Tatar Khanate; (2) an Imperial province; (3) a present-day region. The Khanate emerged in 1465 as a result of the disintegration of the Khanate of the Golden Horde. It held the lower Volga region, including the lands between the Volga and the Ural Rivers, and the northeastern Caucasian plains. In 1554 Russian forces advanced through the Khanate and a puppet Khan was appointed; he proved less compliant than expected, and in 1556 Astrakhan was annexed by Russia. In 1719 an immense province or government of Astrakhan was created, including the Volga region below Samara, extending southwards to the River Terek in northern Caucasia and eastwards to the River Ural. In 1775 the province was reduced to the Volga region below Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). The present oblast (region) extends from below Volgograd to the Caspian along both banks of the Volga, except that there is one section where the autonomous republic of Kalmykia crosses to the left bank. To the east lies Kazakhstan, so that the eastern border of the oblast, which in places touches the Volga delta and is never very far from the river, represents the boundary between Europe and Asia. There is no topographical reason for so significant a boundary to be along this line. ASTURIAS (1) Early Kingdom in northern Spain between the Cantabrian Mountains and the Bay of Biscay; (2) a province until 1833; and (3) an autonomous community (O) in modern Spain, capital Oviedo. Asturias was the first of the Christian Kingdoms to emerge after the Moslem conquest of most of Spain in the 710s. It was formed in the 720s and united with Cantabria, to the east, through marriage in 739. It also spread westwards into Galicia in the later 8th century. The Kingdom was protected against the Moslems by the Cantabrian Mountains and by an extensive devastated and largely depopulated frontier zone beyond the mountains, extending southwards beyond the River Duero. It was sometimes called the Kingdom of Oviedo from the city that became its capital late in the 8th century. In the 9th century the Kingdom extended southwards into the old frontier zone and towards the River Duero; the old Roman city of León was recovered, and became the capital of a sub-kingdom when Asturias was divided amongst brothers. Its forward position led to its becoming capital of the whole Kingdom in the early 10th century, which then became known by its name. In 1388 the title of Prince of the Asturias was borne by the heir of Castile for the first time; it remains the title of the heir to the Spanish throne. The Principality of Asturias was regarded as a province of the Kingdom. From 1805 a Captain General was at its head.. In 1833 Asturias d'Oviedo, the greater part of the Principality, became the province of Oviedo, but Asturias de Santillana, the eastern district, became the west of that of Santander. Asturias de Santillana had at times been linked with Castile rather than León, as for example in the partition after Alfonso VII's death when it formed part of the Kingdom of Sancho III of Castile, not that of his brother, Ferdinand II of Leon. In 1983 the province of Oviedo became the autonomous community of Asturias. Its government is designated the Principado de Asturias. It is 10th in area and 11th in population of the 17 communities. ATHENS ATHÍNAI. Capital of Greece and of ATTICA, it also gave its name to the Crusader Duchy of Athens, 1205-1460, though the actual capital of the Duchy was Thebes, which was then bigger than Athens. After the Crusaders had captured Constantinople in 1204, the leader of the Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat, disappointed at not being made the Latin Emperor, advanced into Greece. In the autumn of 1204 much of Attica and Boeotia, including Athens and Thebes, were in Crusader hands, and by early in 1205 much of the northeastern Peloponnese, though the towns of Corinth, Argos and Nauplia were not to fall for several years. Boniface gave the Lordship of Athens, which included Attica and part of Boeotia, to Othon de la Roche, a knight from Burgundy. In 1209 the Latin Emperor Henry confirmed the grant. Othon assisted in the campaigns of 1210-2 which brought about the fall of the three Greek-held strongholds in the northeastern Peloponnese and was granted the regions of Corinth and Argolis as a fief by the Prince of Achaea. Othon was succeed by his nephew, Guy I, in 1225. In 1260, on a visit to France Guy was recognised as Duke. By the time of his death in 1263 the Latin Empire was a wandering ghost, the Byzantine Empire having been restored, while the Principality of Achaea, which had inflicted defeat on Guy in 1258, had been badly damaged in 1259 through the defeat and capture of its Prince by Michael VIII, who was soon to restore Greek rule to Constantinople. These events made the Duchy of Athens the leading Crusader state. Its position was further enhanced by the decline of Epirus, the Greek-ruled state to the northwest, which allowed Athens to play a role in the politics of Thessaly. The last de la Roche Duke, Guy II, whose mother was the daughter of John of Neopatras, the long-time ruler of much of Thessaly, acted as guardian for his cousin, John II of Thessaly, with the result that he added southern Thessaly to the Duchy. With Guy II's death in 1308 the de la Roche died out in the male line. Walter de Brienne, grandson of Guy I through his mother, inherited the Duchy. It was his misfortune to tangle with the Catalan Grand Company, originally a band of soldiers from the Iberian peninsula, who were on the march seeking their fortune. They had recently been dismissed by the Byzantine Emperor, who had employed them as mercenaries. Walter made use of them to harrass Thessaly, where John II had thrown off the Athens yoke. He then tried to keep some in his employ and dismiss the rest. In 1311 the whole Company turned on him, defeated and killed him and his knights. They seized Attica and Boeotia, though Argolis in the Peloponnese stayed loyal to Walter's young son. Walter II long dreamed of recovering Athens but he usually lacked men, money and allies. Only in 1331-2 did he make a real attempt. The Catalans played cat-and-mouse, avoiding battle, till Walter's money ran out. Walter eventually died fighting, but far away, against the English at Poitiers in 1356. His nephew, Louis d'Enghien, made a second attempt to recover Attica in 1370-1, but that too petered out. In 1312, to give themselves legitimacy, the Company had submitted to Frederick II, King of Sicily, the Aragonese prince who had ensured that the island of Sicily would not return to the rule of the Angevin Kings of Naples. He made his son Manfred Duke of Athens. Altogether five cadet princes of Aragonese Sicily were Dukes of Athens, followed by King Frederick III, the last surviving male of his family, followed by King Peter IV of Aragon itself. None of the seven visited Athens. The government was partly in the hands of the leaders of the bands that made up the Catalan Company, and partly in the hands of the officials appointed by the King of Sicily, headed by the Vicar-General. From 1317 to 1330 that royal office was held by Alfonso Fadrigue, the bastard son of King Frederick. Between 1318, when John II of Thessaly died, and 1325 the Catalan Duchy gained territory in southern Thessaly. It also got embroiled in the 1320s with the island of Euboea, Alfonso Fadrigue having married the heiress of one of the rulers there. When Venice became involved in Euboea the Catalan Duchy had to retreat. Although the Duchy became less formidable militarily as its old soldiers of fortune grew old and their heirs were used to a more comfortanble life, there was sufficient life in the Duchy and its institutions for Catalan rule to last for three quarters of a century. In 1379 a band of Navarrese adventurers seized Thebes, and in 1385 a member of a Florentine banking family, Nerio Acciajuoli, who had become established in Corinth, occupied most of Attica, though Athens itself did not fall until 1388. When Nerio died in 1394 Athens passed to Venice, which had already bought Argolis, the part of the original Duchy that the Brienne family had managed to hold on to. In 1402 Antonio, the bastard son of Nerio, who had already seized Thebes, acquired Athens, and the Acciajuoli family continued to rule in Athens until the Ottoman Turks displaced them in 1456. ATHOLL Or, Athole. Scottish province on the southern slopes of the Grampian Mountains, including Glens Garry and Tilt, Loch Rannoch, part of the Tay valley, and the towns of Blair Atholl, Pitlochry and Dunkeld (which was its episcopal see). Athfodla was one of the sub-kingdoms of the Picts - allegedly that of Fortlaig, son of the legendary Cruithne - and was later a province and one of the original Earldoms of Scotland. The first Earls belonged to a cadet line of the Royal House and died out in the male line early in the 13th century. The family of Strathbogie, probably descended from the younger daughter of the last Earl, held the Earldom from 1264. The second Strathbogie Earl was executed in 1306 as a traitor to Edward I, but his descendants opted for the English side and so came to be among the disinherited. The last died in 1369. The Earldom or lordship was held for a time by Robert, the Steward of Scotland, for a time before he became King in 1371 and was held by royal Stewarts, on and off, until the execution of Walter, Earl of Atholl, the uncle of King James I, for his part in the King's murder. Two cadet lines of Stewarts held the Earldom, 1455-1595 and 1596-1626. In 1629 John Murray, whose mother was the daughter of one of these Stewart Earls, was created Earl. His son became Marquess in 1676 and the 2nd Marquess was promoted to Ducal rank in 1703. The lands of Atholl became the north of the county of Perthshire. ATHOS See MOUNT ATHOS. ATLANTIC ARCHIPELAGO A name used for the BRITISH ISLES by those who believe the normal term has overtones of British supremacy over Ireland. ATTICA ATTÍKI. (1) A district in ancient Greece; (2) a nome (department) in modern Greece; and (3) a region since 1987. Much of it is a peninsular extension southeastwards of central Greece, but it also includes part of the isthmus that links the Peleponnese with the rest of Greece. Attica thus occupies a strategic position, and its capital, Athens, was the most important city in Ancient Greece just as it is in the modern country. In the Byzantine Empire, however, Attica was a backwater. It became the main part of the Crusader Duchy of Athens in 1205, then was ruled by the Ottoman Turks from 1460 until Greek independence in 1830. Until 1987 Attica was part of the Region of Sterea Ellás-Evvoia (Central Greece & Euboea), but then it became a Region with only one department, itself. AUBE The Département de l'Aube (10) is in east central France, lying to the southeast of Paris. The Seine flows generally north-north-westwards across its centre, while the River Aube itself lies to the east, roughly parallel to the Seine, until it turns west to join it just beyond the border of the department. The department was formed in 1790 out of the gouvernement of Champagne & Brie. Its lands had mostly belonged to the généralité of Châlons, but the southernmost area had belonged to that of Dijon. During the Second World War the department lay in the occupied zone from 1940. In 1941 the Vichy government placed it under the Regional Prefect at Châlons-sur-Marne for police and economic matters. Since 1960 the Aube has belonged to the region of Champagne-Ardenne. The capital is Troyes, which is also the seat of the Bishop, whose diocese has historically belonged to the province of Sens. The sub-prefectures of the other arrondissements are Bar-sur-Aube (in the east) and Nogent-sur Seine (in the northwest). Arcis-sur-Aube (north) and Bar-sur-Seine (south) were also sub-prefectures until 1926. AUCH (1) An Archbishopric; and (2) a généralité during the Ancien Régime in southwestern France. The city of Auch, which stands on the River Gers, was formerly the capital of the County of Armagnac, and since 1790 of the Department of the Gers. (1) The Archbishop's province was the old Roman province of Novempopulana or Aquitania Tertia, north of the western Pyrenees. After Eauze, the original see for the metropolitan of the province, had been sacked by the Vikings c.845, the dioceses of Eauze and Auch were united and the metropolitan moved to Auch. He was using the title of Archbishop by 879. The province originally extended south of the Pyrenees to include the dioceses of Pamplona and Osca, which lay in lands that formed Frankish marches in the early 9th century. They soon became independent of France, but were only transferred to the province of Zaragoza in 1091. The province was abolished in 1790, when Auch was reduced to being the Bishopric for the Department of the Gers and was placed in the province of Toulouse. Archbishopric and province were restored in 1822. (2) The généralité of Auch was created in 1716, and combined the Gascon districts taken from the généralités of Bordeaux and Montauban with the former généralité of Pau (which was also the intendancy of Béarn & Navarre). Béarn and Navarre were lost in 1767, recovered in 1774, but finally separated from the généralité of Auch in 1784. In 1790 the territory of the généralité was divided up, forming all the department of the Gers, much of Landes and parts of Haute-Garonne and Lot-et-Garonne. AUCHTERARDER Small sheriffdom in central Scotland - the town lies southwest of Perth, on the road to Stirling. The sheriffdom was in existence in 1290, the year the Crown became vacant, but soon disappeared into the sheriffdom of Perth, certainly by 1328, the year of the death of Robert the Bruce. AUDE The Département de l'Aude (11) is in southern France, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. The River Aude, which rises in the Pyrénées-Orientales, flows north and northeastwards through the west of the department, until it turns eastward at Carcassone to flow to the Mediterranean northeast of Narbonne. The department was formed from the southwest of Languedoc in 1790 and had once belonged to Septimania or Gothia, where authority had fragmented in the early years of France's history, and where royal authority was asserted in the 13th century as a result of the Albigensian Crusade. The Cathar castles are now a principal tourist attraction; they were maintained as castles long after Catharism disappeared because the area was a vital border region until the province of Roussillon was ceded by Spain in 1659. From 1940 the Aude was in unoccupied France until the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942 led to occupation by German troops. Under the Vichy régime the department was placed under the Regional Prefect at Montpellier for police and economic matters in 1941. In 1960 the department became part of the Languedoc-Roussillon region. The capital is Carcassone. The sub-prefectures for the other arrondissements are at Limoux (southwest) and Narbonne (northeast). Castelnaudary, in the northwest, was another until 1926. Narbonne was an ancient Archbishopric, Carcassone a Bishopric. In 1790 Narbonne's ecclesiastical pre-eminence made it the see for the department, but in 1800 Carcassone's general pre-eminence led to the permanent transfer of the see. AUGSBURG, Bishopric. Bishopric in the east of the Duchy of Swabia and in the Province of Mainz; the city of Augsburg, an Imperial Free City, stands on the River Lech, tributary of the Danube, and is now in Bavaria. The princely territory of the Bishop included much of the land between the River Lech and its tributary, the Wertach (the confluence is just north of Augsburg), northwards from what is now the Austrian border, just above Füssen, which stands on the River Lech. It also included Alpine land between the upper Wertach and the Iller. There was a detached district around Zusmarshausen west of Augsburg, and another to the north around the town of Dillingen on the Danube. The last Count of Dillingen, who had died in 1286, had been Bishop of Augsburg and the town became the residence of the Bishop. In 1802-3 the Prince-Bishopric became Bavarian territory, and in 1817 the diocese became part of the new ecclesiastical province of München-Freising. AUGSBURG, Imperial Free City. Augsburg, once an Imperial Free City and now a Stadtkreis in the Land of Bayern, stands on the River Lech, a tributary of the Danube. The Landkreis of Augsburg forms a crescent to the west of the city. Augsburg was founded by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum. It belonged to Bavaria in the Carolingian period, but later to Swabia. The city was the seat of a Bishop, but was given much freedom in the reign of Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-90), and was made free of all obligations, except to the Emperor, in 1316. It was one of the most prosperous of medieval cities, being on the trade routes coming north from Italy to central Germany, and was the home of two of great merchant families, the Fugger - who acquired small princely teritories in the region - and the Welser. The modern period, with changed patterns of trade, brought decline to Augsburg, though it was still sufficiently powerful to escape the mediatisation that befell practically all the Imperial Cities in 1803. Not for long however - in 1806 it was incorporated in Bavaria. The city is now the administrative headquarters of the Regierungsbezirk (administrative region) of Schwaben. AUGUSTENBURG AUGUSTENBORG (Dan). A castle on the Danish island of Als (Alsen), off the eastern coast of the Duchy of Slesvig, built by Ernst Gunther (d.1689) and named after his wife, Auguste. Ernst Gunther's grandfather, Hans, a younger son of Christian III of Denmark, had founded the line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, and his sons and grandsons founded several branches. The one descending from Ernst Gunther took its name from his castle and became the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. It frequently happened among the princely houses of Europe that the longer the name of the family the less important was the Prince. This ceased to be true of the Augustenburgs in the 19th century, because not only did the vicissitudes of births, marriages and deaths wipe out the male lines senior to them in the Sonderburg line, but it became clear that the Danish royal line was going to die out of males too, leaving the Augustenburgs the heirs male to the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Although the Duke would also be the heir male of the Danish royal family, he was descended from an earlier King than Frederick III, with whom the Danish monarchy had become hereditary in 1661. The Duke was not in fact chosen as the heir to Denmark, and after a crisis in 1848-52 he also renounced his claims to Schleswig-Holstein, though this did not prevent many German nationalists, who wished to see the Duchies separated from Denmark, from continuing to favour an Augustenburg succession to the Duchies. Nor did the Duke's renunciation prevent his son from pressing his own claims as the demise of the Danish royal line approached in 1863. In the event Denmark was obliged to give up the Duchies in 1864 after war with Austria and Prussia. Prussia defeated Austria in 1866 and in 1867 absorbed Schleswig-Holstein, ignoring the claims of the Augustenburg heir. The male line of the Augustenburgs died out in 1931. The island of Als had returned to Denmark in 1920. AUKŠTAITIJA Lithuanian name for the upper lands (in Polish, Aukštota) i.e. eastern Lithuania, around the middle course of the River Nemunas (Niemen). It formed the core of the Great Principality of Lithuania in the later middle ages. AUMÂLE Small medieval County, on the eastern borders of Normandy in northern France; the town is on the River Bresle WSW of Amiens. Alba Marla in Latin, whence the English Albemarle. It was given to Odo, the dispossessed Count of Champagne, by his uncle, William the Conqueror, c.1069; he was also lord of Holderness in Yorkshire, between the Humber and the North Sea. His descendants held Holderness for a while even after being displaced in the Norman county in the late 12th century, and since then Albemarle has provided a title for English Dukes and, since 1696, for Earls of the Keppel family. The French County was held by several different families. The heiress of the Dammartin family, who held it after the Holderness lords in the 13th century, was second wife to King Ferdinand III of Castile (and mother of Edward I's Queen Eleanor, she of the Crosses). In 1342 the county passed by marriage to the family of Harcourt. The grandson of Marie d'Harcourt, René II, Duke of Lorraine, inherited the County from her in 1476. After his death in 1508 it passed to his younger son, Claude, the founder of the House of Guise. Aumâle was raised to the rank of a Duchy in 1547 for Claude's eldest son and passed to a younger son when Claude, Duke of Guise, died in 1550. After the death of the last Duke of Aumâle of the Guise line in 1631, the Duchy passed through his sister to the Dukes of Nemours, a branch of the House of Savoy. The heiress of that family sold the county to Louis XIV in 1688. The ducal title was enjoyed by his bastard son, the Duc du Maine, and was last held by Henri (d.1897), a younger son of King Louis Philippe. AUNIS One of the grands gouvernements in Ancien Régime France, and the smallest of those existing in 1789, Aunis lay on the Bay of Biscay between Saintonge and the coastal regions of Poitou. The Poitevan marshes on the lower course of the Sèvre in the north and other marshes north of the lower Charente in the south helped to isolate it. Its capital was the port of La Rochelle. Part of the great Duchy of Aquitaine, it was taken from the King of England in 1224 and became part of Poitou. Surrendered to English Aquitaine in 1360 and recovered by France in 1371-2, it became a separate though small province. In the later 16th century it was part of the very large gouvernement of Orléanais and of the généralité of Poitiers. It had become strongly Protestant, and in the 1620s La Rochelle was the last great centre of Protestant military resistance to royal power. Aunis became a separate gouvernement in the early 17th century, and remained so for the rest of the Ancien Régime: La Rochelle gave it strategic importance. In 1694 Aunis and Saintonge, both pays d'élections, joined together to form the généralité of La Rochelle. Aunis was subject to the Parlement of Paris. In 1790 most of it became the north of the Department of Charente-Inférieure (now Charente-Maritime), while the rest became part of Deux-Sèvres. AURADE Or, Auriade, or Auriate. A county in the 10th and 11th centuries in much of what is now the province of Cuneo in southwestern Piedmont in northwest Italy. The family that held it also acquired the Marquisate of Turin and the County or Mark of Susa. After two (probably childless) marriages Adelaide, the heiress to much of this territory, married Otto, who later succeeded to the Savoy lands across the Alps, as her third husband. After Adelaide's death in 1091 the County passed to the Aleramid descendants of her younger sister and later became a large part of the Marquisate of Saluzzo. AURE County in the western Pyrenees in southwestern France, consisting of the valleys of Aure, Basse Neste and Barousse. It was held by a cadet branch of the Counts of Bigorre, passing by marriage at the end of the 12th century to the Counts of Comminges and in the next century to the family of Fumel. It was reduced to the rank of a Vicomté and eventually passed to the Counts of Armagnac, when it became known as Quatre-Vallées, the earlier Counts having acquired the valley of Magnoac to the east by marriage. It came into royal hands in the later 15th century. AURICH Northwesternmost adminstrative region (Regierungsbezirk) in the Land of Niedersachsen, 1946-78, and previously in the Prussian province of Hanover. It was named after the town that had earlier been the capital of the County of East Friesland, whose lands formed the Regierungsbezirk.. In 1978 Niedersachsen was reorganised and a larger Regierungsbezirk of Weser-Ems was created, in which Aurich is the administrative centre of the northwestern Landkreis, which bears its name. AURIGNY French name of ALDERNEY. AUSONA See OSONA. AUSCHWITZ Now OSWIECIM. One of the medieval duchies in Upper Silesia. The town is south of Katowice and west of Cracow, in southern Poland. The district around it, southeasternmost medieval Silesia, formed the east of the Duchy of Teschen until 1315. It then became a separate Duchy held by the junior Teschen line until 1454, when its last Duke sold it to Poland and it left the Empire. Austrian in 1772, Polish again in 1918, Auschwitz was annexed by Germany in 1939. Its name was made memorable for as long as it is necessary for man to recall his own inhumanity to man, because here was one of those extermination camps by which those who were deemed to be racially impure were sent to their deaths by those who deemed themselves to be racially fit. The region became Polish again in 1945. AUSSEERLAND The northwesternmost corner of the Austrian Land of Steiermark (Styria). When the lands of former Austria was reorganised within the German Reich in 1939 it was transferred to the Reichsgau of Oberdonau (formerly Oberösterreich) but returned to Steiermark in 1945. AUSSERRHODEN Anglicised as Outer Rhodes. Appenzell Ausserhoden (AR) is the Protestant Half-Canton within the Canton of Appenzell, in northeastern Switzerland, and was formed in 1597. It is 15th in precedence, 23rd in area and 21st in population of the members of the Swiss Confederation. AUST-AGDER County in southernmost Norway, with a coast on the Skaggerak; the east of the old province of Agder. AUSTRASIA AUSTRASIE (Fr); AUSTRASIEN (Ger). The eastern realm or kingdom in the Kingdom of the Franks. When Clovis died in 511, his Frankish Kingdom was partitioned amongst his four sons. The eldest son, Theuderic, held the eastern lands (roughly speaking the southern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, the Rhineland, western Hesse, Lorraine and part of Champagne) and had his capital at Reims, very much in the west of his territory. He also held the Auvergne, in the east of Aquitaine, which he had conquered for the Frankish Kingdom in the last years of his father's reign. A considerable proportion of the eastern lands had belonged to the Kingdom of the Riparian Franks, to whose throne Clovis had been elected late in his reign; Theuderic, as the mature son, was better fitted to ensure that the union continued. The eastern lands were the most important region of the Kingdom strategically, bordering as they did on those of the Thuringians in the east and the Alemannians to the south, both of whom were to be brought within the Frankish kingdom in the 6th century. Franks were expanding eastwards in Hesse and in the valley of the Main, so that in this respect too the eastern Kingdom was dynamic. To the southwest of the eastern lands and to the east of Theuderic's land in the Auvergne lay the other German Kingdom within Gaul, the Burgundian, which fell to the Merovingians shortly after Theuderic's death. Theuderic's son and grandson followed him in succession in his Kingdom. The latter died in 555, and three years later, with the death of one of Theuderic's half-brothers, Clovis's Kingdom was reunited under his last surviving son, Chlothar I. When he died in 561, his four sons partitioned the Kingdom anew, the third son, Sigebert I, receiving the eastern lands and the Auvergne, with part of Provence, as his share. He received parts of Aquitaine when his eldest brother died in 567, lands that were lost again in 575 when Sigebert was succeeded by his still young son Childebert II, who in the last years of his reign added Burgundy to his realm. By the end of the century Austrasia, the eastern realm, had become the name for the Kingdom held by the descendants of Sigebert I. They died out with his great-grandson, who only reigned for a year (612-3). The Frankish Kingdom was reunited under Chlothar II, the King of the western lands, Neustria. Neustria was firmly in the old Gallo-Roman area, more stable, more civilised, more static than its eastern neighbour. The differences between the two had increased as a result of having separate rulers for most of the preceding hundred years. Chlothar II had appointed a Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia in 613 to take responsibility for its government under him and in 623 he went further and made his ten-year old son, Dagobert I, King of a more limited Austrasia. The old Kingdom had lost its western lands in Champagne, including Reims, its original capital, the Auvergne and Provence. Metz became Dagobert's capital. When Chlothar II died in 629 Dagobert transferred himself to Paris and the Kingdom of Neustria - the more decadent realm, in Austrasian opinion. Like his father he came to the conclusion that it was expedient to give Austrasia its own King - his young son, Sigebert III, in 632. While Dagobert reigned in Austrasia a noble called Pepin of Landen served as Mayor of the Palace from 626. He was removed from office and went with Dagobert to Neustria, returning after the King's death in 639 to Austrasia and office for a short while before his own death. His son became Mayor of the Palace while his daughter married the son of another major figure in Austrasia, Arnulf, Bishop of Metz. The son of this marriage, Pepin of Herstal, also served as Mayor of the Palace and in 687 won a victory over the Neustrian Mayor, beginning thereby the process by which his family came to dominate the entire Kingdom of the Franks. That family (known as the Pepinids or the Arnulfings from the two grandfathers of Pepin of Herstal but eventually as the Carolingians from his son, Charles Martel) restored the authority of the Kingdom over the Thuringians, Alemannians and Bavarians, and were the real rulers of the Kingdom for a long time before Charles Martel's son, Pepin the Short, took the Kingdom for himself in 751. With an Austrasian family ruling the whole Kingdom, the separate identity of Austrasia became less important than when it was striving to keep itself apart from the Neustria which the Merovingian line to which Dagobert belonged preferred. So there was a tendency for Austrasia to resume its literal meaning of the eastern lands, which by the 9th century lay mostly to the east of the old Austrasian Kingdom in the lands beyond the Rhine, and to call the heart of the Frankish lands, including most of the original Austrasia, the east of Neustria, and the region around Orleans, Francia media, the middle Frankish land. In 843 the old Austrasian Kingdom lost its unity. The reduced Austrasia that Dagobert had ruled found itself partitioned between the brothers, the Emperor Lothar and Louis the German. The western lands that had been withheld from Dagobert were included in the realm of their half-brother, Charles the Bald. Eventually the Austrasia of the 7th and 8th century was to come under one ruler, when the western half, in Lothar's share in 843, submitted to King Henry the Fowler in 925. By then the name of Austrasia was more or less forgotten. In 996 the German word for eastern realm was revived, not for anywhere within the old Kingdom of Austrasia but for the eastern borderland of the Duchy of Bavaria, and it still survives as the name for that region, now enlarged and one of the states of Europe. But though their origin is the same, we distinguish between the long dead Austrasia and the still living Austria. So do the French (Austrasie and Autriche) and the Germans (Austrasien and Österreich). AUSTRIA ÖSTERREICH. The name means "eastern realm" and was used for the eastern lands in the Lombard Kingdom in northern Italy and for the eastern Frankish kingdom of the Merovingian era. Merovingian Austria is now usually called Austrasia to distinguish it from the later power. By 996 the old name had revived and was being used for the Ostmark, the eastern frontier zone of Bavaria. It then consisted of much of the territory of the present Land of Niederösterreich, but later expanded to include the rest of that Land and its western neighbour, Oberösterreich (see AUSTRIA, Duchy and Archduchy, below). In 1282 the Duchy of Austria was granted by Rudolf I to his two sons. Their family is known as the Habsburgs, from their comital title, itself derived from a castle, now in Switzerland, but as Austria had become their most important dominion the family also called themselves the House of Austria (Haus Österreich; Maison d'Autriche; Casa de Austria). Their hereditary possessions within the Holy Roman Empire came to use the Austrian name though some of them were far from the original Duchy. So there were at times groups of territories called Niederösterreich, Oberösterreich, Innenösterreich and Vorderösterreich - Lower, Upper, Inner and Further Austria. These together constituted the Erblande - the hereditary lands - of the family (see AUSTRIA, Hereditary Lands below). But the Habsburgs also acquired other territories within and beyond the Holy Roman Empire. Although the head of the family (or at least of its Austrian branch) was the Holy Roman Emperor for almost all the last three centuries and a half of the Empire's existence, it had become clear in the 17th century that his importance upon the European stage was not so much as Emperor as ruler of the dynastic lands of his family. He was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia and many other titles as well. Some short way of referring to him and his lands as a collectivity was desirable though none could be accurate, even loosely speaking. Austria, though not his highest title - it was not even royal - was at the hub of his power. The Archduchy lay within the German realm and upon the River Danube. So the great power of central Europe in the later 17th and 18th centuries was, and is, called Austria for convenience. In the early years of the 19th century it was increasingly clear that the Holy Roman Empire was doomed. The last Emperor ensured that he would continue to hold the Imperial title by making himself Emperor of Austria in 1804. Austria had come to mean the collected realms of the head of the House of Habsburg. (See HABSBURG LANDS) Austria acquired another extensive, though less complete, meaning later in the century, after the Compromise of 1867 when the Austrian Empire was divided between two domestic governments, one for the Kingdom of Hungary and one for the Kingdoms & Lands represented in the Imperial Council. Colloquially, the latter was known as Austria; officially so, in the last days of the Empire. (See AUSTRIA/CISLEITHANIA). Since 1918 Austria has been the name of a sovereign state in central Europe, the Republic of Austria. (See AUSTRIA, Republic). AUSTRIA, Duchy and Archduchy. Originally the OSTMARK, the Eastern march (of Bavaria), for which the name Ostarrichi was used as early as 996. Carolingian Bavaria had an eastern Mark, which after the destruction of Avar power in the 890s extended into Pannonia, though it was driven back later by the Great Moravian Empire. Otto I (936-73) revitalised the Ostmark in the Danube region between the River Enns and the Wienerwald, and his son, Otto II, largely separated the Ostmark from Bavaria when he gave it to Leopold of Babenberg in 976. The Mark also had land on the northern side of the Danube, in districts later called the Waldviertel and the Weinviertel, but they were wooded and, particularly in the Waldviertel, increasingly hilly moving away from the river, so that it was the right bank lands below the Enns that were the vital ones. The Mark expanded eastwards, reaching the Vienna region in 1002, though probably losing it again until the 1040s. By 1074 it had reached the River Leitha, which was for centuries the border river between Austria and Hungary on a small section of its course not far from Vienna. The Margrave Leopold III (1095-1136) married the sister of the Emperor Henry V and was a possible successor to the childless Henry when he died in 1125. His son Leopold IV became Duke of Bavaria in 1138 when his half-brother, the German King Conrad III, deposed Duke Henry the Proud, of the House of Welf. In 1156 the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa sought reconciliation with his Welf relatives by restoring Henry the Lion to his father's Duchy of Bavaria. The reluctance of Frederick's half-uncle, Duke Henry Jasimirgott, who had succeeded his brother in both Bavaria and Austria, was overcome by raising Austria to a Duchy in compensation and by giving him, in the privilegium minor, a very large degree of independence. In 1192 Duke Leopold V acquired the Duchy of Styria, which besides Styria itself also included some lands west of the Enns in the Traungau. The Babenberg Dukes died out with Frederick II the Warlike in 1246, at a time when the Great Interregnum was beginning. No successor had established himself by 1251, when the future King Otakar II of Bohemia seized Austria. He partitioned Styria with the King of Hungary. Otakar kept the Traungau, the Styrian lands that lay to the west of Austria, and also the lands to the south as far as the Semmering Pass. (When, after defeating the Hungarians in 1260, he added their share of Styria to his territory he did not return either of these regions to that Duchy but kept them in Austria, so that Wiener Neustadt, for example, belonged to Austria rather than Styria). Otakar gave legitimacy to his coup by taking Frederick II's sister, Margaret, the widowed daughter-in-law of the Emperor Frederick II, out of the convent to which she had retired, and marrying her even though he was twenty years younger than she. He later divorced her when his rule seemed secure. After the death of the last Spanheimer Duke in 1269 Otakar added Carinthia and Carniola to his dominions. What eventually beat him was the end of the Interregnum with the election of Rudolf of Habsburg as King in 1273. The new King was determined to reassert royal authority. Otakar was deposed from the Duchies in 1276, and killed in battle in 1278. In 1282 Rudolf bestowed the vacant Duchies of Austria and Styria on his sons, thereby inaugurating the long Habsburg tenure of Austria. Otakar's transfer of the Traungau, which lay west of the Babenberg Duchy of Austria, from Styria to Austria began the creation of what eventually became known as Upper Austria (Oberösterreich). The Habsburgs continued Austria's westward expansion, partly through the failure of the local lords (the last significant family, the Counts of Schaunburg, died out in 1559), and partly through reducing the extent of Bavarian lordship, though it was not until 1779 that the western border of Austria reached the Rivers Inn and Salzach with the acquisition of the Inn Viertel (the Inn Quarter). In 1358 the newly succeeded Rudolf IV sought to raise the status of Austria when he took the title of Archduke Palatine, the authority for his action being a document called the privilegium major, which had been found in the archives. He had been disappointed that his father-in-law, the Emperor Charles IV, had ignored Austria when settling the question as to who were the Electors of the Empire. The Emperor was not pleased with this unfilial self-glorification, and forced its abandonment, helped by the assumption (an undoubtedly true assumption) that the so convenient document had been forged. Rudolf, a man of great ability, died young. It was in 1452 that the acting head of the House of Habsburg, the Emperor Frederick III, successfully elevated himself and the princes of his House to the rank of Archduke. As it turned out, this elevation only affected the principal title of the ruling prince once, the exception being the Archduke Ferdinand, to whom his brother, Charles V, granted Austria in 1521. Otherwise the ruler of Austria always held a higher title (Ferdinand himself became King of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526). The Duchy of Austria itself became known as the Archduchy and included the original lands plus its gains to east and west. There was an internal administrative division within the Duchy and Archduchy. The lands west of the original Mark formed the Land ob der Enns (above the Enns) and had its own governor and provincial Diet. The original Duchy was called Österreich unter der Enns (below the Enns), the River Enns being a right bank tributary of the Danube. Only its lower course formed the boundary between the two parts of the Archduchy. The upper course of the river lay within the Land above the Enns, whilst on the left (northern) bank of the Danube the boundary lay well to the east of where the Enns joined the Danube. Joined together the two parts of the Archduchy formed Österreich ob und unter der Enns, Austria above and below the Enns. In all the various partitions of the Habsburg lands except one the same prince held both parts. The exception came after the death of Ladislas Postumus and the extinction of the senior line in 1457. Albert VI, the younger brother of the Emperor Frederick III, challenged his right to succeed, and by a decision of the Estates, Albert obtained the Land above the Enns and Frederick the Land below. In 1462 Albert gained control of some of the lower lands as well but his death in 1463 ended the disunion, though later in Frederick's reign Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, seized Vienna in 1485 and Wiener Neustadt, Frederick's favourite residence, in 1487. Though he had lost much of the Land below the Enns Frederick refused to acknowledge its loss, a determination vindicated in 1490, when, already in his mid seventies, he outlived Matthias and saw the return of his lands. In 1784 the separation between the two parts of the Archduchy was made total and they became the Archduchies of Niederösterreich and Oberösterreich, (Lower and Upper Austria), which eventually became two of the Länder of the Republic in 1918. AUSTRIA, Hereditary Lands. Die ERBLANDE. The lands of the House of Habsburg which were held by hereditary right. Until the 17th century these consisted of lands in the south of the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Alsace to Carinthia, Styria and Austria. The Crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, acquired by the Habsburgs in 1526, were both of them elective at that time. The Crown of Bohemia became hereditary in 1627-8, that of Hungary in 1687, and officially were counted among the hereditary lands, as were all the various Habsburg acquisitions in Poland, Italy and the Netherlands. But in common historical usage the term Erblande is usually confined to the lands in the German Kingdom from Alsace to Carinthia. These lands consisted of the Danubian, Alpine, Swiss, Swabian and Alsatian territories of the House. The last significant Swiss territories, the Aargau and the Thurgau, were lost in 1415 and 1460; the lands in Alsace in 1648; those in Swabia, other than the Vorarlberg, in 1802-6. The hereditary lands of German princes were normally shared when a prince left more than one heir. This often, though not necessarily, meant partition. The first Habsburg partition of great moment occurred during the adolescence of the prince who was to lift the Habsburgs to greatness. When his grandfather, Count Rudolf II, died in 1232, the family lands in northern Switzerland and Alsace and on the edge of the Black Forest, were divided between his sons, Albert IV and Rudolf III, whose mutual antipathy reduced the family's influence. Albert's son, Rudolf IV, enjoyed much better relations with his cousins after his uncle's death, and was able by exchanges of territory with them to make his own principality more compact. His election as King Rudolf I in 1273 gave him the opportunity to raise his own family higher. We remember him for his securing the Duchies of Austria and Styria for his family by investing his two surviving sons with the Duchies of Austria and Styria in 1282, but he also worked throughout his reign to increase Habsburg territory and influence in the Duchy of Swabia, which bordered on his Alsatian and Swiss possessions. His intention was that his elder son, Albert I, should be the effective ruler of the eastern lands, while Rudolf II, the younger son, would be titular Duke of Austria and functioning Duke of a revived Swabia. It proved more difficult to restore the Swabian Duchy than Rudolf I hoped, and his plans came to nothing when Rudolf II died in 1290 before his father, leaving a very young son. The result was that Albert I took over the entire inheritance of his father in 1291, though Rudolf II's son had his revenge for what he saw as his disinheritance when he reached manhood: he murdered his uncle in 1308. Albert I left five sons, three of them under the age of eleven. The two eldest operated one of the alternatives to partition: they shared in the government, but the elder, Frederick I, resided in the Austrian lands, and the younger, Leopold I, in the western. When Leopold died in 1326, the third brother, Albert II, took his place in the western lands. By 1339 all Albert's brothers were dead. The last of them to die was the youngest, Otto, who had resented the way his elders had parcelled up the territory and caused trouble for several years. Albert II - the Wise - was a conciliatory man. In 1355 he issued a family edict that his four sons should act together in brotherly love and he enjoined his nobles not to side with one brother against another. Albert decreed that the eldest brother should be as the youngest, but when he died in 1358, only Rudolf IV, the eldest son, was mature. He therefore took all the power, a strong-willed and able man. The day of reckoning, as the siblings grew up and insisted on the share of power their father had laid down for them, never came. Rudolf IV, who would have found it difficult to surrender power, gave up life instead, a victim of the plague at the age of 25. His two surviving brothers shared power, Albert III resident in Austria and Leopold III in the western lands, but after fourteen years of mutual antipathy they abandoned the brotherly sharing of power and partitioned the Habsburg lands in 1379, Austria above and below the Enns for Albert, Styria, Tirol and the western lands for Leopold. By 1411 Leopold's share was partitioned between his two surviving sons, the elder in Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, the younger in Tirol and the west. This particular way of dividing the Habsburg lands was repeated in 1564, when Ferdinand I died. Maximilian II, the eldest son, took Austria above and below the Enns (Niederösterreich - Lower Austria), Ferdinand II Tirol and the Vorlande (Vorderösterreich - called in English Anterior or Further or Hither or Outer Austria), and Charles II Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (Innenösterreich - Inner Austria). This too was a partition, each brother ruling his own share, though each of the different territories that composed the share had its own customs, laws and institutions. The Lower, Inner and Outer Austrias were not unities. Even when all the lands were under one prince, the differences in practice among them made some administrative division seem sensible. The Emperor Maximilian I completed the reunion of the lands partitioned in 1379 when he succeeded his father, Frederick III, in 1493. He divided them into two groups. Niederösterreich (Lower Austria), consisted of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (the lands Frederick III had inherited from his father) and Austria above and below the Enns (inherited by Frederick III after the extinction of the senior Habsburg line in 1457). Oberösterreich (Upper Austria), consisted of the Tirol and the Vorlande (parts of the present Vorarlberg, plus the Swabian and Alsatian lands), in which Maximilian had succeeded the Archduke Sigismund on his abdication in 1490. To them were added Austrian Istria, from his father's Styrian inheritance, and Görz, acquired by Maximilian in 1500. Charles V, already the ruler of Spain, Naples and the Netherlands when he inherited Maximilian's lands in 1519, perpetuated this arrangement when he handed over Maximilian's Niederösterreich to his brother, Ferdinand I, in 1521, keeping Maximilian's Oberösterreich in his own hands. Tirol lay across the best route between Germany and Italy, Trieste gave Charles a port in northern Italy, the lands in Alsace were not too distant from the Franche-Comté, part of his Burgundian inheritance, some of the lands of Alsace and Swabia lay on routes between Italy and the Netherlands. Ferdinand was not happy with the arrangement, and in the following year Charles transferred the remainder of the hereditary lands to him. The partition of 1564 ended when Ferdinand III, ruler of Inner Austria since 1590, succeeded as the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1619, when the Austrian and Tirolese lands became his. In 1621 he drew up a testament which provided for the indivisibility of his inheritance. His two brothers, the other remaining Austrian Habsburgs, were both Bishops, and therefore apparently unaffected by the decision. This was to reckon without one of them, the Archduke Leopold, Bishop of Passau and Strasbourg and governor of Tirol. He objected, and in 1625 received the Tirol and the Vorlande in full government. In the following year he was released from his religious vows and married. Primogeniture was then applied to the remaining hereditary lands, and to Tirol and the Vorlande from 1665, when Leopold of Tirol's male line was extinguished with the death of his second son. AUSTRIA, Republic. Country of west central Europe, much of it Alpine, the lower lands being crossed by the River Danube. 1. Origins. At the end of the Great War in 1918, Austria-Hungary fell apart. On 30th October the German deputies in the Reichsrat (the parliament for the Austrian half of the Empire) proclaimed themselves the parliament for Deutschösterreich (German Austria). On 11th November the deputies, who represented parts of Bohemia as well as the German Austrian lands, declared German Austria a Republic and a part of the new German Republic. The Allies however had no intention of allowing Germany to gain territory and the union of Germany and Austria was expressly forbidden in both the Treaties of Versailles (with Germany) and St Germain (with Austria). The word German was dropped from the state's name at Allied insistence, 21st October 1919. The Constitution of the new state was drawn up in 1920. 2. Extent. Austria's northern and western borders were historic ones. The new state of Czechoslovakia was allowed to keep the borders of the old Bohemia. The German-Austrian border was that between the Habsburg lands and Bavaria, adjusted over many years and finally setttled in 1816. The borders with Switzerland and Liechtenstein were also long-standing, though the possibility that the Vorarlberg would secede and join Switzerland only finally disappeared in 1923. (Liechtenstein, which had been in a customs union with Austria-Hungary, entered into new arrangements with Switzerland in 1921 and 1924). The southern and eastern borders of the new Republic saw changes from the old Austro-Hungarian ones. By the Treaty of St Germain, Austria had to accept the loss of the South Tirol, Trieste, Görz and Istria to Italy, Carniola to Italy and Yugoslavia and southern Styria to Yugoslavia. A plebiscite in southeastern Carinthia, held in 1920, went in Austria's favour. Under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon, 1920, Austria gained most of the Burgenland from Hungary, though a plebiscite in 1921 excluded the city of Sopron. 3. Restoration. In 1938 the First Republic was absorbed by Nazi Germany. By April 1939 Ostmark had officially displaced Österreich, to be replaced in 1940 by the Reichsgaue der Ostmark. Even this reduction of Austria to the state districts of the eastern borderland proved insufficiently vague and in 1942 the collective name for the one-time Austrian lands became the Alpen und Donau Reichsgaue, the Alpine and Danubian state districts. With the destruction of the Third Reich in 1945, Austria was treated partly as enemy - troops of the four principal allies each occupied zones of the country - and partly as victim - unlike Germany, it was allowed its own government. Late in April a government headed by Karl Renner, who had been the first Chancellor of post-Habsburg Austria, took office under the auspices of the Soviet authorities. It was not until October that the suspicous western powers recognised his government, but the establishment of a government recognised through all Austria meant that, however circumscribed its powers were, Austria was going to avoid the fate of its German neighbour, division for the time being into two states. In 1955 full sovereignty was restored to Austria and the Allied occupation ceased, at the not very onerous price of Austrian neutrality. It was the first significant withdrawal of Soviet power from the region into which the Red Army had advanced in 1945; the Soviet Union was hoping that Germany too could be made a neutral zone. 4. Territorial divisions. The BUNDESLAND is the fundamental unit of Austrian government; together the nine Bundesländer constitute the federal Republic of Austria. During the union with the Third Reich, the Länder were replaced by REICHGAUE. AUSTRIA/CISLEITHANIA When in 1867 the Emperor and the leaders of Hungary reached the settlement that resolved their differences - the Ausgleich, or the Compromise - three governments emerged in Franz Joseph's lands. One, generally called Austria-Hungary, was the government of the whole, but only dealt with the Empire-Kingdom's relations with other powers and with its defence (and with Bosnia-Herzegovina after 1878). Another was responsible for the affairs of the Kingdom of Hungary, while the third was responsible for the domestic affairs of the lands that were not part of the Kingdom of Hungary. They had no natural unity and extended in a great arc from Bukovina, bordering Russia, in the east, through Polish Galicia and Czech Bohemia to the old Hereditary Lands, the westernmost of which, the Vorarlberg, faced Switzerland. There was also the Adriatic coastland of Dalmatia, detached from the rest. These lands were collectively known as die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder (the Kingdoms and Territories represented in the Imperial Council). The urge to abbreviate this mouthful must have been overwhelming. Historians tend to favour, as some contemporaries did, CIS-LEITHANIA, or Cis-Leithnia (ZISLEITHANIEN), a name which comes from the little river which then separated Lower Austria and Hungary for a few miles near Vienna. It was innocuous as far as the peoples of the Empire were concerned, whereas the name favoured in ordinary usage among the Germans - Austria - reminded people of the strong position of Germans within the non-Hungarian half of the Empire. The English historian E.A.Freeman suggested that as Neustria had once meant not-Austrasia so Nungary could mean not-Hungary. Whether he was right about Neustria or not, there was no discernible rush to adopt his suggestion. In 1915 the government officially adopted Austria, German morale outweighing Czech offence. There was a certain - if not exactly accurate - symmetry: Austria-Hungary was international power; Austria and Hungary the two domestic states. AUSTRIAN IMPERIAL CIRCLE ÖSTERREICHISCHER REICHSKREIS. Formed in 1512, the Circle mostly consisted of Habsburg territory, including the Habsburg lands in Alsace (until 1648, when they became French), the Breisgau and Swabia, though the Habsburg lands in the Netherlands and the Franche-Comté belonged to their own (Burgundian) Circle and the Bohemian lands (which only became Habsburg in 1526) to none. The Bishops of Brixen and Trent, the Bailiwick of the Teutonic Order in Austria, and the Prince of Dietrichstein (for his territory of Tarasp) also belonged to the Circle. The Bishop of Chur was also on the membership roll, but the detachment of the Grisons (Graubünden) from the Empire made his belonging nominal only. Indeed the whole thing was pretty nominal, since the Habsburg lands comprised the overwhelming part of the Circle, and the Archduke of Austria was the director, military commander and reporter. There was little point in summoning the Circle when practically all the action would be organised and carried out by Habsburg servants. AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS In 1714, at the end of the War of Spanish Succession, the southern Netherlands, previously Spanish, came under Austrian rule. The districts around Tournai and Ypres, French since 1668 and 1678 respectively, were also handed over to the Austrians. Neither the British nor the Dutch wished to see the Spanish Netherlands pass into the hands of Philip V, the Bourbon King of Spain and grandson of Louis XIV of France. The task of preventing French influence there fell on their ally, Austria, which took it on without enthusiasm, for it was obvious that if the peace of Europe failed again, Austria would be at war with France and their new acquisition would once more become a battleground. This happened in the 1740s, though in the next decade Austria reversed its policy of enmity with France. Another reason why the Austrians were reluctant was that their acquisition was conditional upon the Dutch garrisoning Barrier Fortresses against the French with Austria paying for it. For a time in late 1789 and early 1790 it looked as if Austria might be driven from the southern Netherlands by internal revolt, but in the event it was Revolutionary France, not Belgian revolt, that ended Austrian rule. In 1795, together with the former Bishopric of Liège, which had separated the eastern lands of the Austrian Netherlands from the main body, the southern Netherlands were divided up into departments of the French Republic. When at last Napoleon was defeated Austria did not want the return of its Belgic provinces and they became part of the united Netherlands. In the 1830s the southern Netherlands was divided between Belgium and Luxembourg. AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY English name for the COMMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA, since 1981/3 the principal territorial division of Spain. AUTONOMOUS MAGYAR REGION See MAGYAR AUTONOMOUS REGION. AUTONOMOUS OBLAST/OKRUG See under AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC. AUTONOMOUS REGION REGIONE AUTONOMA; see REGION (Italy). AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC ASSR. The Soviet Union consisted of a number of Soviet Socialist Republics, which were each named after a predominant nationality. Within several of the SSRs there were minority nationalities sufficiently numerous and sufficently concentrated to form ASSRs. In the last years of the Soviet Union the Azerbaijani, Turkmen and Uzbekh SSRs each had one ASSR, the Georgian SSR had two, while the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic had 16. The predominant nationality in all the ASSRs except one was determined by language. The exception was the Adzharian ASSR in the southwest of the Georgian SSR where the population speaks Georgian but are mostly Moslem by faith. Besides the ASSRs there were Autonomous Oblasts (Regions), mostly where the population was smaller than in the republics. The Azerbaijani, Georgian and Tajik SSRs each had one, the RSFSR had five. One of the RSFSR oblasts was unique in that it did not represent a people long resident within its area but was the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the far eastern territory of the RSFSR, lying north of the River Amur and bordering upon China. There were also ten Autonomous Okrugs (Districts), only in the RSFSR, which were smaller still as far as population was concerned but as several of them lay in the immense Arctic region, they were enormous in area. As the Communist regime approached its end, the Autonomous was dropped from the name of the Republics in the RSFSR late in 1990 and in July 1991 four of the five autonomous oblasts (the Jewish was the exception) were given the status of republics. In Trans-Caucasia the former autonomous republics and oblasts, with the exception of Adjaria, have proved troublesome. Abkazia and South Ossetia have troubled the internal affairs of Georgia since independence. Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenian in population, has been an international problem since Armenia's intervention in what was Azerbaijan's territory. Tensions between the two are not eased by the fact that Nakhichevan, mainly Azeri in population, is separated from the bulk of Azerbaijan by Armenian territory. AUTUN Autunois (pays). Medieval County in east central France, in the south of Burgundy, named after a city, which was once the Roman Augustodunum. It lies southwest of Dijon and northwest of Chalon-sur-Saône, and stands on the River Arroux, a tributary of the Loire. It is now in the department of Saône-et-Loire. The County had special importance because it lay on one of the routes from the south of the Frankish Kingdom to the heartlands of the Kingdom, and was often held by powerful men. Its importance was underlined in the early 860s when a revolt in the south, headed by Hunfrid, the Marquis of Gothia, threatened for a while to spill northwards. King Charles the Bald gave special powers to the Count of Autun in 863. Richard the Justiciar, who held the county from c.880, helped to prevent his brother Boso, who had been crowned King in 879, from advancing into the heart of the West Frankish Kingdom, and Boso became sidetracked. Richard built up a considerable principality, to meet the threat of Vikings from west and north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south. By the time of his death in 921 he was known as the Duke of the Burgundians. Whatever else was in or out of Burgundy thereafter, the Autunois belonged to the Duchy. The city of Autun is the seat of a Bishop, the most famous of whom was Talleyrand. The diocese has usually belonged to the province of Lyon. AUVERGNE (1) Former gouvernement; and (2) present Region in south central France. The valley of the northward flowing River Allier is the core of the region; the Monts du Forez and the Monts du Velay border it on the east (though in early medieval times the Velay was part of Auvergne); from the western and southern slopes of the Monts d'Auvergne flow the upper courses of rivers whose eventual outlet is the Gironde. The name came from the Arverni, one of the most important of the Gaulish tribes, whose chieftain, Vercingetorex, led the last major resistance to the Romans in 52 BC. Together with Berry, the Auvergne formed the Roman province of Aquitania Prima. It subsequently belonged to the Visigothic Kingdom and later still to the Frankish sub-kingdom of Aquitaine. Its Counts in the late 9th century, Bernard Plantevelue (i.e. Hairyfeet) and William the Pious, came from a family that had been powerful in the south - in Toulouse and Septimania - and in Burgundy - in Macon and Autun. In the 890s William became Duke of Aquitaine, though he remained powerful in southern Burgundy, where he founded the Abbey of Cluny in 910. He had no sons however and the nephews who succeeeded him lost control of most of the territories. From 927 the Counts of Toulouse and Poitiers struggled for control over Aquitaine in general and the Auvergne in particular. From 963 to 979 Count William Taillefer of Toulouse had the upper hand in the Auvergne, but he failed in the end, and the local Vicomte took the title of Count under the overlordship of the Count of Poitiers, who had by then become the unchallenged Duke of Aquitaine. The years of dispute and uncertainty had allowed the local lords to take much of the power for themselves, and the new line of Counts were never strong princes. One opportunity to expand, through marriage with the heiress of the County of Rouergue to the south, failed because the Countess died childless and the powerful Count of Toulouse had claims to Rouergue. Eventually the weak County broke up into four parts, the process beginning in the mid-12th century, when Count William VIII the Old, the uncle of Count William VII the Young, seized the County in 1155. A struggle began which ended, after arbitration in 1169, in the division of the County, the usurper keeping the greater part of it. The smaller portion became known as the Dauphiné of Auvergne, William VII's wife being of the family of the Dauphins of Vienne. Near the end of the century the two rulers were united in preferring the distant overlordship of the King of England as Duke of Aquitaine to the French King's growing interest in the region. Philip II, however, intervened in the Auvergne and in 1195 occupied part of the County, from which he did not withdraw. In 1199 he obliged the Dauphin to give up his rights in Montferrand and in the Velay on the upper Loire. A little later the Count, Guy II, quarrelled with his brother, the Bishop of Clermont, who had comital rights there. In 1213 the King intervened, and firmly established the Bishop's County of Clermont with lands from the County of Auvergne, the rest of which he confiscated. Only in 1224 was the Count restored to a small part of his lands; the King kept the rest, this royal Auvergne being called the Terre d'Auvergne. The diminished County held lands east of the Allier, with Vic-le-Comté as its capital. The son of the restored Count acquired the small and distant County of Boulogne in 1260 through his mother, and the two Counties remained together until 1419, by which time they were held by the La Tour family, lords of land in western Auvergne. The niece of the last Count, Catherine de Medici, married the future King of France, Henry II, and on her death in 1589 she bequeathed the County of Auvergne to her grandson, Charles de Valois, the bastard son of King Charles IX. He proved a troublemaker, and in 1606 was obliged to give the County to Queen Margot, the divorced wife of the King of France. In 1610 she gave it to her stepson, soon to be King Louis XIII. In 1651, as part of the price for getting royal control of the Principality of Sedan, Mazarin gave the County to the Duke of Bouillon, himself a cadet of the La Tour family; it remained with his successors until the Revolution. The Dauphiné of Auvergne held lands southeast and southwest of Issoire. In 1428 its heiress married Louis, younger son of the Duke of Bourbon, and himself Count of Montpensier, which was a small lordship in northern Auvergne. Although the Dauphine died childless, Louis's paternal grandmother was her aunt and would have been her heiress had she still been alive, so Louis kept the Dauphiné. His grandson (by his second marriage), the Constable Bourbon, was deprived of his lands in 1523-7, though Montpensier and the Dauphiné were restored in 1538 to his sister and her son, and only returned to the Crown in 1693, with the death of Anne, la Grande Mademoiselle. The County of Clermont was held by the Bishop until 1557, when Catherine de Medici, then Queen, managed through the use of law to reunite it with the County of Auvergne. The Terre d'Auvergne, the greater part of the province, was granted to Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis IX, in 1241, reverted to the Crown on his death in 1271, and was later granted by John II to his third son, John, Duke of Berry, as the Duchy of Auvergne. He died in 1416 and in 1425 the Duchy was granted to his daughter and her husband, the Duke of Bourbon, eventually passing to the future Constable Bourbon, as heir male and as the husband of the heiress of the previous Duke. Thus the Duchy and Dauphiné were reunited. They were confiscated as a result of his treason, and the Duchy stayed with the Crown. Auvergne was part of the gouvernement of Lyonnais until 1695, when it became the separate gouvernement of Auvergne. The généralité of Riom (originally at Issoire), formed in 1542, was very similar to the old province. Auvergne was subject to the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris. In 1790 the departments of Cantal (all), Puy-de-Dôme (most), Haute-Loire (half) and Allier (some) were formed from the lands of the gouvernement. The territory of these four departments formed the new Region of Auvergne in 1960, which comprised most of the old Auvergne and Bourbonnais plus the northern lands of Languedoc. AUXERRE Auxerrois (pays). County in central France; the city is on the River Yonne, southwest of Troyes and northwest of Dijon. The city was also the head of a diocese that belonged to the province of Sens and was abolished in 1790. Richard the Justiciar (d.921), first Duke of Burgundy, held the County, of which his father-in-law, the ancestor of the Kings of Burgundy, had been Count. A long struggle followed upon the the death of Duke Henry in 1002 between his nephew, King Robert II of France, and his stepson, Otto William, for the succession to the Duchy. Their rival supporters, the Bishop of Auxerre and the Count of Nevers, competed to seize Auxerre; in the final settlement the King granted Auxerre to the Count of Nevers, his rival's champion, and with that County it stayed for 250 years. In a settlement reached in 1273, the daughters of Countess Mahaut II, who had died in 1262, divided her counties among them, Auxerre going to Alix, the wife of John of Chalon, a descendant of Otto William. Their great-grandson, John IV, mentally unbalanced, sold the County for a song to King Charles V in 1372. It was occupied by the Burgundians in 1419 and ceded to the Duke in the settlement of 1435, returning to the Crown with the death of Charles the Rash in 1477. In the Ancien Régime, the Auxerrois formed the northwestern appendage to the gouvernement of Burgundy and généralité of Dijon; in 1790 Auxerre became capital of the Department of Yonne. AUXOIS Pays in Burgundy in east central France, and once a county. It gets its name from Alesia, the Gaulish city which was the scene of the victory of Caesar over Vercingetorex in 52 BC, and whose site is believed to be Mont Auxois northeast of Semur, which is now in the west of the Department of Côte d'Or. The district around Semur-en-Auxois came into the hands of the Duke of Burgundy in the 11th century. The rest of Auxois, the County of Grignon, was acquired by Duke Hugh II (1102-43) and given to a younger son, whose heiress reputedly precipitated her four husbands out of this world. From her daughters the Dukes of Burgundy reacquired their lands, piecemeal. AUXONNE Medieval county, on the borders of France, belonging to the Kingdom of Burgundy (the Empire from 1032), named after a town, which stands on the left bank of the River Saône, ESE of Dijon and west of Besançon, now in the Department of Côte d'Or. After the death of William IV, Count of Burgundy, in 1155, that County passed to his elder brother's daughter, Beatrice, who was the betrothed of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, while his son, Stephen II, was compensated with the County of Auxonne. In 1237 Stephen II's aged son, Stephen III, and grandson, John of Chalon, exchanged lands with the Duke of Burgundy, including Auxonne. There was one great advantage to the Dukes of Burgundy in their acquisition of this County that was legally, if not practically, within the Empire. It allowed the Dukes to evade the French royal ordinances forbidding the minting of coin: they minted it at Auxonne in the Empire instead. When the Capetian Dukes died out in 1361 King John the Good closed the Auxonne mint down and opened a royal mint in Dijon, the capital of the Duchy, but his son, Philip the Bold, the first Valois Duke of Burgundy, reopened the mint at Auxonne in 1378. After the death of the last Valois Duke in 1477 Auxonne was held by the King of France and this was accepted by Maximilian I, King of the Romans and widower of the Burgundian heiress, in the Treaty of Senlis, 1493. AVARS The Avars were a confederation of steppe peoples, a combination of the remnants of the Mongol Empire of Jouan-jouan, destroyed by the Turks in 552, and of the White Huns in central Asia, also defeated by the Turks. They joined forces and escaped from Asia into the steppes between the lower Danube and the Volga. They came into contact with the Byzantine Empire and for a while were paid a subsidy by the Empire to keep others away from its borders. But they themselves raided Thrace in 562 and a new Emperor in 565 was not interested in paying subsidies to one lot of barbarians to keep other barbarians out. So the Avars then helped the Lombards to overthrow the Gepids in 567, and moved into the Great Hungarian Plain between the Danube and the Tisza. Their continued raids made the Lombards feel so uneasy that they began to move towards northern Italy, leaving the Avars to settle in what now is Hungary and Slovakia, c.570. Nor were the Lombards alone in moving away to escape Avar raids. Other German tribes moved out of the lands east of the Elbe and out of Bohemia, their place being taken by Slavs, who were themselves moving out of their heartlands, which probably lay around the Pripet marshes. In the later 6th century, together with Slav tribes as subservient allies, the Avars attacked the Byzantine Empire in the Balkans. The high water mark of the Slav tide was to be found in the Peloponnese, but, though the Slavs could not sustain themselves so far south, their numbers were sufficient for them to become permanent settlers in much of the Balkans. Not so the Avars. They failed in an attempt to take Constantinople in 626, and after that most of the Slavs escaped from Avar domination. The Avars themselves became more sedentary in their Hungarian home. The 8th century saw the Frankish Kingdom in the west revive and recover control over local rulers in regions like Bavaria, thus bringing a powerful Kingdom to the western doorsteps of the Avar territory. In 788 Avars raided Bavaria; there were Frankish allegations of Avar alliance with Tassilo III, the Bavarian Duke deposed by Charlemagne in that year. True or false, they gave an opportunity for a series of campaigns. The first in 791 hit the Avars so hard that the expected counter-assault never came; the last, in 796, destroyed their defensive region near Belgrade and brought home much plunder. The Frankish Kingdom then advanced well into Pannonia to create an extensive March there. In 804 the surviving Avars were attacked by the vigorous Bulgarian Khanate that had established itself in the region of the lowest reaches of the Danube for more than a century. One group fled to Pannonia and settled there, paying tribute to the Frankish Kingdom. Other Avars came under the domination of the Turkic-speaking Bulgars. By the time the Magyars came to the Hungarian Plain in the late 9th century the Avars had petered out, absorbed into the peoples who lived around them. [There are people called Avars at the present time, living in the mountainous regions of southwestern Dagestan, the southernmost of all the Russian Republics, and in Azerbaijan. Their language is one of the Northeast Caucasus group, and serves as a written language for several of the mutually unintelligible spoken languages in the area. Whether there is any connection between them and the Avars of the Dark Ages is unknown]. AVEIRO Administrative district in northern Portugal with coastline on the Atlantic, south of Oporto. It was formed in 1833 from part of Beira province, and in the Salazarist era belonged to the province of Beira Littoral. The town and port of Aveiro stands on the lagoon at the mouth of the River Vouga. AVELLINO Apennine Province in southern Italy, belonging to the Campania region. The town of Avellino is in the west of the province, north of Salerno and east of Naples. The region belonged to the late Roman province of Samnium and later to the Lombard Principality of Salerno and to the Principate in the Kingdom of Naples. AVERSA A Norman County in southern Italy (the town is north of Naples), granted to the Norman leader Rainulf by Duke Sergius of Naples in 1030 and by the Emperor Conrad II in 1038. It thus appeared earlier than the Hauteville County in Apulia, which later absorbed it. Rainulf's nephew, Richard, became Prince of Capua in 1058. AVEYRON The Département de l'Aveyron (12) lies in the southwest of the Massif Central in south central France. The River Aveyron flows westwards through the middle of the department; the River Lot is in the north, the River Tarn in the south. The Aveyron was formed in 1790 from an area which had once been the medieval County of Rouergue but which then formed the easternmost area of the gouvernement of Guyenne & Gascony. Its westernmost districts were transferred to the new Department of Tarn-et-Garonne in 1808. In the Second World War the department was in unoccupied France 1040-2, and thereafter under German occupation. In 1941 the Vichy government placed it under the Regional Prefect at Montpellier for police and economic matters. Since 1960 it has been in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Rodez is its capital and the seat of its Bishop. The sub-prefectures of the other arrondissements are or have been Millau (in the southeast) and Villefranche-de-Rouergue (in the west). Espalion (in the northeast) and Saint-Affrique (south) were also sub-prefectures until 1926. AVIGNON (1) Medieval County around the city of Avignon, which stands on the River Rhône in Provence in southeastern France; and (2) a Bishopric and Archbishopric. (1) Avignon was a Roman city (Avenio), which later belonged to the Middle Kingdom of the Emperor Lothar (843), to the Kingdom of Provence, and to the united Kingdom of Burgundy (933). In that Kingdom, Provence was an important county, which was quite often held jointly by brothers. Avignon was usually a residence of one of the Counts. Later the County of Provence became partitioned among heirs, but the city and county of Avignon remained united and were jointly held by the two or three Counts. This system was still operating in the third quarter of the 13th century when two brothers of Louis IX, Alphonse and Charles were respectively Marquis and Count of Provence, both by marriage with the heiresses. They both held Avignon. It was in 1291 that King Philip IV the Fair, who had succeeded to the Marquisate, ceded his rights to his cousin, King Charles II of Naples. Earlier Avignon had actually been held for a time from 1226 by a Papal legate, after the city, besieged by King Louis VIII, had surrendered on terms, but this arrangement had provoked the intervention of the Emperor Frederick II, in whose Kingdom of Burgundy Avignon lay, and Avignon had then reverted to being jointly held by the Count and Marquis of Provence. In 1309 the Papal connection was resumed when Pope Clement V, who held the neighbouring Comtat Venaissin, took up residence in Avignon. The city was bought from the impoverished Queen Joanna of Naples, the ruler of Provence, by the Pope in 1348. The Babylonish Captivity of the Church came to an end in 1376, and the Pope returned to Rome, but by 1379 there were two Popes, and the French-favoured Pontiff, Clement VII, returned to Avignon. The Great Schism lasted until 1417. Avignon remained Papal territory, as did the Comtat Venaissin, until 1791, when both were annexed by revolutionary France and in 1793 became the larger part of the Department of Vaucluse, of which Avignon is capital. (2) The diocese of Avignon was an ancient one and was long part of the province of Arles, including the period when the Popes resided in the city. In 1475 Pope Sixtus IV detached it and the other dioceses in his possession in the Comtat Venaissin (Carpentras, Vaison and Cavaillon) to form the province of Avignon. In 1793, with the Papal territory annexed by France and transformed into the Département of Vaucluse, Avignon, reduced to a Bishopric, became the diocese for the department. In 1822 the diocese was again headed by an Archbishop, whose province included the dioceses of Montpellier, Nîmes, Viviers and Valence. ÁVILA Province (AV) in central Spain, west of Madrid, which was formed in the 18th century from Old Castile and and now belongs to the autonomous community of Castilla y León. The south of the province is mountainous, the north belongs to the meseta. It is named after its capital, which is northwest of Madrid and was once a Roman settlement, Avela or Abula. It lay in the vast region north and south of the River Duero in which Alfonso I of the Asturias (739-57) destroyed fortifications and withdrew the populations into his own Kingdom. The region to the south of the Duero was still largely devoid of urban population when Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile took Toledo in 1085. He decided to repopulate the region to back up Toledo and to provide defence if it was taken. It was around the turn of the century that the restored town took shape, standing on a hill rising from the River Adaja, beside its confluence with a smaller river, its defences later enhanced by the building of massive walls which still stand. In this region the people who were encouraged to come were the tough and the belligerent. The town charters laid down the military duties expected. The militia of Ávila in 1158 raided deep into Moslem territory, reaching as far as Seville; in 1173 another Andalusian cattle- and sheep-rustling raid caused much bother, though the raiders did not get away with their gains, being defeated in La Mancha. The full name of the city reflects this past, Ávila de los Caballeros. Ávila lay in what had been the Kingdom of León but in the partition between the sons of Alfonso VII in 1157 it was included in the elder son's Kingdom of Castile and thus became part of the region later called Old Castile. The town is the seat of a Bishop. AVIZ AVIS. (1) Portuguese religious military order; and (2) royal dynasty. A military Order, the Knights of Évora, was founded in 1166 to defend that city, recently taken from the Moors but threatened by the revival of Moslem Spain under the Almohads. The Knights became the Portuguese branch of the Order of Calatrava. They moved to Aviz, north of Évora, c.1212 and became independent of Calatrava as the Order of Aviz. King Manoel (1495-1521) decreed that the Grand Master of the Order should be the King or a close relative; his son John III attached the office to the Crown in 1551. John, the Master of Aviz and ancestor of Manoel and John III, was the bastard brother of King Ferdinand, who died in 1383. John of Aviz led the Portuguese resistance to John I of Castile, Ferdinand's son-in-law, and became King himself in 1385, reigning until 1433. His male heirs were Kings of Portugal until 1580, when the male line of the House of Aviz was extinguished. AVON County in the west of England formed in 1974. It took its name from the river on which the cities of Bath and Bristol stand. Besides Bristol and Bath, which had been county boroughs before 1974, the County also included southern Gloucestershire and northern Somerset. Avon was completely abolished in 1996. In its place were the four new unitary authorities of Bath & North-East Somerset, Bristol, North-West Somerset, and South Gloucestershire. The ceremonial duties of the Lord Lieutenant were divided between the Lord Lieutenants of Somerset and Gloucestershire and the newly created Lord Lieutenant of Bristol. AYDIN Or Aidan; anciently Talles. City in southwestern Turkey, on the River Menderes, southeast of ãzmir (Smyrna), and the capital of (1) a Turkish Emirate; and (2) a modern province. The Emirate of Aydin was one of several Turkish ghazi principalities in western Anatolia, which emerged in the early 14th century, just as the Mongol Ilkhanate, the great power in the region, which was centred on Iran and Iraq, was beginning to break up. The ghazi rulers were committed to fighting the infidel and between them they eventually drove the Byzantine Empire out of Asia. The Aydin Emirate was founded in 1308 and during the reign of its second ruler, Umar I, in particular, inflicted much damage on the Christian cause, not only in Anatolia but, because Umar had a navy, in the Aegean islands and on the European mainland as well. So dangerous a ruler called forth a vigorous Christian response and in 1344 Christian crusaders seized Umar's great port of Smyrna. Umar died in 1348, and as it turned out it was not his family but one that in his day seemed much less significant, the Ottomans, who were to establish a great Turkish Empire. In 1390 the Aydin Emirate fell to the Ottomans, but the disaster of the Ottoman defeat by Tamerlane in 1402 allowed the temporary reappearance of the Aydin Emirate. In 1425 it fell forever. The present-day Turkish province of Aydin occupies the lower valley of the River Menderes. ÁYION ÓROS See MOUNT ATHOS. AYRSHIRE County in southwestern Scotland, with shores on the Firth of Clyde. The Sheriff at Ayr, who first appeared in the reign of William the Lion (certainly by 1207, possibly by 1197), had jurisdiction over the districts of Cunningham, Kyle and Carrick. Ayrshire was the 7th largest county in Scotland before 1975, and the largest south of the Forth-Clyde valley. It was 5th in population. In 1975 Ayrshire became a part of the Strathclyde region and was distributed among four administrative districts. Among the new unitary authorities created after the abolition of the regions and districts in 1996 were North Ayrshire (formerly the Cunningham district), East Ayrshire (formerly the Cumnock & Doon Valley and the Kilmarnock & Loudoun districts) and South Ayrshire (formerly the Kyle & Carrick district). Since 1975 the Lord Lieutenant has been responsible for Ayrshire & Arran (the island of Arran was in Buteshire before 1975, then became part of the district of Cunningham - now the unitary authority of North Ayrshire). AZERBAIJAN Region extending southwards from the southeastern end of the Caucasus Mountains and lying west of the southern third of the Caspian Sea. It is now divided between the Republic of Azerbaijan (once a Soviet republic) and the Iranian provinces of West and East Azerbaijan, whose capitals are Rezaiyeh and Tabriz respectively. The north of the region was once called Albania and the south Atropatene, after Atropates, a military man who carved out a principality for himself in the confusion that followed the death of Alexander the Great. Azerbaijan is said to derive from his name, but this is not universally agreed. Usually Iran's influence was strong in the region, even when it did not directly rule in Azerbaijan. The Arab conquest in the 8th century left a permanent mark: the people became Moslems. In the 16th-18th centuries the Ottoman Empire disputed the region with Persia. Peter the Great was the first Russian ruler to make Russia's presence felt in the region. From 1723, near the end of his reign, until 1732, Russia held the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea, but after Russian withdrawal in 1732 it was not until the end of the century that Russian and Iranian interests clashed again in the Caucasian region. Both sought to exploit decaying Georgia, but in 1801 it was the Russians who took control there. In 1804 the Gandzha district, bordering on eastern Georgia, fell to Russia. In 1805 the Khanate of Shirvan, on the lowest stretches of the River Kura, and that part of the Khanate of Karabakh which lay between the Rivers Kura and Araks were annexed. In 1806 the northern lands of Karabakh and the coastal lands from Derbent to Baku were added, whilst in 1813 Russia reached its southernmost limit when it acquired the Khanate of Tarish. The region formed the province of Baku in Tsarist Russia. Persian Armenia and the Khanate of Nakhichevan were added to Russia in 1828 and became the province of Erevan. In 1917 Azerbaijan became part of the Transcaucasian Republic, but increasing Turkish intervention broke that Republic up and Azerbaijan became a separate Republic in May 1918. The British intervened in Baku in 1918 but withdrew at the end of 1919, and in May 1920 Soviet forces entered Azerbaijan, which became a Soviet Republic. In 1922 it became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic in the new Soviet Union. In 1936, when the USSR was re-formed, the Azerbaijani SSR became a member of the Union. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic belonged to the Azerbaijani SSR. Though it was physically separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by Armenian territory, it shared Azerbaijan's Turkic-Tartar nationality and its Islamic faith. Within the main body of Azerbaijan Nagorno Karabakh formed an autonomous region. Its people were mostly Armenian and Christian. Iranian Azerbaijan was occupied by Soviet troops in 1941. Difficulties over Soviet withdrawal and the attempts by the Tudeh (i.e.Communist) Party in Azerbaijan to keep control led in 1946 to one of the first crises of the cold war. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 Azerbaijan became an independent Republic, but it was already engaged in a bitter and violent dispute with Armenia over Nagorno Karabakh and its early years were ones of war and impoverishment. A ceasefire has existed since 1994 but the dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan has not yet been resolved. AZORES AÇORES. Island archipelago, Ilhas dos Açores (the islands of the hawks), in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal and lying some 750-1000 miles west of the mainland. The nine largest islands belong to three groups. Five of them lie in a central group, separated by about a hundred miles from the southeastern islands, the most populous group of the three, and by about 150 miles from the northwestern group. The existence of the islands was known in the 14th century. They were explored in the 1420s and 1430s, and began to be settled by the Portuguese at the end of the 1430s. There was also an influx of Flemings after 1466 when the island of Faial was given to Isabella of Portugal, wife of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. The islands are divided into three adminstrative districts, each named after their capitals. The southeastern islands (Sào Miguel and Santa Maria) form the district of Ponta Delgada. The district of Angra do Heroismo consists of the eastern islands of the central group (Teceira, Sào Jorge, and Graciosa), while the western islands of that group (Faial and Pico) are joined with the northwestern islands (Flores and Corvo) to form the district of Horta. Horta only has some 20,000 people as opposed to Ponta Delgada's 130,000. The islands as a whole became an Autonomous Region in 1976, with its own parliament and executive. Ponta Delgada is the capital. AZOV 18th century Russian province, named after a town on the outflow of the River Don into the Sea of Azov, the northeastern arm of the Black Sea. The original settlement, the Greek Tanais, was not far away. The Grand Duchy of Kiev extended its influence to the Don region in the 960s, but the Pechenegs, a Turkic people, soon dominated the steppes. The Tatars who controlled the steppes and the coastlands from the mid-13th century were encouragers of trade. Italian traders flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries, particularly the Genoese, who had a depot in Azov, which they called Tana. At the end of the 14th century the violent eruption of Tamurlane's armies from central Asia badly damaged trade and confidence, and in the 15th century the Ottoman Turks increasingly intervened. In 1475 they made the Crimean Tatars, who controlled Azov (Asif in Turkish), subservient to them and the European traders ceased to function. In 1637 the Cossacks seized Azov from the Tatars, but an appeal to the Russian Tsar to take the city over was rejected and they withdrew. The Russians under Peter the Great held Azov 1696-1711. Peter the Great even named a province after it. The province included the area on the middle and upper Don, and it continued to be called Azov even after the withdrawal from the city until reality induced its renaming as Voronezh in 1725. The town of Azov finally became Russian in 1736, though by a Treaty of 1739, Russia could not fortify it or have naval vessels there. Only in 1774 was this prohibition removed; but Azov, which was not ice-free, was increasingly unimportant as Russia acquired more Black Sea lands, and its harbour gradually silted up. Azov is now in the Rostov region, Rostov having long overtaken it in importance.	i don't know
Which boxer did Mike Tyson defeat in 1986 to win his first professional world title?	Mike Tyson - boxing Topics - ESPN Personal Mike Tyson is a retired boxer and a former WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight champion. In his 58-fight career, Tyson won 50 of those matches, 44 of them by KO. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2011. However, Tyson's career and life were not without controversy. The boxer served three years in prison in the 1990s after being found guilty of rape and returned to jail for a shorter sentence on assault charges in 1999. He also raised eyebrows in the ring -- perhaps his most famous fight involved Tyson biting the ear of opponent Evander Holyfield so severely that a piece of it detached. Since his retirement, Tyson has struggled financially but, in recent years, has staged a comeback in pop culture, thanks to popular video games and cameos in movies and television. Michael Gerard Tyson was born June 30, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York, to Lorna Tyson and Jimmy Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick left the family when Tyson was 2, leaving his mother as the sole caregiver for him and his two siblings. The family struggled financially and eventually moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, a high-crime area of the city. Tyson was bullied as a child, and he joined a gang -- the Jolly Stompers -- to protect himself and join in the popular street-fighting of the neighborhood. At 11, Tyson was robbing convenience stores while other gang members held the clerks at gunpoint. By his 13th birthday, Tyson had been arrested more than 30 times over his petty criminal activities. Due to his bad behavior, Tyson was sent to the Tryon School for Boys, a reform school upstate. Tyson's counselor at the school was Bob Stewart, an amateur boxing champion. In exchange for Tyson's promise of good behavior and schoolwork, Stewart agreed to teach the boy to box. His schoolwork improved exponentially, and he exceled at the sport, often sneaking out of bed to practice after curfew. In 1979, Stewart introduced Tyson to Cus D'Amato, a boxing coach who owned a gym in Catskill, N.Y. Tyson and D'Amato became extremely close as he coached the young boxer and, after Tyson was paroled from Tryon in 1980, D'Amato became his legal guardian. Tyson lived and worked with D'Amato on his boxing while attending Catskill High School. But two years later, Tyson was expelled from the school. That same year, his mother had died of cancer, before Tyson ever really had a chance to get to know her, he said later. He worked with private tutors after being expelled while he kept working on his boxing, hoping to qualify for the 1984 Olympic trials. He competed in the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, winning the gold medal twice -- and winning every bout by a knockout. Though Tyson failed to make the 1984 Olympic team, D'Amato decided that it was time for him to turn professional, at only 18 years old. Mike Tyson made his professional debut on March 6, 1985, in a fight against Hector Mercedes in Albany, N.Y. The 18-year-old boxer knocked out Mercedes in just one round. Later that year, though, Tyson was rocked by the death of D'Amato, who died of pneumonia. His training was taken over by Kevin Rooney, D'Amato's assistant, and he continued boxing less than two weeks after D'Amato's death. His next fight -- yet another knockout, his 13th was dedicated to D'Amato's memory. By the time he was 20, Tyson had a 22-0 record, 21 of those fights won by KO. A year after his mentor died, in 1986, Tyson was given the chance they both had worked for: his first championship fight, against Trevor Berbick. In just the second round, Tyson knocked out Berbick and won the World Boxing Council heavyweight championship. He also became the youngest heavyweight champion in history, at just 20 years and four months. Though Tyson continued to win -- defending his title against James Smith in 1987 -- and added the World Boxing Association title to his resume. When he won the International Boxing Federation heavyweight title on Aug. 1 of that year, he became the first heavyweight boxer to unite the three titles. In 1988, Tyson still had not lost a match, though it seemed that his dominance was perhaps beginning to fade. He signed on with Don King, a famous boxing promoter. At the same time, his marriage was ending, he fired longtime trainer Kevin Rooney, and his focus was being taken out of the ring. Tyson broke a bone in his hand after a brawl in August 1988, and, just a month later, was knocked unconscious after driving into a tree at D'Amato's home -- an act some tabloids claimed was a suicide attempt. In 1989, Tyson fought only two professional matches -- both to defend his heavyweight titles. But his winning streak came to an end on Feb. 11, 1990, against Buster Douglas. Tyson, with a 37-0 record, was the clear favorite, and even had knocked Douglas down to the mat in the eighth round. But 35 seconds into the 10th round, Douglas knocked out Tyson -- the first time he ever had hit the mat in his career -- and the defending champ was counted out. That fight remains one of the most shocking upsets in modern sports. Tyson redeemed himself with a win against Olympic gold medalist Henry Tillman, whom Tyson had fought often as an amateur, later that year. He knocked out Tillman in the first round and followed that fight with a TKO in the first round against Alex Stewart later that year. He fought two more bouts, both against Dominic Ruddock, before his life changed tremendously. In 1992, Tyson was found guilty of rape and sent to prison for a six-year sentence. He entered the Indiana Youth Center in April 1992 and served three years, being released in March 1995. Already Tyson was planning his return to boxing. His comeback bout was against Peter McNeeley in August -- and Tyson won by DQ after knocking out Mc Neeley only 89 seconds into the match. He regained the WBC title from Frank Bruno in March 1996, and he earned the WBA title in September. But Tyson's first real challenge since leaving prison came later that year. In November, he faced Evander Holyfield, one of the only boxers who could claim as much fame as Tyson, for the WBA belt. Holyfield, having recently returned from retirement, was not given much of a chance in the fight, but he surprised many by defeating Tyson by TKO in the 11th round. The bout was not without controversy, though -- Tyson's camp accused Holyfield of numerous headbutts during the bout, though they were ruled accidental by the referee. They proved important six months later, though, when Tyson and Holyfield met for a rematch. That bout set numerous records for viewership and money -- Tyson was paid $30 million and Holyfield $35 million for the fight, the largest purses ever, and a record 1.99 million households purchased the PPV showing of the fight. The ensuing fight would become one of the most controversial events in sports. Tyson bit Holyfield on the ear in the third round, pausing the match and causing the referee to deduct him two points. When the match resumed, though, Tyson did it again -- this time severely enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear (it was found on the ring floor after the fight). Tyson was disqualified immediately, and Holyfield won the fight. Tyson said he did it because Holyfield had gotten away with so many headbutts without punishment. Two days after the fight, Tyson issued a statement apologizing to Holyfield and asking not to be banned for life. The Nevada State Athletic Commission already had withheld $3 million from his purse. On July 9, the commission also rescinded Tyson's boxing license. He was unable to box for more than a year, before the commission restored his license on Oct. 18, 1998. Tyson made yet another comeback in a match in January 1999 against Francois Botha, another controversial and ill-tempered match that Tyson eventually won. Just a month later, Tyson returned to jail, this time on assault charges, for nine months. He returned with a no-contest decision in his first match, but won two of three of his 2000 bouts, both by TKO, before finishing with another no-contest -- despite an initial win in that last bout, the result was changed after Tyson tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test. In his only match in 2001, Tyson earned a seventh-round TKO against Brian Nielsen. In a fight for the heavyweight title against Lennox Lewis in 2002, Tyson suffered only the fourth loss of his career. There was plenty of bad blood in that match -- Tyson had delivered plenty of trash talk before the match, and the fighters had been involved in a brawl at a press conference several months before the fight. Tyson lost that fight in the eighth round, suffering only his second knockout ever. He would win only one more fight in his career after that bout against Lewis. His next fight, against Clifford Etienne, gave Tyson a KO in the first round, but he lost his next two matches -- by KO or TKO -- before declaring his retirement in late 2005. In his final match, one most considered extremely winnable, against Kevin McBride, Tyson failed to come out after the seventh round and retired after the fight, saying that his heart was no longer in the sport. Mike Tyson was in trouble with the law from an early age. While serving in a gang in Brooklyn as a child, Tyson was arrested 38 times by the age of 13. But his more serious accusations came later. In 1988, Tyson was accused of spousal abuse by his wife, Robin Givens, and, at one point, the police were called to his home when he began throwing furniture out the window and tried to force his wife and her mother out of the house. His wife eventually filed for divorce, and Tyson counterfiled. In August 1988, Tyson was involved in a street brawl late at night against another professional fighter, Mitch Green. He broke a bone in his hand and, several years later, was forced to pay Green $45,000 for the incident. Just a month later, Tyson was knocked unconscious after driving his car into a tree -- some tabloids claimed the act was a suicide attempt brought on by drug abuse. He was fined for the incident and sentenced with community service. Later that year, Tyson was sued for inappropriate behavior with two women he met at a nightclub, Sandra Miller and Lori Davis. Both accused Tyson of forcefully grabbing them and insulting them incessantly. On Nov. 1, 1990, a New York jury sided with Miller in the case, forcing Tyson to pay her. His most serious accusations arose a year later, when Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington in July 1991. Tyson's defense argued that the relations with Washington were consensual, but some believe that Tyson's defensive and hostile behavior on the stand helped lead to his conviction. Tyson was found guilty on Feb. 10, 1992, and, after an appeal by his lawyers was denied, was sentenced on March 26. Tyson received a 10-year sentence: six years in prison, and four years on probation. Tyson entered the Indiana Youth Center in April 1992. He added 15 days to his sentence after threatening a guard just after entering prison, but eventually was released after serving three years. Tyson was released from prison on March 25, 1995. But the boxer was back in court a few years later -- this time on civil charges. Tyson filed a $100 million lawsuit against Don King, accusing him of cheating Tyson out of millions. He also sued his former managers for their part in his relations with King. King and Tyson eventually settled out of court for $14 million, though Tyson allegedly lost millions in the process. In July 1998, Tyson was back in trouble. He assaulted two motorists after a car accident dented his Mercedes. Just a few months after his boxing license was reinstated, Tyson was back in court, and he pleaded no contest for the assault. He was sentenced to four years for the assault, but was given one year of jail time, a $5,000 fine and 200 hours of community services. He served nine months starting in February 1999. When he got out, Tyson faced more rape allegations in 2001, from an acquaintance in San Bernardino, Calif. The San Bernardino District Attorney eventually decided not to file charges, citing a lack of evidence. Despite his large purses during his boxing career, Tyson was forced to file for bankruptcy in 2003. He said his finances were "destitute" thanks to lavish spending during his career. In the same year, Tyson pleaded not guilty to misdemeanor assault charges after a fight in a Brooklyn Hotel in June. He sought to have the charges dismissed, claiming self-defense after the men threatened him with a gun. Eventually, in February 2004, Tyson agreed to a plea deal: The boxer would plead guilty to disorderly conduct and would do community service and receive counseling, and he would avoid jail time. On Dec. 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested again -- this time in Scottsdale, Ariz., on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession. Tyson had crashed into a police SUV after leaving a nightclub and, according to a police report, told the responding officer that he had used drugs and that he was an addict. He pleaded not guilty in January 2007 before checking himself into a treatment program for addictions. On Sept. 24, 2007, Tyson returned to court and pleaded guilty to cocaine possession and DUI. He was convicted in November 2007 and, despite prosecutors asking for a year-long sentence, was sentenced to 24 hours in jail, 360 hours of community service and three years' probation. Tyson was arrested in November 2009 after getting into a fight with a photographer at Los Angeles International Airport, but no charges were filed. Mike Tyson has been married three times, and he has eight children, by several women. Tyson's first marriage was to actress Robin Givens, whom he married in February 1988. That marriage lasted barely over a year and was filled with accusations of spousal abuse and violence. Givens and Tyson appeared on 20/20 just a few months after their marriage, where Givens accused him of being manic depressive and described her life with him as "pure hell." Eight months into their marriage -- and one month after that interview -- Givens filed for divorce. Tyson countersued, and the couple eventually parted in February 1989. Tyson's second wife was Monica Turner, whom he married in April 1997. They had two children together, Rayna and Amir. Tyson filed for divorce in 2002, claiming that he had committed adultery during their marriage. They divorced officially in 2003. Tyson's third and current wife is Lakiha Spicer, 11 years his junior. They married in June 2009 in Las Vegas. The couple have two children, Milan (born in 2008) and Morocco (born in 2011). Tyson has had four other children: Mikey (born 1990), D'Amato (born in 1990 and named after his coach and father figure), Miguel (born in 2002) and Exodus (2005-09). His 4-year-old daughter Exodus was killed in a freak accident in 2009 when she was tangled in the cord of a treadmill. Her older brother found her, and her mother did CPR, but the child died in the hospital the next day. Tyson married Spicer 10 days after his daughter's death. While he was in prison on rape charges, Tyson converted to Islam, influenced by a Muslim professor in the jail. He took on the Muslim name of Malik Abdul Aziz. In July 2010, Tyson took a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia to visit Mecca. Tyson in popular culture While Tyson was fighting in the 1980s and 1990s, he was one of the most recognizable sports figures in the world. He made cameos in several popular TV shows and movies. In 1998, while Tyson was banned from boxing after his fight with Evander Holyfield, he hosted and served as the special outside enforcer for WrestleMania XIV. One of Tyson's most famous cameos in recent years was in the popular 2009 film, "The Hangover," in which he played himself, living in Las Vegas with a pet tiger. He also appears in the movie's sequel, "The Hangover II," which became the highest grossing comedy opening weekend ever. A documentary on Tyson was released in 2008, entitled "Tyson." The movie received huge critical acclaim -- and a 10-minute standing ovation -- at the Cannes film festival, where it was first screened. The film was directed by James Toback and follows Tyson's journey from teenager to boxing champ, to prison and back. In March 2011, Tyson starred in a new Animal Planet show called "Taking on Tyson," which featured his long love for raising pigeons. It features Tyson's breeding and raising pigeons, as well as his first forays into racing the birds. Tyson partnered with Nintendo to release a series of video games, Mike Tyson's Punch Out! The first game was released in 1987 for the NES. In 2011, the game was released for the iPhone. In 2003, Tyson hired tattoo artist S. Victor Whitmill to create a tribal pattern on his face. The tattoo, which spans Tyson's forehead down to his cheek and around his eye, has become well-known and is one of Tyson's trademarks. In "The Hangover II," one of the main characters gets the same tattoo on his face and, weeks before the release of the movie, Whitmill sued its creators for copyright infringement, claiming he put out a copyright on the design of the tattoo. The lawsuit still is pending. VIDEO RESULTS FOR MIKE TYSON	Trevor Berbick
Theravada and Malayana are the 2 main schools of which religion?	Mike Tyson - Boxer - Biography.com Mike Tyson Mike Tyson is a former heavyweight boxing champion who's served jail time and appeared in several films. IN THESE GROUPS » quotes “I'm a dreamer. I have to dream and reach for the stars, and if I miss a star then I grab a handful of clouds.” “I'm a good guy, I'm a good brother. There's nothing wrong with me. Just don't push me too far, you know.” “When I fight someone, I want to break his will. I want to take his manhood. I want to rip out his heart and show it to him.” Mike Tyson Mike Tyson - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:02) A short biography of Mike Tyson, the undisputed heavyweight champion, known for his intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior. In 1997, he made headlines for biting Evander Holyfield's ear during a rematch. Synopsis Born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 30, 1966, Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight boxing champion of the world in 1986, at age 20. He lost the title in 1990 and later served three years in prison over rape charges. He subsequently earned further notoriety by biting Evander Holyfield 's ear during a rematch in 1997. Tyson has gone on to appear in several films, including a documentary and Broadway show on his life. Early Life Michael Gerard Tyson was born on June 30, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York, to parents Jimmy Kirkpatrick and Lorna Tyson. When Michael was two years old his father abandoned the family, leaving Lorna to care for Michael and his two siblings, Rodney and Denise. Struggling financially, the Tyson family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, a neighborhood known for its high crime. Small and shy, Tyson was often the target of bullying. To combat this, he began developing his own style of street fighting, which ultimately transitioned into criminal activity. His gang, known as the Jolly Stompers, assigned him to clean out cash registers while older members held victims at gunpoint. He was only 11 years old at the time. He frequently ran into trouble with police over his petty criminal activities, and by the age of 13, he had been arrested more than 30 times. Tyson's bad behavior landed him in the Tryon School for Boys, a reform school in upstate New York. At Tryon, Tyson met counselor Bob Stewart, who had been an amateur boxing champion. Tyson wanted Stewart to teach him how to use his fists. Stewart reluctantly agreed, on the condition that Mike would stay out of trouble and work harder in school. Previously classified as learning disabled, Mike managed to raise his reading abilities to the seventh-grade level in a matter of months. He also became determined to learn everything he could about boxing, often slipping out of bed after curfew to practice punches in the dark. In 1980, Stewart felt he had taught Tyson all he knew. He introduced the aspiring boxer to legendary boxing manager Constantine "Cus" D'Amato, who had a gym in Catskill, New York. D'Amato was known for taking personal interest in promising fighters, even providing them room and board in the home he shared with companion Camille Ewald. He had handled the careers of several successful boxers, including Floyd Patterson and Jose Torres, and he immediately recognized Tyson's promise as a heavyweight contender, telling him, "If you want to stay here, and if you want to listen, you could be the world heavyweight champion someday." Tyson agreed to stay. The relationship between D'Amato and Tyson was more than that of a professional trainer and a boxer—it was also one of a father and son. D'Amato took Tyson under his wing, and when the 14-year-old was paroled from Tryon in September 1980, he entered into D'Amato's full-time custody. D'Amato set a rigorous training schedule for the young athlete, sending him to Catskill High School during the day and training in the ring every evening. D'Amato also entered Tyson in amateur boxing matches and "smokers," or non-sanctioned fights, in order to teach the teen how to deal with older opponents. Tyson's life seemed to be looking up, but in 1982, he suffered several personal losses. That year, Tyson's mother died of cancer. "I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something," he later told reporters. "She only knew of me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally." Around this same time, Tyson was expelled from Catskill High for his erratic, often violent behavior. Tyson continued his schooling through private tutors while he trained for the 1984 Olympic trials. Tyson's showing in the trials, however, did not promise great success; he lost to the eventual gold medalist, Henry Tillman. After failing to make the Olympic team, D'Amato decided that it was time for his fighter to turn professional. The trainer conceived a game plan that would result in breaking the heavyweight championship for Tyson before the young man's 21st birthday, breaking the record originally set by Floyd Patterson. Early Career On March 6, 1985, Tyson made his professional debut in Albany, New York, against Hector Mercedes. The 18-year-old knocked Mercedes out in one round. Tyson's strength, quick fists and his notable defensive abilities intimidated his opponents, who were often afraid to hit the fighter. This gave Tyson the uncanny ability to level his opponents in only one round, and earned him the nickname "Iron Mike." The year was a successful one for Tyson, but it was not without its tragedies. On November 4, 1985, D'Amato died of pneumonia. Tyson was rocked by the death of the man he considered his surrogate father. Boxing trainer Kevin Rooney took over D'Amato's coaching duties and, less than two weeks later, Tyson continued on the path that D'Amato had laid out for him. He recorded his thirteenth knockout in Houston, Texas, and dedicated the fight to D'Amato. Although he seemed to recover well from D'Amato's passing, those close to Tyson say that the boxer never fully recovered from the loss. Many attributed the boxer's future behavior to the loss of the man that had previously grounded and supported him. By 1986, at the age of 20, Tyson had garnered a 22-0 record—21 of the fights won by knockout. On November 22, 1986, Tyson finally reached his goal: He was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by a knockout in the second round. At the age of 20 years and four months, he beat Patterson's record, becoming the youngest heavyweight champion in history. Tyson's success in the ring didn't stop there. He defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, adding the World Boxing Association championship to his list of victories. On August 1 he became the first heavyweight to own all three major boxing belts when he won the International Boxing Federation title from Tony Tucker. Marriage and Arrests Tyson's rise from childhood delinquent to boxing champ put him at the center of the media's attentions. Met with sudden fame, Tyson began partying hard and stepping out with various Hollywood stars. Around this time, Tyson set his sights on television actress Robin Givens. The couple began dating, and on February 7, 1988, he and Givens married in New York. But Tyson's game seemed to be on the decline, and after several close calls in the ring, it became clear that the boxer's edge was slipping. Once known for his complicated offensive and defensive moves, Tyson seemed to continually rely on his one-punch knockout move to finish his bouts. The boxer blamed his long-time trainer, Rooney, for his struggle in the ring and fired him in mid 1988. As his game was falling apart, so was Tyson's marriage to Givens. Allegations of spousal abuse began to surface in the media in June of 1988, and Givens and her mother demanded access to Tyson's money for a down payment on a $3 million home in New Jersey. That same year, police were called to Tyson's home after he began throwing furniture out of the window and forced Givens and her mother to leave the home. That summer, Tyson also found himself in court with manager Bill Cayton, in an effort to break their contract. By July 1988, Cayton had settled out of court, agreeing to reduce his share from one-third to 20 percent of Tyson's purses. Soon after, Tyson struck up a partnership with boxing promoter Don King. The move seemed like a step in the right direction for the boxer, but his life was spiraling out of control both in and out of the ring. Tyson's behavior during this time became increasingly violent and erratic. In August 1988, he broke a bone in his right hand after a 4 a.m. street brawl with professional fighter Mitch Green. The next month, Tyson was knocked unconscious after driving his BMW into a tree at D'Amato's home. Tabloids later claimed the accident was a suicide attempt brought on from excessive drug use. He was fined $200 and sentenced to community service for speeding. Later that September, Givens and Tyson appeared in an interview with Barbara Walters in which Givens described her marriage as "pure hell." Shortly thereafter, she announced that she was filing for divorce. Tyson countersued for a divorce and an annulment, beginning an ugly months-long court process. This was just the beginning of Tyson's struggles with women. In late 1988, Tyson was sued for his inappropriate attentions toward two nightclub patrons, Sandra Miller and Lori Davis. The women sued Tyson for allegedly forcefully grabbing, propositioning and insulting them while out dancing. On February 14, 1989, Tyson's split with Givens became official. Imprisonment and Return to Boxing Tyson stepped back into the ring with British boxer Frank Bruno in an effort to retain his world heavyweight title. Tyson went on to knock out Bruno in the fifth round, and keep his status as world champ. On July 21, 1989, Tyson defended his title again, knocking out Carl "The Truth" Williams in one round. Tyson's winning streak came to an end on February 11, 1990, however, when he lost his championship belt to boxer Buster Douglas in Tokyo, Japan. Tyson, the clear favorite, sent Douglas to the mat in the eighth round, but Douglas came back in the tenth, knocking Tyson out for the first time in his career. Discouraged but not ready to give up, Tyson recovered by knocking out Olympic gold medalist—and former amateur boxing adversary—Henry Tillman later that year. In another bout, he defeated Alex Stewart by a knockout in the first round. But Tyson lost his fight in court on November 1, 1990, when a New York City civil jury sided with Sandra Miller for the barroom incident of 1988. Then in July of 1991, Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a Miss Black American contestant. On March 26, 1992, after nearly a year of trial proceedings, Tyson was found guilty on one count of rape and two counts of deviant sexual conduct. Because of Indiana state laws, Tyson was ordered to serve six years in prison, effective immediately. Tyson initially handled his stint in prison poorly, and was found guilty of threatening a guard while in prison, adding 15 days to his sentence. That same year, Tyson's father died. The boxer didn't request leave to attend the funeral. While imprisoned, Tyson converted to Islam, and adopted the name Malik Abdul Aziz. On March 25, 1995, after serving three years of his sentence, Tyson was released from the Indiana Youth Center near Plainfield, Indiana. Already planning his comeback, Tyson arranged his next fight with Peter McNeeley in Las Vegas, Nevada. On August 19, 1995, Tyson won the fight, knocking out McNeeley in just 89 seconds. Tyson also won his next match in December 1995, knocking out Buster Mathis Jr. in the third round. Holyfield Fight After his personal and professional setbacks, Tyson seemed to be making a positive change in his life. After several successful fights, Tyson came head-to-head with his next big challenger: Evander Holyfield. Holyfield had been promised a title shot against Tyson in 1990, but before that fight could occur Douglas defeated Tyson. Instead of fighting Tyson, Holyfield fought Douglas for the heavyweight title. Douglas lost by knockout on October 25, 1990, making Holyfield the new undefeated, undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. On November 9, 1996, Tyson faced Holyfield for the heavyweight title. The evening would not end successfully for Tyson, who lost to Holyfield by a knockout in the 11th round. Instead of Tyson's anticipated victory, Holyfield made history by becoming the second person to win a heavyweight championship belt three times. Tyson claimed he was the victim of multiple illegal head butts by Holyfield, and vowed to avenge his loss. Tyson trained heavily for a rematch with Holyfield, and on June 28, 1997, the two boxers faced off yet again. The fight was televised on pay-per-view and entered nearly 2 million households, setting a record at the time for the highest number of paid television viewers. Both boxers also received record purses for the match, making them the highest-paid professional boxers in history until 2007. The first and second rounds provided the typical crowd-pleasing action expected from the two champions. But the fight took an unexpected turn in the third round of the match. Tyson shocked fans and boxing officials when he grabbed Holyfield and bit both of the boxer's ears, completely severing a piece of Holyfield's right ear. Tyson claimed that the action was retaliation for Holyfield's illegal head butts from their previous match. Judges didn't agree with Tyson's reasoning, however, and disqualified the boxer from the match. On July 9, 1997, the Nevada State Athletic Commission revoked Tyson's boxing license in a unanimous voice vote, and fined the boxer $3 million for biting Holyfield. No longer able to fight, Tyson was aimless and unmoored. Several months later, Tyson was dealt another blow when he was ordered to pay boxer Mitch Green $45,000 for his 1988 street-fighting incident. Shortly after the court ruling, Tyson landed in the hospital after his motorcycle skidded out of control on a ride through Connecticut. The former boxer broke a rib and punctured a lung. Don King Lawsuit, Lewis Fight and Retirement Tyson landed in court yet again, this time in 1998 as a plaintiff. On March 5, 1998, the boxer filed a $100 million lawsuit in U.S. District Court in New York against Don King, accusing the promoter of cheating him out of millions of dollars. He also filed a lawsuit against his former managers Rory Holloway and John Horne, claiming they made King Tyson's exclusive promoter without the boxer's knowledge. King and Tyson settled out of court for $14 million. Tyson alledgedly lost millions in the process. In the wake of several more lawsuits, including another sexual harassment trial and a $22 million suit filed by Rooney for wrongful termination, Tyson struggled to reinstate his boxing license. In July 1998, the boxer reapplied for his boxing license in New Jersey, but later withdrew his application before the board could meet to discuss his case. A few weeks later, in yet another outburst, Tyson assaulted two motorists after a car accident in Maryland dented his Mercedes. In October 1998, Tyson's boxing license was reinstated. Tyson was back in the ring only a few months before he plead no contest for his attack on the motorists in Maryland. The judge sentenced Tyson to two concurrent two-year sentences for the assault, but was given only one year of jail time, a $5,000 fine and 200 hours of community service. He was released after serving nine months, and went straight back into the ring. The next several years were marred with more accusations of physical assaults, sexual harassment, and public incidents. Then, in 2000, a random drug test revealed that Tyson had been smoking marijuana. The results caused boxing officials to penalize Tyson by declaring his victory against boxer Andrew Golota a loss. His next highly publicized fight would be in 2002 with WBC, IBF and IBO champion Lennox Lewis. Tyson was once again fighting for the heavyweight championship, and the match was a very personal one. Tyson made several remarks to Lewis before the fight, including a threat to "eat his children." At a January press conference, the two boxers began a brawl that threatened to cancel the match, but the fight was eventually scheduled for June of that year. Tyson lost the fight by a knockout, and the defeat signaled the decline of the former champion's career. After losing several more fights throughout 2003 and 2005, Tyson announced his retirement. Personal Life Tyson also suffered in his personal life around this time. After six years of marriage, second wife Monica Turner filed for divorce in 2003, on grounds of adultry. That same year, he filed for bankruptcy after his exorbitant spending, multiple trials and bad investments caught up with him. In an attempt to pay off his debts, Tyson stepped back into the ring for a series of exhibition fights. To curb expenses, the boxer also sold his upscale mansion in Farmington, Connecticut, to rapper 50 Cent for a little more than $4 million. He crashed on friends' couches and slept in shelters until he landed in Phoenix, Arizona. There, in 2005, he purchased a home in Paradise Valley for $2.1 million, which he financed by endorsing products and making cameos on television and in boxing exhibitions. But Tyson's hard-partying ways caught up with him again in late 2006. Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, after nearly crashing into a police SUV. Suspected of driving while intoxicated, police pulled Tyson over and searched his car. During the search, the police discovered cocaine and drug paraphernalia throughout the vehicle. On September 24, 2007, Mike Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of narcotics and driving under the influence. He was sentenced to 24 hours in jail, 360 hours of community service and three years' probation. Tyson's life seemed to mellow over the next few years, and the boxer began seeking sobriety by attending Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meetings. But in 2009, Tyson was dealt another blow when his 4-year-old daughter, Exodus, accidentally strangled herself on a treadmill cord in her mother's Phoenix home. The tragedy marked yet another dark period in Tyson's troubled life. Tyson is the father of seven known children—Gena, Rayna, Amir, D'Amato Kilrain, Mikey Lorna, Miguel Leon and Exodus—with multiple women, some of whom continue to remain anonymous to the media. Recent Projects and Problems In 2009, Tyson returned to the spotlight with a cameo in the hit comedy The Hangover with Bradley Cooper. He married for a third time that same year, walking down the aisle with Lakiha "Kiki" Spicer. The couple has two children together, daughter Milan and son Morocco. The success of his appearance as himself in The Hangover seemed to open the door to more acting opportunities, including guest appearances on such television series as Entourage, How I Met Your Mother and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2012, Tyson made his Broadway debut in his one-man show Mike Tyson: The Undisputed Truth directed by Spike Lee.	i don't know
Today is the birthday of the current Chief Scout, born in 1974, who is he?	Bear Grylls - Bio, Facts, Family \| Famous Birthdays Bear Grylls Gemini Reality Star#10 About English adventurer and star of the reality series Man vs. Wild. He was named the youngest-ever Chief Scout of the Scout Association in 2009. Before Fame He had an interest in karate, skydiving and sailing as a teen. Trivia In May 1998, at the age of 23, he fulfilled a childhood dream by climbing to the top of Mount Everest.	Bear Grylls
What is the real first name of current Chief Scout, Bear Grylls?	Internal news story Internal news story Jobs A new UK leadership team for Scouting A new partnership of Bear Grylls, the tenth Chief Scout and Wayne Bulpitt, our first UK Chief Commissioner is in place to lead Scouting in the UK. Scouting in the UK is more popular than ever, having gone through its fourth year of consecutive growth. Together Bear and Wayne will help to continue building on Scouting’s success story by supporting those already involved in Scouting and encouraging more adults to volunteer their time. While Bear will focus on providing inspirational leadership and increasing Scouting’s national profile, Wayne will manage and lead all volunteers within the movement. Good friends and adventure When asked why he chose to volunteer for the UK’s largest mixed youth movement, Bear said: ‘In short, because I love adventure and I love hanging out with good friends. For me this is what Scouting is about.’ He first got involved in Scouting aged eight as a Cub Scout. Bear attributes this time as part of the inspiration behind his adult adventures presenting TV shows such as Born Survivor: ‘So much of who we are as an adult is formed when we are kids,’ said Bear. ‘What Scouting says to young people is: “it’s okay to go for it in life”.’ Born on 7 June 1974, Bear Grylls will be the youngest ever Chief Scout. The famous adventurer takes over when current Chief Scout, former Blue Peter presenter Peter Duncan, completes his five year tenure in July. Exciting times Like Bear, Wayne Bulpitt’s Scouting began as a Cub Scout. ‘I am delighted to have been invited to take on this new role at such an exciting time,’ said Wayne. ‘The successes of the last few years mean that we are well placed to make the most of a high public profile and fulfil our vision of providing personal development and exciting opportunities to increasing numbers of young people.’ Wayne will also help to further external relationships with political parties, Scouting ambassadors and related organisations. Find out more	i don't know
The 1856 Treaty of Paris brought an end to which conflict?	The Crimean War Concludes - 30 March 1856 \| Today In British History 0 On 30 March 1856, the Congress of Paris concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, an official declaration that the Crimean War had ended. Signatories of the Treaty of Paris included representatives of Russia on the one side, and the alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia on the other. Austria and Prussia were also represented at the Congress, although they had technically remained neutral during the conflict. A medallion issued to celebrate the end of the Crimea war and the Treaty of Paris. Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in the fall of 1853 over the immediate issue of Russia’s right to protect Orthodox Christians. The longer term issues behind the war involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and Russia’s attempts to gain power at their expense. After Russia gained an early upper hand in the conflict, the Franco-British alliance entered the fray in March 1854. The bulk of the fighting revolved around control of the Black Sea, an important commercial body of water that both empires sought to use as a military naval base. The land fighting took place largely on the Crimean Peninsula, where the Russian forces held out in their fortress at Sevastopol for over a year. The Siege of Sevastopol began in October 1854 and its conclusion eleven months later brought an effective end to the Crimean War. Edouard Louis Dubufe, Congrès de Paris, 1856, Palace of Versailles. The technical conclusion of the Crimean War, however, came with the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. The treaty itself was an attempt by the allied forces to formalize a protection of the Ottoman Empire, and to curb the Russian potential for expansion eastward. The territorial holdings of each empire were restored to their pre-war status. The hardest term for Russia to accept involved the ‘neutralization’ of the Black Sea, a term that restricted both empires from using the Black Sea for military purposes. While the Ottoman Empire could still access the Mediterranean for its naval needs, Russia had no other sea outlet for her navy. Although the Treaty of Paris of 1856 sought to orchestrate a long-term peace, the treaty really served to bolster nationalist sentiments, and by 1877 the Russo-Turkish War had erupted anew.	Crimean War
What is the stage name of US comedian Louis Szekely?	Crimean War 1853-1856 : Crimea Crimean War 1853-1856 Russia against an alliance of European powers The Crimean War took place from October 1853 to February 1856. It was a conflict which involved Russia against an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. The Crimean War was fought mostly in the Crimean Peninsula. It began as Russia pursued an expansionist policy as the Ottoman Empire was in decline. At dispute was the rights of the Ottoman Empire’s Orthodox Christian minority in the Holy Land as negotiated in the Peace Treaty of Kϋϛϋk Kaynarca that ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1768. According to the treaty Russians were given responsibility to guard the interest of the Orthodox Christian minority in the Ottoman Empire, but France, a Roman Catholic country, claimed that responsibility and sovereign authority over the entire Christian population. In order to assert its power over Russia’s expansionist policy, Napoleon III sent his most technological advanced ship, the Charlemagne, to the Black Sea. Ottoman leaders favored the French. Russia responded by invading the Ottoman controlled Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, today these territories are part of Moldova and Romania. Russians destroyed the Turkish squadron in the Battle of Sinope in 1853. Austria threatened to get involved in the war if Russia did not withdraw from the Danubian principalities. Russia withdrew and Austria temporarily occupied them. Russia expected Austria to back them since Tsar Nicholas assisted Austria in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1848 but Austria felt threatened by Russia’s expansion. Catherine the Great had already annexed Crimea in 1784 and Nicholas was following her policy of geopolitical domination. France and Britain, the superpowers of the time, feared Russia’s domination of the Black Sea and declared war on Russia in March 1854. The Black Sea was an important part of the trade routes to India and Egypt therefore their interest in protecting it. In 1855 the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, modern day Italy, joined the war contributing 10,000 men. The target for the allies was to destroy the Russian Naval base of Sevastopol, Russia’s stronghold in the Black Sea. Major Battles The three major encounters in the Crimean War were the Battle of Balaklava, the Battle of Inkerman and the Battle of Malakhov. The Battle of Balaklava took place in October 1854. Russians attacked the allied base of Balaklava while two British units, the 93rd Highlanders and the Light Cavalry Brigade, held out against the Russians. The Light Brigade was sent on an almost suicidal mission against the heavily armed Russian forces. Of the 700 men, 278 were killed or wounded. Their purpose was to frighten the Russians and to scatter them. The Light Brigade was memorialized by Alfred Lord Tennyson in the famous poem “Charge of the Light Brigade”. This failed campaign was followed by another bloody encounter, the Battle of Inkerman in November with the allies coming in victorious. In February 1855 the Russians attacked Eupatoria, an allied base, and were defeated. In the meantime, the allies had surrounded Sevastopol while Russians retreated to the Malakhov bastion. French forces assaulted their base causing the collapse of Russian defenses and forcing them to evacuate Sevastopol. The city of Sevastopol fell on allied hands on September 9, 1855. Other minor encounters took place in the Baltic Sea and the Caucasus. The Treaty of Paris Representatives from Russia, Turkey, France, Britain, Sardinia, Austria and Prussia participated in peace negotiations which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on March 30, 1856, marking the end of the Crimean War. The Treaty of Paris allowed temporary peace in Europe. One of the terms of the agreement and perhaps the most difficult to accept was the proclamation of neutralization of the Black Sea. Russia and Turkey were not allowed military fleets, forts and arsenals on the coast of the Black Sea. The Black Sea straits were closed for military vessels of all nations. Russia and Turkey were only allowed a limited number of light military ships for patrolling purposes. Under the treaty Russia returned Kars to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol, Balaclava and other captured cities. The treaty also established freedom of navigation for international merchant ships along the Danube and in the Black Sea. It opened new markets to French, British and Austrian goods damaging Russian exports to its traditional markets. In 1871 at the London Conference, and after a long diplomatic effort, Russia repealed the clause of the Treaty of Paris referring to the neutralization of the Black Sea. Russia claimed the need to protect its southern border and reestablished its Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol.	i don't know
The electronics and white goods brand Beko originated, and is still based in which country?	About \| One Of UK's Leading Home Appliance Brand \| Beko UK Contact Us About Beko UK Beko, one of the leading home appliance brands in the UK, has been operating in the UK & Ireland since 1990 and have sold over 25 million appliances in the UK. Designed to make your life easier thanks to super-fast programmes and energy saving technology - Beko delivers exceptional value for money, providing smart, innovative and energy efficient home appliances. Beko appliances are recommended by 95% of our customers.† Beko is proud to be the official Premium Partner of FC Barcelona, from 2014 Beko UK's chosen charity partner is Barnardos . Over the past two years we’ve been busy fundraising and are proud to have raised £75,000, including gifts in kind. † Reevoo impartial owner reviews, last 6 months * based on GfK data for sales by volume Beko PLC Beko PLC Brands include: Beko , Grundig , Leisure , Blomberg and Flavel. BEKO plc is a subsidiary of Arçelik A.S. established in 1955, Arçelik is one of the largest household appliance producers in Europe. It is also the leading home appliances brand in Turkey, offering extensive and innovative ranges of both home appliances and consumer electronics. Today, Beko PLC provides products to consumers in over 100 countries worldwide. About Arçelik Arçelik is part of a large multinational group called Koç Holding, which is Turkey's biggest industrial and commercial conglomerate and one of the top 500 largest companies in the world. Arçelik has ten production plants in three different countries and owns thirteen international companies and nine brands. Today the Beko brand is not only one of the UK's leading home appliance brands, but also one of the top ten large home appliance brands in the world*. The company has vowed to continue developing highly energy efficient electrical appliances that deliver exceptional value, superior quality, with high levels of customer satisfaction, by listening and responding to the needs of consumers. These factors combined with an affordable and reliable proposition, make Beko the brand of choice for today and the future. Beko in Europe Beko is the second largest white goods brand in Western Europe, and one of Europe's fastest growing large home appliance brands^, available in over 100 countries worldwide. ^ based on GfK data for sales by volume in 25 European countries: comprises washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers, refrigerators, freezers, cookers and ovens *Euromonitor International 2013	Turkey
In a suit of armour what body part do pieces called poleyns protect?	BEKO AND GRUNDIG, GIANT GLOBAL BRANDS OF ARÇELİK A.Ş, MEET WITH TECHNOLOGY FANS AT THE IFA FAIR Press Releases BEKO AND GRUNDIG, GIANT GLOBAL BRANDS OF ARÇELİK A.Ş, MEET WITH TECHNOLOGY FANS AT THE IFA FAIR Participating at the IFA, one of the worlds largest electronics and electrical household goods fairs, this year again with its global brands Beko and Grundig, Arcelik A.Ş. brought together its latest technological innovations with the technology-fans at its exclusively designed booth. While Beko demonstrates its products, pioneering in energy efficiency, equipped with user friendly features, high technology and elegant design, on the other hand Grundig presents the dynamic world of the future electronic house hold appliances to the appreciation of the visitors. Having met with visitors from more that 100 countries, Beko, using the slogan "Inspired by Nature", demonstrates products which are smart, use resources in an efficient way, environmentally friendly and designed in a way to make the day-to-day life even easier. Beko, in its booth area, which doubled in size with respect to the previous year and attracted attention with its elegant design, exceeded the expectations of the consumers with lots of new and pioneering products with hygiene, food preservation, cooking, washing and drying technologies. Beko impress with its refrigerators with NeoFrost™ cooling 2 times more and providing humidity 2 times more and with Everfresh+® compartment providing freshness up to 30 days; washing machines with “Prosmart Invertor Motor" providing lower noise levels and higher energy savings, CoolHygiene® technology providing excellent hygiene even at 20°C and 70% energy saving; dishwashers with Auto GlassShield® technology extending the usable life of the glasses 20-fold more and cooking devices with elegant accessories providing a perfect cooking experience. This year at the IFA Fair, Grundig presents a wide product range containing series from consumer electronics technologies, personal care products, small household appliances and white goods. Especially attracting attention with various Ultra HD TV alternatives within the range of 48-65 inches this year, the brand presents refrigerators, dishwashers, washing machines, ovens and dryers equipped with pioneering in energy efficiency and brand new smart features to the appreciation of the technology fans. Grundig makes a difference with its remotely controlled smart white goods; washing machines, ovens and hoods - a concept product trilogy - that can be controlled via buttonless projection light, and the the VUX (Visual User Experience) technology. Kitchen appliances attracting attention with their colored designs, innovative ironing systems and hair and beauty products are amongst the other products that are distinguished. Grundig's new hair stylers are demonstrated together with the modern and feminen fashion designs of the German fashion design brand holyGhost. While visitors of the booth have the chance to give attracting models to their hairs with these products, on the other hand they attend the cooking workshop in Grundig kitchen with Chief Mirko, known also for his German TV shows. Levent Çakıroğlu, President of Koç Holding Durable Goods and Arçelik A.Ş. CEO visited the Beko and Grundig booths together with the press members. Mentioning his gratitude for attending the IFA with Beko and Grundig brands that are strengthening their positions with their international successes, Cakıroğlu gave some comments regarding both brands. Levent Çakıroğlu: “We have become the second biggest white goods company in the Europe-Middle East-Africa region, which represents half of the world market." Stating that Arcelik A.Ş. has been Turkey's leading, and Europe's third biggest white goods company, Levent Çakıroğlu, President of Koç Holding Durable Goods and Arcelik A.S General Manager said that they had become the second biggest white goods company in the Europe-Middle East-Africa region, which represented half of the world market. Çakıroğlu also said: "Based on first quarter results of 2014, we managed to increase our market share in the countries that we have operations and also increased the ratio of the high technology products within the total sales and in line with this increased our price index; strengthen our brands' position." "Beko is the fastest growing brand of Europe in the last 7 years." Stating that Beko, the global brand of Arcelik A.Ş., was the brand that increased its market share most in the last 7 years, Cakiroglu said Beko had continued to be the 2nd biggest white goods brand of Europe during the first half of 2014. "Beko increased its market share in Germany more than 2-fold in the last 5 years." Said that Beko was the fastest growing brand of the German market, the biggest white goods market of Europe, in the last 5 years with a more than 2-fold market growth. "Our new logo is the start of an exciting period of our brand voyage." President of Koç Holding Durable Goods Group and General Manager of Arçelik A.Ş. Levent Çakıroğlu said that the new Beko logo, of which main launch was made in the IFA Fair, had been representing the dynamic and ever-innovative characteristic of the brand. Stating that the new logo had been a part of the global brand project named "Change For the Better", Çakıroğlu said: "Our new logo is the new start of a new period of the brand voyage with the aim of reaching the better and pioneering the change. No matter where our success stories begin, each and every one of them starts with our inspiration to keep on changing for the better. And human is the base of this inspiration. Thus, for more than 60 years and now; behaviors, enthusiasms and energy of the humans has been our inspiration. This spirit always provided and will always provide eagerness to Beko." "Grundig, the first brand remembered when mentioning consumer electronics in Germany" Stated that Grundig has been one of the most precious brands of Arcelik A.S. brand portfolio, Çakıroğlu said that the brand had been continued to increase its strength steadily with each passing year. Çakıroğlu stated that the Grundig had been the first brand remembered in consumer electronics in Germany, the biggest market of Europe, and said "While the German TV market is on stall during the first 7 months of 2014 Grundig has managed to grow by 20% in line with its profitable and sustainable growth strategy." "For the last five years, we have been the only Turkish company managed to enter the top 200 of the World Patent League." Saying that the technology and innovation capability enabling designing and manufacturing products suitable for every market had an critical importance to reach the global markets, Çakıroğlu added: "More than 1000 employees at 8 R&D centers in Turkey and R&D office ın Taiwan develop pioneering leading and unique technologies that will bring our Company to the forefront in our industry. Innovation at our company is triggered by the technological developments, our R&D operations as well as our market analyses. We analyze the habits and life styles of the consumers in different geographies on site; we also examine the innovative ideas in order to develop products and services that will meet the expectations and demand the needs, even that will go beyond that. We look for innovation in all our process. We can create difference thanks to innovative solutions that we develop in each stage. We attach importance to the protection of our intellectual rights while developing new technologies. One third of all international patent applications from Turkey belongs to Arçelik A.Ş. For the last five years, we have been the only Turkish company managed to enter the top 200 of the World Patent League. "Arçelik A.Ş. managed to build strong global brands in 21st century with its energy and water efficient products, with its sustainability principle which had been based on for all of its activities and with its long standing corporate values." Levent Çakıroğlu participated the "IFA International Keynote", held within the scope of the fair, as a speaker. At his speech titled “Building a global brand and a successful business in the 21st century.” that he has made on the first day of the fair, Çakıroğlu emphasized the importance of continuous evolution and improvement towards the better. Mentioning especially about the roles of new technologies and Internet at the rapidly-evolving world order, Çakıroğlu expressed the challenges that the countries, communities and companies face while trying to balance the claims increasing with economic growth and development. Stating that the natural sources are running out rapidly as the result of these changes, Çakıroğlu underlined the importance of the efficient use of sources like energy, water and food and of the fight with climate change. Having expressed that the success of the companies is not only based on the financial results at this evolving world, but corporate behaviors and social effect the company has created are the factors that establish the reputation of the company as well, Çakıroğlu said: "Within the frame of its vision 'Respectful to the World, Respected in the World', Arcelik managed to build strong global brands in 21st century with its technology, innovation, quality, design and brand oriented business model which had prioritized the customers, with its high energy and water efficient products, with its sustainability principle which had been based on for all of its activities and with its long standing corporate values." Tülin Karabük: "Beko is a global brand that meets the needs of different consumers in a very wide geography and that increases the quality of daily life" Stating that Beko draws more attention day by day with its presence at IFA every year, Tülin Karabük, Arcelik A.Ş. Assistant General Manager responsible from Marketing , said that they have doubled the Beko booth space at the fair, compared to the previous year. Karabük expressed that they have taken a part with products which are smart, use resources in an efficient way, are environmentally friendly and are designed in a way to make the day-to-day life even easier at the Beko booth space of 2 thousand 606 meters, using the slogan "Inspired by Nature". Saying that Beko always acts with innovation approach and is strengthened day by day thanks to its high quality, elegant design, convenience, wide distribution network and strong post-marketing services, Karabük expressed that Beko was a global brand that met the needs of different consumers in a very wide geography and that increased the quality of daily life. Mentioning that they believed every individual contributed to the positive evolution of the world and the improvement could be made possible together with people hand-in-hand, Karabük stated that the nature, people and especially the new generation were the greatest influence of Beko. Karabük went on saying: "Beko is influenced by the evolving needs and life styles of people and always provides the best and the most advantageous solutions to them with every new product. This is why Beko gives an ear to millions of consumers that have spread to more than 100 countries and develops various smart solutions to meet the needs for different people, different cultures and different lifestyles". "We are making difference at IFA with our products which are energy-efficient and include our innovative solutions we offer to consumers" Giving information about the innovative products and technologies that Beko promoted at IFA trade fair, Karabük stated that products equipped with state-of-art technology, each of which have an elegant design, met with the visitors at the fair, and went on saying: "Out of the products and technologies of our Beko brand that come to forefront at the fair, one the is new wardrobe type refrigerator at A+++ group, which is the highest energy efficiency group. This product of us also include the new NeoFrost™ cooling technology that keeps the inside humidity at an optimum level by increasing it up to 90 per cent. Besides, the product can preserve the freshness of the food at its special compartment named Everfresh+® for up to 30 days. Another innovative and extraordinary product of us is Prosmart Invertor Motor which consumes less energy and runs with a low sound level. Our new-technology washing machines that make it possible to obtain hygiene even at 20°C with its environment-friendly CoolHygiene®, and Auto GlassShield® technology which increases the service lives of glassware 20 times in our dishwashers are also included in other leading products and technologies we have exhibited at the fair. The products we have been exhibiting are making difference both with their energy-efficiencies and the innovative solutions we offer to consumers". Stating that the design area is especially focused at the Beko booth of this year that has spread to a wide area, Tülin Karabük said: "Exclusive built-in series named 'CAST' as well as contemporary, elegant and user-friendly cooking system Luminist® make a strong impression with the unique flame effects at the heads of cooker". Karabük, expressing that the visitors of Beko booth at the fair will be amazed by interesting activities, went on saying: "World-wide known chef Gregor Raimann will perform cooking shows by using Beko products, also with the participation of the visitors. Moreover, our visitors will actively take a proactive part in the creative workshops for 6 days and participate in inspiring activities at our space called 'Inspiration Campus'". Murat Şahin: Grundig is the only supplier in Europe, which has products at all categories of house electronics" Giving information about Grundig products exhibited at IFA, Murat Şahin, Arçelik A.Ş. Country Manager of Germany and The General Manager of Grundig Multimedia& Beko Deutschland GmbH, said: "Grundig has completed its conversion journey from a consumer electronics company to household electronics company ssuccessfully Improvements at each product category are very favorable. For consumer electronics, we continue focusing on our Ultra HD technologies by expanding our portfolio rapidly. We reached important growth values with a 20% increase as a result of our TV sales in a market which is on stall for the first half of 2014. We are one of the first 5 TV suppliers of Germany with a market share of 8%." “UHD Future technology” Referring to the innovations in the field of TV, Şahin summed up Grundig's strategy of creating perfect TV experience saying that: "Our new TV series with ultra HD technology are more than a normal television. With 4K UHD image resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixel and Image Correction capacity of 800 Hz, our customers can see the images with a reality as never before. Along with our Ultra HD TVs with screen diagonal dimensions ranging between 48 and 65 inches we support this screening experience with the best audio performance possible. DTS (Digital Theater Systems Inc.) audio technology and powerful speakers offer a rich audio experience. Drawing attention with aesthetic images, cabin design of our new UHD TVs are made with aluminum materials. Stating that UHD televisions will change the whole TV market Sahin said, "We think this technology is an innovation of which customers can see the benefits easily. As is the case with 3D, you don't need to wear glasses to experience the perfect image quality. Though UHD broadcast content in cablecasts are not too much, cameras with internet services and Ultra HD resolution will prove the importance of this televisions." "Taking the Technology Sponsorship of Bundesliga for Grundig is an important investment" Stating that taking the technology sponsorship of German Bundesliga was an important investment, Şahin said "When we signed this contract in 2011, our target was to provide a strong visibility to our brand in both local and international arena. From that time our brand gained visibility in more than 200 countries with Bundesliga matches." Indicated that, they had been giving importance to supporting local football clubs as a social responsibility project, Şahin added: "Keeping this in mind, we had the Nürnberg Stadium's naming rights and revived our historical partnership with the FC Nürnberg. Therefore increased our visibility in German football. Finally, 2 weeks before the IFA Fair, we signed a new collaboration agreement with Borussia Dortmund (BVB), one of the most successful football clubs of Germany, with our Grundig brand and UHD TV technology. From now on the team's stadium will be equipped with Grundig FullHD and UHD screens. With these actions Grundig not only strengthen its connection with the football but also underlines its expertise in the technology field." 1. Simply ingenious, ingeniously simple: versatile cooking pleasure with new ovens and hobs from Beko With its new, smart kitchen heroes, Beko is offering maximised cooking convenience for everyone. Ovens, hobs and corresponding accessories assist you in preparing your favourite tasty foods, and their smart features and modern design mean cooking is even more fun for you. OIM 39601 X: CookMaster® oven with PizzaPro® function Bella Italia in your own four walls: with the new CookMaster® built-in oven from Beko, you can enjoy authentically Italian-style pizzas at home. The OIM 39601 X offers not only a pizza stone, but also an option for setting the particularly high temperature you need for baking. This makes the pizza base exceptionally crisp and delicious. Other foods, too, can be quickly and easily prepared in the generously dimensioned, 75-litre interior. Thanks to the six different shelf heights, even a generous feast for friends and family is no problem at all: side-dishes and roasts can be cooked simultaneously on up to five different sheets. 6 different shelf levels which make possible to cook 100 cookies at once. 2. Beko’s new washing heroes: Gentle, eco-friendly, hygienic and clean Whether it’s blouses, trousers or shirts: fresh, clean laundry enhances everybody’s sense of well-being, and contributes to a smart appearance. Beko’s new washing machines ensure gentle, fibre-deep cleaning of your favourite piece of clothing – thanks to smart innovative features like the CoolHygiene® with Hygiene-20 °C programme. WMY 81449 PTB1: an energy efficient appliance from the EcoSmart series For anyone who attaches great importance to washing laundry with a maximum of functionality and efficiency, the new Beko WMY 81449 PTB1 washing machine is an ideal choice. This appliance from the EcoSmart series is 60 percent more efficient than comparable appliances in energy efficiency class A+++. Due to its innovative AquaFusion® technology, the amount of detergent can be optimally utilized, and detergent loss can be reduced to a minimum during water absorption. Be it silk, wool or cotton washes: The Aquawave® drum with 8 kg capacity provides the ultimate care for the laundry. Thanks to 16 available programmes, the washing process can be adjusted and thus optimally adapted to individual needs, offering a maximum of flexibility. The machine also has a large user-friendly white LC display. The extra-large loading diameter simplifies loading and unloading of the appliance. WMY 81243 PTKB1: CoolHygiene® 20°C : a perfect and hygienic washing results – even at 20°C as approved by VDE. This also helps you save 70% more on energy.* With its new WMY 81243 PTKB1 washing machine, Beko is showcasing an extremely quiet assistant for everyday life. The appliance has a loading capacity of 8 kg. With a noise level of 45 dB(A) when washing and 66 dB(A) when spinning with a variable speed of up to 1,200 rotations per minute (rpm), the WMY 81243 PTKB1 is one of the quietest machines on the market. This result is achieved thanks to the innovative Prosmart Inverter Motor™ technology and the use of special suspension system and low-vibration side-wall design. The washing machine is 3 times quitter than average noise level at washing cycle comparing the certain** model. The washing machine also offers some additional smart features: with the CoolHygiene® 20°C programme, bacteria and germs are removed from the laundry, even when washed at just 20 degrees Celsius. The laundry becomes fibre-deep clean. The successful effectiveness of this innovative Beko technology has already been approved by the German Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies (VDE). The washing machine works at energy efficiency class A+++, thus protecting the users’ purse. All-rounder: Eco-friendly washing and drying with WDA 96144 H The new washer-dryer WDA 96144 H offers a capacity of 9 kg for washing and 6 kg for drying. Like its predecessors, the appliance is equipped with the eco-friendly Direct Air Technology: During the drying cycle, cold air is taken in from the outside, ensuring condensation of the moist and warm air inside the dryer. Thus, not only is the energy efficiency class A, is reduced by ten percent, but the water consumption is also reduced by up to 80 percent. The WDA 96144 H also scores highly with users in terms of time savings: thanks to the Wash&Wear® feature, clean washing and drying is possible in just 55 minutes (at a loading capacity of 1 kg). The self-cleaning condenser also relieves users from the bothersome removing of fluff from the filter. The BabyProtect+® programme provides fibre-deep clean and hygienic laundry, especially for baby clothes and people with allergies. 3. “Tender loving care” for cups and plates: gentle washing with new energy-efficient dishwashers from Beko Dishwashers make housework a whole lot easier. Mountains of dirty cups and plates are now a thing of the past in many households, thanks to these convenient helpmates. Many users attach high importance not only to clean dishes but also to fast installation of a built-in dishwasher, gentle washing, and efficient utilisation of power and water. Perfect cleanliness thanks to AquaFlex® But the DIN 6834 FX30 dishwasher has a lot more to offer. Thanks to the innovative AquaFlex® programme, fine china, pans, glasses and even plastic dishes can be washed simultaneously in a single machine cycle with cleaning and drying class A. The ingenious trick here is the use of different water pressures inside the machine. In the upper section of the dishwasher, a low water pressure is used, so that glasses and fine china are washed gently. In the lower section, the water pressure is up to 3 times higher – ideal for cleaning plates, pots and pans with caked-on or severe dirt. Another practical feature is the flexibly designed interior, which is also perfectly illuminated by the inside lighting. Thanks to a height-adjustable top basket and a removable drawer, even quite large items can be easily accommodated. The low noise emission during operation of only 43 dB(A) is almost inaudible, so that it is difficult to tell whether the washing programme is still running or has finished its job. So that users are kept continuously informed of the current status, the DIN 6834 FX30 is fitted with the LedSpot™ operating display. A red indicator light at the bottom informs you whether the washing programme is still running or the dishes can be removed. And with the highest energy efficiency class of A+++, the DIN 6834 FX30 is no burden at all on the family budget. DFN 71046 X30: top of the class in terms of energy consumption As a product of the EcoSmart line, the DFN 71046 X30 stand-alone dishwasher is particularly energy-efficient and eco-friendly. It operates ten percent more economically than a comparable appliance of energy efficiency class A+++. This is the result of innovative solutions, like the unique aluminium insulation (Alumination™) for example, which keeps energy and heat inside the dishwasher. The patented “Effective Drying” system by Beko also works to effectively and sustainably optimise the drying process, thereby significantly contributing to the energy efficiency of the new appliance. This is environmentally-friendly and saves money. As part of the “Eco-Smart” line this dishwasher also impresses with its economical sophistication. At the end of the rinsing cycle the dishwasher door opens automatically, thereby speeding up the drying process. The customer therefore not only profits from the energy saving of 10 percent, but also has completely dry dishes, which can be used again instantly. DIN 5933 FX: gleaming glasses with the Auto GlassShield® technology For lovers of precious glasses and glass dishes, Beko’s DIN 5933 FX built-in dishwasher is the ideal everyday helpmate. Thanks to the tried-and-tested Auto GlassShield® technology, the dishwasher cleans glassware perfectly and gently. Glass corrosion is reduced, and the glasses’ useful lifetime prolonged. For this purpose, the water’s hardness is determined automatically with the aid of a built-in sensor, and its distribution set to an optimum level. Tests conducted by the technical inspectorate TRLP (TÜV Rheinland LGA GmbH) have shown that a glass’s lifetime is prolonged twenty times over by Beko’s Auto GlassShield® technology in comparison to using conventional standard dishwashers. Nine variable washing programmes for every situation and requirement round off the user-friendly features. 4. Smart, efficient, slim design: Beko showcases new fridge freezers The new fridge-freezers from Beko, the household appliance brand, ensure more freshness in your home: with smart features like the NeoFrostTM technology, the EverFresh® technology and ice-cube making at the touch of a button, these appliances are enrichment for every household. The new fridge-freezers from Beko, help to reduce consumers long-term electric bills thanks to their high energy-efficiency. Low energy consumption with the CS 137160 X A new smart-saver in Beko’s product portfolio is the CS 137160 X fridge-freezer: it is 30 percent more efficient than an A+++ appliance. With a slimmed-down design and a volume of 365 litres, the CS 137160 X is the ideal helpmate for every household. Newcomer GN 163040 X A+++ with Prosmart Inverter Compressor™ technology The new Side-by-Side model GN 163040 X is the best in its class: A+++, the appliance ranks in the highest energy-efficiency class. The resultantly low power consumption means not only long-term financial savings for the consumers, but also reduced environmental impact. What’s more, the appliance scores highly with the new, innovative Prosmart Inverter Compressor™ technology: it reduces the appliance’s energy consumption by up to 25 percent – while maintaining a consistently low noise level. Moreover optimum temperature stability provides improved conservation of your food. GN 163230 QX: Side-by-Side with coolness factor A new minimalist design and an integrated cold-water and ice-cube dispenser are the salient features of the Side-by-Side model GN 163230 QX. Lovers of ice-cooled drinks will get full value for money here: the ice maker produces around 80 grams of ice in 10 minutes. This fridge-freezer is also fitted with a user-friendly touch-control display, on which the desired cooling temperature can be accurately set. Active Fresh Blue Light feature: a special light source in the vegetable drawer, which maintains the vitamin content of your fruit and vegetables significantly longer periods, at the same time keeping them crisp for longer. - NeoFrost™: the new generation of No Frost Technology. Two separate cooling systems for two different functions; 2 times faster cooling and 2 times more moisture The new, innovative NeoFrostTM technology also helps your food stay fresh for longer: it subsumes the NoFrost technology, which prevents ice from forming in the freezer section, and in conjunction with the automatic defrosting feature helps to save additional electricity. What’s more, there are two cooling circuits operating independently of each other in the fridge and freezer sections. This separation prevents any possibility of odour transfer between the two sections, ensures a more stable air temperature inside the appliance and also maintains an appropriate level of moisture in the fridge section. DN 162230 DJIZX: HomeCream® For Ice Cream Lovers and EverFresh® technology The DN 162230 DJIZX fridge-freezer is a veritable all-round talent. Thanks to the integrated EverFresh® technology, fruit and vegetables stay fresh for up to five days longer. This is achieved by precise temperature control and regulation of the humidity inside the fridge. In support, the DN 162230 DJIZX is also equipped with the Active Fresh Blue Light technology and the NeoFrostTM technology. - HomeCream® Function: Lets you enjoy healthy and freshly homemade icecream – in your very own home. Simply choose your favourite flavour and a specially cooled compartment inside the refrigerator will mix the ice cream, making every one’s childhood dream come true. What’s more, it can be used as a ShockFreeze compartment. One of the most exciting features is the HomeCream® function, which enables all icecream-lovers to make their own summertime refreshments with refreshing ease. Whether it’s vanilla, chocolate or fruity flavours: you can give full rein to your creative imagination. The extra-large interior, measuring 611 litres, provides plenty of space for storing your ingredients. The product has also won the Red Dot Award for 2014. Freshness boost thanks to EverFresh+® technology in CN 158230 ZX An optimal household helpmate for freshness-lovers and busy cooks: Beko’s CN 158230 ZX fridge-freezer with NeoFrostTM technology. With a gross volume of 580 litres, the appliance offers plenty of room for foods and beverages. - EverFresh+® Technology: With the help of precise humidity control using air channels, condensation on fruit and vegetables is minimised and their lifetime extended – up to 30 days freshness, powered by NeoFrost™. Thanks to the innovative EverFresh+® crisper technology, fruit and vegetables stay crisp and fresh for significantly longer, with moisture loss and temperature differentials between the vegetable compartments being adjusted for. The integrated Active Ioniser provides vital support for natural freshness inside the fridge. The ion technology creates an antibacterial microclimate: the cooling air circulating inside the appliance remains pure at all times, in turn enabling the food concerned to stay fresh for longer. The energy-efficient, economical LED interior lighting, an electronic touch-control display and an elegant stainless steel surface with a fingerprint-free coating round off this family-friendly appliance. 5. “Like a Whisper”: Beko’s new quiet, eco-friendly dryer generation A peaceful home as a personal sanctuary: with Beko’s dryers, this dream is now within reach. The new appliances operate at a particularly low noise level. At the same time, the latest models are characterized by energy-efficiency, resource-saving features and high user-friendliness. Heat-pump dryer DPY 8505 GXB1 protects ears and purse Beko’s new heat-pump dryer DPY 8505 GXB1 offers two outstanding features: thanks to the innovative Prosmart Inverter Motor™ technology and advanced insulation, users benefit from a very low noise level of 61 dB(A). Moreover, the dryer ranks in energy efficiency class A++, resulting in an economical average annual consumption of only 230 kWh at 8 kg of laundry. Like the condenser dryer DCY 8502 GXB1 of the same generation, the DPY 8505 GXB1 features an LCD Display, 16 sensor-controlled settings to choose from and an Auto-Anti-Creasing option, leading to a minimum of ironing. The LED drum light makes loading and unloading of the appliance easier. Eco-friendly heat-pump tumble dryer DPY 8507 GXB1 is 10 per cent more energy-efficient than A+++ With the heat-pump tumble dryer DPY 8507 GXB1; Beko presents a new model of its EcoSmart series. The laundry not only dries quickly but also energy-efficiently. Thanks to the improved integrated heat-pump system and ultra-efficient air system design with its Inverter Compressor technology, the appliance even manages to outperform a comparable product in the highest energy efficiency class A+++ by ten percent. Furthermore , this technology provides quick and silent options with certain programmes .This appliance from Beko’s latest generation of tumble dryers is equipped with the biometrically designed Aquawave® drum.	i don't know
Who wrote Nausea, Troubled Sleep and The Age of Reason?	Jean-Paul Sartre Biography Jean-Paul Sartre Biography Bookmark this page Manage My Reading List Personal Background Jean-Paul Sartre was a novelist, playwright, and philosopher. His major contribution to twentieth-century thinking was his system of existentialism, an ensemble of ideas describing humans' freedom and responsibilities within a framework of human dignity. That is, he evolved a philosophy which concerned itself with existence in all its forms: social, political, religious, and philosophical. All of Sartre's works, whether they be novels, plays, essays, or major philosophical treatises, are media through which he presented his ideas. Sartre was not a stylist, and aesthetics were of limited interest to him. His plays have even been called "black and white." More important to him than aesthetics was the thinking behind the works; he shifted back and forth between literary genres more to suit his ideological needs than to satisfy any aesthetic purpose. Sartre was born on June 21, 1905, in Paris. The son of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, a French naval officer, and Anne Marie Schweitzer, first cousin of Albert Schweitzer, the young Sartre was to lose his father shortly after birth, making it necessary to move into the home of his maternal grandfather, Charles Schweitzer. As a child, Sartre was small and cross-eyed — features which followed him through life — and thus he was generally unsuited for the activities of more ordinary children. Perhaps because of his physical limitations and irregular family life, he learned early to assess people and events from a detached, systematic viewpoint. He would talk with his mother in the park each day in search of new friends, and on discovering that children his age weren't much interested in him, he would return sadly to his apartment and launch into dreams. Such is the background for what would become a career based on serious and profound thinking tempered by a creative, artistic talent. After attending the Lycée Henri IV for a while in Paris, he transferred to the Lycée in La Rochelle after his mother remarried. Upon graduation, he entered the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris and graduated first in his class — an extraordinary feat because of the demanding requirements of the school. While at the École, he formed a friendship with the young Simone de Beauvoir, who continually placed second behind him on all the exams. This friendship, which developed into a lifelong relationship of love and support, was to provide Sartre with one of his most stimulating and trustworthy colleagues and future co-workers. Sartre did not believe in official marriage, and his friendship with Simone de Beauvoir was the closest he came to formalizing a lifestyle with another person. She provides an intimate account of their early years in two of her best-selling books, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (1959) and The Prime of Life (1962). At the École, and also at the Sorbonne, Sartre formed many important friendships with thinkers and writers who later became well known in their respective fields — people such as the anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss and the philosopher Simone Weil. Between 1931 and 1934, he taught high school in Le Havre, Lyon, and Paris. It was a period during which he began to feel the need for focusing his ideas in a way that would make them accessible to large groups of people. A one-year sabbatical in 1934 at the French Institute in Berlin enabled him to immerse himself in modern German philosophy, particularly the works of Heidegger and Husserl. The atheistic nature of Heidegger's thinking was attractive to Sartre as he emerged from his Catholic background into a godless universe. Upon his return to France, he spent the years from 1934 to 1945 teaching at the Lycée Condorcet in Paris. His first major breakthrough as a writer came in 1938 with his novel Nausea, which some critics feel is his best work. Based on the principle that man experiences a sensation of "nausea" when confronted with a meaningless and irrational universe, the novel was the genesis for a series of writings in which Sartre propounds similar ideas. The literary genres vary, but the ideas are the same. Sartre was an extremely practical man in the sense of putting into practice his thoughts and ideas. He thought nothing of becoming involved in political rallies which supported his beliefs, and the meaning of "action," for him, would increasingly take on a capital importance in his works. This is particularly true in the works which he produced during the World War II era. Having been drafted into the French Army in 1939, Sartre was taken prisoner-of-war in 1940 with the fall of France. This experience was important for two reasons: (1) it sharpened his political position as a leftist thinker who decried the fascism that threatened Europe at that time, and (2) it provided the occasion for his first venture into playwriting; he wrote a Christmas play based on a biblical theme and addressed it to his fellow prisoners-of-war. He was released in 1941, and from that moment he committed himself firmly to the activities of the Resistance. In 1946, Sartre gave up teaching and devoted himself entirely to his writing; his busy schedule would no longer permit the drudgery of traditional employment. Sartre's pre-war work is largely a defense of individual freedom and human dignity; in his post-war writing, he elaborates on these themes and strongly emphasizes the idea of social responsibility; this latter development was influenced by his growing admiration of Marxist thinking. In 1943, Sartre presented his first play, The Flies, as well as his monumental philosophical treatise, Being and Nothingness, both of which established him as one of France's most profound and gifted writers. A year later, he wrote No Exit, another attempt to reveal his ideas about freedom and the human condition. As the leading French exponent of existentialism, Sartre was prepared to use any literary form or genre to communicate his ideas widely. The theater was a good way of doing this, but he also felt that the novel might also prove to be useful. So in 1945, he published the first two volumes of a proposed four-volume series entitled The Roads to Freedom. The first two volumes, The Age of Reason and The Reprieve, were the only ones which he completed until 1949, when he finished Iron in the Soul. At that time, he decided that the novel was not as effective a genre as the theater, so he abandoned plans to write a fourth installment. The years between volumes two and three were feverish ones for Sartre; he wrote plays (The Respectable Prostitute, 1946; The Chips are Down, 1947; and Dirty Hands, 1948), literary criticism, and a significant philosophical essay delivered originally as a lecture to the "Club Maintenant" (Existentialism Is a Humanism, 1946). All of this work served to reinforce the basic principles of existential thought which Sartre had announced earlier, and it prepared him for a decade during which he again returned to the theater as a means of popularizing his ideas. He wanted to show humanity as it is, and he realized that the theater was the best place to demonstrate man in action, in dramatic circumstance, and in the midst of living. All of Sartre's plays show the raw passions of frustrated humankind — and although the plays sometime seem pessimistic, Sartre defended them vehemently on the grounds that they do not exclude the notion of salvation. As an atheist and as a Marxist, Sartre often wrote about "scarcity" (la rareté) as a motivator of human progress. He believed, as we shall see elsewhere in these Notes, that commitment was essential for human freedom and dignity, and that commitment was "an act, not a word." He often went out into the streets to participate in riots and protests, selling leftist pamphlets and so on, in order to verify through action that he believed in the "revolution." The war had perhaps the greatest influence on his writings of the 1940s as Sartre moved progressively further to the left. In 1960, he wrote the extremely dense and complicated Critique of Dialectical Reason, a political treatise which contains the essay "Search for a Method." This essay rivals, and even surpasses, the complexity of Being and Nothingness, but it is of interest today mostly to students of political science and philosophy. In 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for his literary achievements. His autobiographical work, The Words, was hailed by readers and critics alike as being "one of the most remarkable books of the twentieth century" (Washington Star). But Sartre refused the Nobel Prize, eschewing it as a cultural symbol with which he did not wish to be associated. The last years of Sartre's life were consumed with his work on Flaubert, the nineteenth-century French novelist. He sought to present a "total biography" of Flaubert through the use of Marx's ideas on history and class as well as of Freud's explorations of the psyche. At Sartre's death in 1980, only three of the proposed four volumes had been completed. Sartre was one of the most substantial thinkers and writers of the twentieth century and will remain known for his tireless contributions to existentialism. Time will decide whether or not his plays are to survive, but regardless of their interest to future readers and/or spectators, they will always hold value as poignant illustrations of Sartre's philosophy. By writing them, he chose to create visual pictures, containing his philosophical ideas, for audiences to hear and see. Sartre's Major Works 1936 Imagination: A Psychological Critique 1938 Nausea 1939 "The Wall" (in Intimacy); "The Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions" 1940 The Psychology of Imagination 1943 The Flies; Being and Nothingness 1944 No Exit 1945 The Age of Reason (first volume of trilogy: The Roads to Freedom); The Reprieve (second volume of trilogy) 1946 The Respectful Prostitute Existentialism and Humanism The Victors (Morts sans sépulchre) 1947 The Chips Are Down (Les Jeux sont faits) What Is Literature? Baudelaire Situations I 1948 Dirty Hands Situations II 1949 Iron in the Soul (often translated as Troubled Sleep; third volume of trilogy); Situations III 1951 The Devil and the Good Lord 1952 Saint Genet: Comédien et Martyr 1954 Kean 1959 The Condemned of Altona 1960 Critique of Dialectical Reason (containing "Search for a Method") 1963 The Words 1971 Flaubert (Vols. 1 & 2) 1972 Flaubert (Vol. 3: The Family Idiot)	Jean-Paul Sartre
A blepharoplasty is a cosmetic surgical procedure to remove skin from where?	Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre - Commentary Magazine Commentary Magazine The Sartre State of Mind Nausea. Translated by Lloyd Alexander. New Directions. 238 pages. $2.50. This was Sartre’s first “novel”—the first spurt of this Niagara Falls of letters. It was published in France in 1938. The date surprised me a little. My notion had been that Sartre’s leap had come right out of the fighting, that It was begotten by Despair Upon Impossibility. It was begotten by those things, but before the war. For this book—it is charity to call it a “novel”—finds everyday life rotten. The need to storm a heaven that isn’t there came later, you can find it in Sartre’s plays. In this first book there is none of that. There is just a rotten day-by-day existence. What is the story about? A fellow of thirty named Antoine Roquentin is working on a biography of an old French scoundrel who lived a hundred or more years ago. Roquentin, an intellectual, is bored to the death with the meaninglessness of his (and all) life and soon quits writing his book. He has a girl-friend with whom he sleeps in a mechanical way and he quits that, too. Everything is nada, nada, nada, if you remember Hemingway’s little story. At the end of the book Roquentin doesn’t know what to do. To kill himself would be an act of faith—he can’t do that! All he can do is lug his body through this stale joke of a life until he’s taken. Which he does. Now for the real story of Sartre’s book. First, we must understand that Sartre is a new kind of pamphleteer. He is trying to sell us something. In order to sell us, he has to persuade us to believe in the reality he sets up in a book or a play. But what cuts him off from the real novelist or the real artist is that he isn’t concerned with this reality as ultimate. He uses it as a disguise to club us with an Idea. Once we grasp this, we can see Sartre more clearly, I think. After all, the man is phenomenal: he writes novels, plays, short stories, books of philosophy, psychology, literary criticism, etc. He’s got his own political party. In other words, he is interested in direct action and he’ll use any medium to try and get it. Whether it’s philosophy, politics, or literature All of this is impressive (to me, anyway), but at the same time Sartre forfeits serious consideration as a writer qua writer because of it. Like Koestler, he is a kind of highbrow microphone at heart; he can’t newscast as readable a story, but his ideas are meatier. _____________ Nausea is difficult to read because it is clumsily written, because there is an extreme lack of selection, and because Sartre never took the trouble to learn the techniques of fiction. The story of Roquentin is told through a diary which is found after his death. The diary, as James pointed out a long time ago, is a cheap and convenient device because it divests the novelist of his aesthetic responsibility to render experience dramatically and not rely on the “platitude of statement.” The Idea of Nausea boils down to this: Roquentin—the author’s mouthpiece—experiences a profound revulsion when he comes into contact (and how can one help coming into contact?) with material objects. A tree, a glass of beer, a man’s hand—they become nauseating to Roquentin. Why? The gross materiality of tangible objects apprehended by the senses, says Sartre, is inexplicable and ultimately absurd. Ordinarily, he says, we impose the categories of the mind upon material objects and thus thrust them from us. But when we strip language, hence thought, from the object we call a tree, it exists in a full, overwhelming, and terrifying way. It is precisely this profusion of existence, without rhyme or reason, that represents futility to’ Roquentin. As he says: “Every existing thing is born without reason, prolongs itself out of weakness, and dies by chance.” In order to drive his point home, Sartre draws heavily on the method and sensibility of Louis Ferdinand Céline, a fact that, I think, has not been dredged yet in the reviews. But what he does is to use Céline’s loathing and “domesticate” it for an almost polemical purpose. In other words, poor Céline had no axe to grind; he bore his witness and that was that. Sartre, on the other hand, tailors Céline down to ideational size. One special way in which he does this is to use a ton of physiological detail: the pimples on a man’s neck, the pimples within the pimples, etc. With Céline, each pimple is a nail that skewers down the coffin of modern life. He must use images like pus, merde, and the rest in order to body his conviction of betrayal. As in Ezra Pound—whose Cantos are to poetry what Céline’s testaments are to prose—naturalistic detail must be considered by the reader as weapons with which these two men can shoot out their hatred and indignation, which is ultimately a judgment and wired up to God. Sartre, however, is something else again. When he tailors down Céline’s detail to fit his immediate and utilitarian purpose of writing a kind of tract he tailors down Céline’s outrage. He “domesticates” it, as I said before. Thus his use of natural objects as demonstrating the meaninglessness of this existence becomes a sort of “illustration,” the way a teacher might talk to a class. It isn’t the thing itself. Flaubert in one of his letters wrote: “If a thing is true, it is good.” He wrote this about a hundred years ago when he introduced the period of naturalism which is now ending. For the modern naturalist, the phrase would now read: “If a thing is true, it is bad.” In other words, we are now coming to realize that in imaginative literature we adjust the visible and empirical “facts” to speak for our attitudes which are—what other word is there?—moral. So in this little book of Sartre’s the world of natural objects, inexplicable and nauseating, is a screen upon which is flashed a state of mind. _____________ Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. 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Souders/CORBIS. 213 Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A I sraeli–Palestinian diplomacy sadly fits the classic description of insanity: “doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” The identical assumptions—land-for-peace and the two-state solution, with the burden primarily on Israel—stay permanently in place, no matter how often they fail. Decades of what insiders call “peace processing” have left matters worse than when they started, yet the great powers persist, sending diplomat after diplomat to Jerusalem and Ramallah, ever hoping that the next round of negotiations will lead to the elusive breakthrough. The time is ripe for a new approach, a basic re-thinking of the problem. It draws on Israel’s successful strategy through its first 45 years. The failure of Israeli–Palestinian diplomacy since 1993 suggests this alternative approach—with a stress on Israeli toughness in pursuit of victory. This would, paradoxically perhaps, be of benefit to Palestinians and bolster American support. I. The Near Impossibility of Compromise Since the Balfour Declaration of 1917, Palestinians and Israelis have pursued static and opposite goals. In the years before the establishment of the new state, the mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini, articulated a policy of rejectionism, or eliminating every vestige of Jewish presence in what is now the territory of Israel. 1 It remains in place. Maps in Arabic that show a “Palestine” replacing Israel symbolize this continued aspiration. Rejectionism runs so deep that it drives not just Palestinian politics but much of Palestinian life. With consistency, energy, and perseverance, Palestinians have pursued rejectionism via three main approaches: demoralizing Zionists through political violence, damaging Israel’s economy through trade boycotts, and weakening Israel’s legitimacy by winning foreign support. Differences between Palestinian factions tend to be tactical: Talk to the Israelis to win concessions from them or not? Mahmoud Abbas represents the former outlook and Khaled Mashal the latter. On the Israeli side, nearly everyone agrees on the need to win acceptance by Palestinians (and other Arabs and Muslims); differences are again tactical. David Ben-Gurion articulated one approach, that of showing Palestinians what they can gain from Zionism. Vladimir Jabotinsky developed the opposite vision, arguing that Zionists have no choice but to break the Palestinians’ intractable will. Their rival approaches remain the touchstones of Israel’s foreign-policy debate, with Isaac Herzog heir to Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu to Jabotinsky. These two pursuits—rejectionism and acceptance—have remained basically unchanged for a century; today’s Palestinian Authority, Hamas, Labor, and Likud are lineal descendants of Husseini, Ben-Gurion, and Jabotinsky. Varying ideologies, objectives, tactics, strategies, and actors mean that details have varied, even as the fundamentals have remained remarkably in place. Wars and treaties came and went, leading to only minor shifts. The many rounds of fighting had surprisingly little impact on ultimate goals, while formal agreements (such as the Oslo Accords of 1993) only increased hostility to Israel’s existence and so were counterproductive. Palestinian rejection or acceptance of Israel is binary: yes or no, without in-betweens. This renders compromise nearly impossible because resolution requires one side fully to abandon its goal. Either Palestinians give up their century-long rejection of the Jewish state or Zionists give up their 150-year quest for a sovereign homeland. Anything other than these two outcomes is an unstable settlement that merely serves as the premise for a future round of conflict. The “Peace Process” That Failed Deterrence, that is, convincing Palestinians and the Arab nations to accept Israel’s existence by threatening painful retaliation, underlay Israel’s formidable record of strategic vision and tactical brilliance in the period from 1948 to 1993. Over this time, deterrence worked to the extent that Israel’s Arab-state enemies saw the country very differently by the end of that period; in 1948, invading Arab armies expected to throttle the Jewish state at birth, but by 1993, Arafat felt compelled to sign an agreement with Israel’s prime minister. That said, deterrence did not finish the job; as Israelis built a modern, democratic, affluent, and powerful country, the fact that Palestinians, Arabs, Muslims, and (increasingly) the left still rejected it became a source of mounting frustration. Israel’s impatient, on-the-go populace grew weary with the unattractive qualities of deterrence, which by nature is passive, indirect, harsh, slow, boring, humiliating, reactive, and costly. It is also internationally unpopular. That impatience led to the diplomatic process that culminated with the handshake confirming the signing of the Oslo Accords on the White House lawn in September 1993. For a brief period, “The Handshake” (as it was then capitalized) between Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin served as the symbol of successful mediation that gave each side what it most wanted: dignity and autonomy for Palestinians, recognition and security for Israelis. Among many accolades, Arafat, Rabin, and Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres won the Nobel Peace Prize. The accords, however, quickly disappointed both sides. Indeed, while Israelis and Palestinians agree on little else, they concur with near-unanimity on Oslo having been a disaster. When Palestinians still lived under direct Israeli control before Oslo, acceptance of Israel had increased over time even as political violence diminished. Residents of the West Bank and Gaza could travel locally without checkpoints and access work sites within Israel. They benefited from the rule of law and an economy that more than quadrupled without depending on foreign aid. Functioning schools and hospitals emerged, as did several universities. Yasir Arafat promised to turn Gaza into “the Singapore of the Middle East,” but his despotism and aggression against Israel instead turned his fiefdom into a nightmare, resembling Congo more than Singapore. Unwilling to give up on the permanent revolution and to become the ordinary leader of an obscure state, he exploited the Oslo Accords to inflict economic dependence, tyranny, failed institutions, corruption, Islamism, and a death cult on Palestinians. For Israelis, Oslo led not to the hoped-for end of conflict but to inflamed Palestinian ambitions to eliminate the Jewish state. As Palestinian rage spiraled upward, more Israelis were murdered in the five years after Oslo than in the 15 years preceding it. Rabble-rousing speech and violent actions soared—and continue unabated 23 years later. Moreover, Palestinian delegitimization efforts cost Israel internationally as the left turned against it, spawning such anti-Zionist novelties as the UN World Conference against Racism in Durban and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement. From Israel’s perspective, seven years of Oslo appeasement, 1993–2000, undid 45 years of successful deterrence; then, six years of unilateral withdrawals, 2000–2006, further buried deterrence. The decade since 2006 has produced no major changes. The Oslo exercise showed the futility of Israeli concessions to Palestinians when the latter fail to live up to their obligations. By signaling Israeli weakness, Oslo made a bad situation worse. What is conventionally called the “peace process” would more accurately be dubbed the “war process.” The False Hope of Finessing Victory Why did things go so wrong in what seemed so promising an agreement? Moral responsibility for the collapse of Oslo lies with Yasir Arafat, Mahmoud Abbas, and the rest of the Palestinian Authority leadership. They pretended to abandon rejectionism and accept Israel’s existence but, in fact, sought Israel’s elimination in new, more sophisticated ways, replacing force with delegitimization. This said, the Israelis made a profound mistake, having entered the Oslo process with a false premise. Yitzhak Rabin often summed up this error in the phrase “You don’t make peace with friends. You make it with very unsavory enemies.” 2 In other words, he expected war to be concluded through goodwill, conciliation, mediation, flexibility, restraint, generosity, and compromise, topped off with signatures on official documents. In this spirit, his government and all its successors agreed to a wide array of concessions, even to the point of permitting a Palestinian militia, always hoping the Palestinians would reciprocate by accepting the Jewish state. They never did. To the contrary, Israeli compromises aggravated Palestinian hostility. Each gesture further radicalized, exhilarated, and mobilized the Palestinian body politic. Israeli efforts to “make peace” were received as signs of demoralization and weakness. “Painful concessions” reduced the Palestinian awe of Israel, m–ade the Jewish state appear vulnerable, and inspired irredentist dreams of annihilation. In retrospect, this does not surprise. Contrary to Rabin’s slogan, one does not “make [peace] with very unsavory enemies” but rather with former very unsavory enemies—that is, enemies that have been defeated. This brings us to the key concept of my approach, which is victory, or imposing one’s will on the enemy, compelling him through loss to give up his war ambitions. Wars end, the historical record shows, not through goodwill but through defeat. He who does not win loses. Wars usually end when failure causes one side to despair, when that side has abandoned its war aims and accepted defeat, and when that defeat has exhausted the will to fight. Conversely, so long as both combatants still hope to achieve their war objectives, fighting either goes on or it potentially will resume. Thinkers and warriors through the ages concur on the importance of victory as the correct goal of warfare. For example, Aristotle wrote that “victory is the end of generalship” and Dwight D. Eisenhower said: “In war, there is no substitute for victory.” Technological advancement has not altered this enduring human truth. Twentieth-century conflicts that ended decisively include World War II, China–India, Algeria–France, North Vietnam–United States, Great Britain–Argentina, Afghanistan–U.S.S.R., and the Cold War. Defeat can result either from a military thrashing or from an accretion of economic and political pressures; it does not require total military loss or economic destruction, much less the annihilation of a population. For example, the only defeat in U.S. history, in South Vietnam in 1975, occurred not because of economic collapse or running out of ammunition or battlefield failure (the American side was winning the ground war) but because Americans lost the will to soldier on. Indeed, 1945 marks a dividing line. Before then, overwhelming military superiority crushed the enemy’s will to fight; since then, grand battlefield successes have rarely occurred. Battlefield superiority no longer translates as it once did into breaking the enemy’s resolve to fight. In Clausewitz’s terms, morale and will are now the center of gravity, not tanks and ships. Although the French outmanned and out-gunned their foes in Algeria, as did the Americans in Vietnam and the Soviets in Afghanistan, all these powers lost their wars. Conversely, battlefield losses suffered by the Arab states in 1948–82, by North Korea in 1950–53, and by Iraq in 1991 and 2003 did not translate into surrender and defeat. When a losing side preserves its war goals, the resumption of warfare remains possible, and even likely. Germans retained their goal of ruling Europe after their defeat in World War I and looked to Hitler for another try, prompting the Allies to aim for total victory to ensure against the Germans trying a third time. The Korean War ended in 1953, but North and South have both held on to their war goals, meaning that the conflict might resume at any time, as could wars between India and Pakistan. The Arabs lost each round of warfare with Israel (1948–49, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982) but long saw their defeats as merely transient and spoiled for another try. II. The Hard Work of Winning How might Israel induce the Palestinians to drop rejectionism? For starters, a colorful array of (mutually exclusive) plans to end the conflict favorably to Israel have appeared through the decades. 3 Going from softest to toughest, these include: Territorial retreat from the West Bank or territorial compromise within the West Bank. Leasing the land under Israeli towns on the West Bank. Finding creative ways to divide the Temple Mount. Developing the Palestinian economy. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A ‘T he agent is back,” the analyst said as he popped his head into Shabtai Brill’s office. “He has pictures.” The year was 1968. Brill, a major in the IDF Military Intelligence Directorate—known by its Hebrew acronym, Aman—set aside the report he was reading and got up. Brill was used to seeing classified intelligence, but this day was special. The “agent” was one of the first Israeli spies to infiltrate Egypt successfully since the end of the Six-Day War a year earlier. He had photos that supposedly would help reveal Egyptian war plans, including possible preparations behind the ceasefire line. A small crowd surrounded the agent in the department’s main nerve center. Colonel Avraham Arnan, Brill’s direct superior, was focusing on one photograph. “What do you think it is?” he asked the group of analysts. “It looks like a military bridge.” It was. Egypt had moved the bridge to less than a mile from the Suez Canal, the strategic waterway that connected the world of commerce but separated Egypt from the territory it had lost to Israel during the Six-Day War. The bridge could be used by tanks and armored personnel carriers to cross the canal and invade Israel—far too close for comfort. Before sending the agent to Egypt, Israel had pursued other avenues to gather intelligence on what Egypt was doing just over the canal. One officer designed a special platform to mount on tanks so that intelligence officers could stand on them and peer over the 30-foot-high sand barriers the Egyptians had erected on their side of the Suez. The platforms seemed effective until the day an Egyptian sniper took a shot at one of them. Next, the Israeli Air Force flew reconnaissance aircraft along the border and took pictures of what was happening on the ground. But because of Egyptian surface-to-air missiles, the aircraft had to fly at high altitudes, rendering the pictures of little or no value. That left the IDF with only one viable alternative—live agents on the ground in Egypt, passing for Egyptians, looking like Egyptians, and traveling to the Suez Canal via Europe to take photos of what was happening along the border. Arnan walked the photo down the hall to alert Aman’s top brass. Brill stood there thinking how crazy it was that one single photo held the key to Israel’s survival. “We need to launch such an operation to get a single photo of what is happening just over the canal?” Brill asked. He could grasp the significance of the intelligence, but something felt wrong. It just didn’t make sense that there wasn’t an easier way to see what was happening a few hundred feet away. On his drive home that evening, Brill couldn’t shake the feeling that there had to be an easier way to gather intelligence over the canal. Suddenly he recalled a movie he had seen a few weeks earlier in Tel Aviv. The feature had been preceded by a short newsreel that included a story about an American Jewish boy who had received a toy airplane as a gift for his bar mitzvah. Brill’s imagination started going. He remembered that the planes came in different colors, were wireless and pilotless, and could be flown by remote control. What Brill conceived seemed almost too easy: Buy a few remote-control airplanes, attach cameras to their bellies, and fly them over the Suez to photograph Egyptian military positions. Brill knew he would need partners to implement his idea. So he went to air-force headquarters, snooped around, and discovered Shlomo Barak, an officer who spent his weekends flying remote-control airplanes. He was one of a handful of people in Israel at the time who had the necessary experience for what Brill had in mind. Brill tried to get the air force to assume responsibility for the idea. He was unsuccessful. “Remote-control planes are toys, and we have no use for them,” officers from the air force’s technology branch told Brill. So he went back to his own commander. “We can buy a few of these planes for real cheap, install cameras, and fly them over the Suez to spy on the Egyptians,” Brill told Arnan. Arnan wasn’t convinced. He first asked to see the planes in action. Later that week, they met at a small airstrip outside Tel Aviv for a flight demonstration. Barak piloted the remote-control plane, did some maneuvers, a flip or two, and landed it flawlessly. Arnan liked the idea but wanted to know what it would cost. Brill didn’t know and, so, together with Barak, he compiled a list: three airplanes, six remote controls, five engines, a few spare tires, and propellers. The grand total: $850. Arnan approved the budget, and a member of Israel’s defense delegation in New York went to a Manhattan toy store, purchased the equipment, and sent it back to Israel in the embassy’s diplomatic pouch. This way, no one would question why an Israeli was traveling with so many toy airplanes in his luggage. After their safe arrival in Israel, the planes were brought to the Intelligence Directorate’s technological team for further development. They were fitted with 35-millimeter German-made cameras with timers programmed to take pictures automatically every 10 seconds. “We’re ready to go operational,” Brill told Arnan a few weeks after the planes arrived. The senior officer was still skeptical. He feared the planes would be shot down by Egyptian anti-aircraft fire and suggested that they first see if IDF anti-aircraft teams could shoot them down. On a hot summer day, Arnan and Brill drove down to the IDF’s anti-aircraft training base in the Negev Desert, restricted one of the roads so it could serve as a runway, and even gave the anti-aircraft gunners a heads-up as to the direction from which the planes would be flying. The plane took off and started circling over a patch of sand, and the gunners opened fire. The sound was deafening, lasting what seemed like a lifetime. Brill lost sight of the plane and feared the worst. To his surprise, after the smoke cleared, the toy was still there, soaring above. Barak tested flights at 1,000 feet, 700 feet, and then at a mere 300 feet. The gunners could not make a successful hit; the toy airplane was too small a target. After the plane landed, the astonished Arnan turned to Brill and gave him permission to take the plane for flights over Egypt. T he first target was a row of Egyptian military positions located near Ismalia, a town along the Suez and next to Lake Tismah, otherwise known as Crocodile Lake. The team chosen to fly the plane consisted of two people, one a “pilot” who operated the remote control and the other a “navigator” who watched it through a set of 120 x 20 binoculars and ensured that the pilot did not lose his line of sight. The dramatic first flight, in July 1969, didn’t go as smoothly as planned. First, since there were potholes everywhere, it was difficult to find a piece of road that could function as a runway. After the discovery of a 100-foot airstrip, takeoff was finally approved. Arnan gave permission to penetrate about a mile into Egypt. But then, when the plane was airborne, it entered a cloud of sand. Its momentary disappearance triggered panic that it would crash in Egypt and Israel’s new secret weapon would be discovered. Barak, who served as the navigator, told the pilot to fly the plane in circles and to increase altitude. “Don’t be pressured. Just keep flying until we see it,” Barak told him. After a few tense moments, the plane finally emerged from the cloud, and the pilot managed to land back in Israel. The film was immediately taken to be developed, and when the photographs came back, Arnan and Brill were stunned. The resolution was amazing. They could clearly see the trenches the Egyptian military had built along the canal. Even communication cables connecting the different positions were visible. For the first time, Israel had clear photos of the obstacles the Egyptians were building along the Suez and how they were preparing for a future war. After another mission, this one over the Sinai, Arnan sent the team to the Jordan Valley, where similar fights were conducted over Jordanian positions. The success was mesmerizing, and by the end of the summer, Major General Aharon Yariv, head of military intelligence, had decided to establish an official development team to build a small but sturdier remote-control airplane that could be integrated into regular service. Yariv sent Brill a letter thanking him for his invention: “You deserve praise for this invention because without innovation at all levels and ranks, there would be no IDF.” A few weeks later, Brill was promoted and put in command of all early-warning intelligence systems in the Sinai. He was confident that he had left his pet project in good hands. It was time to move on. One day, some months later, he received a phone call from one of his original partners. The team appointed by Yariv had tried to build a new airplane, instead of relying on existing platforms, and it kept crashing. As a result, Aman’s top brass decided the project was too expensive and, anyhow, should be overseen by the air force. Aman was shutting the project down. Brill refused to go down without a fight. Through the course of 1969, he sent a number of letters to Yariv and the rest of the country’s intelligence brass and warned of devastating consequences should the project be abandoned. He pleaded with his commanders not to end the project. They refused to listen. On October 6, 1973, on Yom Kippur, the Egyptian military launched a surprise and successful attack across the Suez, proceeding practically unopposed up through the Sinai Peninsula. While Israel ultimately held on to the territory during the bloody debacle, when the war ended, the country was left in a state of trauma. More than 2,000 soldiers had been killed, the most since Israel’s War of Independence. Brill could barely contain his anger. He was certain that if his project had not been canceled, Israel would have detected Egyptian military movements and had time to bolster defenses or even prevent the war. Seeing what was happening just over the border could have saved thousands of lives. “Had we continued taking pictures of what was happening just three miles over the canal, we would have seen the Egyptian tanks, bridges, and equipment amassing and understood they were preparing for war,” he said. “Unfortunately, this didn’t happen.” Aman understood its mistake, dusted off Brill’s old plans, and reached out to local defense companies to begin designing an Israeli lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)—what today is more commonly referred to as a drone. It would take another few years for the Israeli design to become operational, but in the meantime two things were clear: Israel needed quality intelligence, and that meant getting into the drone business. Brill could not have known at the time, but what he started on the shores of the Suez Canal in 1969 would burgeon one day into a massive, billion-dollar industry for Israel and position it as a global military superpower. A fter several years of research, development, and test fights, Israel’s first drone—the Scout—was finally delivered to the air force in 1979. The first version of the Scout was launched by a rocket, but soon enough, state-owned Israel Aerospace Industries upgraded the model so it could take off and land on a runway, just like an airplane. In June 1982, Israel had decided to invade Lebanon to end the rising cross-border terror and rocket attacks by the PLO. The greatest obstacle was the presence of nearly 20 Syrian Soviet-made surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries deployed in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley. The SAMs severely limited the air force’s ability to maneuver. The IAF had been preparing for war. In the weeks before, Scout drones flew over the valley to collect radar and communication frequencies from the SAM batteries. This was precious data needed for what the IAF planned to do next: electronically neutralize the batteries. Israel’s full-force attack was launched on June 6. An electronic warfare system succeeded in blinding and neutralizing most of the missile systems, and the Scouts assisted Israeli fighter jets in identifying and bombing the missile batteries. The operation was a major success. The IAF destroyed almost all of the Syrian SAMs, and in one fell swoop, knocked 82 Syrian MiGs out of the sky without losing a single Israeli fighter jet. That operation caused a shift in Israeli thinking. Officers who until then had refused to believe in these new unmanned aircraft had a change of heart. The potential of these miniature drones suddenly seemed unlimited. In the meantime, while Israel’s Scouts were moving from one successful operation to the next, Israel’s greatest ally, the United States, was having difficulty getting its own drones off the ground. Billions of dollars were being poured into projects that closed down one after another. Nothing seemed to work. A few years earlier, the Pentagon had funded the development of Aquila, a drone built by Lockheed Martin that required a few dozen people for takeoff but kept crashing. In 1987, after burning through over $1 billion, the Pentagon decided to shut the program down. Boeing was also working on a drone—the Condor—that came with a 200-foot wingspan, as large as the reconnaissance aircraft it was being developed to replace. That program was also shut down after a $300 million investment. Only one Condor was built; today it hangs in a museum in California. In December 1983, the U.S. finally decided to ask Israel for help. A few weeks earlier, the U.S. Navy had launched a botched attack against Syrian anti-aircraft batteries stationed near Beirut in response to the downing of an American spy plane. The attack was a disaster: Two American planes were shot down, a pilot was killed, and a navigator was captured. While a few Syrian guns were destroyed, the Syrian anti-aircraft fire forced the U.S. planes to drop their bombs far from their targets. An inquiry into the botched raid concluded that a nearby U.S. battleship had had cannons in range of the Syrian air-defense systems and that they could have been used without endangering American pilots. The problem was that the Navy had no way of knowing where the Syrian missile systems were located. It needed eyes in the sky to direct them. A few weeks after the botched operation, Secretary of the Navy John Lehman traveled to Beirut and decided to use the occasion to fly to Tel Aviv to learn about Israel’s use of drones. He had heard about the Scouts and their success in 1982 but had never seen them up close. When he arrived at Israeli military headquarters, Lehman was taken into an operations room and asked to sit in front of a small TV. He was handed a joystick and given control over a drone in flight. Similarly, Marine Corps Commandant General P. X. Kelley visited Israel to view the drone program. At the end of his trip, he was presented with a kind of home video, shot by a circling drone. In some of the footage, Kelley’s head was fixed in the camera’s crosshairs. After high school, Abe Karem went to study aeronautics at the Technion, Israel’s equivalent of MIT. He then joined the air force, and after his discharge he went to work for IAI. Both men were sold. The next stage, though, was to figure out how to push the deal through the complicated U.S. bureaucracy. Lehman decided simply to skip over the usual procedures and had the Navy directly contract Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) to develop a new drone based on the Scout. The Americans wanted something bigger and stronger, with a more advanced avionics system that could serve as a spotter for battleships. IAI soon had a prototype, which it called the Pioneer. After a flight demonstration in the Mojave Desert, the U.S. Navy ordered 175. Delivery of the Pioneers started in 1986. In 1991, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invaded Kuwait. The U.S. went to war to free the Gulf state. During one operation, a Pioneer drone flew over a group of Iraqi soldiers, who saw the aircraft and, not knowing what it was, took off their white undershirts and waved them in the air—the first time in history a military unit surrendered to a robot. A few months after returning to the U.S. in 1983, Lehman learned of another drone under development in Los Angeles, which he was told could also potentially serve as a spotter for Navy gunships. This drone was the work of an Israeli engineer who had recently left a senior management position at Israel Aerospace Industries—manufacturer of the Pioneer—to try his luck in the U.S. Born in Baghdad in 1937, Abe Karem had moved to Israel just after the state was established, in 1948. By the time he was eight, Karem knew he wanted to be an engineer, and a few years later, he found his true love—aviation. At 14, he built his first airplane and within two years was an instructor in his high school’s toy-plane club. After high school, Karem went to study aeronautics at the Technion, Israel’s equivalent of MIT. He then joined the air force, and after his discharge he went to work for IAI. During the Yom Kippur War, in 1973, Karem built his first unmanned aircraft. The IAF was having difficulty penetrating Egypt’s Soviet air-defense systems, so within a couple of weeks, Karem’s team had developed a decoy—basically a missile that could be controlled with a joystick—the IAF could use to activate the Egyptian radars, detect their location, and then hit them with anti-radiation missiles fired from nearby fighter jets. Despite its success, after the war, the IAF decided to buy similar decoys from the U.S.; Karem’s version was buried. He argued for the importance of investing in domestic systems to create a local industry but failed. Frustrated, he quit and decided to try his luck in America. Karem and his family moved to Los Angeles. He set up Leading Systems in his 600-square-foot garage in Hacienda Heights and began building a new drone. Called Amber, the prototype was made of plywood and fiberglass with a two-stroke engine that Karem pulled out of a go-kart. He had the Amber in the air for as long as 30 hours. Eventually, Karem’s company ended up a part of General Atomics, and there Karem built a later generation of the Amber called the Gnat 750. The turning point for Karem came from a combination of the most unlikely of places—Bosnia and Israel. In 1993, ethnic war broke out in the former Yugoslavia. The combatants wore civilian clothes, and the U.S. government was encountering difficulty in assessing the situation on the ground. During a brainstorming session one day at Langley, then-CIA Director R. James Woolsey recalled a trip he had made to Israel as undersecretary of the Navy where he had seen a new drone unit the IDF had established. Woolsey saw footage there of a convoy of three Mercedes sedans drive on a road in southern Lebanon. Intelligence, his host explained, had identified a passenger in the second car as a senior Hezbollah operative. The drone, the officer continued, “lit up” the car with a laser target designator, enabling a nearby IAF helicopter to fire a missile and destroy it. Woolsey had seen this use of laser guidance—referred to as “lasing”—when he served as general counsel for the Senate Armed Services Committee during the Vietnam War. Back then, fighter jets did the lasing, but Woolsey had positive recollections of the accurate airstrikes that followed. “We need a long endurance drone,” he told his staff. He was told it would take six years and cost $500 million to develop. Woolsey then called Karem, whom he’d met a few years earlier. “How much would it cost, and how long would it be before you could be up and operating over Bosnia?” he asked. “Six months and $5 million,” Karem said. Woolsey teamed Karem up with Jane, a CIA employee (whose full name cannot be published) who had developed a special command-and-control system for drones. In six months, the Gnat 750 was flying reconnaissance missions over Bosnia. A few days later, a live feed from the drones was installed in Woolsey’s seventh-floor office at Langley, and the CIA director was able to watch foot traffic over a bridge in Mostar while communicating with the ground station through an early form of chat software. The Pentagon awarded General Atomics a contract to develop a more robust drone based on the Gnat, with a bigger engine and new set of wings. The biggest change to the Gnat was General Atomics’ decision to place a satellite communication link on the aircraft. The company decided that the more advanced drone needed a new name, so it held a competition. The winner was “Predator.” The drone would go on to become infamous as America’s most lethal weapon in the global war on terror, responsible for countless strikes in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Yemen. It took Israel and an Israeli engineer to help make that happen. W hat makes drones appealing for militaries is that they can successfully carry out “3D” missions—dull, dirty, and dangerous. “Dull” refers to routine, mundane missions like patrols along borders or maritime surveillance of seas and oceans. These are physically demanding and are extremely tedious and repetitive. While humans tire after 10 or 12 hours, the Heron drone—the Israeli Air Force’s main workhorse since 2005—can stay airborne for 50 hours. “Dirty” involves entering airspace infected by chemical or biological agents. While a human would have to wear cumbersome protective gear, drones can operate risk-free, making them more versatile. And “dangerous”? That’s more open to interpretation, but it basically covers missions that can be done by a robot instead of a pilot who could be injured or killed. In today’s IDF, drones are used by all military branches. The air force, for example, maintains drones like the Heron for reconnaissance missions on all of its various fronts—Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. Drones have an almost endless list of advantages, which make them preferable to manned combat aircraft. They are smaller, lighter, cost less, and can hover over targets for longer. Fighter jets have the advantage and disadvantage that they can break the sound barrier, and while speed is an advantage in a dog fight or a mission that requires a quick in-and-out, it means that the aircraft’s presence can be identified almost immediately. Drones can hover over targets while their engines’ humming noise blends into city traffic. It makes them the perfect weapons to hunt and eliminate moving targets, such as terrorists. Since the delivery of the Scout, in 1979, the Israeli Air Force has used and retired a number of different drones. But unlike the larger fighter jets, attack helicopters, and transport aircraft that are purchased overseas, Israel’s drones are strictly blue and white, developed and manufactured by homegrown Israeli companies. Since 1985, Israel has been the largest exporter of drones in the world, responsible for 60 percent of the global market, trailed by the U.S., whose market share is just 23.9 percent. The customers have been dozens of different countries, including the United States, Russia, South Korea, Australia, France, Germany, and Brazil. In 2010, for example, five NATO countries were flying Israeli drones in Afghanistan. In today’s IDF, drones are used by all military branches. The air force, for example, maintains drones like the Heron for reconnaissance missions on all of its various fronts—Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. With a length of about 27 feet, the Heron is just a bit shorter than a Cessna light aircraft, although its wingspan is significantly longer, by about 20 feet. It is powered by a rear propeller, emitting a steady lawnmower-like sound. Its best quality is its autonomous flight system, allowing the operators to insert a flight route before takeoff and then get the aircraft off the ground by pressing just four buttons. The drone then flies to its target and can be programmed to return to a predesignated point at the end of the mission. This allows the operator to focus on the mission instead of on flying the plane. Heron’s manufacturer, Israel Aerospace Industries, does not publicly divulge the drone’s exact cost, but industry estimates put the price tag at approximately $10–$15 million, far less than the cost of a manned combat aircraft. For the price of one F-35 fifth-generation multi-role fighter, one of the most recent IAF purchases, the air force can buy about 10 Herons. The Heron can fly in two different modes, line-of-sight or satellite. The operator must be located within 250 miles of the drone at all times if it flies in line-of-sight mode. In satellite mode, the drone is controlled via a satellite linkup, meaning that distance is limited only by the amount of fuel it can carry. But the real significance of a drone is in its payload. Herons, for example, carry their cargo in more than one space—in their bellies, on their wings, and in rotating gimbals mounted under the nose. The gimbals include the sensors, which vary based on the mission—day/night cameras, infrared vision, laser targeting, as well as special sensors to identify weapons of mass destruction (WMD). One Israeli-designed sensor shows the advantages these sensors afford. Called the Chariot of Fire, this sensor can detect changes in terrain, revealing possible locations of underground rocket launchers, a critical capability in a place like the Gaza Strip, where Hamas buries its rockets. Basically, the sensor can detect the invisible. Israel’s drones were originally designed for ISR missions—intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance—to fly over targets and monitor developing situations. Early on, though, Israeli military planners understood that they could do more—that the unmanned aircraft could adapt. The drones were already carrying laser designators, which could be used to “light up” targets that would then be attacked by helicopters or fighter jets. Why couldn’t they carry the missiles, too? Today, Israeli drones, including the Heron, reportedly have the ability to locate targets and destroy them as well. Israel does not confirm that it has drones with attack capabilities. It is, however, well documented that this capability exists; Israeli drones have appeared at defense exhibitions with missiles mounted under their wings, and in WikiLeaks cables, Israel confirmed that some of its strikes in the Gaza Strip were carried out by armed drones. The Heron and the Hermes 450, another medium-sized drone developed by Israel’s Elbit Systems, can reportedly carry laser-guided Hellfire missiles and smaller munitions like the Israeli-developed Spike missile. The Spike causes less collateral damage and is said to be particularly effective in accurate strikes against wanted terrorists. The Gaza Strip is ground zero for Israel’s drone revolution. There, on a daily basis, the lawnmower hum of drones can be heard in the narrow alleyways. Gazans have given the drones the nickname “Zanana,” Arabic for “buzz” or “nagging wife.” In Gaza, drones collect intelligence and help the IDF build its “target bank” in the event of a conflict. Weighing a mere 13 pounds, the Skylark has an operational endurance of three hours at altitudes as high as 3,000 feet. During Operation Pillar of Defense in Gaza, in November 2012, the IDF attacked nearly 1,000 underground rocket launchers and 200 tunnels that had been located and identified with intelligence gathered by drones. The first salvo of that operation was ordered in a drone-assisted attack. Ahmed Jabari, Hamas’s military commander, was driving in Gaza City when a missile struck his Kia sedan. Jabari, who had been at the top of Israel’s most-wanted list and had escaped four previous assassination attempts, was finally taken out by a drone. Before Israel bombs Gaza in retaliation for rocket attacks, UAVs are there to survey the target; as helicopters and fighter jets move in to bomb a car carrying a Katyusha rocket cell, UAVs are there to ensure that children don’t move into the kill zone; when IDF ground troops surround a compound where Hamas terrorists are hiding, UAVs are there to provide real-time air support and guide the soldiers safely inside. And when needed, the drones can reportedly also attack. At the smaller end of the IDF drone scale are drones not flown out of air-force bases but pulled from soldiers’ backpacks and literally thrown like a quarterback throws a football. One such drone, the Skylark, was delivered to IDF ground units in 2010. Weighing a mere 13 pounds, the Skylark has an operational endurance of three hours at altitudes as high as 3,000 feet. These Skylarks can be utilized in all types of operations, from random patrols in the West Bank to large-scale ground offensives in places like Lebanon and Syria. This new state of warfare provides commanders with quick over-the-hill intelligence. Commanders are no longer solely dependent on the Israeli Air Force, which in turn can focus its attention on larger, more strategic missions. The miniature UAVs are so popular that by 2016 they were being used by military forces in Australia, Canada, the U.S., South Korea, France, Sweden, and Peru. I n 2009, Israel reportedly achieved a new level in drone performance. It was the middle of January, and Israeli soldiers were operating deep inside the Gaza Strip, the first large-scale ground operation since the “Disengagement,” Israel’s unilateral withdrawal from the Palestinian territory four years earlier. The government had just launched Operation Cast Lead in response to the ring of more than 2,000 launched rockets and mortars in the previous year alone. Prime Minister Ehud Olmert had decided enough was enough. While the country’s focus was on the Israeli infantry and armored brigades operating in Gaza, a new threat was brewing far from Israel, in distant Sudan. Intelligence obtained by the Mossad, Israel’s super-secret spy agency, indicated that a ship packed with advanced Iranian weaponry—including Fajr artillery rockets—had docked in Port Sudan, on the Red Sea. These weren’t ordinary rockets; they would change the strategic balance. Up until then, Hamas’s arsenal had enabled the Palestinian terror group to threaten the homes of the 1 million Israelis who lived in the south of the country. The Fajrs had the capability to go much farther and strike Tel Aviv. The containers, the Mossad learned, were being loaded onto trucks, to be transported north through Sudan and Egypt, where they would then be delivered to a depot near the Gaza border. Then the rockets would be smuggled into Gaza through underground tunnels. The chief of staff of the IDF, Lieutenant General Gabi Ashkenazi, started drafting a plan to attack the convoy, but the clock was ticking. The moment the trucks crossed the border into Egypt, the strike option would be off the table. Israel couldn’t mount an attack in Egypt, a country with which it had a fragile peace treaty. If the missiles then made it into Gaza, they would be swallowed up into one of the most densely populated territories in the world. While Israel’s intelligence coverage over Gaza was good, it wasn’t a sure bet. The rockets had to be stopped before reaching Gaza, meaning that the attack had to take place in Sudan. An argument erupted within top defense circles. The doves—those opposed to the strike—warned of Israel’s growing international isolation. The country was already under intense criticism for the rising death toll and extensive devastation in Gaza. News of a strike in another country would be difficult to explain. The hawks, on the other hand, argued that Israel could not sit by and allow advanced weaponry to reach Gaza. The potential threat was just too big. The final decision was brought before Olmert. In operations like this, the prime minister usually asks a few technical questions about the mission and its risks before giving approval. In this case, in addition to the usual procedures, it would have been important to ensure that the strike could not be traced back to Israel. The mission would have to be done without leaving fingerprints. The question now was how. Sending fighter jets to Sudan was risky. The entire mission could be jeopardized if there was a malfunction or one of the planes was detected by Egyptian or Saudi radars, which covered that part of the Red Sea. There were also technical considerations, since the target—a convoy of trucks—would be on the move and, as a result, difficult to track. Timing was everything. The intelligence would have to be precise; the fighter jets wouldn’t be able to stay in Sudanese airspace for very long, and they would have limited fuel. The IDF reportedly chose an unconventional route—to strike the convoy with the help of drones. This was a first. Drones had never before been used in long-range strikes in a distant country like Sudan. Only a handful of officers knew all aspects of the mission. Everyone knew that if word got out, the mission would be scrubbed, and the Iranian missiles would reach their destination in Gaza. The next time Israel saw them would be when they slammed into homes in Tel Aviv. The yellow, sun-scorched Negev Desert is mostly barren, with little water or vegetation. Few Israelis settled there, leaving the large, dry terrain as the IDF’s primary training ground. Israel’s UAV operators were already experts at tracking moving vehicles, but until they began training for the Sudan mission, they had been focused on a single terrorist driving in a car or riding a motorcycle. To prepare for this one, they had to practice locating and following a couple of trucks loaded with missiles. In the expansive Sudanese desert, this would be like finding the proverbial needle in a haystack. The Heron TP, Israel’s largest drone, with the wingspan of a Boeing airliner, and the Hermes 450, the IDF’s main attack drone, were the UAVs chosen for the operation. The Heron TP would fly in first, at altitudes where it could not be detected, to locate and track the convoy. The next wave would consist of Hermes drones and, if needed, fighter jets, which would dive in for the strike. On the night of the bombing, there were some clouds, but for the most part the skies were clear, typical January weather in Sudan. As the Sudanese and Palestinian smugglers made their way through the desert, the last things on their minds were the Israeli drones tracking them from thousands of feet above. Even if they saw the incoming missiles, it would have been too late. Forty-three smugglers were killed, and all of the trucks were destroyed. The initial mission was a success. A few weeks later, in February, Iran tried again. Olmert reportedly approved another strike. This time, 40 smugglers were killed, and a dozen trucks were destroyed. The Sudanese were stunned. They had known that Iran and Hamas were using their country as a clandestine smuggling route, but Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir’s government thought Israel would never do something as daring as launch an attack on a sovereign African nation. This analysis led the Sudanese government to the wrong conclusion: that America must have been behind the strike. On February 24, a few days after the second strike, the chargé d’affaires at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum, Alberto Fernandez, was summoned to the Sudanese Foreign Ministry, on the banks of the Blue Nile River, for a meeting with Ambassador Nasreddin Wali. “I have sensitive and worrisome information to relate to you,” Wali told Fernandez. The U.S. official knew what was coming but played it cool. Looking down at his handwritten notes in Arabic, Wali pulled out a torn and worn-out map of Sudan and pointed at an empty patch of desert in the eastern part of the country. Fernandez listened as Wali read out the number of people killed and vehicles destroyed. “We assume the planes that attacked us are your planes,” Wali told the American diplomat. Fernandez mostly listened as Wali lamented America’s decision to unilaterally strike Sudanese territory and to undermine the two nations’ “tight cooperation” on security. “We protest this act and we condemn it. Sudan reserves the right to respond appropriately, at the right time, in a legal manner consistent with protecting its sovereignty,” Wali concluded. Fernandez did not deny the Sudanese accusation but promised to relay the démarche to the State Department in Washington. Even if the U.S. knew that the strike had been carried out by the IDF, as reported, Fernandez refrained from outing Israel to Khartoum. Nevertheless, Olmert could not hold back from publicly hinting at the possibility that Israel had been involved in the operation. A few days after Fernandez’s meeting, the prime minister took the stage at a security conference near Tel Aviv and revealed that Israel had carried out counterterrorism operations in places “not that close” to home. “We are hitting them, in a way that strengthens deterrence and the image of deterrence, which is sometimes no less important, for the State of Israel,” the prime minister said. “There’s no point getting into details, everyone can use his imagination. The fact is whoever needs to know, knows . . . there is no place where the State of Israel cannot act.” Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. 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From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. 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There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A ‘Today we’re celebrating. For the first time in U.S. history, the U.S. government is going to honor tribal sovereignty and the treaties that were signed by the U.S. government.” So said Tomas Lopez, a representative of the International Indigenous Youth Council, on the day after the Army Corps of Engineers decided it would not grant an easement through South Dakota’s Lake Oahe for the construction of the last mile of the Dakota Pipeline. Lopez was surely speaking for thousands of protesters who were camped out for months at the Standing Rock Sioux reservation when he declared, “For the first time, I feel like we’re being acknowledged as a people and we’re being seen and being heard and honored.” No doubt the decision has given some a renewed sense of pride, but whether the administration’s decision was about acknowledging the rights of Native Americans or rather was a final bow to the interests of powerful liberal lobbies in Washington is an open question. And while Standing Rock leaders may be pleased with their success, American Indians will be bearing the devastating economic consequences of this decision for years to come. The story of the Dakota Pipeline began two years ago, when a company called Energy Transfer Partners applied to build a 1,100-mile pipeline from Iowa to North Dakota in order to carry 570,000 barrels of crude oil per day. The cost was projected at $4 billion. The company went to great lengths to locate the pipeline on almost exclusively private lands. Such negotiations are much easier than those involving public lands, and the many farmers who allowed the pipeline to run across their property were paid handsomely. Only 3 percent of its length would need federal approval, and in those places the pipeline was designed to run next to existing utility lines, meaning that approval would presumably be hard to deny. Even in those cases, the company was careful to tread lightly. It made sure that the route would avoid sites that were even being considered for the National Register of Historic Places. It hired professional archaeologists and coordinated with State Historic Preservation Officers and rerouted the pipeline 140 times in North Dakota alone to avoid proximity to cultural resources like burial grounds or ceremonial sites. The company also met with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Council to present the plan for the pipeline and spoke with the tribe’s historic-preservation officer several times in the fall of 2014. Ultimately, though, it was up to the Army Corps of Engineers to determine whether the pipeline could go under North Dakota’s Lake Oahe. The Corps has a legal obligation to consult local tribes that could be affected by construction. In 2000, President Clinton signed an executive order requiring all federal agencies to formulate “an accountable process to ensure meaningful and timely input by tribal officials in the development of regulatory policies that have tribal implications.” And in 2009, President Obama reaffirmed this with a follow-up executive order. The Army Corps drafted regulations based on these orders: “Commands will ensure that all Tribes with an interest in a particular activity are contacted and their comments taken into consideration.” The Corps did just that. As court documents show, beginning in the fall of 2014, representatives of the Corps sent multiple letters to the Standing Rock Sioux tribe and received no response. They attempted to set up a number of meetings and again were met with no response. When they arrived for one meeting, they were told that the conclave had started earlier than expected and was already over. At the next, discussion of the pipeline was removed from the agenda because the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer did not show up. The following year was also marked by a constant stream of letters from the Corps. Some were answered by Tribal Chief David Archambault, who complained that the tribe was not sufficiently consulted—in response to consultation letters. He noted that because of the tribe’s oral traditions, outsiders could not possibly know where the sites of cultural significance were. Finally, in the spring of 2016, a series of meetings were held between the Corps and the tribe to point out those sites, including one during a visit to the lake itself. The Corps offered a number of concessions and promised that there would be double-walled piping in order to address any concerns about leaks. The Corps, having held 389 meetings with 55 tribes and having met with the Standing Rock Sioux a dozen times, decided to issue easements to permit pipe to be laid. Then, in late spring, the tone of the communications shifted markedly. Archambault demanded that the Army Corps reexamine the route of the entire pipeline for potential effects on cultural and environmental resources. When the Corps responded that it had no jurisdiction over the rest of the project, Archambault ended the consultative process. A group of 200 Native Americans launched a protest on horseback and announced that they would not leave the area near the mouth of the Cannonball River, where pipeline construction was under way, until they received assurance that the pipeline would not go near the reservation. “They’re going under the river 500 yards from my son’s grave, my father’s grave, my aunt who I buried last week,” Ladonna Allard, a member of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe, told reporters. “I really love my land, and if that pipeline breaks everything is gone. We must fight every inch of our lives to protect the water.” On July 26, the Corps, having held 389 meetings with 55 tribes about the project and having met with the Standing Rock Sioux a dozen times, decided to issue easements to permit pipe to be laid through the Mississippi River, Lake Sakakawea, and Lake Oahe. They also put in place a “Tribal Monitoring Plan” whereby representatives of a tribe can be present at all sites of cultural sensitivity while construction of the pipeline is under way. The next day, the Standing Rock Sioux filed suit, seeking an emergency halt to all construction and claiming they had not been properly consulted. Over the ensuing weeks, a district judge upheld the Army Corps decision and a federal court denied the tribe’s appeal of the ruling against them. Both concluded that the Corps had followed all the proper procedures of consultation and said there was no compelling reason to halt the project. By this point, though, thousands of protesters had joined the encampment at Standing Rock, including Hollywood near-royalty. The 24-year-old actress Shailene Woodley was arrested for trespassing on private land. Hundreds more protesters were taken into custody after lighting fire to bales of hay. The encampment began to attract everyone who had a beef with the U.S. government or just wanted to join a cause—fighting against racism, for “environmental justice,” and the like. A contingent of anarchists showed up. And then came the usual conflicts between protesters and local law enforcement, with the former claiming they were experiencing police brutality through the use of water cannons and rubber bullets, while the police noted that the protesters were trespassing and endangering local residents. Meanwhile, the national attention brought to the cause turned Standing Rock into a party. As one Native at the camp complained: “Many of the ‘festival kids’ have come to Standing Rock due to a mix of a deep calling in their hearts, and it being the off-season for festivals. Many arrived with little or nothing to support themselves. No tent, no money, no winter clothing, and no real knowledge on what why [sic] exactly they are here, which makes them an immediate drain on the camps that have been working for months to prepare for winter.” Thousands of people who were looking for an easier way to signal their own virtue started checking in at Standing Rock on Facebook—the result of a rumor that police were tracking protesters on social media. By this point, the protesters were making news almost every day. And while the court decisions could have been the end of it—since winter in North Dakota would chase away most of the protesters and the media attention—President Obama decided to keep hope alive. In early November, weeks after the federal court denied the tribe’s appeal, Obama told news outlets, “We’re monitoring this closely, and I think, as a general rule, my view is that there’s a way for us to accommodate sacred lands of Native Americans.” It was therefore unsurprising that the Obama administration ultimately stepped in to make that accommodation a reality. “Although we have had continuing discussion and exchanges of new information with the Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access, it’s clear that there’s more work to do,” said Jo-Ellen Darcy, the Army’s assistant secretary for civil works, in early December. “The best way to complete that work responsibly and expeditiously is to explore alternate routes for the pipeline crossing.” The tribe and their supporters celebrated with fireworks. “The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and all of Indian Country will be forever grateful to the Obama administration for this historic decision,” wrote Chairman Archambault in a statement released by the tribe. And he should be, because by all rights, Standing Rock should have lost this fight. Even Archambault acknowledged to a crowd gathered after his victory: “That pipeline had every right to go through, but because of the support that we have and the people who gather and are a part of this, we are able to build enough noise to help America understand.” Energy Transfer Partners and a large coalition of businesses, labor unions, state officials, and private landowners are now left to figure out what went wrong. Did they simply underestimate how much the voice of one tribe mattered in Washington’s decision process? Was there something they should have done differently to address the needs of a group that has been victimized by the federal government for centuries? Perhaps most important: Why did the president place the interests of the Standing Rock over the rule of law? T he President made his interest in Indian issues known early in his tenure. He hosted a White House Tribal Nations conference during each year of his presidency. He started an indigenous youth initiative (Generation I) and has devoted a considerable amount of time to visiting with Native leaders and dedicating discretionary funds to some of their causes. In 2014, Obama was the first president to go to Standing Rock. “I know that throughout history, the United States often didn’t give the nation-to-nation relationship the respect that it deserved,” he told the crowd there. “So I promised, when I ran, to be a president who’d change that—a president who honors our sacred trust, and who respects your sovereignty.” What did Obama mean when he used that term? What does anyone mean when discussing the sovereignty of tribes? As you enter reservations across the country, you’ll find ominous signs warning that you’re subject to the laws of the tribe and the territory. Are you no longer then subject to the laws of the state? Or the federal government? Are you no longer entitled to the protections you enjoy as a citizen of the United States? These may seem like esoteric questions, but such issues are regularly tested in our courts. One Native leader told me that his tribe would achieve real sovereignty when it was treated the same way it is while playing lacrosse at the World Games—that is, as a nation separate from the United States and respected as its own independent national entity in a “globalized world.” Tribal leaders continue to claim that tribes are nations apart, but no legal authority takes seriously the idea that the relationship between any Indian community and Washington is the same as the one between Washington and Paris, for example. American Indians are, after all, American citizens. The problems of Native Americans, it turns out, do not stem from a lack of control over land off the reservations so much as a lack of control on the reservations. But Native leaders continue to invoke treaties that were signed in the 18th and 19th centuries as evidence of their land rights, as though these lands are not part of the United States. The Standing Rock leaders argue that, even though the land being used for the pipeline is not reservation land, it is land that was promised to the tribe in an 1851 treaty. Other protesters, environmental activists, and academics have echoed this claim. But in Cherokee Nation v. Hitchcock (1902) and Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), the Supreme Court ruled that treaties signed with Indians could be modified or terminated without Indians’ consent, and no decision has altered that precedent since. In this century, the Court reaffirmed the notion that Indians have no claim to land that sits off of reservations. In a 2005 case, the Oneida Nation claimed that they should not have to pay property taxes on land in upstate New York—land that once belonged to them, but which was sold to white settlers 200 years ago and which they more recently repurchased on the open market. The Oneida argued that because the acreage had been part of their original reservation laws of tribal sovereignty should apply. The court ruled against the tribe, with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg writing for the majority that “‘standards of federal Indian law and federal equity practice’ preclude the Tribe from rekindling embers of sovereignty that long ago grew cold.” Which is not to say there is no such thing as “sovereignty” on Native lands. Indeed, the problems of Native Americans do not stem from a lack of control over land off the reservations so much as a lack of control on the reservations. Reservations are lands that are held in trust by the federal government. The original goal was to keep Indians contained. Now, it has shifted to preserving these lands for indigenous peoples. But the effect is the same. Indians can’t own any of the reservation territory outright, so they can’t get a mortgage, build equity, or engage in the most basic economic transactions without interference from the federal government. Their lives are micromanaged by the 9,000-person staff of the Bureau of Indian affairs. One Crow man I spoke to was trying to purchase a few acres of land from his neighbor, another Indian, on which to graze some cattle. The two had agreed on a price but then a representative of the Bureau of Indian Affairs told them that the deal couldn’t go through because the price they had agreed on was not “fair market value.” The agency had recently commissioned an appraisal of land on the reservation and apparently told the appraiser to overvalue the land so as not to “screw the Indians.” Which is, of course, exactly what happened. The result of rampant governmental mismanagement and the lack of property rights has been the kind of poverty that one would only expect to find in the Third World. People live in tents through winters in North Dakota. There are large extended families piled into single-trailer homes. Trash is everywhere. American Indians have higher rates of poverty, unemployment, gang violence, alcohol abuse, rape, and child sexual abuse than any other racial or ethnic group in America. Indeed, one reason for the kind of support that the Standing Rock protesters have received is that these conditions and these statistics are simply shocking to most Americans who are learning of them for the first time. There are tribes that have clawed their way out of poverty—some with casinos. But others are trying to make use of natural resources, since it turns out that the same lands that Indians were forced onto in the 19th century because they were worthless for farming have turned out to be rich in oil, gas, and coal. Indian reservations, Terry Anderson and Shawn Regan wrote in Louisiana State University’s Journal of Energy Law and Resources, “contain almost 30 percent of the nation’s coal reserves west of the Mississippi, 50 percent of potential uranium reserves, and 20 percent of known oil and gas reserves”—resources worth nearly $1.5 trillion, or $290,000 per tribal member. Tragically, “86 percent of Indian lands with energy or mineral potential remain undeveloped because of federal control of reservations that keeps Indians from fully capitalizing on their natural resources if they desire.” Indeed, there is much that the Obama administration could have done to help the tribes that actually want to engage in more extraction. Instead they have allowed the Bureau of Land Management to run roughshod over tribes when it comes to controlling their reservations. Commenting on the administration’s new “venting and flaring” rules, which make natural-gas extraction more expensive and complicated, the leadership of the Ute tribe wrote, “This kind of paternalism is not the modern role of the federal trustee and not the kind of trustee that President Obama has directed for his Administration.” On the same rules, the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations have noted that “consultation to date has not been meaningful.” Regarding new administrative rules on fracking, the Navajos have written, “The breadth and depth of BLM outreach and consultation with Indian Country has been insufficient given the potential impact the rule could have on tribal energy resources and economic development.” The Crows have noted, “Tribal lands are under the jurisdiction of sovereign tribal governments and are for the benefit of tribal members. However, BLM continues to treat tribal lands like public land by trying to regulate oil and gas development on tribal lands.” Because there is no army of protesters whose members want to make sure that American Indians can engage in fracking on their own land, these tribes will never get the kind of support that the Standing Rock tribe has. All of these tribes have expressed support for a bill called the Native American Energy Act, which would allow them more independence when it comes to using their own natural resources. But Obama promised that if the bill came to his desk, he would veto it because it “would not ensure diligent development of resources on Indian lands.” Diligent development, apparently, requires more federal oversight on Indian land than it does on private land because . . . what? Because Indians aren’t capable of making decisions as well as white owners of land? What’s obvious from the president’s statements and policies is that decisions about what happens on Indian land have little to do with any concern for Indian sovereignty or the well-being of tribes, which could really use the money and the jobs that would come from such development. These policies are merely an extension of the president’s environmentalist politics. Whether it’s the Keystone Pipeline or the Dakota Pipeline, the problem is the pipeline. Both would supposedly destroy the supposedly pristine environment that the president’s green lobby wants to support. If blocking one means also being able to claim the mantle of support for indigenous rights, well, so much the better. In the state of Washington, the Gateway Pacific Terminal project has pitted one Indian tribe against another. The Lummi Nation has demanded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers deny the permit application necessary to build a pier because it endangers the tribe’s fishing rights. But the impoverished Crow tribe has supported the project because it needs a way to transport coal that it is extracting from the Powder River Basin. Guess which tribe the outgoing administration has sided with? Members of the Navajo, Ute, and Paiute tribes have objected to the president’s plan to designate a national monument in the Bears Ears area of Southern Utah. Such a designation—which has been widely supported by environmentalists eager to turn the land into a playground for the wealthy—would restrict farming, mining, and oil and gas drilling that currently benefit tribe members. But the objections of these Natives have been ignored by the administration. Tribes that would like to see more economic development on their lands are cautiously optimistic about the incoming Trump administration. Certainly there is hope that the decision to halt the Dakota Pipeline—which other tribes not only support but were actually planning to use in order to transport their own oil—will be overturned. But in the meantime, President Obama has ushered in a new era of regulatory uncertainty. The next time a private firm wants to undertake any kind of construction project, it will know to keep its economic activity as far away from Indian country as possible. Many companies are already reluctant to do business with tribes because of various legal uncertainties, but now they will be less likely to locate industry in an area where Indians could potentially see jobs or feel any economic boost. In his speech to the final White House Tribal Nations Conference, President Obama told the Native leaders, “I hope I’ve done right by you.” Actually, just like his predecessors from centuries past, he’s managed to screw the Indians, too. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A T he Oxford English Dictionary recently chose “post-truth” as its “word of the year” for 2016, suggesting we still live under the supposedly Orwellian pall cast by the recent election. The dictionary defines “post-truth” as “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.” The term has quickly become an appealing shorthand for the mainstream media and the cultural elite wishing to describe the mind-set of Trump voters and a convenient way for them to process their grief over the election results. If you believe everything you read, the presidential election was little more than a recapitulation of To Tell the Truth, with Hillary Clinton as the contestant who doesn’t lie and Donald Trump as the deliberately dissembling trickster trying to win by fooling his audience. (Recall that PolitiFact named Trump the winner of its “Lie of the Year” award in 2015 for his campaign statements.) Few imagined that he would be the one to claim the prize. Once he did, however, the “truth” needed new defenders. James Fallows at the Atlantic is but one of many journalists who have appointed themselves arbiters of truth in our post-truth age, and in Trump, Fallows has found the perfect target for his chiding and moralizing. “For the public figures, the assumption is that they’re at least trying not to lie, and that they’d rather not get caught,” he has written. “For the public audience, the assumption is that they’ll care about an ongoing record of honesty or deception. But those assumptions do not match the reality of Trump.” Likewise, Washington Post media columnist Margaret Sullivan ominously invoked Orwell’s 1984 after hearing a Trump surrogate on the radio downplaying the importance of facts. She told readers to be “vigilant,” adding: “You may think you are prepared for a post-truth world, in which political appeals to emotion count for more than statements of rsrifiable fact. But now it’s time to cross another bridge into a world without facts. Or, more precisely, where facts do not matter a whit.” And writing in Quartz, Noah Berlatsky bulged his eyes at the lurking totalitarianism in a post-truth, Trump-driven era: “Fascism thrives on falsehoods: The promise that this highly efficient new governing philosophy is ushering in a gleaming future, cleansed of the detritus of lesser peoples and weaker ideologies. Terms like “post-truth” and “alt-right” seem to provide a modern twist, though they come from the same fascist playbook as ever.” These writers view themselves as heroic whistleblowers and truth-tellers; like the bold child willing to point out that the emperor has no clothes, they understand themselves to be fearless in exposing hypocrisy and lies. But their over-the-top rhetoric, and blindness to their own side’s untruths, makes them sound more like an unhinged Lollipop Guild than a righteous truth brigade. The reality of our ‘post-truth’ era is less dystopian than many people want to admit. The Americans who voted for Trump haven’t stopped caring about the truth. They have stopped caring about the version of the truth that Hollywood, academia, and the elite political class have been promulgating for decades. After all, post-truth isn’t solely the province of alt-right meme generators and Macedonian fake news farms. Artfully deployed half-truths (and outright lies) are a staple of most politicians’ arsenals. During the 2008 campaign, for example, Hillary Clinton claimed to have had to run for cover under sniper fire when landing in Bosnia during a visit when she was first lady. The Washington Post reporter who fact-checked Hillary’s claim later wrote: “Her campaign referred me to Togo West, who was also on the trip and is a staunch Hillary supporter. West could not remember ‘sniper fire’ himself, but said there was no reason to doubt the first lady’s version of events. ‘Everybody’s perceptions are different,’ he told me.” Who can forget Bill Clinton’s carefully calibrated response during a deposition about the Monica Lewinsky affair: “It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘is’ is?” Or the many ways George W. Bush’s “mission accomplished” photo op was denounced in the media as cynical propaganda while Barack Obama’s “red line” on Syria was treated as a mere foreign-policy hiccup. Unlike the Clintons, Trump doesn’t parse the meaning of words (that’s so last century). He just posts his premature ejaculations on Twitter and watches as the media read like entrails. Is Trump’s latest tweet a dog whistle to white supremacists? A sophisticated form of propaganda? Doublespeak? Proto-fascist rhetoric? Just bulls–t? (Decades ago, in The Art of the Deal, Trump described his rhetorical style as “truthful hyperbole.”) But what the culture’s newfound obsession with Trump’s truthfulness (or lack thereof) suggests is that we are in the middle of a crisis of accountability, not truth—and the cause of that crisis isn’t to be found only among the supposedly angry white hillbillies who voted for Trump. Mainstream media and the liberal elite are convinced that Trump’s victory proves ordinary Americans are either too foolish or too stupid to know what the truth is. Paul Waldman of the Week went so far as to suggest that although lots of politicians lie, it’s only Trump’s lies that count: “Other candidates have said things that weren’t true, but even when they did it was obvious they valued a reputation for honesty and tried to maintain it.” Obvious to whom? The reality of our “post-truth” era is less dystopian (but also less flattering to the self-appointed liberal arbiters of culture) than many people want to admit. The Americans who voted for Trump haven’t stopped caring about the truth. They have stopped caring about the version of the truth that Hollywood, academia, and the elite political class have been promulgating for decades. Consider what decades of postmodern academic theory have given us: a world lousy with relativistic interpretations of the meaning of truth (or “truth-claims,” as they are called) and scholars who can’t seem to stop “interrogating” facts through the lens of gender, race, or identity. Is it any surprise that people who are told incessantly to “check your privilege” eventually check out of the discussion? Or stop trusting politicians who condescend to them with identity politics? Or seek out alternatives to a popular culture that tells them their values are outdated (or racist or sexist)? What we need now isn’t more truthsplaining journalists telling us how “low-information voters” (the media euphemism for people who don’t read the New York Times) are, like impetuous children, incapable of understanding what they’ve done. Trump could take a Truth-in-Tweeting pledge tomorrow and it wouldn’t fix the underlying crisis that has spawned our post-truth era. A large part of the country no longer has much faith in our institutions or the people who lead them, and so they have assiduously created their own brand of identity politics. The uncomfortable truth the mainstream elite (and the country as a whole) is now experiencing is this: Turnabout is fair play. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A E ighty years ago, Universal released Gregory La Cava’s My Man Godfrey, a now-classic screwball comedy about a dizzy socialite who is assigned to find a “forgotten man” as part of a scavenger hunt. She brings a hobo back from the city dump, persuades him to become her butler, and, in due course, falls for him. My Man Godfrey is sharply critical of the monied milieu in which it is set, yet the populist satirical tone of the screenplay is not what contemporary viewers would find least predictable about the film. Far more surprising is that the title role is played by a middle-aged man. William Powell was 44 when My Man Godfrey was filmed. He was 16 years older than his co-star, Carole Lombard, and 11 years older than Clark Gable had been two years earlier when Gable had starred in the seminal screwball comedy It Happened One Night. A trained stage actor who had begun making movies in 1922, he did not come into his own until he signed with MGM and appeared opposite Myrna Loy in The Thin Man in 1934. From then on, though, he was a star in every sense, so much so that he was billed above Lombard in My Man Godfrey. Powell’s age, far from being an obstacle to his stardom, was central to it. Even though he specialized in light comedy, his sardonic screen persona had an underlying weight that allowed him to bring off dramatic roles no less convincingly. Without it, he couldn’t have essayed the tricky title role of My Man Godfrey. His contempt for the irresponsible frivolity of the rich eccentrics among whom he finds himself is made explicit in the screenplay (“I was curious to see how a bunch of empty-headed nitwits conducted themselves”). Yet he also comes across as a man to whom a beautiful young woman like Lombard might plausibly be attracted, and it is in no way dramatically unsatisfactory when they fall in love. While Powell was older than most of the other male screen stars of his day, he was in no way uncharacteristic of them. With few exceptions, their screen personas were unequivocally adult. To compare such studio-era screen idols as Powell, Gable, Humphrey Bogart, Cary Grant, and Spencer Tracy to (say) Tom Cruise, Matt Damon, or Leonardo DiCaprio is to see at once how completely Hollywood has reoriented itself toward youth and how completely the male actors themselves strive to remain “relatable” to teenagers. (Cruise, for example, is now 54, yet he remains almost entirely boyish. He has a 21-year-old son but could never convincingly play the middle-aged father of a man in his majority.) Even such “action stars” as Errol Flynn and John Wayne carried themselves with a natural gravity that would be out of place in most of today’s movies. It is this quality that explains one of the most striking phenomena of Hollywood’s golden age, the existence of mature male “character stars” who, while not quite popular enough to carry a film on their own, were nonetheless known to moviegoers of all ages. A few, like Powell and Charles Boyer, were treated by the system as full-fledged leading men and billed accordingly, while others, like Claude Rains, stuck to supporting roles. But all reflected the same expectation of maturity that was a defining element of prewar filmmaking, and their work gave a unique richness of texture to the casting of studio-era films that has vanished now that youth is so overwhelmingly dominant on screen. T he careers of Boyer and Rains are exemplary of the lost art of the mature character star. Both men were older European stage actors (Rains was born in England in 1889, Boyer in France a decade later) who moved to the U.S. in the 1930s and soon thereafter established themselves at the major studios. Between them, they made well over a hundred films in Hollywood and received four Oscar nominations each, though neither won the prize. While Rains is better known today, thanks to his having had the luck to appear in such well-remembered pictures as The Adventures of Robin Hood and Casablanca, Boyer was far more famous in his lifetime, so much so that he became the model for a cartoon character, Chuck Jones’s Pepé le Pew. Yet they were regarded by their peers with like admiration, and their best films show that they worked in a broadly similar way. What David Thomson has written of Rains was no less true of Boyer: “Technically, he often filled roles that were leads, but he treated them as character parts.” He did this in part because he had no alternative. Short, stocky and balding, Boyer looked nothing like the proverbial romantic leading man. What made him a star was his uncanny ability to enhance the performances of the celebrated actresses whose lovers he played, among them Ingrid Bergman, Bette Davis, Irene Dunne, Greta Garbo, Olivia de Havilland, and Hedy Lamarr. It was Lamarr with whom he shared the screen in John Cromwell’s Algiers (1938), the film that made him a celebrity (in which, however, he did not in fact say, “Come wiz me to ze Casbah,” the apocryphal line with which, like Bogart’s “Play it again, Sam,” his name is linked). Instead of trying to upstage his scene partners, he uplifted and complemented them, knowing that his mellifluous voice and intelligent characterizations—he had studied philosophy at the Sorbonne before going on the stage—would still make an impression. As a result, Boyer became Hollywood’s all-purpose French lover, capable of moving with ease from comedy-tinted dramas like Frank Borzage’s History Is Made at Night (1937) to the spectacularly villainous role he played in George Cukor’s Gaslight (1944). Even after happily abandoning such parts in late middle age, he never lost his reputation for being the onscreen ladies’ man whom he portrayed most memorably and poignantly in Love Affair (1939), Leo McCarey’s tale of a shipboard romance that is transformed by separation and suffering into the love of a lifetime. 1 Claude Rains had a gift for suggesting weakness, that hardest of qualities to convey compellingly, which he used in his role of the lovesick Nazi in Hitchcock’s Notorious. Two inches shorter than Boyer, Rains had an equally distinctive speaking voice. “His precise, fine voice can give a chisel edge to the flattest sentiments,” Graham Greene wrote in 1938. 2 It was so striking that it brought him his first major Hollywood role, that of the mad scientist in James Whale’s 1933 screen version of H.G. Wells’s The Invisible Man, who is heard but not seen until the end of the film. In part because of his modest stature, he scarcely ever played screen lovers, though he was more than capable of providing Boyer-like romantic support for women stars, as he did to superlative effect when he co-starred with Bette Davis in Vincent Sherman’s Mr. Skeffington (1944). Mostly, though, Rains left the lovemaking to his colleagues, more frequently portraying such villains as Prince John in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). Even more satisfying are his portraits of decent but morally compromised men like the district attorney who prosecutes an innocent man in Mervyn LeRoy’s They Won’t Forget (1937) and the corrupt senator in Frank Capra’s Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). Like Boyer, he had a knack for light comedy but used it instead to hint at the unscrupulous charm of dramatic characters like Captain Renault in Casablanca (1942). He also had a special gift for suggesting weakness, that hardest of qualities to convey compellingly on screen or stage, which he used to unforgettable effect in his greatest film role, that of the lovesick Nazi in Alfred Hitchcock’s Notorious (1946) who adores Ingrid Bergman but cannot free himself from the influence of his domineering mother. For the most part, Rains and Boyer specialized in Hollywood melodramas of varying quality, ennobling them with their presence. But whenever they had the opportunity to appear in films of greater dramatic complexity, as Rains did in Notorious and in Gabriel Pascal’s screen version of George Bernard Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) and as Boyer did in Max Ophüls’s The Earrings of Madame de . . . (1953), they rose effortlessly to the occasion, just as they distinguished themselves in their later stage appearances, for which they typically chose serious fare. Indeed, Boyer’s performance in Charles Laughton’s 1949 revival of Shaw’s Don Juan in Hell brought him an entirely new kind of réclame, and the recording of the show released in 1952 proves that in addition to being the quintessential French screen lover, he was also a classical actor of exceptional accomplishment. W hat made the careers of such actors possible? I’d submit it was the nature of life during the Great Depression. Then as now, teenagers flocked to the movies—but so, too, did their parents, who had no interest in films about the splendors and miseries of adolescent life. In any case, both generations had been scarred by the continuing economic trauma through which they were still living, which had a profound effect on what they wanted to see on screen. Most teenagers of the ’30s and ’40s assumed that they would go to work or find a husband immediately after graduating from high school. Unless they were rich, those who went to college did so to prepare themselves to enter the world of work—and after 1940, teenage boys expected to go to a war from which they might not return. As a result, they were drawn to films that were consistent with their experience, as well as mature actors to whose own “adultness” they could aspire. Hence the success of the fully adult movie stars, as well as character stars like Boyer, who was 40 (and looked older) when Love Affair was filmed, and Rains, who was 53 when he appeared in Casablanca. The children of the baby boom experienced a prolongation of youth. This changed the nature of movies in postwar America—and ultimately put an end to the phenomenon of the character star. After the war, a new kind of star emerged, exemplified by Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, and James Dean. Visibly and unmistakably younger than their predecessors, these handsome but slightly androgynous men looked—and acted—their age. Yet the phenomenon of the character star did not die out as a result of their success. Indeed, it saw a brief effulgence with the subsequent rise to fame of such older actors as Walter Matthau (born in 1920), Gene Hackman (born in 1930), and Robert Duvall (born in 1931). None was a conventional leading-man type, yet they started appearing in full-fledged starring roles in the early ’70s, a time when commercial American film was striving for a darker, more cynical tone that necessitated the casting of actors capable of embodying the masculine toughness and disillusion that are a product of maturity alone. All this changed when George Lucas and Steven Spielberg started making big-budget films like Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977) whose simplistic plots and elaborate special effects were specifically intended to titillate an adolescent audience, one whose collective experience was profoundly different from that of its parents and grandparents. Instead of going straight from high school to work, the children of the baby boom experienced a prolongation of youth arising from the desire of their parents to give them an easier life. This is what changed the nature of movies in postwar America—and ultimately put an end to the phenomenon of the character star. We live in a different world now, one in which early maturity is not merely undervalued but actively shunned. It is thus inconceivable that a forty-something actor who looks like William Powell could make any headway in Hollywood today, much less become a name-above-the-title star. One inevitably wonders what the children of the millennials will make of films like My Man Godfrey and actors like Powell, Charles Boyer, and Claude Rains, not to mention the better-remembered contemporaries with whom they worked. Will the unabashedly adult demeanor of these men, and of such similarly inclined actresses of the period as Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Barbara Stanwyck, seem even more alien to them? Or will the harshness of life in the 21st century force them to stop crying for the moon of eternal youth? If so, they may well come to reject the shallowness of the movies that their parents loved. But they will also have the studio-era films of the ’30s and ’40s—and the ’70s—to show them how mature men and women grapple with the problems of adult life. 1 In real life, Boyer was the most faithful and devoted of husbands, and when his wife died of cancer in 1979, he committed suicide two days later. 2 Rains’s diction was self-made. Born into near-poverty, he spoke with a Cockney accent that he did not lose until he became a stage manager and started listening to Herbert Beerbohm Tree, his employer, one of the great British stage actors of the Vicwardian era. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A D onald Trump’s election as president sent the press scrambling for explanations. Few in the media expected Trump to win, an assumption reflected in coverage of the presidential campaign. In the weeks before Election Day, major papers and television networks were filled with stories touting Hillary Clinton’s “blue wall” of states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin (oops), and celebrating a “surge” of Hispanic voters that would put Clinton over the top. As it turned out, Trump won more Hispanic votes than Mitt Romney. Because it is difficult for liberals to understand that people might oppose them on substantive as well as moral grounds, their analyses of the election results were as flawed as their takes on the horse race. Many liberal commentators simply ascribed Trump’s victory to the supposed racism, misogyny, and authoritarianism of his supporters, reducing varied and complex motivations to base, irrational, and impermissible drives. Other reporters, editors, and anchors quickly became enamored of the idea that misinformation on social- media networks and the Internet tricked voters into supporting Trump, that America fell for a con ginned up by liars with Facebook accounts eager to make a quick buck and assisted by cybernauts in league with the Kremlin. Such was the genesis of the controversy over “fake news.” “News websites designed to trick and mislead people seem to pop up every single day,” wrote Brian Stelter of CNN. “For their creators, the incentives are clear: more social shares mean more page views mean more ad dollars.” A post claiming that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump might show up in your Facebook news feed, enticing you to click and read the details. But the details, like the post, are manufactured. “The B.S. stories hurt the people who read and share them over and over again,” Stelter continued. “Many of these fakes reinforce the views of conservative or liberal voters and insulate them from the truth.” Stelter, anchor of the show Reliable Sources, urged viewers and readers to check the basis of sensational and inflammatory stories before pressing the share button. Good advice. And yet the argument over fake news is about more than due diligence. It is also about the fear of outside influence in American politics, the role of the mainstream media in our public life, and the power of tech giants in Silicon Valley to censor speech. In November, for example, an explosive Washington Post story claimed, “The flood of ‘fake news’ this election season got support from a sophisticated Russian propaganda campaign that created and spread misleading articles online with the goal of punishing Democrat Hillary Clinton, helping Republican Donald Trump and undermining faith in American democracy,” according to “independent researchers who tracked the operation.” The Post quoted an anonymous source: “It was like Russia was running a super PAC for Trump’s campaign.” The “independent researchers” on whom the Post relied belonged to a group called PropOrNot, which had compiled a list of 200 websites that, according to the Post, “wittingly or unwittingly published Russian propaganda.” The list included operations funded by the Russian government, including RT and Sputnik News and Pravda, as well as websites such as WikiLeaks. But it also included sites that are merely sympathetic to Russian policy and to Vladimir Putin, or critical of American foreign policy in general, such as the pages of paleo-conservative or paleo-libertarian writers Paul Craig Roberts, David Stockman, Lew Rockwell, and Justin Raimondo. Also on the list were heavily trafficked populist websites such as Infowars and the Drudge Report. I should pause here to say that I disagree with the aims and opinions and methods of basically everyone named by PropOrNot. But it is wrong and dangerous to blur the line between state-backed propaganda such as RT and the opinions of disgruntled quacks. It is absurd and offensive to suggest that the Drudge Report, which links to all sorts of media including the warmongering Kate Upton blog I edit, is a tool of Moscow. And when U.S.–Russian relations are as poor as they are today, to label news outlets pro-Putin is not only censorious. It is libelous. Long ago the press changed its job description and went from telling readers what had happened to telling them what to think. That may be why online commenters and the left-wing site the Intercept savaged the Post story for not distinguishing between official propaganda and the freewheeling, tabloid-style, not-always-tethered-to-reality world of the Internet. So harsh did the criticism become that the Post eventually appended a long editor’s note to the top of the piece that distanced the newspaper, whose proprietor is Web billionaire and Trump opponent Jeff Bezos, from its own thesis: A number of those sites have objected to being included on PropOrNot’s list, and some of the sites, as well as others not on the list, have publicly challenged the group’s methodology and conclusions. The Post, which did not name any of the sites, does not itself vouch for the validity of PropOrNot’s findings regarding any individual media outlet, nor did the article purport to do so. Now you tell us. Why the obsession with fake news? Readers with long memories will note that the mainstream media did not use this term to describe the work of Janet Cooke, Stephen Glass, and Jayson Blair, or the reporters who vilified and maligned the Duke Lacrosse Team, or the disgusting fabrications Rolling Stone told about fraternity life at the University of Virginia, or the myths parroted on CNN that Michael Brown shouted “hands up, don’t shoot” before he was killed in Ferguson. Nor was fake news a problem in 2012 when a man named Floyd Corkins said he shot an employee of the conservative Family Research Council in the arm because the Southern Poverty Legal Center had accused it of being a hate group. And yet four years later, when an armed man showed up at a D.C. pizzeria after reading online that it might be connected to human trafficking, the mainstream media’s quest to anathematize fake news intensified. (Luckily, no one was harmed.) What makes the controversy salient is the uncertain social position of the mainstream media. The press, Tom Wolfe wrote, is a Victorian Gentleman, the arbiter of manners and fashion, the judge of right conduct and good breeding. But the fragmentation of the media landscape, the decentralization of the Internet and social media, and the rise of Donald Trump have set this Victorian Gentleman back on his heels. Long ago he changed his job description and went from telling his readers what had happened to telling them what to think. And the fact that so many people now have the means to disagree with him, to challenge him, to speak unmediated and uncensored, is profoundly disturbing to his sense of authority and self-worth. There always have been and always will be cynics, fabulists, and crazies, because these human types express durable traits of our nature. But the free-speech zone of the World Wide Web is the result of human artifice, and thus contingent in space and time. It would be folly, and injurious to freedom, if the oligarchs that own social-media platforms allowed the Victorian Gentleman to reassert his preeminent status through censorship of speech that disturbs his liberal, affluent, entitled cocoon. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today.	i don't know
Which Actress was the mother of the actress Janette Scott?	Janette Scott - Biography - IMDb Janette Scott Jump to: Overview (2) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trivia (11) Overview (2) Thora Janette Scott Mini Bio (1) Janette Scott was born on December 14, 1938 in Morecambe, Lancashire, England as Thora Janette Scott. She is an actress, known for The Day of the Triffids (1962), Paranoiac (1963) and School for Scoundrels (1960). She has been married to William Rademaekers since 1981. She was previously married to Mel Tormé and Jackie Rae . Spouse (3) Daughter of actress Thora Hird Mentioned in the opening title song of The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) in reference to her appearance in The Day of the Triffids (1962): "And I really got hot When I saw Janette Scott fight a triffid that spits poison and kills." Wrote her autobiography at the age of 14! First wife of Jackie Rae and third wife of Mel Tormé . Chicester, East Sussex, England [May 2009] With the death of Anne Francis on January 2, 2011, she is the last surviving actor mentioned in the song "Science Fiction/Double Feature" in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975). Daughter of James Scott . Although she is credited in the cast-list of "How To Lose Friends And Alienate People", Ms. Scott did not, in fact, return to movie-acting for this film. The character she plays - the deceased mother of the Simon Pegg character - is seen only in brief flashbacks as a very young woman, in what are actually extracts from her 1950s film, "Now And Forever". See also	Thora Hird
The mythological Cyclops Polyphemus was blinded by which hero?	Janette Scott Janette Scott (born December 14, 1938) is an English actress. Scott was born in Morecambe, England. She is the daughter of the actress Thora Hird and Jimmy Scott. She started her acting career as a child actress which turned into becoming a popular leading lady. Her second of three husbands was the popular American singer Mel Tormé. Mother of rising singing star, James Tormé and broadcaster/actress Daisy Tormé. Her role in the film The Day of the Triffids is referenced in the opening song of The Rocky Horror Show, "Science Fiction/Double Feature", which makes references to many B-movie sci-fi and horror films. Janette Scott Click the picture to start download	i don't know
In geometry what name is given to an angle between 180 and 360 degrees?	Angles - Acute, Obtuse, Straight and Right Angles An angle measures the amount of turn Names of Angles As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes: Type of Angle an angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180° an angle that is greater than 180° Try It Yourself: This diagram might make it easier to remember: Also: Acute, Obtuse and Reflex are in alphabetical order. Also: the letter "A" has an acute angle. Be Careful What You Measure This is an Obtuse Angle And this is a Reflex Angle But the lines are the same ... so when naming the angles make sure that you know which angle is being asked for! Positive and Negative Angles When measuring from a line: a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go) a negative angle goes clockwise Example: −67° The corner point of an angle is called the vertex And the two straight sides are called arms The angle is the amount of turn between each arm. How to Label Angles There are two main ways to label angles: 1. give the angle a name, usually a lower-case letter like a or b, or sometimes a Greek letter like α (alpha) or θ (theta) 2. or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with the middle letter being where the angle actually is (its vertex). Example angle "a" is "BAC", and angle "θ" is "BCD"	Reflex
The Minack is an open air theatre carved out of the cliffs in which county?	MCTM :: Home Please Ask My Dear Aunt Sally Dear Aunt Sally, What is the name of an angle whose measure is between 180 and 360 degrees? Signed, Para Rays Dear Para, An angle whose measure is between 180 and 360 degrees is called a reflex angle. Please remember that an acute angle is not an angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees, but instead an acute angle is an angle whose measure is between 0 and 90 degrees. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is between 90 and 180 degrees. Signed,	i don't know
"""The Chocolate Soldier"" an operetta by Oscar Straus was based on which play by George Bernard Shaw?"	My Hero (From 'The Chocolate Soldier') - Robert Shaw Chorale.avi - YouTube My Hero (From 'The Chocolate Soldier') - Robert Shaw Chorale.avi Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 30, 2011 This famous aria is from the 1908 operetta 'The Chocolate Soldier' by Oscar Straus. Also known as 'The Brave Soldier', it is based on the George Bernard Shaw play 'Arms And The Man'. Performed elegantly here by The Robert Shaw Chorale, with the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra. Arranged by Robert Russell Bennett. From the 1963 album 'Yours Is My Heart Alone'. Category	Arms and the Man
In which American city zoo was a gorilla named Harambe shot and killed when a four year old fell into his enclosure on 28th May (2016)?	Der tapfere Soldat (The Chocolate… \| Details \| AllMusic google+ Description by John Palmer Der tapfere Soldat is best translated as The Brave Soldier, or The Gallant Soldier. Some people began calling the operetta "Praline-Soldat" because the titular hero has a predilection for sweets, a characteristic that comes up only once in the first act. Thus, we have the unfortunate translation of Der tapfere Soldat as The Chocolate Soldier. Oscar Straus' Der tapfere Soldat was conceived primarily by Leopold Jacobson (1878 - 1945), who co-wrote the libretto with Rudolf Bernauer (1880 - 1953). Jacobson based his conception on George Bernard Shaw 's (1856 - 1950) Arms and the Man, of 1894, which had for years been very popular in Vienna. Shaw proved to be difficult in the negotiations to obtain the rights to use his play. At first, he refused, fearing that a successful operetta would overshadow his play. Eventually, Shaw gave in, but had several stipulations, among then that Jacobson use only the plot, not the dialogue, from the play and that it be made clear the operetta was "an unauthorized parody" of Arms and the Man. Also, he requested no royalties from the affair and made this fact public, further distancing himself from the project. As a result, Shaw lost a large sum of money. The operetta opened on November 14, 1908, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna. Its first run was comparatively short -- only 62 performances -- in part because of contemporary disturbances in the Balkans, and it quickly disappeared from the repertoire of Central European stages. However, it achieved great success in New York, where it ran for nine months beginning September 13, 1909, and in London, where a very successful run began a year later. Jacobson and Bernauer 's story revolves around Bumerli, an escaped prisoner of war who reveals to Nadina, his protector, that her fiancé, Major Spiridoff, is not the "brave soldier" she thinks he is. The battery of canons Spiridoff single-handedly captured was not loaded and its crew inept. Eventually, Nadina sees through her fiancé's façade and, not surprisingly, ends up marrying Bumerli. Much of the success of Der tapfere Soldat stems from its most famous number, No. 2, Nadina's "Komm, komm, Held meiner Träume" (Come, come, hero of my dreams), featuring an infectious, slow waltz rhythm and spirited melody in the refrain. Straus suggests, musically, that Nadina and Bumerli belong together by making the slow waltz tempo Bumerli's rhythmic signature. This is clearly evident in his "Wenn man so könnte, wie man wollte" (If one could do as he wishes) (No. 10) and in "Pardon, Pardon, Pardon!" from the Act II finale. Perhaps most brilliant is Straus' characterization of the pompous, arrogant Alexius Spiridoff. In an ensemble in the second act, during which Spiridoff and Colonel Popoff, Nadina's father, return from the war against the Serbs, Spiridoff describes to Nadina his act of "bravery" in a martial 6/8 time. After Nadina answers Spiridoff, Popoff interrupts, singing his own praises, but in a bouncy polka rhythm, lending a sense of musical mockery to the number. Appears On	i don't know
What does a Calorimeter measure?	Calorimeters and Calorimetry Thermal Physics - Lesson 2 Calorimetry Calorimeters and Calorimetry Measuring the Quantity of Heat Calorimeters and Calorimetry Calorimetry is the science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system by measuring the heat exchanged with the surroundings. Now that sounds very textbooky; but in this last part of Lesson 2, we are going to try to make some meaning of this definition of calorimetry. In physics class (and for some, in chemistry class), calorimetry labs are frequently performed in order to determine the heat of reaction or the heat of fusion or the heat of dissolution or even the specific heat capacity of a metal. These types of labs are rather popular because the equipment is relatively inexpensive and the measurements are usually straightforward. In such labs, a calorimeter is used. A calorimeter is a device used to measure the quantity of heat transferred to or from an object. Most students likely do not remember using such a fancy piece of equipment known as a calorimeter. Fear not; the reason for the lack of memory is not a sign of early Alzheimer's. Rather, it is because the calorimeter used in high school science labs is more commonly referred to as a Styrofoam cup. It is a coffee cup calorimeter - usually filled with water. The more sophisticated cases include a lid on the cup with an inserted thermometer and maybe even a stirrer. Coffee Cup Calorimetry So how can such simple equipment be used to measure the quantity of heat gained or lost by a system? We have learned on the previous page , that water will change its temperature when it gains or loses energy. And in fact, the quantity of energy gained or lost is given by the equation Q = mwater•Cwater•ΔTwater where Cwater is 4.18 J/g/°C. So if the mass of water and the temperature change of the water in the coffee cup calorimeter can be measured, the quantity of energy gained or lost by the water can be calculated. The assumption behind the science of calorimetry is that the energy gained or lost by the water is equal to the energy lost or gained by the object under study. So if an attempt is being made to determine the specific heat of fusion of ice using a coffee cup calorimeter, then the assumption is that the energy gained by the ice when melting is equal to the energy lost by the surrounding water. It is assumed that there is a heat exchange between the iceand the water in the cup and that no other objects are involved in the heat exchanged. This statement could be placed in equation form as Qice = - Qsurroundings = -Qcalorimeter The role of the Styrofoam in a coffee cup calorimeter is that it reduces the amount of heat exchange between the water in the coffee cup and the surrounding air. The value of a lid on the coffee cup is that it also reduces the amount of heat exchange between the water and the surrounding air. The more that these other heat exchanges are reduced, the more true that the above mathematical equation will be. Any error analysis of a calorimetry experiment must take into consideration the flow of heat from system to calorimeter to other parts of the surroundings. And any design of a calorimeter experiment must give attention to reducing the exchanges of heat between the calorimeter contents and the surroundings. Bomb Calorimetry The coffee cup calorimeters used in high school science labs provides students with a worthwhile exercise in calorimetry. But at the professional level, a cheap Styrofoam cup and a thermometer isn't going to assist a commercial food manufacturer in determining the Calorie content of their products. For situations in which exactness and accuracy is at stake, a more expensive calorimeter is needed. Chemists often use a device known as a bomb calorimeter to measure the heat exchanges associated with chemical reactions, especially combustion reactions. Having little to nothing to do with bombs of the military variety, a bomb calorimeter includes a reaction chamber where the reaction (usually a combustion reaction) takes place. The reaction chamber is a strong vessel that can withstand the intense pressure of heated gases with exploding. The chamber is typically filled with mostly oxygen gas and the fuel. An electrical circuit is wired into the chamber in order to electrically ignite the contents in order to perform a study of the heat released upon combustion. The reaction chamber is surrounded by a jacket of water with a thermometer inserted. The heat released from the chamber warms the water-filled jacket, allowing a scientist to determine the quantity of energy released by the reaction. Source: Wikimedia Common s; thanks to Lisdavid89 . Solving Calorimetry Problems Now let's look at a few examples of how a coffee cup calorimeter can be used as a tool to answer some typical lab questions. The next three examples are all based on laboratory experiments involving calorimetry. Example Problem 1: A physics class has been assigned the task of determining an experimental value for the heat of fusion of ice. Anna Litical and Noah Formula dry and mass out 25.8-gram of ice and place it into a coffee cup with 100.0 g of water at 35.4°C. They place a lid on the coffee cup and insert a thermometer. After several minutes, the ice has completely melted and the water temperature has lowered to 18.1°C. What is their experimental value for the specific heat of fusion of ice? The basis for the solution to this problem is the recognition that the quantity of energy lost by the water when cooling is equal to the quantity of energy required to melt the ice. In equation form, this could be stated as Qice = -Qcalorimeter (The negative sign indicates that the ice is gaining energy and the water in the calorimeter is losing energy.) Here the calorimeter (as in the Qcalorimeter term) is considered to be the water in the coffee cup. Since the mass of this water and its temperature change are known, the value of Qcalorimeter can be determined. Qcalorimeter = m•C•ΔT Qcalorimeter = (100.0 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(18.1°C - 35.4°C) Qcalorimeter = -7231.4 J The negative sign indicates that the water lost energy. The assumption is that this energy lost by the water is equal to the quantity of energy gained by the ice. So Qice = +7231.4 J. (The positive sign indicates an energy gain.) This value can be used with the equation from the previous page to determine the heat of fusion of the ice. Qice = mice•ΔHfusion-ice +7231.4 J = (25.8 g)•ΔHfusion-ice ΔHfusion-ice = (+7231.4 J)/(25.8 g) ΔHfusion-ice = 2.80x102 J/g (rounded to two significant figures) Example Problem 2: A chemistry student dissolves 4.51 grams of sodium hydroxide in 100.0 mL of water at 19.5°C (in a calorimeter cup). As the sodium hydroxide dissolves, the temperature of the surrounding water increases to 31.7°C. Determine the heat of solution of the sodium hydroxide in J/g. Once more, the solution to this problem is based on the recognition that the quantity of energy released when sodium hydroxide dissolves is equal to the quantity of energy absorbed by the water in the calorimeter. In equation form, this could be stated as QNaOH dissolving = -Qcalorimeter (The negative sign indicates that the NaOH is losing energy and the water in the calorimeter is gaining energy.) Since the mass and temperature change of the water have been measured, the energy gained by the water (calorimeter) can be determined. Qcalorimeter = m•C•ΔT Qcalorimeter = (100.0 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(31.7°C - 19.5°C) Qcalorimeter = 5099.6 J The assumption is that this energy gained by the water is equal to the quantity of energy released by the sodium hydroxide when dissolving. So QNaOH-dissolving = -5099.6 J. (The negative sign indicates an energy lost.) This quantity is the amount of heat released when dissolving 4.51 grams of the sodium hydroxide. When the heat of solution is determined on a per gram basis, this 5099.6 J of energy must be divided by the mass of sodium hydroxide that is being dissolved. ΔHsolution = QNaOH-dissolving / mNaOH ΔHsolution = (-5099.6 J) / (4.51 g) ΔHsolution = -1130.7 J/g ΔHsolution = -1.13x103 J/g (rounded to three significant figures) Example Problem 3: A large paraffin candle has a mass of 96.83 gram. A metal cup with 100.0 mL of water at 16.2°C absorbs the heat from the burning candle and increases its temperature to 35.7°C. Once the burning is ceased, the temperature of the water was 35.7°C and the paraffin had a mass of 96.14 gram. Determine the heat of combustion of paraffin in kJ/gram. GIVEN: density of water = 1.0 g/mL. As is always the case, calorimetry is based on the assumption that all the heat lost by the system is gained by the surroundings. It is assumed that the surroundings is the water that undergoes the temperature change. In equation form, it could be stated that Qparaffin = -Qwater Since the mass and temperature change of the water are known, the energy gained by the water in the calorimeter can be determined. Qcalorimeter = m•C•ΔT Qcalorimeter = (100.0 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(35.7°C - 16.2°C) Qcalorimeter = 8151 J The paraffin released 8151 J or 8.151 kJ of energy when burned. This is based on the burning of 0.69 gram (96.83 g - 96.14 g). To determine the heat of combustion on a per gram basis, the Qparaffin value (-8.151 kJ) must be divided by the mass of paraffin burned: ΔHcombustion - paraffin = (-8.151 kJ) / (0.69 g) ΔHcombustion - paraffin = -11.813 kJ/g ΔHcombustion - paraffin = -12 kJ/g (rounded to two significant digits) Check Your Understanding 1. Consider Example Problem 3 above. Identify as many sources of error as you can. For each source indicate the direction of error that would have resulted. That is, identify whether the error would have caused the experimentally derived value to be less than or more than the accepted value. Answer: Answers will vary. Three common choices include: A. Energy is transferred from the water to the surrounding air. This would cause the experimental value to be less than the accepted value since this energy is not contributing to the water's temperature change. B. Energy is being absorbed by the metal cup as the metal also encounters a temperature change. This would cause since this energy is not being accounted for in the calculations. C. Some of the energy released by the burning candle fails to warm either the cup or the water. This energy simply warms the surrounding air. Failure to account for this energy would cause the experimental value to be less than the accepted value. 2. A 2.15-gram cashew nut is burned. The heat released raises the temperature of a 100.0-gram sample of water from 18.2°C to 31.5°C. The mass of the nut after the experiment is 1.78 grams. Determine the calorie content of the nut in Calories/gram. Assume that the water is only able to absorb 25% of the heat released by the burning nut. Given 1.00 Calorie=4.18 kJ.	Heat
"In ""Silence of the Lambs"" what did Hannibal Lector drink with his Fava Beans and Liver?"	What does a calorimeter directly measure? chang... - OpenStudy What does a calorimeter directly measure? change in temperature kinetic energy specific heat radiation Physics	i don't know
Name the year: Lawrence of Arabia wins Oscar for best picture; Harold Wilson becomes Leader of the Labour Party and writer C.S. Lewis dies?	Who is Anita Duke - (678) 344-7075 - Snellville - GA - waatp.com Y&R PREVIEW 3-6-12 Young Restless Victoria Abby Daniel Lucy Chelsea Anita Genevieve GH Laura Anita Baker - God Bless the Child - with George Duke (1987) George Duke and Anita Baker God bless the child on Joan Rivers.rm Anita Baker, Fairy Tales (with Chante Moore, George Duke and Tyrese Gibson) Y&R HD PROMO 2-20-12 Young Restless Billy Victoria Nikki Lauren Phyllis Chelsea Anita Daisy Duke Anita Baker - Bridge Over Troubled Water Anita O'Day - I Can't Get Started With You Anita O'Day - Take The "A" Train Y&R LONG SNEAK PEEK 2-24-12 Young Restless Billy Victoria Anita Chelsea Melissa Claire Egan Miller Y&R 3-9-12 LONG SNEAK PEEK Young Restless Victoria Nick Chelsea Phyllis Victor Anita Abt Billy Adam GEORGE DUKE "SAME OL LOVE" live 91 Testimony: Anita Shreve I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby - Jimmy McHugh I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby - Jimmy McHugh CMJ Music Marathon 2010 Announces Second Round Of Artist Lineup Its getting closer. NYC will soon be taken over by musicians who are eager to showcase their bands talent and CMJ Music Marathon is always a great catapult for that. Whether artists are playing official or non-official CMJ parties, the Big Apple transforms itself into a Fall version of Austins SXSW to keep the momentum going just a few weeks after Fashion week. We gave you the initial lineup for 2010 but now we have a second round to reveal and boy, its a lot! We all remember how many acts were included last year so you shouldnt be alarmed at the massive addition after the jump. Why? Because without a doubt, there will always be more bands added on. So who made the cut the second time around? Take a look below! A ton of our Favs such as Elizabeth and the Catapult, The Vanguard, Die Hard, Vanaprasta, Casxio, Slow Animal, and more made the cut. There are also some bigger names worth geeking out over such as Ghostface Killah, Wild Nothing, Big Freedia, Futurebirds and more. CMJ is the ultimate DIY festival for showcasing the most upcoming and talented bands, so make sure you go through the lineup now and mark which acts you want to see! Need some suggestions? Our suggestions are in bold: 1995 +/- 2 Cow Garage A Classic Education A Life Once Lost A Million Years Acid Washed Acid Westerns Adam Haworth Stephens Adult Themes Afternoon Agent Ribbons AIDS Wolf The Aikiu Air Waves Alcoholic Faith Mission Alessis Ark Alexandra Richards (DJ set) Alfonso Velez All Out Aloud Ambassadors Andrew Belle Andrew Cedermark Andrew Vladeck Andy Davis Angus & Julia Stone Anita Maj Anni Rossi Anthony Jeselnik Apollo Run Appomattox The Armchairs Arms & Legs The Arms Akimbo Arpline Art Of Fresh The Art of Shooting Asa Ransom Asobi Seksu At Sea Atomic Tom Atypicals Audacity Autodrone Auto-Matic Vaudeville Autumn Owls Ava Luna Avey Tare (DJ set) The Aviation Orange Azealia Black Baby Copperhead Bad Books (feat. Kevin Devine and Manchester Orchestra) Bad Cop Balance and Composure Battle Circus The Bamboo Kids Baptized In Blood Baths Bayside Beach Fossils Bear Hands Bears of Blue River Beau Jennings The Beauties Beauty Feast The Beauvilles Bebe Fang Ben Allison Ben Talmi Bewitched Hands on Top of Our Heads The Big Big Bucks Big Freedia The Bigger Lights Bikini Billy Nayer Show Binary Marketing Show The Black Atlantic Black Cherry Black Feelings Black Label Society Black Sheep Black Taxi Blackbells Blackbird Blackbird Blaire Blip Blip Bleep Blood Red Shoes Bloodgroup The Bloodsugars The Blow Bo Burnham Body Language The Bogmen Bonfires Boom Boom Satellites Boot Camp Clik Bottle Up & Go Boy Crisis BRAHMS Braids Brass Bed Brent Arnold Brer Bridges and Powerlines The Broadfield Marchers Brodinski Bronze Brothers Frank Built By Animals Calibro 35 Canasta The Canon Logic The Capstan Shafts Car Bomb Care Bears on Fire Carl Palmer Band Carusella Cast of Cheers Casxio Caveman The Chain Gang of 1974 Chainsmokers (DJ set) Chamberlin Champagne Champagne The Chapel Club The Chapin Sisters Chappo Charlotte Sometimes Children of Bodom Chip Fu Chris Bathgate Chris Cubeta and Liars Club Christian Rich Christina LaRocca and Heavy Weather The Cinnamon Band Circle Pit City Riots The Class Machine Click Clack Boom Cloud Nothings Clutch Cobra Skulls Cojoba The Colonels Comanche Communist Daughter Conversion Party Coolrunnings Corin Tucker Band Cotton Jones Coyote Eyes Craig Wedren Crayon Fields The Cringe Cubic Zirconia Cults Cute Is What We Aim For Cyndi Harvell Dada Trash Collage Daily Bread Dale Earnhardt Jr Jr Dan Black Dangermaker Daniel Pujol Daniel Wayne Danny Ross Darien Brockington Dark Dark Dark Darren Hanlon Das Racist Dash Rip Rock David Dallas David Dondero David Vandervelde DaVinci De Staat Dead Heart Bloom Dead Leaf Echo Dead Mans Clothes Dead To Me Deakin Dean & Britta The Deans List Dear Comrade Death on Two Wheels Debutaunts Delicate Steve Deluka Denison Witmer Dennis Padula Dent May Derik Foreal DeScribe Devin Therriault DeVotchKa Dharma Bums Diamond District Diamond Doves Diamond Rings Diehard Dinosaur Feathers Dinowalrus Dirty Penny Disembodied Diwon Dom Dominant Legs Dominique Young Unique Drazy Hoops Dream Diary Dred Scott Trio Drink Up Buttercup Drop the Lime (DJ set) The Drums Drunken Barn Dance Dujeous Dylan LeBlanc Earatick Statik Earthless Eisley Eklin Electric Tickle Machine Elizabeth and the Catapult Elk City Ellis Ashbrook Emergency Service Emergency Service Emil & Friends Emilie Simon Emily Long Eprhyme Erin Barra Eternal Summers Everything Everything Everything Is Terrible Excepter Extra Lens Fabulous DIamonds Fake Problems Family Cactus Fan-Tan The Feens The Feiros Fenech-Soler Feral Children Ferraby Lionheart Fifth Nation Filligar First Aid Kit The Flatliners The Fleshtones The Flower Machine Foam Castles The Foot Forro in the Dark Fort Wilson Riot Four Tet Francis and the Lights Frank Dukes Frankie and the Heartstrings Franz Nicolay Freddie Gibbs French Horn Rebellion Freshkills From A Fountain The Front Bottoms Frontier Brothes Futurebirds Gamble & Burke Game Rebellion Gary Lucas Gary Wilson and the Blind Dates Generationals Gentleman Jesse and His Men Ghost Ghost Ghostface Killah Giant Cloud Goes Cube Gold Streets Golden Animals Golden Bloom The Golden Filter Good Kids Sprouting Horns The Good Natured Good Old War Grand Hallway The Great Collide Greg Barris Greg Dulli Grillade The Grip Weeds Grooms Grouplove Guards Guitars Guy Blackman GZA Hacienda Hall of Justus with Big Pooh, Chaundon, Joe Scudda, Jozeemo, & Roc C Hammer No More the Fingers Hank & the Cupcakse Harper Blynn Hazard Adams Heavy Birds Heavy Cream Hedgehog Heidi Spencer Helmet Heypenny His Mischief Hollis Brown Holy Boys Danger Club Holy Ghost Honeychild The Honeymoon Thrillers The Honors Hoodie Allen Hopewell Hot Lava Hot Press HotChaCha Houses How To Dress Well Howlies Huasipungo The Hush Now Hussle Club Hypernova I Am Oak I Led 3 Lives I Love Monsters Ian McLagan The Idle Hands Im Turning Into In Cadeo Incan Abraham Incognito In-Flight Safety Iron Age Ivan Julian Ivri Lider Izabo Jack Skuller Jackson Wetherbee Jaill James V McMorrow Janka Nabay Jared Evan Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit Jason Simon (Dead Meadow) JD Souther Jean Grae Jesse Sykes and Phil Wandscher Jessica Mayfield JessUbline The Jezabels Joel Plaskett Joey Ryan John Grant John Shannon John Vanderslice Johnny Flynn Johnny Marnell Johnny Whitney Jonny Hirsch Jradio Jukebox the Ghost Julia Easterlin Julius C Justin Townes Earle Kaiser Cartel Kate Rogers Kate Tucker KAV Keepaway Keepaway Kelley McRae Kelsey Kendra Morris Kevin Devine and the Goddamn Band K-Flay Kids of 88 Kiko Klaus Kill Krinkle Club Kinch Kinetix Kiss Kiss Kisses Kittens Ablaze The Knocks Koli Calhoun Kopecky Family Band Kosha Dillz The Krays Kris Gruen Kudu Kurt Braunhouler Kyle Rapps La Big Vic La Sera La Strada Langhorne Slim Last Chance to Reason Lavish Lawrence and Leigh Lawrence Arabia Le VICE Leeroy Stagger The Left (Apollo Brown, DJ Soko, Journalist103 Leo Blais Lesands Lia Ices Lido Lido Life and Times of Life Size Maps Light Pollution Lights Resolve Like Trains and Taxis Lily & the Parlour Tricks Linfinity Liptease Lisa Bianco The Lisps Lissie Little Fish Little Racer Little Teeth The Lives of Famous Men Living Days Long Division Loomis & the Lust Lord Huron Los Doggies Love Trio (Bill Han, Jesse Murphy, Kenny Wolleson) Lower Dens The Lucid Lucius Lugriphonic Luluc The Luyas Ma Mentor Madison Ave Boys MAE Magestic Legend Magic Bullets The Main Street Gospel Majorleans Mama Bear Man Benu Manic Bloom Marco Polo with Torae & Ruste Juxx Marie Stella Marit Larsen Mark Kelly Mark Mulholland Marz Lovejoy Math the Band Matt Duke Matt Mays Mayday McAlister Drive Me and My Arrow Me First and the Gimme Gimmes The Megaphonic Thrift MegaRex MEN Michael Daves Midnight Spin Mikix the Cat Milagres Miles Benjamin Anthony Robinson Million Young Mimicking Birds Miniature Tigers Miniboone Miracles of Modern Science Mirror Queen Miz Metro Modern Rivals Moe Green Mon Khmer Monogold Morning Teleportation Moss Motel Motel Mother/Father Moto Boy Murder Mystery Mussels Muy Cansado My Dear Disco My Jerusalem My Other Friend The Mynabirds Naam Naam Nada Surf The Narrative Nathan Halpern Neek The Exotic feat. Large Professor Neon Hitch Neon Indian Netherfriends Neutral Uke Hotel Nevermore New Collisions New Look New Morning Nicky Egan Nicos Gun Nightmare & The Cat Nikki Lane Nit Club No Abuse No Joy No Surrender Non-Commissioned Officers None More Black Not Blood, Paint Nottz (w/ special guests) Oberhofer Oceanographer Octant ODeath Oh Land Old Canes Old Wives One Be Lo Onili Onra The Orbans OSpada The Pack AD The Pains of Being Pure at Heart Parallels The Parties The Pass Patent Pending Paul and the Patients Pearl and the Beard Penguin Prison Penrose Pepper Rabbit Pete Rock Peter Hadar The Phantom Band Pharoahe Monch Philadelphia Grand Jury Phoenix The Photo Atlas Pictures of Then Pillow Theory Planet Ubiquity Plates of Cake Plushgun Pocketknife Poingly The Poison Control Center Pomegranates Ponderosa Poofy and the Bus Boys Posso the DJ The Postelles Powell The Press Pretty & Nice Priestess The Prigs Prince Rama The Protomen Prudence Teacup PS I Love You Psalm One Quest For Fire Quiet Loudly Rabia Radical Dads Radio Radio Rah Digga Raj and the Mash Ramirez Brothers Random Recipe The Rassle Ravens and Chimes Reckless Sons Red Mass Red Wire Black Wire Reggie Watts Reggie Watts REGO Reign of Kindo Reni Lane Reptar Restless People Re-Tros Revolver Rich Aucoin Richard Barone Ringo Deathstarr Rival Sons River City Extension Robbers On High Street Robbie Gil Robert Lester Folsom Rocky Business Rope Ruby Frost S. Carey Saadi Sagol 59 Saint Motel Salem Santah Sarah Jaffe Sarah Lee and Johnny Iron Savoir Adore Scott Kempner Scott Lucas and the Married Men Screaming Females Screens The Seedy Seeds Senor Tadpole Senses Fail Setting Sun Sgt Dunbar and the Hobo Banned The Shake The Shake Shapes Shark? Shayfer James Shayna Zaid Sheek Louch Sheridan Fox Sherlocks Daughter Shilpa Ray and Her Happy Hookers Shinobi Ninja Shortwave Society Shrag Sin Orden Sister Sparrow and the Dirty Birds Sisters Sky Larkin Skyzoo & !llmind Slow Animal Slow Motion Centerfold Small Black Smile Smile Smoke Fairies Smoke Or Fire Smoosh Snak Rattle Rattlesnake Snake Rattle Rattlesnake So So Glos Social Studies Soft Black Soft Reeds Soko Soldiers of Fortune Southpaw Jones Sparky Quano Spectre Folk Spirits of the Red City Squim Stand The Star Department Starcode Static Jacks Stef Lang Stevans Steve Gunn Street Chant Strife Strong Arm Steady Sun Airway Sunglasses Super Mirage Superfortress Superhumanoids Surfer Blood Susanne Sundfr Suuns Swethook Swingset Committee Syvia Tabi Bonney Taken By Trees (DJ set) Tall Tall Trees Tamar Eisenman Tamar Haviv Tamar Kali Tamaryn Tanya Morgan Tape Deck Mountain Taysha Busay Team Facelift Teenage Bottlerocket Teletextile The Tellers Ten Feet Deep Tennis System Tens of Thousands Thieving Irons Third Wave Bandits This Condition This or the Apocalypse Thrushes Title Fight Title Tracks TJ Di Hitmaker TJ Kong and the Atomic Bomb Tg Tony Joe White Tooth Ache Tournament Toy Soldiers Trademark Travelling Band Tristen Turbo Fruits Turkuaz Two Door Cinema Club Two Tears Ty Segall Uncle Bad Touch Unicycle Loves You Univox UNKLE US Royalty Vagina Panther Vanaprasta Vandana Vandaveer The Vanguard Vanity Theft Viernes Viernes Villa Violens Viva City Viva LAmerican Death Ray Music The Volebeats Voltaire Twins Von Pea Vonnegutt Waking Lights The Wandas We Are Country Mice We Are Trees Weird Owl Western Civ Whale Tooth White Arrows White Belt Yellow Tag The Whitsundays Wild Moccasins Wild Nothing Will Stratton Willie Nile Windings Winterlings Wise Blood Wise Girl Witch Hunt The Woes Woodsy Pride Woven Bones The Xcerts Xylos YC and Sene Year of the Tiger The Yes Way The Yes Way Y-Love Young Adults Young Mammals Young Man Young Nick Krill (of The Spinto Band) Young Prisms Young Rival Young the Giant Yuck Yukon Blonde Yuksek Zach Hurd Zachary Cale Zambri Zamza Zo! Zowie ***Make sure to check back for lineup updates! Is there a band we should have suggested? Who are you planning on seeing at CMJ this year? Related PostsCMJ Music Marathon 2010 Announces Initial LineupCMJ Festival 2009 Is Here! Speech Debelle Cancels US Dates Due To Visa Law ChangesCMJ Festival 2009 Announces Full LineupVivian Girls Add Tour Dates With Yo La Tengo and The Feelies VA Swing Me Sweet (2006) Free Download Mp3 Album VA Swing Me Sweet (2006) Tracklist: 01. Memories Of You Sir Charles Thompson02. Everybody Loves Somebody Peggy Lee03. Laura Don Byas04. Memories Of You Anita ODay05. I Cover The Waterfront Django Reinhardt06. I Wanna Be Loved Dinah Washington07. Sweet Lorraine Dizzy Gillespie08. There Is No Greater Love Billie Holiday09. You Dont Know What Love Is Chet Baker10. Ive Got The World On A String Ella Fitzgerald11. This Love Of Mine Sonny Rollin12. Sweet Lorraine Nat King Cole13. Yesterdays Miles Davis14. After Hours Sarah Vaughan15. Stardust Ben Webster16. Night And Day Frank Sinatra17. I Cant Get Started Charlie Parker18. Do Nothing Till You Hear From Me Al Hibbler & Duke Ellington Orchestra19. Love Me, Pretty Baby Milt Jackson20. I Miss You So Jackie Paris & Tamara Hayes DL:http://indexmakers.co.cc/?VkFfU3dpbmdfTWVfU3dlZXRfMjAwNg== Download Free Mp3 Album VA Swing Me Sweet (2006) Clay Duke (1954-2010) PANAMA CITY BEACH, FLORIDA, USA - Ah, Clay Duke! Ce ne fossero di geni rivoluzionari come lui! Altro che Che Guevara... Clay Duke! E` stato il protagonista della sparatoria al consiglio scolastico a Panama City, conclusasi con la morte del protagonista.Sappiamo molto poco del suo passato, le notizie certe di cui disponiamo partono dal 1995, quando divorzi dalla prima moglie Anita. In seguito, nel 2000, fu arrestato per aver teso un`imboscata in un bosco alla ex-moglie, armato di fucile e vestito con maschera e giubbotto antiproiettile. Si fece quindi 5 anni di carcere, poi altri 5 di libert On this day in History - Oct. 10 0019 - Germanicus dies (b. 15 BC). Roman general.0680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I. This is commemorated by Shi'a Muslims as Aashurah. (See also History Focus). 0680 - Husayn ibn Ali dies (b. 0626). Shi'a imam, Mahomet's grandson.0732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. The governor of Cordoba, Abd-ar-Rahman, is killed during the battle. 0732 - Abd ar-Rahman dies. Moorish Governor of Andalusia. 0833 - al-Ma'mun dies (b. 0786). Abbasid caliph of Baghdad. 1344 - Mary Plantagenet was born (d. 1362). English princess.1359 - King Hugh IV of Cyprus dies (b. 1295). 1459 - Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini dies (b. 1380). Italian humanist and classicist. 1471 - Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm: Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark. 1486 - Bartolomeu Dias receives a Portuguese Royal annuity. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli dies killed in battle (b. 1484). Swiss reformer.1567 - Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain was born (d. 1597). 1575 - Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Duke Henry of Guise defeated the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others. 1582 - Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. 1631 - A Saxon army take over Prague. 1659 - Abel Tasman dies (b. 1603). Dutch explorer and navigator. He discovered Tasmania 1674 - Thomas Traherne dies. English poet. 1678 - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll was born (d. 1743). Scottish soldier. 1684 - Antoine Watteau was born (d. 1721). French rococo painter. 1691 - Isaac de Benserade dies (b. 1613). French poet.1700 - Lambert-Sigisbert Adam was born (d. 1759). French sculptor. 1708 - David Gregory dies (b. 1659). Scottish astronomer. 1714 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert dies (b. 1646). French economist. 1720 - Antoine Coysevox dies (b. 1640). French sculptor. 1723 - William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper dies (b. 1665). Lord Chancellor of England. 1725 - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil dies (b. 1643). Governor-General of New France. 1731 - Henry Cavendish was born (d. 1810). British scientist. 1733 - France declares war on Austria over the question of Polish succession. 1738 - Benjamin West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania (d. 11 Mar 1820). Painter (Death of General Wolfe). 1747 - John Potter dies (b. 1674). Archbishop of Canterbury. 1759 - Granville Elliott dies (b. 1713). British military officer.1765 - Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset dies (b. 1688). Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 1780 - John Abercrombie was born (d. 1844). Scottish physician and philosopher. 1780 - The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000-30,000 in Caribbean. 1783 - Henry Brook dies in Dublin (b. 1703). Novelist and dramatist. 1794 - William Whiting Boardman was born (d. 1871). American politician.1795 - Francesco Antonio Zaccaria dies (b. 1714). Italian theologian and historian.1806 - Louis Ferdinand of Prussia dies (b. 1772). German prince.1813 - Giuseppe Verdi was born (d. 1901). Italian composer (Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida). 1817 - Gertrudis Bocanegra es fusilada en Michoacn (n. 11 Abr 1765). defensora da libertad y luchadora infatigable pela causa da Independencia do Mexico. 1819 - Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger was born (d. 1883). German theologian. 1824 - Guadalupe Victoria sworn as the first President of Mexican Republic. 1825 - Paul Kruger was born (d. 1904). President of the Transvaal Republic. 1827 - Rosario Ortiz was born in Concepcion. Chilean journalist, one of the first of Latina America. 1827 - Ugo Foscolo dies (b. 1778). Italian writer.1828 - Samuel J. Randall was born (d. 1890). Speaker of the United States House of Representatives1830 - Queen Isabella II was born (d. 1904). Queen of Spain. 1834 - Aleksis Kivi was born (d. 1872). Finnish author (Seitseman veljesta: Seven Brothers, 1870). 1837 - Robert Gould Shaw was born (d. 1863). U.S. Army officer. 1837 - Charles Fourier dies (b. 1772). French philosopher. 1839 - Francisco Giner de los Rios was born (d. 1915). Spanish educator and philosopher. Founder of "Institucin Libre de Enseanza". 1845 - In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 midshipmen students and seven professors. 1856 - Vicente Lpez y Planes dies (b. 1785). Argentine politician and writer who was the author of the lyrics of the National Hymn. 1858 - Varnhagen von Ense dies in Berlin (b. 1785). Eminent German writer, poet and historian.1860 - The original cornerstone of the University of the South was laid in Sewanee, Tennessee. 1861 - Fridtjof Nansen was born (d. 1930). Norwegian explorer, Nobel laureate in 1922.1863 - Helen Dunbar was born (d. 1933). American actress.1863 - Louis Cyr was born (d. 1912). French Canadian strongman.1864 - T. Frank Appleby was born (d. 1924). United States Congressman from New Jersey.1868 - Carlos Cspedes issued the Grito de Yara from his plantation, La Demajagua, proclaiming Cuba's independence. 1870 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin was born (d. 1953). Russian writer. 1870 - Louise Mack was born (d. 1935). Australian writer.1872 - William H. Seward dies (b. 1801). United States Secretary of State. 1875 - Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy dies (b. 1817). Russian novelist, poet and dramatist. 1876 - Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville dies (b. 1814). French geologist.1877 - Lieutenant-Colonel George Armstrong Custer is given a funeral with full military honors. 1885 - Walter Anderson was born (d. 1962). German folklorist. 1889 - Barnard College is founded. 1889 - Han van Meegeren was born (d. 1947). Dutch painter, portraitist and art forgers.1893 - Lip Pike dies (b. 1845). Baseball player. 1895 - Lin Yutang was born (d. 1976). Chinese writer. 1895 - Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja was born (d. 1988). Indian religious Guru.1895 - Fridolf Rhudin was born (d. 1935). Swedish actor and comedian.1895 - Wolfram von Richthofen was born (d. 1945). German field marshal.1898 - Lilly Dach was born (d. 1989). French-born milliner. 1900 - Helen Hayes was born (d. 1993). American actress. Academy Award for Best Actress for her first major role: "The Sin of Madelon Claudet" in 1931, and forty years later for Best Supporting Actress in "Airport" . Her major works includes also "Happy Birthday", "Time Remembered". 1901 - Alberto Giacometti was born (d. 1966). Swiss sculptor. 1901 - Lorenzo Snow dies (b. 1814). President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1903 - Vernon Duke was born (d. 1969). American composer and songwriter.1903 - Prince Charles of Belgium was born (d. 1983). Prince Regent of Belgium.1906 - R.K. Narayan was born (d. 2001). Indian novelist. 1906 - Paul Creston was born (d. 1985). American composer. 1908 - Baseball Writers Association forms. 1908 - Antnio Tavernard was born (d. 1936), Brazilian poet and dramatist.1908 - Johnny Green was born (d. 1989). American songwriter, arranger and conductor.1908 - Merc Rodoreda was born (d. 1983). Catalan novelist.1909 - Robert F. Boyle was born. American production designer and art director. 1910 - Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity is established at Columbia University. 1911 - Wuchang Uprising which led to the demise of Qing Dynasty, the last emperial court in China, and the founding of the Republic of China.1911 - The KCR East Rail commenced service between Kowloon and Canton. 1911 - Comercial Futebol Clube de Ribeiro Preto is founded in Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo, Brazil.1913 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggered the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal. 1913 - Claude Simon was born (d. 2005). French writer, Nobel Prize laureate in 1985. 1913 - Katsura Taro dies (b. 1848). Prime Minister of Japan.1913 - Adolphus Busch dies (b. 1839). American brewer (Anheuser-Busch).1914 - Tommy Fine was born (d. 2005). Baseball player. 1914 - Ivory Joe Hunter was born (d. 1974). American R&B singer.1914 - King Carol I of Romania dies (b. 1839). 1915 - Florival de Passos [Florival Hermenegildo dos Passos] was born in Madeira Island. Portuguese poet.1915 - Owen Bradley was born (d. 7 Jan 1998). American music producer. 1916 - Mirita Casimiro (ZulmiraCasimiro de Almeida) was born in Viseu (d. Cascais 25 Mar 1970). Portuguese actress (Note: some fonts refer her birthday on 1914).1917 - Thelonious Monk was born (d. 17 Feb. 1982). American jazz pianist and composer. 1919 - Richard Strauss' opera Die Frau ohne Schatten receives its debut performance in Vienna. 1920 - The Carinthian Plebiscite determined that the larger part of Carinthia became part of Austria. 1923 - Nicholas Parsons was born. English actor. 1924 - Ludmilla Tchrina was born (d. 2004). Ballet dancer and actress.1924 - Ed Wood was born (d. 1978). American filmmaker. 1924 - James Clavell was born (d. 1994). Australian author. His books included "Shogun" and "Noble House." 1925 - Great Antonio was born (d. 2001). Croatian-Canadian strongman.1926 - Richard Jaeckel was born (d. 1997). American actor. 1927 - Dana Elcar was born (d. 2005). American actor.1927 - Gustave Whitehead dies (b. 1874). German-born inventor.1929 - David Neto dies in S. Paulo (b. 1929). Brazilian actor. 1930 - Eugenio Castellotti was born (d. 1957). Italian race car driver.1930 - Mustafa Zaidi was born (d. 1970). Pakistani poet. 1930 - Yves Chauvin was born. French chemist, Nobel laureate. 1930 - Harold Pinter was born. English playwright, Nobel laureate. 1930 - Adolf Engler dies (b. 1844). German botanist.1932 - Harry Smith was born. English football player. 1933 - United Airlines Chesterton Crash: A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by sabotage, the first such proven case in the history of commercial aviation. 1933 - Jay Sebring was born (d. 1969). American hair stylist. 1935 - George Gershwin's opera "Porgy and Bess" opened on Broadway. 1935 - A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg. As a result of this catastrophe, few wooden towers were constructed after this date. 1935 - Abu Jihad was born (d. 1988). Founder of the Palestinian group Fatah.1935 - Andr Bureau was born. French Canadian communications executive.1936 - Gerhard Ertl was born. German surface chemist, Nobel laureate, 2007. 1938 - The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario 1938 - World War II: The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Germany. 1938 - Moriyama Daido was born. Japanese photographer. 1939 - Joseph Pitts was born. American politician. 1939 - Eleanor Rigby dies (b. 1895). A real person whose name may have suggested the title to The Beatles song.1940 - Berton Churchill dies (b. 1876). Canadian actor. 1941 - Peter Coyote was born. American actor. 1942 - Soviet Union establishes diplomatic relations with Australia. 1942 - Radu Vasile was born. Romanian Prime Minister (17 Apr. 1998- 13 Dec. 1999). 1943 - Double Tenth Incident in Japanese controlled Singapore. 1943 - Chiang Kai-shek took the oath of office as president of China. 1943 - Frederick Barthelme was born. American author. 1944 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp. 1945 - The Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang signed a principle agreement in Chongqing about the future of post-war China. Later, the pact is commonly referred to as the Double-Ten Agreement. 1946 - Charles Dance was born. English actor. 1946 - John Prine was born. American singer. 1946 - Ben Vereen was born. American actor and dancer, entertainer. 1946 - Chris Tarrant was born. English TV presenter. 1946 - Naoto Ka was born. Japanese politician. 1946 - Peter Mahovlich was born. Canadian ice hockey player.1946 - Mildred Grieveson (aka: Anne Mather, Caroline Fleming, Cardine Fleming) was born. English writer. 1947 - Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony was premiered in St. Petersburg, called Leningrad at the time. 1947 - Martin Ruane was born (d. 1998). English professional wrestler.1948 - Ed Volker was born. American musician. 1948 - Sverine was born. French singer. 1948 - Cyril Neville was born. Rock singer-musician (The Neville Brothers). 1949 - Jessica Harper was born. American actress. 1950 - Nora Roberts was born. American novelist. 1951 - Epeli Ganilau was born. Fijian statesman. 1951 - Ratu Epeli Ganilau was born. Fijian soldier and statesman. 1953 - Midge Ure was born. Scottish musician. 1953 - Gus Williams was born. American basketball player. 1953 - David Lee Roth was born. American singer. 1954 - The Communist Party of Honduras is founded. 1954 - Mohamed Mounir was born. Egyptian singer and actor. 1954 - Rekha was born. Bollywood actress. 1955 - David Lee Roth was born. American singer. 1956 - Amanda Burton was born. Northern Irish actress. 1956 - Mark Gordon was born. American film producer. 1956 - Miguel Falabella was born. Brazilian actor. 1957 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he was refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant. 1957 - The Windscale fire in Cumbria, UK becomes the world's first major nuclear accident. 1957 - Rumiko Takahashi was born. Japanese artist.1957 - Karl Genzken dies (b. 1885). Nazi physician.1958 - Tanya Tucker was born. American singer. 1959 - Bradley Whitford was born. American actor.1959 - Kirsty MacColl was born (d. 2000). British singer. 1960 - Eric Martin was born. American singer. 1960 - Ron Flockhart was born. Canadian ice hockey player. 1961 - Martin Kemp was born. English actor and former musician (Spandau Ballet). 1961 - Jodi Benson was born. American voice actress and singer.1961 - Henrik Jrgensen was born. Danish marathon runner. 1961 - Julia Sweeney was born. American actress and comedian. 1963 - France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia. 1963 - Daniel Pearl was born (d. 2002). American journalist. 1963 - Rebecca Pidgeon was born. American actress, singer, and songwriter. 1963 - Jolanda de Rover was born. Dutch swimmer. 1963 - Jim_Glennie was born. English rock musician (James). 1963 - Anita Mui was born (d. 2003). Hong Kong singer.1963 - Vegard Ulvang was born. Norwegian cross-country skier. 1963 - dith Piaf dies (b. 19 Dec 1915). French singer. 1963 - Roy Cazaly dies (b. 1893). Australian rules footballer.1963 - Arturo Umberto Illia becomes President of Argentina. 1964 - The 1964 Summer Olympics open in Tokyo, Japan. 1964 - Jim Rome was born. Sports talk radio host and host of The Jim Rome Show. 1964 - Sarah Lancashire was born. English actress.1964 - Quinton Flynn was born. American voice actor. 1964 - Eddie Cantor dies (b. 1892). American singer and vaudeville performer. 1964 - Heinrich Neuhaus dies (b. 1888). Soviet pianist.1964 - Jean Paul Sartre refuses The Nobel Prize in Literature.1965 - Chris Penn was born (d. 2006). American actor.1965 - Toshi was born. Japanese singer (X Japan). 1965 - Clive Jones was born. British engineer. 1965 - Rebecca Pidgeon was born. American actress. 1965 - Steve Scalise was born. American politician. 1966 - Simon and Garfunkel release the album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme. 1966 - Tony Adams was born. English football player. 1967 - The Outer Space Treaty, signed on January 27 by more than sixty nations, enters into force. 1967 - Jonathan Littell was born. French-American writer.1968 - Bart Brentjens was born. Dutch mountain biker. 1969 - King Crimson releases their debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King, considered by many to be the first progressive rock album. 1969 - Brett Favre was born. American football player.1969 - Wendi McLendon-Covey was born. American actress.1970 - Fiji becomes independent. 1970 - In Montreal, Quebec, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group. 1970 - Maja Tatic was born. Serbian singer. 1970 - Corinna May was born. German singer. 1970 - Dean Kiely was born. Irish footballer. 1970 - Sir Matthew Pinsent was born. English rower. 1970 - Bai Ling was born. Chinese American actress.1970 - Mohammed Mourhit was born. Belgian athlete. 1970 - douard Daladier dies (b. 1884). French politician.1971 - Sold, dismantled and moved to the United States, the London Bridge reopens in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. 1971 - Ian Bennett was born. English football player. 1971 - Evgeny Kissin was born. Russian pianist. 1971 - John Cawte Beaglehole dies (b. 1901). New Zealand historian. 1972 - Jun Lana was born. Filipino playwright and screenwriter. 1972 - Ricardo S Pinto was born. Portuguese football player.1972 - Alexei Zhitnik was born. Russian ice hockey player. 1973 - Vice President of the United States Spiro Agnew resigns after being charged with federal income tax evasion. 1973 - Mario Lpez was born. American actor. 1973 - Semmy Schilt was born. Dutch kickboxer. 1973 - Ludwig von Mises dies (b. 19 Sep 1881). Austrian economist. 1974 - Dale Earnhardt Jr. was born. American race car driver.1974 - Julio Ricardo Cruz was born. Argentinian football player. 1974 - Chris Pronger was born. Canadian ice hockey player. 1974 - Assi Cohen was born. Israeli comedian and actor.1975 - Liz Taylor's 6th marriage (re-marries Richard Burton). 1975 - Papua-Nova Guin joins to United Nations.1975 - Plcido Polanco was born. Dominican baseball player.1975 - Ramn Morales was born. Mexican footballer. 1976 - Bob Burnquist was born. Brazilian-born skateboarder. 1976 - Pat Burrell was born. American baseball player. 1976 - Silvana Armenulic dies (b. 1939). Yugoslavian folk singer.1977 - Angelo Muscat dies (b. 1930). Maltese actor.1977 - Jos Fioravanti dies. Argentine sculptor. 1978 - US President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar. 1978 - Jodi Lyn O'Keefe was born. American actress. 1978 - Ralph Metcalfe dies (b. 1910). American athlete. 1978 - Ralph Marterie dies (b. 1914). American big band leader.1979 - The Pac-Man arcade game is released to the Japanese market by Namco. 1979 - Mya Harrison was born. American singer.1979 - Ahn Chil Hyun (Kangta) was born. Lead singer of the former South Korean group H.O.T. 1979 - Nicols Mass was born. Chilean tennis player. 1979 - Wu Chun was born. Brunei born Taiwanese actor. 1979 - Christopher Evans dies (b. 1931). British psychologist and computer scientist. 1979 - Paul Paray dies (b. 1886). French conductor.1980 - Elvis Hammond was born. Ghanaian footballer. 1980 - Sherine was born. Egyptian singer. 1980 - Tim Maurer was born. American singer (Suburban Legends). 1980 - Wu Chun was born. Brunei born Taiwanese actor.1981 - Michael Oliver was born. American actor.1981 - Mya Harrison was born. American singer. 1982 - Amon Buchanan was born. Australian rules football (not soccer) player. 1982 - Dan Stevens was born. English actor. 1982 - Hideki Mutoh was born. Japanese racing driver. 1982 - Jean Effel dies (b. 1908). French painter and journalist.1983 - Vusimuzi Sibanda was born. Zimbabwean cricketer. 1983 - Ralph Richardson dies (b. 1902). English actor. 1984 - Chiaki Kuriyama was born. Japanese actress. 1984 - Paul Posluszny was born. American football player. 1984 - Rod Benson was born. American basketball player. 1984 - Stephanie Cheng was born. Hong Kong singer. 1984 - Troy Tulowitzki was born. American baseball player. 1985 - United States Navy F-14 fighter jets intercept an Egyptian plane carrying the Achille Lauro cruise ship hijackers and force it to land at a NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily where they are arrested. 1985 - Aaron Himelstein was born. American actor. 1985 - Dominique Cornu was born. Belgian professional cyclist. 1985 - Yul Brynner dies (b. 1915). Russian-born actor. 1985 - Orson Welles dies (b. 1915). American director and actor. 1986 - An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people. 1986 - Nathan Jawai was born. Australian basketball player. 1986 - Gleb Wataghin dies (b. 1899). Ukrainian-Italian physicist.1987 - Fiji becomes a republic. 1987 - Eric B. and Rakim release Paid in Full, their debut album. 1988 - Em Portugal, assinatura do acordo relativo reviso constitucional por Anbal Cavaco Silva, do PSD, e Vtor Constncio, do PS. 1991 - Gabriella Cilmi was born. Australian singer. 1991 - Mariana Espsito was born. Argentine actress, singer and model. 1993 - In Greece, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Andreas Papandreou, won a solid majority of seats in parliamentary elections. 1994 - Americans Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell won the Nobel Prize in medicine. 1995 - University of Chicago professor Robert E. Lucas won the Nobel Prize in economics for demonstrating how people's fears and expectations can frustrate policy-makers' efforts to shape the economy. 1995 - World chess champion Gary Kasparov won a month-long championship match against Viswanathan Anand. 1995 - South African President Nelson Mandela attends Genadendal. 1997 - The NHL's Carolina Hurricanes win their first-ever regular season game by defeating the New Jersey Devils 2-1 in Greensboro, North Carolina. 1997 - An Austral Airlines DC-9-32 crashes and explodes near Nuevo Berlin, Uruguay, killing 74. 1997 - The International Campaign to Ban Landmines and its coordinator, Jody Williams, were named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. 1998 - Clark Clifford dies (b. 1906). United States Secretary of Defense. 1999 - Portugal's governing Socialist Party was returned to power by a comfortable margin in a general election. 2000 - Sirimavo Bandaranaike dies (b. 1916). Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. 2001 - US President George W. Bush presents a list of 22 most wanted terrorists. 2001 - Eddie Futch dies (b. 1911). American boxing trainer.2001 - Vasily Mishin was born (d. 1917). Soviet rocket designer.2002 - Teresa Graves dies (b. 1948). American actress and singer. 2003 - Europe's Largest Water Bridge Opens in Germany.2003 - Eugene Istomin dies (b. 1925). American pianist. 2003 - Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer and activist, wins the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize ( See Shirin Ebadi related article in this blog). 2004 - Ken Caminiti dies (b. 1963). American baseball player. 2004 - Christopher Reeve dies (b. 1952). American actor who became a quadriplegic after a May 1995 horse riding accident. 2004 - Arthur H. Robinson dies (b. 1915). American cartographer. 2004 - Maurice Shadbolt dies (b. 1932). New Zealand writer. 2005 - Channel 4's new documentary channel More4 starts broadcasting on ntl, Sky Digital and Freeview in the UK. 2005 - Negotiations between the CDU/CSU and SPD in Germany had concluded that both parties would form a grand coaltion with Angela Merkel of the CDU as chancellor after both parties lost seats in the 2005 German federal election. She was subsequently elected in the Bundestag as chancellor on November 22 of the same year. 2005 - Wayne Booth dies (b. 1921). American literary critic.2005 - Milton Obote dies (b. 1925). President of Uganda.2006 - Google Inc. announced it was snapping up YouTube Inc. for $1.65 billion in a stock deal.2006 - Michael John Rogers dies (b. 1932). English ornithologist.2006 - Ian Scott dies (b. 1934). Canadian politician.2007 - Mehmed Uzun dies (b. 1953). Contemporary Kurdish writer and novelist. 2008 Kazuyoshi Miura dies (b. 1947). Japanese businessman.Republic of China (on Taiwan) - National Day (Double Tenth Day). Fiji - Fiji Day (National Day). World Mental Health Day / Dia Mundial da Sade Mental. North Korea - Foundation of the Korean Workers Party.World Day against the death penalty / Dia Mundial contra a pena de morte. RC Saints - Saint Thomas of Villanueva ; Saint Paulinus of York (in England); Viktor of Xanten; Saint Cerbonius, Saint Francis Borgia. Japan - National Health-Sports Day. Japan - Tom Cruise Day: awarded to the actor Tom Cruise by the Japan Memorial Day Association for his "love" and "close association with" the nation of Japan. He is the first Hollywood star to receive such an honor. First observed October 6, 2006. Old Michelmas - Celtic holiday. French Republican Calendar - Tournesol (Sunflower) Day, nineteenth day in the Month of Vendmiaire. Finland - The Day of Finnish literature. 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Email delivery powered by Google Google Inc., 20 West Kinzie, Chicago IL USA 60610 Things to do in Warner Robins GA - Fall Family Festival at Lane Southern Orchards Sponsored by theChick-Fil-Aon Highway 96 in Warner Robins GA, Lane Southern Orchards is having a Fall Family Festival on Tuesday Oct 26th from 5:00p to 8:00p. Come in costume as the family with the most creative costume themewins a prize. The event features a bounce house, facepainting, mini-corn maze, a pumpkin patch, and pictures with the "eat more Chik-N" cows. In addition to this event, Lane Southern Orchardscaters to tourists, groups, and families looking to tour the packing house, sample the peach cobbler, or peruse the shop for trinkets. No matter when during the year you arrive, they always havefarm fresh grapefruit, oranges, peaches,and pecans available. My favorite is a bowl of theirpeach ice cream! Located just outside of Fort Valley in middle Georgia, Lane Southern Orchards is a 4th generation family operation. They have 2,100 acres of pecans, 2,700 acres of peach trees, and grow over 30 varieties of peaches each year. The company was founded in 1908 as the Diamond Fruit Farm by John David Duke. The original packinghouse was build in 1942 and is now a state-of-the-art facility. If you're visiting middle Georgia, new to the area, or a long-time resident,LaneSouthernOrchards is certainly worth visiting. Anita Clark Realtor LLC Your Warner Robins Realtor (478) 953-8595 (O) (478) 960-8055 (C) Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.anitaclarkrealtor.com Blog: http://www.activerain.com/blogs/anitaclark Homes for Sale Warner Robins GA\| Homesin Warner Robins\| Military Relocations to Robins AFB\|Realtor Warner Robins GA\|Warner Robins GA Localism\|Houses inWarner Robins\|Warner Robins MLS Search\|Robins AFB Realtor\|Homes for Sale in Middle Georgia\|Warner Robins Real Estate [HF] VA - All Women's Soul Classics VA - All Women's Soul Classics Soul classics \| 4CD \| MP3 \| 192 kbps \| 367 mB Tracklist 1. (00:02:45) The Supremes - You Can't Hurry Love 2. (00:02:58) Kim Weston - Take Me In Your Arms 3. (00:03:24) Gladys Knight - I Feel A Song (In My Heart) 4. (00:03:10) Carla Thomas - Ill Never Stop Loving You 5. (00:02:59) Fontella Bass - Rescue Me 6. (00:02:35) Millie Jackson - My Man's A Sweet Man 7. (00:03:23) Gwen McCrae - Let Me Be Your Rocking Chair 8. (00:03:36) Lorraine Ellison - Stay With Me Baby 9. (00:02:36) Ann Peebles - Trouble Heartache Sadness 10. (00:03:00) Brenda Holloway - Every Little Bit Hurts 11. (00:02:43) Martha Reeves & The Vandellas - Heat Wave 12. (00:03:28) Ruby Winters - I Will 13. (00:03:16) Millie Jackson - How Do You Feel The Morning After 14. (00:02:49) Aretha Franklin - I Never Loved A Man (the Way I Love You) 15. (00:03:08) Dionne Warwick - You'll Never Get To Heaven (If You Break My Heart) 16. (00:08:30) Candi Staton - Victim 17. (00:03:45) Bettye Lavette - Let Me Down Easy 18. (00:02:17) Irma Thomas - Don't Mess With My Man 19. (00:03:21) Minnie Ripperton - Loving You 20. (00:04:42) Pattie Labelle - If Only You Knew 21. (00:02:57) Roberta Flack - Feel Like Making Love to You 22. (00:04:14) Randy Crawford - Rainy Night In Georgia 23. (00:02:48) Darlene Love - Today I Met The Boy I'm Gonna Marry 24. (00:02:10) Valerie Simpson - Silly Wasn't I 25. (00:02:52) Natalie Cole - This Will Be 26. (00:04:22) Gladys Knight - Neither One of Us 27. (00:02:03) Irma Thomas - It's Raining 28. (00:03:20) Denise Lasalle - Now Run And Tell That 29. (00:04:27) Anita Baker - Sweet Love 30. (00:02:36) Ann Peebles - I Can't Stand The Rain 31. (00:04:32) Esther Phillips - What A Difference A Day Makes 32. (00:02:38) Madeline Bell - I'm Gonna Make You Love Me 33. (00:03:55) Barbara Lynn - To Get You Back Again 34. (00:02:55) Dee Dee Sharp - I Really Love You 35. (00:02:48) Mary Wells - Two Lovers 36. (00:02:43) The Toys - A Lover's Concerto 37. (00:03:50) Vickie Sue Robinson - Turn The Beat Around 38. (00:03:48) Diana Ross - Love Hangover 39. (00:03:36) Thelma Houston - Don't Leave Me This Way 40. (00:04:49) Toni Braxton - Spanish Guitar 41. (00:02:12) The Velvelettes - Lonely, Lonely Girl Am I 42. (00:03:50) Teena Marie - I Need Your Lovin' 43. (00:02:39) Irma Thomas - He's My Guy 44. (00:04:56) Somebody Loves You Baby - Somebody Loves You Baby 45. (00:02:49) Tami Lynn - I'm Gonna Run Away From You 46. (00:03:16) PP Arnold - Angel Of The Morning 47. (00:03:29) Freda Payne - Bring The Boys Home 48. (00:04:24) Love Unlimited - Walking In The Rain (With The One I Love) 49. (00:03:39) Vanessa Willams - Save The Best For Last 50. (00:04:14) Mary J. Blige - Be Without You 51. (00:03:00) Aretha Franklin - Don't Play That Song 52. (00:04:28) Angie Stone - Wish I Didn't Miss You 53. (00:02:40) Rita Wright (Syreeta) - I Can't Give Back The Love I Feel For You 54. (00:03:35) Gwen Guthrie - Ain't Nothing Going On (But The Rent) 55. (00:02:23) Barbara Lynn - You'll Loose A Good Thing 56. (00:04:00) Patti Austin - In My Life 57. (00:02:49) Doris Duke - To The Other Woman 58. (00:04:24) Tony Braxton - Unbreak My Heart 59. (00:04:30) Regina Belle - Get Here (If You Can) 60. (00:02:32) The Velvelettes - Needle In A Haystack 61. (00:02:42) The Shirelles - Will You Love Me Tomorrow 62. (00:02:41) The Supremes - You Keep Me Hangin' On 63. (00:03:56) The Pointers Sisters - Jump For Your Love 64. (00:03:12) Royalettes - It's Gonna Take A Miracle 65. (00:04:04) Regina Belle - Make It Like It Was 66. (00:02:39) Ruth Brown - So Long 67. (00:02:29) The Sweet Inspirations - Crying In The Rain 68. (00:03:32) Stephanie Mills - I Never Knew Love Like This Before 69. (00:02:48) Betty Wright - Clean Up Woman 70. (00:02:37) Maxine Brown - Oh No! Not My Baby 71. (00:05:01) Carol Douglas - Doctor's Orders 72. (00:03:38) Nina Simone - My Baby Just Cares For Me 73. (00:04:55) Shirley Bassey - This Is My Life 74. (00:02:32) Barbara Lewis - Baby I'm Yours 75. (00:04:35) Oleta Adams - Get Here 76. (00:04:19) Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 77. (00:04:20) Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy 78. (00:04:20) Precious Wilson - Cry To Me 79. (00:05:49) Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 80. (00:03:42) Mary Jane Girls - Walk Like A Man DOWNLOAD: HotFile: Code: http://hotfile.com/dl/75140313/3435fa0/All_Women_s_Soul_Classics_-_4_cd.part1.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/75140355/e6b2b2d/All_Women_s_Soul_Classics_-_4_cd.part2.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/75141006/f9129f1/All_Women_s_Soul_Classics_-_4_cd.part3.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/75141168/ffb79f2/All_Women_s_Soul_Classics_-_4_cd.part4.rar.html Fileserve: Code: http://www.fileserve.com/file/eJpdCFb http://www.fileserve.com/file/tXVapGu http://www.fileserve.com/file/3ZUwKCj http://www.fileserve.com/file/R2KYgDh Uploading: Code: http://uploading.com/files/c9119a7f/All+Women_s+Soul+Classics+-+4+cd.part3.rar/ http://uploading.com/files/6dee3m56/All+Women_s+Soul+Classics+-+4+cd.part4.rar/ http://uploading.com/files/43e48cb3/All+Women_s+Soul+Classics+-+4+cd.part1.rar/ http://uploading.com/files/8eb4m492/All+Women_s+Soul+Classics+-+4+cd.part2.rar/ FileSonic: Code: http://www.filesonic.com/file/24099791/All Women_s Soul Classics - 4 cd.part3.rar http://www.filesonic.com/file/24099775/All Women_s Soul Classics - 4 cd.part4.rar http://www.filesonic.com/file/24099651/All Women_s Soul Classics - 4 cd.part2.rar http://www.filesonic.com/file/24099609/All Women_s Soul Classics - 4 cd.part1.rar AP Sportlight 1987 — Jockey Laffit Pincay Jr. becomes the first rider in the history of Santa Anita Park to win seven races in a single ... 2010 — Kansas, Kentucky, Duke and Syracuse earn top billing and the No. 1 seeds for the NCAA men's basketball tournament. Local bowling Carol Payne 572, Diane Rouse 513, Anita Collins 462, Robbie Hall 498 ... Friday Night Mixed - John Pence 644, Scott Rhinehart 611, Chas Brown 601, Duke Brown 506, Kerry Kelly 517, Ron Mortimer 571, Bill Ewing 514, Len Hawkes 486, Joe Sullivan ... Today in sports history: March 14 2010 - Kansas, Kentucky, Duke and Syracuse earn top billing and the No. 1 seeds ... 1976 - Bill Shoemaker posts his 7,000th career victory, aboard Royal Derby II, in the fifth race at Santa Anita Park. 1986 - Edmonton's Paul Coffey has two goals and ...	1963
On which Premier League football clubs badge would you find Prince Rupert's Tower?	Paparatsi.mn - “Baby” төрх нь тэдний имидж “Baby” төрх нь тэдний имидж 2013/11/18 ТВ-25 бэлтгэн явуулдаг "Making The Band" нэвтрүүлэг Анемоне, Экстаси, Микс гээд 3 хамтлагийг шоу нэвтрүүлгээсээ гарган рок поп ертөнцөд хөтлөн оруулсан билээ.Тэгвэл энэ удаад “Code 26″ хамтлагийг үүсгэн байгуулсан бөгөөд одоогоор төслийн шатандаа тус хамтлаг 2 ч уран бүтээлийг гаргаад байгаа юм. Эвлэгхэн хоолой, “baby” төрх нь тэдний имидж гэмээр. Тэд өдгөө 2 дахь уран бүтээлээ өлгийдөн авсан бөгөөд тун удахгүй тайлан тоглолтоо хийх гэж байгаа билээ. Танд манай нийтлэл таалагдаж байвал LIKE дараарай! Сэтгэгдэл АНХААРУУЛГА: Зочдын сэтгэгдэлд сайтын зүгээс ямар нэг хариуцлага хүлээхгүй! 500 IP:58.96.34.213 2013-11-18 10:11:46 Ter Usee deeshe botson sonin hamartai ohin ymar aimar yum be!! LMFAO huurhiid ydaj nuure yaj budahiig n zaagad uguusue neeh aimar gachin budag nyltsan yoooy yu we neeh air shaami emee tsaraitai baba yaga shg yoo IP:124.158.107.19 2013-11-18 10:32:17 zaluuhan bna haluuhan bna medeej aldaa dutagdal blguil yahab uragshaa l harj yabtsgaagaarai ohidooo.... good luck! Baby turh yerduusuu ch olj harsanguiee, huurhii. IP:203.194.115.30 2013-11-18 10:38:02 Uni chin baby toroh ve shil zuuj haraad ch tiim ***hon Hun Orj haradahgui bna budmal avgai torohnuud l bna ter neg usee shuusan n bur aimaar hamtlagin ahlagch ni unen emee tsaraitai ta nart tegj haragddag u IP:103.26.194.66 2013-11-18 10:50:13 ter zulaa ni arai l dendvv nvdee budah yuma bainga linztei nvdnii tsagaan ni haragdku bnashd ter hamtlagiin ahlagch ni jihtsen yumshig tsaraitai 1 ch gaigv ohin algaa hvn tsarai muutai baij bolnoo john daruuhan bj boldgvm bhda IP:202.179.20.204 2013-11-18 11:10:55 ene tunsag ni aimar hetsuu tsaraitaima gehde aygui hichengui ym shig blee ,harin naraa ni hamgiin huurhun ni ym bna budhara miss uyngalynhuatai mair adilhan haragdad bhin ,za za gol ni sn duuldag bh heregtei shu amjilt husey da IP:111.206.18.79 2013-11-18 11:14:28 ydrgataima bnga muulchixma deeshe garax gsn negne doosh n changagd iim bolhr mongol hogjdguin uher nernde taartsin IP:103.23.51.3 2013-11-18 11:14:37 shamii bna uu yamar bna ta nart yamar hamaatai yum. ingej bichij bgaa huunduud uursduu jinhene matar bgaa daa 2hon duutai hamtlag yaj toglolt hiihiin? IP:182.160.46.128 2013-11-18 11:45:34 hamggiin enhrii,baby turhtei ni buka.tsaanaa l neg hair tatam zuulun,dulaan,gar hurch bolomgui enhrii emzeg haragddag.harin tas har ustei shiruun ershuud turhtei setgeltuvshin,zulaa,tunsag 3 taalagddaggui ee.naraa gedeg ni ch dajgui huurhun ohin Ene tunsag gedeg yag neg arhi uudag emgen shig yumaa fkcu.hunher nudtei neg ten tsarai IP:202.131.226.243 2013-11-18 11:59:28 Xamtlagiin ahlagch Tunsagiin nud humsug hamar uruul ntriig bazaj bgaad nuurniih ni gold ni tawitsiim shig tsaraitai neex soniin xaxaxa 4 hol nudtei ohid dund neg oirhon nudtei ene tunsag geed bgaa n ysn muuhai tsaraitai ym be hamar n bas ewguimaa. Tunsaag gej -- iim zov torkhgui hun duuchin bj boldog l yum bh daa Hamtlagiin ahlagch n hamtlagaa alaad bna daa HACHIN OHID HUN BUR TGJ HELJ BN YASN SONIN ARIST YM BE BIYN IP:103.26.194.49 2013-11-18 12:49:07 huuye mgliin emegtei duuldag huuhnuudiin anh garj irj bhda yamar bsnii n hartsgaagaache bugd l hachin hachin yumnuud bsn dag sweetymotion kiwi anu ariunaa altantsetseg bla bla IP:122.254.111.186 2013-11-18 12:51:49 haanas oldson haltaruud ym bg ym buu med tsarai muutai ymr ch imij algaa hamtlag gedeg arai uur bdg daa neg l uuriin gsn ungu ayst tm ym yu ch algaa bogino ust huuhnii hamriig ee mes hiilged amjiltgui bolson bh ymr ogudas hurmer ym hooloigooroo duulana bizde. tsarai ni yahawde hooloi ni chuhal shd. IP:122.254.111.186 2013-11-18 12:54:15 25iin ene hdhn sard hamtlag gargadag ni utgaa aldlaa arai uur zuil sedmeer ym bolson bologui 2duu hiched biy daasan toglolt hiij bdg NGO uilaad bi chdchla gdeg ohin hasagdtsimu IP:103.26.194.59 2013-11-18 12:58:17 ter tunsag gdg ni vneher aimar tsaraitai yumaa avgai shig neg l evgvi tsaraitai yum ene hed ch uursdud l saihan bgaa bolohos hvmvvst bol shivsheg bj bna dooo jiliin draa l shivshegee tariad alga bno biz Ахлагч нь яаг хөгшин эмээ шиг Өөрийгөаө мэддэг бол уу Будалтаараа засалдаа IP:112.72.13.12 2013-11-18 13:26:25 heden sariin nast hamtlag ym bol do so l bn shv ter mixx extacy ene ter n haachsiin be danda chanargv ym hgeed bh ym neg l chanargv hamtlag bhad bolo shd IP:202.72.247.247 2013-11-18 13:41:18 yagad dnda ingj huniig muu talaas n ehelj hardiin be tsarai yamar hamaataiin tim aimshgiin tsarai muutai ohin alga l bnshd tunsag dajgui duuldag bs hamtlagaasaa hamgiin bujgiin ewseltei n..busad n ch gesen dajgui duuldag uneher shougaa duussanii daraa ulam hicheeged hodolmoplood ywbal bolomjiin l yum shg sanagddag tgd ch husel mopoodoldoo hurehiin toloo ingj yawaa ohiduuddaa setgeliin dem ogohiin opond ygd iim aimar oodgui horon ugeer dopomjildiin be ta nar opsdiigoo ed nariin orond tawiad uzde haana bna ter baby turh ni...... olj harahgui bna Baruun talin 2 bvsgvi n dajgvi ym IP:103.10.21.75 2013-11-18 15:34:43 bi ene hamtlagig haanas yaachij haraad hamtlag gej haragddguima neg l bolj uguhgui *ondoo neeh tohirohgui matar melhiin tsugluulga yumshig sanagdad bdin ene hamtlag hezeech ywahguie terig amlachi estoi ywtsgui hamtlag AHLAGCH NI BAG ALAAD BN TIIM BIZ DEE HVMVVSEE IP:213.202.45.60 2013-11-18 16:01:49 eooo zuun yamaand jaran uhna gegcheer ene olon ohidiin hamtlag tegeed pok popiig ni hugjuuleh geed bgaa um uu? 2 duu gargasan togloltoo hiine genuu kkkk IP:202.55.182.82 2013-11-18 17:21:57 tunsag ahiin duu solongost arbat hj ywdagaa boduul arai tsarai orcimuudaa....ahaasaa shaasaan hden won chin chamd zohiogui bnashtt.. stgeleree shan ajilaad olson ymaaraa ynzluulaa ged bhad ii hachin ym boltson suuj bhin arail gj tanilaaaa hun bolgon heljiin emee gj.. umnuh chin deer bjee Haana bna ter baby turh erduuch haragdahgui bna z duulj jaddg ymu ta nar ih jantai irguu gijii nar no shuu dee ta nar mangar budmal tee IP:83.233.197.175 2013-11-19 04:48:31 CODE 26 ch genuu ene arai butehgui ee, urlagiin humuus bolj bgaan bol urlagiig hundleed, naad nuur budalt en terdee hurtel anhaarmaar yum, hunii umnuus uchih chin yasan hetsuun be pzdaa IP:176.114.240.21 2013-11-19 06:43:32 ain baby turh ooo hahaha bitgii ineed hurgeed bgaarai bitgii medrelteerei oligtoi duu hiihee l bod ed nar baby yuuuuuuuuuuuuuu setguulchee noirnoosoo sereerei IP:124.158.125.115 2013-11-19 10:32:40 Ter neg alialagch shig turhtei ohin bas yuv dee, ineedtei yumaa kkk od boloh geed yadtsan ohiduud bna daa Үсээ бооцон нь аймаар муухай охин бусад нь яахав дээ л юмаа baby bishe maam ym bishuu hehe baby bishe maam ym bishuu hehe hussen huseegui nudend dasah l bhdaa hooloi ni anemone-g gutsehuu amjilt. IP:103.9.88.169 2013-11-19 17:42:33 Ehneesee 2 dah” usee booson n” ene hamtlagiig gutaaj bnaa, yag hogshin hun shig, emee hun shig tsarai muutai yumaa, budas 4 n” *hon bnaa. Nud hamar budalt bishee. 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Cunning linguists that they are, they collected data on the gender attitudes intrinsic in each country”s main language: how many personal pronouns are different for men and women? That is, how many pronouns are like he/she instead of we? In English, he/she is the only “discriminatory” example, but in Spanish, for example, nosotros/nosotras is one in addition to él/ella. It turns out that this measure of linguistic gender discrimination does a pretty good job predicting current-day gender attitudes, and, as a consequence, current-day maternity leave mandates. 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IP:188.143.232.72 2016-08-15 23:21:06 Is there ? order dicloxacillin In addition to guarding facilities and serving on details, it conducts investigations, threat analysis, cybersecurity and counterterrorism operations. 10mg nolvadex daily At least one-third of women in Ireland experience urinary incontinence during early pregnancy, while half of women suffer with this problem three months after giving birth, a major new study has found. avapro vs losartan After starting 3-4 last year, Arizona is 14-3 in the last 17 games, the best record in the NFL”Darrelle Revis (Patriots) and Antonio Cromartie (Cardinals) would look pretty good as the Jets starting corners this season buy norvasc amlodipine 5 mg generic The latest report on domestic crude inventories heightened concerns that global production is exceeding demand for oil	i don't know
How was Charles Ogier De Batz better known in an Alexandre Dumas novel of 1844?	Alexandre Dumas père - Biography - IMDb Alexandre Dumas père Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (15) \| Personal Quotes (2) Overview (3) Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie Mini Bio (1) His paternal grandparents were Marie Cessete Dumas (a Haitian slave) and Marquis Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie. Antoine disapproved of their son, Thomas-Alexandre, joining the French army under the "Davy de la Pailleterie" name, so Thomas-Alexandre used his mother's surname instead. He became a valued general of Napoleon, and after he married the daughter of a local tavern owner, Thomas-Alexandre had a son of his own. This son was Alexandre Dumas, who became world-famous as the author of "The Three Musketeers" and "The Count of Monte Cristo". - IMDb Mini Biography By: Nichol Spouse (1) Father of Alexandre Dumas fils . Was afraid of travelling to the USA because he feared being sold into slavery. He was the grandson of a woman slave from the Saint Domingue island (later renamed, Haiti), where his French father was born in 1762, and lived a large part of his life. Thrand slavery was still in existance in the USA at that time). Many of his novels were originally written as newspaper serials. Has a wax figure likeness of himself at the Black Facts and Wax Museum in Los Angeles. Alexandre Dumas (fils) once came into his father's room and found him reading The Three Musketeers. Dumas (pere) finished the book and looked up at his son and remarked, "You know, that was actually pretty good!". His son, Alexandre Dumas (fils), was a noted writer also, but of religious liturgy. This was a point of contention between father and son. Alexandre (pere), felt his son could do much better by writing popular fiction, as he himself had done. Contrarily, his son felt his father had soiled the family name by ignoring the church throughout his life and refusing to write religious doctrines. Although he publicly disowned his son, Alexandre Dumas (fils), he was forced to rely on him for support in his old age. Twice fled the city of Paris, France, to escape from his creditors. Claimed to have fathered over 500 children. Based his famous Musketeers on real people. D'Artagnan was based on Charles Ogier de Batz de Castlemore, Comte D'Artagnan. Athos was based on Armand de Sillegue d'Athos, Aramis on Henri d'Aramitz, and Porthos on Isaac de Portau. He discovered them in a fictional memoir of the original d'Artagnan that he found in the national library by Cortilz de Sandras. Athos, Aramis and Porthos do not appear in large roles, so their physical descriptions and personalities are complete inventions on Dumas's part. When he took the book home to use it for research, he never returned it. Dumas was a chronic insomniac, and his doctor ordered him to eat an apple a at 7:00 AM under the Arch of Triumph in Paris. The reasoning was that this would force him into a regular pattern of rising and retiring. His Musketeer novels, especially the first, were part of the inspiration for Edmond Rostand 's classic play, Cyrano de Bergerac. His hero, d'Artagnan, appears briefly in the play. The villain, the Comte de Guiche, was historically the nephew of Cardinal Richelieu, the antagonist of The Three Musketeers. De Guice himself also appears in The Viscount of Bragellone.	Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan
"Whose ""Carry On"" film roles include Bungdit Din, Gripper Burke and Abdul Abulbul?"	Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan Early life Chateau de Castelmore D’Artagnan was born near Lupiac in south-western France. His father, Bertrand de Batz (de Baatz), was the son of a newly ennobled merchant, Arnaud de Batz, who purchased the castle of Castelmore. Charles de Batz went to Paris in the 1630s, using the name of his mother, daughter of an illustrious family, Françoise de Montesquiou d’Artagnan . D’Artagnan found a way to enter into the Musketeers in 1632 through the support of his uncle, Henri de Montesquiou, Comte d’Artagnan, father of the field marshal Pierre de Montesquiou d’Artagnan , or perhaps thanks to the influence of Henri’s friend, Monsieur de Tréville ( Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville ). [1] While in the Musketeers, d’Artagnan sought the protection of the influential Cardinal Mazarin , France’s principal minister since 1643. In 1646, the Musketeers company was dissolved, but d’Artagnan continued to serve his protector Mazarin. Career Statue of d’Artagnan in Maastricht D’Artagnan had a career in espionage for Cardinal Mazarin , in the years after the first Fronde . Due to d’Artagnan’s faithful service during this period, Louis XIV entrusted him with many secret and delicate situations that required complete discretion. He followed Mazarin during his exile in 1651 in the face of the hostility of the aristocracy. In 1652 d’Artagnan was promoted to lieutenant in the Gardes Françaises , then to captain in 1655. In 1658, he became a second lieutenant in the newly reformed Musketeers. This was a promotion, as the Musketeers were far more prestigious than the Gardes-Françaises. D’Artagnan was famous for his connection with the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet . Fouquet was Louis XIV’s finance commissioner and aspired to take the place of Mazarin as the King’s advisor. Fouquet was also a lover of grand architecture and employed the greatest architects and artisans in the building of his Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte . He celebrated the completion with a most extravagant feast, at which every guest was given a horse. The king however felt upstaged by the grandeur of the home and event and, suspecting that such magnificence could only be explained through Fouquet’s pilfering the royal treasury, three weeks later had d’Artagnan arrest Fouquet. To prevent his escape by bribery, d’Artagnan was assigned to guard him for four years until Fouquet was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1667, d’Artagnan was promoted to captain-lieutenant of the Musketeers, the effective commander as the nominal captain was the King. As befitted his rank and position, he could be identified by his striking burgundy, white and black livery—the colours of the commanding officer of the Musketeers. Another of d’Artagnan’s assignments was the governorship of Lille , which was won in battle by France in 1667. D’Artagnan was an unpopular governor and longed to return to battle. He found his chance when Louis XIV went to war with the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War . After being recalled to service, d’Artagnan was subsequently killed in battle on 25 June 1673, when a musket ball tore into his throat at the Siege of Maastricht . The French historian Odile Bordaz believes that he was buried in Saint Peter and Paul Church in Wolder, the Netherlands . [2] Portrayals in fiction Statue of d’Artagnan on the Dumas monument in Paris. The real d’Artagnan’s life was used as the basis for Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras ‘ novel Les mémoires de M. d’Artagnan. Alexandre Dumas in turn used Sandras’ novel as the main source for his d’Artagnan Romances ( The Three Musketeers , Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne ), which cover d’Artagnan’s career from his humble life’s beginnings in Gascony to his death at Maastricht . Although Dumas knew that Sandras’s version was heavily fictionalised, in the preface to The Three Musketeers he affected to believe that the memoirs were real, in order to make his novel more believable. D’Artagnan is initially portrayed by Dumas as a hotheaded youth, and tries to engage the Comte de Rochefort and the three musketeers, Athos , Porthos , and Aramis in single combat. He quickly becomes friends with the musketeers, and has a series of adventures which put him at odds with Cardinal Richelieu , then First Minister of France. In the end, Richelieu is impressed by d’Artagnan, and makes him a Lieutenant of the Musketeers. This begins his long career of military service, as detailed in the sequels to Dumas’s famous novel. Some scholars believe aspects of D’Artagnan are drawn from the life and character of Dumas’s mulatto father, the General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas , as when D’Artagnan challenges Porthos, Athos, and Aramis to duels on the same afternoon or on an incident in General Dumas’s youth when he was insulted, or on General Dumas’s youthful companionship with fellow soldiers in the Queen’s Dragoons. [3] D’Artagnan’s role among the Musketeers is one of leadership (his skills and brains impress the musketeers greatly), but he is also regarded as a sort of protégé given his youth and inexperience. Athos sees him not only as a best friend and fellow musketeer but nearly as a son. Towards the end of the story, his death at the siege of Maastricht is given an extra tragic twist – he is mortally wounded whilst reading the notice of his promotion to the highest rank. In other works French poet Edmond Rostand wrote the play Cyrano de Bergerac in 1897. After one of the play’s famous scenes, in which Cyrano defeats Valvert in a duel while completing a poem, d’Artagnan approaches Cyrano and congratulates him on his fine swordsmanship. In Neal Stephenson ‘s Quicksilver a story of d’Artagnan’s death is related by one of the characters, Half-Cocked Jack. Musician Citizen Cope included a song titled “d’Artagnan’s Theme” on his 2004 album The Clarence Greenwood Recordings . D’Artagnan is mentioned in Chapter 16 of Eric Flint ‘s alternate history novel 1632, and in stories by Bradley Sinor in the 163x anthologies Ring of Fire III and Grantville Gazette V. In the game Pokémon Black and White, a Pokémon is introduced named Keldeo. Keldeo belongs to a group of Swordsman Pokémon called The Swords of Justice, who are inspired by the Three Musketeers. Keldeo is inspired by d’Artagnan. In the video game Metro: Last Light , one of the characters repeatedly refers to the protagonist as D’Artagnan, comparing the duo to “two of the three musketeers” and himself to Athos. In the video game Monster Hunter Generations , one of the feline -type non-playable characters is named ‘d’Artanyan’, wearing a wide-brimmed hat and cape similar to many depictions of d’Artagnan. Film and television Actors who have played d’Artagnan on screen include: Sydney Booth in The Three Musketeers: Parts I and II (1911) Orrin Johnson in The Three Musketeers (1916)	i don't know
American architect Walter Burley Griffin won a completion in 1912 to build which Capitol City?	Canberra – Australia's capital city \| australia.gov.au Canberra – Australia's capital city Australian architecture Canberra – Australia's capital city Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, is Australia's capital city. After Federation in 1901, a site for the capital was sought, and Canberra was selected. The Australian Capital Territory was declared on 1 January 1911 and an international competition was held to design the new capital city of Australia. The competition was won by a submission from American architect Walter Burley Griffin with drawings drafted by Marion Mahony Griffin. Craig Mackenzie, Two Aboriginal Australian men participating in a smoking ceremony to mark the Apology to the Stolen Generations at Parliament House, Canberra, 13 February 2008. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia: nla.int-nl39844-cm18 You are on Ngunnawal land - Canberra For 21,000 years the Canberra region has been home to the Ngunnawal people. Evidence of their long occupation exists in archeological evidence found at Birrigai Rock Shelter at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, in rock paintings in Namadgi National Park and in other places throughout the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). When Europeans settled the area in the early 1820s hundreds of Aboriginals lived in the area, meeting regularly for corroborees and feasts and then breaking off into smaller bands. The Aborigines moved about to take advantage of seasonal foods, such as bogong moths which arrived in their thousands during the summer months. As elsewhere in Australia, European settlement disrupted Aboriginal patterns of land use and movement across the country, and many Aborigines died from European-brought diseases like influenza, smallpox and tuberculosis. Aborigines continued to live in the area, often working on sheep properties, their numbers diminished by illness and starvation, their culture and language in decline. Canberra, a good sheep station spoiled In 1815 a road was constructed across the Blue Mountains to Bathurst Plains, and by 1820 a road to Goulburn Plains (which lie within 100 kilometres of Canberra) was under construction, opening up the vast interior of Australia to further exploration and development. Albert R Peters, Sheep near [Old] Parliament House, 1940s. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia: nla.pic-an23389536. In 1820 explorers Joseph Wild, James Vaughan and Charles Throsby Smith discovered the Limestone Plains of the Canberra region, following the discovery of Lake George earlier that year. They crossed the range of hills beside Lake George and reached a point from which they saw what is now the site of Canberra. The first European settler in the district was Joshua John Moore who established a stock station called 'Canberry'. It's thought the name Canberry is based on an Aboriginal name for the area 'Kamberra' or 'Kambery'. The middle of Moore's property is approximately where Canberra's city centre is currently sited. In 1913 Canberra became the official name for the area. A capital city for Australia Subsequent to Federation in 1901, the Commonwealth Parliament was formed. The grand opening ceremony was held on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne's Exhibition Building. The Commonwealth Parliament continued to sit in Melbourne as the site of the national capital was not yet decided. Design of the lay out of the Federal Capital City of Australia as projected by the Departmental Board, 1912. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Australia: A767, 1. The New South Wales Government commissioned a report suggesting possible locations for the seat of Government for the new Commonwealth of Australia. The report suggested three places — Bombala, Yass-Canberra, and Orange — which made it to a short list, and suggested others which were rejected: Albury, Tumut, Cooma and Armidale. The decision for the Yass-Canberra option was made in 1908 by the Commonwealth Parliament and shortly afterwards the Commonwealth surveyor, Charles Scrivener, was dispatched to choose a site. His instructions were to choose somewhere picturesque, distinctive, and with views. The Australian Capital Territory was declared on 1 January 1911 and an international competition to design the new capital city of Australia was held. More than 130 entries were received in the competition and the winning entry was submitted by American architect Walter Burley Griffin and his partner and wife, Marion Mahony Griffin. The first Commonwealth Parliament House opened in Canberra in 1927. The Australian Capital Territory became a self-governing territory in 1989. The development of modern Canberra Walter Burley Griffin. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia. The Griffins, Walter Burley and Marion Mahony, had both spent considerable time working for Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago. Marion worked for him for 14 years and Walter for five. Walter Burley Griffin was influenced by the City Beautiful and Garden City movements which influenced town planning during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was also influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's work, particularly in the development of the Prairie style, which included not just the design of a house, but the interiors as well, including stained glass, fabrics, carpet and other accessories. The influence of the City Beautiful and Garden City movements is clear in Griffin's plans for Canberra - green bands surrounding areas of settlement, wide boulevards lined with large buildings, formal parks and water features. There was considerable opposition to Burley Griffin's design for Canberra, the Argus newspaper reporting that: ... the federal government cannot afford to throw money away ... the plan is that of a landscape artist rather than an engineer ... it looks as though the author of this plan ... had been carefully reading books upon town planning without having much more theoretical knowledge to go upon. Portrait of Marion Mahony Griffin (1871-1961), 1935, photograph: sepia-toned. Image courtesy of theNational Library of Australia: an23379384. King O'Malley, who was Minister for Home Affairs at the time, bowed to pressure and a Departmental Board made changes to Griffin's design. Walter Burley Griffin was sent a copy of the changes by the Departmental Board. Griffin wasn't happy with the changes and argued that he should be in Canberra to oversee the building. The Griffins came to Australia and Walter was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction. However, like Jørn Utzon, designer of the Sydney Opera House years later, Burley Griffin had a hard time of it. Delays in construction led to a Royal Commission which, in 1917, supported Burley Griffin's position and his continued appointment supervising the work. But Griffin continued to be criticised and from 1920 he was no longer part of the development of Canberra. He continued practising as an architect in Australia and was responsible for the design of the suburb of Castlecrag in Sydney, the towns of Leeton and Griffith in NSW and for other buildings such as Newman College at the University of Melbourne. Marion Mahony Griffin's role has long been regarded as secondary. However, it was at her urging that Walter entered the design competition for the city of Canberra and it was she - the world's first licensed female architect - who was responsible for the drawings which won the competition. She was a renowned draughtswoman and a talented architect in her own right. In 1935 the Griffins went to India and set up practice. Walter Burley Griffin died there a year later. Marion returned to the USA and lived to be 91. World War 1 slowed progress on the development of Canberra as did the depression and World War 2. Griffin originally designed the city for a population of 75,000 people but in the boom following World War 2 Canberra grew and now contains a population of more than 300,000. Old Parliament House Old Parliament House. Image courtesy of the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. Old Parliament House opened in 1927 and served as the home of Federal Parliament until 1988. In Canberra's early years the House was the social, geographic and political heart of the new Australian capital. Over time, this impressive building became synonymous with some of the country's most important moments including Australia's declaration of war in 1939 and the dismissal of Gough Whitlam's Labor Government in 1975. The sixty years during which Old Parliament House served as a working parliament were a time of enormous change for Australia. The country grew from an Imperial Dominion to a nation in its own right. Over that time, Old Parliament House was the theatre in which the politics of the day were played out and momentous decisions made. The significance of Old Parliament House today lies in its historical and social value to the Australian people. The House is a nationally significant 'museum of itself' and of Australia's political heritage - so, as well as being a popular tourist destination, it is also a precious place which needs conservation. Canberra today Today Canberra has become a hub for western New South Wales, as well as a major tourist destination for Australians and international visitors. People visit the national capital because it is the seat of federal government, and also because it boasts many major Australian cultural organisations and important cultural landmarks like the Australian War Memorial, the National Gallery of Australia, the High Court, Parliament House, the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, and the National Library of Australia. Canberra Day is held on the second Monday in March each year, the culmination of a 10 day Celebrate Canberra festival where Canberrans are able to celebrate the physical beauty, and cultural diversity and vibrancy of their city. The Day commemorates and celebrates the official founding of Canberra on 12 March 1913. The Canberra Citizen of the Year is named at this time. Useful links	Canberra
Who is the Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police Force?	Walter Burley Griffin Society - News News In Her Own Right: Marion Mahony Griffin 7 October 2016 – 12 March 2017 Elmhurst History Museum, 120 E. Park Ave. Elmhurst, USA Marion Mahony Griffin’s story is now being brought to light with a new exhibition presented by the Elmhurst History Museum entitled In Her Own Right: Marion Mahony Griffin. The exhibition brings Mahony Griffin’s own story out of the shadows as a brilliant architect, talented artist, avid environmentalist, and social activist. In Her Own Right traces Mahony Griffin’s early life, her personal and professional partnership with her husband on three continents, her final years in Chicago where she died in obscurity and penniless, and considers the legacy of a Chicagoan of immense but often overlooked importance, shedding light on the unheralded Prairie School innovator and Illinois’ first woman architect The Griffins are perhaps better known in Australia than they are in the U.S. due to the years they spent there working on the elaborate Plan for Canberra, an impressive international contest-winning design created for the country’s capital city, and the suburb of Castlecrag, an idyllic community in Sydney that assimilated architecture into the natural landscape. So it is fitting that the Elmhurst History Museum turned to Dr. Anna Rubbo, PhD, an Australian and an adjunct senior scholar at the Center for Sustainable Urban Development at Columbia University and a former Associate Professor of Architecture, Design and Planning at the University of Sydney, for development of the exhibition content. Lance Tawzer, Elmhurst History Museum’s curator of exhibits, shared his rationale for telling Marion’s story now explaining that “Anna Rubbo brings a special perspective to this story as a scholar, an architect and an Australian”. Opening hours: Sunday, Tuesday through Friday from 1 to 5 p.m. and Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. For information about exhibit-related programs with visiting scholars, authors and interesting tours visit: www.elmhursthistory.org Marion Mahony, Elmhurst History Museum website Pholiota Unlocked 7 October to 23 October 2016 (see website below for times) Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne This amazing project by the Melbourne School of Design's Master of Architecture students led by Philip Goad at the University of Melbourne, is open until 23 October 2016. The students have manufactured over 2300 full-size Knitlock tiles in plaster of paris for this 1:1 reconstruction of the Griffins’ own tiny Eaglemont home. https://www.festival.melbourne/2016/events/pholiota-unlocked/#.V9FbJyN97ax View video clips (one in fast motion) of the students assembling the tiles to build the replica https://www.instagram.com/msdsocial/ The Pholiota Unlocked exhibition is on the ground floor (actually down steps to a lower level) of the Melbourne School of Design, located a few buildings away from Newman College. FREE exhibition. ‘Pholiota’, the Griffins own house, Heidelberg, Victoria. Photograph c 1925 – 1930. Eric Milton Nicholls Collection. National Library of Australia. 15 and 16 October 2016 (see website below for times) Newman College Dining Hall, University of Melbourne Jonathan Mills’ musical homage to the Griffins to be performed in their Newman College Dining Hall along with stunning projections onto the hall’s magnificent domed interior. Projection artist Ian de Gruchy, plus dancing by Leigh Warren and Delia Silvan. Tickets are $28 and can be booked at https://www.festival.melbourne/2016/events/ethereal-eye/#.V_t7tiN97aw 14, 15,16, 21, 22, 23 October 2016 (see website below for times) The Arts West Atrium, Professors Walk, University of Melbourne Immersive projections exploring Newman College Dining Hall and the ceiling of the Capitol Theatre on an ultra-high-resolution 6 metre wide projection dome, by two of the world's leading new-media artists, Sarah Kenderdine and Jeffrey Shaw in collaboration with the University of Melbourne's Transformative Technologies Research Unit. FREE exhibition. Image: Sarah Kenderdine. Melbourne Festival 2016 website. from 10am – 3pm Castlecrag With the assistance of a Willoughby City Council grant the Walter Burley Griffin Society is organising an open day of four Griffin houses with guided walks going between the houses. This is a rare opportunity to see the interior design features of some of the Griffin houses at Castlecrag built in the 1920s and early 30s. Bookings essential – see the “Events” webpage for further information. Saturday 17 September at 4pm Marion Mahony Griffin Hall, Castlecrag With the assistance of a Willoughby City Council grant the Walter Burley Griffin Society has organised two illustrated talks in the nearby Marion Mahony Griffin Hall. The first talk The Melson House Revealed: An Owner’s Perspective will be given by visiting American art historian and author Peggy Bang, from Mason City, who is owner of the Melson house. This will be followed by a talk about Marion Mahony Griffin by senior journalist Glenda Korporaal author of the recently published book titled Making Magic: the Marion Mahony Griffin Story. Bookings essential – see the “Events” webpage for further information. National Trust Heritage Award for Visionaries in Suburbia The Society’s book Visionaries in Suburbia: Griffin Houses in the Sydney Landscape has been awarded the winner of the National Trust Heritage Awards 2016 in the Heritage Publications category. The 22nd Annual National Trust Heritage Awards took place on Friday 6 May 2016 at the Heritage listed, Doltone House, Jones Bay Wharf, Pyrmont, Sydney. This prestigious event which is highly regarded in the industry, had Quentin Dempster as the Master of Ceremonies, and the Minister of Environment and Heritage, Hon. Mark Speakman as the keynote speaker. The event is the highlight of the National Trust Heritage Festival and was attended by 400 guests including Jack Mundey, and the Society’s Patron John McInerney, President Akky van Ogtrop, Vice President Michael Thomson, and the book’s editor and contributing author Dr Anne Watson. In announcing the award the National Trust’s President Dr Clive Lucas OBE stated that “This is a beautifully presented book about 22 Sydney houses designed by Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin in the ‘20s and ‘30s with significant research of some of the lesser known Griffin houses. This book makes a substantial contribution to understanding the legacy of this amazing couple and is a visual feast”. Dr Anne Watson, the book’s editor and contributing author accepts the Heritage Award from the President of the National Trust Dr Clive Lucas OBE. Photographer Jonathon May New Book: Visionaries in Suburbia: Griffin Houses in the Sydney Landscape published by the Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc. September 2015 From Castlecrag to Clifton Gardens, Pymble to Avalon, Visionaries in Suburbia presents for the first time the entire range of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin’s Sydney residential designs in the 1920s and 30s. Richly illustrated and with essays by heritage specialists and Griffin home owners, the book reveals new research on some of the lesser-known houses, such as the Pratten and van der Ley residences and a range of unbuilt projects, as well as fresh perspectives on the Castlecrag estate and its unique planning and community concepts. Not just an architectural survey, Visionaries also explores the Griffins’ holistic vision – the environmental, social and spiritual ideals underpinning their integrated design and landscape philosophy. The book concludes with a chapter on the Griffins’ legacy, the heritage significance of their houses and the relevance of their ideologies today. Visionaries in Suburbia is illustrated with 270 colour and black and white images – many full-page – including photographs by Max Dupain, Mati Maldre and Eric Sierins, as well as Griffin office drawings and photographs from the Eric Nicholls collection in the National Library and Marion’s incomparable presentation renderings. Contributing an exciting new dimension to our understanding of the Griffins’ milieu are more than 40 previously unpublished photographs of life in Castlecrag from the recently discovered archive of Hermann Junge, a representative for Leica Cameras and a Castlecrag resident in the late 1920s and early 30s. Coordinating Editors: Dr Anne Watson and Adrienne Kabos Price: $59.95 available in good bookstores and online at: Capital Metro: Slow Tram Coming 11 September 2015 The three trains that run to and from Sydney each day are the only rail services that operate in our nation’s capital. However, 100 years ago, rail was the lifeblood of the infant city of Canberra, delivering the coal that generated its electricity, the bricks produced in its kilns, and the other materials needed at its major building sites. The bold plan for the city penned by Walter Burley Griffin and illustrated by Marion Mahony Griffin envisaged trams, or ‘street cars’ as they called them, as the means of connecting the residents with their places of employment and recreation. Sadly, only one rail line survived the city’s first two decades of federal administration; the remainder having fallen victim to bureaucratic short sightedness and natural disaster. Today, a locally elected government believes the time has come to resurrect this rail heritage and bring to the city the vibrancy intended by the Griffins. In September 2014, the Deputy Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Simon Corbell announced his approval of the business case for Capital Metro Stage 1, a 12-kilometre light rail service connecting Canberra’s city centre with Gungahlin, Australia’s fastest growing urban area. But as selection of a contractor draws ever nearer, there are still those who criticise the need for the project. At an estimated cost of $783 million, Capital Metro is the largest infrastructure project ever attempted in the ACT. The Griffins proposed that trams would run along the city’s main avenues and that stations on the Sydney to Melbourne line would be located in the city centre and at the market complex in Russell. In 2004, the National Capital Authority reported in The Griffin Legacy that, “The Griffins’ aim was that 90% of the population would live within a five minute walk of a tram line.” Any prospects of reviving rail in Canberra were finally thwarted between 1950 and 1953, when the city’s chief planner, Trevor Gibson reduced the width of the main avenues from 300 to 100 feet, making a future tram network unlikely. Plans for the city’s tram network and the train line to Melbourne were never reinstated, despite a Senate Select Committee concluding in 1954 that, “the more one studies Griffin’s plan and explanatory statements, the more obvious it is that departures from his main principles should not be lightly countenanced.” However, after Walter’s direct participation in the development of the city ceased, a succession of planning bodies replaced the Griffins’ high-density subdivisions with a sprawling cluster of six towns spread over a length of 40 kilometres and separated by the wide green belts of the Canberra Nature Park. ACT Division members of the Walter Burley Griffin Society accept the need for the Capital Metro Light Rail project, not least because, in essence and as a tentative start, it revives the Griffins’ vision for the nation’s capital. The prospective changes in urban form, infrastructure efficiency and creative long run sustainability in economic, social and environmental terms reflect Griffin’s basic principles of an integrated transport system and organic city development, incorporating a range of potential benefits nowadays encompassed by sustainability. However, members have significant reservations about the route alignment, location of stations, making of place reservations and the lack of a metropolitan-wide plan. Several of us have conveyed a number of questions and ideas to the Metro Project Team and participated in reference group urban design workshops on Northbourne Avenue and City stations. Luke Wensing has been appointed by Capital Metro to the Public Transport and Engagement Advisory Panel, which reviews the Community Reference Groups. There have been notable proposals for trams in Canberra. In the 1980s, the Canberra Tradesman’s Union Club planned to fund a tram route through the city centre to promote tourism. In 1992 development company Canberra Land offered to build a light rail line in exchange for land on almost the same alignment being proposed for Capital Metro. In 1997 the Conservation Council for the South East Region and Canberra, supported by funding from the Canberra Business Council and expert advice from Peter Newman and Paul Mees, issued a comprehensive transport strategy, including light rail under the title Canberra at the Crossroads: a way out of the transport mess. In 1998, the firm Bishop Austrans proposed a light rail service between the airport and the city centre. Neither Liberal nor Labor ACT Governments responded to these initiatives. In a media statement on 14 August 2015 announcing that he would not be seeking re-election in 2016, Minister Corbell said that during his final fourteen months in office he would “particularly look forward to seeing the first stage of a Canberra-wide light rail network begin construction next year.” He is resolutely supported by Chief Minister Barr notwithstanding major budget issues. Capital Metro is developing a Light Rail Master Plan for the Gungahlin-Civic stage to integrate all forms of transport. The planning is currently extended to a link from the City along Constitution Avenue to the Defence precinct of Russell, attracting strong support from business and community groups. This latter scenario affords Canberra a main chance to create a station with mixed land use activities at this node of the National Triangle. ABOVE: Image reproduced from inthecitycanberra.com.au/capital-metro-update/ (2 September 2015) The ACT Shadow Transport Minister, Liberal MLA Alistair Coe questions the very need for Capital Metro saying that, “Canberra does not need light rail. The government knows that realigning bus services could achieve the same result at a fraction of the cost.” This will be the case that the Liberals will be taking to ACT residents before the 15 October 2016 election. The federal Assistant Infrastructure Minister Jamie Briggs warned Mr Coe not to cancel contracts after the 2016 ACT election, labelling the move “economic lunacy.” More recently, Prime Minister Tony Abbott pointed to Capital Metro as an example of how such projects should be funded. It would appear that after a century of frustration and inaction that, notwithstanding the lack of a metropolitan-wide plan, the Griffins’ vision for rail transport in our nation’s capital might finally be a step closer to reality. Although not everyone agrees that Capital Metro can deliver the promised benefits, it is a chance to revive the challenge and excitement of the planned ‘ideal city.’ From a paper by Joseph Biggerstaff edited by Brett Odgers in discussion with Rosemarie Willett, Ann and Bruce Kent and Luke Wensing Haven Amphitheatre update March 2015 Marion Mahony Griffin was the driving force behind the establishment in the early 1930s of the Haven Valley Scenic Theatre, an open-air theatre for the community created in the natural glen at Castlecrag beside the foreshore reserve and the waters of Middle Harbour, Sydney. Local sculptor and stonemason Bim Hilder, along with the Griffins and other members of the community, built the amphitheatre by creating seating out of sandstone blocks on the western side of the glen. As Marion Mahony Griffin describes in her memoir The Magic of America: “No man-made imitation of indoor theatre here but every fairy creation carefully, religiously safeguarded; wattles, different kinds, so golden blossoms for each month in the year. … “The rest of the valley is the stage, trees and bush and blossoms and rocks to meet any dramatic requirement. To the North a steep rock wall with a long terrace - a road in fact above the eye running East and West. Above it terrace on terrace of spectacular rocks and shrubbery and grand trees. To the East a flat terrace above the eye so scenes can appear and disappear across it, mysterious or spectacular. Then the little stream flowing down to the sea, its head and its further bank offering a rich range of settings - terraces, huge boulders, exquisite varied shrubbery - dainty Lily of the Valley trees and majestic Angophoras …” (page 430) ABOVE: Performances in the 1930s at the open-air Haven Scenic Theatre in Castlecrag utilised the amphitheatre’s natural rocky terrain for dramatic effect. Nicholls Collection, National Library of Australia. nla.pic-vn3961885. Following Walter Burley Griffin’s death in 1937, Marion Mahony Griffin’s return to Chicago in 1938 and then World War II (with the requirement for complete blackout at night) performances ceased. In 1943, three reserves including the amphitheatre were given to Council by Marion Mahony Griffin in trust for the community. In 1976 the amphitheatre was resurrected by the community and a timber stage, designed by local architect Robert Sheldon ‘that touches the earth lightly’, was built by the community. The design received a Royal Australian Institute of Architect NSW Chapter Commendation Award in 1977. The timber stage was extended in 1992, again to a design by Robert Sheldon. In 2012, the Haven Amphitheatre Committee prepared a concept that proposed building a new stage in concrete. Concerned about this, the Walter Burley Griffin Society sent a detailed illustrated letter to th e Haven Amphitheatre Committee and Willoughby City Council. In 2014 Willoughby City Council commissioned an independent report on the timber stage which revealed that the existing timber structure is generally in a sound condition but that the structural members of the stage are undersized and need strengthening/rebuilding to achieve Australian Standards load rating for the stage capacity. Despite the favourable report by structural engineers, it was decided to close the stage and prepare new design options for stage improvements. The Council published these reports on its website and called for comments. Attached is the Walter Burley Griffin Society’s letter dated 7 March 2014 to the Council. The Council organised a site meeting and the Walter Burley Griffin Society documented its concerns and important aspects of the Deed in a letter to the Councillors dated 23 July 2014. During 2014, the local community groups–the Castlecrag Progress Association, Castlecrag Conservation Society, the Walter Burley Griffin Society and the Willoughby Environment Protection Society–prepared a joint perspective of the elements they wished to see incorporated into any new stage design. Willoughby City Council called for nominations to a community consultative group that will meet three times during the design preparation process. Experienced planner and Griffin Society committee member Margaret Petrykowski represents the Society on this group. In mid-February 2015, Council appointed Craig Burton from CAB Consulting to prepare design options for the stage improvements. Members of the community consultative group will provide local insight and knowledge into the design preparation process. It is the unconventionality of the Haven Amphitheatre that makes it so special. Its uniqueness, irregularities, idiosyncrasies and natural bushland beauty need to be preserved and not damaged in any way. There is no other amphitheatre like it in the world. Any proposal for redeveloping the Haven Amphitheatre needs to completely respect the natural landforms, rocks, creek, trees and bushland of the site, and ensure they are not damaged in any way. In 100 years time when any new structure has decayed, it should be able to be removed leaving the glen uncompromised in its natural splendour. The Haven Amphitheatre is a community resource that should remain understated, in keeping with the original aims of the Griffins. ABOVE: At left Carols by Candlelight on Christmas Eve, 2009. At right tree ferns growing at the creek and the original stone seating beyond, 2013. Proposed new planning laws threaten heritage and conservation areas Among the aims of our Society is promoting the preservation and conservation of landscape designs, buildings and other works designed by or having an association with the Griffins. Thus the Society is active in many spheres of environmental and heritage conservation throughout Australia, and we maintain a keen interest in preserving the character of the Griffin Conservation Area in Castlecrag. We are particularly concerned about the potential impact of the new ‘reforms’ to the state planning system currently being proposed by the NSW Government, which has released draft legislation in the shape of two Planning Bills scheduled for introduction to Parliament within the next three months. These new bills would change the planning system of NSW drastically and many of the pillars on which it’s built would be removed. The proposal to centralise decision making with the Minister and Director-General for Planning & Infrastructure would remove many of the checks and balances of the present system. Major effects would be to rob communities of the ability to participate in planning decisions at their local level, and to reduce the need for decision-makers to consider the social, environmental and heritage impacts of new development. We are particularly fearful that protection for conservation areas and much of our heritage will be stripped away. Repeal of the EP&A Act 1979 means that after a transition period, there would no longer be Development Control Plans (DCPs), and we can find nothing in the exposure bill that might give protection to heritage conservation areas or even items of local heritage. In order to be better informed about the proposed laws, we have joined the Better Planning Network (BPN), established in August 2012 and which now, less than 10 months later, includes close to 400 community groups. In the BPN Key Issues and Submission Guide, it states “Local plans must protect all existing heritage-listed items (both State and local) and all heritage conservation areas currently identified in Local Environmental Plans. Strategic planning must also be comprehensively undertaken to identify currently unlisted heritage and establish new heritage conservation areas in the future. As it stands, the Planning Bill contains no recognition of the importance of Heritage Conservation Areas and no indication that Heritage Conservation Areas or items of local heritage significance will be afforded any protection. Consideration must be given to creating a heritage-specific conservation zone for Heritage Conservation Areas, within which any development would be automatically merit-assessed. … Complying and code assessable development must be prevented in environmentally sensitive areas, within Heritage Conservation Areas, in the immediate vicinity of any heritage item”… The impetus for the new planning system is a reactive response to the need for more housing which tilts the planning system in favour of the development industry at the cost of community wellbeing, our environment and heritage. A convincing argument has not been established by the State Government for many of the proposed reforms which are essentially using the planning system to drive economic growth. This seems to be a direct response to pressure from the development industry, but one likely to alienate the community from planning decisions that directly affect them, diminish the role of local government in the planning process and result in detrimental impacts on the built, heritage and natural environments”. Prescriptive controls such as maximum floor space ratio (FSR) limits and height limits are essential to restrict the size of development in conservation areas. They should not be removed as proposed in the draft legislation. The changes proposed to our planning system are radical and threaten heritage conservation areas including the Griffin Conservation Area. We urge you to make your voice heard on this matter. Comments on the new planning system close on Friday 28 June 2013 at or post your submission to: New Planning System, NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure, GPO Box 39, Sydney NSW 2011 Even more important is to send a copy or write to: Premier Barry O’Farrell MP Parliament of New South Wales your local Member of Parliament, Parliament of New South Wales. Their name and address can be found at: The Hon. Paul Green, MLC, Parliament House, Macquarie Street Sydney NSW 2000 Federal Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water and Population and Communities, and Minister for the Arts, The Hon. Tony Burke MP, Member for Watson, NSW PO Box 156, Roselands, NSW, 2196 Proposed planning changes threaten conservation areas and the environment in NSW The NSW Department of Planning put on public exhibition its Green Paper “A New Planning System for NSW” in July this year just prior to all local councils in NSW going into caretaker mode before the council elections. It is a 92 page document proposing very extensive changes to planning laws and the DA approval process in NSW. Most controls and laws protecting the environment and heritage that have been put in place over the last 30 years with expert advice and extensive community consultation, are proposed to be either repealed or abandoned. Unfortunately there has been little or no media coverage about the multitude of changes proposed in the Green Paper that has the potential to negatively affect all citizens of NSW. Comments on the Green Paper closed on 14 September 2012. The NSW Government plans to have a draft White Paper released for public feedback by the end of the 2012. Below is the Society’s media release and the submission that the Society made to the NSW Government identifying its concerns about the proposals in the Green Paper. Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc’s submission to the NSW Government on A New Planning System for NSW Green Paper You may wish to contact/email your local state parliamentarian to also express concerns. The Better Planning Network was formed by concerned community groups, including the Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc. in August 2012. You can read more and register your concerns at their website (see below) 2012 — 100 years since the Griffins won the Australian National Capital Competition On 23 May 1912, the Australian Minister for Home Affairs, King O’Malley announced that the winner of the Australian National Capital Competition was entry 29, the entry by Mr Walter Burley Griffin, architect and landscape artist, Steinway Hall, Chicago, Illinois. On that day at the official announcement, Mr O’Malley stated “What we wanted was the best the world can give us and we have got it”.1 For further information about the Griffins’ winning entry: 1 Canberra 1912: Plans and Planners of the Australian Capital Competition, John W. Reps, Melbourne University Press 1997, p100. Detail from ‘Section A–B Northerly Side of Water Axis: Black Mountain to Lake Park’ showing the central railway station and cathedral. Illustration by Marion Mahony Griffin, 1911. National Archives of Australia: A710 42 Canberra centenary celebrations Thursday 15 August to Saturday 17 August On the centenary of Walter Burley Griffin’s arrival in Australia, the Walter Burley Griffin Society is celebrating the Griffins’ Canberra as part of the Canberra 100 program of events. Walter Burley Griffin first arrived in Australia in August 1913 after winning the international competition for the design of Australia’s national capital the year before. The Society’s celebrations will include: Marion Mahony Griffin Lecture 2013, Thursday 15 August, 6pm The Griffins’ Canberra: 100 years symposium, Friday 16 August Bus tour of the Griffins’ Canberra, Saturday 17 August See the Events webpage for further information. Heritage Guided Tours of the Capitol Theatre, Melbourne Guided tours of the magnificent theatre interior, designed by the Griffins in 1922, are conducted on the third Friday of March, May, June, July, August, September, October and November on a continuous basis from 10am until 3.00pm (last tour start time). Trained volunteer guides tell visitors of the history of the Theatre, the changes that have been made over 80 years and show them through the foyers and the auditorium. There is a short audiovisual presentation on the screen at the end of the tour. A gold coin donation, per person, would be appreciated. No bookings are required for groups under five persons; over five it would be best to contact Kay Kinder, the Booking Officer at RMIT on (03) 9925-1773 to make a booking so extra guides can be in attendance. Wednesday 23 March 2011, 7.30pm Albert Hall, Canberra This public meeting with a panel of eminent speakers has been called by the Lake War Memorials Forum, a group of concerned organisations including the Walter Burley Griffin Society’s Canberra Chapter. Operating behind closed doors and indifferent to overwhelming public opposition, a group called the Memorials Development Committee has been allocated land on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin to construct two unsightly, unnecessary monoliths which have been rejected by many veterans. The existing Australian War Memorial provides a fitting monument to those who served in the two world wars. The Walter Burley Griffin Society is concerned about the adverse impacts on Griffin’s land axis and the design and vistas of his National Capital plan. Further information: Photo montage Karina Lee, reproduced with permission of the Lake War Memorial Forum Grandiose war monuments are a flawed proposal for Canberra 9 November 2010 The proposed WWI and WWII Memorials, that would stand as 20 metre towers, are a grandiose scale that if built would be detrimental to the recreational foreshore parklands, and impede the Griffin vista towards Mt Ainslie. This vista creates appreciation of the natural form of the mountain, as intended by Griffin and the open nature of the Vistas in both north and south directions i The Land Axis and clear vista are fundamental, enduring elements of the 1912 winning design for the National Capital. The memorials would break the length of the Land Axis and narrow the width of Griffin’s ‘Parkway’ (Anzac Parade). Moreover the Lake foreshore is a horizontal, flat landscape that would be upset by the pronounced vertical towers. Griffin envisaged that the city would develop around his parkway, using the lakeside gardens as a promenade between cultural and recreational facilities. He never wanted it to be overburdened by the memory of war. On any sunny weekend a great many people and groups, including tourists, can be seen all over the terraces enjoying picnics, games, walking, cycling and sports. The ambience is conducive to these activities. One enjoys unhindered vistas to iconic buildings, structures, mountains and the passing scene on land and water. The towers and other structures of the war memorials would create an altogether different and much less enjoyable ambience and outlook, practically monopolising the site. The presumption of a military theme displacing recreational, cultural and other national symbolic themes and achievements is unacceptable. The Australian War Memorial at the foot of Mt Ainslie is perhaps the most memorable Vista in Canberra because it has a human scale, engages our emotions, and engages us with the dramatic natural form of the mountain. The building at the foot of the Mountain speaks honestly and nobly. There is a great difference between memorialising the realities of war and monumentalising them. The siting and excessive size of the proposed monuments would diminish the Land Axis, Mt Ainslie and the Australian War Memorial. The Walter Burley Griffin Society reaffirms its opposition to these memorials at the Rond Terraces near the foreshore of Lake Burley Griffin. Prominent Australians Oppose Memorial media-information session Wednesday 2 February 2011, 11:00 am to 11:30 am A media-information session and website launch will be held at St John’s Church hall, Constitution Ave., Reid. A group of prominent Australians has announced its opposition to a proposed new memorial to World Wars I and II on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin. Despite strong public protest when this project was first announced, work has apparently continued behind closed doors, with citizens’ views being either ignored or not sought. The Lake War Memorials Forum has been established to give all Australians the chance to express their views. All media and members of the public are warmly invited to attend. For further information National Archives of Australia Speakers Corner 14 November 2010, Canberra This occasion was a fascinating discussion with the award-winning architect of Australia’s Parliament House, Aldo Giurgola and colleagues Hal Guida and Pamille Berg, about the challenges and opportunities of integrating the design of Australia’s Parliament House with Walter Burley Griffin’s original vision for the national capital. The three architectural colleagues provided a wealth of candid reflection on their planning of Parliament House. Romaldo Giurgola listed order, simplicity, human relationships, humanity, symbolism and the natural environment as objectives. He aimed for the health and wellbeing of the people and not Texas-style ‘vibrancy’ and above all not ad hoc planning. He abhors ‘conversations’ that never end, instead of genuine community engagement based on leadership vision, public interest criteria and model demonstration. This long term visionary and design approach has given way in Canberra to timid government reaction to developers. He believes Canberra has reached a critical point where urban planning has become ad hoc and default. To keep its character alive, Canberra must take a knowledgeable, intelligent, regional and community wellbeing approach. While all three panelists spoke frequently about Griffin’s fundamental and lasting influence on their work, the moderator Tony Powell studiously tried to marginalise and misrepresent Griffin. Romaldo Giurgola continues to be an active member of the Walter Burley Griffin Society. Released by the Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc. and the Castlecrag Progress Association Inc. COURT REFUSES CASTLECRAG DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL “TOO BIG FOR THE SITE” The Land and Environment Court this week delivered a strong judgement rejecting a development application for a large new residence in the Griffin Conservation Area in Castlecrag. The President of the Castlecrag Progress Association James Fitzpatrick and the President of the Walter Burley Griffin Society Professor James Weirick today said that the large community membership of both organisations would be very pleased with this outcome. The case against the refusal by Willoughby Council, followed several amendments to the applicant’s development application for the site over the past two years. In her judgement refusing the appeal concerning 95 The Bulwark Castlecrag, Commissioner Sue Morris said “The planning principles for the Griffin Conservation Area must be upheld to ensure that the importance of this area is not lost to large scale, non-sympathetic forms of development that do not respect the natural environment and landscape setting.” Professor Weirick said, “The point of Willoughby Council’s planning and development controls is to preserve the principle that buildings should be subordinate landscape in the unique garden suburb of Castlecrag designed in by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin on the shores of Middle Harbour in the 1920s and maintained through community support to the present.” The main issues in the matter were the size, bulk and scale of the proposed dwelling, whether compliance with the height control was unreasonable and unnecessary and the impact of the development on the Griffin Conservation Area. At the Land and Environment Court site inspection, submissions were made to the Commissioner by Professor James Weirick, for the Walter Burley Griffin Society, Peter Moffitt for the Castlecrag Progress Association, and several local residents. In the Court, expert witnesses included heritage experts, arborists, and planners. The Commissioner also found: “The Griffin Conservation Area is an area of high heritage significance and contains a number of individual heritage items. It is clear from the extensive planning controls that apply to the site and the clearly articulated statement of desired future character for the area that the community expectation is that development of the area will remain subservient to the landscape setting.” . . . “A merit assessment of the application has also shown that the application is not appropriate for the site in its context and that there are other design alternatives for the site which would meet the planning controls. . .” The Commissioner found that the proposed development “fails the principle of being subordinate to the landscape setting” and “The dwelling is too big for the site”. James Fitzpatrick said, “We commend Willoughby City Council on defending their judgement to refuse this application in the first instance. This judgement is thorough and recognises the unique values of the Griffin Conservation Area in Castlecrag. The Progress Association hopes that this will provide a strong indication of the importance of the Griffin legacy, and the need for future developments throughout the suburb to observe the planning controls which protect those values. I believe that the majority of the Castlecrag community would be very supportive of the court’s decision. We congratulate Willoughby City Council on defending this case. The whole Judgement can be read on the Land and Environment Court website. to top The Way Forward? Can Canberra’s planners learn from Washington? Brett Odgers and Bruce Kent pose this question one year after the Rudd Government promised to fix the National Capital’s planning system. An edited version of their article below was published in The Canberra Times in early January 2010. The National Capital Authority’s Public Forum at Parliament House on 26 November 2009 showed that the Canberra community takes a keen interest in the planning of the National Capital. It also demonstrated the deep and ongoing problems in planning the city. The manifest problems in Canberra’s planning system (the subject of Professor Jenny Stewart’s article, The Canberra Times, 7.12.09 p.9) are due in large degree to the settlement over self-government in 1988 but have intensified over the past few years. The opportunity to review the division of governmental responsibilities for Canberra was not taken last year on the 20 years anniversary of ACT self-government. However, the Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories report The Way Forward (July 2008) recommended some reforms in NCA governance, consultation, coordination with the Territory government and compatible plans. The Commonwealth Government’s response on 12 December 2008, accepted 13 recommended reforms in full or in principle and noted another five. However, they were referred to a task force, to report within three months on NCA functions and governance reforms, and an intergovernmental committee was to report within 12 months on the alignment or coordination of the Territory and federal planning bodies and statutory plans. Both committees have been working behind closed doors. The issue of most concern to the JSC and at the recent NCA Public Forum was the inadequate provision for meaningful consultation between the NCA and community stakeholders. The Canberra community is, as one would expect, highly sensitised to the bureaucratic ‘pipeline effect’ – the tendency of plans and developments to become virtually unstoppable in the minds of their authors once they have been approved in principle or even at the concept stage. It was in order to counter the ‘pipeline effect’ that the National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), which shaped Canberra before the advent of self-government in 1988, was advised by a National Capital Planning Committee (NCPC). This body consisted of the NCDC Commissioner, together with two architects, two engineers, two town planners, and two other persons ‘with special knowledge and experience in artistic and cultural matters’, appointed by the Minister from lists provided by professional bodies. Throughout the life of the NCDC the NCPC regularly reviewed all the major matters of planning and development under reference from the Commission before they entered ‘the pipeline’. The current impasse between planners and citizenry in Canberra would be allayed if a similar body were established, along the lines of the National Capital Consultative Council recommended by the JSC. It would include representatives from the two governments, the community and business and be co-chaired by the federal Minister and the Chief Minister. It is to be hoped that this Council, agreed in principle by the federal Government a year ago, will be confirmed by Minister Brendan O’Connor, not only to defuse counter-productive disputation within Canberra but also to strengthen the arm of the beleaguered NCA against pressure from government departments and developers. Washington DC is guided by such a National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC). It also has democratic processes for the development of monuments and memorials in the National Capital. The land bank of suitable locations is precisely monitored and identified. Canberra has no such care and scrutiny. A related matter which vitally affects the development of the National Capital is the location of responsibility for ACT planning and development within the appropriate Commonwealth portfolio. The issue was broached in Recommendation 8 of the JSC Report that there should be consultation about the Canberra Airport Master Plan between the NCA and the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government. In view of the inability of recent incumbents of the Home Affairs portfolio to pay sufficient attention to National Capital planning and development matters, there is a strong case for relocating responsibility for the ACT to the infrastructure, urban and regional planning portfolio. The JSC recommendations on ‘the dual planning framework’ between the Commonwealth and ACT governments and ‘vision for future planning’ were decidedly weak and regressive. The Government’s response was even more ominous, being cast in terms of ‘simplification and removing duplication.’ They were an invitation for the Commonwealth to eliminate ‘areas of special national requirements’ and hand over (‘uplift’) to the Territory government portions of the ‘designated areas.’ It presupposed delegation and cooperation; and envisaged combining the Territory and National Capital Plans into one accessible document. Canberra needs an integrated, unified and capable planning organisation geared to the idea and the ideal of the National Capital, strategic planning, deep sustainability, a real land use and transport strategy and specific controls over, say, location of federal offices and the National Capital Open Space System. The Territory Plan, the Spatial Plan and the National Capital Plan are all long overdue for substantive review and for sustainability integration into a metropolitan strategy. Twelve months ago, however, all that the Commonwealth Minister could foreshadow was ‘The Commonwealth will consult with the ACT Government on matters relevant to the holistic development of Canberra as the National Capital.’ How confident can we be about the awaited decisions on The Way Forward by the Rudd Government? Brett Odgers and Dr Bruce Kent to top Plans for proposed Immigration Bridge abandoned As reported in The Canberra Times on 30 March 2010 “The controversial Canberra Immigration Bridge proposal is dead. Its proponents … have abandoned their plans to commemorate the contribution of migrants to Australia by building a 400m footbridge across Lake Burley Griffin. Instead, the group will push for a land-based monument within the Parliamentary Triangle. … The announcement is expected to be hailed by the yachting and rowing fraternities which lobbied hard against the bridge because it created an obstruction to lake users, as well as heritage groups which thought the bridge was contrary to the vision of Walter Burley Griffin because it cluttered the lake.” Last year the Walter Burley Griffin Society was involved in the inquiry of the Joint Standing Committee of the National Capital and External Territories into the Immigration Bridge Proposal. The Society made four written submissions and gave verbal evidence to the parliamentary committee. Professor James Weirick’s 43 page submission provided an historical and analytical case study of the structural collapse of the current administration of the National Capital Plan. This news of the proposal being abandoned is very welcome, as the proposal if constructed would have impeded the main central area vistas, altered the shape of West Basin and Griffin’s lake symmetry, detracted from the Water Axis, obscured the diagrammatic separateness of the Parliamentary Triangle and potentially transformed West Basin into an uneven shaped pond to embrace intense development from the expanding CBD. The Canberra Times reported that the NCA’s chief executive Gary Rake had said that while the National Capital Plan did make provision for a pedestrian bridge in the general location spanning from Acton Peninsula to near Lennox Gardens, any bridge there would ultimately have a negative impact on the heritage values as outlined in the heritage management plan for the area. The Society’s president Professor James Weirick has said: ‘The Walter Burley Griffin Society supports the creation of an Immigration Gallery and Meeting Hall at the National Museum of Australia as a living celebration of the immigration story in Australia’. MEDIA RELEASE 15. 1. 2010 High rise proposal blight for Canberra A proposal for a 17 storey building not far from the foreshores of Lake Burley Griffin is unacceptably unsympathetic to the National Capital Plan but is currently on public notification by the National Capital Authority (NCA). The proposed development is at the end of Edinburgh Avenue south of the heritage Hotel Acton, overlooking Parkes Way. The height and scale of the proposal called ‘Nishi’ on this location is at odds with the geometry, landscape design and symbolism of the Griffin Plan. Perusal of the planning report, design report and architectural drawings submitted by the proponent in support of the works application make no reference to the Griffin Legacy or the National Capital Plan. Walter Burley Griffin rejected towers. He emphasised that buildings in Canberra should be horizontal, not vertical “... the necessity of making these large units stand end on end, as in the congested American cities, can be avoided in a Capital City, securing a horizontal distribution of the large masses for more and better air, sunlight, verdure and beauty.” Professor James Weirick has pointed out that the principle of horizontal building masses in the design of Canberra is particularly important. The National Capital Plan ‘Policies and Standards for Urban Design’ inscribe the principle that “Buildings in Central Canberra should be of a height generally not greater than the height of the mature tree canopy (typically 3 to 4 stories).” The principle is fundamental to the character of the city created since the 1920s. Brett Odgers from the Canberra Chapter of the Walter Burley Griffin Society states that “This proposal would impair important Central National Area vistas, and it foreshadows the proposed commercialisation and privatisation of West Basin, a vital formal component of the symbolic, Griffin Plan core of the National Capital. Such appropriation of public land in Washington, the American national capital, would be unthinkable and should be here too.” The height and scale of this works proposal is insensitive and ill conceived. It needs to be rejected to ensure that the symbolic national area of Canberra is not adversely impacted. Similarly Amendment 61 for West Basin needs to be reviewed so that Canberra’s heritage and major assets of foreshores and the vistas across the Water, or Nature Axis to Acton Ridge and Black Mountain are retained and not adversely affected. Intrusive plans for new ASIO headquarters An overview of Walter Burley Griffin’s Plan for the National Capital would include the land and water axes, the National Triangle, Capital Hill, its radiating avenues, democratic symbolism, constitutional diagram, landscape settings and vistas. Seeing Marion Mahony Griffin’s competition drawings and looking today from Parliament House or Mount Ainslie over central Canberra, these features are still wonderful to behold. However distinctive features of the National Capital Plan are currently under major threat from a series of Plan amendments, construction projects, approved developments and planning consultancies. Deviations from Griffin’s Plan are not unprecedented but this time they are being conducted misleadingly in the name of Griffin himself. In order of magnitude of impact, one of the worst would be the massive ASIO headquarters which will sit directly across the lake from the High Court and the Parliamentary Triangle, between Constitution Avenue and Parkes Way and just a stone’s throw from Anzac Parade. The planned ASIO Headquarters is the largest building project in Canberra after the new Parliament House, and would be a highly visible intrusion in the symbolic centre of Canberra. The site is half a kilometre in length and seven hectares in area. The monolithic building will be a prominent intrusive element from across the Lake at Commonwealth Place, Peace Park and so many other vantage points in the Central National Area and on the hills around. The large assertive building complex with perimeter security fences and devices would dissipate any attempt to create vibrant streets and active urban spaces. If built the mass and bulk of the project would intrude on the landscape of the most visually sensitive location of Central Canberra. The project makes a mockery of Griffin’s design for the municipal axis of the great national triangle, intended to be a grand terrace of diverse civic and urban activity. The whole eastern half of Constitution Avenue and fronting Parkes Way will be locked into security and defence offices. The planned ASIO Headquarters will destroy the balanced symmetrical urban pattern proposed in the Griffin Plan, and detract from the balance and symbolic strength of the Canberra land axis. These impacts will degrade the symmetry, landscape design and symbolism of Walter Burley Griffin’s vision. The project was developed under wraps without parliamentary or public scrutiny. When the project was referred to the Environment Minister for environmental and heritage impact assessment on 25 March 2009, his delegate approved it on 23 April and the construction site office materialised the next day. Site clearance and construction commenced on 23 May. Yet it still requires formal works approval from the National Capital Authority. It is the responsibility of NCA to safeguard the design integrity of the National Capital’s areas of national significance. Winter House listed on the State Heritage Register, 9 January 2009 The Winter House, designed by Walter Burley Griffin has been listed on the State Heritage Register. Also known as Redstone, the Winter House was built in 1935 at Telopea in Sydney’s west. The listing was announced by the Planning Minister, Kristina Keneally at a media event at the house on 9 January 2009. The Minister for Planning the Hon. Kristina Keneally MP presents Winter House owner Mrs Kerry Lee with the Certificate of State Heritage Register Listing. Mr Tim Smith, Deputy Director, Heritage Branch, Department of Planning, and to the right Professor James Weirick, President of the Walter Burley Griffin Society look on. The Winter House has exceptional intactness and integrity, and is the last Griffin house still remaining in the ownership of the family who commissioned it. The Winter House 2008. Photographer Eric Sierins The house is an example of Griffin’s development of Prairie School principles that had their origin in the landscape-inspired houses of the early modern movement in Chicago. The house is sited at the top of a rise within the Parramatta Valley with long views towards the Blue Mountains. It responds to the broad, open site of the undulating Cumberland Plain at Dundas. It is well set back on the intact original block, retaining its intended setting and layout. to top Commonwealth Government response to the parliamentary inquiry into the National Capital Authority The report and recommendations of the Joint Standing Committee on the ACT issued its report on the role of the NCA in July 2008. The Hon. Bob Debus MP, Minister for Home Affairs, indicated that the Government would respond by December 2008. He and the acting Chair of the NCA, Professor Don Aitkin, together with Senator Lundy who chaired the Committee, have all recently expressed in public strong positive sentiments about “all Australians share a high regard for Canberra” (Debus), “the vision splendid for the National Capital” (Lundy) and “the unfinished business of Canberra” (Aitkin) and “the special quality of human beings, their buildings, the site and the environment existing in a special harmony” (Aitkin). The report of the parliamentary Committee stated as the first objective “to ensure the Commonwealth protects the unique design of Canberra because it represents the intrinsic character of the National Capital.” At paragraph 1.17 this unique design is described as “Griffin’s plan.” This was the third major inquiry in four years by the Committee into the performance of the NCA. They established the case for reforming the NCA to be more accountable and responsive. The 2007 report called upon the NCA to review and revise its so-called “Griffin Legacy” Amendments to the National Capital Plan. By 2008 the public disquiet and deep-seated problems associated with the NCA merged with concerns about the dual planning system instituted upon ACT self government in 1989 and growing public perceptions of falling standards in Canberra’s metropolitan planning, infrastructure, public architecture and sustainability. Issues addressed in the Committee’s report include the NCA’s role and governance, consultation with the community, protection of Canberra’s heritage, Canberra Airport, location of Commonwealth government offices, the transport system, the dual planning system and strategic planning for National Capital and sustainability. The report gives an even-handed representation of all the wide interests conveyed by written submissions (136) and witnesses (50 over seven public hearing days). The general tenor of the report could be characterised as pragmatic, conservative, moderate, balanced. It is strongly evidence-based and conveys a strong, comprehensive and determined dynamic towards a much improved National Capital planning system. The direction and scope are commendable. The principle recommendations are more orthodox NCA governance, increased NCA accountability through the Parliamentary Committee on the ACT and much enhanced responsibility of the NCA through the creation of a National Capital Consultative Council (NCCC). The NCA Board should consist of a Chairperson and seven members, with a minimum “two members from the ACT region.” One Commonwealth appointee at least must have relevant expertise. The NCCC “would have representatives from the Commonwealth Government and the ACT Government, the community and business. The Council would be co-chaired by the responsible Minister and the ACT Chief Minister.” There is a recommendation that the Commonwealth establish the position of Commonwealth Architect within the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. These recommendations presuppose a new Commonwealth Government commitment to the National Capital and to closer collaboration with the ACT government. The complementary recommendations on the dual planning system, statutory amendments and memoranda of understanding, are however about weak rather than strong integration. Moreover, there is a confusing and complex recommended set of new and revised “Land Use Plan, Integrated Plan, NCA Plan, single integrated overarching document, Implementation Strategy and policy plans” rather than an emphasis on a new Metropolitan Strategy Plan and one integrated planning organisation. The perpetuation of the problematic dual planning system is compounded by a recommendation for a “geographic re-alignment of land administration with planning responsibility.” The recommendations for control over Canberra Airport, location of Commonwealth government offices and formulation of a transport plan are similarly incremental and questionable. Sustainability is to be achieved through a “principle imbedded” in legislation, the new and revised Plans and Strategies, transport plan and an MOU on administrative collaboration. The Committee avoided the issue of security-related developments such as the ASIO/ONA complex and federal Parliamentarians have recently reaffirmed their exemption. The NCA’s record on public consultation is abysmal but the Committee’s recommendations do not advance the cause, other than community representation on the NCCC. The Committee refrained from making recommendations on general funding and professional planning resources, other than “NCA be resourced to participate in working parties and reviews as required” and the ACT Planning and Land Authority to be resourced for planning under delegations in National Capital “Designated Areas.” It is hoped that many of these issues will be debated in due course. Already ACT Senator Gary Humphries (a member of the Committee) has organised a public forum for 17 November 2008 to discuss the recommendations. The Inquiry and the directions recommended in the Report are constructive and dynamic. The Government’s response is keenly awaited. Brett Odgers to top The Magic of America published online The Art Institute of Chicago has made Marion Mahony Griffin's great work The Magic of America available online. This is a very great achievement by Ed Fishwick, Mary Woolever and other staff at The Art Institute of Chicago – and above all, a very great day for Marion, as after almost 60 years her work is now available worldwide. To quote from the website: "The Magic of America a typescript of over 1,400 pages with approximately 650 accompanying illustrations, was written and compiled by Marion Mahony Griffin (1871-1961), architect, designer, delineator, and artist. In 1911 she married Walter Burley Griffin (1876-1937), architect, landscape designer, and city planner. Their architectural practice spanned almost four decades on three continents, and The Magic of America was meant, in part, to be a testament to their life and work together. The Magic of America: Electronic Edition was launched on 28 August 2007, and collates in a digital format all the texts and illustrations from the three known copies of the work. The electronic edition thus represents the most complete and accessible version currently available of this important architectural document." The Magic of America: Electronic Edition is available at http://www.artic.edu/magicofamerica/ Winter House nominated for listing on the State Heritage Register The Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc is very pleased that the Heritage Council of NSW intends to consider listing theWinter House (also known as Redstone) on the State Heritage Register. The Society fully supports listing the Winter House designed by Walter Burley Griffin and completed in 1935. It is a house of outstanding significance. Winter House, 2008. © Eric Sierins photographer The Winter House is one of the most significant 20th century houses in western Sydney, and as the Heritage Branch’s nomination report states it has “exceptional intactness and integrity” retaining all its original interiors, fixtures and fittings. It is “the last Griffin house still remaining in the ownership of the family who commissioned it. ”The family is praised highly in the report “for having employed high quality heritage advice in its maintenance and repair since the 1970s, ensuring that it has been conserved according to Burra Charter principles.” “Redstone remains almost unaltered in its structure and layout” and “is of State heritage significance for its aesthetic qualities as a fine work of architecture and an outstandingly intact example of Walter Burley Griffin's small-scale house design. It contains many of the features for which Griffin is highly regarded including open planning, juxtaposition of robust stonework with fine oiled timber joinery. ... The gracious garden retains trees and other species planted by the original clients and its design has been largely unaltered since 1953.” The house is an example of Griffin’s development of Prairie School principles that had their origin in the landscape-inspired houses of the early modern movement in Chicago. The house is sited on a rise in the Parramatta valley and has long views to the Blue Mountains, and responds to the broad, open site of the undulating Cumberland Plain at Dundas. Further details on the nominated item, and making a submission (submissions close 19 November 2008) can be viewed at www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/listing Due to the generosity of the owners, more than seventy people enjoyed viewing the Winter House, its beautiful grounds and wonderful intact interiors on Sunday 26 October 2008. The Society’s twentieth AGM was held in the garden with heritage architect Ian Stapleton as guest speaker who spoke on the recent restoration work. The Society’s twentieth AGM in the garden of the Winter House, 2008. Photgrapher Michael Thomson 12. 11. 2008 Proposed planning ’reforms’ threaten NSW heritage The proposed reforms to the New South Wales planning system involve measures that, if implemented, pose significant threats to our built heritage. The NSW state government revealed its sweeping proposals in November 2007 in a discussion paper titled ’Improving the NSW Planning System’. In its submission in February 2008, the Walter Burley Griffin Society outlined issues that would be damaging to heritage generally and the Griffin Conservation Area at Castlecrag in particular. The Society’s full submission can be viewed below as a pdf. In its submission (to briefly summarise) the Society stated that: the proposed standardisation of development consent conditions has the potential to irreversibly damage the highly sensitive and unique heritage of the Griffin Conservation Area; the proposed mandatory default code to define exempt and complying development which would allow for non-compliance, if introduced as a single statewide code, would be a counterproductive and backward step; existing council DCP standards that have been developed with extensive community input to address the special circumstances of environmentally sensitive and heritage areas (such as the Griffin Conservation Area) should be accredited as the complying code; and that proposals ‘to extend the ambit of exempt development’ should not be applied to heritage areas, particularly not the Griffin Conservation Area. The state government received 538 submissions in response to the discussion paper. Since then on 3 April the government released its Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Bill 2008. The media release from the Minister of Planning Frank Sartor that accompanied it states the draft bill is “the first legislative step towards reinvigorating the NSW planning system. … Mr Sartor said many of the key reforms outlined in the discussion paper were reflected in the exposure bill”. The bill has ignored the arguments put forward in the submissions and continues to seek a significant dumbing-down of standards both in urban design and architecture. The proposed blanket approach, if enacted, would inevitably lead to poor-quality outcomes. The situation is summed up well in Moir’s cartoon in the Sydney Morning Herald of 7 April where Sartor, in the guise of Napoleon, sits at his desk with a sign behind him proclaiming “NSW Government … for the people in property development” Public comment on the Bill closes on 24 April 2008. Further information Griffin and Modernism in Lucknow 1930-1970 Architectural seminar, Integral University, Lucknow, India The Cultural Heritage Educational Initiative was established in 2002 by Mary Kay Judy and local educators in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India to promote local preservation through education and greater public awareness. Griffin and Modernism in Lucknow: 1930-1970 held in March 2007 was the first seminar to focus on the concept of Modernism as heritage. The majority of students were practising professionals and architectural faculty members in Lucknow. The seminar began with a study and investigation of the career of Walter Burley Griffin in Lucknow in the 1930s. Bhatia House with participants of the Griffin and Modernism in Lucknow seminar with, at right, the Bhatias, owners of the house and descendants of the original Dr. Bhatia, Griffin’s client. Upper storey detail. Front porch door. Photographers: Participants of the seminar, courtesy Mary Kay Judy Before leaving the classroom for field work, students learned about Griffin’s early career in America at Frank Lloyd Wright’s studio and his years in Australia after he and his wife, Marion, won the competition to design the new Federal Capital, Canberra, in May 1912. Griffin initially went to Lucknow in 1935 to design the University Library. He also designed the United Provinces Agricultural and Industrial Exposition grounds and buildings, a series of commissions for private residences and the Pioneer Press newspaper building. Unfortunately, most of these buildings and his legacy in India have been lost to history. When Griffin was introduced in the seminar, most students were unfamiliar with his work, connection to Wright, or his role in local Lucknow architectural history. Using archives from the Avery Architectural Library in New York City of the original Exposition plan, renderings and drawings of his commissioned work in Lucknow, and donated copies of Two American Architects in India: Walter B. Griffin and Marion M. Griffin 1935-37, by Paul Kruty and Paul E. Sprague, the class sought to find any remaining evidence of his work and retrace his career through the city. The Bhatia House was visited by Mary Kay Judy and the students as part of the seminar program. The house was designed by Griffin for Bir Bhan Bhatia a professor of science from Lucknow University. Dr Bhatia’s descendents still live in the house which is rapidly being surrounded by high rise apartments. Details of the Bhatia House parapet and gate post at street. Photographers: Participants of the seminar, courtesy Mary Kay Judy Griffin’s work and local contributions became a starting point for analysing early Modernism in Lucknow followed by a critical analysis of the thirty most significant local Modernist buildings dating from 1930-1970, identifying many works by significant Indian architects such as Achyut Kanvinde. During the seminar, international organisations that promote preservation of the Modern Movement were introduced, such as DoCoMoMo and the World Monuments Fund, and the work of the Walter Burley Griffin Societies in the United States and Australia. Albert Hall public meeting of 24 May 2007 On the evening of 24 May, in response to mounting public concern over the NCA’s Draft Amendment 53, more than three hundred people attended a very successful meeting to discuss the future of the Albert Hall and its precinct. Among the speakers were the Convenor of the Friends of the Albert Hall, Dr Lenore Coltheart, the co-ordinator of the meeting, Di Johnstone, WBGS Committee member, Rosemarie Willett, Head of the ACT Heritage Unit, Dr Michael Pearson, ACT Senators Garry Humphries and Kate Lundy, ACT Planning Minister, Andrew Barr, and NCA Chief Executive, Annabelle Pegrum. The main focus of the Meeting was on two separate, but related, issues: 1. The conservation and use of the Albert Hall; and 2. The proposals in the NCA’s Draft Amendment 53 to the National Capital Plan for the redevelopment of the Albert Hall’s ‘precinct’ stretching from the Hall to the Lake shore both to the west and to the north, as far as the southern approach to the Commonwealth Bridge. With respect to the Hall itself, which is currently managed by the ACT Government, the meeting overwhelmingly rejected (in Resolutions 4 and 6) the latter’s premature attempt to privatise the Hall by calling for tenders for its management and upkeep before agreement had been reached about its use and the future of its precinct. The grounds for these resolutions were (a) that a private manager would not be able to fund the outlays of $1 million plus needed to restore and refurbish the Hall and (b) that such a manager would naturally lease the Hall to high rental commercial clients to the exclusion of the many less affluent cultural groups which had hitherto hired the Hall. The meeting was informed that, in an effort to resolve the problem of the financial responsibility for the Hall, the ACT Government had just announced that it intended to suggest to the Commonwealth Government that the building should be nominated for National Heritage listing. With regard to DA53, dealing mainly with the Albert Hall precinct, there was a collision between the meeting and the NCA, reflected in the near unanimous resolutions 1 and 2 that DA53 should be withdrawn and that fresh planning and consultation processes should be instituted via a joint body set up by the Federal and ACT Government with ‘equal community representation’. This was at odds with an NCA proposal on the eve of the meeting that, because of changes which had already been made to DA53 (most notably the scrapping of a proposed ‘landmark’ eight storey building adjacent to Commonwealth Bridge), the amendment would be ‘re-released’ after further consultations and workshops ‘in the near future’. The determination of the meeting to restart the planning process from scratch was inspired by the view of the overwhelming majority: (i) that the NCA’s commercially-slanted proposals would hamper the restoration of the Albert Hall precinct as a community cultural centre; (ii) that DA 53 flouted the principles laid down by Walter Burley Griffin for the plan of the symbolic central areas of the National Capital’ (Resolution 5); (iii) that the closure of the clover -leaf road system at the southern end of Commonwealth Bridge, upon which DA 53 was premissed, would cause unacceptable peak-hour traffic congestion in the Parliamentary Triangle and Commonwealth Avenue; and (iv) that the NCA was currently only prepared to consult about the details of DA53, as opposed to its underlying merits or demerits. Dr Bruce Kent, 28 May 2007 Further information Financial interests prevail over democracy and the Griffin legacy. Senate debate on the Griffin Legacy Amendments to the National Capital Plan The inadequate consultation process over the momentous amendments to the National Capital Plan culminated on 10 May 2007 in the Senate. Senator Bob Brown’s Motion of Disallowance of four major amendments (Amendments 56, 59, 60 and 61, inappropriately called the “Griffin Legacy Amendments”) formulated by the National Capital Authority came before the Senate on that day. In his speech introducing his Motion of Disallowance, Senator Brown stated principles and fears, principally on grounds of democracy and the role of the Senate in reviewing Executive responsibility. Given the intensive efforts from many quarters to lobby all Senators over the issues, the debate and ensuing vote indicated nearly universal disinterest of federal parliamentarians from the two major parties in their national capital. Particularly notable was the admission by ACT Senator Lundy (then Deputy Chair of the Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee) that the JSC was misled by the National Capital Authority. Instead of a normal inquiry they opted to have a short reference one-day roundtable hearing, only to be surprised and astounded by the passion, depth and spread of informed and expert objections to the Amendments manifested at the roundtable. This was reflected in the committee’s critical report (March 2007). Lundy castigated the NCA saying “serious questions should be asked about how their so-called thorough consultation” was really carried out. However Senator Lundy stopped short of supporting the recommendations of the JSC, of which she was part. Remarkable was ACT Senator Humphries’ absence from the debate, and also from the vote. There were only 7 votes in favour (4 Greens and 3 Democrats) of Senator Brown’s motion to disallow the Amendments. In a stirring final speech Senator Brown spoke of the “magnificence of this green capital” and referred to the need for more reflection over the Amendments, and to the grave risks in not incorporating rules and guidelines. He also raised doubts about the lower tiers of regulation being able to protect and ensure a sustainable Canberra, and concerns about the limited assessments and public participation and the scope for vested interests to prevail over vision and principles. Further information Senate Official Hansard transcript of debate, Thursday 10 May 2007. Refer to pages 22 to 33 for Senator Bob Brown’s speech and the debate. www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds100507.pdf Griffin Society wins prestigious award for its website The Walter Burley Griffin Society website has won the 2007 EnergyAustralia National Trust Heritage Award for Interpretation and Presentation, Community Groups. The National Trust awards have been described as the ‘Oscars’ of the heritage world. Meredith Burgmann, President of the Legislative Council, and ABC broadcaster David Marr presented the awards at the Westin Hotel in Sydney on 12 March 2007. The website, which went live in mid 2006, promotes a greater understanding and appreciation of the work of Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin and encourages the conservation of their extensive work. It contains thirty-five sections covering the lives and works of Walter and Marion Griffin, the influences that shaped their work and an impressive photo gallery. These were written and designed by members of the society with expertise in various fields. The site also contains downloadable student activity sheets for primary and secondary school teachers. In selecting the Griffin website for the award, the judges said: ‘It is an impressive achievement from a community-based organisation, about important 20th century architects. It deals with their work both in Australia and overseas.’ The informative heritage site also received praise from members of the community. Scott Robertson, an architect and member of the National Trust’s Urban Conservation Committee said: ‘it is still one of the best, most useful websites I have seen and used. A model of what information websites should be’. The use of the internet and the electronic media is becoming an important tool in conservation. Tina Jackson, Executive Director of the National Trust of Australia said: ‘Just as heritage may be intangible -- much more than just bricks and mortar -- we must use electronic communication to get the heritage conservation message across to new and wider audiences.’ Adrienne Kabos, the committee member of the WB Griffin Society who oversaw the development of the website, said: ‘the website is the work of a team of 30 people and this award is a very nice acknowledgment of their expertise and commitment’. Congratulations go out to all those in the community involved in the project. Jacqueline Levett Canberra’s Griffin legacy under threat The issue Central Canberra and the foreshores of Lake Burley Griffin are poised to be developed with high rise and high density containing excessive residential and commercial space. Such detrimental development would be irreversible and permanent. Four major amendments to the National Capital Plan formulated by the National Capital Authority (NCA) will come into force unless they are disallowed by Parliament on 10 May. The Amendments contain no urban design controls to ensure quality urban landscapes and architecture, and show no regard for accepted principles of sustainable city planning. The Walter Burley Griffin Society is concerned that Griffin’s name has been wrongly used to advance mediocre outcomes that will compromise Canberra forever. Although called ‘The Griffin Legacy Amendments’, they fail to reflect Griffin’s ideals and intent for urban vitality, diversity, landscape design, sustainability nor a community friendly city. Instead the Amendments, if carried out, would perpetuate the Canberra syndrome of isolated buildings, and dominance of the car, and introduce large areas of high-rise buildings that would dominate the landscape of the ‘Bush Capital’. Recent history On 6 December 06, in a break with convention, the Amendments were tabled in both Houses of Parliament prior to the Australian Parliament’s Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital & External Territories (JSC) commencing its own inquiry. On 23 February 07, the JSC held a roundtable public hearing into the four Amendments to the National Capital Plan proposed by the NCA. Senator Ross Lightfoot, the Chairman of that Committee stated that: “The Griffin Legacy amendments are some of the most significant and far-reaching changes to the National Capital Plan ever undertaken.” On 22 March 07, the JSC Chairman Senator Lightfoot and his committee of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives published its 80-page report, including a recommendation that the Griffin Legacy Amendments be disallowed so that the NCA has the opportunity to refine the Amendments. As Senator Lightfoot stated “This fine tuning is necessary and in the interests of Canberra and the nation”. ABOVE: NCA model at Regatta Point showing the Lake infill at West Basin with hotel and conference centre, and at right highrise around City Hill that would dwarf this landmark and block vistas from Commonwealth Avenue south-west to the mountains. On 28 March 07, the Leader of the Australian Greens, Senator Bob Brown, gave notice of motion that the four Amendments be disallowed. The motion is set to come before the Senate on 10 May. Canberra needs your help Let the Senate know that you care about your National Capital and don’t want it damaged by these Amendments. Contact Senators and request their support for Senator Brown’s disallowance motion. Tell them that you support the recommendations of the Joint Standing Committee and that you want the NCA to refine the Amendments, and properly consult the community and experts. Individual Senators can be identified for specific appeals and their email or other contacts obtained from www.aph.gov.au/Senate/senators/index.htm or just address to Parliament House, Canberra. Key potential players include: Senator Ross Lightfoot to top Amendment 53 for Albert Hall Precinct – more controversy Hard on the heels of the four Amendments, the National Capital Authority (NCA) announced yet another controversial draft amendment to the National Capital Plan. Called Draft Amendment 53, it applies to a large area called the Albert Hall precinct that extends down to the foreshores of Lake Burley Griffin and is bounded by Commonwealth Avenue, Flynn Drive, and Coronation Drive. This area includes Albert Hall, which has served as a town hall for many years, the Canberra Hyatt Hotel and the open space of the road easements that permit beautiful uninterrupted views of the distant hills and lakeside peninsulas. Amendment 53 provides for high rise and high density land uses on the southern lakeshore in the Albert Hall precinct. The proposal has been met by strenuous community objections expressed in the media and at a public meeting organised by the NCA at Regatta Point on 22 March . Reporting on the meeting, the Canberra Times in an article titled “Expert blasts NCA scheme. Leave Albert Hall alone, says professor” on 25 March, stated that the former chair of the ACT Heritage Committee, Professor John Mulvaney, had said that: “As a major heritage precinct, it should not become cluttered with other structures for which the NCA, in any case, appears to have no designated function”. The Canberra Times article went on to state that Professor Mulvaney “was also critical of an eight-storey ‘landmark’ building, proposed for the western side of Constitution Avenue, which he said was justified at the meeting for providing a balance with the National Library”. “This suggests that the NCA aesthetic relates to the built environment. It entirely overlooks the alternative aesthetic of the natural environment. “ “At present the majestic landscape stretching to the Brindabellas provides a vista from the bridge, or better still, for viewers from Commonwealth Gardens over the lake. ” In a second letter to the Canberra Times on 28 March, Professor Mulvaney discussed the proposed Immigration Bridge in this precinct: “The Immigration Bridge has been omitted from consideration in Draft Amendment 53. As it represents a significant factor in transport arrangements and must occupy some of the vaunted open space claimed by NCA, its omission suggests another example of divide and rule processes at work. What impact will this 12 metre plus structure have upon the general vista? Necessary lift structures for those unable to climb many stairs may bulk the structure at Flynn Drive. It simply is unacceptable procedure to consider the future Albert Hall Precinct without taking this structure into account. Further, the already cramped nature of the museum site may suffer further from the bridge’s impact and from access pathways, not to mention its aesthetic appearance.” A ‘Friends of the Albert Hall’ group has been established and is collecting signatures for a petition opposing the NCA plans for the Albert Hall Precinct. Further information www.ouralberthall.com Draft Amendment 53 can be viewed on the NCA website at www.nationalcapital.gov.au and by going to Planning and Urban Design from where a 6.3MB pdf file of it and also a comment form can be downloaded. Copies are available from Regatta Point, and the NCA offices. The time for submissions has been extended from April 13 to May 4. Luke Wensing, Treasurer WBGS Canberra Chapter to top Plans for Canberra unacceptable The plans recently proposed as Draft Amendments to the National Capital Plan for Canberra are described by the Walter Burley Griffin Society as an inadequate and unacceptable planning and design response to the promise of The Griffin Legacy study. This study was undertaken ‘to protect the integrity of the Griffin Plan, recognizing its stature as a work of both national and international significance.’. It was prepared by the National Capital Authority (NCA) and widely acclaimed when it was published in 2004 as a significant re-examination of the Griffin Plan. However despite this good foundation work completed more than two years ago, major aspects of the recent proposals are significant departures from the Griffin Plan for Canberra that would be very detrimental to public amenity, and to the vision that Griffin had for Canberra that has only in part been realised. For further details view the pdfs below: Glebe Incinerator celebratory picnic. FREE event Sunday 24 September 2006, 11.30am to 2.00pm near corner of Forsyth Street and Taylor Street, Glebe, Sydney The Walter Burley Griffin Society has joined with the Glebe Society to celebrate the restoration and reinterpretation of the Glebe Incinerator with a picnic at the beautiful precinct on the foreshore of Blackwattle Bay, Glebe. Everyone is welcome to come along and bring a picnic. The interior of the Incinerator can be viewed at 11.30am. At 12.10pm heritage architect Trevor Waters will talk about the incinerator’s history and operation prior to restoration. At 12.40pm Jannene Smith from Godden Mackay Logan, the heritage consultants who planned and coordinated the incinerator’s restoration work will explain the approach, methods and the journey, including archeological finds At 1.00pm Professor James Weirick, President of the Walter Burley Griffin Society will pay tribute to those involved in the conservation of the Incinerator. Councillor John McInerney will then chair community discussion of possible uses of the Incinerator and the adjacent colonnades. A FREE event. Hot coffee and muffins may be purchased at the stall. Website goes live Funded by an Australian Government $20,000 $ for $ grant, the Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc. has produced this website on the lives and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin. The Sharing Australia’s Stories grant recipients were announced by the Minister, Senator Ian Campbell in July 2005 with the Walter Burley Griffin Society Inc being one of just 22 recipients out of more than 950 applications. The Society is very grateful for the work of many members and committee members who have written more than 40 webpages for the website. The grant enabled the Society to employ two web developers, an editor, purchase over 100 images and copyright permissions, develop an extensive photo gallery and produce three quick-time movies. View the National Library of Australia’s new acquisition, 28 June 2006 The Eric Milton Nicholls Collection revealing the creative collaboration between Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin, is the latest acquisition by the National Library of Australia. The collection will be on view on Wednesday 28 June, 10am to 4pm in the Library’s Conference Room. Researcher Christopher Vernon will reveal this collection (described by the Library as “breathtaking”) at a lecture at 12.30pm on the same day in the Library’s Theatre. Free. Bookings (02) 6262 1271. Walter Burley Griffin Society of America’s 7th annual meeting and tour The annual meeting of our sister organisation, the Walter Burley Griffin Society of America, will be held on Saturday 17 June 2006, in Evanston and the North Shore, USA. Events begin at 9:00am at the Evanston Public Library, 1703 Orrington Avenue (Orrington & Church). Speakers include Mary Woolever, architectural librarian at the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries, who will discuss the Griffin/Mahony collections at the Art Institute; Wilbert Hasbrouck, who will expound upon the creation of his magnificent history of the Chicago Architectural Club; and Betsy Downs, who will recount her restoration of Griffin’s J. B. Moulton house in Rogers Park, one of the buildings on the afternoon tour. Paul Sprague will present his findings about one of Griffin’s planning projects for Evanston, and Paul Kruty will provide background for the buildings to be seen on the tour. The morning session will end at noon. Among the buildings included on the afternoon tour are Griffin’s Carter, Moulton and Schwartz houses, Wright’s Emil Bach house, and several buildings by Myron Hunt, one of the original Steinway Hall Four (that is, Perkins, Wright, Spencer, and Hunt). We will also be able to see three other Griffin houses from the street. An evening reception will be held in the Emery house. Reservations essential – go to: Preparation of Management Plan for Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra A management plan for Lake Burley Griffin is being prepared by heritage consultants Godden Mackay Logan, and Context Pty Ltd who are assessing social significance, and undertaking focus groups for organisations and user groups who may have an interest in, or special associations with, the lake. An internet survey has been conducted and recommendations as to how the aspects of significance can be managed will be prepared. Other news from Melbourne Three Griffin places were recommended in May 2006 for consideration for listing on the Victorian State Heritage Register. They comprise the Lippincott House, the Mount Eagle and Glenard Estates, all in Eaglemont. The Lippincott House at 21 Glenard Drive was designed for associate Roy Lippincott and his wife Geneveive, Griffin's sister. Dating from 1917 it has architectural significance as an outstanding example of Prairie Style of arts and crafts architecture, rare in Victoria, particularly one so well realised and intact. It is also of historical significance due to its associations with the Griffins, leading figures in twentieth century architectural history. The Mount Eagle Estate from 1914 is of historical significance for its associations with the Griffins, its role in the history of town planning and the garden suburb movement in Victoria. It is the earliest example of a Griffin-designed residential estate in Victoria and intact, retaining surviving community parklands. It is of historical significance for its association with the famous 'Heidelberg school' of impressionist painting which originated in the area, whose members included Tom Roberts, Charles Conder, Arthur Streeton, and Frederick McCubbin. Many of their most significant works were painted in the area in 1889 and 1890 when Streeton was living in an old cottage, now demolished, which was on what is now Summit Drive on the Mount Eagle Estate. The Estate is of aesthetic and historical significance as an essentially intact example of garden suburb planning by the Griffins. With its distinctive long curved roads, internal reserves and spacious triangular traffic islands, it is a fine example of a residential subdivision designed to harmonise with the topography and indigenous vegetation of the area. The Glenard Estate is significant for similar reasons as the Mount Eagle Estate - it was the second Griffin estate in Victoria, in 1915. For more information visit www.heritage.vic.gov.au / information /state heritage register Funding for Interwar Housing Typology Study, Sydney Among the recently announced 92 projects receiving $2.73million in NSW Heritage Incentives Programme funding is a $20,000 grant to The Art Deco Society of NSW to identify and record Interwar Housing in New South Wales, assess its significance and prepare nominations for those of State significance to the State Heritage Register. The focus of the study is creating a typology of housing types and styles in this period and deducing urban design and protection policies arising from them, as a useful guideline to apply across NSW in suburban and country settings. The study has the potential to include works of Griffin and of his associates, such as Eric Milton Nicholls. It builds on past studies the Heritage Office has funded in this area. These include: $14,000 in 2003 to the Art Deco Society for a study of the development of the highrise apartments of the Interwar period in the Kings Cross, Potts Point and Elizabeth Bay; $45,000 in 1993/4 to the National Trust of Australia (NSW) for a thematic study of interwar subdivisions and housing estates; and $10,000 in 2003 to Willoughby City Council to undertake a study of the work of the architect, Eric Milton Nicholls in the Willoughby area, to provide a register and intactness inventory.	i don't know
Which company made the World War Two Zero fighter plane?	Mitsubishi A6M Zero Fighter - World War II Ceiling: 33,000 ft. Armament Guns: 2 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 97 machine guns (engine cowling), 2 × 20 mm (0.787 in) Type 99 cannons (wings) Bombs: Combat- 2 × 66 lb. and 1 × 132 lb. bombs, Kamikaze: 2 x fixed 550 lb. bombs A6M Zero - Design & Development: The design of the A6M Zero began in May 1937, shortly after the introduction of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter. Operating under the Imperial Japanese Navy's (IJN) specification "12-Shi," Mitsubishi and Nakajima commenced preliminary design work on a new carrier-based fighter, while waiting to receive the final requirements for the aircraft. These were issued by the IJN in October and were based upon the A5M's performance in the on-going Second Sino-Japanese War. The final specifications called for the aircraft to possess two 7.7 mm machine guns, as well as two 20 mm cannon. In addition, each airplane was to have a radio direction finder for navigation and a full radio set. For performance, the IJN required that the new design be capable of 310 mph at 13,000 ft. and possess an endurance of two hours at normal power and six to eight hours at cruising speed (with drop tanks). As the aircraft was to be carrier-based, its wingspan was limited to 39 ft. (12m). Stunned by the navy's requirements, Nakajima pulled out of the project believing that such an aircraft could not be designed. At Mitsubishi, the company's chief designer, Jiro Horikoshi, began toying around potential designs. After initial testing, Horikoshi determined that the IJN's requirements could be met, but that the aircraft would have to be extremely light. Utilizing a new, top-secret aluminum, T-7178, he created an aircraft that sacrificed protection in favor of weight and speed. As a result, the new design lacked armor to protect the pilot, as well as the self-sealing fuel tanks that were becoming standard on military aircraft. Possessing retractable landing gear and a low-wing monoplane design, the new A6M was one of the most modern fighters in the world when it completed testing. A6M Zero - Operational History: Entering service in 1940, the A6M became known as the Zero based on its official designation of Type 0 Carrier Fighter. In early 1940, the first A6M2, Model 11 Zeros arrived in China and quickly proved themselves as the best fighter in the conflict. Fitted with a 950 hp Nakajima Sakae 12 engine, the Zero swept Chinese opposition from the skies. With the new engine, the aircraft exceeded its design specifications and a new version with folding wingtips, the A6M2, Model 21, was pushed into production for carrier use. For much of World War II , the Model 21 was the version of the Zero that was encountered by Allied aviators. A superior dogfighter than the early Allied fighters, the Zero was able to out-maneuver its opposition. To combat this, Allied pilots developed specific tactics for dealing with the aircraft. These included the "Thach Weave," which required two Allied pilots working in tandem, and the "Boom-and-Zoom," which saw Allied pilots fighting on the dive or climb. In both cases, the Allies benefited from the Zero's complete lack of protection as a single burst of fire was generally enough to down the aircraft. This contrasted with Allied fighters, such as the P-40 Warhawk and F4F Wildcat , which though less maneuverable, were extremely rugged and difficult to bring down. Nevertheless, the Zero was responsible for destroying at least 1,550 American aircraft between 1941 and 1945. Never substantially updated or replaced, the Zero remained the IJN's primary fighter throughout the war. With the arrival of new Allied fighters, such as the F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair , the Zero was quickly eclipsed. Faced with superior opposition and a dwindling supply of trained pilots, the Zero saw its kill ratio drop from 1:1 to over 1:10. During the course of the war, over 11,000 A6M Zeros were produced. While Japan was the only nation to employ the aircraft on a large scale, several captured Zeros were used by the newly-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). Selected Sources	Mitsubishi
In which US State are the cities of Chattanooga, Lynchburg and Shelbyville?	World War II Zero fighter flies over Japan \| KSL.com Hiroko Harima/Kyodo News via AP World War II Zero fighter flies over Japan By Miki Toda, Associated Press \| Posted Jan 27th, 2016 @ 7:11pm  2 photos  AP: Raw: WWII Fighter Plane Takes to the Skies KANOYA, Japan (AP) — One of Mitsubishi's legendary World War II fighter planes took to the skies over Japan on Wednesday. The restored "Zero" fighter made a brief flight to and from a naval base in southern Japan. Decorated former U.S. Air Force pilot Skip Holm flew the aircraft. Zero fighters were considered one of the most capable fighter planes in World War II, rivaling the British Spitfire. Their long range allowed them to play a prominent role in the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Only a few are still in operating condition. While rented Zeroes have flown in Japan on occasion in the past, this was the first for the widely used Model 22 of Mitsubishi's A6M fighter with its round wingtips. This particular plane was found decaying in Papua New Guinea in the 1970s. It was owned by an American until Japanese businessman Masahiro Ishizuka purchased it and brought it to Japan last September. "I wanted for the people of Japan and especially young people to know about this Zero airplane, as well as those who are old who remember the past," Ishizuka said. "Each of them should have different thoughts and perspectives on this, but I just want people to know how Japan has developed its technology." Japanese see the aircraft both as a symbol of their country's technological advance and a reminder of the harrowing history of the war. In the last phase of the fighting, they were used for "kamikaze" attacks. Kamikaze pilots took off from the same airfield as Wednesday's flight, Kanoya Naval Air Base on the island of Kyushu. Under its previous American owner, the plane made an appearance in the Hollywood movie "Pearl Harbor" and at various events in the United States. ___ This story corrects that it was not the first Zero flight over Japan since World War II. Copyright © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. One of the world's best preserved Zero fighter planes. See more photos here: https://t.co/OTw7Xskw8O #Japan #WW2 pic.twitter.com/i3tYeex2If — China in WW2 (@chinaww2) July 10, 2015 Japanese see the aircraft both as a symbol of their country's technological advance and a reminder of the harrowing history of the war. In the last phase of the fighting, they were used for "kamikaze" attacks. Kamikaze pilots took off from the same airfield as Wednesday's flight, Kanoya Naval Air Base on the island of Kyushu. Under its previous American owner, the plane made an appearance in the Hollywood movie "Pearl Harbor" and at various events in the United States. Related Utah man's secret WWII mission comes to light Clyde D. Gessel oversaw the assembling of Japanese Zeros from salvaged parts — "shot up junk" as he described it — at Eagle Farm airfield near Brisbane. The operation, authorized by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, played an important role in history and possibly changed the course of the war in the Pacific. Copyright © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.	i don't know
Which Scottish King was killed at the battle of Lumphanan in 1057?	Warfare History Blog: Macbethian era Scotland and the Battle of Lumphanan 1057 8/15/12 Macbethian era Scotland and the Battle of Lumphanan 1057 On this day in History 1057, Macbeth, the King of Scots, then known as the King of Alba, was killed at the Battle of [the Peelring of] Lumphanan in what is today Aberdeenshire , Scotland . Macbeth was killed in battle by the combined Scottish-Scandinavian army of Prince Malcolm Canmore, the son of the dethroned and murdered King Duncan I. Macbeth in combat, 19th century depiction The Battle of Lumphanan began when a small band of Macbeth’s retainers, 300-450 mounted warriors and the former King Macbeth were ambushed as they were on the march south by Prince Malcolm’s army near or at the Peelring of Lumphanan, southeast of Essie. An odd looking landmark, the Peel of Lumphanan is a sort of pudgy hill fortification or redoubt, which the saga writers and chroniclers believed was the ikely place where the battle was fought and the usurper-king killed. Macbeth was either found amongst the dead on the battlefield by Prince Malcolm or captured and summarily executed immediately after the end of the skirmish. Ambush of Macbeth at Lumphanan The Peelring Very little is known about the real King Macbeth who is most certainly one of the more infamous and yet unaccomplished monarchs in Scottish history. Made immortal by William Shakespeare’s famous "Scottish play", the tragedy of Macbeth. The now famous character of Macbeth, "Thane of Glamis & Thane of Cawdor" and later King from the original play and from various derived films since the Orson Welles adaption of 1948, is a highly fictionalized and inaccurate caricature borrowing very little from the real life and reign of Macbeth, Lord of Moray and King of Alba (Scotland), 1040-1057. What is known of the real Macbeth is that he was born around 1005 AD to Finlay, Mormaer (high steward) of Moray. Some scholars agree that Macbeth was most certainly a grandson of Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005-1034, making his claim to the throne in 1040 very much a valid one. Throughout his fathers long life and reign as Mormaer of Moray, Finlay had always held a desire for control over all of Norhtern Scotland and was eventually murdered by his nephews sometime in 1020. In August of 1040 Macbeth usurped the throne and killed his longtime rival King Duncan I. The King a usurper himself led an army north into Macbeth's kingdom there he was slain outside Elgin (Pitvageny , Morayshire), winning the bloody crown of Alba for himself. Macbeth as depicted in the 19th century Before and especially during the era of Macbeth 1000-1100, Scotland remained divided into warring fiefdoms and regional kingdoms, ruled primarily by Scots-Gaelic kings and lords, and the Dano-Norse Viking descendants who still held territory in Scotland, including Orkney and the Western Isles. Many of these kingdoms were entirely autonomous from the rule of the King’s of Alba. Many of the Dano-Norse jarls and Northumbria/Cumbria (England) earls were at constant war with the Scottish lords, who in turn frequently challenged the rule of the King of Alba. Long before Macbeth took power usurpation, regicide, and rebellion were the rule not the exception. Hereditary rights meant to the lords and kings of Scotland during this era, with usurpation becoming one of the very critical components to early Scottish history in 10th and 11th centuries. Kingdom of Alba (Scotland), Moray, & North England (Northumbria) Eventually Macbeth’s usurpation did come back to haunt him, no pun intended, when Duncan’s son, Prince Malcolm Canmore with the help of his uncle Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invaded Scotland with an allied English, Scottish, and Scandinavian host. Siward’s armies met Macbeth’s at Dunsinane Hill in July 1054 smashing Macbeth’s host, forcing the king and his armies to withdraw north. Though Siward had mauled Macbeth's army he had lost thousands in the battle including his eldest son and many of his housecarls (household retainers/bodyguards). Despite this great defeat Macbeth still held on to power as King of Alba, moreover as Mormaer of Moray. This first invasion of Macbeth’s kingdom lost steam shortly after the Battle of Dunsinane with Siward’s death in 1055. Malcolm would not avenge his father until the Battle of Lumphanan on August 15, not taking the title of King of Alba until a year later in 1058 after the death of Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach. Major Kings of Alba ( Scotland) during the Macbethian Age 1000-1100 AD Kenneth III reigned 997-1005-Son of Dubh. Usurped the throne from King Constantine III (r.995-997), known as Constantine the Bald, killing him and his heir at Rathinveramon near Scone in 997 AD. His eldest son Giric was an active member of Kenneth's reign and war council. Both the King and his son killed by Malcolm's rebels in battle at Monzievaird, Strathearn 1005. Malcolm II reigned 1005-1034-Son of Kenneth II, inherits his fathers throne after his death at Monzievaird. Nearly killed when his forces are massacred by the Northumbrians in 1006. Captures Lothian in 1018 after the Battle of Carham. At war during most of reign with Orkney and Northumbria. Makes several alliances with the Danes, and an important treaty with King Cnut of England, Denmark, Norway, and 'some' Swedes, in the year 1032, establishing the Anglo-Scottish border. Dies of wounds sustained in a siege of Glamis castle in 1034 with no direct heir. Duncan I r.1034-1040-Son of Crínán. Grandson or perhaps a nephew of King Malcolm II, who made war with the lords of Moray, Orkney, and Northumbria during his reign. Killed at Pitgaveny near Elgin in a "blacksmiths hut" by Macbeth's army or perhaps by Macbeth himself in August of 1040 after leading an army against Macbeth. Macbeth I r.1040-1057- Son of Finlay of Moray. Thane of Cromarty and later Mormaer of Moray who fought Danish invaders during his early career. Usurped the throne from King Duncan I in 1040 after he raised an army and invaded Moray. Crowned King in Scone of the same year. Macbeth kills Duncan ’s father and 180 of his men during the Revolt of Crínán in 1045. Forms an alliance with the Leinster Irish king Diarmait mac Mal and with Earl Thorfinn of Orkney. Makes a pilgrimage to Rome in 1050, known for his piety and generosity. Defeated in the Battle of Dunsinane Hill in 1054, but holds onto the kingship of Alba until he abdicated in favor of his step-son Lulach. King Macbeth was Malcolm Canmore's men in battle in 1057 at Lumphanan, and buried on Iona. Leading scion of the house of Moray in the 11th century. Lulach r.1057-1058- Known as the ‘Fool, or the Unlucky’ & the 'Simple King of Scotland'. Stepson of Macbeth, crowned near Scone shortly before Macbeth was killed at Lumphanan. Killed by Prince Malcolm either in the Battle of Essie (Strathbogie) in what is today Huntly, Aberdeenshire, or perhaps before the battle under treacherous circumstances, perhaps when parlay was offered by Malcolm Canmore. Buried on Iona. Malcolm Canmore (Caennmor), King Malcolm III r.1058-1093- Son of Duncan I, Prince Malcolm Canmore, meaning literally “large or great head” or a leader/chief, lived in exile in Northern England after the death of his father King Duncan. Kills Macbeth and his only heir in 1057-1058. Makes war with England three separate times trying to expand south. Pays homage in 1072 to William the Bastard, known also as the Conqueror, King of England, 1066-1087. Killed at the Battle of Alnwick, Northumbria, in 1093 along with his eldest son by the Mormaer of Bamborough, steward of the Norman Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria. Donald the Fair, Donalbane, King Donald III r.1094-1097-Younger brother of Malcolm III who took the throne after his brother’s death by exiling his eldest surviving sons. Ruled jointly with his nephew Prince Edmund, who was later exiled to England, becoming a monk a dieing of old age. Deposed for a year in 1094 by his nephew Duncan II but restored after his death in the same year. Died after being captured, imprisoned, and later blinded by King Edgar. Last true King of Alba (the ancient kingdom of Scotland) and the last buried on Iona presumably. Duncan II r.1094- Son of Malcolm III who lived for most of his youth in Norman England as a noble hostage of King William beginning in 1072. Deposed his uncle Donalbane in 1094 with the help of a Anglo-Norman army. Killed at the Battle of Monthecin (Mondynes) by the Mormaer of Mearns Novemeber. Edgar, The Valiant, King of Scots r. 1097-1107-Third Son of Malcolm III who invaded Scotland in 1097, with the help of William II, King of England 1087-1100. In 1098 he cedes control of the Western Isles to the King of Norway Magnus 'Barefoot'. Deposed his uncle King Donald and his brother Edmund and took the throne. Died without issue passing the throne to his brothers, Alexander I, 1107-1124 and David I, 1124-1153. Suggested Further Reading	Macbeth
Usually on metal or wood, what term is used for the ageing process on an Antique?	Lumphanan Peel Ring \| Grampian \| Castles, Forts and Battles Castle is owned by Historic Scotland . ADDITIONAL NOTES 1. Although popular opinion has latched onto Shakespeare’s version of history, Macbeth was seemingly a competent and able ruler. He promoted Christianity and, during his longer than average 17 year rule, made the first visit to Rome by a Scottish King. He acquired the throne through the defeat and death of King Duncan at the Battle of Pitgaveny in August 1040. Duncan was a weak and ineffective King however and had actually turned on Macbeth perhaps to secure a victory to strengthen his own position; Macbeth’s victory and accession to the throne was in accordance with convention. Unfortunately so too was his own execution – he was beheaded on ‘Macbeth’s Stone’ following his defeat at the Battle of Lumphanan. The reign of Malcolm Canmore, as Malcolm III, lasted an impressive 35 years but ended in humiliation with his death of the First Battle of Alnwick (1093) in England. 2. The Durward name derives from their hereditary role at court where they were the ushers (door wards). 3. Lumphanan Peel is also known by the less flattering name, Peel Bog of Lumphanan. The site of Macbeth’s defeat and execution in 1057, Lumphanan Peel was constructed on top of a natural mound in the early thirteenth century by the Durward family. Edward I took the submission of a local landowner here during the Wars of Independence and the site remained in occupation until at least the eighteenth century. HISTORY OF LUMPHANAN PEEL Although associated with the history of the Scottish King Macbeth, famously immortalised by the Shakespeare play, Lumphanan Peel dates from a later time. Macbeth had killed Duncan at the Battle of Pitgaveny near Elgin in Morayshire - not as Shakespeare suggests, by murdering him in his bed - and went onto rule for 17 years. However, at the Battle of Lumphanan in August 1057, Macbeth was killed by the former King's son, Malcolm Canmore. The Scottish throne passed initially to Lulach, Macbeth’s step-son, before Macolm killed him to assume the role as Malcolm III. Lumphanan Castle itself was built by the Durward family who were important members of the Court of de Lundis - a Norman family who had settled in Angus around the late twelfth century. The Durwood's established their principle seat at Coull where they built a stone castle but they also constructed Lumphanan at this time - most probably as a hunting lodge. The fortification consisted on a natural mound, heightened by additional earthworks, topped by a timber palisade (hence the name 'Peel Ring'). Surrounding the mound were two circular flooded ditches. A sluice controlled the water level and a drawbridge provided access into the interior. The castle was still occupied in the late thirteenth century when, in July 1296, it hosted a visit by Edward I in order for Sir John de Melville, Lord of Raith to render his homage to the English King. Shortly after this event the castle was abandoned. The site was reactivated in the late fifteenth century when it was acquired by Thomas Charteris. He built the two storey Halton House on the summit of the mount which seemed to remain in occupation for an extended period. Archaeological evidence shows further building work as late as the eighteenth century. The top of the Peel. The site of Halton House can be seen to left of centre.	i don't know
What is the nickname of Vaughan-Williams' symphony number 1?	VAUGHAN WILLIAMS: Symphony No. 1, 'A Sea Symphony' A Sea Symphony (Symphony No. 1) Several first symphonies have caused their composers much trouble, not least that by Brahms, who laboured for over two decades to bring his C minor Symphony to fruition. The difficulty, in that instance, of furthering an Austro-German symphonic tradition still under the shadow of Beethoven is pertinent when considering A Sea Symphony, the first symphony (though not designated as such) by Ralph Vaughan Williams. When he began it in 1903, the composer was in his early thirties, with a number of songs, chamber works and short orchestral pieces to his name, and little in the way of a national reputation. Completed in 1909, and successfully performed for the first time at the Leeds Festival the following year, the work, together with the Tallis Fantasia, first performed at the Three Choirs Festival only weeks before, confirmed the arrival of Vaughan Williams on the national stage. Parallel to the composer’s evolving of a personal musical idiom went his desire to free English music from the Austro-German framework still prevalent in the music of Parry, Stanford and Elgar. The influence of Parry’s choral odes, as well as Stanford’s Songs of the Sea and Elgar’s Sea Pictures, is intermittently evident, while the latter’s The Dream of Gerontius had set a new precedent for a symphonically conceived oratorio, but the combining of high art and folk-inflected music in A Sea Symphony marks a radical departure, while the setting of verses by Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass in the first three movements, Passage to India in the finale) reinforces the sense of an artistic new dawn such as remained constant in Vaughan Williams’ thinking for the next half century. A choral symphony in the lineage of Mendelssohn rather than Beethoven, the formal construction of A Sea Symphony, with its four movements and sense of tonal closure, nonetheless draws directly on symphonic precedent. The first movement, A Song for all Seas, all Ships, starts with a choral paragraph of breathtaking immediacy, the feeling of new vistas effortlessly evoked. The main part begins with the “rude brief recitative” sung by the baritone in shanty-like strains and enthusiastically echoed by the chorus. Contrast follows with the lyrical “chant for the sailors”, rising in intensity until the opening brass fanfare is recalled and the soprano makes a dramatic entrance at “Flaunt out O seas” - marking the onset of the opulent central section. A pensive choral passage centred on the “Tokens of all brave captains” heralds a reprise of the opening music, soloists and chorus in a series of intensifying exchanges which culminate in the reiterated statement “one flag above all the rest”. The close, however, recollects the universality of Whitman’s message in a mood of tranquillity. A ruminative calm persists through the second movement, On the Beach at Night alone, a nocturne whose harmonic ambiguity provides a sombre context for this setting entrusted to the baritone. A more robust central section, its main theme warmly set out by horns over pizzicato strings, reaches an affirmative choral climax, before the introspective opening is recalled in largely orchestral terms. The third movement, The Waves, is a Scherzo which makes considerable demands on the chorus in its contrapuntal intricacy. The work’s opening fanfare is recalled, and two folk-songs, The Golden Vanity and The Bold Princess Royal, alluded to in this scintillating depiction of the sea as a natural phenomenon. A noble theme evoking a great sea-going vessel twice provides contrast, before the movement drives to its defiant conclusion. The Explorers is an apt title for the large-scale fourth movement, a heartfelt summation of the composer’s musical and spiritual development. The opening, featuring the words “O vast Rondure swimming in space”, sets the exalted tone of much that follows. A modal processional evokes the creation of man, leading to a rarefied setting of “Wherefore unsatisfied soul” and the determined response “Yet soul be sure”, together defining the philosophical goal of the whole work. A triumphal culmination is built around the word “singing”, the soloists entering impulsively at “O we can wait no longer” to add a more human dimension. The chorus re-enters at “O thou transcendent”, then at “Away O Soul” the music irrupts in a frenzy of shanty rhythms as the ship/soul sets sail. Yet the outburst is cut short: the work ending with a calm depiction of the ship vanishing over the horizon, and the implicit journeying of the soul toward those unknown regions on earth as of the human mind. And on its limitless heaving breast, the ships; See, where their white sails, bellying in the wind, speckle the green and blue, See, the steamers coming and going, steaming in or out of port, See, dusky and undulating, the long pennants of smoke. Behold, the sea itself, And on its limitless heaving breast, the ships. Today a rude brief recitative, Of ships sailing the seas, each with its special flag or ship-signal, Of unnamed heroes in the ships - of waves spreading and spreading far as the eye can reach, Of dashing spray, and the winds piping and blowing, And out of these a chant for the sailors of all nations, Of sea-captains young or old, and the mates, and of all intrepid sailors, Of the few, very choice, taciturn, whom fate can never surprise nor death dismay, Picked sparingly without noise by thee, old ocean, chosen by thee, Thou sea that pickest and cullest the race in time, and unitest the nations, Suckled by thee, old husky nurse, embodying thee, Indomitable, untamed as thee. A pennant universal, subtly waving all the time, o’er all brave sailors, All seas, all ships. 2 On the Beach at Night, alone (Baritone / Chorus) On the beach at night alone, As the old mother sways her to and fro singing her husky song, As I watch the bright stars shining, I think a thought of the clef of the universes and of the future. A vast similitude interlocks all, All distances of space however wide, All distances of time, All souls, all living bodies though they be ever so different, All nations, all identities that have existed or may exist, All lives and deaths, all of the past, present, future, This vast interlude spans them, and always has spanned, And shall forever span them and shall compactly hold and enclose them. After the sea-ship, after the whistling winds, After the white-gray sails taut to their spars and ropes, Below, a myriad, myriad waves hastening, lifting up their necks, Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship, Waves of the ocean bubbling and gurgling, blithely prying, Waves, undulating waves, liquid, uneven, emulous waves, Toward that whirling current, laughing and buoyant with curves, Where the great vessel sailing and tacking displaced the surface, Larger and smaller waves in the spread of the ocean yearnfully flowing, The wake of the sea-ship after she passes, flashing and frolicsome under the sun, A motley procession with many a fleck of foam and many fragments, Following the stately and rapid ship, in the wake following. Ah who shall soothe these feverish children? Who justify these restless explorations? Who speak the secret of the impassive earth? Yet soul be sure the first intent remains, and shall be carried out, Perhaps even now the time has arrived. After the seas are all crossed, After the great captains have accomplished their work, Finally shall come the poet worthy that name, The true son of God shall come singing his songs. O we can wait no longer, We too take ship, O Soul, Joyous we too launch out on trackless seas, Fearless for unknown shores on waves of ecstasy to sail, (thou pressing me to thee, I thee to me, O Soul), Caroling free, singing our song of God, Chanting our chant of pleasant exploration. O Soul, thou pleasest me, I thee, Sailing these seas or on the hills, or walking in the night, Thoughts, silent thoughts, of Time and Space and Death, like water flowing, Bear me indeed as though regions infinite, Whose air I breathe, whose ripples hear, lave me all over, Bathe me, O God, in thee, mounting to thee, I and my soul to range in range of thee. Nameless, the fibre and the breath, Light of the light, shedding forth universes, thou centre of them. Swiftly I shrivel at the thought of God, At Nature and its wonders, Time and Space and Death, But that I, turning, call to thee, O Soul, thou actual me And lo, thou gently masterest the orbs, Thou matest Time, smilest content at Death, And fillest, swellest full the vastnesses of Space. Greater than stars or suns, Bounding, O Soul, thou journeyest forth; Away, O Soul! Hoist instantly the anchor! Cut the hawsers - haul out - shake out every sail! Sail forth, steer for the deep waters only, Reckless, O Soul, exploring, I with thee, and thou with me, For we are bound, where mariner has not yet dared to go, And we will risk the ship, ourselves and all. O my brave Soul! O darling joy, but safe! Are they not all the seas of God? O farther, farther, farther sail!	A Sea Symphony
Sb is the symbol for which chemical element?	Composer of the Ralph Vaughan Williams ~ THE MUSICIAN'S LOUNGE Crystal Young-Otterstrom Happy one-day-belated birthday to Ralph Vaughan Williams! He would have turned 139 yesterday. Generally speaking, Vaughan Williams is considered a twentieth century composer but the reality is that he was only thirty years younger than Tchaikovsky. The first thing you should know about Vaughan Williams is a) his first name is pronounced like Rafe, as in Ralph Fiennes b) never forget that extra a in Vaughan and c) Vaughan Williams is actually NOT hyphenated although you frequently find it listed in programs with the hyphen. His last name is what’s known colloquially as a “doubled barreled” name which is quite common in England and Wales. In Vaughan Williams’ case, his last name is Welsh. It throws of many a music student. Vaughan Williams was an English composer with a lengthy oeuvre of often pastoral-sounding music. His father, a vicar, died when he was just three years old. She moved in with family, the Wedgwoods, to raise young Ralph. Her great-grandfather was the famous potter John Wedgwood, and the family’s china and pottery is still highly prized and collected. He wasn’t just related to one famous family but two: Charles Darwin was his great uncle! Vaughan Williams studied the piano and violin as a young boy, of which he said, “I never could play [the piano], and the violin…was my musical salvation.” He attended the Juilliard of the UK, the Royal Conservatory of Music as well as the Trinity College at Cambridge University. At the Royal Conservatory, Vaughan Williams became friends with the likes of Leopold Stokowski (the great composer who championed many of his symphonies) and Gustav Holst. Despite this, Vaughan Williams didn’t publish any music until the age of 30. If you’re frequently depressed by the fact that you will never be Mozart, just remember Ralph Vaughan Williams! Vaughan Williams married Adeline Fisher in 1896. She was herself an accomplished cellist and pianist. She was even a first cousin of Virginia Woolf. It seems to be a fairly open marriage as he began an affair with Ursula Wood in the late 30s. Wood even cared for Adeline when her health declined in the 1940s due to arthritis. Wood and Vaughan Williams married in 1953, two years after the death of Adeline. Upon discovering English folk music in the early 1900s, Vaughan Williams compositional style permanently changed. He found his voice, purpose, and passion. His music is typically traditional in sound and largely tonal, very different from what the younger composers of his time (such as Stravinsky and Schoenberg) were writing. Vaughan Williams is sometimes dismissed by academic musicians because of his lack of experimentation but it’s important to remember that he was 30 before he started writing published music and by the time he wrote his most famous works he was in his 40s and 50s. He belonged to a different compositional school of thought than the more experimental types writing at the same time as him. One well known music theorist said than when listening to Vaughan Williams, “one is never quite sure whether one is listening to something very old or very new.” Indeed, Vaughan Williams’ music is frequently lush and gorgeous; the kind of music that orchestras love to play and audiences love to hear. Vaughan Williams started becoming known nationally and internationally in 1910. This was largely due to his choral fantasy: Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis. Listen here: He also started gaining prominence with the Sea and London Symphonies. “The Waves” from A Sea Symphony Vaughan Williams actually volunteered for military service during WWI even though he was 41 and could have avoided conscription. Being surrounded by constant gunfire as an ambulance driver caused a hearing loss that progressed to almost complete deafness in his old age. Most of his most famous works come from the years following the war and include the ballet Job, the Pastoral Symphony (No. 3), his Piano Concerto, and his Symphony No. 4. Scene 8 from Job: A Masque for Dancing Vaughan Williams remained prolific well into his 60s and 70s and wrote a number of beautiful and interesting works including four symphonies (No. 6 received over 100 performances in its FIRST YEAR of existence) , the Christmas oratorio Hodie (Utah Symphony and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir have performed this together as part of the OC Tanner Gift of Music concert recently), and the opera The Pilgrim’s Progress. Symphony No. 6 in E Minor Parts 8 – 12 of Hodie	i don't know
Born in 1919, he has been First Lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State for Energy, Defence Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Secretary General of NATO and is now Father of the House of Lords. Who is he?	Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert, Lord - Biographical Dictionary - s9.com Home » Political Leader » Politician » Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert, Lord Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert, Lord Born: 1919 AD Currently alive, at 98 years of age. Nationality: 1919 – He was born on the 6th of June. – Carington was educated at Eton and RMA Sandhurst. 1938-1940 – He succeeded his father as 6th Baron Carrington and took his seat in the House of Lords on his 21st birthday. – He served as a major in the Grenadier Guards and was awarded the Military Cross. 1951-1954 – Lord Carrington became involved in politics and served in the Conservative administrations of Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry for Agriculture and Food from November to October. 1956 – He served as the Ministry of Defence from October. 1959 – He was appointed High Commissioner to Australia, a post he held until October. 1963 – He served under Harold Macmillan as First Lord of the Admiralty until October. 1964 – He was then Minister without Portfolio and Leader of the House of Lords under Sir Alec Douglas-Home until October. 1970 – He was Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. 1972 – He served as Chairman of the Conservative Party. 1974 – He was briefly Secretary of State for Energy from January to March. – Lord Carrington was again Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. 1979 – He was made Foreign Secretary and Minister for Overseas Development as part of the first Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher. 1979 – He chaired the Lancaster House conference, a wrapup of Zimbabwe’s revolutionary war attended by Ian Smith, Abel Muzorewa, Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Herbert Chitepo, Josiah Tongogara that paved the way for second elections in February. – He took full responsibility for the complacency and failures in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to foresee this development and resigned. 1983 – He became president of the Pilgrims Society. 1984-1988 – Lord Carrington then served as Secretary-General of NATO. 1991 – Lord Carington presided over diplomatic talks about the breakup of the Former Yugoslavia and attempted to pass a plan that would end the wars and result in each republic becoming an independent nation. Page last updated: September 16, 2007	Baron Carrington
Which country's flag has a Condor and Llama on it?	Al Moqatel - �� (��) North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½ Lord Ismay (1952-1957) NATO Secretary General The Rt. Hon. the Lord Robertson of Port Ellen George Robertson was Member of Parliament for Hamilton (latterly Hamilton South) from 1978 to 1999. On 24 August 1999 he received a life peerage and took the title Lord Robertson of Port Ellen. He became Secretary of State for Defence in May 1997, until his departure in October 1999. In August 1999, he was selected to be the next Secretary General of NATO, in succession to Dr Javier Solana. He took up his new appointment on 14 October. Born in 1946 in Port Ellen, Isle of Islay, and educated in Dunoon Grammar School, he attended the University of Dundee. He graduated with MA (Honours in Economics) in 1968. He was a full time official of the General, Municipal and Boilermakers' Union responsible for the Scottish Whisky industry from 1968-1978. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Social Services in 1979. After the 1979 General Election, he was appointed to the Opposition Front Bench, first on Scottish Affairs, then on Defence, and on Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1993. He was made Deputy Opposition Spokesman for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in 1983 and served as Principal Spokesman on European Affairs from 1984 to 1993. He served as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland from 1993 to 1997. He is a former Chairman of the Scottish Labour Party, and founder Vice-chairman of the new Westminister Foundation for Democracy. He served as Vice-Chairman of the British Council for nine years. He was a member of the Council of British Executive Service Overseas and Vice-Chairman of the Britain/Russia Centre. He is a former member of the Advisory Board for the Know-How Funds for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, and for seven years was on the Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. He is a Governor of the Ditchley Foundation and the National Memorial to the David Livingstone Trust. He has been Vice-Chairman of the British/American Parliamentary Group and its Honorary President of the British/German Parliamentary Group. He is an Honorary Vice-President of the British German Association. He has helped found the British American Project Board (for the Successor Generation) and is on its Advisory Board. He was on the Council of the British Atlantic Committee from 1979 to 1990.He was a prominent member of the Steering Committee of the (British/German) Kِnigswinter Conference. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Order of Merit by the Federal German President in 1991 and was named joint Parliamentarian of the Year in 1993 for his role during the Maastricht Bill ratification. He is married to Sandra, and has three children. His hobbies include photography and golf. --------------------------------- NATO Secretary General Dr. Javier Solana (1995 ï؟½ 1999) Javier Solana took office as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's ninth Secretary General in December 1995. As chairman of the North Atlantic Council -- NATO's highest decision-making body comprising high representatives of the 16 member countries -- he coordinates the policy-making process. One of his main roles is to help find common ground on which the Allies, the political authorities of the Alliance, can agree. He can also be entrusted by the member countries of the Alliance to negotiate on the Council's behalf with third parties. He is the main spokesman for the Alliance. Dr Solana, who was born in Madrid in 1942, is a professor of solid-state physics and was a member of parliament from 1977 to 1995. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Party. He held a variety of cabinet posts from 1982 including Minister of Culture, government spokesman and Minister of Education and Science before becoming Minister for Foreign Affairs in July 1992, a portfolio he held until his appointment as NATO Secretary General. Within days of Dr Solana taking up his NATO post, the NATO-led, multinational Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in Bosnia, under a U.N. mandate, to enforce military aspects of the Dayton peace agreements. A year later, in December 1996, IFOR was replaced by the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia. This peace-keeping force is staying on in Bosnia under a formal extension agreed from this June. Dr Solana himself has visited Sarajevo and other localities in Bosnia many times in the past two and a half years, paying calls on NATO and non-NATO forces there. Dr Solana, under a mandate from NATO's 16 nations, negotiated the Founding Act with the Russian Federation which was signed in Paris in May 1997 and which is establishing a new partnership of cooperation and consultation with Russia. Under a similar, separate, mandate Dr Solana also negotiated a new relationship with Ukraine culminating in the signing of the Ukraine-NATO Charter on a Distinctive Partnership in July of 1997. During his term in office, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, bringing together the 16 NATO nations and 28 Partner countries was set up in Sintra, Portugal, in May, 1997. The EAPC provides a political roof for consultations and cooperation on a wide variety of security-related issues among the 44 and for Partnership for Peace activities. He presided over the NATO Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Madrid in July 1997 when the Allies invited Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland to begin talks to join the Alliance. Dr Solana will preside over the Summit of Heads of State and Government in Washington on April 24 and 25, 1999, when the Alliance celebrates its 50th anniversary and unfurls its strategic aims and policy objectives into the next century. He is married with two children. --------------------------------- Willy Claes (1994-1995) Born in Hasselt (Belgium), November 24, 1938 Willy Claes was elected to the Hasselt City Council in 1964, going on four years later to enter parliament when he was elected to the House of Representatives and appointed to report on the Budget. From 1971 onwards, he was one of the spokesmen of the Belgian Socialist Party each time a government was formed. His first ministerial appointment was to the Department of Education in the government headed by Mr. Gaston Eyskens in 1972. In 1973, he was put in charge of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Leburton-De Clercq-Tindemans government. In the second government headed by Mr. Tindemans (1977), Mr. Claes was once more appinted Minister of Economic Affiars. Between 1978-1982, Willy Claes was Minister of Economic Affairs in four governments led by Wilfried Martens, and in one headed by Mark Eyskens. He was also appinted Deputy Prime Minister, a post he has held five times. In December 1983, King Baudouin appointed him Minister of State. From 1988 to 1992, he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs in the government led by Mr. Martens. In March 1992, when Mr. Jean-Luc Dehaene became Prime Minister, Mr. Claes was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was elected Chairman of the Party of European Socialists in July 1992. Mr. Claes is a well-known orchestral conductor and accomplished musician. He is married to Suzanne Meynen, a former nurse and midwife, now active in several associations providing psycho-social and medical assistance. They have two children. In September 1994, Mr. Claes was nominated by NATO Foreign Ministers to succeed Manfred Worner as Secretary General of NATO. He took up his appointment as Secretary General on 17 October 1994. He was succeeded by Mr. Javier Solana in December 1995. --------------------------------- Manfred Worner (1988-1994) Born in Stuttgart, September 24, 1934, deceded 1994 Manfred Worner attended the Universities of Heidelberg and Paris and then pursued legal studies at the University of Munich. He received a doctorate in International Law in 1958, his dissertation having dealt with the defence relations allied countries. Mr. Worner worked as an administrator in the State of Baden- Wï؟½rtemberg, before becoming parliamentary adviser at the State Diet of Baden-Wï؟½rttemberg in 1962. Elected to the German Bundestag in 1965, he remained a member of parliament until becoming Secretary General of NATO. His special interests as an elected representative have been parliamentary reform and security policy. Chairman of the Working Group on Defence of the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) parliamentary party until 1976, Mr. Worner was Chairman of the Defence Committee of the German Bundestag until 1980; and Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary party with special responsibility for foreign policy, defence policy, development policy and internal German relations until 1982. During this period he was also a member of the Federal Executive of the CDU and Deputy Chairman of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. From October 1982 until May 1988, Mr. Worner was Minister of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany. He took up his appointment as Secretary General of NATO on July 1, 1988. Mr. Worner died in office, on August 13, 1994. He was succeeded by Willy Claes, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affiars. --------------------------------- Lord Carrington (1984-1988) Born in 1919 Lord Carrington was educated in the United Kingdom at Eton and the Royal Military College of Sandhurst. In 1946 he began to take an active part in the work of Parliament, and in 1951 became a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1954 he became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence. In 1956 Lord Carrington was appointed United Kingdom High Commissioner in Australia. In 1959 he returned to the United Kingdom, where he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a Privy Counsellor, and in 1962 became Assistant Deputy Leader of the House of Lords. In the 1970 Conservative Government he was appointed Secretary of State for Defence, and subsequently Secretary of State for Energy. Between 1972 and 1974 he was Chairman of the Conservative Party. In May 1979 Lord Carrington was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and was Chairman of the Lancaster House Conference, which led to the solution of the Rhodesian problem and the creation of the independent Republic of Zimbabwe in 1981. He resigned in 1982 at the time of the Falklands crisis. In 1983 he became Chairman of the General Electric Company, a post which he held until his appointment to NATO in June 1984. In July 1988 Lord Carrington was succeeded as Secretary General of NATO by Manfred Worner. --------------------------------- Joseph Luns (1971-1984) Born in Rotterdam in 1911 Joseph Luns attended schools in Amsterdam and Brussels and, aged 20, spent a year as an Ordinary Seaman in the Royal Netherlands Navy. He took his degree in Law from the Universities of Leiden and Amsterdam in 1937 and then studied at the London School of Economics and Berlin University before entering the Foreign Service of the Netherlands. During the war he served in Switzerland, Portugal and the United Kingdom. From 1949 to 1952 he represented his country at the United Nations in New York, and resigned when he became joint Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. As a member of the Catholic People's Party he was four times successful in elections to Parliament, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs in various administrations, in which capacity he signed the 1957 Treaty of Rome on behalf of his country. He was appointed Secretary General of NATO in October 1971 and was succeeded by Lord Carrington in May 1984. --------------------------------- Manlio Brosio (1964-1971) Born in 1897, Deceded 1980 Manlio Brosio studied law at the University of Turin and, during World War I, served as an artillery officer in an Alpine regiment. After graduating in 1920, he entered politics, becoming one of the leaders of the "liberal revolution" movement, but was then forbidden to take any part in politics because of his vehement opposition to fascism. During the occupation of Italy he went underground and was, from 1943 to 1944, a member of the National Liberation Committee. In 1943 he returned to the political scene, subsequently becoming Deputy Prime Minister and, from 1945 to 1946, Minister of Defence. Italian Ambassador to Moscow from January 1947 until December 1951, Manlio Brosio took part in negotiations over the peace treaty, as well as the first post-war trade agreement between Italy and the Soviet Union. He was appointed Ambassador in London in 1952, then to the United States in 1955, and from 1961 to 1964 was Italian Ambassador in Paris. He was chosen by the North Atlantic Council to succeed Dirk Stikker as Secretary General of NATO in 1964. He resigned from the post in 1971 and was succeeded by Joseph Luns. Manlio Brosio died in 1980. --------------------------------- Dirk U. Stikker (1961-1964) Born in 1887, deceased 1979 Dirk U.Stikker was Born in 1887. Having studied law at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, he held various appointments in banking and industry between 1922 and 1948. In 1946 he founded the Party for Freedom and Democracy (of which he became Chairman) and from 1946 to 1948 he was a member of the First Chamber of the States General (Senate). From 1948 to 1952, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs and in 1949 represented the Netherlands at the Round Table Conference on the status of Indonesia and the Netherlands West Indies. In 1950 he became Political Mediator of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and later Chairman of this Organisation. He was Ambassador in London from 1952 to 1958, and later Ambassador to the Republic of Iceland. Mr. Stikker was appointed Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the North Atlantic Council and to the OEEC in July 1958. In April 1961 the North Atlantic Council chose him to succeed Paul-Henri Spaak as Secretary General of NATO and Chairman of the North Atlantic Council. He relinquished this post in 1964 and was succeeded by Manlio Brosio. Dirk Stikker died in 1979. --------------------------------- Paul Henri Spaak (1957-1961) Born in Schaarbeek (Brussels), 1899 Paul-Henri Spaak took a degree in jurisprudence at Brussels University. He became a Socialist Member of Parliament for Brussels in 1932 and subsequently Minister of Transport and of PTT. He moved from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to become Prime Minister from 1938 to 1939. After the war, which he spent with the Belgian Government in exile in London, he was agian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister from 1947 to 1949. In 1949 he presided over the first General Assembly of the United Nations. In 1949 he was Chairman of the first session of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe and from 1952 to 1953 President of the General Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. in 1956 he was chosen by the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation to succeed Lord Ismay as Secretary General. He resigned from the post in March 1961 in order to resume his political career in the service of his own country and again became Foreign Minister of Belgium. Paul-Henri Spaak was also President of the Royal Belgian Academy of French Language and Literature. He was succeeded as Secretary General of NATO in April 1961 by Dirk Stikker. He died in 1972. --------------------------------- Lord Ismay (1952-1957) Born in India, 1887 Lord Ismay was educated in the United Kingdom at Charterhouse School and the Royal Military College of Sandhurst, and in 1907 returned to India where he began a distinguished military career serving initially on the North West Frontier. During the First World War he saw active service in Somaliland. He returned to India again after the war and served on the staff of the Commander -in-Chief of the British Forces. At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Lord Ismay was made Deputy Secretary to the British War Cabinet, becoming the Chief of Staff to Winston Churchill and later to Clement Attlee when the latter became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1945. He participatein many important international conferences, including Moscow, Tehran and Yalta, and in 1946 was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten in the negotiations for India's independence. Lord Ismay was the first Secretary General of NATO. He was appointed to the post on March 13, 1952, and took up office both as Secretary General of the Organisation and as Vice-Chairman of the North Atlantic Council on April 4, 1952, the third anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty. The functions he was to assume had been carried out since 1951 by Charles Spofford, Chairman of the Council Deputies. The chairmanship of the Council itself continued to be held by the Foreign Minister of one of the member countries rotating annually, until 1956 when the Secretary General of NATO became the Chairman of the North Atlantic Council at whatever level of government representation it chose to meet. Foreign Ministers continue to act as honorary Presidents of the Council whenever it meets at Ministerial level. Lord Ismay retired from his post as Secretary General in May 1957 an was succeeded by Paul-Henri Spaak, Foreign Minister of Belgium. Lord Ismay died in 1965.	i don't know
In astronomy, what name is given to the remnant of a star that once exploded as a supernova?	An Introduction to Supernova Remnants What is a Supernova Remnant? A supernova remnant is simply what is left over (i.e. the remnant) of a supernova. That probably isn't a very helpful definition, so I'll try to explain what I mean. First, I should probably define what is meant by the term "supernova." A supernova is simply the explosion of a star. Keep in mind, the average star is a million times more massive than the entire Earth, so we're talking about an incredible explosion here. The energy released in a typical supernova is on the order of 1044 joules. (A joule is simply a unit of energy that physicists use). 1044 is a 1 followed by 44 zeroes! There is no comparison for this amount of energy that is even meaningful. Supernovae are so powerful that they can be seen from halfway across the universe (billions of light years!). Here we can draw a comparison. The farthest star you can see with your eye on a dark night is only a few thousand light-years away. I'll need to talk about what causes a supernova, because it is somewhat relevant here. Stars live out their lives by burning (via nuclear fusion reactions) light elements like hydrogen into heavier elements like helium in their core. For a star like the sun, this process will go on for about 10 billion years before it runs out of fuel. More massive stars have more fuel to burn, but they go through it much more rapidly, so they actually live shorter lives. When a star runs out of hydrogen, it will try to burn helium into even heavier elements, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. If those elements sound familiar, they should. You're a carbon-based lifeform, and you're breathing nitrogen and oxygen as we speak. All of those materials came from the core of some ancient star that exploded and spread its materials around the galaxy, before the Sun and the Earth were even formed! The cartoon on the right shows a deuterium nucleus combining with a tritium nucleus to for an alpha particle (and a stray neutron). Alpha particles are the nuclei of helium atoms, and can be combined with other particles to form all the elements that we commonly see around us. Supernova Types When a star burns all of its available fuel, one of a few things can happen. For a star like our sun, which is only an average sized star, death will be a relatively calm affair. In about 5 billion years, the sun will exhaust its fuel supply, and will puff up into a bloated star called a red giant (swallowing up Earth in the process). It will then shed it outer layers off into space, forming a beautiful phenomena known as a planetary nebula. At the center of the nebula will be the remains of what was once our sun, a cinder of a star known as a white-dwarf (white because it will be hot, dwarf because it will be very small, about the size of Earth). Planetary nebulae have nothing to do with planets, the name is something of a misnomer. To the left is an example of a planetary nebulae. This one is NGC 6543, which is more commonly known as the "Cat's Eye." These nebulae are the remains of stars that were like our sun that have recently "burned-out." Left by themselves, the planetary nebula will fizzle out after a few million years and the white-dwarf star will continue to smolder for billions of years, before eventually cooling off and being nothing more than a cold hunk of dead star material. However, there is something more exciting that can happen. Many stars in the universe are in binary systems, which is a system of two stars that mutually orbit each other. If one of these stars turns into a white dwarf, it can actually suck material off of the other star, provided that it is close enough. If a white dwarf gets too massive, it becomes unstable, and can explode if pushed over a certain limit. The resulting explosion is known as a type Ia supernova. The details of the explosion are quite complicated, and are still being worked out by smart people with fancy computers! To the right is an artist's conception of what a binary system containing a white dwarf and a red giant would look like. The white dwarf on the right is pulling material off of the big star on the left, and the material is spiraling in to accrete onto the white dwarf. When the white dwarf pulls off enough matter and reaches a critical mass, it will explode! For stars that are much larger and more massive than the Sun, an entirely different scenario unfolds at the end of their life. First of all, as I mentioned above, massive stars actually live shorter lives than smaller stars. So a star that is 10 or so times more massive than the Sun will live for only a few hundred million years. After it has run through all the fusion reactions it can, it starts to collapse in on itself. It does this because there are no more reactions going on to provide pressure outward to counteract the force of gravity, which is always pulling it inward. With one final spectacular burst the outer parts of the star bounce off of the core and the resulting shockwave explodes the star, leaving only the core of the star behind, as either a neutron star or a black hole. These are commonly known as core-collapse supernovae, and include type II, type Ib and type Ic supernovae. Both types of supernovae are extraordinarily violent events, releasing more energy in a short amount of time than an entire galaxy (hundreds of billions of stars). You might be wondering if there is any danger to Earth, since this sounds like it could be the plot of a bad Hollywood doomsday movie. Not to worry. A supernova would need to be within a few dozen parsecs of Earth to be dangerous to human life. At this time, there are no stars in that immediate vicinity that are candidates to go supernova anytime soon. There are stars relatively close by in our galaxy that could explode within the next few million years (Eta Carina and Betelgeuse, to name two), but we should be far enough away that we will be protected. That's not a guarantee, but an educated guess. Supernovae happen at the rate of about once every fifty to one hundred years for a given galaxy. Teams of astronomers using telescopes all over the world scan the skies every night looking for new supernovae. Up until a few years ago, it was relatively rare to find one, but thanks to advances in telescope and computer technology, as well as an increase in the number of people working on it, they are becoming commonplace as billions of galaxies are part of nightly automated surveys. We actually detect supernovae at the rate of more than one per night now! Most of these are far, far away, and require advanced telescopes to see them, but occasionally we'll get one in our own neighborhood. The image on the left is an example of what a distant supernova looks like. The fuzzy green part is the galaxy that the star was located in, and the bright spot is supernova 2006gy, a supernova discovered in 2006. The thing that everyone in the field is waiting for, though, is the next supernova in our own galaxy. We have no idea when it will happen. We haven't observed one in the Milky Way in over 300 years. If a star should meet its fate in our local section of the galaxy, the show will be spectacular. If it happens within a few thousand light-years of Earth, it will easily be the brightest object in the night sky, perhaps even bright enough to look like a star during the day! It will slowly fade over the next 6 months to a year, at which point it will only be visible through a telescope. What happens next leads us to our discussion of what a supernova remnant is. Supernova Remnants What happens after a star goes supernova? An explosion of that magnitude doesn't simply dissipate in a short amount of time (at least not by human standards). A supernova remnant is simply the expanding blast wave from the explosion plowing through outer space, as well as the remains of what was once the star following behind it. The image to the right is an example of a supernova remnant. It is Cassiopeia A, the last supernova in our galaxy. It is the remnant of a supernova that exploded in the late 17th-century, as seen from Earth. The colors in the image represent different things. The faint blue ring around the outside is the outer edge of the blast wave running out into space at a speed of about 6000 kilometers per second. It is analogous to the ripple wave created when a rock is dropped into a pond. It shows emission from gas located in the interstellar medium (a fancy term for space) that has been heated up to several million degrees when the blast wave slammed into it. The multiple colors on the inside (green, yellow, orange) show emission from material that was once contained in the star. This is called the ejecta, since it was ejected from the star when it exploded. The fuzzy red color represents emission from interstellar dust that has encountered the blast wave and has been heated up. This image combines images from the three Great Observatories that NASA currently has in operation in outer space: The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST). These telescopes all see the universe in different wavelengths of light, and all provide valuble pieces of information about what is going on when we examine a supernova remnant. For more examples (and pictures!) of supernova remnants that come directly from my personal work, see my page on LMC Supernova Remnants . So why do we study supernova remnants? What can possibly be learned by studying the remains of an explosion that has already happened? We are primarily interested with the interaction of the shock wave and the ejecta with the interstellar medium, and how the medium evolves as a result of this interaction. The universe is nearly 14 billion years old, and at this point, every point in a galaxy has most likely been overrun by several supernova blast waves and has been mixed with ejecta from multiple stars. By studying present supernova remnants, we can understand how our local region of space got to be like it is. As I've mentioned above, all "heavy" elements in the universe are made either in stars or in supernova explosions. "Heavy," when referred to by astronomers, means anything heavier than hydrogen or helium. The interaction of the shock wave with interstellar dust is also of interest. Dust is important in many areas of astrophysics.It is required to form planetary systems and star-forming regions, and its attenuation and extinction effects on starlight can be measured, giving us an idea of how much dust is in the universe. Studying supernova remnants in the infrared (which is how dust grains radiate) can also give us an idea of the amount of dust present. Recent work done by myself and my collaborators has shown a discrepancy between these two methods of determining dust content in the ISM. We don't know exactly why this is yet, but we're working on figuring it out. Perhaps it involves some new physics that we haven't considered yet, perhaps it is just a consequence of using rather indirect methods to come up with a measurement.	Neutron star
"In Rene Magritte's painting ""The Son of Man"", what is obscuring the man's face?"	Twenty-five years after supernova 1987A Twenty-five years after supernova 1987A KEITH COOPER ASTRONOMY NOW Posted: 23 February 2012 While primitive humans of the Middle Paleolithic hunted prey and sheltered in caves in Africa, a distant star eighteen times more massive than the Sun, located faraway in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) endured a catastrophic collapse as it reached the end of its life. As the star caved in, its outer layers rebounded off its dense core and blasted outwards, ripping the star apart in a supernova. Some 160,000 years later the light of this supernova, travelling at 300 million metres per second, finally reached Earth to shine in Southern Hemisphere skies on 24 February 1987. The supernova as it went off in the Tarantula Nebula. Image: ESO. Twenty-five years later supernova (SN) 1987A, as it has become known, is giving astronomers an unprecedented look at what happens to a massive star before and after it explodes. A careful perusal of star charts prior to the supernova allowed the exact star that exploded – Sanduleak (Sk) –69° 202 – to be identified. Sk –69° 202 had been a luminous blue supergiant located on the edge of the great Tarantula Nebula, a giant star-forming region in the LMC. Here stars are born fast and die hard, the glowing veils of the nebula littered with the whorls of ancient supernova remnants – SN 1987A was merely the latest addition to its collection. The �string of pearls� � clumps of matter in an older ring of debris around SN 1987A that are being heated as shock waves and debris from the supernova crash into them. Image: NSA/P Challis and R Kirshner (Harvard�Smithsonian CfA)/B Sugerman (STScI). The Hubble Space Telescope has been following the progress of the expanding cloud of debris since the early 1990s. It has watched as light emitted from the radioactive decay of elements expelled by the supernova – particularly nickel-56 and cobalt-56 – slowly faded. Meanwhile, shock waves were witnessed beginning to buffet a ring of debris a light year wide that had been expelled by tempestuous convulsions within the star thousands of years before it blew up. Fainter, more distant rings have also been detected by Hubble. The shock waves have caused clumps of denser gas within the main ring to light up, a ‘string of pearls’ numbering in their dozens progressing in intensity until, in 2011, Hubble observed the debris from SN 1987A reaching a transition point; the fading was reversed as a new power source took over. An artist’s impression of the rings around SN 1987A. Image: ESO/L Calçada. The bulk of the expanding cloud of debris hurled out by the supernova is now smashing into the older ring so violently that it generates X-rays, which excite the gas in the expanding debris and cause it to glow. NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has observed these X-rays, confirming what is happening. SN 1987A is now a true ‘supernova remnant’ in the vein of the Crab Nebula or Cassiopeia A, illuminated not by the explosion of the star but by collisional processes between the debris and material beyond it. Such supernova remnants are highly energised regions: many high-energy cosmic rays are found to be produced by them. A mystery remains, however; a supernova generally leaves behind what was once the core of the star in the form of a rapidly rotating neutron star: a pulsar. However the regular blip-blip-blip of radio, X-ray or even gamma-rays from a pulsar has yet to be detected. So was a pulsar born in the explosion of Sk –69° 202? Or was the supernova so catastrophic that its core collapsed beyond even the point of a neutron star and instead into a black hole? It is possible that the pulsar is being obscured by dust and, if we are not in the line-of-sight of its radio beams, we may otherwise miss it. What is now known is that there is plenty of dust present to hide a neutron star. A wider view of the region around SN 1987A, showing the inner ring and two outer rings. Image: ESA/Hubble and NASA. Hubble and Chandra are not the only space telescopes to have spied on SN 1987A. The largest space telescope ever launched, the European Space Agency’s infrared-seeking Herschel Space Observatory, with its 3.5-metre mirror, has also been turned towards the remnant. Whereas Hubble and Chandra are generally observing the warmer, glowing parts of the stellar debris, Herschel sees cold dust at a chilly –250 degrees Celsius in far (long) infrared wavelengths. SN 1987A, it turns out, was like a dust-bomb, with estimates of the total dust it threw into space, based on the infrared brightness of the dust (200 times brighter than the Sun is at the same wavelength of light) implying enough dusty material to build the equivalent of 200,000 Earth-mass planets. Mingled within the dust are elements as diverse as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, silicon, carbon and iron. This immense amount of dust has been beyond expectations and, if all supernovae spew out this much dust, it helps explain why young galaxies that we can see existing in the early Universe, which have high rates or star birth and death, are so dusty. The dust, however, isn’t a nuisance to be wiped away – this is the material that goes into building new planets, moons and even life. The iron in your blood and the calcium in your bones all came from supernovae like SN 1987A, as mostly did the oxygen we breath and the carbon in our constituent molecules (dying Sun-like stars that turn into red giants rather than supernovae also produce lots of dust containing some elements such as oxygen and carbon). The birthplace (or should that be ‘deathbed’?) of SN 1987A: the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The supernova remnant is too small top be seen, but resides to the middle right of the picture. Image: ESO. SN 1987A was astounding for a variety of reasons. It was the last supernova to be visible to the unaided eye in the night sky (it was first spotted by astronomers Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile). While not a galactic supernova, it was the next best thing, remarkably close in the LMC. Furthermore, its proximity has allowed us to follow the story of the death of a giant star and, in the form of the outer rings and the identification of the progenitor star in the shape of Sk –69° 202, some of he events leading up to its destruction. Supernovae are popping off all the time in distant galaxies, but nobody knows when the next close, bright supernova will take place. When it does, SN 1987A will have prepared us for what to expect. A torrent of ghost-like neutrino particles had arrived with the light from SN 1987A and its possible our first indication that another nearby supernova has gone off, before it has even been spotted in the skies, will be another burst of neutrinos. Either way, in all likelihood the star has already exploded – we just don’t know it yet. The Planets From tiny Mercury to distant Neptune and Pluto, The Planets profiles each of the Solar System's members in depth, featuring the latest imagery from space missions. The tallest mountains, the deepest canyons, the strongest winds, raging atmospheric storms, terrain studded with craters and vast worlds of ice are just some of the sights you'll see on this 100-page tour of the planets.	i don't know
Elliott Gould and James Brolin have both been married to which singer and actress?	Elliott Gould - Biography - IMDb Elliott Gould Biography Showing all 33 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (18) \| Personal Quotes (6) Overview (3) 6' 3" (1.91 m) Mini Bio (1) Elliott Gould is an American actor known for his roles in MASH (1970), his Oscar-nominated performance in Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969), and more recently, his portrayal of old-time con artist Reuben Tishkoff in Ocean's Eleven (2001), Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). Gould was born Elliott Goldstein on August 29, 1938 in Brooklyn, NY, to Lucille (Raver), who sold artificial flowers, and Bernard Goldstein, a textiles buyer in the garment industry. His family were Jewish immigrants (from Ukraine, Poland, and Russia). Gould 's portrayal of Trapper John in Robert Altman 's MASH (1970) marked the beginning of perhaps the most prolific period of his career, highlighted by such roles as Philip Marlowe in Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973) and Robert Caulfield in Capricorn One (1977). On television Gould has the distinction of having hosted Saturday Night Live (1975) six times and helmed E/R (1984), a situation comedy set in Chicago about a divorced physician working in an emergency room, which aired for one season. He also co-starred in the series Nothing Is Easy (1986) about a couple raising an adopted Chinese boy. Gould appeared regularly on television and in film throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, including cameos in The Muppet Movie (1979) and The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984). His most prominent recent television role was a recurring part on Friends (1994), on which he played Monica and Ross Geller's father Jack. More recently he voiced the character of Mr. Stoppable on the Disney Channel animated series Kim Possible (2002). In film Gould received critical acclaim for his portrayal of an older mobster in Warren Beatty 's Bugsy (1991), and make a noteworthy appearance in American History X (1998). His next major TV role will be in Showtime's drama Ray Donovan (2013) starring Liev Schreiber . Gould has been married three times, twice to Jennifer Bogart , and once to Barbra Streisand . He has three children. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Spouse (3) Characters often given to sarcastic quips Trivia (18) Father, with singer-actress Barbra Streisand , of actor Jason Gould . He and MASH (1970) co-star Donald Sutherland both own apartments in same Manhattan high-rise luxury building. Has hosted Saturday Night Live (1975) six times. Was the first actor to play the character of Trapper John, in the film version of MASH (1970). The second actor was Wayne Rogers in the TV series ( MASH (1972)) and the third was Pernell Roberts for the TV series Trapper John, M.D. (1979). MASH (1970) director Robert Altman originally wanted him to play Duke Forrest. It was only at his request that he played Trapper John. Was a major box office star in 1970 and 1971, but according to Robert Altman , Gould hadn't been able to find a job for six months when he hired him for The Long Goodbye (1973). Critic Hollis Alpert speculated that Gould's anti-heroic character was extremely popular with campus radicals, and once radicalism declined around the time of Richard Nixon 's re-election in 1972, Gould's popularity also declined. Director Ingmar Bergman denounced Gould as "difficult" after the two worked together in The Touch (1971) ("The Touch"), one of the great master's least memorable films. Was originally attached to the movie version of Dr. David Reuben 's best-selling sex guide Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex But Were Afraid to Ask (1972), but backed out. The film was made by Woody Allen in 1972. His son with Jennifer Bogart , Samuel Gould , was born in January 1973. They also had a daughter. Former son-in-law of director Paul Bogart . Was the lead in the film adaptation of Herman Raucher 's novel "A Glimpse of Tiger" and one day walked off the set for reasons then unclear. He had been playing a wild, clownish, unpredictable character. A new director, Peter Bogdanovich , then got involved and the project morphed into what we know as the remake of Bringing Up Baby (1938)-- What's Up, Doc? (1972), with the wild, clownish, unpredictable character changing genders and played by his ex-wife, Barbra Streisand . The only actor to have a cameo appearance in more than one Muppet film: The Muppet Movie (1979) and The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984). Starred in The Last Flight of Noah's Ark (1980), then played God in Noah (2012). His family were Jewish immigrants (from Ukraine, Poland, and Russia). He and James Brolin co-starred in Capricorn One (1977). Gould was married to Barbra Streisand from 1963 to 1971 while Brolin has been married to her since 1998. Personal Quotes (6) Success didn't change me. I was already distorted before I became a star. [1970] The Oscars are some sort of masturbatory fantasy. People think: an Academy Award -- now if I get a parking ticket I don't have to pay it. I don't put the Award down. But, at my sanest, I would rather have a good three-man basketball game than sit here in my monkey suit. I had come across a paperweight that had a quotation in it, that the greatest artist in the world is an uninhibited child at play. I subscribe to that, and then I mentioned it to a late, wonderful friend, Herb Gardner, who wrote "A Thousand Clowns," and his wife, and they said to me, "And Picasso." And I said: "You keep Picasso, and I'll keep the child. Because as far as I'm concerned, without the spirit of the child, I'm not interested." To save the day, I discovered that the quotation was made by Pablo Picasso. My only enemy is me. (2013, on working with the Ocean's Eleven cast) It was great. George Clooney is a fabulous guy. He's very generous, lots of fun, very intelligent. And he set the tone. Brad Pitt was a terrific guy, and I became friendly with Matt Damon and... well, everyone, really. But I really picked up on Casey Affleck during the film. I called him "Maestro." He bit his nails lower than I ever bit mine... and I used to bite mine to the quick! Originally, Alan Arkin was going to be playing the part that Carl Reiner played, but then Alan had some sort of medical situation and couldn't do it, so we got Carl. Bernie Mac was a great guy, and we miss him. It was great working with Steven Soderbergh and Jeffrey Kurland, who did the wardrobe. The choice of wardrobe, even the glasses, that was Jeffrey Kurland. I mentioned that I'm friendly with Casey, but I'd never really talked with Ben, so I decided to go to a gathering recently that George Clooney was having, a party for the cast of Argo. When I told Ben that I was there because I wanted to say hello and let him know how impressed I am with his craft, I think he was pleased, but then he asked me a question, which I thought was really great. He said, "Have you ever done anything in all of this that you were sorry you did?" And I took a moment, and I said, "No, because there's so many people dependent on our work for their living or their livelihood. You do something whether it works or whether it doesn't. Once you're committed and you do it, it becomes a part of your life. I wouldn't be sorry about it. I'd learn from it." So I felt that I was able to impart at least a little bit of wisdom to him. (2013, on landing Friends) They'd done a pilot, they'd been picked up by NBC, and I knew they were going to be on around Mad About You and Seinfeld, but they were not yet in production. They sent me a script, and... there wasn't much in it, but they wanted me to play the father of David Schwimmer and Courteney Cox. I didn't know if I'd do it. There wasn't much money in it for me, so I didn't think I would do it, and my agents didn't want me to do it at the time, either. But then I saw on the script that it was to be directed by Jim Burrows. I'd worked for Jim's father, Abe, who directed Say, Darling, where I was third assistant stage manager and I was a chorus boy, just a little part. But that was one reason why I wanted to work with Jim Burrows. That, and to see how he did it, because he was so successful. So I wound up doing it, and we got along great. And all the Friends were very nice to me, too. See also	Barbra Streisand
Which bird (Turdus viscivorus) has the alternate name the Stormcock?	Articles about James Brolin - tribunedigital-chicagotribune James Brolin Set To Take Off On New Series By From Tribune News Services \| March 26, 1997 James Brolin, the former star of such TV series as "Marcus Welby, M.D." and "Hotel," is returning to the small screen in "Pensacola: Wings of Gold," a weekly action-adventure series set to launch in the fall. The series will revolve around a group of elite fighter pilots trained by a tough, fearless officer (Brolin). Eyemark Entertainment, the syndication wing of CBS, has sold the program to 140 stations around the country. Eyemark will produce 22 episodes for the initial season. NEWS Hollywood couple Diane Lane and Josh Brolin split after 8 years Reuters \| February 21, 2013 Feb 21 (Reuters) - Hollywood couple Diane Lane and Josh Brolin are divorcing after more than eight years, their representatives said on Thursday. "I can confirm Diane Lane and Josh Brolin have decided to end their marriage," said Lane's spokeswoman, Kelly Bush. A source close to the couple termed the split as "amicable" and said it was a mutual decision. The divorce will be the second for both Lane and Brolin. They have no children together. ... Advertisement Success just kept finding James Brolin By Susan King, TRIBUNE NEWSPAPERS \| August 18, 2009 James Brolin did a little soul searching before doing "The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard," a raunchy new comedy that opened Friday. "I always look at things and say, 'Will Barbra be proud?'" Barbra is, of course, Brolin's wife, legendary singer, actress, director, producer and composer Barbra Streisand, to whom he has been married for 11 years. "She does such elegant work. Am I the guy who is going out and doing the tacky stuff? So I weighed it a lot. I decided to do it because I... ENTERTAINMENT Success just kept finding James Brolin By Susan King, TRIBUNE NEWSPAPERS \| August 18, 2009 James Brolin did a little soul searching before doing "The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard," a raunchy new comedy that opened Friday. "I always look at things and say, 'Will Barbra be proud?'" Barbra is, of course, Brolin's wife, legendary singer, actress, director, producer and composer Barbra Streisand, to whom he has been married for 11 years. "She does such elegant work. Am I the guy who is going out and doing the tacky stuff? So I weighed it a lot. I decided to do it because I... ENTERTAINMENT 'The Goods' stars Jeremy Piven, Ving Rhames, James Brolin By Michael Phillips, TRIBUNE NEWSPAPERS CRITIC \| August 14, 2009 'The Goods' . 1/2 Sloppy, grimy but quick on its feet, which puts it ahead of certain other R-rated comedies ("The Hangover") we've seen this summer, "The Goods" stars Jeremy Piven, perpetually in fidgety weasel mode (separate from his weaselly fidget mode) as Don "The Goods" Ready, the swiftest shark in the used-car-selling business. The milieu may bring back fond memories of Robert Zemeckis' 1980 "Used Cars." To be clear: There's not a single shot in "The... ENTERTAINMENT 'The Goods' stars Jeremy Piven, Ving Rhames, James Brolin By Michael Phillips, TRIBUNE NEWSPAPERS CRITIC \| August 14, 2009 'The Goods' . 1/2 Sloppy, grimy but quick on its feet, which puts it ahead of certain other R-rated comedies ("The Hangover") we've seen this summer, "The Goods" stars Jeremy Piven, perpetually in fidgety weasel mode (separate from his weaselly fidget mode) as Don "The Goods" Ready, the swiftest shark in the used-car-selling business. The milieu may bring back fond memories of Robert Zemeckis' 1980 "Used Cars." To be clear: There's not a single shot in "The... NEWS News Photographer Says Brolin Hit Him By Tribune News Services \| February 23, 1998 Police are looking into a New York Daily News photographer's claim James Brolin hit him in the face as he tried to snap a photo of the actor and fiance Barbra Streisand. The altercation reportedly occurred while the couple were leaving a Manhattan movie theater. Brolin's publicist told the New York Post the actor and photographer experienced "accidental contact." ENTERTAINMENT - I've been watching Tim Russert on "Meet the Press," and... By Jay Bobbin, Tribune Media Services \| January 10, 1999 - I've been watching Tim Russert on "Meet the Press," and I've been impressed with his comments on the impeachment proceedings. What is his background? A graduate of the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Russert knows the political world firsthand. He was a special counsel in the U.S. Senate, then served as a counselor in the office of the governor of New York in the mid-1980s. He joined NBC News after the latter job, and he initially worked behind the scenes as... NEWS Barbra Gets Ultimate In Director's `Cut' By Tribune News Services \| April 2, 1998 Barbra Streisand was wearing scrubs and in the delivery room when friend Deborah Wald gave birth to a baby last week. Streisand even had the honor of cutting the umbilical cord. Afterward, Streisand posed with the parents, fiance James Brolin and former boxing champ Sugar Ray Leonard, whose wife, Bernadette, also was in the delivery room. New papa, Jeff Wald, is Brolin's longtime manager. NEWS Streisand And Brolin Finally Will Wed By Tribune News Services \| July 1, 1998 Barbra Streisand will exchange wedding vows with longtime boyfriend James Brolin sometime this week at her coastal estate, their publicists said Tuesday. "Yes, there will be a wedding later this week," said Dick Guttman, Streisand's publicist. He refused to say what day the wedding will occur or who the guests will be. A huge white tent has mushroomed at the estate, where chairs and flowers arrived Tuesday afternoon. Streisand, 56, is divorced from actor Elliott Gould. FEATURES Troubles Check Into `Hotel` By Barbara Szul \| December 11, 1985 A young bride-to-be (Mimi Kuzyk) learns she's pregnant but not by her fiance in Wednesday's episode of "Hotel" at 9 p.m. on ABC-Ch. 7. Mrs. Cabot (Anne Baxter) has a problem, too--an affable young man (Christopher Atkins) shows up at the St. Gregory claiming to be the son of her late husband. Peter (James Brolin) doesn`t believe him. On another front, Dave (Michael Spound) unwittingly saves the hotel a lot of money through his studies for a law exam. NEWS Barbra Gets Ultimate In Director's `Cut' By Tribune News Services \| April 2, 1998 Barbra Streisand was wearing scrubs and in the delivery room when friend Deborah Wald gave birth to a baby last week. Streisand even had the honor of cutting the umbilical cord. Afterward, Streisand posed with the parents, fiance James Brolin and former boxing champ Sugar Ray Leonard, whose wife, Bernadette, also was in the delivery room. New papa, Jeff Wald, is Brolin's longtime manager. NEWS Barbra's New Tune: `Color Me Engaged' By Tribune News Services \| May 21, 1997 James Brolin confirmed Tuesday he's engaged to marry a woman he calls "Beezer," known to the world as Barbra Streisand. Brolin, 56, said during a taping of the "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" that he proposed four or five times to Streisand, 55, before finding the right ring in January. "So we bought it and she's wearing it around without any official announcement," Brolin said on the show scheduled to air Wednesday. Brolin revealed his nickname for his future wife is "Beezer," but made no... NEWS News Photographer Says Brolin Hit Him By Tribune News Services \| February 23, 1998 Police are looking into a New York Daily News photographer's claim James Brolin hit him in the face as he tried to snap a photo of the actor and fiance Barbra Streisand. The altercation reportedly occurred while the couple were leaving a Manhattan movie theater. Brolin's publicist told the New York Post the actor and photographer experienced "accidental contact." NEWS Streisand And Brolin Finally Will Wed By Tribune News Services \| July 1, 1998 Barbra Streisand will exchange wedding vows with longtime boyfriend James Brolin sometime this week at her coastal estate, their publicists said Tuesday. "Yes, there will be a wedding later this week," said Dick Guttman, Streisand's publicist. He refused to say what day the wedding will occur or who the guests will be. A huge white tent has mushroomed at the estate, where chairs and flowers arrived Tuesday afternoon. Streisand, 56, is divorced from actor Elliott Gould. FEATURES James Brolin By Cheryl Lavin \| January 18, 1998 Birthday: July 18, 1940. Birthplace: Los Angeles. Occupation: Actor and director. Current home: Santa Monica. Marital status: Engaged to Barbra Streisand, but we're not getting married until the spring. Children: Josh, 30; Jess, 25; and Molly, 10. Car: A 1997 black Jeep Cherokee. Working on: I'm starring on a syndicated TV show, "Pensacola: Wings of Gold." The book I've been reading: James Ellroy's "American Tabloid." Magazines I read: National Geographic, Men's Journal,... FEATURES A Sore Loser Seeks Fatal Revenge By Carolyn McGuire \| February 19, 1986 Peter McDermott (James Brolin) gets involved in a bizarre threat on a former girlfriend's life on "Hotel" )(9 p.m. Wednesday on ABC-Ch. 7). While McDermott appears as a guest on Dr. Ann Vargo's radio talk show, a caller says he's going to kill her because she gave him bad advice that ruined his marriage. Susan Blakely plays the radio psychologist. In another story line, Christine Francis (Connie Sellecca) decides to adopt an eight-year-old motherless girl who has been molested by her father. NEWS Barbra's New Tune: `Color Me Engaged' By Tribune News Services \| May 21, 1997 James Brolin confirmed Tuesday he's engaged to marry a woman he calls "Beezer," known to the world as Barbra Streisand. Brolin, 56, said during a taping of the "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" that he proposed four or five times to Streisand, 55, before finding the right ring in January. "So we bought it and she's wearing it around without any official announcement," Brolin said on the show scheduled to air Wednesday. Brolin revealed his nickname for his future wife is "Beezer," but made no... NEWS Hollywood couple Diane Lane and Josh Brolin split after 8 years Reuters \| February 21, 2013 Feb 21 (Reuters) - Hollywood couple Diane Lane and Josh Brolin are divorcing after more than eight years, their representatives said on Thursday. "I can confirm Diane Lane and Josh Brolin have decided to end their marriage," said Lane's spokeswoman, Kelly Bush. A source close to the couple termed the split as "amicable" and said it was a mutual decision. The divorce will be the second for both Lane and Brolin. They have no children together. ...	i don't know
In the prohibition era, who was gangster Lester Gillis better known as?	Gangsters, Mobsters & Outlaws of the 20th Century - Page 4 N Frank "Jellyï¿½ Nash, aka: Charles B. Edgar, Doc Williams (1887-1933) - Sentenced to life in prison for an Oklahoma murder, he was later pardoned. In 1920 he was sent back to prison for robbery, but was again pardoned. In 1924, he was back in prison at Leavenworth , Kansas for assault, but escaped in 1930. He was killed in the Kansas City Massacre , a shootout at the Union Station railroad depot on June 17, 1933. George "Baby Face" Nelson, aka: Lester Joseph Gillis (1908-1934) - Though his name was actually Lester Gillis, he was better known by "Baby Face" Nelson during his criminal days. A major bank robber in the 1930s and partner of John Dillinger and Homer Van Meter, The FBI caught up with him in November, 1934. In the gun battle that ensued, he was shot and killed. The North Side Gang - Also known as the North Side Mob, this Chicago based criminal organization was primarily made up of Irish-Americans during the Prohibition era. They were the principal rival of the Al Capone's gang, the Chicago Outfit. Harry "Pete" Pierpont (1902-1934) - A Prohibition era gangster, he was a good friend of John Dillinger . He was captured in Tucson, Arizona , extradited to Ohio and sentenced to die in the electric chair. He was transferred to the Ohio State Prison at Columbus, and was killed during an escape attempt on September 22, 1934. Adam "Eddie" Richetti (1909-1938) - Involved with Vernon Miller and Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy Floyd," Richetti was involved in the Kansas City massacre. He was later arrested and executed in the gas chamber of the Missouri State Penitentiary on October 7, 1938. O Mary O'Dare - The girlfriend of Barrow Gang member Raymond Hamilton, the 19 year-old girl was not liked by most of the members of the gang. After a dispute with Clyde Barrow, she and Hamilton left the gang. P Bonnie Parker (1910-1934) - Half of the Bonnie and Clyde pair, these two were criminals who, with their gang, traveled and robbed numerous locations in the Central United States during the Great Depression . Rufe Persful - A gangster and bank robber, Persful was a trusty at Tucker State Prison Farm in Arkansas when he chopped off two fingers of his hand to gain transfer to Springfield , Missouri . He was later sent to Alcatraz . Donald Phoenix - A Barker-Karpis Gang member, Phoenix spent time in Alcatraz. Harry Pierpont (1902-1934) - Prohibition gangster and friend and mentor of John Dillinger . He was executed in the electric chair on October 17, 1934. Purple Gang - A mob of bootleggers and hijackers in the 1920s in Detroit, Michigan run by Abe Bernstein. The gang ran alcohol products fromt he Detroit port from Canada. Some of the most ruthless bootleggers of their time, they are estimated to have killed more than 500 rival gang members during Detroit's bootleg wars. Q R Morris Raider - A member of the Purple Gang, Raider was sentenced to 12-15 years in prison in 1930 for murder. David "Chippy" Robinson (1897-??) - St. Louis , Missouri armed robber and contract killer responsible for many crimes during the Prohibition era. He was a top ranking member of the Egan's Rats gang. Ralph Roe - A bank robber, Roe was sent to Alcatraz . Along with a man named Theodore Cole, the pair escaped on December 16, 1937 and were never seen again.	Baby Face Nelson
Papershell, Wonderful and Spanish Ruby, are all types of which fruit?	Who’s Who - Visit Saint Paul Who's Who Who’s Who Saint Paul was full of gangsters throughout the 1930's. Below is a description of some of the more popular names and faces of the era: Ma Barker - Kate Barker (born Arizona Donnie Clark; October 8, 1873 – January 16, 1935) better known as Ma Barker was the mother of several criminals who ran the Barker gang from the "public enemy era", when the exploits of gangs of criminals in the U.S. Midwest gripped the American people and press. Alvin Karpis, the gang's second most notorious member, later said that: “The most ridiculous story in the annals of crime is that Ma Barker was the mastermind behind the Karpis-Barker gang. . . . She wasn't a leader of criminals or even a criminal herself. There is not one police photograph of her or set of fingerprints taken while she was alive . . . she knew we were criminals but her participation in our careers was limited to one function: when we traveled together, we moved as a mother and her sons. What could look more innocent?" "Doc" Barker - Arthur R. Barker (June 4, 1899 – January 13, 1939) better known as alias Doc Barker or Claude Dade was an American criminal, the son of Ma Barker and a member of the Barker-Karpis gang along with Alvin Karpis. Through the 1920s and 1930s, Barker, with his brother Fred and Alvin Karpis, committed numerous crimes such as theft, robbery, murder, and kidnapping. Barker also helped the gang kidnap two wealthy St. Paul, Minnesota men: William Hamm in June 1933 and Edward Bremer in January, 1934. John Dillinger - John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American bank robber in the Depression-era United States. His gang robbed two dozen banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice. In 1933–34, Dillinger was the most notorious of all, standing out even among more violent criminals such as Baby Face Nelson, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde. After evading police in four states for almost a year, Dillinger was wounded in St. Paul and returned to his father's home to recover. He returned to Chicago in July 1934 and met his end at the hands of police and federal agents who were informed of his whereabouts. Billie Frechette - Mary Evelyn "Billie" Frechette (September 15, 1907 – January 13, 1969) was an American Métis singer, waitress, convict, and lecturer known for her personal relationship with the bank robber John Dillinger in the early 1930s. Frechette is known to have been involved with Dillinger for about six months, until her arrest and imprisonment in 1934. She finished two years in prison in 1936, then toured the United States with Dillinger's family for five years with their "Crime Did Not Pay" show. She married and returned to the Menominee Indian Reservation, where she was born, for a quieter life in her later decades. "Dapper" Dan Hogan - "Dapper" Danny Hogan (ca. 1880 - December 4, 1928), known as the "Smiling Peacemaker" to local police officials, was a charismatic underworld figure and boss of Saint Paul, Minnesota's Irish Mob during Prohibition. Due to his close relationships with the officers of the deeply corrupt St. Paul Police Department, Hogan was able to act as a go between, overseeing the notorious O'Connor System. Alvin "Creepy" Karpis - Alvin Francis Karpis (born Albin Francis Karpowicz; August 10, 1907 – August 26, 1979), a Depression-era gangster nicknamed "Creepy" for his sinister smile and called "Ray" by his gang members, was a Canadian born (naturalized American) criminal of Lithuanian descent known for being one of the three leaders of the Barker-Karpis gang in the 1930s. He was the last "Public Enemy #1" to be taken. He also spent the longest time as a federal prisoner in Alcatraz Prison, serving twenty-six years. "Babyface" Nelson - Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908[1] – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Usually referred to by criminal associates as "Jimmy", Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one. Homer Van Meter - Homer Van Meter (December 3, 1905 – August 23, 1934) was an American criminal and bank robber active in the early 20th century, most notably as a criminal associate of John Dillinger and Baby Face Nelson. There are conflicting accounts of Van Meter's personality, although all agree that he was an inveterate clown and prankster. Of his criminal side, the director of research at the state prison at Michigan City said: "This fellow is a criminal of the most dangerous type. Moral sense is perverted and he has no intention of following anything but a life of crime ... He is a murderer at heart and if society is to be safeguarded, his type must be confined throughout their natural lives." You May Also Like	i don't know
"Currently on channel 4, ""Great Canal Journeys"", is presented by which husband and wife?"	A very bittersweet boat trip: a new series follows Timothy West and Prunella Scales on a narrowboat trip as they come to terms with her Alzheimer's \| Daily Mail Online A very bittersweet boat trip: a new series follows Timothy West and Prunella Scales on a narrowboat trip as they come to terms with her Alzheimer's Star of Fawlty Towers - Prunella Scales - suffers from Alzheimer's In a new series Channel 4 documents the couples journey on a canal boat The documentary reveals the couple's struggle with Prunella's Alzheimer's Great Canal Journeys will start on Monday, 9pm, on More4 comments Frankly, it sounds like the plot of a charming little TV drama. An elderly couple on the eve of their 50th wedding anniversary set off on a canal trip around Britain, meandering through the countryside and meeting all sorts of characters, some more madcap than others. They have their own eccentricities, which makes for vivid viewing. His steering isn't perhaps what it should be so there's always the possibility of a crash (and no, viewers aren't disappointed); she's the sort of woman who hankers for a haircut in the middle of a boating holiday. The emotional punch comes halfway in, when it emerges that the 'slight condition' that makes her a tad forgetful (not least in remembering to undo the mooring ropes) turns out to be a form of Alzheimer's. Tim and Pru sailing down the canal in their slow boat that they have owned for decades Is it a comedy or a tragedy, though? Possibly, like all the best productions, it's a bit of both, shot through with very British humour and lashings of tea (and occasionally something stronger). But this programme isn't fictional - which somehow makes it even more gripping. It's a Channel 4 documentary where two of our finest actors, Prunella Scales and Timothy West - who've been married for 50 years - take a trip along a series of canal networks, and down memory lane in the process. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share They may be well-known for being two of our most high-profile actors (and political campaigners to boot) but away from the TV studio or stage, Pru and Tim have long been keen narrowboat fans, having owned their own boat for decades. While they've spent the last half-century building their careers (her most famous role is still Sybil in Fawlty Towers; he's a renowned classical actor who most recently popped up in EastEnders), every holiday was spent cruising up and down the canal network in England and Wales and their sons Samuel (now an acclaimed actor in his own right) and Joseph joined them on their jaunts (Tim also has a daughter, Juliet, from his first marriage). Prunella and Timothy with sons Samuel (left) and Joseph (right) in 1975 'We're canal nuts,' explains a gleeful Pru at the start of this televised adventure. 'We've been pottering around on them all our married life. We've had some of our best times. Whenever we get a break we dash off to our boat.' Indeed, these two were canal nuts many years before narrowboating was fashionable, and the home movie footage that's spliced alongside film of their current trip is glorious - showing youthful faces and almost empty stretches of canal. In narrowboat circles, they're quite famous (and for reasons that have nothing to do with acting). They spearheaded a campaign to restore the Kennet and Avon canal some 24 years ago, and steered the first boat through once the work was complete. Nearly a quarter of a century on, they return to this stretch of water - now a tourist magnet where the towpaths are awash with day-trippers and cyclists - to see how things have changed. At first it seems that everything has. The boat they hire (they still have their own, but it's moored elsewhere) has a TV installed, which appals Tim, who thinks boating holidays should be all about board games and books and conversation. The other striking difference from those bygone days, though, is how they have changed. Although they look sprightly enough clambering over locks and on and off boats, there's no getting away from the fact that Pru is 81 and Tim is 79. During the opening sequences they muse over the fact their 50th wedding anniversary is upon them. 'Fifty years - it feels more like 14,' says Tim, while his wife explains the thinking behind their trip. 'We're determined to make the most of what we love - while we still can.' They've always been endearing figures but the glimpse into their marriage offered here is hilarious and touching in equal measure. Timothy West in his recent appearance in Eastenders where he played Stan Carter On the first morning, Tim bemoans the fact that his age means regular toilet trips at night which in the darkness, on an unfamiliar boat, can be 'bad news for the floor'. He wonders if he left a puddle. She reassures him, saying, 'Very good aim, darling.' But it's Pru's health that causes more concern. It's long been known in showbiz circles that she has problems with memory loss. Here, however, they open up about what that actually means. 'Pru has this condition - it's a sort of Alzheimer's,' says Tim. 'It's quite mild, but she can't remember things very well.' 'You don't have to remember things on the canal, You can keep your mind vacant and enjoy things as they happen and as you see them. It's perfect for Pru, really.' Not that it's stopped her doing anything. At least not boating. Indeed, it emerges that this trip is possibly one of the few activities Pru can do that won't accentuate her problems. 'You don't have to remember things on the canal,' he explains, neatly glossing over the mooring rope incident. 'You can keep your mind vacant and enjoy things as they happen and as you see them. It's perfect for her, really.' They aren't the sort of couple who always have to agree (the funniest moments in this film are when they bicker), but here they do. 'It can be a nuisance sometimes,' Pru says, 'but it doesn't stop me remembering how to open a locked gate or make the skipper a cup of tea.' Pru and Tim met in repertory theatre in the early 60s, and married in 1963. They reckon that between them they've performed in pretty much every theatre the length and breadth of Britain, although a few years back they bemoaned the fact they hadn't made it to the Scilly Isles. Theirs is one of the longest and most successful marriages in showbiz, and they still live in the same house they bought when Pru was pregnant with their first child. Everything about them screams solidity. Which makes Tim's fleeting confession - that his wife is no longer the woman he married - all the more affecting. 'When you think back over a long period,' he says at one point during the trip, 'this person I loved and enjoyed this, that and the other with doesn't really exist any more. It's another person. That's quite painful.' Prunella is most famous for her role as Sybill in Fawlty Towers But as soon as the admission comes, it's brushed away and replaced with the optimism and joie de vivre that seems to characterise their marriage. 'But you mustn't think like that. Let's just take it from day to day. You notice how much she's able to do and how much she enjoys life.' Pru is quick to accentuate the positive too - usually with a dash to the kettle. 'I certainly do enjoy life and I can still perform my duties as crew,' she says, making another cup of tea and serving up the shortbread. 'Her sense of humour is still there,' confirms Tim. 'The same things make her laugh and we have a lot of fun. She's just growing old and, in a certain area, more quickly than either of us would like. But we're very lucky, really.' This is a three-part documentary series, each part focusing on a different canal trip. Viewers get a dollop of history ('when it was built the Kennet-Avon canal was the M4 of its day') and an appreciation of geography (although it was filmed pre-floods, when the sun seemed to be permanently shining). Pru and Tim would probably quibble with the idea that the programme is about them, given that it focuses on them meeting all manner of fellow canal lovers. Pru manages to get her haircut during the trip - courtesy of a hairdresser who runs Britain's only known floating salon. They also pop in to meet a young couple who not only holiday on the canals but have set up a permanent home on the water. Yet as a portrait of their marriage, and well-lived lives, it is spot on (and the fact that it's gentle and completely unshowbizzy is a bonus). So what's the attraction, for them, of a life on water? Pru sums it up. 'People are terribly friendly on the canal. There's a nice feeling about it. I think it's something to do with life at four miles an hour. It attracts people who like that rhythm. Each canal is different but they all offer this wonderful antidote to the hustle and bustle of modern life. You can't rush on a canal.' The enduring image of them is of him steering, while she gazes out the window, lost in her thoughts. 'Do I know where we're going or why we're going there?' she says. 'Well, sometimes I do, and sometimes I just want to watch the countryside slide by.' Long may they sail.	timothy west and prunella scales
In which county is Walmer Castle?	Prunella Scales has Alzheimer's reveals husband Timothy West in More4 documentary Claire Webb 12:43 PM, 04 March 2014 Timothy West has revealed that his wife Prunella Scales suffers from “a sort of mild Alzheimer’s.” In a new documentary series for More4, the 79 year-old actor – who is currently playing Danny Dyer’s screen dad in EastEnders – talks movingly about his wife’s dementia. “When you think back over a long period and you think: this person that I’ve loved…doesn’t really exist any more, it’s another person – that’s quite painful. But you mustn’t think like that. You must just take it from day-to-day and you just notice how much she’s able to do and how much she enjoys life.” “Her sense of humour is still there,” he continues. “And we have a lot of fun. She’s just growing old in a certain area more quickly than either of us would like.” The couple celebrated their golden wedding anniversary last October with a trip down the River Thames on a paddle steamer. In their forthcoming series, Great Canal Journeys, they’ll navigate Britain’s waterways on a narrowboat. “[Pru] can’t remember things very well, but you don’t have to remember things on the canal. You can just enjoy things as they happen – so it’s perfect for her.” Prunella – who is 81 and best known for playing Sybil in Fawlty Towers – says the “slight condition” is a “nuisance sometimes”. “Most people my age have memory problems,” she subsequently told RadioTimes.com. “I’m perfectly alright. It just takes longer to learn my lines.” Yet she’s determined not to let it keep her from the stage. “I always say I want to die on the eighth curtain call. Eight will mean the show’s been rather a success. I just hope I’m somewhere near the middle and have been reasonably good in the part.” Rebecca Wood, Chief Executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, has applauded the couple’s courage in speaking out: “It’s always sad to learn that a much-loved public figure is living with Alzheimer’s, and this news will have touched the hundreds of thousands of families across the UK who are facing a similar struggle. “The couple have helped bring dementia into the spotlight, in turn helping to tackle some of the stigma that still surrounds the condition.” Read the full interview with Timothy West and Prunella Scales in this week’s Radio Times. Great Canal Journeys begins Monday 10 March at 9.00pm, on More4	i don't know
"First published in 1989, who wrote ""The Lady in the Van""?"	The Lady in the Van - Alan Bennett The Lady in the Van by The Lady in the Van Author: The Lady in the Van was first published in the London Review of Books in 1989 and then in book form in 1990. A Postscript was added in 1994 Alan Bennett also adapted The Lady in the Van for the stage. The Lady in the Van was made into a film in 2015, directed by Nicholas Hytner and starring Maggie Smith - Return to top of the page - Our Assessment: The complete review 's Review: In The Lady in the Van Alan Bennett describes his very odd long-term relationship with "Miss Shepherd". Miss S. first came to the attention of Bennett in the late 1960s. She and her perpetually stalled van (or rather: a succession of such vans) could be found in his Camden Town neighborhood, parked ever-closer to Bennett's home. Eventually he allowed her to keep it in his own driveway, giving her sanctuary in his garden, as he describes it. It remained there -- with Miss S. living first there and then in a lean-to at the side of his house -- until her death in 1989. Bennett and Miss S. made for an odd couple. They were, in a sense, landlord and tenant, but other than some peace of mind (knowing Miss S. was "at least out of harm's way") Bennett didn't appear to benefit much from the arrangement. Miss S. wasn't the easiest person to deal with: "One was seldom able to do her a good turn without some thoughts of strangulation." Miss S. wasn't quite right in the head, but she got on well enough. Amazingly, between the social state and the beneficence of some of the locals, she fared well and happily enough, puttering about in her own little world, selling self-written tracts and pencils, doing pretty much as she pleased. She had a healthy if unusual philosophy, typified by her reaction to Bennett's boiler bursting, flooding his basement: "Miss S.'s only comment is 'What a waste of water.'" In his 1994 postscript Bennett describes The Lady in the Van as being condensed from "some of the many entries to do with her that are scattered through my diaries." It is a small book, picking from some two decades worth of material, with a focus on the beginning and then especially the end. Still, Bennett charts this touching, difficult relationship very nicely. There is hardly any closeness between the two -- they remain fairly formal towards one another, and it is only the fact that they live in such proximity that really makes them a part of one another's lives. Still, her presence obviously affected him, and he manages a nice portrait of this figure. (His presence -- and his generosity in tolerating her -- no doubt also helped to preserve her from getting completely lost.) Bennett's 1994 postscript also provides some more information about Miss S. and her origins, a useful and revealing addition to the book. (Note: Bennett also later adapted this material for the stage. The playscript -- also titled The Lady in the Van -- is also available.) - Return to top of the page -	Alan Bennett
In the Bible, who was the first wife of Jacob and had twelve sons?	The Lady in the Van \| Alan Bennett \| Vearsa \| 9781847653574 \| E-Sentral Ebook Portal The Lady in the Van by Alan Bennett DRM: Applied (Requires eSentral Reader App) RM 23.99 (price excluding 0% GST) Synopsis In 1974, the homeless Miss Shepherd moved her broken down van into Alan Bennett's garden. Deeply eccentric and stubborn to her bones, Miss Shepherd was not an easy tenant. And Bennett, despite inviting her in the first place, was a reluctant landlord. And yet she lived there for fifteen years. This account of those years was first published in 1989 in the London Review of Books. The play premiered in 1999, directed by Nicholas Hytner and starring Dame Maggie Smith, who reprise their roles in this new film adaptation. Shot on location at Bennett's house, Alex Jennings plays the author, alongside household names including Frances de la Tour, Jim Broadbent and Dominic Cooper. Reviews	i don't know
Which company produced the first mail order catalogue?	Hbc Heritage \| Catalogues Morgan's HBC Heritage Services maintains a collection of catalogues for reference purposes. Please note that our series of catalogues is not complete. To request information about particular holdings, please complete the attached request form . If you have copies of catalogues from any of these companies, and are interested in donating them to our collection, please Contact Us . Hudson's Bay Company In the 1880s HBC entered a new phase in its development as the basis of the Company's business shifted from trade for furs to a cash economy. In the larger western centres, such as Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg, the Company was opening retail establishments. While these stores catered to growing urban populations people located outside cities were still limited in their options. To remedy this situation and service these remote customers, Hudson's Bay Company produced its first catalogue in 1881. People without direct access to stores could now purchase goods and have them delivered. Compared to other retail establishments however, HBC's catalogue service was relatively short-lived. The last customer-oriented catalogue was published in 1913. This distinction is important since catalogues continued to be produced internally after this date for the Fur Trade (later Northern Stores) Department. Internal catalogues provided the far-flung posts and depots with descriptions of the products with which they could stock their shelves and included everything from clothing and provisions to musical instruments, tents and canoes. Simpsons The Robert Simpson Company Limited opened its first mail order office in 1885 but didn't produce its first catalogue until 1894. By the early part of the 20th century, mail order had become a thriving part of the business, so much so that in 1916 a new mail order building was constructed in Toronto to replace the existing structure which had become too small. The mail order department continued to grow: new buildings were opened in Regina in 1916 and Halifax in 1919. In 1930, Charles Burton, then president of Simpsons, decided that the catalogues should be printed in-house, so the Toronto Mail Order Building was expanded to accommodate the presses. In the 1940s, the Company expanded its catalogue offerings to four per year. Simpsons continued to produce seasonal catalogues until the 1950s, when Simpson's and Sears signed an agreement. The resulting new company, Simpsons-Sears, took over the mail-order business. Its first catalogue was issued in 1953. Simpson's own catalogue tradition was continued in a diminished form through the annual Christmas Wish Book. Woodward's Following on the heels of Hudson's Bay Company in the west, Woodward's published its first catalogue in 1896. In 1902, after opening their first food centre, the Company also started to issue separate food catalogues. Woodward's mail order service was ended in 1953. Shop-Rite An overview of Hudson's Bay Company catalogues would be incomplete without mentioning Shop-Rite. These were not mail order catalogues per se, but rather were the basis of a whole new experiment in retailing. The Shop-Rite concept was based on the concept of catalogue shopping done in store. Customers would enter the store, browse the catalogue, select their merchandise and apply to the store clerk for the item. The first Shop-Rite stores were acquired by Hudson's Bay Company in 1972 and the chain, which eventually had over 60 stores in Ontario, closed in 1982.	Sears
"Name the Oscar winning actor who is the voice of King Louie in the 2016 version of the ""Jungle Book""?"	The Mother of All Catalogs Ceases Publication, 10 Years Ago - History in the Headlines The Mother of All Catalogs Ceases Publication, 10 Years Ago January 25, 2013 By Barbara Maranzani Cover of Fall 1909 Sears Catalog Share this: The Mother of All Catalogs Ceases Publication, 10 Years Ago Author The Mother of All Catalogs Ceases Publication, 10 Years Ago URL Google On January 25, 2003, Sears, Roebuck and Co. announced that it was ending publication of its famed “Big Book, “ catalog, which for more than 100 years had allowed Americans to buy everything from clothing and food to medicine and automobiles, all from the comforts of their own homes—in fact, Sears might have even sold them the house itself. Ten years after its last issue hit mailboxes, take a look back at the history of the Sears catalog. A former railroad employee, R.W. Sears got into the retail business almost by accident, when he purchased a shipment of watches from a disgruntled wholesaler who had received an incorrect order. Advertising his watches by flyers and mail-order catalogs, Sears quickly turned a profit on his investment and within a year had founded his own company, initially selling only watches. He soon was joined in the venture by Alvah Roebuck, and in 1893 Sears, Roebuck, and Co. was born. Targeting rural customers with little access to goods produced primarily in the east, and offering stable, straightforward pricing, Sears, Roebuck quickly expanded its business—and the number of pages in the annual catalog they sent to customers. It was on the back of the mail-order business that Sears built his empire—in fact, he didn’t get around to opening an actual store until more than 30 years later. The company had a number of competitors, including Montgomery Ward, Hammacher Schlemmer and others, but it was the Sears catalog that became an American icon. By the early 20th century, the Sears catalog had become so entwined with the American psyche that the government began to use it for propaganda purposes at home and abroad. During the World Wars, thousands of catalogs were sent to American soldiers at the front and convalescing in foreign hospitals to bring them a taste of home. President Franklin Roosevelt famously said that the best way to combat communism was to give them a good dollop of capitalism in the form of Sears catalogs. The Soviets took note—in 1981 they selected that year’s catalog as one of 300 works put on display in a cultural exhibit meant to inform the Soviet public about America. (They also included “Jane Fonda’s Workout Book.”) The Sears catalog was around for so many years, it’s perhaps not surprising that a number of famous Americans were featured in its pages. Several aspiring actresses got their start modeling in the catalog, including silent film star Gloria Swanson, femme fatales Susan Hayward and Lauren Bacall and even supermodel Cheryl Tiegs. R.W. Sears famously wrote every line of copy in the early issues, but after he retired the task fell to a series of writers, including author Edgar Rice Burroughs, who went on to later fame as the creator or Tarzan. During the Great Depression, artist Norman Rockwell created a series of paintings for the catalogs’ covers. And even big-screen cowboys and famous athletes, like Roy Rogers and Ted Williams, were recruited to hawk the latest products. In addition to being a cultural touchstone, the catalog was big, big business. By 1931, in the midst of the Great Depression, Sears’ catalog and retail businesses generated annual profits of more than $2.5 billion in today’s money, and within the next decade, the company’s sales accounted for more than 1 percent of U.S. gross national product. Here are just a few examples of some of the hundreds and hundreds of items you could buy through the Sears, Roebuck catalog. Early Entertainment Systems The folks at Sears, Roebuck were early adopters of modern technology. Almost as soon as they hit the market, consumers could order gizmos and gadgets like Thomas Edison’s gramophone, radios and televisions. Millions of Americans were first introduced to moving images through devices bought at Sears, including the chromatrope, which flashed a series of slides telling a narrative story, and the optigraph, one of the first electronic projection systems. And Sears had you covered if you wanted to open your own theater, with a kit that included projection screens, posters advertising the latest releases and pre-stamped admission tickets. In 1914, they even began selling private electricity plants designed to generate electricity in rural areas. Touch and Feel Textiles By 1905, understanding that some items required more than just illustrations, Sears began incorporating physical samples of its products in the pages of the catalog. If you were in the market for paint, you could now choose your exact shade. If you wanted wallpaper, you could closely examine dozens of different patterns. And selecting a new suit was easy when you could touch and feel the weight and softness of the material. Mail-Order Chickens and More That’s right, along with pantry staples such as flour, lard and butter, America’s housewives could stock their farms with animals sent right to their door. In addition, Sears stocked hundreds of different food items, and by the early 20th century, the catalog offered a wide variety of ethnic foods to cater to America’s growing immigrant population. You could send away for Jamaican ginger, canned frijoles, pickled pigs’ feet and a surprisingly wide variety of herrings and other fishes from Norway, Sweden and Scotland. Human- and Motor-Powered Vehicles Today, Sears continues to be a pioneer in auto parts and tools, but from the 1920s onward, you could buy the vehicles themselves from the pages of the catalog. Over its history, the company offered everything from bicycles, wagons and tractors to motorcycles and even a series of automobiles that included early motor buggies and the more advanced “Allstate” brand of sedans, many of which were made to order. Tombstones, Monuments and Mortuary Stones Sears even took care of their customers’ needs in the afterlife. Special inserts, which could run more than 50 pages, offered the latest in funerary finery. The catalog featured simple, elegant headstones in marble of varying qualities and everything from elaborate monuments to honor entire families to pillars with and without animals carved on top to massive crosses and shamrock-shaped tombstones. (They helpfully included a list of Bible verses in the back pages to simplify your selection.) Pills, Potions and Prescriptions Thumbing through the pages of old Sears catalogs, one can find a plethora of ailments and potential cures. Take arsenic wafers for a clear complexion or order opiates to cure jangling nerves. Peruse ads for potions and creams that claimed to increase your bust size, right alongside ones that promised to reduce them. For every dubious medical offering, there was a tried-and-true remedy like aspirin or Alka-Seltzer. And with eye doctors in short supply on the prairie, Sears offered up a wide selection of eyewear. Not sure what your prescription was? Just take the at-home eye test tucked into the catalog to determine your vision needs. Houses in (Thousands of) Boxes The mail-order home kit, first advertised in the pages of the 1908 catalog, may be the most famous (and ambitious) of all Sears offerings. Initially, Sears got into the home-kit business as a way of boosting sales in its slumping lumber department, but when interest boomed, they increased production, and soon offered more than two dozen different designs. All the prospective homeowner had to provide was the lot and the manpower—nails and tools were included in the kit. Sears eventually offered payment plans and even mortgages, but ended those financial practices after foreclosures skyrocketed during the Great Depression. Prices varied, with the most expensive designs ever produced costing roughly $55,000 in today’s money. Some of the more extravagant kits came with more than 30,000 individual pieces, and could be outfitted with the latest technology for an additional cost; optional upgrades included indoor plumping and central heating. Companies and communities often bought these houses in bulk, like Standard Oil did in 1919 when it created a town for its Carlin, Illinois, mineworkers that consisted entirely of 156 Sears homes. Eventually, more than 70,000 Americans built homes purchased through Sears, and today, thanks to their surprisingly good workmanship, thousands of them are still standing—including more than 200 in Elgin, Illinois, alone. Tags	i don't know
Which Premier League football team has a colliery wheel on its badge?	Crests of the Premier League - Interactive CRESTS of the PREMIER LEAGUE 2013-14 CLICK Shields Sixteen Premier League clubs have crests that prominently feature what might be commonly called a shield (although shields come in many shapes, including circles). Arsenal Chelsea are the only club in the Premier League with a circular crest. None Crystal Palace, Swansea City and Tottenham Hotspur's logos are more free-form. PART TWO: Components Text Alternative Arsenal's crest shows a cannon. The club was formed in 1886 by workers of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. The arsenal, in South East London, had stored or manufactured munitions since the 17th century. The club bore the names Dial Square, Royal Arsenal and Woolwich Arsenal before settling on Arsenal in 1914. Arsenal William McGregor introduced a lion to Aston Villa's shirts in the 1870s, resembling the one found on the royal standard of his native Scotland. McGregor held various back office posts at the club and was important in its early development. The lion is rampant (erect, forepaws raised). Aston Villa's motto is 'Prepared'. The word is set in an Art Nouveau style that is unusually stylised when compared to the largely plain typefaces on display throughout the Premier League's crests. Aston Villa's star represents their 1982 European Cup win. Cardiff City's crest traditionally featured a prominent bluebird and, more recently, a small dragon. The club gained the nickname 'the Bluebirds' after The Bluebird of Happiness, a play by Maurice Maeterlinck that was performed in the city to a good reception in 1911. When the club was recoloured from blue to red in 2012 the crest was changed to one with a large dragon and tiny bluebird. Cardiff City Riverside AFC was formed in 1899, changing its name to Cardiff City in 1908. The motto 'Fire and Passion' was introduced with the rebranding of the club in 2012. Chelsea's lion is rampant regardant (facing backwards) and holding a staff. It is derived from the coat of arms of the Earl of Cadogan who served as the club's president. Chelsea Chelsea's crest features two red roses representing England. Chelsea The crest on Chelsea's white away kit for 2013-14 is all blue. Crystal Palace The modern Crystal Palace was founded in 1905 (a previous club of that name was formed in 1861 and dissolved in 1876). In 1973 Crystal Palace dropped the nickname 'the Glaziers' from their badge and added an eagle. This was reportedly under the direction of manager Malcolm Allison who took inspiration from the eagle on Benfica's crest. The club take their name from the Crystal Palace, a huge iron and glass display space built for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The club was founded in 1905 to occupy a stadium on the grounds of the palace that had hosted the FA Cup Final since 1895 (and continued to until 1914). Crystal Palace Everton's badge includes Prince Rupert's Tower, a small jail built in Everton in the 18th century to hold prisoners overnight. Also known as the Beacon, it first appeared on the club's crest in 1938. Everton was founded in 1878 as St Domingo's FC by parishioners of St Domingo's Methodist Church. The club was renamed Everton the following year. Everton replaced this crest (used since 2000) with the simplified one (far left) in the summer of 2013. The change was met with objection from fans; the removal of the wreaths and motto drawing particular criticism. The club plans to re-asses the crest at the end of 2013-14. Fulham Hull City Hull City are nicknamed 'the Tigers'. A tiger first appeared on Hull's crest in 1947. Hull City are associated with a tiger because of the colour of their strip. Their crest first bore a tiger's head in 1947 and the current representation has been used since 1979. Liverpool Liverpool FC was founded in 1892. The song "You'll Never Walk Alone" originates from the 1945 musical Carousel by Rodgers and Hammerstein. It gained popularity in Liverpool and was added to the Anfield repertoire after a 1963 cover by local band Gerry and the Pacemakers. Impressions from the city of Liverpool's corporate seal survive from 1352 which include a bird of some description. Today the 'Liver bird' is a prominent symbol of the city and Liverpool FC. The actual species the bird represents is unknown. Liverpool's crest features two flames in tribute to the victims of the Hillsborough disaster. An eternal flame burns at the Hillsborough memorial at Anfield. Liverpool's Liver bird holds a small sprig in its mouth. The top of Liverpool's crest is taken from the Shankly Gates, erected in 1982, eight years after Bill Shankly stood down as manager and a year after his death. The gate's decoration includes another Liver bird within a shield. Liverpool wear this simple crest on their shirts but still employ the full red, green and yellow version for almost all other uses. Manchester's first city crest was issued in 1958 and featured a Golden Eagle, which is said to represent the aviation industry, and was worn in the FA Cup Final of that year by Manchester United. Manchester City adopted it as prominent part of their badge in 1997. In Britain the Golden Eagle can be found in Scotland but not Manchester. Manchester City, like their local rivals, have a sailing ship on their crest to symbolise the city's emergence as a major port following the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal. Although Manchester City now have three league titles, when this crest was introduced in 1997 they did not have three of anything significant so it seems the stars are purely decorative. Manchester City's diagonal stripes represent Manchester's three rivers: the Irk, Irwell and Medlock. Manchester City The Latin 'Superbia in Proelio' translates as 'Pride in Battle'. Manchester City have used this as a motto since 1997. The story of the origin of Manchester United's 'Red Devils' nickname has a few versions. A common element is the name Les Diables Rouge being picked up on a tour of France by Salford's rugby league club or by United themselves, depending on the source. It is said that Sir Matt Busby chose the name, possibly wanting an intimidating alternative to 'the Busby Babes'. United's crest first included the devil in 1972. Manchester United, like their local rivals, have a sailing ship on their crest to symbolise the city's emergence as a major port following the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal. Manchester United Manchester United Newcastle United's crest includes Newcastle's 12th century castle keep. Newcastle United employed the city coat of arms as its crest for the first time in 1911 (and continuously from 1969 to 1976) and the current badge is heavily based on it. The seahorses are a nod to Newcastle's port. The lion is guardant (facing outwards). Newcastle United Newcastle United Newcastle United The lion on Newcastle's city coat of arms holds a cross of St. George (red on white). Why the flag was modified for Newcastle United's crest I do not know. Norwich City The canary was first introduced to Norwich in the 16th century by Flemish refugees who had picked them up via Dutch colonies in the Caribbean before fleeing for England to avoid persecution by the Low Countries' Spanish occupiers. Norwich City first played in canary yellow shirts in 1907. The lion is passant (front right paw raised, other three on ground) guardant. Like the castle, it is found on the city's coat of arms. The building on Norwich City's crest is Norwich Castle, built in the 11th and 12th centuries. Like the lion, it is found on the city's coat of arms. Southampton Southampton's crest includes a red and white striped scarf although neither their new home shirt nor their previous one featured white stripes of any significance. Southampton Southampton's tree represents the New Forest. The white rose is a symbol of the city. Founded as St. Mary's Young Men's Association in 1885, renamed St. Mary's in 1887, then Southampton St. Mary's in 1894, the club finally settled on Southampton in 1897. It's association with the nearby St. Mary's church gave the club the nickname the Saints and ultimately the halo on its badge. Water is depicted on the crest because the city sits on a deep water estuary known as Southampton Water where the rivers Test and Itchen meet the sea. Southampton wear a monochrome version of their crest on their shirts: all gold on their red home kit and all white and black on their black away strip and white away shorts respectively. Stoke City Stoke City This club was formed in 1863 as the Stoke Ramblers, became simply Stoke in 1878 and finally Stoke City in 1928. The Stoke area was a centre of ceramic production in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It was referred to as the Staffordshire Potteries, giving the club the nickname 'the Potters'. Sunderland has a colliery wheel on its crest in reference to the city's coalmining history and the Monkwearmouth Colliery in particular, the site of which the Stadium of Light is built on. Red and white streamers are also pictured. Sunderland 'Consectatio Excellentiae' is Latin for 'In Pursuit of Excellence', introduced as a motto with Sunderland's new crest in 1997. Sunderland Sunderland's crest includes both the Penshaw Monument, a 19th century replica of Athens' Temple of Hephaestus, and the Wearmouth Bridge, opened in 1929, which crosses the Wear less than half a mile from the Stadium of Light. Sunderland's crest has two lions rampant, as does the city's coat of arms. I think the circle behind Sunderland's Penshaw Monument is likely to be the Sun (rather than the Moon) so, technically speaking, it fits into the star category. Swansea City's badge is based around a swan. Swansea City Swansea City's crest is white on their purple and yellow away shirt. Tottenham Hotspur's crest features a gamecock fitted with spurs as might have been used for fighting by Harry Hotspur, the 14th century nobleman from whom the club took its name. Tottenham Hotspur Tottenham's crest is white on their navy home shorts. West Bromwich Albion One of West Bromwich Albion's nicknames is 'the Throstles'. Throstle is a dialectal name for the song thrush, which nest in hawthorn bushes in the area and also lent their name to the people of West Bromwich in general. West Bromwich Albion West Bromwich Albion's throstle sits amongst the leaves and fruit of the common hawthorn shrub, which give the club's ground its name, The Hawthorns, and are common in the surrounding area. West Ham United's crest features now demolished manor Green Street House, the former grounds of which the club is based on. It is known as 'Boleyn Castle' due to (unconfirmed) reports of an association with Anne Boleyn. Although commonly referred to as Upton Park, West Ham's stadium is officially named the Boleyn Ground. West Ham United West Ham United West Ham United was born out of the football team of Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company and they first wore a crest bearing crossed rivet hammers in the 1920s.	Sunderland
J.K Rowling used the pen name Newt Scamander for which book published in 2001?	Sir Bob Murray CBE – Jersey vr headset accorded him the honour of a family crest. The Coat of Arms was approved by the Kings of Arms in December 2011 and was designed to reflect Bob’s life, interests, family and career.The black half panther is a symbol of his passion for Sunderland Football Club and is representative of its Black Cat mascot. Sir Bob invited supporters of the club to choose a new mascot in 1997, when it moved from Roker Park to the Stadium of Light. The red and white wreath on his coat of arms depicts a lifelong love of the City of Sunderland and, of course Jersey, where he married his wife Sue and now lives. The red theme is continued in the mantling which reflects both Sunderland and Jersey. Bob is very proud of his industrial heritage and north east roots and it is for this reason that he chose to include a colliery wheel as a fitting tribute to the coal mining tradition of his family and the region. The Stadium of Light was also built on the site of the largest former coal mine in Sunderland. The red saltire behind the colliery wheel was incorporated in the coat of arms to emphasise the importance Jersey has played in Sir Bob’s life for nearly 40 years and his great love for the island, now the family home. Yorkshire is also of great importance to the family. The White Rose County is the county of birth of his wife Sue, his two daughters Alex and Nicole and his son James and is represented in the coat of arms by the inclusion of a rose branch with four white roses between the forepaws of the black demi panther. Bob has been successful in business in Yorkshire since 1969 and remains so today. Similarly, four black lozenge (diamonds), which appear in the Arms of Durham and are seen on the County Durham flag, are symbolic of Sir Bob’s love and pride for his own county of birth. The lion rampant holding a sword as appears on the Durham flag is also included at the foot of the Badge. The motto ‘FORTUNE, INTEGRITY AND LABOUR’ was chosen by the family to convey their beliefs that ample amounts of luck and hard work, together with integrity, have helped them realise their ambitions and achieve success. A helmet is only permitted in the design of a coat of arms for a Knight of the Realm and the Insignia for Knight and CBE. The Knight Bachelor’s badge and the circlet of the CBE are also featured in the coat of arms.	i don't know
Who is Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Force?	Metropolitan Police \| The Bill Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share This article is a stub . You can help The Bill Wiki by expanding it . This page uses content from Wikipedia . The original article was at Metropolitan_Police . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . As with The Bill Wiki , the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License . The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the Home Office police force responsible for Greater London, with the exception of the square mile of the City of London. It is commonly referred to by its former name, the Metropolitan Police, or informally as "the Met" and sometimes as MP. In legislation it is known as the Police of the Metropolis. With over 31,000 officers in the Metropolitan Police Service is the largest force by manpower in the United Kingdom. [1] The Metropolitan Police's headquarters is at New Scotland Yard in Westminster, commonly known as Scotland Yard; its head is the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis or simply the Commissioner. The post was first held jointly by Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne, the current commissioner is Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, who is responsible to the Metropolitan Police Authority.	Bernard Hogan-Howe
Which Public School was founded by John Lyon in 1572?	Metropolitan police still institutionally racist, say black and Asian officers \| UK news \| The Guardian Metropolitan police still institutionally racist, say black and Asian officers Metropolitan Black Police Association says the force has failed to change racist mindset behind Stephen Lawrence failures Sunday 21 April 2013 08.24 EDT First published on Sunday 21 April 2013 08.24 EDT Close This article is 3 years old Scotland Yard's black and Asian police officers have made a dramatic intervention on the eve of the 20th anniversary of Stephen Lawrence's death by declaring that the Met is still institutionally racist. The Metropolitan Black Police Association (BPA), the biggest group representing minority officers in the force, says despite the training and community initiatives put in place over the past two decades, Scotland Yard has failed to tackle the mindset at the heart of failures over Lawrence. The declaration will dismay senior officers who have fought hard to fight off the institutionally racist label. Before his fall at the height of the phone hacking controversy, the previous commissioner, Sir Paul Stephenson, declared in 2009 that after much hard work the force was no longer institutionally racist. "The association still believe that the police service is institutionally racist," said the BPA statement. Its chairman, Bevan Powell, added: "Institutional racism is not about labelling individuals racists but rather police practice and procedures that bring about disproportionate outcomes for black and minority ethnic communities and police personnel." He said close examination of key statistics relating to the race and policing bears that out. "An examination of section 95 data (Criminal Justice Act) provides the supporting empirical evidence to support my assertion." Commissioner Bernard Hogan-Howe regrets the Met's lack of desire to effect change. Photograph: Bruce Adams/Rex Features/Daily Mail The harsh judgement will dismay the current commissioner, Bernard Hogan-Howe. Last week, asked on ITV Tonight if his force was institutionally racist, he said: "I hope not. I don't think it's for me to judge. It seems to me that the judgment of the public is the strongest judgment. If they think we are, then we are. "I think there is lots of evidence to say it isn't true and that we're actually doing a pretty good job and we are improving all the time." The BPA, which has 500 members in London , says the Met has failed to recruit enough minorities to reflect the capital's population. "The 2011 census indicated that over 40% of Londoners were from BME backgrounds, whilst only 10% of MPS police officers were from BME communities. "These officers disproportionately hug the lower ranks, face significantly slower rates of career progression and are over-represented in disciplinary actions, in comparison to their white counterparts. This current position is unsustainable, as it severely impacts on police legitimacy and more importantly erodes trust and confidence in BME communities." Superintendent Leroy Logan, chair of the Met BPA charitable trust, said before the force could consider itself free of institutional racism, it must tackle the continuing disproportions in the treatment of minority Londoners. "The real litmus test is still the vexed issue of stop and search and its disproportionality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities, because so many people perceive that the police are involved in racial profiling?" He acknowledged that Hogan-Howe, had tried to address the issues of racism within police culture, but said the problem was structural. "The association looks back with a certain amount of disappointment and concern at the lack of long-term commitment, leadership and desire to bring about radical change to significantly deal with institutional racism at the time of Stephen's death." The issue of institutional racism has been a continually difficult one for Scotland Yard's top tier. At the Macpherson inquiry, Lord Condon, then Met commissioner, was visibly discomforted when Richard Stone, one of Macpherson's advisers, repeatedly pressured him to accept that his force was institutionally racist. Stephenson refused to do so, saying the tag would unfairly brand individual officers. In the years since, the Met has increased minority recruitment from 2.3% of the force in 1993 to 10.4%. But the minority population of the capital is more than 40%. Black and Asian officers say race relations within the Met have continued to falter since Lord Macpherson's inquiry into the death of Stephen Lawrence. Photograph: PA In January, the commissioner ordered a radical review of stop-and-search policing in London as figures suggest black youths are up to six times more likely to be stopped than white youths. In operations authorising localised stops under section 60 of the 1994 Public Order Act, minorities are said to be 28 times more likely to be stopped. Responding on BBC Newsnight last week to criticisms of the force's record, the Met assistant commissioner Simon Byrne said the force was working successfully to address those disproportions but admitted there was a long way to go. He said: "The experience of Stephen's family has had a profound impact on policing in the UK. It has transformed the way we deal with murder, our family liaison and the investigation of hate crime. "The Metropolitan police is a very different organisation to the one it was at the time of Stephen's death but we know there is more work to be done to improve our service to Londoners from a black and minority ethnic background. The commissioner recently said he was an 'implacable enemy of racism' and the Met is committed to challenging and driving out any racism in its ranks." Party leaders join Doreen Lawrence at St Martin-in-the-Fields church as Labour calls for second Macpherson-style inquiry Published: 22 Apr 2013 New research finds that stop and searches for black and Asian people doubled while rate for white people rose only slightly Published: 22 Apr 2013 PC Michael Wallace, who lived in Eltham when Stephen Lawrence was murdered there by racists in 1993, discusses racism and the police Published: 22 Apr 2013 20 years after the murder of Stephen Lawrence, prominent black figures from across the UK discuss the impact of the case Published: 21 Apr 2013	i don't know
2016 is the Chinese New Year of which creature?	Year of the Monkey: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality... Lucky directions: north, northwest, west Lucky months: Chinese lunar months 8 and 12 Unlucky Things Monkeys Should Beware Of Unlucky numbers: 2 and 7 Unlucky colors: red, pink Unlucky months: Chinese lunar months 7 and 11 Monkeys' Fortune, Career, Health, and Love Prospects in 2017 In 2017, Monkeys will have quite good luck. But since 2016 is the Monkeys' unlucky year, they will still need to be careful, until all the bad luck is gone. Wealth in 2017 — Good Fortune from Careers Good fortune for Monkeys this year will come mainly from your careers. In 2017, Monkeys' efforts will be rewarded. Someone will be able to help you a lot with your career. Don't overlook anyone you are relating well with. If you want to profit from investment and finance, consult your male seniors for advice. Engineers, car-mechanics, those who work outdoors, or with cigarettes, wine, or men's suits, will all have good fortune. Things will go smoothly at work for those who work on design, creative work, advertising, or planning. Monkeys will have a good opportunity to expand to different markets and gain a fortune. But Monkeys need to stop when you have enough and not show off your fortune. Work in 2017 — Work Hard To earn well in 2017, Monkeys will need to work hard. With luck, someone will help you with your career. And you'll have an opportunity for promotion in 2017. Seize the opportunity and your career will develop very well. You can expand your markets to other places. Your business trips will serve to improve your career prospects. Females, however, should not have too much close contact with your male colleagues, for such contact may lead to misunderstanding and cause family conflict. If you are considering a job change, you should ask for advice from male seniors or leaders who have helped you in the past. Health in 2017 — Exercise Well and Observe a Healthy Diet With the legacy of bad luck from the previous year, Monkeys may not get completely free from bad luck until the autumn. With pressure from hard-work, you may quarrel frequently with family members. Thus you may begin to think 2017 is an unlucky year. Just doing your own thing, however, will have a bad effect on your career, your friendships, and your family. When arguments happen, view the problems from the perspective of others. To relieve pressure when you are upset, do some exercise, such as going for a walk with family or friends. And pay attention to your diet by eating more fruit and vegetables. Love in 2017 — Quite Good You single ladies have a good chance of making a good match in 2017. But in case you are caught up in a love triangle, you should get to know him well before you develop a relationship. You single men will also tend to be in a relationship, but not stable, and during the relationship you may suffer unexpected personal financial loss. If you find there is little prospect of a relationship, ask your male seniors for their help as matchmakers. You who are married should not have too much close contact with the opposite sex. Otherwise, there will be family conflict. Monthly Fortune for Monkey in 2017 The Monkey's Traits: Sharp, Smart... People born in a year of the Monkey have magnetic personalities and are witty and intelligent. Personality traits like mischievousness, curiosity, and cleverness, make them very naughty. Monkeys are masters of practical jokes, because they like playing most of the time. Though they don't have bad intentions, their pranks sometimes hurt the feelings of others. Monkeys are fast learners and crafty opportunists. They have many interests and need partners who are capable of stimulating them. While some like the eccentric nature of Monkeys, others don't trust their sly, restless, and inquisitive nature. Although they are clever and creative, Monkeys can't always exhibit their talents properly. They like to accept challenges and prefer urban life to rural. How Monkeys Should Keep Healthy Usually Monkeys are very healthy, partly due to their active lifestyles, and their drive to experience different flavors of life. If they do experience illness, it is usually of the nervous or circulatory system. People born in a year of the Monkey often spend more time at work than average. To save energy, Monkeys need to remember to take breaks during their busy schedules. Since Monkeys usually do more outdoor activities, they should pay special attention to safety; also while traveling or driving. The Best Jobs and Careers for Monkeys Monkeys work very hard in their careers. They can adapt well to different working environments. Good career choices for monkeys are accounting and banking, science, engineering, stock market trading, air traffic control, film directing, jewelry, and salesmanship. How to Build Relationships with Monkeys Monkeys are not very quick to settle down into relationships, as they tend to be promiscuous and easily bored. Once Monkeys find the perfect partner, however, they commit to him/her in every possible way. Since Monkeys are sociable and love to talk, it's easy to relate to them. Love Compatibility: Is She/He Compatible with You? Love compatibility within the Chinese zodiac takes into account the unique characteristics of each animal. Only those whose characteristics match each other well can be good partners. See below the compatibility of the Monkey with other animals. Best with: Ox or Rabbit Worst with: Tiger or Pig	Monkey
Which horse won the 2016 Grand National?	Happy Chinese New Year: 2016 Animal Horoscopes. \| elephant journal Happy Chinese New Year: 2016 Animal Horoscopes. Read about the coming Year of the Monkey: “ Cheerful Eastern New Year! “ Happy Chinese New Year! 新年快樂 Gong Xi Fa Cai is Mandarin for Happy New Year. Gong Hey Fat Choy is the Cantonese translation. The Chinese New Year , also known as the Spring Festival, is determined by the lunar Chinese calendar, which is why the date changes every year. This year the Chinese New Year begins on February 8, 2016. Every Chinese New Year is characterized by one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac and 2016 is the year of the Red Monkey , the ninth animal in the cycle. The monkey is intelligent, smart, wise, curious, energetic, impulsive, inventive, hyperactive, cheeky, strong-minded and vigilant. Red monkeys are problem solvers and work well within group environments, while retaining their individuality. The monkey (like all things) has a shadow side, which can bring out infidelity and trust issues. Forecast for 2016 depending on your year of birth: The years below are a guide. If you were born in January or February, your animal may be different, as the Chinese New Year can take place anywhere between January 21 and February 20. Click here to find out your sign if you are unsure. 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008 Intelligent, wise, charming, social, ambitious, stubborn, desires power Rats are going to have an amazing year relationship-wise . Those who are single will receive the opportunity to find love and those already in love may commit further with an engagement or marriage. The advice for married couples is to keep compromise in mind and don’t be tempted towards an affair. Careers are on the upturn so money is going to be flowing, although there may be a few jealousies or confrontations occurring. 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009 Hard-working, loyal, honest, creative, determined, patient, stubborn, poor communicators Oxen will likely be lucky in love this year, as they have a romantic lucky star in their forecast. Last year wasn’t a great year for Oxens, so they are advised to work hard to clear out any negativity and make amends for any difficulties that they were responsible for. This year will be a far better year than 2015 with plenty of personal and career luck and success predicted. This is definitely a year for dreaming big, whatever you have even considering, it is time to go for it! The lucky star in your animal sign will ensure that any misfortunate that happen will quickly be rectified, so have confidence and make a start on whatever you would like to achieve. 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010 Friendly, charming, enthusiastic, ambitious, confident, irritable, boastful Tigers are going to have an amazing year in love, finding it easy to either meet a new partner or for their current relationship to be happy and harmonious. The tiger is the Monkey’s enemy so there may be a few conflicts throughout this year. This is a year for a tremendous amount of change, just remember to be patient, control your impulses and think calmly and rationally before making big decisions. If any difficulties occur remember you can master anything you set your mind to with determination and perseverance. 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011 Kind-hearted, friendly, empathetic, sincere, intelligent, stubborn, discreet Single Rabbits will meet lots of new people and possibly even the love of their life if they are single. Otherwise, marriage or deepening the relationship will be likely. The Rabbits are going to have the best luck out of all the animals this year, with wealth and business opportunities in abundance. Creative Rabbits will be hitting their peak lighting up a constellation of exciting events for the ones who believe in possibility. The prosperity star helps to bring money improvements, so it is a good time to invest in business. 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012 Successful, spiritual, courageous, innovative, imaginative, artistic, powerful, over-confident Dragons aren’t going to be having the best year for finding a new romance. They are going to have a very lucky year and will receive an unbelievable amount of positive indications. The Monkey’s wisdom influences the Dragon, so it is a year to take inspiration from this characteristic. With optimism and perseverance they will get through any difficulties. The victory star will be affecting Dragons, bringing luck to all aspects of their life. 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013 Wise, sympathetic, organized, elegant, attractive, discreet, lazy, vain Those in long-term relationships may be receiving a proposal for marriage and those who are single are advised not to be too fickle with new romances. Snakes are going to have some amazing luck and fortune this year, although they have to be aware of money issues, other than that the outlook is for a very good year ahead. The victory star brings an extra addition of luck to all areas of the Snake’s life. 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014 Clever, energetic, strong, popular, ambitious, arrogant, over-confident This isn’t the luckiest year for Horses when it comes to romance. Singles may only find short-term relationships and those who are in long-term ones should try to be more understanding and supportive. The heaven luck star will be guiding Horses towards making positive decisions, especially where their career is concerned. This year it is time to get out of your comfort zone and challenge yourself. Keep your energy levels high and always remain aware and alert so that no unexpected problems catch you off guard. This year is the one that you can start to think about major life changes and if you are prepared to put in the hard work you will easily achieve whatever you set your heart on. 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015 Polite, calm, compassionate, imaginative, intuitive, sensitive, determined, pessimistic This is a good year for Sheep in the love department as long as they don’t worry too much and they aren’t too over-sensitive. There may be marriage, renewal of vows or even a new baby on the horizon. Those who are single will find it easy to attract potential love interests. The wealth star shining on Sheep will bring wealth, not just in financial areas, but also highlighting romance, health and careers. A great year for taking up the artistic or spiritual pursuits they have been considering and putting off for far too long! It is also recommended that they pay extra attention to their health this year and cut out any bad habits or take up new interests that could benefit their body or mind. Keep your eye on your money this year, be wary of spending money on unnecessary purchases, or you could find yourself in difficulties. Make a budget and stick to it and don’t allow anyone to put pressure on you to overspend. 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016 Wise, intelligent, bright, charismatic, restless, lively, egotistical, arrogant Monkeys will be busy with their careers or hobbies so they may not find much time to indulge In romance, so they are advised to take time out and spend quality time with their loved ones. Single monkeys are advised to be patient. A successful relationship is possible, but only if it is not forced and happens naturally. They have the potential for unexpected wealth and abundance, although they should be wary of becoming too greedy. However, there are a few unlucky stars , so they are advised to be cautious and rest whenever possible. This year they need to pay attention to who they can trust and put things in place to balance their lifestyle so they relax, recuperate and rest more. Whenever anything goes wrong this year, just remember to remain optimistic, keep smiling, show kindness and be sincere when making amends and any difficulties will very quickly be rectified. 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017 Kind-hearted, flexible, hard working, independent, honest, flamboyant, persuasive Roosters are going to have a good year with romance. This is the perfect year for declaring feelings and making commitments. The romance and education star will be influencing Roosters, sprinkling good fortune on love, education, travelling and self-growth. Roosters are dreamers and this is the year to dream big, but the dreams must be kept realistic if they want to come true and be sustained. 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018 Friendly, faithful, loyal, courageous, adaptable, critical A challenging year for Dogs when it comes to love as they will be letting their emotional insecurity get in the way of commitment. Singles Dogs have a busy year ahead with personal growth and careers, so they may be better focusing away from romance and on to other interests. Couples may have miscommunications due to not paying attention to their partners or taking them for granted, this can turn small irritations into huge problems. It is advised that Dogs trust their instincts in wealth and business dealings, as it could be a challenging year. As long as they don’t let fear get in the way, with a clear head, they can successfully navigate anything that comes their way. 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019 Happy, easy going, honest, trusting, sincere, optimistic, sociable, unrealistic, materialistic Although single Boars may receive a lot of opportunity for romance, this year doesn’t seem to be the one that they turn long-term. Long-term relationships may struggle with misunderstandings and it is advisable to keep emotions under control They are sensitive and sincere so they are ideal partners, as long as they don’t become too possessive and jealous and allow their loved ones space. It may be the year to focus on personal success, as wealth is looking stable with a lucky star shining over Boars. Overall, for all animal signs it is a great time for individual pursuits, especially for new inventions, creations and for taking a risk and being daring, rebellious and adventurous. New projects should be successful with the Monkey’s entrepreneurial and artistic influence, as long as they are rationally thought out and ruled by the head and not by emotions. Dreams that may have been previously considered as far-fetched are within easy reach in 2016, with the year promising an incredible amount of positive transformational changes, making it a year to be remembered. ~ This iframe contains the logic required to handle AJAX powered Gravity Forms. About Alex Myles Alex Myles is a qualified yoga and Tibetan meditation teacher, Reiki Master, spiritual coach and also the author of An Empath, a newly published book that explains various aspects of existing as a highly sensitive person. The book focuses on managing emotions, energy and relationships, particularly the toxic ones that many empaths are drawn into. Her greatest loves are books, poetry, writing and philosophy. She is a curious, inquisitive, deep thinking, intensely feeling, otherworldly intuitive being who lives for signs, synchronicities and serendipities. Inspired and influenced by Carl Jung, Nikola Tesla, Anaïs Nin and Paulo Coelho, she has a deep yearning to discover many of the answers that seem to have been hidden or forgotten in today’s world. To purchase Alex’s paperback book or ebook please click here or click here to connect with her on Facebook , or click here to join Alex’s Facebook group for empaths and highly sensitive people to connect.	i don't know
Name the year: Rosa Parks takes a seat at the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, Hugh Gaitskell becomes leader of the Labour Party and Albert Einstein dies?	Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts everyone celebrates my birthday with a bang! july 4th 1984 July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Men's Finals, Roger Federer beat Andy Roddick July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Todd Woodbridge and Jonas Bjorkman beat Julian Knowles and Nenad Zimonjic July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Women's Doubles Finals, Cara Black and Rennae Stubbs beat Ai Sugiyama and Liezel Huber July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Finals, Cara Black and her brother Wayne Black beat Todd Woodbridge and Alicia Molik July 4, 2001 Vladivostokavia flight 352 crashes near Burdakovka, killing 145 July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Men's Finals, Pete Sampras beat Andre Agassi July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Women's Finals, Lindsay Davenport beat Steffi Graf July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes beat July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Women's Doubles Finals, Lindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu beat Mariaan de Swardt and Elena Tatarkova July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Finals, Leander Paes and Lisa Raymond beat July 4, 1998 Wimbledon Women's Finals, Jana Novotna beat Nathalie Tauziat July 4, 1998 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis beat Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde July 4, 1997 U.S. space probe Pathfinder lands on Ares Vallis Mars July 4, 1996 HotMail, a free internet E-mail service begins July 4, 1995 Birmingham Barracudas play 1st CFL game (vs Winnipeg) July 4, 1994 Russian manned space craft TM-18, lands July 4, 1994 Rwandese Patriot Front occupies Kigali July 4, 1994 U.S. loses to Brazil 1-0 in 1994 World Cup quarter finals July 4, 1993 107th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Pete Sampras beats Courier (76 76 36 63) July 4, 1993 Brandie Burton wins LPGA Jamie Farr Toledo Golf Classic July 4, 1993 Dave Winfield hits 442nd HR to move into 19th place July 4, 1993 Pilar Fort, crowned 25th Miss Black America July 4, 1993 Pizza Hut blimp deflates and lands safely on W 56th street in New York City July 4, 1992 99th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats Monica Seles (62 61) July 4, 1992 John Phillips, rocker (Mamas and Papas), undergoes a liver transplant July 4, 1992 U.S. actress Bobbie Eakes marries author David Stone July 4, 1990 400 New Kids on the Block fans treated for heat exhaustion in Minn July 4, 1990 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island July 4, 1990 Wrestler Brutus Beefcake injured during para-sailing July 4, 1990 2 Live Crew release "Banned in the USA" the lyrics quote Star Spangled Banner and Gettysburg Address July 4, 1989 14 year old actress Drew Barrymore, attempts suicide July 4, 1989 Unmanned Russian Mig-23 crashes in Bellegem-Kooigem, Belgium (1 dies) July 4, 1989 Red's Tom Browning is 3 outs away from his 2nd career perfect game when Phillie Dickie Thon doubles July 4, 1988 102nd Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Stefan Edberg beats Becker (46 76 64 62) July 4, 1988 KC releases pitcher Dan Quisenberry, whose 238 saves are the 4th most July 4, 1988 U.S. Navy shoots down Iranian civilian jetliner over Gulf, kills 290 July 4, 1987 94th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: M Navratilova beats Steffi Graf (75 63) July 4, 1987 Discovery moves to Launch Pad 39B for STS-26 mission July 4, 1987 Imran Khan takes 300th Test Cricket wicket, only Pakistani to do so July 4, 1987 **** Klaus Barbie, "Butcher of Lyon" sentenced to life in France July 4, 1985 Tinker Bell's nightly flight begins July 4, 1984 Funeral for S Nakagawa and burial half his ashes next to N Senzaki July 4, 1984 Kallicharran gets 206 and 6-32 in a NatWest Trophy game July 4, 1984 New York Yankee Phil Niekro is 9th to strikeout 3,000 July 4, 1984 Yuri Sedykh of U.S.S.R. throws hammer a record 86.33 m July 4, 1983 New York Yankee Dave Righetti no-hits the Red Sox July 4, 1982 10th du Maurier Golf Classic (Peter Jackson Classic): Sandra Haynie July 4, 1982 4th Space Shuttle Mission-Columbia 4 lands at Edwards AFB July 4, 1982 96th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: J Connors beats J McEnroe (36 63 67 76 64) July 4, 1982 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado elected president of Mexico July 4, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. July 4, 1982 Yankees bat out of order against Indians in 1st inning July 4, 1981 95th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: John McEnroe beats B Borg (46 76 76 64) July 4, 1981 Clive Rice 105* out of 143 all out, Notts vs. Hants at Bournemouth July 4, 1980 Nolan Ryan is 4th to strikeout 3,000 July 4, 1979 Algerian ex-president Ben Bella freed July 4, 1978 Memphis fire fighters halt 3-day strike under a court order July 4, 1977 Cubs use fielder Larry Bittner as a pitcher July 4, 1977 Nigel Harrison replaces Gary Valentine as bassist of Blondie July 4, 1977 Red Sox wallop a major league-record 8 home runs beating Toronto 9-6 July 4, 1976 Opening ceremony of the Dai Bosatsu monastery Catskill Mt., New York July 4, 1976 Raid on Entebbe-Israel rescues 229 Air France passengers July 4, 1976 Sandra Palmer wins LPGA Bloomington Golf Classic Bicentennial July 4, 1975 82nd Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Billie Jean King beats Goolagong (60 61) July 4, 1974 Mike Marshall goes 9-0 with 3 saves in 20 appearances in 30 days July 4, 1973 Alan Ayckbourne's "Absurd Person Singular," premieres in London July 4, 1973 CARICOM - Caribbean Community and Common Market, forms July 4, 1973 In audience with Italian cyclists, Pope Paul VI praises athletes who "offer the magnificent show of a healthy, strong, generous youth" July 4, 1971 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island July 4, 1970 100 injured in race rioting in Asbury Park, New Jersey July 4, 1970 84th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Newcombe beats K Rosewall (57 63 62 36 61) July 4, 1970 Casey Kasem's "American Top 40" debuts on LA radio July 4, 1970 Chartered Dan-Air Comet crashes into mountains north of Barcelona, Spain killing 112 vacationing Britons July 4, 1969 "Give Peace a Chance" by Plastic Ono Band is released in U.K. July 4, 1969 140,000 attend Atlanta Pop Festival featuring Led Zep and Janis Joplin July 4, 1969 76th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Ann Jones beats Billie J King (36 63 62) July 4, 1969 Italian Rumor government resigns July 4, 1969 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. July 4, 1968 Arthur Kopit's "Indians," premieres in London July 4, 1968 Radio astronomy satellite Explorer 38 launched (o 450 m) July 4, 1967 Opening ceremony of Tassajara Zen Mountain Center July 4, 1967 Phillies Clay Dairymple ties NL record of 6 walks in doubleheader July 4, 1966 Beatles attacked in Philippines after insulting Imelda Marcos July 4, 1966 Lyndon Baines Johnson signs Freedom of Information Act July 4, 1965 20th U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship won by Carol Mann July 4, 1964 71st Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maria Fraser beats M Court (64 79 63) July 4, 1964 Beachboy's "I Get Around" reaches #1 July 4, 1962 Island Records begins July 4, 1962 KIKU (now KHNL) TV channel 13 in Honolulu, HI (IND) 1st broadcast July 4, 1960 6th LPGA Championship won by Mickey Wright July 4, 1960 America's new 50-star flag honoring Hawaiian statehood unfurled July 4, 1960 Mickey Mantle is 18th to hit 300 HRs July 4, 1959 66th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maria Fraser beats Darlene Hard (64 63) July 4, 1959 America's new 49-star flag honoring Alaska statehood unfurled July 4, 1959 Cayman Islands separated from Jamaica, made a crown colony July 4, 1958 72nd Wimbledon Mens Tennis: A Cooper beats N Fraser (36 63 64 13-11) July 4, 1957 Dutch 2nd Chamber accepts temporary tax increase July 4, 1956 Independence National Historical Park forms in Philadelphia July 4, 1956 U.S. most intense rain fall (1.23" in 1 minute) at Unionville, Maryland July 4, 1954 WMSL (WYUR, now WAFF) TV channel 48 in Huntsville, AL (ABC) begins July 4, 1954 West Germany beats Hungary 3-2 for soccer's 5th World Cup in Bern July 4, 1953 60th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maureen Connolly beats D Hart (86 75) July 4, 1953 Imre Nagy succeeds Matyas Rakosi as premier of Hungary July 4, 1952 66th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Frank Sedgman beats J Drobny (46 62 63 62) July 4, 1952 Canadain Currency, Mint and Exchange Fund Act allows gold coins of $5, $10, and $20 to be minted July 4, 1950 Braves Sid Gordon ties season grand slam record with 4 July 4, 1950 Truman signs public law 600 (Puerto Ricans write own constitution) July 4, 1947 61st Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Jack Kramer beats Tom P Brown (61 63 62) July 4, 1946 Anti Jewish riots in Kielce Poland, 42 die July 4, 1946 Philippines gains independence from U.S. July 4, 1944 1,100 U.S. guns fire 4th of July salute at German lines in Normandy July 4, 1944 1st Japanese kamikaze attack, U.S. fleet near Iwo Jima July 4, 1944 Allied assault on Carpiquet airport at Caen July 4, 1944 Gestapo arrests German Social Democrat Julius Leber July 4, 1942 1st American bombing mission over enemy-occupied Europe (WW II) July 4, 1942 U.S. air offensive against **-Germany begins July 4, 1941 Latvia partisans shoot 416 Jews dead July 4, 1941 Politburo of Yugoslav Communist Party reorganizes July 4, 1941 Howard Florey and Norman Heatley meet for 1st time, 11 days later they successfully recreate penicillin July 4, 1940 British destroys French battle fleet at Oran, Algeria, 1267 die July 4, 1940 German occupiers forbids anti-*** speeches July 4, 1939 Red Sox Jim Tabor hits 2 grand slams in 1 game July 4, 1939 Yankees retire 1st uniform (Lou Gehrig #4), 1st Old Timers Day July 4, 1938 1st game at Shribe Park, Phila; Braves beat Phillies 10-5 July 4, 1938 France-Turkish friendship treaty July 4, 1936 49th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Hull Jacobs beats H Sperling (62 46 75) July 4, 1936 League of Nations starts sanctions against Italy July 4, 1934 Jordanians revolt in Amsterdam after reduction in employment July 4, 1933 Work begins on Oakland Bay Bridge July 4, 1932 Bradman scores 260, a North American record, vs. Western Ontario July 4, 1931 1st fireworks are held at Cleveland Stadium July 4, 1931 1st trailside museum opens in Cleveland Metroparks July 4, 1930 43rd Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Helen Moody beats Elizabeth Ryan (62 62) July 4, 1929 AM radio station WOWO, Indiana's transmitter burns down July 4, 1927 Ir Sukarno forms PNI (Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia) in Batavia July 4, 1926 Baronie soccer team forms in Breda Neth July 4, 1926 NSDAP-party forms in Weimar July 4, 1925 44 die when Dreyfus Hotel in Boston collapses July 4, 1925 45th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Rene Lacoste beats J Borotra (63 63 46 86) July 4, 1925 Yanks Lefty Grove beats A's Herb Pennock 1-0 in 15 innings July 4, 1923 Jack Dempsey beats Tommy Gibbon in 15 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1919 ADGB (Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund) party forms July 4, 1919 Cincinnati Reds are 10 games back in NL, and win World Series July 4, 1919 Jack Dempsey KOs Jess Willard in Cuba for heavyweight championship July 4, 1918 Altar dedicated at full-scale replica of Stonehenge at Maryhill, Wa July 4, 1914 1st U.S. motorcycle race (300 miles, Dodge City Ks) July 4, 1913 37th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: A F Wilding beats McLoughlin (86 63 10-8) July 4, 1912 Detroit Tiger George Mullen no-hits St. Louis Browns, 7-0 July 4, 1912 Jack Johnson TKOs Jim Flynn in 9 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1911 105 degrees F (41 degrees C) at Vernon, Vermont (state record) July 4, 1911 106 degrees F (41 degrees C) at Nashua, New Hampshire (state record) July 4, 1911 Ty Cobb goes 0 for 4 and ends a 40 game hit streak July 4, 1911 White Sox Ed Walsh stops Ty Cobb's 40-game hitting streak July 4, 1910 Jack Johnson KOs James J Jeffries in 15 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1908 New York Giant George "Hooks" Witse no-hits Philadelphia Phillies, 1-0 in 10 inn July 4, 1907 Tommy Burns KOs Bill Squires in 1 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1906 Great Britain, France and Italy grant Independence to Ethiopia July 4, 1905 Philadelphia A's beat Boston Red Sox 4-2 in 20 inning game July 4, 1903 Pacific Cable (SF, Hawaii, Guam, Phil) opens, President TR sends message July 4, 1898 French liner "La Bourgogne" collides with bark Cromartyshire, 560 die July 4, 1898 U.S. flag hoisted over Wake Island (Spanish-American War) July 4, 1895 Katherine Lee Bates publishes "America the Beautiful" July 4, 1894 Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of 1st U.S. autos at 6 MPH July 4, 1894 Republic of Hawaii proclaimed, Sanford B. Dole as president July 4, 1892 James Keir Hardie chosen 1st socialist in British Lower house July 4, 1889 Washington state constitutional convention holds 1st meeting July 4, 1888 1st organized rodeo competition held, Prescott, Arizona July 4, 1886 1st scheduled transcontinental passenger train reaches Pt Moody, BC July 4, 1884 1st U.S. bullfight held (Dodge City Ks) July 4, 1884 Statue of Liberty presented to U.S. in Paris July 4, 1883 Buffalo Bill Cody presents 1st wild west show, North Platte, Nebr July 4, 1882 Telegraph Hill Observatory opens in San Francisco July 4, 1881 Booker T. Washington establishes Tuskegee Institute in Alabama July 4, 1879 Africaner Union forms by Rev SJ du Toit at Cape colony July 4, 1879 Battle at Rorkes Drift: Britain ends attack on Zulus July 4, 1876 1st public exhibition of electric light in San Francisco July 4, 1876 Batholdi visits Bedloe Island, future home of his Statue of Liberty July 4, 1875 White Democrats kill several blacks in terrorist attacks in Vicksburg July 4, 1874 Social Democratic Workmen's Party of North America formed July 4, 1873 Aquarium opens in Woodward Gardens July 4, 1868 Battle at Ueno: last Tokugawa armies defeated July 4, 1866 Firecracker thrown in wood starts fire destroying of Portland, Me July 4, 1865 1st edition of "Alice in Wonderland" is published July 4, 1864 Battle at Chattahoochee River, Georgia July 4, 1863 Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho) July 4, 1863 Failed Confederate assault on Helena Arkansas (640 casualties) July 4, 1863 General Lee's army withdraws from Gettysburg July 4, 1863 Skirmish at Smithburg, Tennessee July 4, 1863 Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Union forces July 4, 1862 Battle at Green River Kentucky (Morgan's Ohio Raid) July 4, 1862 Lewis Carroll creates Alice in Wonderland for Alice P. Liddell July 4, 1862 Battle of Port Royal, South Carolina (Port Royal Ferry) July 4, 1861 In a special session of 27th Congress Lincoln requests 400,000 troops July 4, 1861 Skirmish at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia July 4, 1845 Henry David Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond July 4, 1845 Texas Congress votes for annexation to U.S. July 4, 1836 Wisconsin Territory forms July 4, 1832 "America" 1st sung publicly in Boston July 4, 1829 Cornerstone laid for 1st U.S. mint (Chestnut and Juniper St, Philadelphia) July 4, 1828 Construction begins on B and O (Baltimore-Ohio) 1st U.S. passenger RR July 4, 1827 Slavery abolished in NY July 4, 1819 William Herschel makes last telescopic observation of 1819 comet July 4, 1817 Construction on Erie Canal begins July 4, 1810 French troops occupy Amsterdam July 4, 1802 U.S. Military Academy officially opens at West Point, New York July 4, 1796 1st Independence Day celebration is held July 4, 1789 1st U.S. tariff act July 4, 1779 French fleet occupies Grenada July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence - U.S. gains independence from Britain July 4, 1754 George Washington gives Ft. Necessity to France July 4, 1708 Swedish King Karel XII beats Russians July 4, 1693 Battle at Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs Dutch army July 4, 1672 States of Holland declares "Eternal Edict" void July 4, 1653 British Barebones Parliament goes into session July 4, 1652 Prince of Conde starts blood bath in Paris July 4, 1636 City of Providence, Rhode Island form July 4, 1610 Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II beats Russian and Sweden July 4, 1453 41 Jewish martyrs burned at stake at Breslau July 4, 1415 Angelo Correr becomes Pope Gregory XII July 4, 1301 Battle at Breukelen: Holland vs Lichtenberg July 4, 1187 Battle of Hittin (Tiberias): Saladin defeats Reinoud of Chatillon July 4, 1054 Brightest known super-nova (Crab Nebula) starts shining (23 days) __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts Mine is August 31st 1987 August 31, 2004 The Republican party nominates George W. Bush as its presidential candidate August 31, 2002 WNBA Championships, Los Angeles Sparks beat New York Liberty 2 games to 0 August 31, 1997 "Gin Game," closes at Lyceum Theater New York City after 144 performances August 31, 1997 Don Mattingly's #23 is retired by New York Yankees August 31, 1997 Pittsburgh Senior Golf Classic August 31, 1997 Scott Hoch wins Greater Milwaukee Golf Open with a 26807721201 August 31, 1994 Last Russian soldiers leave Estonia and Latvia August 31, 1994 Northern Ireland Sinn Fein proclaims ceases-fire August 31, 1993 Minnesota Twins beat Cleveland Indians 5-4 in 22 innings August 31, 1993 Venezuela president Carlos Perez flees August 31, 1992 44th Emmy Awards: Northern Exposure, Christopher Lloyd and Dana Delane August 31, 1992 Dynamite explosion in Philipines mine; 500 die August 31, 1992 Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Cleveland OH on WNCX 98.5 FM August 31, 1991 Houston QB David Klingler sets NCAA record with 6 touchdown passes in the 2nd quarter as the Cougars clobbered Louisiana Tech 73-3 August 31, 1991 Jan Berry (Jan and Dean) weds Gertie Filip August 31, 1991 Richard J. Kerr, ends term as deputy director of CIA August 31, 1991 Rockies bat out of order against Expos in 1st inning August 31, 1991 William H. Webster, ends term as 14th director of CIA August 31, 1990 Dennis Eckersley saves his 40th game of the season August 31, 1990 East and West Germany sign a treaty to join legal and political systems August 31, 1990 Ken Griffey Sr &, Jr. are 1st father and son to play on same team each goes 1 for 4 for Seattle Mariners August 31, 1988 5-day power blackout of downtown Seattle begins August 31, 1988 Arbitrator George Nicolau rules owners conspired against free agents August 31, 1988 Bomb attack on office of South Africa Council of Churches August 31, 1987 Curtis Strange sets golf's earning for year record ($697,385) August 31, 1987 Michael Jacskon's "Bad" video premieres on CBS TV August 31, 1987 South Africa longest mine strike in history ends August 31, 1986 Russian cargo ship crashes into cruise ship Admiral Nakhimov; 398 die August 31, 1985 "Prakas" sets trotting mile record of 1:53.4 at Du Quoin, Ill August 31, 1985 Angel Cordero becomes 3rd jockey to ride horses earning over $100 M August 31, 1984 Pinklon Thomas beats Tim Witherspoon in 12 for heavywgt boxing title August 31, 1983 Edwin Moses of USA sets 400m hurdle record (47.02) in Koblenz August 31, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs underground nuclear test August 31, 1981 Dirk Wellham scores 103 on Test Cricket debut, vs. England at Lord's August 31, 1981 Royals manager Jim Frey is fired and replaced by Dick Howser August 31, 1980 "Oklahoma!" closes at Palace Theater New York City after 301 performances August 31, 1980 80th U.S. Golf Amateur Championship won by Hal Sutton August 31, 1980 Poland's Solidarity labor union forms August 31, 1979 16 yr old Tracy Austin defeats 14 yr old Andrea Jaeger at U.S. Open August 31, 1979 Comet Howard-Koomur-Michels collides with Sun August 31, 1979 Donald McHenry named to succeed Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador August 31, 1979 Phillies replaces manager Danny Ozark with Dallas Green August 31, 1978 Constitution adopted by Sri Lanka August 31, 1978 Emily and William Harris plead guilty to 1974 kidnapping of Patty Hearst August 31, 1978 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site August 31, 1977 Aleksandr Fedotov sets aircraft alt rec of 38.26 km (125,524') August 31, 1977 Spyros Kyprianou appointed president of Cyprus August 31, 1977 Ian Smith, espousing racial segregation, wins Rhodesian general election with 80% of overwhelmingly white electorate's vote August 31, 1976 George Harrison found guilty of plagurizing "My Sweet Lord" August 31, 1976 Mexican peso devalued August 31, 1976 Trinidad and Tobago adopts constitution August 31, 1976 Waldemar Cierpinski wins 18th Olympics Marathon (2:09:55.0) August 31, 1975 Former Teamsters' president James Hoffa reported missing August 31, 1973 1st heavyweight championship fight in Japan (Foreman beats Roman) August 31, 1973 PBA National Championship Won by Earl Anthony August 31, 1972 Lasse Viren runs Olympic/world record 10,000m (27:38.4) August 31, 1972 Olga Korbut, U.S.S.R., wins olympic gold medal in gymnastics August 31, 1971 Adrienne Beames runs female world record marathon (2:46:30) August 31, 1971 Dave Scott becomes 1st person to drive a car on Moon August 31, 1970 59th Davis Cup: USA beats Germany in Cleveland (5-0) August 31, 1970 Lonnie McLucas, a Black Panther activist, convicted August 31, 1970 Molukkers occupy Indonesian ambassador's home in Wassenaar August 31, 1970 Peter Yarrow arrested for taking "immoral liberties" with girl, 14 August 31, 1970 WKMJ TV channel 68 in Louisville, Kentucky (PBS) begins broadcasting August 31, 1969 25,000 attend New Orleans Pop Festival August 31, 1968 12,000 die in 7.8 quake destroys 60,000 buildings in NE Iran August 31, 1968 68th U.S. Golf Amateur Championship won by Bruce Fleisher August 31, 1968 Private Eye magazine reports a John Lennon and Yoko Ono album will have a picture of them nude on cover August 31, 1968 Roy Face ties W Johnson's record of 802 pitching appearances with club August 31, 1968 Verne Gagne beats Dick Beyers (Dr. X) in Minn, to become NWA champ August 31, 1966 Referee Leo Horn whistles his last soccer match (Ajax-Bulgaria) August 31, 1965 House of Representatives joins Senate establish Department of Housing and Urban Develop August 31, 1964 Ground is broken for Anaheim Stadium, future home of Angels August 31, 1962 Trinidad and Tobago gain independence from Britain (National Day) August 31, 1961 Amsterdam National Ballet forms August 31, 1960 Agricultural Hall of Fame forms August 31, 1959 48th Davis Cup: Australia beats USA in New York (3-2) August 31, 1959 Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open August 31, 1959 Sandy Koufax breaks Dizzy Dean's NL mark of 18 strikeouts in a game August 31, 1957 Malayasia (formerly Malaya) gains independence from Britain August 31, 1955 1st microwave TV station operated (Lufkin, Texas) August 31, 1955 1st solar automobile demonstrated, Chicago, Illinois August 31, 1955 KTRE TV channel 9 in Lufkin, Texas (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting August 31, 1954 Hurricane Carol (1st major named storm) hits New England, 70 die August 31, 1954 Indians beat Yanks 6-1 for record tying 26 wins in August (1931 A's) August 31, 1954 WMTW TV channel 8 in Portland-Poland Spring, ME (ABC) begins August 31, 1953 KRBC TV channel 9 in Abilene, Texas (NBC) begins broadcasting August 31, 1953 WKBG (now WLVI) TV channel 56 in Cambridge-Boston, MA (IND) begins August 31, 1951 1st 33 1/3 album introduced in Dusseldorf August 31, 1950 Dodger Gil Hodges hits 4 home runs and a single in a game vs Braves August 31, 1948 Queen Wilhelmina celebrates 50th jubilee August 31, 1947 Hungarian Communist Party wins election August 31, 1947 New York Giants set season record for home runs by a club 183 (en route to 221) August 31, 1944 Allied offensive at "Gothen-linie," Italy August 31, 1944 French provisional government moves from Algiers to Paris August 31, 1944 French troops liberate Bordeaux August 31, 1944 Russian-Romanian troops march into Bucharest August 31, 1943 1st battle of Essex/new Yorktown: U.S. assault on Marcus Island August 31, 1943 Japanse occupiers intern Jewish Congregation of Sorabajo August 31, 1942 Battle at Alam Halfa: German and Italians assault August 31, 1942 U boats sunk this month 108 ships (544,000 ton) August 31, 1941 23 U-boats sunk this month (80,000 ton) August 31, 1941 Great Gildersleeve, a spin-off of Fibber McGee and Molly debuts on NBC August 31, 1940 1st edition pf illegal opposition newspaper Free Netherlands August 31, 1940 56 U-boats sunk this month (268,000 ton) August 31, 1940 Fighter Command loses 39/Luftwaffe 41 airplanes August 31, 1940 German occupiers in Netherlands begin soap ration August 31, 1940 U.S. National Guard assembles August 31, 1939 Japanese invasion army driven out of Mongolia August 31, 1939 Staged "Polish" assault on radio station in Gleiwitz August 31, 1938 5th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: All-Stars 28, Washington 16 (74,250) August 31, 1937 Det's rookie Rudy York sets record for home runs of 18 home runs in August August 31, 1935 1st national skeet championship (Indianapolis) August 31, 1935 Chicago White Sox Vern Kennedy no-hits Cleveland Indians, 5-0 August 31, 1935 Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an act prohibiting export of U.S. arms to belligerents August 31, 1935 Russian Aleksei Stachanov digs 6 hours, 105 tons of cabbages August 31, 1935 White Sox Vern Kennedy no-hits Indians 5-0 August 31, 1934 1st NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Chi Bears 0, All-Stars 0 (79,432) August 31, 1928 Brecht and Weils "Dreigroschenoper" premieres August 31, 1924 Paavo Nurmi runs world record 10,000m (30:06.2) August 31, 1923 League of Nations gives Belgium mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (was German) August 31, 1923 Mussolini's troops occupy Korfu August 31, 1920 Belgium starts paying old age pensions August 31, 1920 Detroit radio station is 1st to broadcast a news program on the air August 31, 1919 John Reed forms American Communist Labor Party in Chicago August 31, 1919 Petlyura's Ukrainian Army kills 35 members of a Jewish defense group August 31, 1919 Ukranian (Petlyura) Army recaptures Kiev August 31, 1918 Boston Red Sox, win earliest AL pennent ever (season ended Sept 2) August 31, 1916 Oscar Asche's musical "Chu Chin Chow," premieres in London August 31, 1915 Chicago White Sox Jimmy Lavender no-hits New York Giants, 2-0 August 31, 1914 24.8 cm rainfall at Bloomingdale, Michigan, state record August 31, 1914 General von Kluck decides not to attack Paris August 31, 1914 German troops reconquer Soldau/Neidenburg East-Prussia August 31, 1914 Germany defeats Russia (battle at Tannenberg/30,000 Russians die) August 31, 1913 Soccer club PSV forms in Eindhoven Netherlands August 31, 1911 Anthony Fokker's demonstrates aircraft "Snip" August 31, 1909 A. J. Reach Co. patents cork-centered baseball August 31, 1909 Thure Johnstown wins Stockholm marathon (2:40:34.2) August 31, 1907 Britain and Russia sign treaty with Afghanistan, Persia and Tibet August 31, 1907 England, Russia and France form Triple Entente August 31, 1905 25th U.S. Mens Tennis: Beals C Wright beats Holcombe Ward (62 61 119) August 31, 1905 Mbunga-rebellion takes German Fort Mahenge East-Africa August 31, 1903 Joe McGinnity wins his 3rd doubleheader of month August 31, 1902 Split skirt 1st worn by Mrs. Adolph Landeburg (horse rider) August 31, 1900 British troops over run Johannesburg August 31, 1900 Dodgers' Brickyard Kennedy walks 6 straight Phillies August 31, 1897 General Kitchener occupies Berber, North of Khartoum August 31, 1896 Louis Napoleon Parker's "Rosemary," premieres in New York City August 31, 1895 1st pro football game (QB John Brallier paid $10 and won 12-0) August 31, 1894 Phillies Billy Hamilton steals 7 bases August 31, 1889 Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Cardboard Box" August 31, 1886 1st major earthquake recorded in eastern U.S., at Charleston SC, 110 die August 31, 1886 Crocker-Woolworth National Bank organized August 31, 1881 1st U.S. men's single tennis championships (Newport, RI) August 31, 1864 Atlanta Campaign-Battle of Jonesboro Georgia, 1900 casualties August 31, 1843 Liberty Party nominates James Birneyas presidential candidate August 31, 1842 Micah Rugg patents a nuts and bolts machine August 31, 1842 U.S. Naval Observatory authorized by an act of Congress August 31, 1836 HMS Beagle anchors in Postage Praia, Cape Verde Islands August 31, 1829 Opera "Guillaume Tell" is produced (Paris) August 31, 1778 British kill 17 Stockbridge indians in Bronx during Revolution August 31, 1772 Hurricane destroy ships off Dominica August 31, 1751 English troops under sir Robert Clive occupy Arcot India August 31, 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie reaches Blair Castle Scotland August 31, 1535 Pope Paul II deposed and excommunicated King Henry VIII August 31, 1310 German king Heinrich VII makes his son Johan king of Bohemia August 31, 1230 Utrecht bishop Willebrand grants Swells state justice History Home Copyright 2007 BrainyMedia.co __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts January 3, 2007 Gerald Ford is buried in Grand Rapids, Michigan January 3, 2004 Flash Airlines flight 604 crashes near Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, killing 148 January 3, 1998 "Side Show," closes at Richard Rodgers New York City after 91 performances January 3, 1998 Grandpa Jones suffers a stroke January 3, 1997 Bryant Gumbel co-hosted his final Today show on NBC-TV January 3, 1997 Eddo Brandes takes ODI hat-trick vs. England at Harare January 3, 1997 Zimbabwe clean-sweep ODI series vs. England 3-0 January 3, 1994 "Gray's Anatomy" closes at Beaumont Theater New York City after 13 performances January 3, 1994 100s killed in Venezuela in prison revolt January 3, 1994 Tupolev-154M crashes at Irkutsk, Siberia: 122 killed January 3, 1994 35-foot-tall Chief Wahoo, trademark of Indians on top of Stadium since 1962, is taken down, to be moved to Jacob's Field January 3, 1993 "Catskills on Broadway" closes at Lunt-Fontanne New York City after 452 performances January 3, 1993 "Christmas Carol" closes at Broadhurst Theater New York City after 22 performances January 3, 1993 "Lost in Yonkers" closes at Richard Rodgers New York City after 780 performances January 3, 1993 "Secret Garden" closes at St. James Theater New York City after 706 performances January 3, 1993 "Tommy Tune Tonite!" closes at Gershwin New York City after 10 performances January 3, 1993 Junk bond king Michael Milkin is released from jail after 22 months January 3, 1992 32 Cubans defect to the U.S. via helicopter January 3, 1992 Boon completes 11 Test Cricket century, 129* vs. India at Sydney January 3, 1991 Israel reopens consulate in U.S.S.R. after 23 years January 3, 1991 LA King Wayne Gretzky scores his 700th goal against New York Islanders January 3, 1990 Panama's leader Gen Manuel Noriega surrenders to U.S. authorities January 3, 1989 Jim and Tammy Bakker return to TV (Oy Vey!) January 3, 1989 Russian newspaper Izvestia gets its 1st commercial advertisement January 3, 1988 Israel orders 9 Palestinian "instigators" deported from W Beirut January 3, 1988 Margaret Thatcher becomes longest-serving British Prime Minister this century January 3, 1987 "Oh Coward!" closes at Helen Hayes Theater New York City after 56 performances January 3, 1987 "Smile" closes at Lunt-Fontanne Theater New York City after 48 performances January 3, 1987 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducts 1st female artist Aretha Franklin January 3, 1987 Singer/Miss America Vanessa Williams marries Ramon T Hervey in New York City January 3, 1985 Azharuddin scores 110 in 1st Test innings January 3, 1985 Israel government confirms resettlement of 10,000 Ethiopian Jews January 3, 1984 Syria frees captured U.S. pilot after appeal from Jesse Jackson January 3, 1983 Tony Dorsett sets NFL record with 99-yd rush, Dallas vs Minnesota January 3, 1981 55th Australian Womens Tennis: H Mandlikova beats W Turnbull (60 75) January 3, 1981 Cleveland Cavaliers retire jersey # 34, Austin Carr January 3, 1981 Greg Chappell scores 204 vs. India at the SCG January 3, 1981 Mary Terstegge Meagher swims female record 100 m butterfly (58.91) January 3, 1980 Gold hits record $634 an ounce January 3, 1978 Chandrasekar takes 6-52 and 6-52 at MCG in Indian innings win January 3, 1977 Apple Computers incorporated January 3, 1977 Lindy McDaniel retires with 2nd most pitching appearances (987 games) January 3, 1976 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site January 3, 1974 Arias Navarro succeeds Carrero Blanco as premier of Spain January 3, 1974 Burma accepts its constitution January 3, 1974 Gold hits record $121.25 an ounce in London January 3, 1974 Miguel Pinero's "Short Eyes," premieres in New York City January 3, 1974 New York Yankees sign Bill Virdon as manager January 3, 1973 George Steinbrenner III buys Yankees from CBS for $12 million January 3, 1971 "President's Daughter" closes at Billy Rose Theater New York City after 72 performances January 3, 1971 Baltimore Colts beat Oakland Raiders 27-17 in AFC championship game January 3, 1971 Dallas Cowboys beat San Francisco '49ers 17-10 in NFC championship game January 3, 1970 "Jimmy" closes at Winter Garden Theater New York City after 84 performances January 3, 1970 "Mame" closes at Winter Garden Theater New York City after 1508 performances January 3, 1970 Marxist government takes over in Congo January 3, 1970 WHAG TV channel 25 in Hagerstown, MD (NBC) begins broadcasting January 3, 1969 John Lennon's "2 Virgins" album declared pornographic in NJ January 3, 1969 Rep Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. seated by Congress January 3, 1967 "Tonight Show" is shortened from 105 to 90 minutes January 3, 1967 Carl Wilson of the Beach Boys is indicted for draft evasion January 3, 1967 WJAN TV channel 17 in Canton, OH (IND) begins broadcasting January 3, 1966 Floyd B McKissick, named national director of CORE January 3, 1964 Jack Paar Show, shows a clip of the Beatles singing "She Loves You" January 3, 1963 WOUB TV channel 20 in Athens, OH (PBS) begins broadcasting January 3, 1962 Ground is broken for the Houston Astrodome January 3, 1962 Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro January 3, 1961 Adam Clayton Powell elected Chairman of House Education and Labor January 3, 1961 US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba January 3, 1959 Alaska admitted as 49th U.S. state January 3, 1958 Edmund Hillary reaches South Pole overland January 3, 1958 Lindsay Kline takes a hat-trick vs. South Africa at Cape Town January 3, 1957 1st electric watch introduced, Lancaster Pa January 3, 1955 Jose Ramon Guizado becomes president of Panama January 3, 1952 "Dragnet" with Jack Webb premieres on NBC TV January 3, 1952 Australia beat West Indies by one wicket at the MCG, last stand 38 January 3, 1951 9 Jewish Kremlin physicians "exposed" as British/US agents January 3, 1951 Fred Wilt wins AAU Sullivan Memorial Trophy (U.S. athlete of 1950) January 3, 1949 "Colgate Theater" dramatic anthology series premieres on NBC TV January 3, 1948 Bradman completes dual Test tons (132 and 127) vs. India MCG January 3, 1947 1st opening session of Congress to be televised January 3, 1947 William Dawson becomes 1st black to head congressional committee January 3, 1945 Allies land on west coast of Burma, conquer Akyab January 3, 1945 British Premier Winston Churchill visits France January 3, 1945 Cato-Meridian School, New York, installs germicidal lamps in every room January 3, 1945 Greek General Plastiras forms government January 3, 1945 John Patrick's "Hasty Heart," premieres in New York City January 3, 1945 US aircraft carriers attack Okinawa January 3, 1943 1st missing persons telecast (New York City) January 3, 1943 Canadian Army troops arrive in North Africa January 3, 1942 American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command forms January 3, 1941 Canada and U.S. acquire air bases in Newfoundland (99 yr lease) January 3, 1941 Italian counter offensive in Albania January 3, 1941 Sergei Rachmaninov's "Symphonic Dances" premieres in Philadelphia January 3, 1940 WPG-AM in Atlantic City New Jersey consolidates with WBIL and WOV as "new" WOV January 3, 1939 Gene ** becomes 1st girl page in U.S. House of Representatives January 3, 1938 March of Dimes established to fight polio January 3, 1931 Nels Stewart of Montreal Maroons scores 2 goals in 4 sec (record) January 3, 1929 27 year old William S Paley becomes CBS pres January 3, 1929 Bradman scores 112 vs. England at MCG - his 1st Test century January 3, 1926 Greek gen Theodorus Pangulos names himself dictator January 3, 1925 Mussolini dissolves Italian parliament/becomes dictator January 3, 1924 British egyptologist Howard Carter finds sarcophagus of Tutankhamun January 3, 1922 1st living person identified on a U.S. coin (Thomas E Kirby) on the Alabama Centennial half-dollar January 3, 1921 Turkey makes peace with Armenia January 3, 1920 Arthur Honegger's "Chant de Nigamon," premieres January 3, 1920 New York Yankees purchase Babe Ruth from Red Sox for $125,000 January 3, 1918 US employment service opens as a unit of Department of Labor January 3, 1914 Kelman/Cushing/Heath' musical "Sari," premieres in New York City January 3, 1912 South Pacific RR offers to bring Liberty Bell to Exposition, free January 3, 1911 US postal savings bank inaugurated January 3, 1910 British miners strike for 8 hour working day January 3, 1902 Reg Duff 104 on Test debut, vs. England at MCG January 3, 1900 Gerhart Hauptmanns "Schluck und Jau," premieres in Berlin January 3, 1900 Perihelion Passage January 3, 1896 Emperor Wilhelm congratulates President Kruger on the Jameson Raid January 3, 1890 1st U.S. college-level dairy school opens at University of Wisconsin January 3, 1889 Admissions convention meets in Ellensburg, WA, asks for statehood January 3, 1888 1st wax drinking straw patented, by Marvin C Stone in Washington D.C. January 3, 1876 1st free kindergarten in U.S. opens in Florence, Mass January 3, 1872 1st patent list issued by U.S. Patent Office January 3, 1871 Oleomargarine patented by Henry Bradley, Binghamton, New York January 3, 1870 Brooklyn Bridge construction begins; completed May 24, 1883 January 3, 1868 Meiji Restoration returns authority to Japan's emperors January 3, 1865 Con Orem and Hugh O'Neill box 193 rounds before darkness ends match January 3, 1862 Romney Campaign-Stonewall Jackson moves north from Winchester January 3, 1861 Delaware legislature rejects proposal to join Confederacy January 3, 1861 US Ft. Pulaski and Ft. Jackson, Savannah, seized by Georgia January 3, 1852 1st Chinese arrive in Hawaii January 3, 1847 California town of Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco January 3, 1840 1st deep sea sounding January 3, 1833 Britain seizes control of Falkland Islands in South Atlantic January 3, 1831 1st U.S. building and loan association organized, Frankford, Penn January 3, 1825 Scottish factory owner Robert Owen buys 30,000 acres in Indiana as site for New Harmony utopian community January 3, 1780 Danish national anthem "Kong Kristian...," 1st sung January 3, 1777 Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, NJ January 3, 1752 East Indies invasion "Geldermalsen" leaves at Malakka: 92 killed January 3, 1750 Tax revolt in Haarlem Neth January 3, 1746 Bonnie Prince Charlies army leaves Glasgow, January 3, 1667 Resistance of Androsovo in Russia-Poland January 3, 1667 Russia and Poland sign Truce of Androsovo January 3, 1638 Dutch Premier Van Joost speaks of "Hostage rights of Aemstel" January 3, 1638 Schouwburg Theater, the 1st in Amsterdam, opens January 3, 1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by Roman Catholic Church January 3, 1431 Joan of Arc handed over to the bishop January 3, 1407 Bloody battles between Hoeksen and Kabeljauwen in Dordrecht January 3, 1338 Jacob of Arteveld elected mayor of Ghent January 3, 936 Duke Alberik II of Spoleto appoints his son Pope Leo VII January 3, 269 St. Felix I begins his reign as Catholic Pope January 3, 236 St. Anterus ends his reign as Catholic Pope __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts Some of the cool stuff i found on the list: October 24, 1978 Keith Richards convicted of heroin possession in Toronto October 24, 1973 John Lennon sues U.S. government to admit FBI is tapping his phone October 24, 1945 U.N. charter comes into effect October 24, 1931 Gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years for tax evasion October 24, 1929 "Black Thursday," start of stock market crash, Dow Jones down 12.8% October 24, 1922 Irish Parliament adopts a constitution for an Irish Free State October 24, 1904 1st New York subway opens October 24, 1871 Mob in LA hangs 18 Chinese October 24, 1861 1st transcontinental telegram sent ending Pony Express October 24, 1861 West Virginia seceded from Virginia October 24, 1857 World's 1st soccer club, Sheffield F C, founded in England __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts January 13th : * 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. * 888 - Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks. * 1328 - Edward III of England marries Philippa of Hainault, daughter of the Count of Hainault. * 1547 - Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey is sentenced to death. * 1602 - William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor is published. * 1605 - The controversial play Eastward Hoe by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, and John Marston is performed, landing two of the authors in prison. * 1607 - The Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain. * 1610 - Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, 4th moon of Jupiter. * 1622 - Work on the printing of the First Folio of William Shakespeare is suspended. * 1625 - John Milton is admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge at the age of 16. * 1733 - James Oglethorpe and 130 colonists arrive in Charleston, South Carolina. * 1785 - John Walter publishes the first issue of the Daily Universal Register (later renamed The Times). * 1822 - The design of the Greek flag is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. * 1830 - The Great fire of New Orleans, Louisiana begins. * 1832 - President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina's defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis. * 1840 - The steamship Lexington burns and sinks four miles off the coast of Long Island with the loss of 139 lives. * 1842 - Dr. William Brydon, a surgeon in the British Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 16,500 when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad. * 1847 - The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California. * 1869 - National convention of black leaders meets in Washington D.C. * 1893 - The Independent Labour Party of the UK has its first meeting. * 1893 - U.S. Marines land in Honolulu from the U.S.S. Boston to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution. * 1898 - Emile Zola's J'accuse exposes the Dreyfus affair. * 1908 - Rhoads Opera House fire in Boyertown, PA killing 171 people. * 1910 - Opera was broadcast on the radio for the first time with Enrico Caruso singing from the stage of New York's Metropolitan Opera House. * 1913 - Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated was founded on the campus of Howard University, DC. * 1915 - An earthquake in Avezzano, Italy kills 29,800. * 1930 - The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. * 1934 - The Candidate of Science degree is established in the USSR. * 1935 - A plebiscite in Saarland shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join **** Germany. * 1938 - The Church of England accepts the theory of evolution. * 1939 - The Black Friday bush fires burn 20,000 square kilometres of land in Australia, claiming the lives of 71 people. * 1942 - Henry Ford patents a plastic automobile, which is 30% lighter than a regular car. * 1942 - The United States begins Japanese American internment. * 1942 - World War II: First use of aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter. * 1953 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen as President of Yugoslavia. * 1957 - The Wham-O Company produces the first Frisbee. * 1958 - Moroccan Liberation Army ambushes Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera. * 1964 - Hindu-Muslim rioting breaks out in the Indian city of Calcutta - now Kolkata - resulting in the deaths of more than 100 people. * 1964 - Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, is appointed archbishop of Krakow, Poland. * 1966 - Robert C. Weaver becomes the first African American Cabinet member by being appointed United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. * 1968 - Johnny Cash records his landmark album At Folsom Prison live at Folsom State Prison. * 1972 - Prime Minister Kofi Busia and President Edward Akufo-Addo of Ghana are ousted in a bloodless military coup by Col. Ignatius Kutu Acheamphong. * 1974 - Seraphim is elected Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. * 1982 - Shortly after takeoff, Air Florida Flight 90 737 jet crashes into Washington, DC's 14th Street Bridge and falls into the Potomac River, killing 78 including four motorists. Coincidentally, a Washington DC Metro Rail train is derailed, killing 3 people. * 1986 - A month-long violent struggle begins in Aden, South Yemen between supporters of Ali Nasir Muhammad and Abdul Fattah Ismail, resulting in thousands of casualties. * 1990 - L. Douglas Wilder becomes the first elected African American governor as he takes office in Richmond, Virginia. * 1991 - Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius. * 1992 - Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. * 2001 - An earthquake hits El Salvador, killing more than 800. * 2007 - Two thirds of the Venus's southern hemisphere suddenly brightened as something triggered aerosols to form at a furious rate.[1] [edit] Births * 1334 - King Henry II of Castile (d. 1379) * 1562 - Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet (d. 1601) * 1596 - Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (d. 1656) * 1610 - Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665) * 1616 - Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (d. 1680) * 1635 - Philipp Jakob Spener, German theologian (d. 1705) * 1651 - Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English politician (d. 1694) * 1720 - Richard Hurd, English bishop and writer (d. 1808) * 1749 - Friedrich Mï¿½ller, painter and dramatist (d. 1825) * 1777 - Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820) * 1805 - Thomas Dyer, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1862) * 1808 - Salmon P. Chase, 6th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1873) * 1812 - Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (d. 1883) * 1832 - Horatio Alger, Jr., American minister and author (d. 1899) * 1845 - Fï¿½lix Tisserand, French Astronomer (d. 1896) * 1858 - Oskar Minkowski, Biologist (d.1931) * 1859 - Kostis Palamas, Greek poet (d. 1943) * 1861 - Max Nonne, German neurologist (d. 1959) * 1864 - Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928) * 1865 - Princess Marie of Orlï¿½ans (d. 1908) * 1866 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (d. 1901) * 1870 - Ross Granville Harrison, American biologist (d.1959) * 1878 - Lionel Groulx, Canadian nationalist (d. 1967) * 1869 - Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian aristocrat (d. 1931) * 1884 - Sophie Tucker, Russian-born singer and performer (d. 1966) * 1886 - Art Ross, Canadian ice hockey player and executive (d. 1964) * 1893 - Roy Cazaly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963) * 1893 - Clark Ashton Smith, American writer (d. 1961) * 1901 - Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest (d. 1978) * 1904 - Richard Addinsell, British composer (Warsaw Concerto) (d. 1977) * 1905 - Kay Francis, American actress (d. 1968) * 1909 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist (d. 1934) * 1910 - Yannis Tsarouchis, Greek painter (d. 1989) * 1911 - Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Premier of Queensland (d. 2005) * 1919 - Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003) * 1922 - Albert Lamorisse, French film director and producer (d. 1970) * 1924 - Paul Feyerabend, Austrian-born philosopher (d. 1994) * 1924 - Roland Petit, French choreographer * 1925 - Gwen Verdon, American actress and dancer (d. 2000) * 1926 - Michael Bond, British writer * 1926 - Carolyn Gold Heilbrun, American feminist author (d. 2003) * 1927 - Brock Adams, American politician (d. 2004) * 1927 - Sydney Brenner, British Nobel Laureate * 1930 - Frances Sternhagen, American actress * 1930 - Liz Anderson, American singer * 1931 - Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor (d. 2007) * 1934 - Rip Taylor, American actor * 1935 - Elsa Martinelli, Italian actress * 1935 - Mauro Forghieri, Italian automotive & mechanical engineer (Scuderia Ferrari) * 1938 - William B. Davis, Canadian actor * 1938 - Tord Grip, Swedish football manager * 1939 - Cesare Maniago, Canadian ice hockey player * 1939 - Jacek Gmoch, Polish footballer * 1940 - Edmund White, American author * 1941 - Pasqual Maragall, Spanish politician * 1943 - Richard Moll, American actor * 1943 - Carol Cleveland, English actress * 1946 - Eero Koivistoinen, Finnish musician * 1947 - Jacek Majchrowski, Mayor of Krakï¿½w * 1947 - Carles Rexach, former Spanish-Catalan footballer and coach * 1948 - Gaj Singh, Maharaja of Jodhpur * 1949 - Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive (d. 1997) * 1950 - Bob Forsch, American baseball player * 1950 - John McNaughton, American film director * 1954 - Trevor Rabin, South African guitarist (Yes) * 1955 - Jay McInerney, American writer * 1957 - Lorrie Moore, American writer * 1957 - Mark O'Meara, Major winning American Golfer * 1959 - James Lomenzo, American musician (Megadeth) * 1960 - Takis Lemonis, Greek footballer and coach * 1961 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus, American actress * 1961 - Graham McPherson, English singer * 1961 - Wayne Coyne, American singer (The Flaming Lips) * 1962 - Trace Adkins, American country music singer-songwriter * 1963 - Kevin McClatchy, American businessman * 1964 - Penelope Ann Miller, American actress * 1966 - Patrick Dempsey, American actor * 1967 - George Paterson, Scottish singer/songwriter DMP * 1968 - Traci Bingham, American actress * 1968 - Mike Whitlow, English footballer * 1969 - Stephen Hendry, Scottish snooker player * 1969 - Stefania Belmondo, Italian cross-country skier * 1970 - Keith Coogan, American actor * 1970 - Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004) * 1971 - John Mallory Asher, American film actor/director * 1972 - Nicole Eggert, American actress * 1972 - Atoosa Rubenstein, Iranian-born American magazine editor * 1972 - Vitaly Scherbo, Belarusian gymnast * 1973 - Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian ice hockey player * 1974 - Sergei Brylin, Russian ice hockey player * 1976 - Michael Peï¿½a, American actor * 1976 - Tania Vicent, Canadian short track speed skater * 1977 - Orlando Bloom, English actor * 1980 - Krzysztof Czerwinski, Polish conductor and organist * 1980 - Akira Kaji, Japanese footballer * 1980 - Michael Rupp, American ice hockey player * 1980 - Nils-Eric Johansson, Swedish footballer * 1981 - Reggie Brown, American football player * 1981 - Darrell Rasner, American baseball player * 1981 - Shad Gaspard, American professional wrestler, bodyguard, and actor * 1981 - Jason James, America musician (Bullet for My Valentine) * 1982 - Guillermo Coria, Argentine tennis player * 1983 - Julian Morris, English actor * 1983 - Ronny Turiaf, French basketball player * 1983 - William Hung, American Idol contestant * 1986 - Joannie Rochette, Canadian figure skater * 1989 - Triinu Kivilaan, Estonian singer * 1997 - Marius Borg Hï¿½iby, son of Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway [edit] Deaths * 86 BC - Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician (b. 157 BC) * 703 - Empress Jitō of Japan (b. 645) * 858 - King Ethelwulf of Wessex (b. 795) * 888 - Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 839) * 1138 - Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1076) * 1151 - Abbot Suger, French statesman and historian (b. 1081) * 1177 - Henry II of Austria (b. 1107) * 1330 - Frederick I of Austria (b. 1286) * 1363 - Meinhard III of Gorizia-Tyrol (b. 1344) * 1599 - Edmund Spenser, English poet (b. 1552) * 1630 - Yuan Chonghuan, Chinese military commander (b. 1584) * 1658 - Edward Sexby, English Puritan soldier (b. 1616) * 1691 - George Fox, English founder of the Quakers (b. 1624) * 1766 - King Frederick V of Denmark (b. 1723) * 1775 - Johann Georg Walch, German theologian (b. 1693) * 1790 - Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (b. 1712) * 1796 - John H. D. Anderson, Scottish scientist and inventor (b. 1726) * 1797 - Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern, wife of Frederick II of Prussia (b. 1715) * 1852 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian explorer (b. 1778) * 1853 - Theophilos Kairis, Greek priest, humanist and revolutionary (b. 1783) * 1860 - William Mason, American politician (b. 1786) * 1864 - Stephen Foster, American composer (b. 1826) * 1885 - Schuyler Colfax,American politician (b.1823) * 1889 - Solomon Bundy, American politician (b. 1823) * 1906 - Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859) * 1915 - Mary Slessor, Scottish missionary (b. 1848) * 1923 - Alexandre Ribot, French statesman (b. 1842) * 1924 - Georg Hermann Quincke, German phsycist (b. 1834) * 1929 - Wyatt Earp, American Western lawman (b. 1848) * 1932 - Sophia of Prussia, consort of Constantine I of Greece (b. 1870) * 1934 - Paul Ulrich Villard, French physicist (b. 1860) * 1941 - James Joyce, Irish writer (b. 1882) * 1943 - Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Swiss artist (b. 1889) * 1962 - Ernie Kovacs, American actor and comedian (b. 1919) * 1971 - Robert Still, English composer (b. 1910) * 1974 - Salvador Novo, Mexican writer and poet (b. 1904) * 1974 - Raoul Jobin, Canadian tenor (b. 1906) * 1976 - Margaret Leighton, English actress (b. 1922) * 1978 - Hubert H. Humphrey, 38th Vice President of the United States (b. 1911) * 1978 - Joe McCarthy, American baseball manager (b. 1887) * 1979 - Donny Hathaway, American musician (b. 1945) * 1980 - Andre Kostelanetz, Russian-born popular music conductor and arranger (b. 1901) * 1982 - Marcel Camus, French film director (b. 1912) * 1988 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (b. 1910) * 1993 - Camargo Guarnieri, Brazilian composer (b. 1907) * 2001 - Michael Cuccione, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1985) * 2002 - Ted Demme, American film director (b. 1963) * 2002 - Frank Shuster, Canadian comedian (b. 1916) * 2003 - Norman Panama, American screenwriter and director (b. 1914) * 2004 - Arne Nï¿½ss Jr., Norwegian mountain climber (b. 1937) * 2004 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer (b. 1946) * 2005 - Earl Cameron, Canadian broadcaster (b. 1915) * 2005 - Nell Rankin, American mezzo-soprano (b. 1924) * 2006 - Frank Fixaris, American sportscaster (b. 1934) * 2006 - Marc Potvin, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1967) * 2007 - Michael Brecker, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1949) * 2007 - Danny Oakes, racecar driver (b. 1911) * 2008 - Johnny Podres, American baseball player (b. 1932) [edit] Holidays and observances * In Sweden, Christmas ends on the 20th day, St. Knut's Day or Tjugondag Knut. Children celebrate a party throwing out the Christmas tree (julgransplundring). * In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, in various Russophone communities, and in the Republic of Macedonia the Old New Year is celebrated (the New Year by the Old Style calendar) on the night of January 13/14. * In UK, as proposed by comedian Bob Mills on BBC Radio 5 Live's Fighting Talk this is the day beyond which the penalty for wishing someone a Happy New Year should be death. * Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm designated January 13 "Steve Yzerman Day." [edit] Religious feast days Thanked 17 Times in 17 Posts * 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 - Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland * 1662 - The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. * 1713 - The Kalabalik or Tumult in Bendery results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized. * 1788 - Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent the steamboat. * 1790 - In New York City the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time. * 1793 - French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. * 1796 - The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York. * 1814 - Mayon Volcano, in the Philippines, erupts, killing around 1,200 people; most devastating eruption of Mayon Volcano. * 1856 - Auburn University is chartered as the East Alabama Male College. * 1861 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States. * 1862 - Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly. * 1880 - The first edition of theatrical newspaper The Stage is published. * 1884 - Edition one of the Oxford English Dictionary is published. * 1893 - Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria (West Orange, New Jersey). * 1896 - The opera La bohï¿½me premieres (Turin). * 1897 - Shinhan Bank (former CHB), oldest bank in South Korea, opened in Seoul. * 1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, Prince Luis Filipe are killed in Terreiro do Paco, Lisbon. * 1913 - New York City's Grand Central Terminal opens as the world's largest train station. * 1918 - Russia adopts the Gregorian Calendar. * 1920 - The Royal Canadian Mounted Police begin operations. * 1924 - United Kingdom recognizes USSR. * 1929 - Frenchman Charles Rigoulet is the first weightlifter to lift over 400 lb. (182 kg) in the "clean and jerk" method. * 1943 - World War II: Vidkun Quisling is appointed Premier of Norway by the **** occupiers. * 1946 - Trygve Lie of Norway is picked to be the first United Nations Secretary General. * 1957 - Felix Wankel's first working prototype DKM 54 of the Wankel engine was running at the NSU research and development department Versuchsabteilung TX in Germany * 1958 - Merger of Egypt and Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which lasted until 1961. * 1960 - Four black students stage a sit-in at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. * 1965 - Churchill River, Newfoundland - Hamilton River in Labrador renamed Churchill River in honour of Winston Churchill. * 1968 - Vietnam War: Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem is executed by Nguyen Ngoc Loan a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The execution was videotaped and photographed by Eddie Adams and helped sway public opinion against the war. * 1968 - Official unification of the three military services of Canada, the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force, into the Canadian Forces. * 1968 - Merger of the historic New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad to form ill-fated Penn Central Transportation. * 1969 - Saturday mail delivery in Canada eliminated. * 1972 - Kuala Lumpur became a city by a royal charter granted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. * 1974 - Joelma Building fire - a fire in a 25-story office building kills 189 and injures 293 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. * 1974 - Kuala Lumpur declared a Federal Territory. * 1978 - Director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France after pleading guilty to charges of engaging in sex with a 13-year-old girl. * 1979 - Convicted bank robber Patty Hearst is released from prison after her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter. * 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini is welcomed back into Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile. * 1981 - Trevor Chappell bowls his infamous "Underarm Ball" to Brian McKechnie to prevent New Zealand scoring a 6, and tying the ODI, on the last ball of the third match in the final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup. It directly led to the banning of underarm bowling by the International Cricket Council as not within the spirit of the game. * 1982 - Senegal and Gambia form a loose confederation known as Senegambia. * 1989 - The Western Australian towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder amalgamate to form the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. * 1992 - The Chief Judicial Magistrate of Bhopal court declares Warren Anderson, ex-CEO of Union Carbide, a fugitive under Indian law for failing to appear in the Bhopal Disaster case. * 1994 - In Portland, Oregon Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. * 1996 - The Communications Decency Act is passed by the U.S. Congress. * 2003 - Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. * 2004 - 251 people are trampled to death and 244 injured in a stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia. * 2005 - Nepal King Gyanendra exercises Coup d'ï¿½tat to capture the democracy becoming Chairman of the Councils of ministers. * 2005 - Canada introduces the Civil Marriage Act, making Canada the fourth country to sanction same-sex marriage. I bolded the more interesting ones. I still remember the Columbia. We were having my 23 birthday party. Someone there turned the TV on and that was on the news. Needless to say ruined the life of the party. It was a very sad and horrible day. __________________ December 5, 1997 STS 87 (Columbia 24) lands December 5, 1993 Astronauts begin repair of Hubble telescope in space December 5, 1989 France TGV train reaches world record speed of 482.4 kph December 5, 1988 Shuttle Atlantis launches world's 1st nuclear-war-fighting satellite December 5, 1985 Dow Jones Industrial Average rose above 1,500 level for 1st time December 5, 1985 Great Britain performs nuclear test December 5, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. December 5, 1981 France performs nuclear test December 5, 1978 EG decides establishes EMS, European Monetary System December 5, 1978 Pioneer Venus 1 begins orbiting Venus December 5, 1975 NASA launches space vehicle S-196, it failed December 5, 1974 Monty Python's final episode airs on BBC December 5, 1969 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site December 5, 1967 Benjamin Spock and Allen Ginsberg arrested protesting Vietnam war December 5, 1957 New York City is 1st city to legislate against racial or religious discrimination in housing market (Fair Housing Practices Law) December 5, 1955 Historic bus boycott begins in Montgomery Alabama by Rosa Parks December 5, 1952 Worst smog in London ever, 4-8,000 die December 5, 1946 President Truman creates Committee on Civil Rights by Exec Order 9808 December 5, 1945 "Lost Squadron" crashes east of Florida (Bermuda Triangle) December 5, 1944 German troops rob all the silver coin in Utrecht December 5, 1941 Russian anti offensive in Moscow drives out **** army December 5, 1935 1st coml hydroponics operation established (Montebello California) December 5, 1935 National Council of Negro Women forms by Mary McLeod Bethune (New York City) December 5, 1933 21st Am ratified, 18th Amendment (Prohibition) repealed (5:32 PM EST) December 5, 1932 German physicist Albert Einstein granted a visa December 5, 1929 1st U.S. nudist organization (American League for Physical Culture, New York City) December 5, 1925 German government of Luther falls December 5, 1918 Oil refinery on Curacao opens December 5, 1908 1st football uniform numerals used (University of Pittsburgh) December 5, 1893 1st electric car (built in Toronto) could go 15 miles between charges December 5, 1892 Anti-semite Hermann Ahlwardt elected to Germany's Reichstag December 5, 1879 1st automatic telephone switching system patented December 5, 1876 Daniel Stillson (Mass) patents 1st practical pipe wrench December 5, 1876 Fire at Brooklyn Theater kills 295, trampled or burned to death December 5, 1861 Gatling gun patented December 5, 1854 Aaron Allen of Boston patents folding theater chair December 5, 1848 President Polk triggers Gold Rush of '49, confirms California gold discovery December 5, 1846 C F Schoenbein obtains patent for cellulose nitrate explosive December 5, 1832 Andrew Jackson re-elected president of US December 5, 1804 Thomas Jefferson re-elected U.S. pres/George Clinton vice-pres December 5, 1792 George Washington re-elected U.S. pres December 5, 1776 1st U.S. fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa (William and Mary College), forms December 5, 1766 London auctioneers Christie's hold their 1st sale December 5, 1757 Battle at Leuthen: Prussian army beats Austrians December 5, 1496 Jews are expelled from Portugal by order of King Manuel I December 5, 1492 Columbus discovers Hispaniola (El Espanola/Haiti) December 5, 1456 Earthquake strikes Naples; about 35,000 die December 5, 1349 500 Jews of Nuremberg massacre during Black Death riots birthdays December 5, 1968 Lisa Marie [Sliwa], born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, actress, Mars Attack December 5, 1957 Phil Collen, English heavy-metal guitarist, Def Leppard-Love Bites December 5, 1938 John J Cale, Oklahoma City, rock guitarist, After Midnight December 5, 1903 Cecil Frank Powell, England, physicist, discovered pion, Nobel 1950 December 5, 1901 Werner Heisenberg, German physicist/discovered uncertainty, Nobel 32December 5, 1901 Walt Disney, born in Chicago, animator, Mickey Mouse December 5, 1890 Fritz Lang, Germany, director, M, Metropolis deaths December 5, 1926 Claude Monet, French Artist December 5, 1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer, dies in Vienna Austria at 35 December 5, 1594 Gerardus Mercator, Flemish philosopher/cartographer, dies at 82 December 5, 1560 Francois II, King of France (1559-60), dies at 16 (i shortened it down a bit) __________________	one thousand nine hundred and fifty five
Antares is the brightest star in which constellation?	Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts everyone celebrates my birthday with a bang! july 4th 1984 July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Men's Finals, Roger Federer beat Andy Roddick July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Todd Woodbridge and Jonas Bjorkman beat Julian Knowles and Nenad Zimonjic July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Women's Doubles Finals, Cara Black and Rennae Stubbs beat Ai Sugiyama and Liezel Huber July 4, 2004 Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Finals, Cara Black and her brother Wayne Black beat Todd Woodbridge and Alicia Molik July 4, 2001 Vladivostokavia flight 352 crashes near Burdakovka, killing 145 July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Men's Finals, Pete Sampras beat Andre Agassi July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Women's Finals, Lindsay Davenport beat Steffi Graf July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes beat July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Women's Doubles Finals, Lindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu beat Mariaan de Swardt and Elena Tatarkova July 4, 1999 Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Finals, Leander Paes and Lisa Raymond beat July 4, 1998 Wimbledon Women's Finals, Jana Novotna beat Nathalie Tauziat July 4, 1998 Wimbledon Men's Doubles Finals, Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis beat Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde July 4, 1997 U.S. space probe Pathfinder lands on Ares Vallis Mars July 4, 1996 HotMail, a free internet E-mail service begins July 4, 1995 Birmingham Barracudas play 1st CFL game (vs Winnipeg) July 4, 1994 Russian manned space craft TM-18, lands July 4, 1994 Rwandese Patriot Front occupies Kigali July 4, 1994 U.S. loses to Brazil 1-0 in 1994 World Cup quarter finals July 4, 1993 107th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Pete Sampras beats Courier (76 76 36 63) July 4, 1993 Brandie Burton wins LPGA Jamie Farr Toledo Golf Classic July 4, 1993 Dave Winfield hits 442nd HR to move into 19th place July 4, 1993 Pilar Fort, crowned 25th Miss Black America July 4, 1993 Pizza Hut blimp deflates and lands safely on W 56th street in New York City July 4, 1992 99th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats Monica Seles (62 61) July 4, 1992 John Phillips, rocker (Mamas and Papas), undergoes a liver transplant July 4, 1992 U.S. actress Bobbie Eakes marries author David Stone July 4, 1990 400 New Kids on the Block fans treated for heat exhaustion in Minn July 4, 1990 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island July 4, 1990 Wrestler Brutus Beefcake injured during para-sailing July 4, 1990 2 Live Crew release "Banned in the USA" the lyrics quote Star Spangled Banner and Gettysburg Address July 4, 1989 14 year old actress Drew Barrymore, attempts suicide July 4, 1989 Unmanned Russian Mig-23 crashes in Bellegem-Kooigem, Belgium (1 dies) July 4, 1989 Red's Tom Browning is 3 outs away from his 2nd career perfect game when Phillie Dickie Thon doubles July 4, 1988 102nd Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Stefan Edberg beats Becker (46 76 64 62) July 4, 1988 KC releases pitcher Dan Quisenberry, whose 238 saves are the 4th most July 4, 1988 U.S. Navy shoots down Iranian civilian jetliner over Gulf, kills 290 July 4, 1987 94th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: M Navratilova beats Steffi Graf (75 63) July 4, 1987 Discovery moves to Launch Pad 39B for STS-26 mission July 4, 1987 Imran Khan takes 300th Test Cricket wicket, only Pakistani to do so July 4, 1987 **** Klaus Barbie, "Butcher of Lyon" sentenced to life in France July 4, 1985 Tinker Bell's nightly flight begins July 4, 1984 Funeral for S Nakagawa and burial half his ashes next to N Senzaki July 4, 1984 Kallicharran gets 206 and 6-32 in a NatWest Trophy game July 4, 1984 New York Yankee Phil Niekro is 9th to strikeout 3,000 July 4, 1984 Yuri Sedykh of U.S.S.R. throws hammer a record 86.33 m July 4, 1983 New York Yankee Dave Righetti no-hits the Red Sox July 4, 1982 10th du Maurier Golf Classic (Peter Jackson Classic): Sandra Haynie July 4, 1982 4th Space Shuttle Mission-Columbia 4 lands at Edwards AFB July 4, 1982 96th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: J Connors beats J McEnroe (36 63 67 76 64) July 4, 1982 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado elected president of Mexico July 4, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. July 4, 1982 Yankees bat out of order against Indians in 1st inning July 4, 1981 95th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: John McEnroe beats B Borg (46 76 76 64) July 4, 1981 Clive Rice 105* out of 143 all out, Notts vs. Hants at Bournemouth July 4, 1980 Nolan Ryan is 4th to strikeout 3,000 July 4, 1979 Algerian ex-president Ben Bella freed July 4, 1978 Memphis fire fighters halt 3-day strike under a court order July 4, 1977 Cubs use fielder Larry Bittner as a pitcher July 4, 1977 Nigel Harrison replaces Gary Valentine as bassist of Blondie July 4, 1977 Red Sox wallop a major league-record 8 home runs beating Toronto 9-6 July 4, 1976 Opening ceremony of the Dai Bosatsu monastery Catskill Mt., New York July 4, 1976 Raid on Entebbe-Israel rescues 229 Air France passengers July 4, 1976 Sandra Palmer wins LPGA Bloomington Golf Classic Bicentennial July 4, 1975 82nd Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Billie Jean King beats Goolagong (60 61) July 4, 1974 Mike Marshall goes 9-0 with 3 saves in 20 appearances in 30 days July 4, 1973 Alan Ayckbourne's "Absurd Person Singular," premieres in London July 4, 1973 CARICOM - Caribbean Community and Common Market, forms July 4, 1973 In audience with Italian cyclists, Pope Paul VI praises athletes who "offer the magnificent show of a healthy, strong, generous youth" July 4, 1971 France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island July 4, 1970 100 injured in race rioting in Asbury Park, New Jersey July 4, 1970 84th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Newcombe beats K Rosewall (57 63 62 36 61) July 4, 1970 Casey Kasem's "American Top 40" debuts on LA radio July 4, 1970 Chartered Dan-Air Comet crashes into mountains north of Barcelona, Spain killing 112 vacationing Britons July 4, 1969 "Give Peace a Chance" by Plastic Ono Band is released in U.K. July 4, 1969 140,000 attend Atlanta Pop Festival featuring Led Zep and Janis Joplin July 4, 1969 76th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Ann Jones beats Billie J King (36 63 62) July 4, 1969 Italian Rumor government resigns July 4, 1969 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. July 4, 1968 Arthur Kopit's "Indians," premieres in London July 4, 1968 Radio astronomy satellite Explorer 38 launched (o 450 m) July 4, 1967 Opening ceremony of Tassajara Zen Mountain Center July 4, 1967 Phillies Clay Dairymple ties NL record of 6 walks in doubleheader July 4, 1966 Beatles attacked in Philippines after insulting Imelda Marcos July 4, 1966 Lyndon Baines Johnson signs Freedom of Information Act July 4, 1965 20th U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship won by Carol Mann July 4, 1964 71st Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maria Fraser beats M Court (64 79 63) July 4, 1964 Beachboy's "I Get Around" reaches #1 July 4, 1962 Island Records begins July 4, 1962 KIKU (now KHNL) TV channel 13 in Honolulu, HI (IND) 1st broadcast July 4, 1960 6th LPGA Championship won by Mickey Wright July 4, 1960 America's new 50-star flag honoring Hawaiian statehood unfurled July 4, 1960 Mickey Mantle is 18th to hit 300 HRs July 4, 1959 66th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maria Fraser beats Darlene Hard (64 63) July 4, 1959 America's new 49-star flag honoring Alaska statehood unfurled July 4, 1959 Cayman Islands separated from Jamaica, made a crown colony July 4, 1958 72nd Wimbledon Mens Tennis: A Cooper beats N Fraser (36 63 64 13-11) July 4, 1957 Dutch 2nd Chamber accepts temporary tax increase July 4, 1956 Independence National Historical Park forms in Philadelphia July 4, 1956 U.S. most intense rain fall (1.23" in 1 minute) at Unionville, Maryland July 4, 1954 WMSL (WYUR, now WAFF) TV channel 48 in Huntsville, AL (ABC) begins July 4, 1954 West Germany beats Hungary 3-2 for soccer's 5th World Cup in Bern July 4, 1953 60th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Maureen Connolly beats D Hart (86 75) July 4, 1953 Imre Nagy succeeds Matyas Rakosi as premier of Hungary July 4, 1952 66th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Frank Sedgman beats J Drobny (46 62 63 62) July 4, 1952 Canadain Currency, Mint and Exchange Fund Act allows gold coins of $5, $10, and $20 to be minted July 4, 1950 Braves Sid Gordon ties season grand slam record with 4 July 4, 1950 Truman signs public law 600 (Puerto Ricans write own constitution) July 4, 1947 61st Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Jack Kramer beats Tom P Brown (61 63 62) July 4, 1946 Anti Jewish riots in Kielce Poland, 42 die July 4, 1946 Philippines gains independence from U.S. July 4, 1944 1,100 U.S. guns fire 4th of July salute at German lines in Normandy July 4, 1944 1st Japanese kamikaze attack, U.S. fleet near Iwo Jima July 4, 1944 Allied assault on Carpiquet airport at Caen July 4, 1944 Gestapo arrests German Social Democrat Julius Leber July 4, 1942 1st American bombing mission over enemy-occupied Europe (WW II) July 4, 1942 U.S. air offensive against **-Germany begins July 4, 1941 Latvia partisans shoot 416 Jews dead July 4, 1941 Politburo of Yugoslav Communist Party reorganizes July 4, 1941 Howard Florey and Norman Heatley meet for 1st time, 11 days later they successfully recreate penicillin July 4, 1940 British destroys French battle fleet at Oran, Algeria, 1267 die July 4, 1940 German occupiers forbids anti-*** speeches July 4, 1939 Red Sox Jim Tabor hits 2 grand slams in 1 game July 4, 1939 Yankees retire 1st uniform (Lou Gehrig #4), 1st Old Timers Day July 4, 1938 1st game at Shribe Park, Phila; Braves beat Phillies 10-5 July 4, 1938 France-Turkish friendship treaty July 4, 1936 49th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Hull Jacobs beats H Sperling (62 46 75) July 4, 1936 League of Nations starts sanctions against Italy July 4, 1934 Jordanians revolt in Amsterdam after reduction in employment July 4, 1933 Work begins on Oakland Bay Bridge July 4, 1932 Bradman scores 260, a North American record, vs. Western Ontario July 4, 1931 1st fireworks are held at Cleveland Stadium July 4, 1931 1st trailside museum opens in Cleveland Metroparks July 4, 1930 43rd Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Helen Moody beats Elizabeth Ryan (62 62) July 4, 1929 AM radio station WOWO, Indiana's transmitter burns down July 4, 1927 Ir Sukarno forms PNI (Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia) in Batavia July 4, 1926 Baronie soccer team forms in Breda Neth July 4, 1926 NSDAP-party forms in Weimar July 4, 1925 44 die when Dreyfus Hotel in Boston collapses July 4, 1925 45th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Rene Lacoste beats J Borotra (63 63 46 86) July 4, 1925 Yanks Lefty Grove beats A's Herb Pennock 1-0 in 15 innings July 4, 1923 Jack Dempsey beats Tommy Gibbon in 15 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1919 ADGB (Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund) party forms July 4, 1919 Cincinnati Reds are 10 games back in NL, and win World Series July 4, 1919 Jack Dempsey KOs Jess Willard in Cuba for heavyweight championship July 4, 1918 Altar dedicated at full-scale replica of Stonehenge at Maryhill, Wa July 4, 1914 1st U.S. motorcycle race (300 miles, Dodge City Ks) July 4, 1913 37th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: A F Wilding beats McLoughlin (86 63 10-8) July 4, 1912 Detroit Tiger George Mullen no-hits St. Louis Browns, 7-0 July 4, 1912 Jack Johnson TKOs Jim Flynn in 9 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1911 105 degrees F (41 degrees C) at Vernon, Vermont (state record) July 4, 1911 106 degrees F (41 degrees C) at Nashua, New Hampshire (state record) July 4, 1911 Ty Cobb goes 0 for 4 and ends a 40 game hit streak July 4, 1911 White Sox Ed Walsh stops Ty Cobb's 40-game hitting streak July 4, 1910 Jack Johnson KOs James J Jeffries in 15 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1908 New York Giant George "Hooks" Witse no-hits Philadelphia Phillies, 1-0 in 10 inn July 4, 1907 Tommy Burns KOs Bill Squires in 1 for heavyweight boxing title July 4, 1906 Great Britain, France and Italy grant Independence to Ethiopia July 4, 1905 Philadelphia A's beat Boston Red Sox 4-2 in 20 inning game July 4, 1903 Pacific Cable (SF, Hawaii, Guam, Phil) opens, President TR sends message July 4, 1898 French liner "La Bourgogne" collides with bark Cromartyshire, 560 die July 4, 1898 U.S. flag hoisted over Wake Island (Spanish-American War) July 4, 1895 Katherine Lee Bates publishes "America the Beautiful" July 4, 1894 Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of 1st U.S. autos at 6 MPH July 4, 1894 Republic of Hawaii proclaimed, Sanford B. Dole as president July 4, 1892 James Keir Hardie chosen 1st socialist in British Lower house July 4, 1889 Washington state constitutional convention holds 1st meeting July 4, 1888 1st organized rodeo competition held, Prescott, Arizona July 4, 1886 1st scheduled transcontinental passenger train reaches Pt Moody, BC July 4, 1884 1st U.S. bullfight held (Dodge City Ks) July 4, 1884 Statue of Liberty presented to U.S. in Paris July 4, 1883 Buffalo Bill Cody presents 1st wild west show, North Platte, Nebr July 4, 1882 Telegraph Hill Observatory opens in San Francisco July 4, 1881 Booker T. Washington establishes Tuskegee Institute in Alabama July 4, 1879 Africaner Union forms by Rev SJ du Toit at Cape colony July 4, 1879 Battle at Rorkes Drift: Britain ends attack on Zulus July 4, 1876 1st public exhibition of electric light in San Francisco July 4, 1876 Batholdi visits Bedloe Island, future home of his Statue of Liberty July 4, 1875 White Democrats kill several blacks in terrorist attacks in Vicksburg July 4, 1874 Social Democratic Workmen's Party of North America formed July 4, 1873 Aquarium opens in Woodward Gardens July 4, 1868 Battle at Ueno: last Tokugawa armies defeated July 4, 1866 Firecracker thrown in wood starts fire destroying of Portland, Me July 4, 1865 1st edition of "Alice in Wonderland" is published July 4, 1864 Battle at Chattahoochee River, Georgia July 4, 1863 Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho) July 4, 1863 Failed Confederate assault on Helena Arkansas (640 casualties) July 4, 1863 General Lee's army withdraws from Gettysburg July 4, 1863 Skirmish at Smithburg, Tennessee July 4, 1863 Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Union forces July 4, 1862 Battle at Green River Kentucky (Morgan's Ohio Raid) July 4, 1862 Lewis Carroll creates Alice in Wonderland for Alice P. Liddell July 4, 1862 Battle of Port Royal, South Carolina (Port Royal Ferry) July 4, 1861 In a special session of 27th Congress Lincoln requests 400,000 troops July 4, 1861 Skirmish at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia July 4, 1845 Henry David Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond July 4, 1845 Texas Congress votes for annexation to U.S. July 4, 1836 Wisconsin Territory forms July 4, 1832 "America" 1st sung publicly in Boston July 4, 1829 Cornerstone laid for 1st U.S. mint (Chestnut and Juniper St, Philadelphia) July 4, 1828 Construction begins on B and O (Baltimore-Ohio) 1st U.S. passenger RR July 4, 1827 Slavery abolished in NY July 4, 1819 William Herschel makes last telescopic observation of 1819 comet July 4, 1817 Construction on Erie Canal begins July 4, 1810 French troops occupy Amsterdam July 4, 1802 U.S. Military Academy officially opens at West Point, New York July 4, 1796 1st Independence Day celebration is held July 4, 1789 1st U.S. tariff act July 4, 1779 French fleet occupies Grenada July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence - U.S. gains independence from Britain July 4, 1754 George Washington gives Ft. Necessity to France July 4, 1708 Swedish King Karel XII beats Russians July 4, 1693 Battle at Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs Dutch army July 4, 1672 States of Holland declares "Eternal Edict" void July 4, 1653 British Barebones Parliament goes into session July 4, 1652 Prince of Conde starts blood bath in Paris July 4, 1636 City of Providence, Rhode Island form July 4, 1610 Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II beats Russian and Sweden July 4, 1453 41 Jewish martyrs burned at stake at Breslau July 4, 1415 Angelo Correr becomes Pope Gregory XII July 4, 1301 Battle at Breukelen: Holland vs Lichtenberg July 4, 1187 Battle of Hittin (Tiberias): Saladin defeats Reinoud of Chatillon July 4, 1054 Brightest known super-nova (Crab Nebula) starts shining (23 days) __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts Mine is August 31st 1987 August 31, 2004 The Republican party nominates George W. Bush as its presidential candidate August 31, 2002 WNBA Championships, Los Angeles Sparks beat New York Liberty 2 games to 0 August 31, 1997 "Gin Game," closes at Lyceum Theater New York City after 144 performances August 31, 1997 Don Mattingly's #23 is retired by New York Yankees August 31, 1997 Pittsburgh Senior Golf Classic August 31, 1997 Scott Hoch wins Greater Milwaukee Golf Open with a 26807721201 August 31, 1994 Last Russian soldiers leave Estonia and Latvia August 31, 1994 Northern Ireland Sinn Fein proclaims ceases-fire August 31, 1993 Minnesota Twins beat Cleveland Indians 5-4 in 22 innings August 31, 1993 Venezuela president Carlos Perez flees August 31, 1992 44th Emmy Awards: Northern Exposure, Christopher Lloyd and Dana Delane August 31, 1992 Dynamite explosion in Philipines mine; 500 die August 31, 1992 Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Cleveland OH on WNCX 98.5 FM August 31, 1991 Houston QB David Klingler sets NCAA record with 6 touchdown passes in the 2nd quarter as the Cougars clobbered Louisiana Tech 73-3 August 31, 1991 Jan Berry (Jan and Dean) weds Gertie Filip August 31, 1991 Richard J. Kerr, ends term as deputy director of CIA August 31, 1991 Rockies bat out of order against Expos in 1st inning August 31, 1991 William H. Webster, ends term as 14th director of CIA August 31, 1990 Dennis Eckersley saves his 40th game of the season August 31, 1990 East and West Germany sign a treaty to join legal and political systems August 31, 1990 Ken Griffey Sr &, Jr. are 1st father and son to play on same team each goes 1 for 4 for Seattle Mariners August 31, 1988 5-day power blackout of downtown Seattle begins August 31, 1988 Arbitrator George Nicolau rules owners conspired against free agents August 31, 1988 Bomb attack on office of South Africa Council of Churches August 31, 1987 Curtis Strange sets golf's earning for year record ($697,385) August 31, 1987 Michael Jacskon's "Bad" video premieres on CBS TV August 31, 1987 South Africa longest mine strike in history ends August 31, 1986 Russian cargo ship crashes into cruise ship Admiral Nakhimov; 398 die August 31, 1985 "Prakas" sets trotting mile record of 1:53.4 at Du Quoin, Ill August 31, 1985 Angel Cordero becomes 3rd jockey to ride horses earning over $100 M August 31, 1984 Pinklon Thomas beats Tim Witherspoon in 12 for heavywgt boxing title August 31, 1983 Edwin Moses of USA sets 400m hurdle record (47.02) in Koblenz August 31, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs underground nuclear test August 31, 1981 Dirk Wellham scores 103 on Test Cricket debut, vs. England at Lord's August 31, 1981 Royals manager Jim Frey is fired and replaced by Dick Howser August 31, 1980 "Oklahoma!" closes at Palace Theater New York City after 301 performances August 31, 1980 80th U.S. Golf Amateur Championship won by Hal Sutton August 31, 1980 Poland's Solidarity labor union forms August 31, 1979 16 yr old Tracy Austin defeats 14 yr old Andrea Jaeger at U.S. Open August 31, 1979 Comet Howard-Koomur-Michels collides with Sun August 31, 1979 Donald McHenry named to succeed Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador August 31, 1979 Phillies replaces manager Danny Ozark with Dallas Green August 31, 1978 Constitution adopted by Sri Lanka August 31, 1978 Emily and William Harris plead guilty to 1974 kidnapping of Patty Hearst August 31, 1978 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site August 31, 1977 Aleksandr Fedotov sets aircraft alt rec of 38.26 km (125,524') August 31, 1977 Spyros Kyprianou appointed president of Cyprus August 31, 1977 Ian Smith, espousing racial segregation, wins Rhodesian general election with 80% of overwhelmingly white electorate's vote August 31, 1976 George Harrison found guilty of plagurizing "My Sweet Lord" August 31, 1976 Mexican peso devalued August 31, 1976 Trinidad and Tobago adopts constitution August 31, 1976 Waldemar Cierpinski wins 18th Olympics Marathon (2:09:55.0) August 31, 1975 Former Teamsters' president James Hoffa reported missing August 31, 1973 1st heavyweight championship fight in Japan (Foreman beats Roman) August 31, 1973 PBA National Championship Won by Earl Anthony August 31, 1972 Lasse Viren runs Olympic/world record 10,000m (27:38.4) August 31, 1972 Olga Korbut, U.S.S.R., wins olympic gold medal in gymnastics August 31, 1971 Adrienne Beames runs female world record marathon (2:46:30) August 31, 1971 Dave Scott becomes 1st person to drive a car on Moon August 31, 1970 59th Davis Cup: USA beats Germany in Cleveland (5-0) August 31, 1970 Lonnie McLucas, a Black Panther activist, convicted August 31, 1970 Molukkers occupy Indonesian ambassador's home in Wassenaar August 31, 1970 Peter Yarrow arrested for taking "immoral liberties" with girl, 14 August 31, 1970 WKMJ TV channel 68 in Louisville, Kentucky (PBS) begins broadcasting August 31, 1969 25,000 attend New Orleans Pop Festival August 31, 1968 12,000 die in 7.8 quake destroys 60,000 buildings in NE Iran August 31, 1968 68th U.S. Golf Amateur Championship won by Bruce Fleisher August 31, 1968 Private Eye magazine reports a John Lennon and Yoko Ono album will have a picture of them nude on cover August 31, 1968 Roy Face ties W Johnson's record of 802 pitching appearances with club August 31, 1968 Verne Gagne beats Dick Beyers (Dr. X) in Minn, to become NWA champ August 31, 1966 Referee Leo Horn whistles his last soccer match (Ajax-Bulgaria) August 31, 1965 House of Representatives joins Senate establish Department of Housing and Urban Develop August 31, 1964 Ground is broken for Anaheim Stadium, future home of Angels August 31, 1962 Trinidad and Tobago gain independence from Britain (National Day) August 31, 1961 Amsterdam National Ballet forms August 31, 1960 Agricultural Hall of Fame forms August 31, 1959 48th Davis Cup: Australia beats USA in New York (3-2) August 31, 1959 Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open August 31, 1959 Sandy Koufax breaks Dizzy Dean's NL mark of 18 strikeouts in a game August 31, 1957 Malayasia (formerly Malaya) gains independence from Britain August 31, 1955 1st microwave TV station operated (Lufkin, Texas) August 31, 1955 1st solar automobile demonstrated, Chicago, Illinois August 31, 1955 KTRE TV channel 9 in Lufkin, Texas (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting August 31, 1954 Hurricane Carol (1st major named storm) hits New England, 70 die August 31, 1954 Indians beat Yanks 6-1 for record tying 26 wins in August (1931 A's) August 31, 1954 WMTW TV channel 8 in Portland-Poland Spring, ME (ABC) begins August 31, 1953 KRBC TV channel 9 in Abilene, Texas (NBC) begins broadcasting August 31, 1953 WKBG (now WLVI) TV channel 56 in Cambridge-Boston, MA (IND) begins August 31, 1951 1st 33 1/3 album introduced in Dusseldorf August 31, 1950 Dodger Gil Hodges hits 4 home runs and a single in a game vs Braves August 31, 1948 Queen Wilhelmina celebrates 50th jubilee August 31, 1947 Hungarian Communist Party wins election August 31, 1947 New York Giants set season record for home runs by a club 183 (en route to 221) August 31, 1944 Allied offensive at "Gothen-linie," Italy August 31, 1944 French provisional government moves from Algiers to Paris August 31, 1944 French troops liberate Bordeaux August 31, 1944 Russian-Romanian troops march into Bucharest August 31, 1943 1st battle of Essex/new Yorktown: U.S. assault on Marcus Island August 31, 1943 Japanse occupiers intern Jewish Congregation of Sorabajo August 31, 1942 Battle at Alam Halfa: German and Italians assault August 31, 1942 U boats sunk this month 108 ships (544,000 ton) August 31, 1941 23 U-boats sunk this month (80,000 ton) August 31, 1941 Great Gildersleeve, a spin-off of Fibber McGee and Molly debuts on NBC August 31, 1940 1st edition pf illegal opposition newspaper Free Netherlands August 31, 1940 56 U-boats sunk this month (268,000 ton) August 31, 1940 Fighter Command loses 39/Luftwaffe 41 airplanes August 31, 1940 German occupiers in Netherlands begin soap ration August 31, 1940 U.S. National Guard assembles August 31, 1939 Japanese invasion army driven out of Mongolia August 31, 1939 Staged "Polish" assault on radio station in Gleiwitz August 31, 1938 5th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: All-Stars 28, Washington 16 (74,250) August 31, 1937 Det's rookie Rudy York sets record for home runs of 18 home runs in August August 31, 1935 1st national skeet championship (Indianapolis) August 31, 1935 Chicago White Sox Vern Kennedy no-hits Cleveland Indians, 5-0 August 31, 1935 Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an act prohibiting export of U.S. arms to belligerents August 31, 1935 Russian Aleksei Stachanov digs 6 hours, 105 tons of cabbages August 31, 1935 White Sox Vern Kennedy no-hits Indians 5-0 August 31, 1934 1st NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Chi Bears 0, All-Stars 0 (79,432) August 31, 1928 Brecht and Weils "Dreigroschenoper" premieres August 31, 1924 Paavo Nurmi runs world record 10,000m (30:06.2) August 31, 1923 League of Nations gives Belgium mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (was German) August 31, 1923 Mussolini's troops occupy Korfu August 31, 1920 Belgium starts paying old age pensions August 31, 1920 Detroit radio station is 1st to broadcast a news program on the air August 31, 1919 John Reed forms American Communist Labor Party in Chicago August 31, 1919 Petlyura's Ukrainian Army kills 35 members of a Jewish defense group August 31, 1919 Ukranian (Petlyura) Army recaptures Kiev August 31, 1918 Boston Red Sox, win earliest AL pennent ever (season ended Sept 2) August 31, 1916 Oscar Asche's musical "Chu Chin Chow," premieres in London August 31, 1915 Chicago White Sox Jimmy Lavender no-hits New York Giants, 2-0 August 31, 1914 24.8 cm rainfall at Bloomingdale, Michigan, state record August 31, 1914 General von Kluck decides not to attack Paris August 31, 1914 German troops reconquer Soldau/Neidenburg East-Prussia August 31, 1914 Germany defeats Russia (battle at Tannenberg/30,000 Russians die) August 31, 1913 Soccer club PSV forms in Eindhoven Netherlands August 31, 1911 Anthony Fokker's demonstrates aircraft "Snip" August 31, 1909 A. J. Reach Co. patents cork-centered baseball August 31, 1909 Thure Johnstown wins Stockholm marathon (2:40:34.2) August 31, 1907 Britain and Russia sign treaty with Afghanistan, Persia and Tibet August 31, 1907 England, Russia and France form Triple Entente August 31, 1905 25th U.S. Mens Tennis: Beals C Wright beats Holcombe Ward (62 61 119) August 31, 1905 Mbunga-rebellion takes German Fort Mahenge East-Africa August 31, 1903 Joe McGinnity wins his 3rd doubleheader of month August 31, 1902 Split skirt 1st worn by Mrs. Adolph Landeburg (horse rider) August 31, 1900 British troops over run Johannesburg August 31, 1900 Dodgers' Brickyard Kennedy walks 6 straight Phillies August 31, 1897 General Kitchener occupies Berber, North of Khartoum August 31, 1896 Louis Napoleon Parker's "Rosemary," premieres in New York City August 31, 1895 1st pro football game (QB John Brallier paid $10 and won 12-0) August 31, 1894 Phillies Billy Hamilton steals 7 bases August 31, 1889 Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Cardboard Box" August 31, 1886 1st major earthquake recorded in eastern U.S., at Charleston SC, 110 die August 31, 1886 Crocker-Woolworth National Bank organized August 31, 1881 1st U.S. men's single tennis championships (Newport, RI) August 31, 1864 Atlanta Campaign-Battle of Jonesboro Georgia, 1900 casualties August 31, 1843 Liberty Party nominates James Birneyas presidential candidate August 31, 1842 Micah Rugg patents a nuts and bolts machine August 31, 1842 U.S. Naval Observatory authorized by an act of Congress August 31, 1836 HMS Beagle anchors in Postage Praia, Cape Verde Islands August 31, 1829 Opera "Guillaume Tell" is produced (Paris) August 31, 1778 British kill 17 Stockbridge indians in Bronx during Revolution August 31, 1772 Hurricane destroy ships off Dominica August 31, 1751 English troops under sir Robert Clive occupy Arcot India August 31, 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie reaches Blair Castle Scotland August 31, 1535 Pope Paul II deposed and excommunicated King Henry VIII August 31, 1310 German king Heinrich VII makes his son Johan king of Bohemia August 31, 1230 Utrecht bishop Willebrand grants Swells state justice History Home Copyright 2007 BrainyMedia.co __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts January 3, 2007 Gerald Ford is buried in Grand Rapids, Michigan January 3, 2004 Flash Airlines flight 604 crashes near Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, killing 148 January 3, 1998 "Side Show," closes at Richard Rodgers New York City after 91 performances January 3, 1998 Grandpa Jones suffers a stroke January 3, 1997 Bryant Gumbel co-hosted his final Today show on NBC-TV January 3, 1997 Eddo Brandes takes ODI hat-trick vs. England at Harare January 3, 1997 Zimbabwe clean-sweep ODI series vs. England 3-0 January 3, 1994 "Gray's Anatomy" closes at Beaumont Theater New York City after 13 performances January 3, 1994 100s killed in Venezuela in prison revolt January 3, 1994 Tupolev-154M crashes at Irkutsk, Siberia: 122 killed January 3, 1994 35-foot-tall Chief Wahoo, trademark of Indians on top of Stadium since 1962, is taken down, to be moved to Jacob's Field January 3, 1993 "Catskills on Broadway" closes at Lunt-Fontanne New York City after 452 performances January 3, 1993 "Christmas Carol" closes at Broadhurst Theater New York City after 22 performances January 3, 1993 "Lost in Yonkers" closes at Richard Rodgers New York City after 780 performances January 3, 1993 "Secret Garden" closes at St. James Theater New York City after 706 performances January 3, 1993 "Tommy Tune Tonite!" closes at Gershwin New York City after 10 performances January 3, 1993 Junk bond king Michael Milkin is released from jail after 22 months January 3, 1992 32 Cubans defect to the U.S. via helicopter January 3, 1992 Boon completes 11 Test Cricket century, 129* vs. India at Sydney January 3, 1991 Israel reopens consulate in U.S.S.R. after 23 years January 3, 1991 LA King Wayne Gretzky scores his 700th goal against New York Islanders January 3, 1990 Panama's leader Gen Manuel Noriega surrenders to U.S. authorities January 3, 1989 Jim and Tammy Bakker return to TV (Oy Vey!) January 3, 1989 Russian newspaper Izvestia gets its 1st commercial advertisement January 3, 1988 Israel orders 9 Palestinian "instigators" deported from W Beirut January 3, 1988 Margaret Thatcher becomes longest-serving British Prime Minister this century January 3, 1987 "Oh Coward!" closes at Helen Hayes Theater New York City after 56 performances January 3, 1987 "Smile" closes at Lunt-Fontanne Theater New York City after 48 performances January 3, 1987 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducts 1st female artist Aretha Franklin January 3, 1987 Singer/Miss America Vanessa Williams marries Ramon T Hervey in New York City January 3, 1985 Azharuddin scores 110 in 1st Test innings January 3, 1985 Israel government confirms resettlement of 10,000 Ethiopian Jews January 3, 1984 Syria frees captured U.S. pilot after appeal from Jesse Jackson January 3, 1983 Tony Dorsett sets NFL record with 99-yd rush, Dallas vs Minnesota January 3, 1981 55th Australian Womens Tennis: H Mandlikova beats W Turnbull (60 75) January 3, 1981 Cleveland Cavaliers retire jersey # 34, Austin Carr January 3, 1981 Greg Chappell scores 204 vs. India at the SCG January 3, 1981 Mary Terstegge Meagher swims female record 100 m butterfly (58.91) January 3, 1980 Gold hits record $634 an ounce January 3, 1978 Chandrasekar takes 6-52 and 6-52 at MCG in Indian innings win January 3, 1977 Apple Computers incorporated January 3, 1977 Lindy McDaniel retires with 2nd most pitching appearances (987 games) January 3, 1976 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site January 3, 1974 Arias Navarro succeeds Carrero Blanco as premier of Spain January 3, 1974 Burma accepts its constitution January 3, 1974 Gold hits record $121.25 an ounce in London January 3, 1974 Miguel Pinero's "Short Eyes," premieres in New York City January 3, 1974 New York Yankees sign Bill Virdon as manager January 3, 1973 George Steinbrenner III buys Yankees from CBS for $12 million January 3, 1971 "President's Daughter" closes at Billy Rose Theater New York City after 72 performances January 3, 1971 Baltimore Colts beat Oakland Raiders 27-17 in AFC championship game January 3, 1971 Dallas Cowboys beat San Francisco '49ers 17-10 in NFC championship game January 3, 1970 "Jimmy" closes at Winter Garden Theater New York City after 84 performances January 3, 1970 "Mame" closes at Winter Garden Theater New York City after 1508 performances January 3, 1970 Marxist government takes over in Congo January 3, 1970 WHAG TV channel 25 in Hagerstown, MD (NBC) begins broadcasting January 3, 1969 John Lennon's "2 Virgins" album declared pornographic in NJ January 3, 1969 Rep Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. seated by Congress January 3, 1967 "Tonight Show" is shortened from 105 to 90 minutes January 3, 1967 Carl Wilson of the Beach Boys is indicted for draft evasion January 3, 1967 WJAN TV channel 17 in Canton, OH (IND) begins broadcasting January 3, 1966 Floyd B McKissick, named national director of CORE January 3, 1964 Jack Paar Show, shows a clip of the Beatles singing "She Loves You" January 3, 1963 WOUB TV channel 20 in Athens, OH (PBS) begins broadcasting January 3, 1962 Ground is broken for the Houston Astrodome January 3, 1962 Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro January 3, 1961 Adam Clayton Powell elected Chairman of House Education and Labor January 3, 1961 US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba January 3, 1959 Alaska admitted as 49th U.S. state January 3, 1958 Edmund Hillary reaches South Pole overland January 3, 1958 Lindsay Kline takes a hat-trick vs. South Africa at Cape Town January 3, 1957 1st electric watch introduced, Lancaster Pa January 3, 1955 Jose Ramon Guizado becomes president of Panama January 3, 1952 "Dragnet" with Jack Webb premieres on NBC TV January 3, 1952 Australia beat West Indies by one wicket at the MCG, last stand 38 January 3, 1951 9 Jewish Kremlin physicians "exposed" as British/US agents January 3, 1951 Fred Wilt wins AAU Sullivan Memorial Trophy (U.S. athlete of 1950) January 3, 1949 "Colgate Theater" dramatic anthology series premieres on NBC TV January 3, 1948 Bradman completes dual Test tons (132 and 127) vs. India MCG January 3, 1947 1st opening session of Congress to be televised January 3, 1947 William Dawson becomes 1st black to head congressional committee January 3, 1945 Allies land on west coast of Burma, conquer Akyab January 3, 1945 British Premier Winston Churchill visits France January 3, 1945 Cato-Meridian School, New York, installs germicidal lamps in every room January 3, 1945 Greek General Plastiras forms government January 3, 1945 John Patrick's "Hasty Heart," premieres in New York City January 3, 1945 US aircraft carriers attack Okinawa January 3, 1943 1st missing persons telecast (New York City) January 3, 1943 Canadian Army troops arrive in North Africa January 3, 1942 American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command forms January 3, 1941 Canada and U.S. acquire air bases in Newfoundland (99 yr lease) January 3, 1941 Italian counter offensive in Albania January 3, 1941 Sergei Rachmaninov's "Symphonic Dances" premieres in Philadelphia January 3, 1940 WPG-AM in Atlantic City New Jersey consolidates with WBIL and WOV as "new" WOV January 3, 1939 Gene ** becomes 1st girl page in U.S. House of Representatives January 3, 1938 March of Dimes established to fight polio January 3, 1931 Nels Stewart of Montreal Maroons scores 2 goals in 4 sec (record) January 3, 1929 27 year old William S Paley becomes CBS pres January 3, 1929 Bradman scores 112 vs. England at MCG - his 1st Test century January 3, 1926 Greek gen Theodorus Pangulos names himself dictator January 3, 1925 Mussolini dissolves Italian parliament/becomes dictator January 3, 1924 British egyptologist Howard Carter finds sarcophagus of Tutankhamun January 3, 1922 1st living person identified on a U.S. coin (Thomas E Kirby) on the Alabama Centennial half-dollar January 3, 1921 Turkey makes peace with Armenia January 3, 1920 Arthur Honegger's "Chant de Nigamon," premieres January 3, 1920 New York Yankees purchase Babe Ruth from Red Sox for $125,000 January 3, 1918 US employment service opens as a unit of Department of Labor January 3, 1914 Kelman/Cushing/Heath' musical "Sari," premieres in New York City January 3, 1912 South Pacific RR offers to bring Liberty Bell to Exposition, free January 3, 1911 US postal savings bank inaugurated January 3, 1910 British miners strike for 8 hour working day January 3, 1902 Reg Duff 104 on Test debut, vs. England at MCG January 3, 1900 Gerhart Hauptmanns "Schluck und Jau," premieres in Berlin January 3, 1900 Perihelion Passage January 3, 1896 Emperor Wilhelm congratulates President Kruger on the Jameson Raid January 3, 1890 1st U.S. college-level dairy school opens at University of Wisconsin January 3, 1889 Admissions convention meets in Ellensburg, WA, asks for statehood January 3, 1888 1st wax drinking straw patented, by Marvin C Stone in Washington D.C. January 3, 1876 1st free kindergarten in U.S. opens in Florence, Mass January 3, 1872 1st patent list issued by U.S. Patent Office January 3, 1871 Oleomargarine patented by Henry Bradley, Binghamton, New York January 3, 1870 Brooklyn Bridge construction begins; completed May 24, 1883 January 3, 1868 Meiji Restoration returns authority to Japan's emperors January 3, 1865 Con Orem and Hugh O'Neill box 193 rounds before darkness ends match January 3, 1862 Romney Campaign-Stonewall Jackson moves north from Winchester January 3, 1861 Delaware legislature rejects proposal to join Confederacy January 3, 1861 US Ft. Pulaski and Ft. Jackson, Savannah, seized by Georgia January 3, 1852 1st Chinese arrive in Hawaii January 3, 1847 California town of Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco January 3, 1840 1st deep sea sounding January 3, 1833 Britain seizes control of Falkland Islands in South Atlantic January 3, 1831 1st U.S. building and loan association organized, Frankford, Penn January 3, 1825 Scottish factory owner Robert Owen buys 30,000 acres in Indiana as site for New Harmony utopian community January 3, 1780 Danish national anthem "Kong Kristian...," 1st sung January 3, 1777 Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, NJ January 3, 1752 East Indies invasion "Geldermalsen" leaves at Malakka: 92 killed January 3, 1750 Tax revolt in Haarlem Neth January 3, 1746 Bonnie Prince Charlies army leaves Glasgow, January 3, 1667 Resistance of Androsovo in Russia-Poland January 3, 1667 Russia and Poland sign Truce of Androsovo January 3, 1638 Dutch Premier Van Joost speaks of "Hostage rights of Aemstel" January 3, 1638 Schouwburg Theater, the 1st in Amsterdam, opens January 3, 1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by Roman Catholic Church January 3, 1431 Joan of Arc handed over to the bishop January 3, 1407 Bloody battles between Hoeksen and Kabeljauwen in Dordrecht January 3, 1338 Jacob of Arteveld elected mayor of Ghent January 3, 936 Duke Alberik II of Spoleto appoints his son Pope Leo VII January 3, 269 St. Felix I begins his reign as Catholic Pope January 3, 236 St. Anterus ends his reign as Catholic Pope __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts Some of the cool stuff i found on the list: October 24, 1978 Keith Richards convicted of heroin possession in Toronto October 24, 1973 John Lennon sues U.S. government to admit FBI is tapping his phone October 24, 1945 U.N. charter comes into effect October 24, 1931 Gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years for tax evasion October 24, 1929 "Black Thursday," start of stock market crash, Dow Jones down 12.8% October 24, 1922 Irish Parliament adopts a constitution for an Irish Free State October 24, 1904 1st New York subway opens October 24, 1871 Mob in LA hangs 18 Chinese October 24, 1861 1st transcontinental telegram sent ending Pony Express October 24, 1861 West Virginia seceded from Virginia October 24, 1857 World's 1st soccer club, Sheffield F C, founded in England __________________ Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts January 13th : * 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. * 888 - Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks. * 1328 - Edward III of England marries Philippa of Hainault, daughter of the Count of Hainault. * 1547 - Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey is sentenced to death. * 1602 - William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor is published. * 1605 - The controversial play Eastward Hoe by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, and John Marston is performed, landing two of the authors in prison. * 1607 - The Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain. * 1610 - Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, 4th moon of Jupiter. * 1622 - Work on the printing of the First Folio of William Shakespeare is suspended. * 1625 - John Milton is admitted to Christ's College, Cambridge at the age of 16. * 1733 - James Oglethorpe and 130 colonists arrive in Charleston, South Carolina. * 1785 - John Walter publishes the first issue of the Daily Universal Register (later renamed The Times). * 1822 - The design of the Greek flag is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. * 1830 - The Great fire of New Orleans, Louisiana begins. * 1832 - President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina's defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis. * 1840 - The steamship Lexington burns and sinks four miles off the coast of Long Island with the loss of 139 lives. * 1842 - Dr. William Brydon, a surgeon in the British Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 16,500 when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad. * 1847 - The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California. * 1869 - National convention of black leaders meets in Washington D.C. * 1893 - The Independent Labour Party of the UK has its first meeting. * 1893 - U.S. Marines land in Honolulu from the U.S.S. Boston to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution. * 1898 - Emile Zola's J'accuse exposes the Dreyfus affair. * 1908 - Rhoads Opera House fire in Boyertown, PA killing 171 people. * 1910 - Opera was broadcast on the radio for the first time with Enrico Caruso singing from the stage of New York's Metropolitan Opera House. * 1913 - Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated was founded on the campus of Howard University, DC. * 1915 - An earthquake in Avezzano, Italy kills 29,800. * 1930 - The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. * 1934 - The Candidate of Science degree is established in the USSR. * 1935 - A plebiscite in Saarland shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join **** Germany. * 1938 - The Church of England accepts the theory of evolution. * 1939 - The Black Friday bush fires burn 20,000 square kilometres of land in Australia, claiming the lives of 71 people. * 1942 - Henry Ford patents a plastic automobile, which is 30% lighter than a regular car. * 1942 - The United States begins Japanese American internment. * 1942 - World War II: First use of aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter. * 1953 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen as President of Yugoslavia. * 1957 - The Wham-O Company produces the first Frisbee. * 1958 - Moroccan Liberation Army ambushes Spanish patrol in the Battle of Edchera. * 1964 - Hindu-Muslim rioting breaks out in the Indian city of Calcutta - now Kolkata - resulting in the deaths of more than 100 people. * 1964 - Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, is appointed archbishop of Krakow, Poland. * 1966 - Robert C. Weaver becomes the first African American Cabinet member by being appointed United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. * 1968 - Johnny Cash records his landmark album At Folsom Prison live at Folsom State Prison. * 1972 - Prime Minister Kofi Busia and President Edward Akufo-Addo of Ghana are ousted in a bloodless military coup by Col. Ignatius Kutu Acheamphong. * 1974 - Seraphim is elected Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. * 1982 - Shortly after takeoff, Air Florida Flight 90 737 jet crashes into Washington, DC's 14th Street Bridge and falls into the Potomac River, killing 78 including four motorists. Coincidentally, a Washington DC Metro Rail train is derailed, killing 3 people. * 1986 - A month-long violent struggle begins in Aden, South Yemen between supporters of Ali Nasir Muhammad and Abdul Fattah Ismail, resulting in thousands of casualties. * 1990 - L. Douglas Wilder becomes the first elected African American governor as he takes office in Richmond, Virginia. * 1991 - Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius. * 1992 - Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. * 2001 - An earthquake hits El Salvador, killing more than 800. * 2007 - Two thirds of the Venus's southern hemisphere suddenly brightened as something triggered aerosols to form at a furious rate.[1] [edit] Births * 1334 - King Henry II of Castile (d. 1379) * 1562 - Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet (d. 1601) * 1596 - Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (d. 1656) * 1610 - Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665) * 1616 - Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (d. 1680) * 1635 - Philipp Jakob Spener, German theologian (d. 1705) * 1651 - Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English politician (d. 1694) * 1720 - Richard Hurd, English bishop and writer (d. 1808) * 1749 - Friedrich Mï¿½ller, painter and dramatist (d. 1825) * 1777 - Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820) * 1805 - Thomas Dyer, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1862) * 1808 - Salmon P. Chase, 6th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1873) * 1812 - Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (d. 1883) * 1832 - Horatio Alger, Jr., American minister and author (d. 1899) * 1845 - Fï¿½lix Tisserand, French Astronomer (d. 1896) * 1858 - Oskar Minkowski, Biologist (d.1931) * 1859 - Kostis Palamas, Greek poet (d. 1943) * 1861 - Max Nonne, German neurologist (d. 1959) * 1864 - Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928) * 1865 - Princess Marie of Orlï¿½ans (d. 1908) * 1866 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (d. 1901) * 1870 - Ross Granville Harrison, American biologist (d.1959) * 1878 - Lionel Groulx, Canadian nationalist (d. 1967) * 1869 - Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian aristocrat (d. 1931) * 1884 - Sophie Tucker, Russian-born singer and performer (d. 1966) * 1886 - Art Ross, Canadian ice hockey player and executive (d. 1964) * 1893 - Roy Cazaly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963) * 1893 - Clark Ashton Smith, American writer (d. 1961) * 1901 - Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest (d. 1978) * 1904 - Richard Addinsell, British composer (Warsaw Concerto) (d. 1977) * 1905 - Kay Francis, American actress (d. 1968) * 1909 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist (d. 1934) * 1910 - Yannis Tsarouchis, Greek painter (d. 1989) * 1911 - Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Premier of Queensland (d. 2005) * 1919 - Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003) * 1922 - Albert Lamorisse, French film director and producer (d. 1970) * 1924 - Paul Feyerabend, Austrian-born philosopher (d. 1994) * 1924 - Roland Petit, French choreographer * 1925 - Gwen Verdon, American actress and dancer (d. 2000) * 1926 - Michael Bond, British writer * 1926 - Carolyn Gold Heilbrun, American feminist author (d. 2003) * 1927 - Brock Adams, American politician (d. 2004) * 1927 - Sydney Brenner, British Nobel Laureate * 1930 - Frances Sternhagen, American actress * 1930 - Liz Anderson, American singer * 1931 - Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor (d. 2007) * 1934 - Rip Taylor, American actor * 1935 - Elsa Martinelli, Italian actress * 1935 - Mauro Forghieri, Italian automotive & mechanical engineer (Scuderia Ferrari) * 1938 - William B. Davis, Canadian actor * 1938 - Tord Grip, Swedish football manager * 1939 - Cesare Maniago, Canadian ice hockey player * 1939 - Jacek Gmoch, Polish footballer * 1940 - Edmund White, American author * 1941 - Pasqual Maragall, Spanish politician * 1943 - Richard Moll, American actor * 1943 - Carol Cleveland, English actress * 1946 - Eero Koivistoinen, Finnish musician * 1947 - Jacek Majchrowski, Mayor of Krakï¿½w * 1947 - Carles Rexach, former Spanish-Catalan footballer and coach * 1948 - Gaj Singh, Maharaja of Jodhpur * 1949 - Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive (d. 1997) * 1950 - Bob Forsch, American baseball player * 1950 - John McNaughton, American film director * 1954 - Trevor Rabin, South African guitarist (Yes) * 1955 - Jay McInerney, American writer * 1957 - Lorrie Moore, American writer * 1957 - Mark O'Meara, Major winning American Golfer * 1959 - James Lomenzo, American musician (Megadeth) * 1960 - Takis Lemonis, Greek footballer and coach * 1961 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus, American actress * 1961 - Graham McPherson, English singer * 1961 - Wayne Coyne, American singer (The Flaming Lips) * 1962 - Trace Adkins, American country music singer-songwriter * 1963 - Kevin McClatchy, American businessman * 1964 - Penelope Ann Miller, American actress * 1966 - Patrick Dempsey, American actor * 1967 - George Paterson, Scottish singer/songwriter DMP * 1968 - Traci Bingham, American actress * 1968 - Mike Whitlow, English footballer * 1969 - Stephen Hendry, Scottish snooker player * 1969 - Stefania Belmondo, Italian cross-country skier * 1970 - Keith Coogan, American actor * 1970 - Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (d. 2004) * 1971 - John Mallory Asher, American film actor/director * 1972 - Nicole Eggert, American actress * 1972 - Atoosa Rubenstein, Iranian-born American magazine editor * 1972 - Vitaly Scherbo, Belarusian gymnast * 1973 - Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian ice hockey player * 1974 - Sergei Brylin, Russian ice hockey player * 1976 - Michael Peï¿½a, American actor * 1976 - Tania Vicent, Canadian short track speed skater * 1977 - Orlando Bloom, English actor * 1980 - Krzysztof Czerwinski, Polish conductor and organist * 1980 - Akira Kaji, Japanese footballer * 1980 - Michael Rupp, American ice hockey player * 1980 - Nils-Eric Johansson, Swedish footballer * 1981 - Reggie Brown, American football player * 1981 - Darrell Rasner, American baseball player * 1981 - Shad Gaspard, American professional wrestler, bodyguard, and actor * 1981 - Jason James, America musician (Bullet for My Valentine) * 1982 - Guillermo Coria, Argentine tennis player * 1983 - Julian Morris, English actor * 1983 - Ronny Turiaf, French basketball player * 1983 - William Hung, American Idol contestant * 1986 - Joannie Rochette, Canadian figure skater * 1989 - Triinu Kivilaan, Estonian singer * 1997 - Marius Borg Hï¿½iby, son of Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway [edit] Deaths * 86 BC - Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician (b. 157 BC) * 703 - Empress Jitō of Japan (b. 645) * 858 - King Ethelwulf of Wessex (b. 795) * 888 - Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 839) * 1138 - Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1076) * 1151 - Abbot Suger, French statesman and historian (b. 1081) * 1177 - Henry II of Austria (b. 1107) * 1330 - Frederick I of Austria (b. 1286) * 1363 - Meinhard III of Gorizia-Tyrol (b. 1344) * 1599 - Edmund Spenser, English poet (b. 1552) * 1630 - Yuan Chonghuan, Chinese military commander (b. 1584) * 1658 - Edward Sexby, English Puritan soldier (b. 1616) * 1691 - George Fox, English founder of the Quakers (b. 1624) * 1766 - King Frederick V of Denmark (b. 1723) * 1775 - Johann Georg Walch, German theologian (b. 1693) * 1790 - Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (b. 1712) * 1796 - John H. D. Anderson, Scottish scientist and inventor (b. 1726) * 1797 - Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern, wife of Frederick II of Prussia (b. 1715) * 1852 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian explorer (b. 1778) * 1853 - Theophilos Kairis, Greek priest, humanist and revolutionary (b. 1783) * 1860 - William Mason, American politician (b. 1786) * 1864 - Stephen Foster, American composer (b. 1826) * 1885 - Schuyler Colfax,American politician (b.1823) * 1889 - Solomon Bundy, American politician (b. 1823) * 1906 - Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859) * 1915 - Mary Slessor, Scottish missionary (b. 1848) * 1923 - Alexandre Ribot, French statesman (b. 1842) * 1924 - Georg Hermann Quincke, German phsycist (b. 1834) * 1929 - Wyatt Earp, American Western lawman (b. 1848) * 1932 - Sophia of Prussia, consort of Constantine I of Greece (b. 1870) * 1934 - Paul Ulrich Villard, French physicist (b. 1860) * 1941 - James Joyce, Irish writer (b. 1882) * 1943 - Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Swiss artist (b. 1889) * 1962 - Ernie Kovacs, American actor and comedian (b. 1919) * 1971 - Robert Still, English composer (b. 1910) * 1974 - Salvador Novo, Mexican writer and poet (b. 1904) * 1974 - Raoul Jobin, Canadian tenor (b. 1906) * 1976 - Margaret Leighton, English actress (b. 1922) * 1978 - Hubert H. Humphrey, 38th Vice President of the United States (b. 1911) * 1978 - Joe McCarthy, American baseball manager (b. 1887) * 1979 - Donny Hathaway, American musician (b. 1945) * 1980 - Andre Kostelanetz, Russian-born popular music conductor and arranger (b. 1901) * 1982 - Marcel Camus, French film director (b. 1912) * 1988 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (b. 1910) * 1993 - Camargo Guarnieri, Brazilian composer (b. 1907) * 2001 - Michael Cuccione, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1985) * 2002 - Ted Demme, American film director (b. 1963) * 2002 - Frank Shuster, Canadian comedian (b. 1916) * 2003 - Norman Panama, American screenwriter and director (b. 1914) * 2004 - Arne Nï¿½ss Jr., Norwegian mountain climber (b. 1937) * 2004 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer (b. 1946) * 2005 - Earl Cameron, Canadian broadcaster (b. 1915) * 2005 - Nell Rankin, American mezzo-soprano (b. 1924) * 2006 - Frank Fixaris, American sportscaster (b. 1934) * 2006 - Marc Potvin, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1967) * 2007 - Michael Brecker, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1949) * 2007 - Danny Oakes, racecar driver (b. 1911) * 2008 - Johnny Podres, American baseball player (b. 1932) [edit] Holidays and observances * In Sweden, Christmas ends on the 20th day, St. Knut's Day or Tjugondag Knut. Children celebrate a party throwing out the Christmas tree (julgransplundring). * In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, in various Russophone communities, and in the Republic of Macedonia the Old New Year is celebrated (the New Year by the Old Style calendar) on the night of January 13/14. * In UK, as proposed by comedian Bob Mills on BBC Radio 5 Live's Fighting Talk this is the day beyond which the penalty for wishing someone a Happy New Year should be death. * Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm designated January 13 "Steve Yzerman Day." [edit] Religious feast days Thanked 17 Times in 17 Posts * 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 - Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland * 1662 - The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. * 1713 - The Kalabalik or Tumult in Bendery results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized. * 1788 - Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent the steamboat. * 1790 - In New York City the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time. * 1793 - French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. * 1796 - The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York. * 1814 - Mayon Volcano, in the Philippines, erupts, killing around 1,200 people; most devastating eruption of Mayon Volcano. * 1856 - Auburn University is chartered as the East Alabama Male College. * 1861 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States. * 1862 - Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly. * 1880 - The first edition of theatrical newspaper The Stage is published. * 1884 - Edition one of the Oxford English Dictionary is published. * 1893 - Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria (West Orange, New Jersey). * 1896 - The opera La bohï¿½me premieres (Turin). * 1897 - Shinhan Bank (former CHB), oldest bank in South Korea, opened in Seoul. * 1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, Prince Luis Filipe are killed in Terreiro do Paco, Lisbon. * 1913 - New York City's Grand Central Terminal opens as the world's largest train station. * 1918 - Russia adopts the Gregorian Calendar. * 1920 - The Royal Canadian Mounted Police begin operations. * 1924 - United Kingdom recognizes USSR. * 1929 - Frenchman Charles Rigoulet is the first weightlifter to lift over 400 lb. (182 kg) in the "clean and jerk" method. * 1943 - World War II: Vidkun Quisling is appointed Premier of Norway by the **** occupiers. * 1946 - Trygve Lie of Norway is picked to be the first United Nations Secretary General. * 1957 - Felix Wankel's first working prototype DKM 54 of the Wankel engine was running at the NSU research and development department Versuchsabteilung TX in Germany * 1958 - Merger of Egypt and Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which lasted until 1961. * 1960 - Four black students stage a sit-in at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. * 1965 - Churchill River, Newfoundland - Hamilton River in Labrador renamed Churchill River in honour of Winston Churchill. * 1968 - Vietnam War: Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem is executed by Nguyen Ngoc Loan a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The execution was videotaped and photographed by Eddie Adams and helped sway public opinion against the war. * 1968 - Official unification of the three military services of Canada, the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force, into the Canadian Forces. * 1968 - Merger of the historic New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad to form ill-fated Penn Central Transportation. * 1969 - Saturday mail delivery in Canada eliminated. * 1972 - Kuala Lumpur became a city by a royal charter granted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. * 1974 - Joelma Building fire - a fire in a 25-story office building kills 189 and injures 293 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. * 1974 - Kuala Lumpur declared a Federal Territory. * 1978 - Director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France after pleading guilty to charges of engaging in sex with a 13-year-old girl. * 1979 - Convicted bank robber Patty Hearst is released from prison after her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter. * 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini is welcomed back into Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile. * 1981 - Trevor Chappell bowls his infamous "Underarm Ball" to Brian McKechnie to prevent New Zealand scoring a 6, and tying the ODI, on the last ball of the third match in the final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup. It directly led to the banning of underarm bowling by the International Cricket Council as not within the spirit of the game. * 1982 - Senegal and Gambia form a loose confederation known as Senegambia. * 1989 - The Western Australian towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder amalgamate to form the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder. * 1992 - The Chief Judicial Magistrate of Bhopal court declares Warren Anderson, ex-CEO of Union Carbide, a fugitive under Indian law for failing to appear in the Bhopal Disaster case. * 1994 - In Portland, Oregon Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. * 1996 - The Communications Decency Act is passed by the U.S. Congress. * 2003 - Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. * 2004 - 251 people are trampled to death and 244 injured in a stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia. * 2005 - Nepal King Gyanendra exercises Coup d'ï¿½tat to capture the democracy becoming Chairman of the Councils of ministers. * 2005 - Canada introduces the Civil Marriage Act, making Canada the fourth country to sanction same-sex marriage. I bolded the more interesting ones. I still remember the Columbia. We were having my 23 birthday party. Someone there turned the TV on and that was on the news. Needless to say ruined the life of the party. It was a very sad and horrible day. __________________ December 5, 1997 STS 87 (Columbia 24) lands December 5, 1993 Astronauts begin repair of Hubble telescope in space December 5, 1989 France TGV train reaches world record speed of 482.4 kph December 5, 1988 Shuttle Atlantis launches world's 1st nuclear-war-fighting satellite December 5, 1985 Dow Jones Industrial Average rose above 1,500 level for 1st time December 5, 1985 Great Britain performs nuclear test December 5, 1982 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk U.S.S.R. December 5, 1981 France performs nuclear test December 5, 1978 EG decides establishes EMS, European Monetary System December 5, 1978 Pioneer Venus 1 begins orbiting Venus December 5, 1975 NASA launches space vehicle S-196, it failed December 5, 1974 Monty Python's final episode airs on BBC December 5, 1969 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site December 5, 1967 Benjamin Spock and Allen Ginsberg arrested protesting Vietnam war December 5, 1957 New York City is 1st city to legislate against racial or religious discrimination in housing market (Fair Housing Practices Law) December 5, 1955 Historic bus boycott begins in Montgomery Alabama by Rosa Parks December 5, 1952 Worst smog in London ever, 4-8,000 die December 5, 1946 President Truman creates Committee on Civil Rights by Exec Order 9808 December 5, 1945 "Lost Squadron" crashes east of Florida (Bermuda Triangle) December 5, 1944 German troops rob all the silver coin in Utrecht December 5, 1941 Russian anti offensive in Moscow drives out **** army December 5, 1935 1st coml hydroponics operation established (Montebello California) December 5, 1935 National Council of Negro Women forms by Mary McLeod Bethune (New York City) December 5, 1933 21st Am ratified, 18th Amendment (Prohibition) repealed (5:32 PM EST) December 5, 1932 German physicist Albert Einstein granted a visa December 5, 1929 1st U.S. nudist organization (American League for Physical Culture, New York City) December 5, 1925 German government of Luther falls December 5, 1918 Oil refinery on Curacao opens December 5, 1908 1st football uniform numerals used (University of Pittsburgh) December 5, 1893 1st electric car (built in Toronto) could go 15 miles between charges December 5, 1892 Anti-semite Hermann Ahlwardt elected to Germany's Reichstag December 5, 1879 1st automatic telephone switching system patented December 5, 1876 Daniel Stillson (Mass) patents 1st practical pipe wrench December 5, 1876 Fire at Brooklyn Theater kills 295, trampled or burned to death December 5, 1861 Gatling gun patented December 5, 1854 Aaron Allen of Boston patents folding theater chair December 5, 1848 President Polk triggers Gold Rush of '49, confirms California gold discovery December 5, 1846 C F Schoenbein obtains patent for cellulose nitrate explosive December 5, 1832 Andrew Jackson re-elected president of US December 5, 1804 Thomas Jefferson re-elected U.S. pres/George Clinton vice-pres December 5, 1792 George Washington re-elected U.S. pres December 5, 1776 1st U.S. fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa (William and Mary College), forms December 5, 1766 London auctioneers Christie's hold their 1st sale December 5, 1757 Battle at Leuthen: Prussian army beats Austrians December 5, 1496 Jews are expelled from Portugal by order of King Manuel I December 5, 1492 Columbus discovers Hispaniola (El Espanola/Haiti) December 5, 1456 Earthquake strikes Naples; about 35,000 die December 5, 1349 500 Jews of Nuremberg massacre during Black Death riots birthdays December 5, 1968 Lisa Marie [Sliwa], born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, actress, Mars Attack December 5, 1957 Phil Collen, English heavy-metal guitarist, Def Leppard-Love Bites December 5, 1938 John J Cale, Oklahoma City, rock guitarist, After Midnight December 5, 1903 Cecil Frank Powell, England, physicist, discovered pion, Nobel 1950 December 5, 1901 Werner Heisenberg, German physicist/discovered uncertainty, Nobel 32December 5, 1901 Walt Disney, born in Chicago, animator, Mickey Mouse December 5, 1890 Fritz Lang, Germany, director, M, Metropolis deaths December 5, 1926 Claude Monet, French Artist December 5, 1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer, dies in Vienna Austria at 35 December 5, 1594 Gerardus Mercator, Flemish philosopher/cartographer, dies at 82 December 5, 1560 Francois II, King of France (1559-60), dies at 16 (i shortened it down a bit) __________________	i don't know
To which race of people did Goliath belong?	Goliath Site map Goliath A giant soldier in the Philistine army that challenged the Israeli army under King Saul, to send a man against him in single combat to decide which side would claim victory. This went on for 40 days until young David arrived, bringing food for his three older brothers in the ranks. When David heard Goliath's challenge, he accepted, and armed with only a slingshot and five stones, he met Goliath at the battlefield between the two armies, and killed Goliath with a single stone from the slingshot. The stone imbedded in Goliath's forehead. The Philistine army was routed by the Israelis after this, and this event began the career of David, who later became Israel's most famous King. Goliath's height was listed at six cubits and a span. If a cubit is about 18 inches as some think, Goliath would have been over nine feet tall. The story of Goliath is found in 1 Samuel 17:4-51. Note: In 2 Samuel 21:15-22 there are four more giants killed by the Israelis in battle, they were all from the tribe of giants in Gath. Some people believe, the five stones David picked up to kill Goliath, was a forecast of the five giants that were eventually killed by David and his men. Next person in the Bible: Gomer	Philistines
"From the Latin for ""What Now"", what type of person is a Quidnunc?"	What does the Bible say about GIANTS? What happened to Goliath's sword and spear? A tall king The Israelites, while wandering the wilderness 40 years, encountered a second group or race of people known to produce large, powerful humans. In reminding the Israelites of the battle they fought and won against Og, king of Bashan, Moses said the following. 11 King Og was the last of the Rephaim. His coffin (most other translations have 'bedstead' and not 'coffin'), made of stone . . . The NKJV and other translations state that Og the giant slept in a bed 9 cubits long and 4 cubits wide. Various Biblical commentaries place the length of a Biblical cubit anywhere from 17 inches (43.2 centimeters) to 21 inches (53.3 centimeters). If we use a conservative value of 18 inches in a cubit, Og's bed was 13 1/2 feet long and 6 feet wide! For comparison purposes, the most common large mattress in the U.S., the "king size" mattress, is 6.6 feet long and 6.3 feet wide. David and Goliath The third mention of very large people in the Bible is within the well-known story of a young king David and Goliath. 4 A man named Goliath, from the city of Gath, came out from the Philistine camp to challenge the Israelites (1Samuel 17:4) The length of a span is likely to have been around 9 inches (22.9 centimeters). If we also use the conservative length of a cubit mentioned above, Goliath the giant was at least 9 feet 3 inches tall (2.82 meters) - and likely bigger! He was a big enough man to wear a protective battle coat weighing more than 80 pounds U.S. and to carry a 26 foot spear whose head alone was an amazing 17 pounds U.S. (7.7 kilograms)! Goliath the Philistine , however, was not a unique giant. God's word seems to indicate he had a few brothers, each of which died in battle either at the hand of David or one of his fighters! The first giant brother is Ishbibenob, who David killed with the help Abishai (2Samuel 21:16). The second was Saph, who was killed by Sibbecai during a battle between the Israelites and Philistines at Gob (verse 18). The third, at another battle that occurred at Gob, was named Goliath from Gath (verse 19). The fourth brother (who apparently liked to fight) was killed by Jonathan, a son of one of David's brothers, at a battle in Gath (verse 20). All these, according to scripture, were likely the descendants of Goliath whom David fought when he was young. The Bible records for us at least three groups or races of people who produced giants after the flood. They are the Anakim (children of Anak), the people of Bashan, and the Philistines (Rephaim). Additional Study Materials	i don't know
Francis Galton pioneered which aid to crime detection?	History of Fingerprints Crime Scene Forensics, LLC History of Fingerprints 1858 - Sir William Herschel, British Administrator in District in India, requires fingerprint and signatures on civil contracts Fingerprints have been used as a means of positively identifying people for many years. Here is a brief history of the science of fingerprints: 1892 - Sir Francis Galton, a British Anthropologist and cousin to Charles Darwin, publishes the first book on fingerprints. In his book, Galton identifies the individuality and uniqueness of fingerprints. The unique characteristics of fingerprints, as identified by Galton, will officially become known as minutiae, however they are sometimes still referred to as Galton’s Details. 1896 - International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), Establish National Bureau of Criminal Identification, for the exchange of arrest information 1901 - Sir Edward Henry, an Inspector General of Police in Bengal, India, develops the first system of classifying fingerprints. This system of classifying fingerprints. This system of classifying fingerprints was first adopted as the official system in England, and eventually spread throughout 1903 – The William West – Will West Case at a Federal Prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, changed the way that people were classified and identified When a man named Will West entered the Leavenworth Prison inmates. His face was photographed, and his Bertillion measurements were taken. Upon completion of this process, it was noted that another inmate, known as William West, who was already incarcerated at Leavenworth, had the same name, Bertillion measurements, and bore a striking resemblance to Will West. The incident called the reliability of Bertillion measurements into question, and it was decided that a more positive means of identification was necessary. As the Bertillion System began to decline, the use of fingerprints in identifying and classifying individuals began to rise. After 1903, many prison systems began to use fingerprints as the primary means of identification. 1905 – U.S. Military adopts the use of fingerprints – soon thereafter, police agencies began to adopt the use of fingerprints 1908 – The first official fingerprint card was developed 1911 - Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S. courts as a reliable means of Identification. - Dec. 21, 1911, The Illinois State Supreme Court upheld the admissibility of fingerprint evidence concluding that fingerprints are a reliable form of identification. Thomas Jennings was the first person to be convicted of murder in the United States based on fingerprint evidence. Jennings appealed his conviction to the Illinois Supreme Court on the basis of a questionable new scientific technique. The Illinois Supreme Court cited the historical research and use of fingerprints as a means of reliable identification in upholding the conviction, and thus establishing the use of fingerprints as a reliable means of identification. Jennings was executed in 1912. 1917 - First Palm print identification is made in Nevada. The bloody palm print, found on a letter left at the scene of a stage coach robbery and murder of its driver, was identified to Ben Kuhl. (State v. Kuhl 42 Nev. 195 175 PAC 190 (1918) 1924 – Formation of ID Division of FBI 1980 – First computer data base of fingerprints was developed, which came to be known as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, (AFIS). In the present day, there nearly 70 million cards, or nearly 700 million individual fingerprints entered in AFIS 1882 - Alphonse Bertillion, a French anthropologist, devised method of body measurements to produce a formula used to classify individuals. This formula involves taking the measurements of a persons body parts, and recording these measurements on a card. This method of classifying and identifying people became known as the Bertillion System. To cite this website: Crime Scene Forensics, LLC, Matthews, NC; www.crimescene-forensics.com © 2015 - Crime Scene Forensics, LLC - All Rights Reserved 1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, a Scottish doctor in Tokyo, Japan publishes article in “Nature” 1891 - Juan Vucetich, Argentine Police Official, Initiated the fingerprinting of criminals, (First case used was the Rojas Homicide in 1892, in which the print of a woman who murdered her two sons and cut her own throat in an attempt to place the blame on another person was found on a door post)	Fingerprint (disambiguation)
Which body of water separates Cuba from Haiti?	Jim Fisher - Timeline 1837-1900: There were seven attempts to assassinate Queen Victoria. They were all unsuccessful. 1849-1902: 210 vigilante movements in the American West 1850-1900: The golden era of the con game in the U.S. 1850-1900: U.S. cities were still unsafe. European cities were bringing crime under control. 1850-1860: Los Angeles suffered from a high homicide rate 1850: American cities were expanding at an exceedingly rapid rate 1850: China Millions were addicted to opium 1851: San Francisco’s first vigilance committee established 1857: There were 80,000 prostitutes in London 1859: An arsonist burned down a famous NYC museum 1860-1907: Adam Worth, England’s greatest thief, was active 1860: The dime novel was created. It made heroes out of the outlaws of the American West ------ Gangs called tongs controlled San Francisco’s underworld ------ Constance Kent Case England Murder ------ It was estimated that half the paper money in the U.S. was counterfeit 1861: Allan Pinkerton frustrated a plot on President Lincoln’s life 1864: Ma Mandlebaum was the biggest fence in NYC 1865: President Lincoln assassinated ------ First major bank robbery in the U.S. at Concord, MA 1866: There were 615 houses of prostitution in NYC 1867: Allan Pinkerton broke a wiretapping swindle involving the Stock Exchange 1868: Pinkerton detectives arrested the Reno brothers (train robbers) 1869-1878: Wave of major bank burglaries in the U.S. 1870: The Prime Minister of Spain was assassinated 1872-1878: Sicily Mafia vendettas wiped out towns 1873: Jesse James gang robbed a train by first wrecking it 1874: Charley Ross Kidnapping Case First U.S. kidnapping for ransom 1875-1880: First serious crime was in the U.S. 1876: James and Younger gangs wiped out by townspeople in Northfield, Minnesota 1877: Crime in the U.S. had shifted from the frontier to the city ------ Pinkerton men arrested men attempting to steal Abraham Lincoln’s body ------ Pinkerton troops broke up the Mollie Maquires gang 1880-1905: 551 persons in England and Wales were convicted of murder 1881: President James A. Garfield was assassinated 1882: Jesse James was shot by one of his own gang members for the reward ------ Jack-the-Ripper Case England Murder 1889: Maybrick Case England Murder 1890: Hennessy Case U.S. Murder ------ Bill Doolin gang active in Oklahoma territory 1892: Dalton gang wiped out in Coffeyville, Kansas ------ Johnson County Range War in Wyoming ------ Homestead, PA labor violence involving Pinkerton guards and union members ------ Lizzie Borden Case U.S. Murder 1894: President Carnot of France assassinated 1896: America’s first mass murderer was hanged 1898: Heroin was introduced to the world by the Bayor Company of Germany Forensic Science 1856: German pathologist Johann L. Casper published Practical Manual of Forensic Medicine 1858: William Herschel took palm prints of natives in India for non-criminal ID purposes 1859: Photography was first used as evidence in a California case 1863: German scientist Schonbein found a way to generally ID bloodstains 1869: German Emil Pfaff wrote the first treatise on the forensic aspects of hair 1874: Dr. Theodor Billroth guessed that all human blood is not the same 1875: The Sylvia Howland will case at New Bedford, MA was the first major U.S. questioned documents case ------ French pathologist Ambroise wrote of death by suffocation and bullet wounds ------ Italian physiologist Mosso studied scientific lie detection 1875-1900: In England, Forensic Medicine was not used in crime detection. In Europe it was fully recognized 1876: French scientist Albert Florence developed a way to detect semen traces ------ Italian Cesare Lombroso wrote, The Criminal Man 1877: Elective coroners were abolished in Boston ------ Joseph T. Lewis Case U.S. Questioned Documents ------ Thomas Edison invented a voiceprint machine, its potential in crime detection was unknown 1878: Fire victims in a Vienna Opera House were identified by their teeth ------ Massachusetts became the first state to abolish the office of coroner 1879: The Affray at Brownsville, Texas firearms identification case ------ Englishman Francis Galton studied word association tests as a method of lie detection 1880: Dr. Alexandre Lacassagne was appointed the head of the Lyons Institute of Forensic Medicine in France ------ Englishman Henry Faulds wrote on the subject of fingerprints. He was the first to consider fingerprints as a method of crime detection. 1881: Alphonse Bertillon established his Bureau of Judicial Identification, making it the first organized effort to take and preserve photographs of criminals. 1882: German pathologist Edward von Hofman determined how to tell is a person was alive at the time of a fire or burned after death. 1883: Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon, the father of scientific crime detection, made his first anthropometric criminal identification 1889: Eyraud and Bompard Case France forensic medicine 1891: Carlyle Harris Case U.S. Toxicology ------ In Argentina, Juan Vucetich developed his own method of fingerprint classification 1892: Sir Francis Galton, English biologist, wrote the first book on the classification of fingerprints 1893: Austrian lawyer and judge Hans Gross, the co-father or scientific crime detection, published his famous text on criminal investigation 1894: Dryfus Case France Treason/questioned documents 1895: German physicist William Roetgen discovered X-ray photography ------ U.S. court denied a hypnotist’s testimony in a criminal case 1896: Argentina was the first country to base its identification system on fingerprints ------ Adolf Beck Case England fingerprints 1898: Molyneux Case U.S. questioned documents ------ German scientist Paul Jeserich began comparing bullets in his crime laboratory Law Enforcement 1837-1900: England Police used no scientific crime detection methods 1850-1860: Police brutality in U.S. at a high point 1850: Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department founded 1852: New Orleans and Cincinnati started preventative police forces run by chiefs of police 1855: Boston’s paid watch turned into the Boston Police Department 1856: New York was first city in U.S. to uniform its police 1860: Chicago Police Department established its first detective squad 1865: U.S. Secret Service was organized ------ Massachusetts formed its state police 1867: Cleveland Police Department began photographing arrestees 1869: Los Angeles established a police department 1870-1895: Era of legendary sheriffs in the American west 1870-1895: Police corruption in large U.S. cities 1872: First police strike in London 1873: North West Mounted police of Canada formed 1882: NYPD established its detective bureau 1884: Allan Pinkerton died. He was the first detective in U.S., pioneered the idea of criminal records, his was the first company to fight crime interstate, and he started the first contract guard service in the U.S. 1886: Thomas Byrnes, Chief of Detectives, NYPD, published Professional Criminals of America 1888: England Watches were slowly being replace in cities other than London 1889: Philadelphia began its mounted patrol with 93 horses 1891: William J. Burns became a Secret Service Agent 1892-1895: Parkhurst Crusade and the Lexow Hearings were conducted in NYC 1893: An organization later named the International Association of Chiefs of Police formed 1895: Paris police established a dog force in response to the growing problem of street gangs 1898: A police academy was opened in New Zealand 1899: The police department in Ghent, Belgium started the first successful European canine unit Criminal Law 1866: Fourteenth Amendment added to the U.S. Constitution 1868: England public executions were prohibited 1874: England law passed that required the reportage of births and deaths Crime Prevention and Private Security 1850: Allan Pinkerton started his detective agency in Chicago ------ First manufactured safes were cast iron boxes with weak locking devices 1851: London Lock Exhibition 1853: The first private electric alarm business in U.S. was started in Boston 1855: Allan Pinkerton formed the North West Police Agency to provide protection for 6 midwestern railroad companies 1857: Pinkerton formed the Pinkerton Protection Patrol to provide watchman services, thus starting the first contract uniform guard company in the U.S. 1858: Allan Pinkerton hired the first female detective 1859: The Brinks Company was founded in Chicago 1861: American Linus Yale introduced the pin tumbler lock 1869: The Pinkerton National Detective Agency was the first security company in the U.S. to gross $1 million a year 1872: The first U.S. central station burglar alarm company was started in Brooklyn, NY ------ By this time, William and Robert Pinkerton were taking control of their father’s company 1874: James Sargent invented the first American time lock 1878: Western Union got into the alarm business ------ About this time window foil alarms (and screen alarms) were developed 1880-1890: The American Banker’s Association hired Pinkerton Agency to investigate bank robbery, burglary, and forgery cases 1893: Congress passed the Pinkerton Act This page was last updated on: Sunday, January 13, 2008	i don't know
"The ""Adventure Galley"" was the name of which legendary pirate's ship?"	6 Famous Pirate Ships \| Mental Floss 6 Famous Pirate Ships Image credit: Like us on Facebook Somali pirates, who wield automatic weapons and attack unsuspecting victims from speedboats, are changing the way we think about pirates and pirate ships. While the most successful captains in pirate lore commanded ships that were smaller, faster, and less ornate than Disney's fictitious Black Pearl, Blackbeard didn't make his fortune in a rowboat either. Here's a look at six of the more famous pirate ships in history. 1. Adventure Galley Captained by Scottish sailor William Kidd, the 287-ton, three-mast Adventure Galley was launched along the Thames River in 1695. As part of a venture planned by New York Colonel Robert Livingston to curb attacks against British ships in the East Indies, Kidd was instructed to hunt down pirates and enemy French ships and steal their treasure and goods. To facilitate the mission, which was funded primarily by prominent English noblemen, the Adventure Galley was outfitted with 34 guns and 23 oars for maneuvering the ship in calm winds. Pirate hunting, it turned out, wasn't easy. Kidd had agreed to pay back the investment if he didn't return any treasure, and when finding pirates proved too difficult, he resorted to attacking allied ships. Kidd abandoned the Adventure Galley, which had developed a rotten hull, off the coast of Madagascar in 1698. He hoped to receive a pardon from Livingston in New York, but was returned to London, found guilty of piracy, and executed in 1701. 2. Queen Anne's Revenge English pirate Edward Teach, more commonly known as Blackbeard, captured the Concorde, a French-owned slave ship, in the West Indies in 1717 and made the vessel his flagship. Slave ships, which often featured a central partition to protect the crew against a slave uprising, made good pirate ships because they were built for speed. Blackbeard added 26 guns to the vessel, which already boasted 14, making the renamed Queen Anne's Revenge one of the most powerful ships in American waters. In May 1718, Blackbeard blockaded the port of Charleston. After looting five merchant vessels, he ran the Queen Anne's Revenge ashore on Topsail Inlet, and the ship suffered extensive damage when it slammed into the submerged sandbar. Given that Blackbeard knew the area well "“ he had sailed off the same coast the year before "“ many historians believe he wrecked the Queen Anne's Revenge deliberately in hopes of killing off some of his crew and increasing his share of the fortune. The ship was discovered in 1997 off the coast of Beaufort, North Carolina, and marine archaeologists have been bringing up treasure from its remains ever since. 3. Fancy In May 1694, while stationed aboard the privateer Charles II off the coast of Spain, Henry Avery plotted a mutiny that would launch his new and short-lived career as a pirate. Following the successful takeover, Avery, who was a former Royal Navy midshipman, renamed the ship the Fancy and set out with his newly liberated crew to seek a fortune. Avery steered the Fancy, which boasted nearly 50 guns and a crew of 150, to the island of Johanna off the Cape of Good Hope. There, the ship was cleaned and restructured to increase her speed. Avery and his crew terrorized ships in the Indian Ocean until late 1695, when they set sail for the Bahamas, enormous fortune in tow, for an early retirement. Governor Nicholas Trott offered refuge in exchange for treasure, including 1,000 pounds of ivory tusks, and Avery also presented Trott with the Fancy. While several of his men were later captured and sentenced to death, Avery vanished and died a free and wealthy man. 4. Whydah The Whydah was believed to hold treasure from more than 50 ships when it sank in a storm off the coast of Cape Cod on April 26, 1717. Professional treasure hunter Barry Clifford discovered the ship in 1984 and has since recovered more than 100,000 artifacts from the site. The Whydah was originally launched from London as a slave ship in 1715; the name was derived from the West African port of Ouidah in present day Benin. While navigating the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola on its second voyage, the Whydah was overrun by pirates led by "Black Sam" Bellamy, who claimed the vessel as his flagship. Bellamy and his crew sailed north along the eastern coastline of the American colonies when they ran into a Nor'easter. The boat slammed into a sandbar, split, and sank. Of the ship's 146-man crew, only two survived. 5. Royal Fortune(s) If Bartholomew Roberts fathered any children during his adventures on the high seas, he may or may not have named all of them Royal Fortune. In July 1720, Roberts captured a French brigantine off the coast of Newfoundland. He outfitted the naval frigate with 26 cannons, renamed her the Good Fortune and headed south for the Caribbean, where the ship was repaired and renamed the Royal Fortune. Soon after, Roberts captured a French warship operated by the Governor of Martinique, renamed her the Royal Fortune and made the ship his new flagship. Roberts then set sail for West Africa, where he captured the Onslow, renamed her the Royal Fortune, and, well, you know the rest. Roberts died, and the final Royal Fortune sank, on February 10, 1722, in an attack by the British warship HMS Swallow. 6. CSS Alabama Though technically a warship, the most destructive Confederate raider in history is worthy of a mention here. According to Stephen Fox's biography of the Alabama's captain, Ralph Semmes, the ship's destructive reputation once led the New York Herald to refer to Semmes as "A Pirate on the High Seas." Built in 1862 by Henry Laird, whose family's company also built 40 ships for the Royal Navy, the Alabama was designed for speed and deception. The ship was 220 feet long and 32 feet wide with room for 350 tons of coal. The Alabama's forward pivot gun fired 100-pound shells and the wheel of the ship was inscribed with a Confederate motto: "Help Yourself and God Will Help You." Semmes, who sailed under the veil of a Union or British flag, helped himself to any enemy ship that came into view. When Semmes seized control of another ship, he would lower his camouflage flag and raise a Confederate one. At its most destructive, the Alabama was burning an average of one Union ship every three days. The Alabama was sunk by the Union ship Kearsarge off the Normandy coast on June 19, 1864, and discovered by a French sonar ship in 1984.	William Kidd
What name is given to the Fourth (4th) movement in Beethoven's / Ninth (9th) Symphony?	Pirate Ships for Sale - Capt Kidd Adventure Galley Ship, Black Falcon Ship Home » Pirate Ships » Captain Kidd's Pirate Ships (10 Items) 3: SELECT PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID FROM `PRODUCT_BRIDGE`,`PRODUCTS` WHERE PRODUCT_BRIDGE.CATEGORY_ID='485' AND PRODUCT_BRIDGE.PRODUCT_ID=PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID AND PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ACTIVE='1' and PRODUCTS.DISCONTINUED='' GROUP BY PRODUCT_BRIDGE.PRODUCT_ID ORDER BY PRODUCT_BRIDGE.ORDER ASC Array ( [0] => 485 [PRODUCT_CATEGORY_ID] => 485 [1] => Captain Kidd's Pirate Ships [CATEGORY_NAME] => Captain Kidd's Pirate Ships [2] => [CATEGORY_HEADER] => [3] => Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirate Ship, A Pirate Ship, Wooden Pirate Ship Model, Pirates Ships for Sale, The Black Pearl Pirate Ship, Pirate Ships, Pirate Decorations, Pirate Boat, Pirate Decor [PRODUCT_META_TAG] => Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirate Ship, A Pirate Ship, Wooden Pirate Ship Model, Pirates Ships for Sale, The Black Pearl Pirate Ship, Pirate Ships, Pirate Decorations, Pirate Boat, Pirate Decor [4] => Interested in model pirate ships? We have many to choose from, including many Caribbean Pirate ships, plus other nautical decor ideas and gifts. FREE shipping on orders over $39. [PRODUCT_META_DESCRIPTION] => Interested in model pirate ships? We have many to choose from, including many Caribbean Pirate ships, plus other nautical decor ideas and gifts. FREE shipping on orders over $39. [5] => Pirate Ships for Sale - Capt Kidd Adventure Galley Ship, Black Falcon Ship [PRODUCT_PAGE_TITLE] => Pirate Ships for Sale - Capt Kidd Adventure Galley Ship, Black Falcon Ship [6] => [PRODUCT_SEO] => [7] => captain-kidd-pirate-ships.php [FILENAME] => captain-kidd-pirate-ships.php [8] => Whether he was one of the most cunning pirates in history, or simply a true privateer who was misled, Captain Kidd left his mark on the high seas. Sailing throughout the Indian Ocean, his flagship the Adventure Galley became feared by navies and merchants alike. From classic 7ï¿½ Ships-in-a-Bottle to meticulously detailed 20ï¿½ models, Handcrafted Model Ships has the perfect Adventure Galley for you. Place one in any room of the home, or in the office as a conversation piece, and enjoy the infamous Captain Kidd. [CATEGORY_FOOTER] => Whether he was one of the most cunning pirates in history, or simply a true privateer who was misled, Captain Kidd left his mark on the high seas. Sailing throughout the Indian Ocean, his flagship the Adventure Galley became feared by navies and merchants alike. From classic 7ï¿½ Ships-in-a-Bottle to meticulously detailed 20ï¿½ models, Handcrafted Model Ships has the perfect Adventure Galley for you. Place one in any room of the home, or in the office as a conversation piece, and enjoy the infamous Captain Kidd. [9] => [AMAZON] => [10] => [IMAGE] => [11] => [H1] => Captain Kidd's Pirate Ship [12] => [H2] => [13] => Dreaded pirate or a privateer unjustly accused? Browse %count% styles priced from %lowest% Dreaded ships that sailed from the Caribbean to the Indian Ocean [POINTS] => Dreaded pirate or a privateer unjustly accused? Browse %count% styles priced from %lowest% Dreaded ships that sailed from the Caribbean to the Indian Ocean [14] => [CATEGORY_SPLASH] => [15] => 3872 [CATEGORY_PICTURE] => 3872 [16] => product [CATEGORY_TYPE] => product [17] => 3 [FEATURED] => 3 [18] => [EBAY] => [19] => [BREADCRUMB] => [20] => 0 [SHOW_ALL] => 0 [21] => [HOME_IMAGE] => [SUPER_NAME] => ) (10 Items) Sort: Items: 1 to 10 SELECT *, IF(PRODUCTS.SPECIAL='1',PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_SALE_PRICE,PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_REG_PRICE) as price FROM `PRODUCT_BRIDGE`,`PRODUCTS` WHERE PRODUCT_BRIDGE.CATEGORY_ID='485' AND PRODUCT_BRIDGE.PRODUCT_ID=PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID AND PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ACTIVE='1' GROUP BY PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID ORDER BY `price` ASC,PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_NAME, PRODUCT_ACTIVE DESC	i don't know
"Which Motor cycle company made ""The Manx"" and ""Commando"" models?"	History History Twin tube chassis. Cast outrigger and headstock Öhlins NIX 30 front suspension. Öhlins TTXGP Norton bespoke rear suspension Radially mounted Brembo Monobloc Forged aluminium wheels with carbon option Race spec under seat carbon-fibre fuel tank Gold line axial front brake calipers Conventional style handlebars Integral brake and clutch master cylinders Steel chain guard Head office & production History Norton has long enjoyed a unique place in motorcycle history and continues to draw inspiration from the past whilst building on the Norton legacy for the future. Enjoy a more detailed history of the Norton name by clicking along the timeline below. 1898 The 1898 James Lansdowne Norton (known to all as 'Pa') founded Norton as a manufacturer of "fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade." 1900-1910 By 1902 the first Norton motorcycles were being produced using French and Swiss engines. In 1907 Rem Fowler won the Isle of Man twin cylinder class riding a Norton, the beginning of a strong racing tradition. Success in the very first Isle of Man TT race, followed by wins at Brooklands and other European races, helped cement Norton's reputation as a builder of serious road and race bikes. 1908 saw the company produce the first Norton engined bike, powered by a single cylinder side valve unit and by 1909 Norton motorcycles were on sale in Harrods! 1910-1930 The famous Norton logo, designed by Pa Norton and his daughter Ethel, appeared on the front of the 1914 catalogue and from 1916 Norton Motorcycles carried it on their tanks. In 1925 JL 'Pa' Norton died aged just 56, but not before he saw his motorcycles win the Senior and sidecar TTs in 1924, with the 500cc Model 18, Norton's first overhead valve single. 1930-1950 By the mid 1930s Norton was producing over 4,000 road bikes annually. Between the wars Norton won the Isle of Man Senior TT race ten times and, between 1930 and 1937, won 78 out of 92 Grand Prix races. With the onset of the second world war Norton withdrew from racing but between 1937 and 1945 manufactured almost 100,000 sidevalve motorcycles (almost a quarter of all military motorcycles) as their contribution to the war effort. The company enjoyed further TT victories every year from 1947-1954. 1950-1960 1949 saw the introduction of the twin cylinder Dominator, whilst in 1950 the Featherbed frame was introduced. Lightweight but strong, it was fitted to the Manx Nortons to help negotiate the turns of the Isle of Man track, improving the bikes' handling and contributing to further race success. By 1951 the Dominator and other Norton Cafe Racers were available with the Featherbed frame and its success meant that demand for more traditional frames rapidly diminished. By the end of the 1952 season, Geoff Duke riding for Norton, was the world champion in both the 350cc and 500cc classes and was awarded the OBE. 1960-1980 The 1961 Earls Court motor show heralded the introduction of the Commando, with the engine unit 'isolastically' insulated from the frame for a smooth, vibration-free ride. In the next decade over 500,000 were produced and sold and the Commando was named Motor Cycle News readers 'Machine of the Year' for five successive years. In the 1970s Norton raced under the sponsorship of John Player and the commercial success of the Commando was underlined by the 'Norton Girls' campaign. However this was the decade where the prevalence of Japanese models saw Norton, alongside other great British marques, driven to the brink of extinction. The last Commando was produced in 1976. 1980-2000 In the 1980s the company went through several incarnations - the rights to the name were split between several companies in several countries. The brand was relaunched in Lichfield in 1988 and in 1989 Norton made an emphatic return to racing when Steve Spray won the British Superbike Championship on the all-black JPS bike, a victory repeated in 1994 by Ian Simpson on the Duckhams Norton. The commercial market was slower, though the Wankel engined Interpol 2 motorcycle was popular with police forces and the RAC. This led to the creation of a civilian model called the Classic. In 1992 Steve Hislop, on an ABUS Norton, defeated Carl Fogarty, riding a Yamaha, to win the Isle of Man Senior TT, recording the first victory for a British bike for almost 30 years. 2000-Present Norton moved to its current home at Donington Park in 2008 and in 2009 CEO Stuart Garner set the World Speed Record for a Rotary Powered Motorcycle (recording 173mph for a timed mile). The first Commando 961SE was delivered in 2010 and the success of the Commando 961 sees Norton Motorcycles return to production. In 2012 Norton returned to race the TT with the SG1 and after promising results in 2013, the 2014 season and the long term future look bright!	Norton
In the 2005 remake of King Kong, who played the writer Jack Driscoll?	Vintage Norton Restoration \| Restore Vintage Norton Motorcycle Vintage Norton Custom Paint & Body Work Here at the motorcycle division of Linear Automotive our painters are artists that take pride in giving a vintage motorcycle a great paint job for everyone to admire. Our shop uses the best materials and has a great facility to ensure you get the best paint job as we provide only the best to give you a top notch custom paint job. When restoring a vintage motorcycle, reconditioning or replacing decals, reflectors, and tank badges, while painting new pinstripes can give the bike a brand new look. Parts of the bike that can be painted are: fuel tank, front fender, rear fender, side covers, frame and more in order to make the bike look like it just got off the showroom floor. In order to restore the tank it may involve interior stripping, epoxy primer, MIG welding, acid etch primer, sealing the tank, TIG welding, brazing, dent removal and more in order to restore the tank. Parts that can be chromed or polished include: brake lever, clutch lever, shocks, handlebars, oil tank, mirrors, racks, exhaust pipes, reflectors, engine covers and more in order to refurbish a vintage bike. Vintage Norton Suspension Norton vintage motorcycle reconditioning would not be complete without a full suspension rebuild to ensure the motorcycle handles and rides like it just came from the factory. Our team of vintage motorcycle mechanics can disassemble the suspension to rebuild or replace parts that include but are not limited to shocks, shock absorbers, forks, steering bearing, rear springs, shock springs, rear suspension linkage kit, shock seal head assemblies, shock rebound separator valves, shock seals, kick stand, fork seal kits, front fork springs, complete front ends, front fork seals, damping rod bushings, fork tube caps, fork bushings, fork boots, fork tube clamps, and much more to give your vintage Norton motorcycle a fresh fell that rides perfect. Vintage Norton Motorcycle Wheels & Tires Our Vintage Motorcycle Restoration techs know that the one thing that is providing a smooth ride is a good set of wheels and tires. The vintage motorcycle mechanics can give your wheels and tires for a complete inspection to guarantee rider safety. Parts that can be reconditioned or replaced include but are not limited to wheels, rims, spokes, swingarm, wheel bearings and seals, wheel weights, rim strips, rim locks, valve stems, valve cores, valve stem grommets, valve stem caps, tires, tubes, chain, sprockets, and much more to give the rider a safe reliable vintage Norton motorcycle. Vintage Norton Motorcycle Brake Service The experts at our facility can completely recondition vintage Norton motorcycles brakes to ensure optimal braking for our customers. The Norton vintage motorcycle mechanics can carefully check and inspect all brake parts that include but are not limited to brake rotors, brake pads, brake shoes, brake drums, brake calipers, brake caliper seals, brake caliper pistons, brake lines, brake bleeder nipple caps, brake cables, brake bleeder nipples, and much more in order to have a safe vintage Norton motorcycle that stops like it did when it was brand new. Vintage Norton Motorcycle Fuel & Air System Getting the right air to fuel mixture is always important in vintage Norton motorcycles. When our vintage motorcycle techs refurbish vintage motorcycles they go through the whole fuel and air system in order to provide a great running reconditioned vintage Norton motorcycle. The whole fuel and air system is checked to see if any parts need to be rebuilt or replaced that include but are not limited to carburetor housing, choke assembly, jet kit, reed valve, fuel pump, accelerator pump, pilot jets, main jets, jet needles, needle and seat, needle jet, e-ring, fuel line, carburetor mounting flanges, carburetor floats and pins, air filter, fuel filter, and much more in order to provide a smooth running fuel and air system for vintage Norton motorcycles. Tanks are gone through and checked for rust or holes and if any is found then the tank is cleaned, prepped, and sealed in order to make it ready for use. Vintage Norton Motorcycle Exhaust While the entire vintage Norton motorcycle is taken apart the techs evaluate the exhaust system to see if a new one is needed. If there are holes or damage found they will replace it to give it a brand new look to go along with its great sound. Chroming the exhaust will bring a shine to it while polishing it will give it a nice clean look. In some cases taping up the exhaust is done for a more retro look. Vintage Norton Motorcycle Seat Get your seats reconditioned or replaced with a nice selection of foams and materials to choose from. If you are looking for original looking seats our vintage motorcycle techs can make it look like it is fresh off the assembly line. For a more custom look pick out what kind of material and foam you want for a soft plush ride. Click Below For More Manufacturers	i don't know
Graham Hick played cricket for England and which other country?	Graeme Hick: I felt like a foreigner in the England dressing-room: Cricket - Telegraph Graeme Hick: I felt like a foreigner in the England dressing-room The sight of workmen dismantling the old pavilion at Worcester yesterday signifies the end of an era. All smiles: Worcestershire and former England batsman Grame Hick Photo: Getty Images By Simon Hughes 8:46PM BST 03 Oct 2008 An era when one man played for the same county for a quarter of a century to amass more runs than practically anyone in history. Despite his dominance he did not do anything funny to his hair or appear on game shows or marry a pop star. He wasn’t tempted by the highest bidder. He just went quietly about his business, exhibiting his immaculate workmanship in an old-fashioned, unassuming way. In the ostentatious, pile-’em-high, sell-’em-dear world of modern cricket, we are unlikely to see Graeme Hick’s like again. The bowlers’ union would have said a quiet, collective prayer of thanks to see Hick’s back view for the last time (at Kidderminster last month). His bat always seemed to be as wide as a barn door, his eye for the boundary and his concentration unwavering. As a relatively passive chap, he didn’t even make you angry. Just helpless. He showed little emotion as he ritually dispatched your best offerings. As a bowler you felt as if your body was being silently dissected, like a boy systematically pulling legs off impaled insects. In 1985, when he had just arrived on the scene, his bat looked attached to his arms and his driving was thunderous. He was not only daunting to bowl to but actually quite dangerous. I contemplated practising a horizontal ducking technique after releasing the ball to make myself as small a target as possible. In the late 1980s Hick was the personification of intimidatory batting. He became slightly less destructive as time went on, but he remains one of the cleanest and longest strikers of a cricket ball ever. Born and raised in Zimbabwe, Hick announced himself with the bat before most kids knew which end to hold. He scored his first century – for Banket Primary School – aged six. “I didn’t do much running,” he remembers. He made another when he was eight and, you could say, he has never looked back. These are the facts: 41,112 first-class runs (including 136 hundreds), 23,260 runs in all one-day cricket (including 42 hundreds). His grand total of 64,372 easily eclipses the Godfather of Willow – Jack Hobbs – whose 61,237 has always been regarded as the pinnacle – but leaves him just short of Graham Gooch (67,057 runs in all top-class cricket) as the most prolific batsman in history. Hick’s statistics are, of course, only half the story. The burning question has always been why he could regularly make mincemeat of county bowlers, but never did it consistently for England. The first part of the answer is simple, as he pointed out sat gazing across the browned Worcester turf, as if scorched by his shots. “I grew up on a tobacco farm in Zimbabwe,” he said. “The first time I walked into the England dressing room was the first time I’d spent a day in the company of all those guys. I didn’t know anyone really. I did feel like a foreigner in the dressing room. “There were one or two who resented me being there and we were competing for places. There was one guy with a good Test record – Allan Lamb – and he wanted to say something but he didn’t know what to say or how to say it because I already had more first-class runs than him.” Problem No?1 – he felt like an outsider. Problem No?2 – expectation. When he was picked for England in 1991 after a seven-year qualification he already had 57 first-class hundreds. That is more than say Ted Dexter, David Gower and Mike Atherton made in their entire careers. Against the marauding West Indian quicks he was the Great White Hope and he hadn’t yet played an international match. It was a huge burden and after four Tests in which Curtly Ambrose, Patrick Patterson, Courtney Walsh and Malcolm Marshall preyed on his upright, rather inflexible forward method, Hick was dropped. “It was the first time I’d failed at cricket. The harsh headlines hurt. I didn’t know why they needed to do that. Before that I’d kept my batting quite simple and not thought much about it. But because I’d failed you’ve got to think, do I stay as I am or has something got to change? I tried to change things and maybe that wasn’t always the right thing to do. Sometimes I got too tied up in it and didn’t have that thick skin to say, sod it, this is me, this is how I play, trust it.” Which leads to the big issue: personality. Test cricket is as severe a character examination as there is in sport. It is five days of inquisition, six hours a day, peeling away the flesh to reveal your soul. Hick’s wasn’t bullet-proof. He has a bone-crunching handshake but, underneath, he is the sensitive type. At Test level he wasn’t sure of himself. The press made him paranoid. He preferred being on tour. “You could play your cricket and you had all your securities around you on tour. I played my best innings then. The media wasn’t part of it and that was a big thing. You can’t escape it here. And it was here that I kept getting dropped [11 times in all]. “I never saw a summer out in England, never played all the Tests. Summers were hard work and the worst was that time at Old Trafford [in 2000] when I was dropped and Ray Illingworth said I left the dressing room in tears. I did have tears in my eyes but I was holding them back. I was disappointed. Unfortunately my emotions come out – it’s a gene I’ve been given by my mum. I can’t help that. It happens when I’m watching TV programmes or my kids are doing something good. I look for a pair of dark shades. I’m not embarrassed. But there was no need for him to ridicule me like that because of my character.” Hick pauses to ponder if he should have been mentally tougher. It is illuminating that the player he most admires is Steve Waugh. “You could probably pull his technique apart but his patience and discipline were amazing. He was one of the hardest characters in the game. I’ve grown tougher over time and Worcester has been a great place to come back to when I’ve had to pick myself up again. “Of course I would have loved to have scored 25 Test centuries and I worked hard to try and achieve that. Maybe I haven’t had that last bit of arrogance you need to have, that cut-throat edge, at the top level. I enjoy winning and doing well, but especially seeing the pleasure on other people’s faces. Walking off after a big hundred to the applause is great, but sometimes there’s a small part of me that feels a bit embarrassed.” Most of the greats have presence. Viv Richards’ swagger to the middle exuded confidence, Sachin Tendulkar stands at the crease like a surgeon ready with a scalpel, you felt the wind off Brian Lara’s bat as he rehearsed his strokes, Graham Gooch bristled with aggressive intent. I always thought the sight of Hick was pretty foreboding, but he doesn’t credit it. “I just walked to the wicket the same way every time. Pretty quickly. I didn’t feel I had an intimidatory presence. I tended to just play my shot and turn away. I never stared at the bowler. I’d more likely look at my partner.” Atherton says in his book that he only saw Hick sledge a batsman once, and that was when he came on as a sub so couldn’t suffer any retaliation. He shied away from confrontation. The men on the Worcester pavilion roof are removing the tiles one by one, rather in the way that Hick disseminated an attack. The new building will be named after him. Justifiably too. It has been a pretty amazing career. “I’ve never thought of it as amazing because I’ve just been doing what I love,” Hick said. “I’ve really enjoyed it. I’ve often wondered if I’d been brought up somewhere that had professional sport if I’d have done it all differently – for better of for worse. At school in Zim I was taught to play sport to your best, to respect opponents and play it in the right spirit. Only when I played here did it start to get an 'edge’ and that’s got more intense in the last few years.” Hick will devote more time to his family at their converted barn near Malvern: it is like a tiny slice of the tobacco ranch he was brought up on. He is a true country boy. But, a warning for you bowling brethren. The bunting must wait. He still wants to play Twenty20 cricket, either in the Indian Premier League or for another county, though he is not sure who. “I still love the game and I think I’m fit enough. I just want to play it a different way.” He already has two Twenty20 centuries, and with his power, he is a banker for several more. Sorry boys, the humiliation is not quite over. Highs and lows A major early high for Hick was his brutal 405 not out for Worcestershire against Somerset in the 1988 County Championship at Taunton. He said: “At that stage it was my biggest achievement. Maybe it still is.” He is proud of his 141 in England’s first innings of the drawn first Test against South Africa at Centurion Park in November 1995. Allan Donald recalled: “Hick hammered us.” He also fondly recalls the three hundreds in four games in the one-day Carlton & United Series in 1999: 108 v Australia at Sydney, and 126 not out against Sri Lanka and 109 versus Australia, both at Adelaide. The first Test low was when he was dropped after four matches against West Indies in 1991, after scoring only 75 runs at 10.71. Another was when Mike Atherton told him he’d been dropped in 2000. He wept. And a big low was when Atherton declared when Hick was on 98 not out against Australia in the Sydney Test of January 1995. Alec Stewart wrote that his team-mates “couldn’t believe” the decision. Hick never made an Ashes century. Hick's batting record	Zimbabwe
In World War Two, operation Husky was the codename for the invasion of which country?	The Ashes 2013-14: Graeme Hick, the batsman who eluded greatness... \| The Independent The Ashes 2013-14: Graeme Hick, the batsman who eluded greatness... Australian batting coach is a warning to England’s new boys Thursday 7 November 2013 09:32 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Former England batsman Graeme Hick has warned the tourists that they face a much stiffer challenge in this year's Ashes Series GETTY IMAGES There are a few players with England on this tour of Australia who are at the start of it all. A wonderful adventure is ahead. They know what is expected of them but perhaps not quite what to expect. Test cricket is a hard and unyielding business. The scrutiny is relentless, the need to keep on proving yourself unending. All this the likes of Gary Ballance, Ben Stokes, Boyd Rankin and Michael Carberry may soon discover. In the dressing room next to England’s this week at the Blundstone Arena, which was once the charming Bellerive Oval before the sponsors and the bulldozers moved in, is a man who can tell them all a thing or two about expectation all right. After all these years it is still not possible to speak to Graeme Hick without thinking what might have been. To the astonishment of some and perhaps to the mild surprise even of himself, a few weeks ago Hick became the high-performance batting coach of Australia’s centre of excellence in Brisbane. In short, his job is to bring on the next generation of the country’s elite batsmen. It is a post for which his high-level coaching qualifications and his personal experience may find him perfectly suited. A quarter of a century ago, Hick was the next big thing, a champion batsman who would become one of the all-time greats. From the international start, things never quite worked out. “There’s an element of disappointment in that,” he said as he sat and watched Australia A, part of his new brief, during what turned out to be a long, wicketless first day in the field against England. “From having had a bad start I always felt I was chasing the game in terms of where I wanted to be. I wanted to end up being a great player and to do that I know I had to perform better. I think if I was able to have relaxed in that arena a bit more... We’re all different in character and at times I certainly felt under a lot of pressure.” A man who scored 136 first-class centuries, scored 41,112 first-class runs, putting him 15th on the all-time list, and another 22,059 in one-day matches, cannot be said to have had an undistinguished career. But with Hick the feeling will for ever exist that there were heights unreached. He played 65 Test matches, scored six hundreds, averaged 31.32, perfectly adequate figures, but not what was anticipated for him when he was selected for England in 1991. The sense of imminent magnificence when Hick arrived on the international scene in 1991 should never be underestimated. He had carried all before him as he spent seven years qualifying to play for England after leaving his native Zimbabwe to play professionally. The zenith had been reached three years earlier when he scored a quadruple century for his adopted Worcestershire at Taunton. He was made for Test cricket. Except it turned out he wasn’t. Not quite. He was not a failure, of course, but he was not outrageously successful as was easily predicted. There is a detectable longing in his voice even now, slight perhaps but undoubtedly existing. “The summer that I started playing for England, I didn’t start that season well in county cricket and I didn’t feel 100 per cent,” he said. “With hindsight that might have been all the extra stuff that goes on around international cricket and what was coming. “When I started playing, the media and the criticism I received certainly affected me. I always enjoyed my cricket, I was passionate about just playing, I was brought up in a disciplined environment, taught to enjoy my cricket but compete. “Some of it was constructive, some of it was fair but other times I thought that wasn’t totally necessary. I was a little bit sensitive to it and in a way that made me tighten up and put me under more pressure because I would try and perform so I didn’t have to read the criticism. It was a vicious circle but that’s what international sport is about. It’s the same for everyone and if you’re playing international cricket it’s about dealing with all that as much as anything else.” Five years have passed since Hick played his last professional innings, two since he and his family made the life-changing decision to emigrate. If they left in search of a better life, Hick did not know what lay in store. There was no job, there were no promises. It was not a spur-of-the-moment flight. The initial prompt had come from his children when Hick played in a beach cricket circus in Australia in 2004 and 2005. They wanted to know why the family did not live in Australia. The feeling never diminished. Living on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Hick began coaching occasionally at the Academy in Brisbane. He found that he liked coaching, of which he had not done much, and when the high-performance post became vacant – a knock-on effect of Darren Lehmann’s elevation to coaching the Test side – he was invited to do the job. And now here we are in this globalised world with a man who played 10 Ashes Tests for England, seven of them in Australia, coaching their players. He seems relaxed, content and looking forward hugely to what lies ahead. He knows that his experiences can help him forge the way for others. “I have loved my career and although it sounds a bit of a cliché I’m interested in giving that bit back,” he said. “A lot of people helped me and I do feel that through the ups and downs of my career I have a lot to offer in terms of someone’s development off the field and what they will face as much as someone’s development on the field. “You have got to go out and bat with a clear mind and be free to express yourself. Through my pitfalls or downfall or whatever you want to call it, I do feel I have got a lot to offer the young kids.” He has become a good judge of technique – he always used to admire Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar but then, as he says, he often had plenty of time to do so from second slip – but believes that the playing of a long innings is as much mindset as method. “I might be a little bit old-school, but if you want to bat all day and you have a desire to do it then you will get your head round it and leave a few balls,” he said. Hick insisted that there are no regrets, though perhaps there are occasionally a few thoughts of how it might have turned out differently for him. There is just the feeling that he was not treated quite as he might have been, that somehow he was blamed for not living up to the hype. “Both parties could have dealt with it better,” he said. “I could have dealt with it better and certain people that I worked with could have been more supportive. You have got to be pretty thick-skinned. We’re all different and that’s what make the great players stand out because they’re able to deal with all that. Whatever sport you’re in, it comes in one form or another.” It still seemed odd to be talking to him at Hobart in the gold and green of Australia. And will there be divided loyalties this winter when the Ashes start? “Just doing my job,” he said. More about:	i don't know
You’re Driving Me Crazy by the Temperance Seven was, in May 1961, the first Number One single for which record producer?	John R T Davies - Telegraph John R T Davies 12:02AM BST 26 May 2004 John R T Davies, who died yesterday aged 77, was a jazz musician with an international reputation for remastering old recordings; but his closest brush with fame was as a member of the Temperance Seven, which swept to the top of the Hit Parade with You're Driving Me Crazy in 1961. When Davies was invited to arrange for the "Temps", it was largely made up of students at Chelsea College who could not read music yet played at least two instruments each. He happily agreed to provide some simple scores, writing himself in, as trombonist and alto-saxophonist, and entering into its light-hearted spirit by adopting the name Sheikh Wadi El Yadounia and wearing a fez. Davies brought with him experience of playing alongside such post-war jazz musicians as Mick Mulligan and Ken Colyer, as well as a deep knowledge derived from his large record collection. This enabled him to move its musical model from 1923 to 1926, when Louis Armstrong was emerging as jazz's greatest performer. The Temperance Seven took their name from Father Mathew's temperance movement in 19th-century Ireland, adding to the joke by declaring that they were one over the eight when its seven members rose to nine. Their polite, nostalgic and very English style - strongly suggestive of tea dances - differed from that of both the "trad jazz" bands and the other groups of the period. Girls began screaming when the vocalist Paul McDowell opened his mouth. Then the band, dressed in frock coats and wing collars, appeared on the television programme Juke Box Jury to play the theme tune on three phonafiddles, a sousaphone and banjo. It led to a flurry of invitations, climaxing in an appearance on Sunday Night at the London Palladium. The rock critic of the Village Voice in New York even declared that the group was proof of the existence of God. Davies's careful nourishment contributed to the steady improvement in the band's music, which attracted the attention of Sir George Martin, the music producer later responsible for the Beatles' records. Martin agreed to record the Temps at the Abbey Road studio in London and gave them useful, if largely unwelcome, suggestions designed to increase their chance of success. He objected to You're Driving Me Crazy because it ran to more than four minutes, while most 45 rpm records lasted two minutes 10 seconds; but the number's sophisticated scoring, fey lyrics and Davies's elegant alto solo contributed to an astonishing success. This led on to a stream of later hits such as Pasadena and Hard-Hearted Hannah. But when success came it was a deep shock to the band's members. While bemused at receiving the then large sum of £60 a week, some entertained doubts about professionalism and commercialism, while being conscious that they had their own futures to consider. After the Temps appeared at the Royal Command Performance, the Beatles began to rocket into the charts, while the band wound down their activities, though they continued to perform with new members until the late 1960s. Most went off to pursue non-musical careers; but Davies had plenty to occupy him in jazz. The son of a skin specialist, John Ross Twiston Davies was born on March 20 1927 and went to Dartington Hall. He developed an early interest in jazz, much to his father's disapproval. But he did not take up an instrument till he was given a guitar while serving with the Royal Signals in Austria after the war. On returning home he started playing banjo with Mick Mulligan. He switched to trombone and, with his brother Julian, who played tuba and later double-bass, became a founder member of the Crane River band. They began to play in the revivalist tradition of Bunk Johnson and George Lewis, and continued to do so with the same front line for almost 40 years. Although Davies was already dedicated to jazz, he had to make ends meet with a wide variety of day jobs, including working at Heathrow airport. In the evenings he would play with the cornet player Steve Lane, the trombonist Cy Laurie and the clarinettists Sandy Brown and Acker Bilk as well as his own band. After the Temperance Seven wound down, Davies still found plenty of congenial collaborators, whom he would bemuse by turning up for a gig with 17 instruments, including a 19th-century cornopean. He formed, with the American journalist Dick Sudhalter, the Anglo-American Alliance, and had the cornet player Bobby Hackett to stay so frequently that his children called him "Uncle Bobby". Another friend was the clarinettist Jimmy Noone Junior, with whom he made a particularly finely matched partnership on Apex Blues. At the same time Davies's scholarly interest in jazz was encouraged when Sudhalter, who had been researching a life of Bix Beiderbecke, told him of the transcripts in the American Library of Congress of the Paul Whiteman Orchestra's numbers from the 1920s. This led him to put on a concert at the Royal Festival Hall, in which he played the parts of the saxophonist Frankie Trumbauer. The cost of putting on a performance by a 28-piece orchestra meant there were only a handful of performances, though it made some excellent recordings. Davies had first started a record label called Ristick, his youthful nickname, in the late 1940s, and concentrated on painstakingly creating small collections of largely unknown players. The most startling of these contained the work of a cornet player whose distinctive style he had identified on a variety of recordings made around 1930, though nobody could tell him the player's name, except that it was perhaps "Charlie. . .", ". . .Charlie", "Big Charlie" or "Charlie Thomas". The collection was released under the name "Big Charlie Thomas." Davies restored such records in the old stables of his Buckinghamshire home. He first began sticking together pieces of old discs, then used early tape recorders, finally cutting his own CDs. The major record companies were doing the same thing, but they could match neither his scholarship nor his willingness to devote unlimited time to removing clicks, crackles and pops from a single record. This he did by carefully remixing the balance of treble, bass and volume to produce a version that was sometimes better than the original. His reputation was such that large music companies with flawed orchestral recordings started asking him to make repairs by copying notes from elsewhere on a tape, rather than recall all the players to re-record. Some friends felt that this should have enabled him to make handsome profits during the raging inflation of the mid-1970s, but Davies elected to stick to the Labour government's inflation guidelines. However, his expertise later paid dividends when record companies were glad to have the name John R T Davies in small type on their CDs of Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman and others which he had remastered, because it was an instant guarantee. Ever ready to help others with a serious interest in the subject, he was making a final CD of unissued and test pressings of such musicians as Wingy Manone and Joe Venuti. John R T Davies leaves his wife Sue, who bought him his first alto as a wedding present, a daughter and a step-daughter; another daughter predeceased him.	George Martin
Which French footballer, currently at Manchester United, won the Golden Boy Award, for the best Under 21 player in Europe in 2015?	George Martin - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos George Martin NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE For other uses, see George Martin (disambiguation) . Sir George Martin Martin backstage at the Beatles' Love show, Las Vegas, c. 2006 Background information Paul McCartney Sir George Henry Martin CBE (3 January 1926 – 8 March 2016) was an English record producer, arranger, composer, conductor, audio engineer and musician. He was referred to as the " Fifth Beatle ", including by Paul McCartney , in reference to his extensive involvement on each of the Beatles ' original albums. [1] Martin had 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States. Martin produced comedy and novelty records in the early 1950s, working with Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins , among others. His career spanned more than six decades of work in music, film, television and live performance. He held a number of senior executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes, including his work for The Prince's Trust and the Caribbean island of Montserrat . In recognition of his services to the music industry and popular culture, he was made a Knight Bachelor in 1996. Contents Early years[ edit ] When he was six, Martin's family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music. [2] At eight years of age, Martin persuaded his parents, Henry and Betha Beatrice (nėe Simpson) Martin, [3] that he should take piano lessons, but those ended after only eight lessons because of a disagreement between his mother and the teacher. As a child, he attended several schools, including a "convent school in Holloway", St Joseph's School ( Highgate ), and at St Ignatius' College ( Stamford Hill ), where he had won a scholarship. When WWII broke out, and St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City , his family left London, and he was enrolled at Bromley Grammar School . [4] I remember well the very first time I heard a symphony orchestra. I was just in my teens when Sir Adrian Boult brought the BBC Symphony Orchestra to my school for a public concert. It was absolutely magical. Hearing such glorious sounds I found it difficult to connect them with ninety men and women blowing into brass and wooden instruments or scraping away at strings with horsehair bows. [5] Despite Martin's continued interest in music, and "fantasies about being the next Rachmaninov ", he did not initially choose music as a career. [6] He worked briefly as a quantity surveyor , and later for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk (Grade Three), which meant filing paperwork and making tea. [7] In 1943, when he was seventeen, he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and became an aerial observer and a commissioned officer. The war ended before Martin was involved in any combat, and he left the service in 1947. [8] Encouraged by Sidney Harrison (a member of the Committee for the Promotion of New Music ) Martin used his veteran's grant to attend the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1947 to 1950, where he studied piano and oboe, and was interested in the music of Rachmaninov and Ravel , as well as Cole Porter . Martin's oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot (the mother of Jane Asher , who would later become involved with Paul McCartney ). [9] [10] [11] After that, Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself. [12] On 3 January 1948 – while still at the Academy – Martin married Sheena Chisholm, with whom he would have two children, Alexis and Gregory Paul Martin . He later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucie and Giles Martin . [13] Parlophone[ edit ] The Beatles' first LP (produced by Martin) Following his graduation, he worked for the BBC's classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950 as an assistant to Oscar Preuss, the head of EMI's Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955. Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past, it was then not taken seriously and only used for EMI's insignificant acts. [9] [14] After taking over Parlophone when Preuss retired in 1955, Martin recorded classical and Baroque music, original cast recordings , and regional music from around Britain and Ireland. [15] [16] Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records. His first hit for Parlophone was the "Mock Mozart" single by Peter Ustinov with Antony Hopkins – a record reluctantly released in 1952 by EMI, only after Preuss insisted they give his young assistant, Martin, a chance. Later that decade Martin worked with Peter Sellers on two very popular comedy LPs. One was released on 10 format and called The Best Of Sellers, the second was released in 1957, being called Songs for Swinging Sellers (a spoof on Frank Sinatra 's LP Songs for Swingin' Lovers! ). [17] As he had worked with Sellers, he also came to know Spike Milligan , with whom he became a firm friend, and best man at Milligan's second marriage: "I loved The Goon Show , and issued an album of it on my label Parlophone, which is how I got to know Spike." [18] The album was Bridge on the River Wye . It was a spoof of the film The Bridge on the River Kwai , being based on the 1957 Goon Show episode "An African Incident." It was intended to have the same name as the film, but shortly before its release, the film company threatened legal action if the name was used. [19] Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word Kwai was spoken, with Bridge on the River Wye being the result. The River Wye is a river that runs through England and Wales. The album featured Milligan, Sellers, Jonathan Miller , and Peter Cook , playing various characters. [20] [21] Other comedians Martin worked with included Bernard Cribbins , Charlie Drake , Terry Scott , Bruce Forsyth , Michael Bentine , Dudley Moore , Flanders and Swann , Lance Percival , Joan Sims , Bill Oddie , and The Alberts . Martin worked with both Jim Dale and the Vipers Skiffle Group , with whom he had a number of hits. In early 1962, under the pseudonym "Ray Cathode," Martin released an early electronic dance single, " Time Beat " – recorded at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . As Martin wanted to add rock and roll to Parlophone's repertoire, he struggled to find a "fireproof" hit-making pop artist or group. [22] Martin also became involved with engineering—producing some of the recorded material of Australian hit-maker Rolf Harris, and is alleged to have been responsible for the close-miking of the "wobble-board" sound that became an audio trade-mark of Harris on several of his hit songs, including his only international hit, "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" (1960–1961).[ citation needed ] Martin was credited as an engineer on some of Harris' albums. As a producer, Martin recorded the two-man show featuring Michael Flanders and Donald Swann , At the Drop of a Hat , which sold steadily for twenty-five years, although Martin's breakthrough as a producer came with the Beyond the Fringe show cast album, which starred Peter Cook , Dudley Moore , Alan Bennett , and Jonathan Miller , and he would also produce the accompanying soundtrack album for David Frost 's satirical BBC TV show That Was the Week That Was in 1963. Martin's work transformed the profile of Parlophone from a "sad little company" to a very profitable business. [23] The Beatles[ edit ] Martin working with the Beatles in a studio during Beatles for Sale sessions, 1964 Martin was contacted by Sid Coleman of Ardmore & Beechwood, who told him about Brian Epstein , the manager of a band whom he had met. He thought Martin might be interested in the group, even though they had been turned down by Decca Records . Until that time, although he had had considerable success with the comedy records, and a number 1 hit with the Temperance Seven , Martin had only minor success with pop music, such as "Who Could Be Bluer" by Jerry Lordan , and singles with Shane Fenton and Matt Monro . After the telephone call by Coleman, Martin arranged a meeting on 13 February 1962 with Brian Epstein. [24] Martin listened to a tape recorded at Decca, and thought that Epstein's group was "rather unpromising", but liked the sound of Lennon's and McCartney's vocals. [25] After another meeting with Epstein on 9 May at the Abbey Road studios , Martin was impressed by Epstein's enthusiasm and agreed to sign the unknown Beatles to a recording contract, without having met them or seen them play live. [26] The contract was not what it seemed, however, as Martin would not sign it himself until he had heard an audition, and later said that EMI had "nothing to lose," as it offered one penny for each record sold, which was split among the four members. [27] Martin suggested to EMI (after the release of " From Me to You ") that the royalty rate should be doubled without asking for anything in return, which led to Martin being thought of as a "traitor in EMI". [28] The Beatles auditioned for Martin on 6 June 1962, in studio three at the Abbey Road studios. [29] Ron Richards and his engineer Norman Smith recorded four songs, which Martin (who was not present during the recording) listened to at the end of the session. The verdict was not promising, however, as Richards complained about Pete Best 's drumming, and Martin thought their original songs were simply not good enough. [26] Martin asked the individual Beatles if there was anything they personally did not like, to which George Harrison replied, "Well, there's your tie, for a start." That was the turning point, according to Smith, as John Lennon and Paul McCartney joined in with jokes and comic wordplay, that made Martin think that he should sign them to a contract for their wit alone. [30] The Beatles' second recording session with Martin was on 4 September 1962, when they recorded " How Do You Do It ", heavily modified by The Beatles which Martin thought was a sure-fire hit, even though Lennon and McCartney did not want to release it, not being one of their own compositions or style. [31] Martin was correct: Gerry & the Pacemakers ' version, which Martin produced, spent three weeks at No. 1 in April 1963, before being displaced by "From Me to You". On 11 September 1962, the Beatles re-recorded " Love Me Do " with session player Andy White playing drums. Ringo Starr was asked to play tambourine and maracas, and although he complied, he was definitely "not pleased". Due to an EMI library error, a 4 September version with Starr playing drums was issued on the British single release; afterwards, the tape was destroyed, and the 11 September recording with Andy White on drums was used for all subsequent releases. [32] Martin would later praise Starr's drumming, calling him "probably ... the finest rock drummer in the world today". [33] As "Love Me Do" peaked at number 17 in the British charts, on 26 November 1962 Martin recorded " Please Please Me ", which he did only after Lennon and McCartney had almost begged him to record another of their original songs. Martin's crucial contribution to the song was to tell them to speed up what was initially a slow ballad. After the recording Martin looked over the mixing desk and said, "Gentlemen, you have just made your first number one record". [34] [35] Martin directed Epstein to find a good publisher, as Ardmore & Beechwood had done nothing to promote "Love Me Do", informing Epstein of three publishers who, in Martin's opinion, would be fair and honest, which led them to Dick James . [36] As an arranger[ edit ] Abbey Road Studios , where Martin recorded Parlophone's artists Martin's more formal musical expertise helped fill the gaps between the Beatles' unrefined talent, and the sound which distinguished them from other groups, which would eventually make them successful. Most of the Beatles' orchestral arrangements and instrumentation (as well as frequent keyboard parts on the early records) were written or performed by Martin, in collaboration with the less musically experienced band. [37] It was Martin's idea to put a string quartet on " Yesterday ", against McCartney's initial reluctance. [37] [38] Martin played the song in the style of Bach to show McCartney the voicings that were available. [39] Another example is the song " Penny Lane ", which featured a piccolo trumpet solo that was requested by McCartney after hearing the instrument on a BBC broadcast. McCartney hummed the melody he wanted, and Martin notated it for David Mason , the classically trained trumpeter. [40] His work as an arranger was used for many Beatles recordings. For " Eleanor Rigby " he scored and conducted a strings-only accompaniment inspired by Bernard Herrmann . On a Canadian speaking tour in 2007, Martin said his "Eleanor Rigby" score was influenced by Herrmann's score for the Alfred Hitchcock thriller, Psycho . [41] For " Strawberry Fields Forever ", he and recording engineer Geoff Emerick turned two very different takes into a single master through careful use of vari-speed and editing. [42] For " I Am the Walrus ", he provided a quirky and original arrangement for brass, violins, cellos, and the Mike Sammes Singers vocal ensemble. [43] [44] [45] On " In My Life ", he played a speeded-up baroque piano solo. [46] He worked with McCartney to implement the orchestral 'climax' in " A Day in the Life ", and he and McCartney shared conducting duties the day it was recorded. [47] Martin contributed integral parts to other songs, including the piano in " Lovely Rita ", [48] the harpsichord in " Fixing a Hole ", the old steam organ and tape loop arrangement that create the Pablo Fanque circus atmosphere that Lennon requested on " Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! " (both Martin and Lennon played steam organ parts for this song), and the orchestration in " Good Night ". [49] [50] [51] The first song that Martin did not arrange was " She's Leaving Home ", as he had a prior engagement to produce a Cilla Black session, so McCartney contacted arranger Mike Leander to do it. Martin was reportedly hurt by this, but still produced the recording and conducted the orchestra himself. [52] Martin was in demand as an independent arranger and producer by the time of The White Album , so the Beatles were left to produce various tracks by themselves. [53] Martin arranged the score for the Beatles' film Yellow Submarine [54] and the James Bond film Live and Let Die , for which Paul McCartney wrote and sang the title song. [55] He helped arrange Paul and Linda McCartney's American Number 1 single " Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey ". [56] Paul McCartney once commended Martin by saying: "George Martin [was] quite experimental for who he was, a grown-up." [57] Film and composing work[ edit ] Beginning in the late 1950s, Martin began to supplement his producer income by publishing music and having his artists record it. He used the pseudonyms Lezlo Anales and John Chisholm, before settling on Graham Fisher as his primary pseudonym. [58] Martin composed, arranged, and produced film scores since the early 1960s, including the instrumental scores of the films A Hard Day's Night (1964, for which he won an Academy Award Nomination), Ferry Cross the Mersey (1965), Yellow Submarine (1968), and Live and Let Die (1973). Other notable movie scores include Crooks Anonymous (1962), The Family Way (1966), Pulp (1972, starring Michael Caine and Mickey Rooney ), the Peter Sellers film The Optimists of Nine Elms (1973), and the John Schlesinger directed Honky Tonk Freeway (1981).[ citation needed ] He also composed the David Frost theme "By George", "Eary-Feary" (the theme from the 1970 LWT horror series Tales of Unease), "Theme One" for BBC Radio 1 , "Adagietto for Harmonica & Strings" for Tommy Reilly , and "Magic Carpet" for the Dakotas .[ citation needed ] The Beatles Anthology[ edit ] Martin oversaw post-production on The Beatles Anthology (which was originally entitled The Long and Winding Road) in 1994 and 1995, working again with Geoff Emerick . [59] Martin decided to use an old 8-track analogue deck – which EMI learned an engineer still had – to mix the songs for the project, instead of a modern digital deck. He explained this by saying that the old deck created a completely different sound, which a new deck could not accurately reproduce. [60] He also said he found the whole project a strange experience (and McCartney agreed), as they had to listen to themselves chatting in the studio, 25–30 years previously. [61] Martin stepped down when it came to producing the two new singles reuniting McCartney, Harrison, and Starr, who wanted to overdub two old Lennon demos. Martin had suffered a hearing loss, so he left the work to writer/producer Jeff Lynne of the Electric Light Orchestra . [62] [63] Cirque du Soleil and Love[ edit ] In 2006, Martin and his son, Giles Martin , remixed 80 minutes of Beatles music for the Las Vegas stage performance Love , a joint venture between Cirque du Soleil and the Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd. [64] A soundtrack album from the show was released that same year. [65] Public image[ edit ] Martin's contribution to the Beatles' work received regular critical acclaim, and led to him being described as the "Fifth Beatle" (in 2016, Paul McCartney wrote that "If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle it was George" [66] ). [67] However, he distanced himself from this claim, stating that assistant and roadie Neil Aspinall would be more deserving of that title. [68] In the immediate aftermath of the Beatles' break-up, a time when he made many angry utterances, John Lennon trivialised Martin's importance to the Beatles' music. In his 1970 interview with Jann Wenner , Lennon said, "[Dick James is] another one of those people, who think they made us. They didn't. I'd like to hear Dick James' music and I'd like to hear George Martin's music, please, just play me some." [69] In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney, Lennon wrote, "When people ask me questions about 'What did George Martin really do for you?,' I have only one answer, 'What does he do now?' I noticed you had no answer for that! It's not a putdown, it's the truth." [70] Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles' music. Commenting specifically on " Revolution 9 ", Lennon said with ironic authority, "For Martin to state that he was 'painting a sound picture' is pure hallucination. Ask any of the other people involved. The final editing Yoko and I did alone." [70] Lennon later retracted many of the comments he made in that era, attributing them to his anger. He subsequently spoke with great affection and fondness for Martin. [71] In 1971 he said: "George Martin made us what we were in the studio. He helped us develop a language to talk to other musicians." [72] According to Alan Parsons , he had "great ears" and "rightfully earned the title of "Fifth Beatle". [73] Julian Lennon called Martin "The Fifth Beatle, without question". [74] Other artists[ edit ] Martin in 2007 Martin produced recordings for many other artists, including contemporaries of the Beatles, such as Matt Monro , Cilla Black , Gerry & The Pacemakers , Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas , The Fourmost , David and Jonathan , and The Action , as well as The King's Singers , the band America , [75] guitarists Jeff Beck , John McLaughlin and John Williams , sixties duo Edwards Hand , Gary Brooker , Neil Sedaka , Ultravox , country singer Kenny Rogers , UFO , Cheap Trick , Elton John , Little River Band , Celine Dion and Yoshiki Hayashi of X Japan . [76] [77] Also working with Gary Glitter before his chart success, Martin recorded several songs with him in the early 1960s, with the singer using the pseudonym of "Paul Raven". He also produced the album The Man in the Bowler Hat (1974) for the eccentric British folk-rock group Stackridge . [78] Martin worked with Paul Winter on his (1972) Icarus album, which was recorded in a rented house by the sea in Marblehead, Massachusetts . Winter said that Martin taught him "how to use the studio as a tool", and allowed him to record the album in a relaxed atmosphere, which was different from the pressurised control in a professional studio. [79] In 1979 he worked with Ron Goodwin to produce the album containing The Beatles Concerto , written by John Rutter . In 2010, Martin was the executive producer of the hard rock debut of Arms of the Sun, an all-star project featuring Rex Brown ( Pantera , Down ), John Luke Hebert ( King Diamond ), Lance Harvill and Ben Bunker. [80] In 1991, Martin contributed the string arrangement and conducted the orchestra for the song "Ticket To Heaven" on the last Dire Straits studio album On Every Street. In 1992, Martin worked with Pete Townshend on the musical stage production of The Who's Tommy . The play opened on Broadway in 1993, with the original cast album being released that summer. Martin won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1993, as the producer of that album. In 1995, he contributed the horn and string arrangement for the song "Latitude" on the Elton John Made in England album, which was recorded at Martin's AIR Studios London. He also produced " Candle in the Wind 1997 ", Elton's tribute single to the late Diana, Princess of Wales , which topped charts around the world in September 1997. [81] [82] Associated Independent Recording (AIR)[ edit ] Within the recording industry, Martin was known for having become independent at a time when many producers were still salaried. In 1965, the Beatles' success gave Martin the leverage to start Associated Independent Recording (AIR), which enabled him to hire out his services to other artists. AIR demonstrated how important Martin's talents were to his artists, and it allowed him a share in record royalties on his hits. [83] To this day, AIR remains one of the world's pre-eminent recording studios. [84] In 1979, Martin opened a studio on the Caribbean island of Montserrat . [13] This studio was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo ten years later. [85] Music from the James Bond series[ edit ] Martin also directly and indirectly contributed to the main themes of three films in the James Bond series. Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film, From Russia with Love , he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI, just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title. [86] Martin also produced two of the best-known James Bond themes. The first was " Goldfinger " by Shirley Bassey in 1964. [87] The second, in 1973, was " Live and Let Die " by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name . He also composed and produced the film's score . [88] Books and audio retrospective[ edit ] In 1979, Martin published a memoir, All You Need is Ears (co-written with Jeremy Hornsby), that described his work with the Beatles and other artists (including Peter Sellers , Sophia Loren , Shirley Bassey , Flanders and Swann , Matt Monro , and Dudley Moore ), and gave an informal introduction to the art and science of sound recording . In 1993 he published Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt Pepper (published in the U.S. as With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt Pepper, co-authored with William Pearson), [89] [90] which also included interview quotations from a 1992 South Bank Show episode discussing the album. Martin also edited a 1983 book called Making Music: The Guide to Writing, Performing and Recording. In 2001, Martin released Produced by George Martin : 50 Years in Recording, a six-CD retrospective of his entire studio career, and in 2002, Martin launched Playback, his limited-edition illustrated autobiography, published by Genesis Publications . [91] Television[ edit ] The Rhythm of Life[ edit ] In 1997–98, Martin hosted a three-part BBC co-produced documentary series titled "The Rhythm of Life", in which he discussed various aspects of musical composition with professional musicians and singers, among them Brian Wilson , Billy Joel , and Celine Dion . The series aired on the Ovation television network in the United States. [92] [93] [94] Produced by George Martin[ edit ] On 25 April 2011, a 90-minute documentary feature film co-produced by the BBC Arena team, Produced by George Martin, aired to critical acclaim for the first time in the UK. It combines rare archive footage and new interviews with, among others, Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , Jeff Beck , Cilla Black , and Giles Martin , and tells the life story of how George Martin, a schoolboy growing up in the Depression, grew up to become a legendary music producer. The film, with over 50 minutes of extra footage, including interviews from Rick Rubin , T-Bone Burnett and Ken Scott , was released world-wide by Eagle Rock Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on 10 September 2012. Soundbreaking: Stories from the Cutting Edge of Recorded Music[ edit ] Produced in association with Sir George Martin, Soundbreaking: Stories from the Cutting Edge of Recorded Music charts a century’s worth of music innovation and experimentation, and offers a behind-the-scenes look at recorded music. Soundbreaking features more than 160 original interviews with some of the most celebrated recording artists, producers, and music industry pioneers of all time. Soundbreaking became George Martin's last, and one of his most personal, projects when he died six days before its premiere. [95] Death[ edit ] Martin died in his sleep on the night of 8 March 2016 at his home in Wiltshire , England, at the age of 90. [96] [97] His death was announced by Ringo Starr on his Twitter account. [98] A spokesperson for the Universal Music Group confirmed his death. [99] The cause of death has not been announced. [100] He is survived by his wife of nearly fifty years, Judy Lockhart Smith, and his four children. [97] Awards and recognition[ edit ] In September 2008, he was awarded the James Joyce Award by the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin . [109] Martin was honoured with a Gold Medal for Services to the Arts from the CISAC (the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers).[ citation needed ] On 25 May 2010, he was given an honorary membership in the Audio Engineering Society at the 128th AES Convention in London. On 29 June 2011, he was given an honorary degree, Doctor of Music, from the University of Oxford. [110] On 19 October 2012, he won a lifetime award in the 39th Golden Badge Awards [111] Martin was one of a handful of producers to have number one records in three or more consecutive decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s). Others in this group include Phil Spector (1950s, 1960s and 1970s), Quincy Jones (1960s, 1970s and 1980s), Michael Omartian (1970s, 1980s and 1990s), and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s). [112] [113] Selected non-Beatles hit records produced or co-produced by George Martin[ edit ] Records produced by Martin have achieved 30 number one singles and 16 number one albums in the UK – plus 23 number one singles and 19 number one albums in North America (most of which were by The Beatles ). [114]	i don't know
Which newspaper published by Trinity Mirror, launched on February 29th this year, closed on May 6th?	Traditional News: Evolving to Thrive in the Digital Age - Tangerine 16th June 2016 Traditional News: Evolving to Thrive in the Digital Age There’s been a lot of noise in recent months about the decline of the newspaper and traditional news in general. In March, the Independent moved online, ending its daily print edition after 30 years. Then, in May, the New Day, a bold new paper launched by Trinity Mirror to appeal to lapsed female readers – and those used to getting their news in bitesize online form – announced it was shutting up shop, after just two months of operation. Even those papers that have successfully developed their online presence are finding their market share eroded by the new kids on the block, Buzzfeed and Huffington Post. However, the traditional press are not taking the changing media landscape lying down. News outlets are fighting back and adapting their offering to ensure they continue to provide the content their audiences are interested in, in formats that fit their busy lives. Take City AM, for instance. The daily paper – given away for free every morning at Tube stations across the capital – recently announced it was taking the brave step to allow corporate brands to upload advertorials directly to its website, without being overseen by City AM’s editors first – the so-called contributor model. Brands will have to pay a monthly fee for the privilege, and the advertorials will be clearly signposted, so readers know exactly what they are reading. City AM also revealed it would be giving a small number of freelance writers and industry specialists access to its content management system, so they can upload articles to the site themselves, again without the involvement of the paper’s editorial team. A number of commentators have expressed a fear that this will lead to a blurring of the lines between news and advertising – even possibly resulting in a loss of impartiality – but there is precedent for such a move. Forbes magazine has been doing something similar for six years now, handing the keys to its website to brands to provide its audience with the ‘unedited voice’ of experts and business leaders. The strategy seems to be working for Forbes – five of its eight most read issues were published in 2015 alone, all chock full of content contributed by brands. It remains to be seen, however, whether City AM, with its declining readership will enjoy the same success. The contributor model isn’t the only innovation being trialled by traditional media. As more and more of us get our morning news fix via our mobile phones, rather than the paper or the computer screen, the likes of the Guardian and CNN are now exploring the potential of what has been called ‘conversational news’ – news that you can interact with. CNN has recently been experimenting with a chatbot that, via the Facebook Messenger, Line and Kik apps, curates a news feed personalised to users’ interests. Users can even ask the bot for more information on the stories that catch their eye. The Guardian is playing with a chatbot of its own to deliver a similar service. The experience offered by this new generation of messenger-style news apps is, of course, a world away from that provided by traditional media channels. Nevertheless, the move seems to be paying off. CNN’s chatbot service on the Line app alone has been downloaded more than 400,000 times since its launch in April. On Facebook Messenger, it has reported a significant uptick in the number of readers spending more than two minutes engaging with the bot, suggesting they are finding the stories they want to read. While in their early stages, these experiments by established outlets are signs that there is plenty of life in traditional news yet. Digital technology is revolutionising not just the way we communicate with family and friends, but the way we learn more about the world around us, so it’s important that the media works to stay a step ahead. At the same time, brands should make sure they keep up with the changing face of media, to ensure they continue to deliver the right content for their target media channels – content that is engaging for readers and in the format the channel requires. By Michael Wood, Senior B2B Copywriter	The New Day
Which BBC TV comedy is set in Sparkhill, Birmingham, described as ‘the capital of British Pakistan’?	Is New Day a false dawn for the print industry? - OpenLearn - Open University Is New Day a false dawn for the print industry? History & The Arts Is New Day a false dawn for the print industry? Updated Friday 26th February 2016 The Independent announced the closure of its print edition, but almost straight away Trinity Mirror said they'd launch a new paper. What's happening with the paper business? The launch by Trinity Mirror of New Day, the first new stand-alone paid-for newspaper in three decades is, on the face of it, potentially one of the worst commercial decisions since Microsoft launched the Zune (look it up). Failure, the evidence suggests, is all-too likely an option. Marion Doss under Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license Still hard pressed? For a start, newspapers are an analogue product in a digital age. Why hand over hard cash to buy news to hold in your hands when you can read it on a device and from any number of sources for free? Why listen to one voice when you can hear a whole choir for free? And nearly all news is broken now on social media. Hands up who went to a newspaper site and stuck with it throughout the day when news of David Bowie’s death broke. No one, right? Everyone was on Twitter and Facebook where the news first emerged. In an era when even the web is starting to feel more like a reference library than a breaking news platform, what is newsprint bringing to the table? David Bowie dies: the internet reacts to the death of the rock legend https://t.co/ulruJGYsru via @YouTube — Steve Skrocki (@skrocki) January 17, 2016 It’s true that good quality analysis is rarer online – many independent bloggers could use a sharp sub-editor to curb their self-indulgence and word counts, let alone correct their legal faux pas and abysmal grammar – but commentary and analysis is where news magazines are at their best. The rising circulations of Private Eye, The Spectator and – astonishingly, given its content is available for free online – New Statesman prove that there is an appetite for in-depth coverage beyond the daily headlines which people are willing to pay for. Paper tiger Some hacks on other papers have welcomed the arrival of a new competitor on the basis that it might help revive interest in newspapers generally but this is delusional. There is no evidence that the launch of the abridged version of The Independent, the “i” paper expanded readers’ appetite for newsprint; all it did was steal away readers, enticed by a cheap cover price, and eat into other papers’ markets . As for the argument that the new 40-page paper with its “ ruthless edit ” of the day’s news will appeal to time-poor readers – well, we’re all time-poor. That’s why, on the train into work, the bus home or walking to the car park, we’re glued to our mobiles; we’re maximising the precious few minutes we have. What else? The title, New Day, is hardly distinctive. Does it sound like a potentially strong brand? Or more like a failed breakfast TV programme? Trinity Mirror has not disclosed how much it is costing to launch the new paper but however many millions it is, the money might have been better spent upgrading some of the turgid websites of its recent acquisition , Local World . And you wonder what Trinity Mirror shareholders make of the move and a time when the company is aiming to save £20m this financial year and revenues from its existing print operation were down 8% at the company’s last trading update in December 2015. From every aspect, this looks an unlikely commercial prospect if you study the cold hard economics. And yet… and yet… There are, in the bean-counting, cost-cutting, eye-on-the-bottom-line world of modern media economics, still a few factors which give one pause for thought. One is that the new paper, at 50p (25p to start with) will be cheap – so will potentially appeal to the Lidl-obsessed middle classes as much as the cash-strapped student or minimum wage earner, alongside the busy commuter. Another is that there remains a significant swath of older people whose eschew Twitter and Snapchat, prefer the BBC to Vice and would still rather read their news on paper than on a phone. Especially if it’s cheap. Older people are poorly served by the news media in many ways, which is odd when you think about how well-heeled baby boomers are supposed to be. The New Day is targeting an age group of 35-55. If it thought a little older, it might find there’s gold in them there retirees. Finally, newspapers – and their journalism – have never been just about the money. For the readers, as much as for those who work on them, they represent something other than just a collection of stories. They are edited, not “curated”; they have an identity of their own, something which their loyal readers value and relate to. That’s why, when the big stuff happens, their sales go up. I don’t know about you but when Bowie died, I didn’t go around capturing screen shots of websites to read and reread. I went out and bought every newspaper I could lay my hands on. If that’s what New Day is aiming to build, then we can only wish it well. With our fingers crossed. This article was originally published on The Conversation . Read the original article . Copyright: photos.com	i don't know
Which driver won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix, the youngest ever winner of a Grand Prix?	Spanish F1 Grand Prix 2016 Results: Winner, Standings, Highlights and Reaction \| Bleacher Report Spanish F1 Grand Prix 2016 Results: Winner, Standings, Highlights and Reaction By Matt Jones , Featured Columnist May 15, 2016 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Mark Thompson/Getty Images 9 Comments Red Bull's Max Verstappen won a dramatic Spanish Grand Prix on Sunday, becoming the youngest driver ever to win a Formula One race, as Mercedes duo Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton crashed out on the opening lap. The 18-year-old eventually came home ahead of Ferrari duo Kimi Raikkonen and Sebastian Vettel in Barcelona. However, the main talking point from Catalonia came in the early stages, as Hamilton, overtaken by Rosberg on the opening lap, darted onto the grass, lost control of his car and collided with his team-mate. Here are the results from the race and a closer look at how things panned out in a gripping grand prix: PROVISIONAL CLASSIFICATION — Formula 1 (@F1) May 15, 2016 Here's a run through the current constructors' standings: UPDATED CONSTRUCTORS' STANDINGS (AFTER FIVE ROUNDS) #SpanishGP 🇪🇸 pic.twitter.com/fNH6RSKcK1 — Formula 1 (@F1) May 15, 2016 Having taken pole position with a brilliant performance on Saturday, there was a superb chance for Hamilton to close the gap on the immaculate Rosberg, who had won all four races in 2016 coming into this one. But instead of a drawn-out battle between the two, they both went out in a blaze. Rosberg got the better start and did superbly to charge past his team-mate around the outside of the opening corner. Hamilton looked to have responded, though, picking up a brilliant tow into Turn 3. However, as we can see courtesy of Gianlu D’Alessandro, it was a little too quick for Rosberg: — Gianlu D'Alessandro (@Gianludale27) May 15, 2016 While many sought to attribute blame to one of the drivers, F1 journalist Chris Medland was unsure whether either man was solely at fault in this instance: Tiny, tiny margins. Rosberg closed the door, Hamilton expected room. Hugely tough to say one wholly at fault. — Chris Medland (@ChrisMedlandF1) May 15, 2016 “They are both upset, upset for themselves and the team,” said Mercedes boss Toto Wolff, per BBC Sport . "They were both apologetic towards the team. We have lost a potential one-two, a potential 43 points and a lot of effort has been thrown away. It is a very difficult situation and it is not clear cut so I would not want to blame either of them at this point.” Clive Mason/Getty Images It was unfortunate for the Mercedes duo, but it was an incident that left the race wide open, with Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo leading from his Red Bull team-mate Verstappen, who, on a two-stop strategy, eventually moved to the front. As the Red Bull Twitter feed noted, it was shaping up to be a memorable afternoon for the youngster: As Daniel pits, Max completes lap 30 to become the youngest driver to lead an #F1 lap 👏🇪🇸 #SpanishGP #F1 pic.twitter.com/xMi2M4bNMY — Red Bull Racing (@redbullracing) May 15, 2016 The Ferrari duo of Vettel and Raikkonen were in with a sniff too, and they quickly scythed through the field to get in touch with the leading duo. After some pit stops and strategy adaptation, Verstappen was still in front with 20 laps to go, and Raikkonen—18 years his senior—was keeping the Dutchman honest a second back. Clive Mason/Getty Images The Mercedes crash left the Red Bull men in charge of the race. A little further back, a lot of the Spanish crowd were keeping tabs on their compatriot Fernando Alonso . However, his afternoon didn't pan out as he may have dreamt, per the F1 Twitter feed: LAP 47/66: 📻 "No power, no power" @alo_oficial grinds to a halt and is OUT! #SpanishGP 🇪🇸 pic.twitter.com/pn7wegJx15 — Formula 1 (@F1) May 15, 2016 Two separate battles were ongoing as the race wound into the final stages, with Raikkonen still trying to find a way past the obdurate youngster. Meanwhile, Ricciardo, on fresher tyres, was all over the back of Vettel. LLUIS GENE/Getty Images At the front, Verstappen was driving with the composure of a wily veteran, not giving Raikkonen a chance as the laps ticked down. And he was eventually able to fight off the Finn, pulling away in the latter stages and enjoying a historic moment as he took the chequered flag. "It's amazing, I couldn't believe I was leading," said the winner, per Lawrence Barretto and Glenn Freeman of Autosport. Verstappen continued: It's a very big surprise, I didn't expect that. Unbelievable, I can't believe it. I was targeting a podium but to win straight away is an amazing feeling. In the last laps I got a bit of cramp—I was getting very excited, I couldn't believe it. I was looking at the pitboard, saw my name with 10 laps to go, then started to watch the board. I was thinking 'don't look at it, focus on the tyres and bring it home.' It's a great feeling. I absolutely didn't expect this. Ricciardo, as we can see here, suffered a dramatic puncture on the penultimate lap to put him out of the running: LAP 65/66: Agony for Ricciardo - a puncture on penultimate lap #SpanishGP pic.twitter.com/siPkT0dDcD — Formula 1 (@F1) May 15, 2016 It's a remarkable achievement for Verstappen, who has showcased immense promise ever since he made his debut in the sport. To keep things together so well in the final stages with someone like Raikkonen in close pursuit was stunning given his inexperience, and it capped off a performance that will be remembered for years to come. Mercedes will want to keep a lid on things in the wake of the Lap 1 incident, especially given the tense relationship between their two drivers as it is. Hamilton will ultimately be the man most disappointed, though. A strong start and a lead into the first corner would have made him very tough to beat, instead he gave his team-mate a chance.	Max Verstappen
Career of Evil is the third novel by Robert Galbraith to feature which detective?	Max Verstappen becomes youngest F1 winner in history at Spanish Grand Prix \| Sport \| The Guardian Max Verstappen becomes youngest F1 winner in history at Spanish Grand Prix • Red Bull driver victorious on debut aged 18 years and 228 days Max Verstappen celebrates on the podium after victory at the Spanish Grand Prix. Photograph: Albert Gea/Reuters Paul Weaver at the Circuit de Catalunya Sunday 15 May 2016 10.47 EDT Last modified on Sunday 15 May 2016 20.05 EDT Close This article is 8 months old The delivery of the prodigy Max Verstappen, who became the youngest winner of a Formula One race when he triumphed in Sunday’s Spanish Grand Prix, brought an iridescence to a sport that for too long has laboured in the single colour of the silver Mercedes. Everyone apart from the stricken people at Mercedes appeared to be joyous. And it felt as though it was the shortest race in history. The early crash between Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg , which removed both men from the contest, had so dominated the first hour of proceedings, with constant replays, quick-fire post-mortems and the assessment of consequences, that the race itself felt like a backdrop to weightier issues. Mercedes inquest as Hamilton and Rosberg crash out and Verstappen wins Spanish GP Read more Verstappen’s victory represented a great day for him and his team, Red Bull , who had not won a race since Spa in 2014. But it was a wonderful occasion for Formula One too. When Verstappen made his F1 debut for Toro Rosso as a 17-year-old last year he was so young that the concerned people at the FIA changed the rules; now you have to be 18. Verstappen was actually only 16 in 2014, when it was first announced that he would be driving in F1. Many sagacious voices said he was too young but there can be no doubts now. He crossed the winning line aged 18 years and 228 days, beating Sebastian Vettel’s previous record by two and a half years – Vettel was 21 and 73 days when he won in Italy in 2008. Verstappen led from lap 44, which was roughly the time everyone started concentrating on the race. He was the beneficiary of a split strategy from Red Bull. The team decided to give their other driver, Daniel Ricciardo, a three-stopper (Verstappen had two) to cover the threat from Vettel, who they thought would be the fastest driver in the race after the removal of the Mercedes. But this is to take nothing away from Verstappen, who resisted a long and persistent challenge from Kimi Raikkonen to win the race on his debut for Red Bull. He joined Red Bull this month because the team were unhappy with the start to the season made by Daniil Kvyat . Verstappen, who also became the first Dutch winner of an F1 race, also had a spot of luck, of course, when Hamilton and Rosberg collided. Hamilton took the lead from pole but Rosberg went past him on the outside on the first corner. But coming out of the third bend, Hamilton saw a gap in Rosberg’s defence and attempted to overtake him on the inside. Rosberg moved over and squeezed Hamilton on to the grass. The world champion went into a spin and clipped Rosberg’s car as he did so, putting both cars out of the race, leaving the field clear for Red Bull and Ferrari to battle it out for glory. Rosberg appeared to be over-aggressive but you are allowed to make one block to defend your lead. Hamilton, possibly piqued after making yet another indifferent start, may have had a rush of blood and was determined to get straight back at his team-mate. But there was a gap, and he was travelling much faster than Rosberg, whose engine was in the wrong mode. It was a terrible day for both drivers but Rosberg, with a 43-point lead from the first four races, clearly came out of the situation the better. The day, however, belonged to Verstappen. Christian Horner, Red Bull’s team principal, said: “It’s been an unbelievable performance, from the moment Max stepped into the car until the chequered flag he’s been exemplary. He’s not put a wheel wrong. He’s been quick, measured, mature. He’s defended incredibly well against a seasoned pro like Kimi. To score his first grand prix victory, becoming the youngest victor, on his debut for the team is fairytale stuff.” Horner, enthusing in the unexpected spotlight, added: “The biggest aspect of his performance has been in calmness. He’s obviously got a lot of capacity when he’s driving the car. We were all getting tense with five laps to go because the tyres were at the end of their life and he had Kimi breathing down his neck. “But he calmly came on the radio and said please could we ask Charlie [Whiting] to deal with the blue flags swiftly. There was no agitation in his voice, no panic, no tension. He was a young man completely in control of what he was doing. And that’s what he’s done from the moment he stepped in the car.” Horner thought it was “uncanny” how Verstappen reminded him of Vettel. “There are an awful lot of similarities. The mechanics were telling me that even the way he gets in the car is similar, the same side, the way he pulls his knee up to get in the chassis. But he’s his own man as well. He’s a very together young guy. You’d never think he was 18. He’s the first driver I’ve had that legally I could be his father.” The man of the moment said: “It’s amazing, I couldn’t believe I was leading. I was looking at the pitboard, saw my name with 10 laps to go, then started to watch the board. “I was thinking: ‘Don’t look at it, focus on the tyres and bring it home.’ It’s a great feeling. I absolutely didn’t expect this.” In the general excitement it was scarcely noticed that Carlos Sainz, the man Verstappen left behind at Toro Rosso, finished sixth, his best result. He must have had mixed feelings.	i don't know
HMY Victoria and Albert, the third of that name, served four sovereigns between 1901 and 1939. For what word does the Y stand?	coal fired ironclad \| laststandonzombieisland \| Page 4 Here at LSOZI, we are going to take off every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week . These ships have a life, a tale all of their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places. – Christopher Eger Warship Wednesday Aug 24, 2016: 100-feet of Turkish Surprise Here we see the steam-powered Nordenfelt-type submarine Abdülhamid of the Ottoman sultan’s fleet (Osmanlı Donanması) as she was completed in 1886. The Ottoman Navy dates back to the 14th Century and was hardened in centuries of warfare with the Greeks, Russians, Venetians, Spaniards, Mamelukes, and Portuguese and ventured as far as the English Colonies in North America and the Indian Ocean by the 17th Century. However, the fleet peaked around 1708 and fell into steady decline, being annihilated first by the Tsar’s navy at Chesma in 1770 and then again by the Brits at Navarino in 1827. This led to a building and modernization spree under the reign of first Sultan Mahmud II, then Abdülaziz. While the Ottoman Navy was largely inactive during the Crimean War, by 1876 the fleet was again the focus of attention as the country loomed to yet another war with Imperial Russia. And, after getting another licking at the hands of the neighbors to the North, new Sultan Abdülhamid II had on his hands 13 ironclads including the British made Mesudiye (formerly HMS Superb) as well as a number of dated wooden vessels and river gunboats. Further, the Ottomans had been introduced to the bad end of a new weapon when Russian torpedo boats carrying surfaced launched torpedoes in 1878 sank the Turkish ship Intibah. Unable to afford to go bigger, the Sultan needed to stretch his funds and innovate. Enter Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt. With the help of British inventor George Garrett, who had crafted two small steam-powered submersibles in England, in 1885 the Swede living in the British Isles paid to build a 64-foot steam-powered submarine of some 56-tons, which he dubbed unimaginatively the Nordenfelt I. The Greeks, fearing the Sultan’s ironclads and taking a cue from the Russian use of torpedoes in the late great regional hate, promptly purchased the tiny submarine– though they never used her. Further, and most ominous for the Turks, the Russians were looking at Nordenfelt’s designs as well. Nordenfelt I in trials in Landskrona, Sweden just before she was handed over to the Greeks. (September 1885) With the writing on the wall and already falling behind in the submarine arms race, the Ottomans doubled down and bought two improved Swedish steamboat subs. Ordered 23 January 1886, the Turkish vessels were longer, some 100-feet overall, and as such topped 100-tons on the surface (160 submerged). Powered by a Lamm locomotive type engine and boiler fed by up to 8-tons of coal, they could make 6 knots on the surface by steam, then did the unusual and shut down the engine to dive and carry on underwater until the pressure on the boiler dropped– usually just a few minutes or so. Armament was a pair of 14-inch torpedo tubes forward and outside of the pressure hull. An initial stockpile of Schwarzkopf torpedoes (Whiteheads made in Germany) were acquired, each capable of carrying a guncotton warhead some 600 yards. These fish were popular with navies of the time, being purchased by the Chinese and Japanese as well as both the Spanish and Americans on the eve of their dust up in 1898. For surface action, Mr. Nordenfelt offered a pair of double-barreled 35mm heavy machine guns of his own design. Good guy Thorsten. Nordenfelt two-barreled 25mm gun on naval mounting. The guns sold to the Turks were the same, except in a larger caliber. (Courtesy: Royal Armouries) Barrow Shipyard in England built the two submarines under contract by Nordenfeld in 1886. The first sub, Nordenfeld-2 was dubbed Abdülhamid and was launched 9 June 1886 after the sections were assembled at the Tersane-i Amire shipyards in Constantinople. The second vessel, built as Nordenfeld-3 in sections, was commissioned at Tersane-i Amire as Abdülmecid on 4 August 1887 (though she never had her torpedo tubes fitted). Library of Congress’s Abdul Hamid II Collection The Sultan paid some £22,000 for the two ships and their gear all told, which was quite an inflation from the £1,200 that the Greeks paid for their Nordenfeld boat. The Ottomans were also forced to establish an entire infrastructure to support their fledgling submarine arm. Turkish torpedo factory. Library of Congress’s Abdul Hamid II Collection Turkish assembled torps. Library of Congress’s Abdul Hamid II Collection Divers at the Imperial Naval Arsenal, 1893. Library of Congress’s Abdul Hamid II Collection Battalion divers at the Imperial Naval Arsenal. Library of Congress’s Abdul Hamid II Collection After trials in the Golden Horn and Bosporus in late 1887, the two submarines sailed together with a tender for the Bay of Izmit in 1888 and the wheels fell off. They suffered from stability problems and super easy to swamp on the surface in any sort of sea state. The longest leg of the trip completed without the assistance from their tender was just 10 miles. Due to their lack of reliable propulsion while submerged, they were static when awash and, being very primitive indeed, their raw crews (no such thing as experienced submariners in 1888) were unwilling to submerge very deep, though they were thought capable of 160-feet submergence. Still, that spring, Abdülhamid made history by firing a Schwarzkopf while submerged in the general direction of a target barge– the first such submarine to do so. Like the Greeks, the Turks soon had their fill of their tricky Nordenfelds and the vessels were docked after the Izmit tests and scrapped in 1914 when it was found they were in condemned condition. As for Nordenfelt, he had similar luck. Getting out of the U-boat biz after his fourth submarine sank while en route to the Russians, he was forced out of his machine gun company by a fellow named Hiram Maxim in 1890, which he fought in the courts for years without success. Bankrupt, he retired in 1903. Specs: Displacement: 100 tons surfaced (160 submerged) Length: 30.5 m (100 ft.) Beam: 6 m (20 ft.) Propulsion: Coal-fired 250 hp Lamm steam engine, 1 boiler, 1 screw Bunkers: 8 tons of coal Crew: 2 gunners, 2 firemen, 1 coxswain, 1 engineer, 1 officer (7) Speed: 6 kn (11 km/h) surfaced (10 on trials) 4 kn (7.4 km/h) Test depth: 160 ft (49 m) Armament: Two 356 mm torpedo tubes, Schwarzkopf torpedoes Two 35mm Nordenfelt twin machine guns If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this: This included responding to the disastrous 1889 hurricane in Samoa that left German, British and U.S. naval vessels alike wrecked and battered. Once she arrived, her crew helped perform repairs on the immobilized USS Nipsic and escorted her back to Hawaii. Photographed after the Samoa hurricane of March 1889. She was configured thus until 1899. Note her white scheme and her extensive awnings in the tropical heat. Catalog #: NH 586 Following this effort, the 15-year-old gunboat with lots of miles on her hull sailed for Mare Island for refit. In dry-dock at the Mare Island navy yard, about 1890. Catalog #: NH 71061 And from the stern– In dry-dock at the Mare Island Navy Yard, California, about 1890. Note her huge rudder and prop Photograph from the William H. Topley Collection. Courtesy of Mr. Charles M. Loring, Napa, California, 1969. Catalog #: NH 68684 In 1891, with seals in Alaska facing near-extinction, the U.S. and Britain formed a joint 11-ship Bering Sea Squadron that operated in the area to enforce a prohibition on hunting over the summer. During this period, Alert intercepted and ejected dozens of interloping vessels from the exclusion zone. Spending the next few years summering in Alaska chasing poachers and wintering in the Pacific Squadron’s stomping grounds in Korea and China, Alert was transferred to operate off the coast of Mexico and Central America in 1895, where she would spend the majority of three rough and tumble years in the politics of the banana Republics. During this time, in 1898 Nicaragua’s President Zelaya decided to extend his tenure for still another term, the local U.S. consular agent requested Alert to anchor in the harbor of Bluefields, and stand by in case of an attack on the city. On the morning of 7 February , the American flag rose union downward over the consulate– a sign of distress. In answer to this signal, an expeditionary force of 14 Marines and 19 Sailors was landed by Alert, Gatling gun in tow. On the following day, the government forces agreed to guarantee the safety of all foreigners, and the landing party was withdrawn, though she remained on station there through April. Returning to Mare Island, she remained on guard against a possible Spanish attack (there was something of a war going on with Spain at the time) but when no such attack likely after Mr. Dewey’s actions in Manila Bay, Alert was decommissioned and partially disarmed on 4 June 1898. After three years in ordinary, she was used as a training ship after 1901 and loaned off and on to the California Naval Militia until 1910. During this period, her Civil War-era guns had been landed and replaced with what appear to be a half-dozen long barreled 6-pounders (57mm) though I can’t tell if they are Hotchkiss or Driggs-Schroeder models. As Mare Island was home to a number of vessels decommissioned after the SpanAm War at the time which carried both of these models, this should come as no surprise. Photographed about 1901. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Catalog #: NH 57108 Off the Mare Island Navy Yard, California, about 1901. Catalog #: NH 57109 Postcard photo, probably taken while she was serving as California State Naval Militia Training Ship, 1906-1910. Note what appear to be 57mm 6-pdrs mounted. Courtesy of Commander D.J. Robinson, USN (Ret), 1978 Catalog #: NH 86255 Once again emerging from ordinary, Alert was further converted to allow for transient sailors and became one of the Navy’s first official submarine tenders (AS-4), placed back in full commission 1 July 1912. Post card image of USS Alert (Submarine Tender #4) moored at San Pedro, CA. The submarines alongside are “F” class boats, circa 1916. Note the wicker deck furniture over her extensive awnings. Via Navsource : Photo – Ron Reeves Caption – Ric Hedman USS Alert (Submarine Tender #4), serving as tender for the Third Submarine Division of the Pacific Fleet, laying alongside the wharf at Kuahua, U.S. Naval Station, Pearl Harbor, 22 August 1917. K-3 (Submarine #34) and K-4 (Submarine #35) are identifiable alongside; the unidentifiable “boat” is probably either K-7 (Submarine #38) or K-8 (Submarine #39). Official U.S. Navy Photograph, from the collections of the Naval History and Heritage Command. Catalog #: NH 42542 Ship’s baseball team, 1917. Note her deckhouse. Photo via San Diego City Archives. This mission ended for her when the U.S. entered World War I and, for the first time in decades, she left the Pacific and made her way to the waters of her birth along the Eastern seaboard, briefly serving as a depot ship in Bermuda for outbound convoys to the Great War in Europe. USS Alert. In port, circa late 1918 or early 1919 showing her legacy scrollwork on her bow. Note the old cannon to the far left of the image used as a bollard, and the submarine chaser (SC) tied up astern of Alert. Also note what looks to be a Driggs Ordinance Co. Mark II 1-pounder (37mm) on Alert’s port side forward deck. Originally designed to splash small torpedo boats in the 1880s, by 1918 this would be more of a saluting piece than anything though it could still scratch the conning tower paint of one of the Kaiser’s U-boats if needed. Donation of Dr. Mark Kulikowski, 2006. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 104155 With the war winding down, she reverted to the Pacific Squadron, once again serving as a submarine tender until she was decommissioned 9 March 1922 after a very respectable 47 years of service. She was sold three months later for scrap and I can find no trace of her today. During her time in service, Alert had 23 official captains, including future RADM. William Thomas Sampson, known for his later victory in the Battle of Santiago. As for her sisters, 60 sailors from the wreck of the Huron are buried together in Section Five of the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in well cared for lots while the ship herself is protected by federal mandate in her watery grave. A highway marker near Nag’s Head mentions her loss. Alert‘s other classmate, USS Ranger, (later renamed USS Rockport and USS Nantucket PG-23/IX-18), was involved in the Barrundia Affair with Guatemala, patrolled the coast during WWI, and served as the training ship for first the Massachusetts Nautical Training School then the Merchant Marine Academy, only passing to the scrappers in 1958. Ranger‘s original engine — the only back-acting type known to be still in existence —was saved from destruction and is on display at the American Merchant Marine Museum in Kings Point, New York. The last of her class. Specs: Length: 175 ft. (53 m) Beam: 32 ft. (9.8 m) Depth of hold: 15 ft. (4.6 m) Draft: 13 ft. (mean) Installed power: Five boilers driving 1 × 560 ihp, 64 rpm compound back-acting steam engine Propulsion: 1 × 12 ft. diameter × 17.5 ft. pitch propeller, auxiliary sails Speed: 10 knots under steam Complement: 138 officers and enlisted (typically including a 15 man Marine detachment until 1898). Berthing for 200 after 1901. Armament: 1 × 11 in (280 mm) Dahlgren gun 2 × 9 in (230 mm) Dahlgren guns 1 × 60 pdr (27 kg) Parrott rifle 1 × 12 pdr (5.4 kg) howitzer 1 × Gatling gun spar torpedoes for her steam launch (provision deleted after 1889) (1901) 6 small pieces in gundeck broadside, possibly 6 pdrs or 3-inchers (1912) Largely disarmed other than saluting pieces (1-pdrs) and small arms. If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this: As amazing as it sounds, just four months later this little formation took on the mighty Aquidabã and won . On 16 April 1894, the ironclad warship was anchored off the coast of Santa Catarina, near the Fortress of Anhatomirim. Early in the morning, the loyalist government-controlled former yacht turned torpedo boat Gustavo Sampaio, accompanied by three other torpedo boats and Nictheroy in support, attacked Aquidabã. They managed to pump at least one Honeywell torpedo (some sources say two) into the bow of the once-proud battleship and, her front compartments open to the sea, she settled in the mud as her crew fled after thoroughly wrecking her. During the battle, Nictheroy took Anhatomirim and a smaller rebel battery under naval gunfire and kept them from plastering her mosquito boat squadron. The next day, when Nictheroy and company returned, Aquidabã and the forts were deserted and, as reported by the New York Times, a boarding crew from the Dynamite cruiser soon struck up song on the ironclad’s organ. Over the next few years, with the naval revolt ended, Nictheroy was increasingly sidelined, no longer needed. The ship was subsequently used as an accommodation hulk for the school for apprentice seamen at Rio de Janeiro. Going back home When the United States entered into war with Spain in 1898, Nictheroy‘s three sisters were bought by the U.S. Navy from commercial service and, after a few guns were added, were used as the auxiliary cruisers USS Yosemite, USS Yankee and USS Dixie. Remembering the Nictheroy, U.S. agents approached the Brazilians and arranged to purchase the former American steamer for the battle line (they already had the only other Dynamite cruiser in service, USS Vesuvius) on 11 July 1898. However, the Brazilians had the last laugh and disarmed the Nictheroy completely, forcing her back to the East Coast to rearm. Rearmed with a more traditional battery of 2×5″/40cals and 4×4″/40s and refitted, she was commissioned into U.S. service as USS Buffalo on 22 September 1898 at New York Naval Yard. However, as hostilities halted with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain more than a month before, her wartime service was moot and she was decommissioned, 3 July 1899 after a cruise to Manila. A bugler sounding the call to breakfast in 1898. The gun appears to be a 4″/40cal. At this time the ship carried four of these weapons plus two 5/40 guns. Courtesy of Commander Donald J. Robinson, USN (Medical Service Corps), 1975. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 82990 Buffalo was brought back out of ordinary 2 April 1900, to serve as a Training Ship, a role she maintained for the next five years. During this period, she undertook four voyages to the Philippines with replacement crews for the Asiatic Fleet and on one of the return legs accomplished a circumnavigation. She does look handsome in white! Photographed in 1902, while serving as a training ship. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 56644 USS Buffalo Photographed at Algiers in January 1904 while serving as a training ship. Courtesy of Rear Admiral Ammen Farenholt, USN (MC), 1933. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 434 A footlocker inspection on the main deck in 1904. The Sailor on the left, closest to the camera, is Chester Bryon Harper. Courtesy of Mr. Gene B. Reid (Harper’s grandson), 1983. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 94193 After layup at Mare Island Navy Yard in 1905, she was refitted for work as a transport and largely disarmed. She continued her operations carrying replacement crews to the far off Asiatic Fleet on China station, carried Marines to Nicaragua in 1909, and operated off Mexico during the troubles and civil war there. In 1914, Buffalo undertook a seven-month expedition to Alaska to build radio stations and towers up and down the coast, many of which remained operational as late as the 1960s. Her expedition, which included some 44 civilian technicians, upgraded the facilities at Woody Island near Kodiak, on St. Paul and St. George in the Pribilof Islands, on the island of Unalga, and at Dutch Harbor near Unalaska as well as built new ones at Sitka and Cordova. USS Buffalo at Mare Island, California loading materials for the expedition to Alaska radio stations. 1914 NHC Accession #: UA 557 Dressed with flags at Kodiak, Alaska, on Independence Day 1914, during the 1914 Alaskan Radio Expedition. Note her extensive away boats. Collection of Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor, donated by Louisa R. Alger, 1962. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 105444-A At the naval coaling station at Sitka, Alaska, in October or late September 1914. During the 1914 Alaskan Radio Expedition. Courtesy of the Naval Historical Foundation. Collection of Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor, donated by Louisa R. Alger, 1962. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 105470 Teddy, a ship’s mascot, on the ship’s forecastle circa mid-1914 during the 1914 Alaskan Radio Expedition. Teddy, probably an Alaskan bear cub, is also shown posing with one of the ship’s divisions in Photo # NH 105464. Note the ship’s capstain in the background. Collection of Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor, donated by Louisa R. Alger, 1962. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 105596. When World War I broke out, Buffalo transported the U.S. diplomatic mission to Russia’s Provisional Government after the fall of the Tsar in 1917 and was then refitted as a destroyer tender (AD-8), serving in Europe until Sept. 1919 when she transitioned to the Pacific, serving in China and Japan until 1922. On 12 November 1918 in European waters wearing pattern camouflage dazzle paint. Note her masts have been enhanced. Photographed by E. J. Kelty. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 56642 At Gibraltar circa December 1918, with USS Schley (Destroyer No. 103 ) alongside and the collier USS Jupiter (Fuel Ship No. 3) in the background. Note that Schley is still wearing pattern camouflage, while Buffalo has been repainted from the image above into overall grey. Also, of interest, Jupiter with her distinctive transfer stations, would go on to become USS Langley CV-1 . U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 56643 Now all gray. At Villefranche on the French Mediterranean coast in late 1918 or early 1919. Donation of Captain Stephen S. Roberts, USNR (Retired), 2008. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 105907 The ship’s baseball team ashore in the Azores in March 1919. Photographed by St. Jacques. Courtesy of Paul H. Silverstone, 1983. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 94998 No longer useful, the aging steamer was decommissioned on 15 November 1922 at San Diego. She was used as a barracks ship until stricken from the Navy List on 27 May 1927. She was sold four months later for scrap. It is not believed that any artifacts remain from her although I would like to hope that some museum in Brazil has her Dynamite Gun in a dusty back room. As for her merchant sisters turned SpAmWar auxiliary cruisers: El Sud/USS Yosemite hunted down the Spanish steamer Antionio Lopez during the war and was scuttled after being wrecked in a storm in 1900; El Norte/USS Yankee was very active off Cuba and survived as a Naval Militia training ship until she ran aground on Spindle Rock near Hen and Chickens lightship in 1908; and El Rio/USS Dixie (AD-1) gave her full measure as a warship then training ship and finally the Navy’s first official destroyer tender before she was sold for scrapping in 1922– meaning El Cid/Nictheroy/Buffalo was the last survivor of her class. Specs: Displacement: 7,080 tons (6,635 t) Length: 406 ft. 1 in (123.77 m) Beam: 48 ft. 3 in (14.71 m) Draft: 20 ft. 8 in (6.30 m) Propulsion Steam turbine Single propeller Speed: Designed for 17 knots, made 14.5 knots (26.9 km/h; 16.7 mph) in Naval service with armament. Complement: A figure of 350 officers and enlisted given for Brazilian service. In U.S. service this was reduced to as little as 150 by 1898 and to >50 before 1909. Armament: 1×15 inch Dynamite Gun 1x 4.7-inch (120mm) rapid-fire single mount 2 4 inch (100mm) mounts 8 6-pounders 2x 5 in (130 mm) guns 4x 4 in (100 mm) guns (Disarmed by 1909 though her 5 inchers may have been removed by 1900) In 1917 she probably was rearmed, most likely with a few 3″/23 cal mounts and 6-pdrs though I cannot confirm this. If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this: Here at LSOZI, we are going to take off every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week . These ships have a life, a tale all of their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places. – Christopher Eger Warship Wednesday Aug 3, 2016: The Grand Ole Bear With tomorrow being the 226th birthday of the U.S. Coast Guard (by proxy of the Revenue Marine Service), I figured we would get a jump on it by celebrating their most famous vessel today. Here we see the one-of-a-kind Revenue Cutter/U.S. Navy Gunboat/Coast Guard Cutter Bear. She remained afloat some 89-years and spent about half of that in armed maritime service, making 35 patrols to Alaska, three trips to Antarctica, and serving in the Spanish-American War as well as both World Wars. Built in 1874 by the firm of Alexander Stephen & Son in their Dundee Shipyard (Hull No. 56) on the east coast of Scotland, she was reinforced to operate in dense sea ice as a sealing vessel operating in the Far North. Crafted of live oak, with planks six inches thick and a deck of teak wood, some spots on her hull were over 30-inches thick and braced by timbers 18-inches square. A three-masted barkentine with yards on her foremast and gaffs and booms on her main and mizzen, she could make a stately 14-knots under canvass and was fitted with a steam plant that could push her at 6-knots. Delivered to W. Grieve, Sons & Company of Dundee (and St. John), she was operated by that firm from Newfoundland until 1880 when ownership changed to one Mr. R. Steele, Jr, who continued her sealing career, completing 10 annual trips to the waters off Greenland in the search of then-valuable seal pelts. With the fiasco that was the U.S. Army’s Greeley Expedition needing rescue from their brothers in blue, who had no such vessels capable of service in the ice, Bear was purchased for $100,000 by the U.S. Navy, 28 January 1884, at St John’s and duly commissioned after brief refit as USS Bear, 17 March 1884, with one LT. (later RADM) William Hemsley Emory (USNA 1866) in command. After her brief naval career that involved assisting in the retrieval of Greeley and remaining associates ( which can be read in more detail here ) the 10-year old scratch-and-dent sealer turned rescue ship was decommissioned and struck from the Naval Register in April 1885, transferring to the Treasury Department’s Revenue Cutter Service. Leaving New York 9 Nov after picking up a trio of 6-pounder popguns and a magazine filled with torpedoes (mines) for destroying derelicts found at sea, USRC Bear arrived in San Francisco after a fairly rapid passage of just 87 days. Soon after arriving, she picked up her most famous master. Captain Michael A Healy, USRC Bear. Note parrot From the Coast Guard Historian’s office: In 1885 the colorful “Hell Roaring”‘ Mike Healy, a dynamo of a man with an unpredictable temper, assumed command. Healy was a good skipper, and he commanded the Bear for more than nine years, longer than any other. He had another distinction as well: he was the first African-American to command a U.S. Government vessel. In time, Healy and his ship became legend in the lusty, brawling Territory of Alaska. The Bear’s duties on the Alaskan Patrol were many. She carried mail which had accumulated at Seattle during the winter, as well as Government agents and supplies. On her trip south from Alaska, she transported Federal prisoners and other questionable characters whose presence in Alaska ‘was undesirable. The deck of the Bear often served as a court where justice was dispensed swiftly but fairly. The Bear also conducted investigations, undertook crime prevention and law enforcement. She and other cutters like her were often the only law in that turbulent part of the world. The Bear also conducted soundings to improve charts of Alaskan waters, and her surgeon furnished medical attention and surgery to natives, prospectors, missionaries, and whalers. These duties are still part of today’s Bering Sea Patrol. “Hoisting Deer aboard the Bear, Siberia, Aug 28th 1891.”; no photo number; photographer unknown. USCG Photo Photograph shows a Native American child and man sitting on the deck of a ship, the revenue cutter Bear during a relief voyage to rescue whalers off the Alaska coast in 1897. The man is showing the child how to smoke a pipe. By photographer Samuel Call. LOC. In 1897, Bear was involved in the great Overland Rescue of eight whaling vessels and 250 crewmembers who were trapped in the ice and was able to penetrate to within about 85 miles of Nome, still far too short to do the whalers any good. The ship then dispatched an over-land party of’ 1LT D. H. Jarvis, 2LT B. P. Bertholf, and Surgeon S. J. Call. Equipped with dog teams, sleds, and guides, Jarvis and his companions set out for Point Barrow. Crew of the Revenue Cutter Bear ferrying stranded whalemen, Again, the Coast Guard office: Before them lay a 1,600-mile journey through frozen, trackless wilderness. But the “Overland Expedition for the Relief of the Whalers in the Arctic Ocean” as it was ponderously called, became one of the great epics of the north. During the exhausting journey, Jarvis and Call collected a herd of nearly 450 reindeer. Driving the herd ahead of them in the face of icy winds the party reached Point Barrow about three and one-half months after being put ashore by the Bear. To the despairing whalers, the arrival of the relief party was nothing short of a miracle. Her wreck site is unknown, despite the best efforts of a 1979 search conducted by cadets from the Coast Guard Academy . The old ship remains alive in the work of maritime artists. The famous old Coast Guard cutter BEAR. From the Collection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt Catalog #: NH 1918 Copyright Owner: Naval History and Heritage Command Original Creator: Charles Robert Patterson, artist USCGC BEAR, 1884-1948. Description: Copied from U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1945 Catalog #: NH 56695 Copyright Owner: Naval History and Heritage Command Original Creator: Hunter Wood, USCG, artist Her bell is at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling and is kept in tip-top shape while her binnacle has been retained at the USCGA. The polar bear figurehead from Bear is in the collection at the Mariners’ Museum in Newport News, Virginia . Following his celebrated 1940 expedition, Admiral Byrd presented the figurehead to the facility. The Coast Guard maintains an extensive 40-page online scrapbook of the old Bear as well as an extensive website. Since 1980, her name has been perpetuated by the class-leader of the Famous-class 270-foot medium endurance cutters, USCGC Bear (WMEC 901) based at Portsmouth, VA. Coast Guard Cutter Bear transits past the Statue of Liberty in New York City June 19, 2016. The Bear is a 270-feet medium endurance cutter As for “Roaring Mike” Healy, the Coast Guard named their newest icebreaker (WAGB-20) for him in 1997, shown below, while reindeer-herding lieutenants Berthoff and Jarvis each had a cutter named after them in modern times. Specs: Machinery: Compound-expansion steam, 25-5/8″ and 50″ diameter x 30″ stroke, 101 nominal hp (1885) Diesel engine/sail rig (1935) Diesel only after 1939. Speed: 14kts max on sail, 6 on steam, 8 on diesel Complement: 51 (1884) 39 (1939) Armament: 3 x 6-pound rapid-fire guns (1885) disarmed 1935. Equipped with small arms and light machine guns 1940. If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this: Here at LSOZI, we are going to take off every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week. These ships have a life, a tale all of their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places. – Christopher Eger Warship Wednesday July 27, 2016: The RNs factory for curiosities in gun-mountings Via IWM Here we see the Powerful-type first-class protected cruiser HMS Terrible during her brief career, decked in a tropical white scheme that she used around 1900. Although beautiful in her own respect as a late 19th Century brawler, it was the use of her guns ashore that brought her lasting fame. Built to rule the waves as independent units capable of raiding enemy merchant ships in time of war– while safeguarding HMs own from the enemy’s similar raiders– the Powerfuls were a two-ship class of very large cruisers with lots of coal bunkerage that enabled them to sail 7,000 nm at 14 knots. Should they stumble on an enemy surface raider, their twin 9.2″/40 (23.4 cm) Mark VIII cocoa-powder breechloaders could fire a 382-pound CPC shell out to 12,846 yards, which was pretty good for the era. A large number of QF 6-inch and QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun (3-inch) guns made up secondary and tertiary armament (though at some point a few 6-inchers were traded for 4.7-inchers, but more on this later). Class leader HMS Powerful was laid down in 1894 at Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness while her sister and the subject of our tale, HMS Terrible, was laid down at the same time at J.& G. Thomson, Clydebank (Glasgow). As such, she was the seventh such RN vessel with that name dating back to 1694. HMS Powerful Steaming up the English Channel, 1900, by maritime painter Charles Dixon RI. Note the black hull, buff stacks/masts, and white superstructure. Both ships of this class carried this scheme through about 1900. Completed 8 June 1897 at a cost of £740,584, Terrible beat her design top speed of 22 knots on her trials by hitting 22.4 kn over a four-hour period and made Portsmouth to Gibraltar with an average speed of 18, which was fast for a pre-Dreadnought era cruiser, especially one of some 15,000-tons. They were stately ships. The Captain’s cabin was ornate HMS Terrible portrait via Royal Grenwich Museum Note how Terrible differed from the first image in this post as she looked in 1897 in these two images. Her first use in war came when the Boers kicked it off against the British in South Africa. In November 1899, HMS Terrible disembarked six naval guns (two 4.7″, 4 12 pounders) at Durban and, accompanied by 280 members of the Naval Brigade, saw them off by train to Ladysmith, just before the Boers closed the ring and began the storied Siege of Ladysmith . The naval guns were to play an important role in disabling the fire from the Boer Long Toms long enough till a relieving column rescued the town some months later. Her sister HMS Powerful likewise dismounted a contingent and more guns at Simonstown, and under Commander AP Ethelston above became part of a Naval Brigade, with four guns, and several hundred men. They were sent by train to join the army of Lord Methuen, which was following the western Cape Colony railway hoping to rout the Boers blocking its advance to relieve the town of Kimberley, and engaging the Boers at Graspan on 25 November, which left half the force dead or wounded. HMS TERRIBLE He who sups with me require a devil of a long spoon Note the straw hats common to RN sailors, coupled with Army style field uniforms 4.7 Naval Gun on Carriage Improvised by Capt. Percy Scott of H.M.S. Terrible. Photo by E. Kennard From “ South Africa and the Transvaal War ” 1899: “You may be interested to hear a little about the Navy, who have come to the front as usual and met an emergency. From the first it would seem that what was wanted were long-range guns which could shell the enemy at a distance outside the range of their Mauser rifles, and the captain of the Terrible, therefore, proposed a field-mounting for the Naval long 12-pounder of 12 cwt., which has a much longer range than any artillery gun out here. A pair of waggon wheels were picked up, a balk of timber used as a trail, and in twenty-four hours a 12-pounder was ready for land service. Captain Scott then designed a mounting for a 4.7-inch Naval gun by simply bolting a ship’s mounting down on to four pieces of pile. Experts declared that the 12-pounder would smash up the trail, and that the 4.7-inch would turn a somersault; the designer insisted, however, on a trial. When it took place, nothing of the kind happened, except that at extreme elevation the 12-pounder shell went 9000 yards and the 4.7-inch (lyddite) projectile 12,000 yards. Captain Scott was, therefore, encouraged to go ahead, and four 12-pounders were fitted and sent round to Durban in the Powerful, and also two 4.7-inch guns. People say here that these guns saved the situation at Ladysmith. A Naval friend writing to me from the camp says: ‘The Boers complain that we are not “playing the game”; they only expected to fight rooineks, not sailors who use guns that range seven miles, and they want us to go back to our ships. One of our lyddite shells went over a hill into their camp, killed fourteen men and wounded thirty. Guns of this description are not, according to the Boer idea, at all proper, and[Pg 142] they do not like our way of staggering humanity. Had these guns been landed earlier, how much might have been saved? It is a peculiar sight to see the 4.7-inch fired. Many thought it would turn over, but Captain Percy Scott appears to have well calculated the stresses; there is with a full charge of cordite a slight rise of the fore end, which practically relieves all the fastenings. Hastily put together, and crude as it looks, it really embraces all the points of a scientific mounting, and it wants a great expert to pronounce an opinion on it. The gun is mounted so high that to the uninitiated it looks as if it must turn over on firing, but it does not, and the higher angle of elevation the less strain there is on it. The arrival of our guns practically put the Royal Artillery guns out of use, for they can come into action 2000 yards behind those supplied to the soldiers and then make better practice. Their arrival has, every one admits, quite changed the situation.’ *** “Captain Scott has also rigged up a searchlight on a railway truck with a flasher attachment, the idea being to use it for communication with Kimberley and Ladysmith if these places are surrounded. It has been tested at a distance of forty miles, and proved a great success. I am told, too, that he is now engaged in designing a travelling carriage for a 6-inch gun, and has, indeed, converted the Terrible into a factory for curiosities in gun-mountings. “Each mounting, by the way, has an inscription upon it, presumably concocted by the ship’s painter. One, a parody upon the Scotch proverb, runs, ‘Those who sup with me will require a devil of a long spoon’; another, ‘For what we are going to receive may the Lord make us truly thankful—Oom Paul’; and a third, ‘Lay me true and load me tight, the Boers will soon be out of sight.’ I saw one of these guns fired with an elevation of 24 degrees and a range of 12,000 yards, and fully expected to see the whole thing capsize, but it hardly moved. After the firing of several rounds I carefully examined the mounting, and noticed that, crude as it might appear, a wonderful amount of practical knowledge was apparent in its construction; the strain was beautifully distributed, every bolt and each balk bearing its proportionate share. It is in every way creditable to the navy that when emergency arises such a thing could be devised and made by the ship’s engineering staff in twenty-four hours.” Besides her 4.7’s in use, Terrible‘s Marines and Tars manned a series of armored trains that they helped craft. A British armored train designed and manned by Terrible’s crew during the Second Boer War, covered with 6 inch anchor rope, provided by the Royal Navy, to provide it protection. The improvised additional armor was the source of its name, “Hairy Mary.” (Photo from the McGregor Museum) Royal Navy bluejackets of HMS Terrible pose by an armored train at Durban during the Boer War. Mounted on the flatbed carriage is an improvised signal lamp consisting of a searchlight and shutter mechanism, powered by a dynamo attached to the train. The officer to the right of the image is possibly Capt. Percy Scott RN. The tower of Durban Post Office can be seen in the background. IWM Q 115145 They also found time to do a spot of fishing: The next year, Terrible sailed for China station where she repeated her efforts ashore though in a smaller scale, during the Boxer Rebellion. On that trip, she carried 300 Tommies of 2 Btln. Royal Welsh Fusiliers and 40 Royal Engineers. Arriving in Tientsin 21 June 1900, Terrible landed four of her 12 pounders and, with the help of muscle from Col. Bower’s Wei-hai-Wei (1st Chinese) Regiment , engaged in the relief of that city the next month. 1902 Crewmen of HMS Terrible at Hong Kong. Note the teak decking and that flatcaps have replaced straw hats. The RN was changing… Returning to the UK, she and her sister were soon obsolete (their 9.2-inch guns were unique) and, after a brief refit, were placed in ordinary in 1904 after less than a decade’s service. During WWI, she was reactivated and used as a high speed troop transport (sans most of her armament and with reduced crews) in the Med and Northern Africa, bringing as many as 2,000 soldiers at a time to far off ports to support operations in Salonika, Egypt and Palestine. Great War service had her in a more sedate haze gray with only her small casemate guns still mounted. In 1920, she was disarmed, renamed the ignoble TS Fisgard III (taken from the old central-battery ironclad ex-HMS Hercules), and used as an accommodations and training ship for another decade. She was sold in July 1932 for scrap. Likewise, Powerful was renamed TS Impregnable in November 1919, and was sold on 31 August 1929 for breaking up. The teak decking from both of these vessels was extensively salvaged and crafted into everything from ashtrays to inkwells, chairs and desks and are out there , typically with commemorative brass plates in great numbers. Even her bell was sold off. Her most enduring legacy, and that of her sister Powerful, is the long-running Royal Navy Field Gun competition which has in turn evolved into the Royal Military Tournament race, which celebrates the epic Ladysmith (and later Tientsin) gun train that saw the scratch Naval Brigade manhandle six field guns each weighing nearly half a metric tonne over rough terrain to save their Army brethren. Although a Majestic-class carrier, HMS Terrible (R93), was to carry on the old cruiser’s memory, that vessel was instead sold to Australia who commissioned her as HMAS Sydney (R17/A214/P214/L134) in 1948. Thus, the Royal Navy has not had a “Terrible” on their active list since 1920 when our old girl took the “Fisgard” moniker. Speaking of which, TS Fisgard itself remains as the National Sea Cadet Engineering Training Centre aboard RNAS Prestwick. More information about Terrible, especially her use at Ladysmith, can be found at Anglo-Boer War.com , Roll of Honour and the Royal Museums Greenwich . Specs: Ship model HMS Terrible by Oldham Hugh, via IWM Displacement: 14,200 tons deep load Length: 500 ft. (150 m) Beam: 71 ft. (22 m) Draught: 27 ft. (8.2 m) Propulsion: Speed: 22 knots (41 km/h) Range: 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h) Endurance: 3000 tons coal Complement: 894 (designed). By 1915, ~300. Armament: (Largely disarmed 1915) 2 × BL 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) Mk VIII guns 12 × QF 6 in (15.2 cm) guns 16 × 12 pdr 3 in guns 12 × 3 pdr guns 4 torpedo tubes (deactivated 1904) Armour: 2–6 inches (51–152 mm) deck 6 inches (150 mm) barbettes 6 inches (150 mm) gun shields If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this: Here at LSOZI, we are going to take off every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week . These ships have a life, a tale all of their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places. – Christopher Eger Warship Wednesday July 20, 2016: The Majestic, if unlucky, Aussie flattop Here we see the lead ship of the Majestic-class of British Royal Navy carriers, the HMAS Melbourne (R21) with Gannets and Sea Venoms ranged on deck, early during her career in the Royal Australian Navy. She was one of 16 planned 1942 Design Light Fleet Carriers for the RN. This class, broken up into Colossus and Majestic-class sub-variants, were nifty 19,500-ton, 695-foot long carriers that the U.S. Navy would have classified at the time as a CVL. They were slower than the fast fleet carriers at just 25-knots with all four 3-drum Admiralty boilers were lit and glowing red, but they had long legs (over 14,000 miles at cruising speed) which allowed them to cross the Atlantic escorting convoys, travel to the Pacific to retake lost colonies, or remain on station in the South Atlantic (Falklands anyone?) or Indian Ocean for weeks. Capable of carrying up to 52 piston engine aircraft of the time, these carriers had enough punch to make it count. The thing is, only seven of these carriers were completed before the end of World War II and even those came in during the last months and weeks. They effectively saw no service. Laid down beginning in 1942, most of the ships were launched and afloat in 1945 but when the war ended, construction was canceled. That’s what happened to the hero of our tale, HMS Majestic, which was laid down at Vickers-Armstrongs, Barrow-in-Furness in April 1943, around the time of the invasion of Sicily, though work stopped on her floating hull in 1945. Fast-forward ten years. With the Post-WWII Royal Navy not having a need for 16 flash new oceangoing landing strips, they kept a few, then started selling off the rest. Three went to Canada, one to France, one to Holland, one to India, others were scrapped. Of the Colossus/Majestic, light carriers, three– Majestic, Vengeance and Terrible— were transferred to Australia as HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Vengeance, and HMAS Sydney, respectively. Completed after a dozen years in the builder’s yard, Melbourne was commissioned 28 October 1955 and had the benefit of an angled reinforced flight deck, steam catapult, beefed up arrester gear and a mirror landing aid added during her time under construction– in effect, updating her WWII design to operate jet aircraft. Gannet landing on Melbourne Once received, the RAN gave HMAS Vengeance back to the Brits who sold her to Brazil as the Minas Gerais and passed Sydney into use as a training vessel and transport, comfortable with operating just Melbourne as a fleet carrier and flagship, carrying the flag of a rear admiral while in commission. HMAS Sydney (A 214), Melbourne (R 21), Supply (AO 195) and Yarra (DE 45). Note how different the unmodified Syndey on the outside is from Melbourne. Hard to believe they are sisters. Taking her name from one of the first ships of the Australian Navy, in this case a WWI cruiser , Melbourne sailed from Glasgow for Australia on 11 March 1956 with 808 Squadron (Sea Venom all-weather fighters) and 816 & 817 Squadrons (Gannet anti-submarine aircraft) embarked, a total of some 64 aircraft packed aboard. Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne greets her Hawaiian hosts. Pearl Harbor 1958 note 9 Gannets on stern For the next several years, she participated in regular South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) exercises and operations that took her all over the Pacific. During one cruise in 1958, she clocked more than 25,000-nautical-miles alone. HMAS Melbourne conducting damage control drills off Thistle Island, Spencer Gulf, SA, 3 March 1960. She would need them in the future. In 1963, due to budget constraints, the Sea Venoms and Gannets began to retire, replaced eventually with A-4G Skyhawks, S-2 trackers (whose wingspan was only three feet less than her flight deck width) and Westland Wessex anti-submarine helicopters. On 17 March of that year, Melbourne celebrated her 20,000th landing when Lieutenant Ryland Gill, RAN, landed his Gannet on board. HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Vendetta (D08), HMAS Voyager (D04) and HMAS Quiberon (G81) sailing alongside each other. Voyager and Melbourne would soon meet again under less happy conditions Tragedy struck on 10 February 1964 when, Melbourne was performing trials in Jervis Bay and collided with the Daring-class destroyer HMAS Voyager while zigzagging, which left the smaller warship cut in two and sinking, taking 82 lives with her in just 10 minutes. Bow of HMAS Melbourne after the collision with HMAS Voyager A Royal Commission ultimately found that Melbourne‘s skipper was unfit to command for medical reasons while an earlier Commission held that Voyager was primarily at fault for failing to maintain effective situational awareness. After repairs, Melbourne returned to sea on 11 May 1964. Soon she became involved in the periphery of the Vietnam conflict, with some of her Skyhawk crews training to fly on combat missions there from bases in Thailand, though they ultimately were not used. She escorted her sister Sydney on several trips to Vietnam carrying Australian troops to the war zone. It should be noted that between 1962-75 some almost 60,000 Australians, including ground troops and air force and navy personnel, served in Vietnam ; 521 died as a result of the war and over 3,000 were wounded. It was during that conflict that Melbourne was involved in a repeat of the Voyager incident when on 3 June 1969, while participating in SEATO exercise Sea Spirit in the South China Sea, she collided with USS Frank E. Evans (DD-754) , slicing the vessel in two in the dark and killing 74 of her crew. Evans, her stern cut away, post-collision A joint RAN–USN board of inquiry found officers on both ships to blame. The Wessex unit onboard, 817 Squadron RAN, was later awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their rescue efforts in the aftermath of the event. Repaired, Melbourne undertook regular ANZUK, RIMPAC and SEATO exercises as well as waved the flag extensively around the Pacific. At one point in 1974, she even embarked a US Coast Guard Sikorsky HH 52 Seaguard helicopter for a time in the spirit of jointness. National Salutes exchanged as Melbourne enters Manila Bay at 0850, 22 May 1969 prior to anchoring at 0900. she would keep her WWII-era Bofors, though reduced in number, until her decommissioning A-4G Skyhawks conduct a low flypast 2 September 1971. S-2 landing HMAS Melbourne. Via the STOOF Facebook page. Note how big the S-2 is on M’s bow. RAF Avro Vulcan makes a low pass over HMAS Melbourne (R21) during Exercise Bersatu Padu, South-East Asia 1970. HMAS Melbourne on RIMPAC ’73– look at those Skyhawks! Her hangar deck– note the Scooter and Wessex With Vietnam coming to a close, Melbourne‘s sister and the only other Australian flattop at the time, Sydney, was decommissioned 12 November 1973 and sold for scrap two years later. That largely disarmed carrier conducted some 25 voyages to Vietnam between 1965 and 1972, earning the ship the nickname “Vung Tau Ferry” after the RVN port she called at so regularly. When 1977 came, the aging Melbourne took a trip to the land of her birth, passing through the Indian Ocean and the Med to the UK where she participated in Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee– shadowed off and on by Soviet intelligence ships who came danger close at times. HMAS Melbourne note how big those S-2 trackers are Sept.1977 HMAS MELBOURNE [II] and escorts HMNZS CANTERBURY and HMAS BRISBANE HMAS MELBOURNE SPITHEAD REVIEW JULY 77 HMAS Melbourne celebrates the silver jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 1977. By the 1980s, her days were clearly numbered. Almost all of her sisters had gone to the breakers already with only the Argentine Navy’s ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (ex-HMS Venerable), Brazil’s Minas Gerais (ex-HMS/HMAS Vengeance) and the Indian Navy’s Vikrant (ex-HMS Hercules) still afloat. Tracker 848 about to take the wire aboard HMAS Melbourne, 1980 the USN had retired trackers in 1976. Look how broad that wingspan is. HMAS Melbourne (R21) at Honiara, Solomon Islands. 1st of April 1980. note Skyhawks on deck HMAS Melbourne (R21) note Sea King on deck The plan at the time was hatched for Australia to buy the new British “ Harrier carrier ” HMS Invincible, then under construction, as Melbourne’s replacement. HMAS Melbourne was decommissioned on 30 June 1982, having spent 62,036 hours underway and steamed 868,893 nautical miles in her 27 years with the RAN. However, with the Brits finding HMS Invincible newly useful during the Falkland Islands War, the deal fell through and Australia has been without a carrier for the past 34 years. The last Australian A-4G flights took place on 30 June 1984 followed the next week by the last S-2G. The stricken Melbourne was initially sold in June 1984 to an Australian company for A$1.7 million, however the sale fell through, and the next year she was sold to a Chinese company for A$1.4 million to be broken up for scrap metal in the port of Dalian, China. Though her rudders were welded in place and all sensitive gear removed, the Chinese still got more than some scrap iron and asbestos out of her. During a painstakingly slow disassembly over the next 15+ years, the Chinese reportedly made extensive notes on her construction and steam catapult and landing systems as first steps towards their own carrier program. Reportedly, the Chinese Navy reverse-engineered a land-based replica of Melbourne‘s cat by 1987 and has used it in a series of trials of their own carrier-based aircraft. The PLAN further compared the 1940s British design to that of the 1970s Soviet helicopter carriers Kiev and Minsk, purchased in the 1990s as floating amusement parks for tourists, to help with their own best practices in flattop construction moving forward. As for the Australians, the name Melbourne was recycled for the Oliver Hazard Perry/Adelaide-class frigate HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05) that entered service in 1992. A vibrant veterans group for all ships of that name exists as does a very in-depth page maintained by the RAN from which a number of these images originate. In the U.S., Melbourne‘s legacy is remembered by the veterans of the Evans and the survivors of those who were lost. The Department of Defense has agreed to review a request from families of 74 U.S. Navy sailors to add their names to the national Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall . The USS Frank E Evans Association keeps that vessel’s story alive. In 2012, the Australian government issued a formal and official apology to Melbourne Capt. John Stevenson, who was in charge of the vessel during the Evans collision saying he was “not treated fairly” by the government of the day and the Australian Navy. All of the Colossus/Majestic class carriers are now gone, with INS Vikrant, saved briefly as a museum ship, scrapped in 2014 , ending the era of these light carriers. However, Australia’s two Canberra-class landing helicopter docks, 30,000-ton ships larger than Melbourne and Sydney ever were by far, are envisioned to be capable of handling the F-35B with some modifications and Prime Minister Tony Abbott instructed 2015 Defence White Paper planners to consider the option of embarking F-35B squadrons aboard the two ships, though at present it seems unlikely. Specs: Standard: 15,740 long tons (17,630 short tons) Full load: 20,000 long tons (22,000 short tons) Length: 213.97 m (702 ft.) overall Increased by 2.43 m (8 ft.) in 1969 Beam: 24.38 m (80 ft.) Draught: 7.62 m (25 ft.) Propulsion: Two Parsons single-reduction geared turbine sets; four Admiralty 3-drum boilers; two screws (port: 3 blade, starboard: 4 blade); 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) Speed: 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) Range: 12,000 nautical miles (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) 6,200 nautical miles (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) at 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) Complement: 1,350, including 350 Air Group personnel Sensors and processing systems: 3 × Type 277Q height finding set 1 × Type 293Q surface search set 1 × Type 978 navigational set 1969–1982: 1 × Type 293Q surface search set 1 × Type 978 navigational set 1 × LW-02 air search set 1 × SPN-35 landing aid radar Armament: 25 × 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns (6 twin mountings, 13 single mountings) 1959–1968: 21 × Bofors (6 twin, 9 single) 1969–1980: 12 × Bofors (4 twin, 4 single) 1980–1982: Aircraft carried: Up to 27 aircraft, including helicopters. Typical airgroup 1956-1965: 8 Sea Venoms, 16 Gannets, 2 Sycamore helicopters Typical airgroup 1965-1972: 4 Skyhawks, 6 Trackers, 8 Wessex Typical airgroup 1972-1984 : 8 Skyhawks, 6 Trackers, 8 Sea Kings, 3 Wessex If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! 23 May 1928-CGC Haida and the USLHT Cedar rescued 312 passengers and crew from the sailing vessel Star of Falkland near Unimak Pass, Alaska after Star of Falkland had run aground in the fog the previous evening. Both the cutter and the tender managed to save all but eight from the sailing vessel. This rescue was one of the most successful in Coast Guard history and was also one of the few instances where the Coast Guard and one of its future integrated agencies worked together to perform a major rescue. Colorised photo by Atsushi Yamashita/Monochrome Specter http://blog.livedoor.jp/irootoko_jr/ Share this: Here at LSOZI, we are going to take off every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week. These ships have a life, a tale all of their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places.- Christopher Eger Warship Wednesday July 13, 2016: The tale of the pre-owned polar sub Courtesy of Donald M. McPherson, 1978 #: NH 86969 Here we see the O-class diesel-electric submarine USS O-12 (SS-73) at the Lake Torpedo Boat Co., Bridgeport, Connecticut, on 7 October 1918, just prior to her completion. Although her Naval service during the Great War and immediately after was limited, her mark on history was not. The U.S. Navy, dating back to the Revolutionary War’s Turtle and the Civil War’s Alligator, was a world leader in submarine development. Starting with the 64-ton gas/electric USS Holland (SS-1) in 1900, the Navy proceeded with the 7-vessel Plunger-class; 3-ship Viper/B-class; 5-ship Octopus/C-class (the first United States submarines with two-shaft propulsion and an overall length longer than 100-feet); 3-ship Narwhal/D-class (designed to survive flooding in one compartment); 2-ship E-class (first US diesel-powered submarines and first with bow-planes); 4-ship F-class; 4-ship G-class; 9-ship H-class; 8-ship K-class; 11 L-class boats (first US submarine class equipped with a deck gun); the unique M-1 (world’s first double-hulled design); 3 large 1,500-ton AA-1-class boats capable of 20-knots; and 7 smaller N-class boats (first US Navy submarine class completed with metal bridge shields) by 1917. In all, some 67 submersibles built in less than two decades, with each teaching a lesson. This led to the most capable class of U.S. Navy subs commissioned in World War I, the O-class. Originally designed to fight off German U-boats along the East Coast, the boats of this class were not gigantic (500-600 tons, 173 feet oal) but had a decent 5,500 nm range and could carry 8 torpedoes as well as a deck gun. Laid down in five different yards (and two slightly different designs, one by Electric Boat the other by Lake) on both coasts starting in March 1916, all 16 were completed in 1918. Built for $550,000 each, they were the first U.S. boats with really reliable diesel engines as well as the first in which each officer and man had his own berth and locker (even later designs would require “hot-bunking” well into the 1970s) Wartime service on the O-class as limited, with two being shelled by an armed British steamer who thought them to be U-boats being the closest they came to combat. The hero of our tale, USS O-12, was laid down at the Mr. Simon Lake’s Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut and commissioned 18 October 1918. USS O-12 (SS-73) Photographed as she left her dock at the Lake Torpedo Boat Co., to start her official trials, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 21 August 1918. Note damaged bridge in background. #: NH 44559 Made part of Submarine Division 1, she was sent with several sisters to secure the Panama Canal, where she spent almost all of her U.S. Naval career. USS O-12 (Submarine # 73) At Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone in February 1920. Donation of Lieutenant Gustave Freret, USN (Retired), 1971. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. Catalog #: NH 74644 “O” Class Submarines photographed in Panama by A.E. Wells of Washington, D.C., circa 1919, with S.S. SOTHERLAND in background. Subs are (l-r): O-12 (SS-73), O-15 (SS-76), O-16 (SS-77), O-14 (SS-75), O-13 (SS-74), O-11 (SS-72).#: NH 44558 Submarines O-12, O-14, O-11, and others in dry-dock circa 1919 with floating Derrick No. 5 (YD-5). Description: Courtesy Philadelphia evening ledger. #: NH 42566 On 17 June 1924, after just a few years in commission, she was pulled from service along with all of her Lake Torpedo Boat Company design sisters, replaced by newer R and S-class submarines. Meanwhile nine of her Electric Boat designed classmates continued service (one, USS O-5, was lost in a collision 28 October 1923). Rusting away in Philadelphia, O-12 was stricken on 29 July 1930 and was soon leased for $1 per year (with a maximum of five years in options) to Lake’s company for use as a private research submarine– as far as I can tell the first time this occurred. As part of the lease, she was disarmed and had to be either returned to the Navy or scuttled in at least 1,200 feet of water at the conclusion of her scientific use. Australian explorer and man of letters Sir George Hubert Wilkins, MC & Bar, and American polar explorer and philanthropist Lincoln Ellsworth (whose family bankrolled Roald Amundsen’s 1925 attempt to fly from Svalbard to the North Pole) hammered out a deal to use the retired sub on a private trip to the North. Simon Lake was all-in, and made tremendous modifications to the ex-O-12. Cutaway illustration of the O-12/Nautilus for Modern Mechanics magazine, 1931 The prow of the submarine was equipped with a rounded plunger, which served as extra protection while diving under the ice. Her topside structure cleared for operating under ice, she was outfitted with a custom designed drill that would allow her to bore through ice pack overhead for ventilation and even transfer crew through the pack. Elevating conning tower showing crewman exiting through tube on to ice All 18 crewmembers–mostly ex-Navy men– had to sign a contract indemnifying Lake, the submarine’s skipper Sloan Danenhower and the Expedition against damages, including particularly claims for death. Jean Jules Verne, grandson of Jules Verne, author of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was present at christening, at the invitation of Lake, and the ship was named Nautilus. She was christened with a bucket of ice cubes. Ellsworth contributed $90,000 to the project while newspaper tycoon Randolph Hearst added $61,000 for exclusive rights to the story. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute pitched in $35,000 and even Wilkins chipped in $25,000 of his own money. There were also a number of moneymaking tie-ins. During the expedition, special radio telegrams were sent as were a series of 12,655 postal covers (mailed during the voyage at London, Bergen, Spitsbergen and from an unidentified port at the end of the expedition. The basic fee was 75 cents per cover for the first three legs, $1 for the final leg with additional fees for registry service and autographs.) However, things started going bad almost immediately. A June 1931 crossing to Europe almost ended in failure had Nautilus not been towed by the battleship USS Wyoming in the mid-Atlantic and emergency repairs in England. Setting out from Norway in August, they only had 600 miles to go to reach the Pole and make history. Nautilus in the dry dock in Devonport, England undergoing repairs to the engines and other items things that failed during the first part of the voyage Nautilus reached 82°N, the farthest north any vessel had reached under its own power, and preparations began to dive –first submarine to operate under the polar ice cap. Captain Sloan Danenhower opening the conning tower hatch following a dive. A huge cake of ice can be seen jammed on the main ice drill The Nautilus in the Arctic, 1931. The thing is, she was missing her diving planes, suffering from mechanical issues, facing thicker ice than anticipated and fighting severe storms and by September had to turn back for Spitsbergen and then Norway, for repairs, without ever reaching the Pole. In Bergen There in Norway, Wilkins threw in the towel on Nautilus and agreed with the Navy to sink her in deep water outside Bergen, which was done 30 November 1931. Her wreck, in over 1,100 feet of water, was found in 1985 and has been visited several times since then. In good condition, the Bergen Maritime Museum has an extensive exhibit on her though there are no plans to raise this world’s first Arctic submarine. As for her sisters, the five other Lake designs were scrapped in 1930, USS O-9 (SS-70) and her 33 officers and men was lost on a test dive in 1941, and seven Electric-design classmates served through World War II at New London training thousands of students at the Submarine School, being scrapped in 1946. Few enduring relics remain of the class. The Ohio State University Libraries have an extensive online exhibit on Nautilus as does PigBoats.com from which many of the images in this post originate. Dr. Stewart B. Nelson has a great post covering the vessel and her discovery here while the Universal Ship Cancellation Society Log details the philately histor y of the Nautilus covers in a way far outside the scope of this post. Wilkins’ 1931 book “ Under the North Pole: the Wilkins-Ellsworth Submarine Expedition ” is available for download free online in multiple formats. After his death, the Navy later took his ashes to the North Pole aboard the submarine USS Skate on 17 March 1959. The Navy confirmed on 27 March that, “In a solemn memorial ceremony conducted by Skate shortly after surfacing, the ashes of Sir Hubert Wilkins were scattered at the North Pole in accordance with his last wishes.” Specs: Simon Lake’s O-12 (SS-73) retained his trademark stern and amidships planes (shown folded down in the outboard view). Note the separate flooding ports in the watertight superstructure. Drawing by Jim Christley, text courtesy of U.S. Submarines Through 1945, An Illustrated Design History by Norman Friedman. Naval Institute Press. Via Navsource O-12 (SS-73) was discarded in 1930 to be rebuilt by Lake & Danenhower Inc., of Bridgeport CT., for the Wilkins Artic expedition. Lake had long thought about submarine operations under ice; in 1903, he built a trestle atop his Protector and deliberately operated her in iced waters. The Nautilus conversion, shown here, was far more sophisticated. Drawing by Jim Christley, text courtesy of U.S. Submarines Through 1945, An Illustrated Design History by Norman Friedman. Naval Institute Press. Via Navsource Displacement: 491 long tons (499 t) surfaced 566 long tons (575 t) submerged Length: 175 ft. (53 m) Beam: 16 ft. 7 in (5.05 m) Draft: 13 ft. 11 in (4.24 m) Propulsion: 2 × 500 hp (373 kW) Busch Sulzer diesel engines 2 × 400 hp (298 kW) Diehl electric motors 1 shaft 18,588 US gallons (70,360 l; 15,478 imp gal) fuel Speed: 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) submerged Test depth: 200 ft (61 m) Complement: 2 officers, 27 men (Naval service), 20 scientists, explorers, and crew in civilian Armament: (Disarmed 1930) 4 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes, 8 torpedoes 1 × 3″/50 caliber deck gun If you liked this column, please consider joining the International Naval Research Organization (INRO), Publishers of Warship International They are possibly one of the best sources of naval study, images, and fellowship you can find http://www.warship.org/membership.htm The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships. Nearing their 50th Anniversary, Warship International, the written tome of the INRO has published hundreds of articles, most of which are unique in their sweep and subject. PRINT still has it place. If you LOVE warships you should belong. I’m a member, so should you be! Share this:	Yacht
Which SI base unit is defined as ‘the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 ⁄ 299792458 of a second’?	Yachting & Boating \| CON2WEB Yachting & Boating Brokers , Builders & Charters BOATING is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether powerboats, sailboats, or man-powered vessels (such as rowing and paddle boats), focused on the travel itself, as well as sports activities, such as fishing or water skiing. It is a popular activity, and there are millions of boaters worldwide. YACHTING refers to recreational sailing or boating, the specific act of sailing or using other water vessels for sporting purposes. A YACHT is a high end recreational boat. It designates two rather different classes of watercraft, sailing and power boats. Yachts are different from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose. It was not until the rise of the steamboat and other types of powerboat that sailing vessels in general came to be perceived as luxury items. However, since the level of luxury on larger yachts has seen an increasing trend, the use of the word yacht to mean any sailing vessel has been diminishing and is more and more limited to racing yachts or cruising yachts. Yacht lengths generally range from 20 feet (6 m) up to hundreds of feet. Luxury crafts smaller than 40 feet are more commonly called “cabin cruisers” or simply “cruisers.” A mega yacht generally refers to any yacht (sail or power) above 98 ft (30 m) and a super yacht generally refers to any yacht over 197 ft (60 m). PRIX DU DESIGN – Monaco Yacht Show. SHOW BOATS DESIGN AWARDS – honour the industry’s creative talents, bringing the specialist design skills of the industry’s most talented teams into the spotlight. Now in its third edition, the coveted golden Neptune awards have quickly become a symbol of pride and distinction for the industry’s design professionals. WORLD SUPERYACHT AWARDS – the most anticipated and glamorous event in the superyacht industry calendar. It celebrates the best of the best in superyacht build and design and recognises the dedication and passion of owners and the talents of their builders, naval architects and designers. WORLD YACHT TROPHIES – Cannes International Boat Show. The most prestigious award of its kind. TRUE NORTH – capacity: 36 passengers. UTOPIA – capacity: 206 spacious and luxurious hotel suites on board offer guests a truly unsurpassed experience on the seas. Due to be delivered by Samsung Heavy Industries by 2013. [hana-code-insert name=’add1′ /] Events AMERICA’S CUP – the most prestigious regatta and match race in the sport of sailing, and the oldest active trophy in international sport, predating the Modern Olympics by 45 years. COWES WEEK – one of the longest-running regular regattas in the world. Having started in 1826. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOAT RACE – a rowing race in England between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, rowed between competing eights each spring on the Thames in London. SUPER BOAT INTERNATIONAL – “Boat Racing Of The Rich And Famous.” VOLVO OCEAN RACE WORLD CRUISING CLUB – global sailing event organisers World Cruising Club (WCC) are best known for the ARC, the world’s largest annual trans-ocean sailing event. The Atlantic Rally for Cruisers, to use its official title, is the originator of the many WCC cruising rallies now taking place around the globe. WORLD MATCH RACING TOUR – professional sailing series, featuring 9 World Championship events across the globe, sanctioned by the International Sailing Federation with “Special Event” status. The tour currently spans 3 continents. CLEOPATRA’S BARGE \| Pride of Hawaii – the royal yacht (1820-1824) of King Kamehameha II of Hawaii. M/Y DANNEBROG – the royal yacht of Denmark. Derzhava – royal yacht of the House of Romanov (1871-1898). M/Y DUBAI – owned by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of the Emirate of Dubai and the Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates. EL HORRIA \| Mahroussa – royal yacht built for Isma’il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt in 1865. JRM GALEB – belonged to the late President of the Yugoslav Republic Marshal Tito on his numerous foreign trips and to entertain heads of state (1948-1980). HHS GLASGOW – royal yacht belonging to the Sultan of Zanzibar (1878-1896). M/Y GRACE \| Deo Juvante II – the wedding gift from Aristotle Onassis to Prince Rainier and Princess Grace of Monaco (1956). M/S Heimdal – royal Norwegian yacht (1892-1905, 1905-1908). SMY HOHENZOLLERN II – used by the German Emperors between 1878 and 1918, named after their House of Hohenzollern. LIVADIA – imperial yacht of the House of Romanov (1873-1878). LIVADIA – imperial yacht of the House of Romanov built in 1879–1880 to replace the yacht of the same name that had sunk off the coast of Crimea in 1878. USS MAYFLOWER – served as U.S. presidential yacht until 1929. NAHLIN \| Luceafarul \| Libertatea – in 1936 Nahlin was chartered by King Edward VIII and used by him and Mrs. Wallis Simpson during their love affair. The yacht was bought in 1937 by King Carol of Romania for £120,000. K/S NORGE – the royal yacht of Norway. USS POTOMAC – Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidential yacht from 1936 until his death in 1945. M/Y PRINCE ABDULAZIZ – one of the royal yachts of the Saudi royal family. SS RIVER QUEEN – closely associated with U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. M/Y Savarona – luxury state yacht owned by the Republic of Turkey. USS SEQUOIA – former United States presidential yacht used from Herbert Hoover to Jimmy Carter. STANDART – the Russian imperial yacht, serving Emperor Nicholas II. HMY Victoria and Albert II – 360 foot steamer launched 1855 and royal yacht of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom until 1900. HMY Victoria and Albert III – royal yacht of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom serving four sovereigns (1901-1939). USS WILLIAMSBURG – served as a U.S. presidential yacht from 1945 to 1953. USS YACONA – during the period when she was called Amélia III, the 527 gross ton vessel was owned by D. Carlos, King of Portugal between 1889 and 1908. Super Yachts (100+): A-Z The term luxury yacht, “SUPERYACHT” and “Large Yacht” refers to very expensive, privately owned yachts which are professionally crewed. Also known as a Super Yacht, a luxury yacht may be either a sailing or motor yacht. This term began to appear at the beginning of the 20th century when wealthy individuals constructed large private yachts for personal pleasure. This coincided with it being picked up by the press as well, and its appearance in magazines such as Boat International, cemented it as an every day term in the industry. Examples of early luxury motor yachts include the Cox & King yachts, M/Y (motor yacht) Christina O and M/Y Savarona. Early luxury sailing yachts include Americas Cup classic J class racers like S/Y (sailing yacht) Endeavour and Sir Thomas Lipton’s S/Y Shamrock. The New York Yacht Club hosted many early luxury sailing yacht events at Newport, Rhode Island, during the Gilded Age. Between 2000 and 2008 there was a massive growth in the number, size, and popularity of large private or Super luxury yachts. This was in the 24 to 70 meter size range. Luxury, Large or Super yachts typically have no real home port as such although a yacht must be registered in a port of the country to which flag state it is registered in. Popular flag state registrars for large yachts are Cayman Islands, Marshall Islands, Isle of Man, British Virgin Islands among others. (Many times the yacht will have never been to these ports.) They are particularly bountiful in the Mediterranean in summer and the Caribbean Sea in winter. Many can be chartered (rented) for sums of up to 1 million Euro for a week. There may be up to 1500 Large yachts available to Charter in a season in the Mediterranean. (Yachts that go back and forth between the Caribbean and Mediterranean in the winter and summer are said to be doing the Milk Run.) The arrival of large commercial ships that have been specially outfitted to take multiple Large yachts across the Atlantic ocean have created a much larger Charter market in the Caribbean than ever before. Yachts will dock in a port of choosing while the crew does maintenance work and waits for owners or guests to arrive. The vessels then will do short cruises with the owners and/or guests aboard. Typical destinations in Spain and the French and Italian Rivieras include Cannes, Antibes, St. Tropez, Monte Carlo, Portofino, Porto Cervo, Puerto Banus, Puerto Portals and Palma, Majorca, although increasingly luxury yachts are cruising in more remote areas of the world. Antigua is one of the main ports in the Windward Islands of the Caribbean and hosts a Charter Show at the beginning of the winter season. While the demand for new luxury yachts has slowed somewhat since 2009, 2011 has seen a small rebound with launches from many of the top yards. The latest launch, M/Y Eclipse, built by Blohm + Voss for Russian businessman Roman Abramovich is the largest yacht in the world. Luxury boat building and yacht charter companies are predominantly based in the United States and Western Europe but are also increasingly found in New Zealand, Asia and Eastern Europe. MY YACHT F1 – “Indulge in a lifestyle of extraordinary F1 proportions. Feel the speed, meet celebrities and enjoy top hospitality on a luxury yacht. The ultimate luxury Grand Prix hospitality and VIP party experience for the elite traveler!” – N – Nahlin – 300 ft / 91 m (owned by James Dyson ). NECKER BELLE – Sir Richard Branson’s yacht: 32m long, 14m wide, 171 tons, mast height: 38 m, charter rate: US$100,000 weekly. NERO – 296 ft / 90 m. Inspired by the the Corsair yachts owned by the late J.P. Morgan & J.P. Morgan Jr. : 295 ft /90 m classic motor yacht / US$105 mio. Built at YANTAI RAFFLES SHIPYARD . Charters through Burgess Yachts at a weekly base rate of about US$431,000. NORTHERN STAR – 248 ft / 76 m / €129 mio. Largest yacht for charter at €650.000 per week + expenses. NVC 85 Y – Rolls-Royce Marine to launch a line of superyachts (279 ft / 85 m) with Paul Madden’s Atlantic Yachts. The venture plans to deliver a maximum of 2 US-built and European-designed and engineered megayachts per year expected to cost one-third less and delivered in half the time as comparable European-built megayachts. – O – SOULMATES II – 197 ft / 60 m. SOVEREIGN – 100 meter superyacht by Gray Design. Sunrays – 280 ft / 85 m. SUNSEEKER PREDATOR 108 SPECIAL EDITION – Caterham Cars and Sunseeker International, have formed a unique alliance to create the ultimate expression of the millionaire lifestyle. Capable of storing and launching a Caterham Seven sportscar at the stern. Costs from around £7.1 million, plus a road-going Caterham Seven which starts from £12,995. SYCARA IV – 151 ft / 46 m. Styled after the classic yachts of the 1920’s’ Golden Age of yachting. – T – Talitha G – 271 ft / 83 m (owned by the Getty family ). TATOOSH – 303 ft / 92 m / €125 mio. (owned by Paul Allen ). TERRA WIND RV – luxury amphibious motor coach / yacht: US$850,000-US$1.2 mio. Tueq – 257 ft / 78 m / €55 mio. Turama – 380 ft / 116 m (owned by the Latsis family ). – U – UTOPIA – luxury residential ocean liner: US$1.1 billion. Due to be delivered by Samsung Heavy Industries by 2013. – V – Vava II – 315 ft / 96 m / £100 mio. (owned by Ernesto Bertarelli ). VENUS – between 230 and 260 feet long. Late Steve Job’s Philippe Starck designed yacht. VERTIGO – 220 ft / 67 m. 2012 winner – World Superyacht Awards. – W – WALLY 118 POWER YACHT – sells for US$24.83 mio. WHY – is it a yacht or an island? “This is WHY” by WHY \| Wally-Hermès Yachts. – X – XSR48 – a supercar on water. – Y – YAS – 463 ft / 141 m. [hana-code-insert name=’add1′ /]	i don't know
On which Pacific island did Captain James Cook see the Transit of Venus in 1769?	James Cook and the Transit of Venus \| Science Mission Directorate James Cook and the Transit of Venus Join Mailing List Every ~120 years a dark spot glides across the Sun. Small, inky-black, almost perfectly circular, it's no ordinary sunspot. Not everyone can see it, but some who do get the strangest feeling, of standing, toes curled in the damp sand, on the beach of a South Pacific isle.... City odors drifted in from Plymouth, across the ship, shoving aside the salt air. Sea gulls fluttered upward, screeching, as the sails snapped taut. The wind had changed and it was time to go. On August 12, 1768, His Majesty's Bark Endeavour slipped out of harbor, Lt. James Cook in command, bound for Tahiti. The island had been "discovered" by Europeans only a year before in the South Pacific, a part of Earth so poorly explored mapmakers couldn't agree if there was a giant continent there or not. Cook might as well have been going to the Moon or Mars. He would have to steer across thousands of miles of open ocean, with nothing like GPS or even a good wristwatch to keep time for navigation, to find a speck of land only 20 miles across. On the way, dangerous storms could (and did) materialize without warning. Unknown life forms waited in the ocean waters. Cook fully expected half the crew to perish. The Endeavour. Credit: HMB Endeavour Foundation. It was worth the risk, he figured, to observe a transit of Venus. "At 2 pm got under sail and put to sea having on board 94 persons," Cook noted in his log. The ship's young naturalist Joseph Banks was more romantic: "We took our leave of Europe for heaven alone knows how long, perhaps for Ever," he wrote. Their mission was to reach Tahiti before June 1769, establish themselves among the islanders, and construct an astronomical observatory. Cook and his crew would observe Venus gliding across the face of the Sun, and by doing so measure the size of the solar system. Or so hoped England's Royal Academy, which sponsored the trip. The size of the solar system was one of the chief puzzles of 18th century science, much as the nature of dark matter and dark energy are today. In Cook's time astronomers knew that six planets orbited the sun (Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto hadn't been discovered yet), and they knew the relative spacing of those planets. Jupiter, for instance, is 5 times farther from the Sun than Earth. But how far is that … in miles? The absolute distances were unknown. Venus was the key. Edmund Halley realized this in 1716. As seen from Earth, Venus occasionally crosses the face of the sun. It looks like a jet-black disk slowly gliding among the sun's true spots. By noting the start- and stop-times of the transit from widely spaced locations on Earth, Halley reasoned, astronomers could calculate the distance to Venus using the principles of parallax. The scale of the rest of the solar system would follow. But there was a problem. Transits of Venus are rare. They come in pairs, 8 years apart, separated by approximately 120 years. Halley himself would never live to see one. An international team did try to time a Venus transit in 1761, but weather and other factors spoiled most of their data. If Cook and others failed in 1769, every astronomer on Earth would be dead before the next opportunity in 1874. Portrait of Cook, oil on canvas, Nathanial Dance, 1735-1811. Credit: National Library of Australia. Cook's expedition is often likened to a space mission. "The Endeavor was not only on a voyage of discovery," writes Tony Horwitz in the Cook travelogue Blue Latitudes, "it was also a laboratory for testing the latest theories and technologies, much as spaceships are today." In particular, the crew of the Endeavor were to be guinea pigs in the Navy's fight against "the scourge of the sea"--scurvy. The human body can store only about 6 week's worth of vitamin C, and when it runs out seamen experience lassitude, rotted gums, hemorrhaging. Some 18th century ships lost half their crew to scurvy. Cook carried a variety of experimental foods onboard, feeding his crew such things as sauerkraut and malt wort. Anyone who refused the fare would be whipped. Indeed, Cook flogged one in five of his crew, about average in those days, according to Horwitz. By the time Cook reached Tahiti in 1769, he'd been sailing west for 8 months--about as long as modern astronauts might spend en route to Mars. Five crewmen were lost when the ship rounded stormy Cape Horn, and another despairing marine threw himself overboard during the 10-week Pacific passage that followed. Endeavor was utterly vulnerable as it angled toward Tahiti. There was no contact with "Mission Control," no satellite weather images to warn of approaching storms, no help of any kind. Cook navigated using hourglasses and knotted ropes to measure ship's speed, and a sextant and almanac to estimate Endeavor's position by the stars. It was tricky and dangerous. Remarkably, they arrived mostly intact on April 13, 1769, almost two months before the transit. "At this time we had but very few men upon the Sick list … the Ships compney had in general been very healthy owing in a great measure to the Sour krout," wrote Cook. The view from Point Venus, Tahiti, where Cook and his men observed the transit of Venus. Oil on canvas, William Hodges, 1744-1797. Credit: National Library of Australia. Tahiti was as alien to Cook's men as Mars might seem to us today. At least the island was comfortable and well provisioned for human life; the islanders were friendly and eager to deal with Cook's men. Banks deemed it "the truest picture of an arcadia (idyllic and peaceful) … that the imagination can form." Yet the flora, fauna, customs and habits of Tahiti were shockingly different from those of England; Endeavor's crew was absorbed, amazed. Perhaps that is why Cook and Banks had so little to say about the transit when it finally happened on June 3, 1769. Venus' little black disk, which could only be seen gliding across the blinding sun through special telescopes brought from England, had a powerful rival: Tahiti itself. Banks' log entry on the day of the transit consists of 622 words; fewer than 100 of them concern Venus. Mostly he chronicled a breakfast-meeting with Tarróa, the King of the Island, and Tarróa's sister Nuna, and later in the day, a visit from "three handsome women." Of Venus, he says, "I went to my Companions at the observatory carrying with me Tarróa, Nuna and some of their chief attendants; to them we shewd the planet upon the sun and made them understand that we came on purpose to see it. After this they went back and myself with them." Period. If the King or Banks himself was impressed, Banks never said so. Cook was a little more expansive: "This day prov'd as favourable to our purpose as we could wish, not a Clowd was to be seen … and the Air was perfectly clear, so that we had every advantage we could desire in Observing the whole of the passage of the Planet Venus over the Suns disk: we very distinctly saw an Atmosphere or dusky shade round the body of the Planet which very much disturbed the times of the contacts particularly the two internal ones." Drawings of the 1769 transit of Venus by James Cook. [ more ] Cook also observed the "black drop effect." When Venus is near the limb of the sun--the critical moment for transit timing--the black of space beyond the sun's limb seems to reach in and touch the planet. This makes it very difficult to say precisely when a transit begins or ends. The effect was not fully understood until 1999 when a team of astronomers led by Glenn Schneider of the University of Arizona studied a similar black drop during a transit of Mercury. They proved1 the distortion is caused by a combination of solar limb darkening and the point-spread function of the telescope. Cook's observations were clearly affected. Indeed, his measurements disagreed with those of ship's astronomer Charles Green, who observed the transit beside Cook, by as much as 42 seconds. This was a problem for observers elsewhere, too. When all was said and done, observations of Venus' 1769 transit from 76 points around the globe, including Cook's, were not precise enough to set the scale of the solar system. Astronomers didn't manage that until the 19th century when they used photography to record the next pair of transits. Cook wouldn't dwell on these matters; there was a lot more exploring to do. Secret orders from the Navy instructed him to leave the island when the transit was done and "search between Tahiti and New Zealand for a Continent or Land of great extent." For much of the next year Endeavor and her crew scoured the South Pacific, searching for a continent that some 18th century scientists claimed was necessary to balance the great land masses of the northern hemisphere. At one point they were out of sight of land for almost two months. But the terra australis incognita, the unknown "south land," didn't exist, just as Cook thought all along. Along the way Cook met the fierce Maori of New Zealand and the Aborigines of Australia (encounters both races would lament in later years), explored thousands of miles of Kiwi and Aussie coastline, and had a near-disastrous collision with the Great Barrier Reef. The Endeavour is beached in Australia following a collision with the Great Barrier Reef. An engraving from John Hawkesworth's An Account of the voyages…. Credit: National Library of Australia. Later, during a 10-week stopover in Jakarta for repairs, seven seamen died of malaria. The port city was densely populated by people and diseases. Cook left as quickly as possible, but the damage was done. Ultimately 38 of the Endeavour's original company (and 8 who joined later) perished, including astronomer Charles Green. "The ship's 40% casualty rate wasn't considered extraordinary for the day," writes Horwitz. "In fact, Cook would later be hailed for the exceptional concern he showed for the health of his crew." On July 11, 1771, Cook returned to England at Deal. The survivers had circumnavigated the globe, catalogued thousands of species of plants, insects and animals, encountered new (to them) races of people, and hunted for giant continents. It was an epic adventure. In the end, the transit was just a tiny slice of Cook's adventure, overshadowed by Tahiti and sabotaged by black drops. But because of the voyage Venus and Cook are linked. In fact, it might be said that the best reason to watch a transit of Venus is history. Decide for yourself. On June 5-6, 2012, Venus is due to cross the face of the Sun again. The event will be web cast, broadcast, and targeted by innumerable sidewalk telescopes. In other words, you can't miss it. Look into the inky black disk. It can carry you back to a different place and time: Tahiti, 1769, when much of Earth was still a mystery and the eye at the telescope belonged to a great explorer. Can you feel the sand between your toes?	Tahiti
The state of Qatar has a land border with only one other country. Which one?	Captain James Cook and his Voyages Captain James Cook was born in 1728 and died in 1779. Among his many achievements as a navigator and explorer, he was the first person to map Newfoundland, the first European to have contact with the Eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands and he completed the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook charted and recorded several islands on European maps for the first time. He charted large areas of the Pacific more accurately and gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage. Cook was accompanied on board by many scientists, including botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander who collected over 3,000 plant species, and artist Sydney Parkinson who completed 264 drawings of immense scientific value to British botanists. The observations and discoveries of these learned companions added to the importance of the voyages. 94 The ten years that cover Cook's three great voyages are well documented in his comprehensive logs and journals. Cook detailed in his written work where he went, what he saw and who he met but these works do not offer any insight into Cook as a person. Cook was the son of a farm labourer, and the second of eight children in his family. When the family moved to Great Ayton in 1736, his father James arranged a job for Cook through his employer, Thomas Skottowe. The job was in a shop on the North Sea coast and this location introduced him to the sea. His employer at the shop was William Sanderson, who knew a family of ship operators in Whitby and Cook became an apprentice there. 95 From Whitby, Cook worked on the colliers sailing in the North Sea coal trade and learned the skills of seamanship and navigation. In fact, his ship the Endeavour, was originally a collier. In 1755 he was offered command of a collier, but declined and enlisted in the Royal Navy as an able seaman. He served with the Royal Navy from 1755 to 1767, patrolling the English Channel and taking part in the capture of several French ships. In 1757 he became a ship's master and eventually ended up on the Pembroke which played a part in the war against the French in North America. During this time, Cook was in Canadian and Newfoundland waters. His ship took part in the siege of Louisbourg in 1758 and in the capture of Quebec. Cook developed his surveying and cartographical skills and spent time in Nova Scotia on the HMS Northumberland. 96 The Governor of Newfoundland appointed Cook as surveyor of the island and to chart Newfoundland's lengthly coastline. He was assigned a small schooner, the Grenville. Over the years, Cook added astronomy to his various skills and submitted the results of his observation of a solar eclipse on the south coast of Newfoundland to the Royal Society of London. The Royal Society had petitioned the British government and the Admiralty to send astronomers on a ship to observe the Transit of Venus in 1769. 97 It was believed that if the planet Venus could be observed as it passed across the sun at the same time and from different locations, it could then be possible to calculate inter-planetary distances, such as the distance of the earth from the sun. 98 The Admiralty acquired an ex-collier ship, renamed her as the HM Bark Endeavour and prepared her for an expedition to Tahiti in the South Pacific to observe the Transit of Venus. Cook was appointed to command the expedition and to serve as an assistant to Charles Green the ship's astronomer. Cook was promoted to lieutenant for the voyage. A secondary goal for the expedition was to search for the Great Southern land mass, thought to lie across the South Pacific, below 40°S. 99 Portrait of Captain James Cook by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775 Courtesy Wikipedia The Endeavour left Plymouth on 26 August 1768, reaching Tahiti in April 1769. The crew stayed in Tahiti for three months, observing the Transit of Venus. Cook toured and surveyed the island, writing detailed descriptions of the island and its people. Next, the Endeavour began, unsuccessfully, to search for the Southern Continent. The Endeavour returned to the UK on 13 July 1771, after a voyage of almost 3 years. The return was anticipated by the public and the Navy but the acclaim was directed to Joseph Banks. Cook was promoted to Commander and had returned to Britain with charts of Tahiti, New Zealand and the coast of Australia. Banks had brought back botanical and zoological specimens and artists' drawings. While the Transit of Venus was observed successfully, the existence of the Great Southern continent had not been resolved. 100 Cook submitted plans for a second voyage to settle the matter of the Great Southern continent. The Admiralty agreed to Cook's proposal and on the second voyage he took two ships for safety reasons. Both were ex-colliers, Cook was in charge of the Resolution, and Tobias Furneaux commanded the smaller ship Adventure. Cook took chronometers with him, one of which was a copy of a John Harrison chronometer that would revolutionise navigation. He sailed from Plymouth in July 1772 and returned to Britain in late July 1775. During this second voyage, he became the first to cross the Antarctic Circle. Crossing the Pacific without sighting land, he laid to rest the myth of the Great Southern landmass and returned with a quantity of journals and charts which represented surveying and cartography of the highest order. Despite the disaster of the Adventure which saw members of a shore party killed in the Pacific, Cook consolidated his position in the Admiralty and was now a celebrity beyond naval circles. 101 Cook's third voyage came from the need to return a Raiatean named Mai to his homeland. Mai had been brought to Britain by Tobias Furneaux. A secondary purpose was to investigate the existence of the Northwest Passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic. Again, Cook took two ships. He commanded the Resolution while Charles Clerke captained the Discovery. Cook left Plymouth in July 1776, travelling to the Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand, Tasmania, the Cook Islands and Tonga. They returned Mai to Raiatea in 1777 and headed up to the North Pacific, visiting the Hawaiian Islands and surveying the North-Western coasts of America from Oregon to Alaska. While in the Hawaiian Islands, Cook was killed during a fight. Clerke assumed command, but when he died of tuberculosis, John Gore brought the ships back to Britain in late 1780. During the third voyage, Cook described Tonga, Hawaii and the North West coast of America in detail; however he did not find the North Western passage. It is believed that Cook's age, poor health and tiredness on this trip caused the erratic behaviour that led to his death. 102 Cook's legacy was in defining the ocean's boundaries, visiting and charting most of the island groups of the Pacific and his greatest statement, the map of the Pacific Ocean. 103 Works by James Cook are available on Project Gutenberg at: http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/c#a2644 The UK National Register of Archives have a list of archival material relating to James Cook and related holding institutions at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P6407 Terra Australia Incognita The main goal of Cook's first voyage on the Endeavour was to transport observers to Tahiti to view the Transit of Venus. On the Endeavour voyage, Cook carried secret instructions to be read after he observed the phenomenon. These instructions authorised him to search for and take possession of a continent or great land mass thought to exist in the Southern Hemisphere. If this land was found, Cook was to chart its coasts, obtain information on the people and cultivate an alliance between the locals and Great Britain 104 . The unknown great Southern land mass was referred to as 'Terra Australis Incognita'. This imaginary land appeared on European maps from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The concept was first introduced in ancient times by the Greek cartographer Ptolemy and since Renaissance cartographers adopted Ptolemy's work as their main source of information, during this period the Great Southern Landmass appeared on maps. 105 Scientists of Cook's time argued that the landmass would act as a counterweight to the known landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere. Terra Australis Incognita was usually located on maps around the South Pole and spreading far north in the Pacific Ocean region. It was depicted as a larger continent than Antarctica and various explorers made attempts to locate it before Cook's voyages. 106 In his first voyage, Cook sailed south from the Society Islands and reached 40°S without finding land. He then headed west for New Zealand and circumnavigated the north and south islands, confirming that they were not part of a larger continent. Following this he visited Australia. 107 Cook embarked on his second voyage to settle the matter of the landmass once and for all, proposing to sail around the world at as high a latitude as possible. In 1772 he succeeded in circumnavigating the globe at as close to 60°S latitude as possible and in some places crossed the Antarctic Circle. This voyage proved that any possible Southern Continent must lie well within the cold and uninhabitable polar region. 108	i don't know
Which insects are threatened by colony collapse disorder?	Colony Collapse Disorder \| Protecting Bees and Other Pollinators from Pesticides \| US EPA For More Information Discovering a Problem During the winter of 2006-2007, some beekeepers began to report unusually high losses of 30-90 percent of their hives. As many as 50 percent of all affected colonies demonstrated symptoms inconsistent with any known causes of honey bee death: Sudden loss of a colony’s worker bee population with very few dead bees found near the colony. The queen and brood (young) remained, and the colonies had relatively abundant honey and pollen reserves. But hives cannot sustain themselves without worker bees and would eventually die. This combination of events resulting in the loss of a bee colony has been called Colony Colapse Disorder. Though agricultural records from more than a century ago note occasional bee “disappearances” and “dwindling” colonies in some years, it is uncertain whether the colonies had the same combination of factors associated with CCD. What we do know from the data from beekeepers for 2014/2015 is that, while colony loss from CCD has declined, colony loss is still a concern. Top of Page Dead Bees don’t Necessarily Mean CCD Certain pesticides are harmful to bees. That’s why we require instructions for protecting bees on the labels of pesticides that are known to be particularly harmful to bees. This is one of many reasons why everyone must read and follow pesticide label instructions. When most or all of the bees in a hive are killed by overexposure to a pesticide, we call that a beekill incident resulting from acute pesticide poisoning. But acute pesticide poisoning of a hive is very different from CCD and is almost always avoidable. There have been several incidents of acute poisoning of honey bees covered in the popular media in recent years, but sometimes these incidents are mistakenly associated with CCD. A common element of acute pesticide poisoning of bees is, literally, a pile of dead bees outside the hive entrance. With CCD, there are very few if any dead bees near the hive. Piles of dead bees are an indication that the incident is not colony collapse disorder. Indeed, heavily diseased colonies can also exhibit large numbers of dead bees near the hive. Why It's Happening There have been many theories about the cause of CCD, but the researchers who are leading the effort to find out why are now focused on these factors: Increased losses due to the invasive varroa mite (a pest of honey bees). New or emerging diseases such as Israeli Acute Paralysis virus and the gut parasite Nosema. Pesticide poisoning through exposure to pesticides applied to crops or for in-hive insect or mite control. Stress bees experience due to management practices such as transportation to multiple locations across the country for providing pollination services. Changes to the habitat where bees forage. Inadequate forage/poor nutrition. Top of Page What is Being Done The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is leading the federal government response to CCD. In 2007, USDA established a CCD Steering Committee with representatives from other government agencies, and academia. EPA is an active participant in the CCD Steering Committee. The Steering Committee has developed the Colony Collapse Disorder Action Plan (PDF) (28 pp, 2 MB, About PDF ). The plan has four main components: Survey/Data Collection to determine the extent of CCD and the current status of honey bee colony production and health. Analysis of Bee Samples to determine the prevalence of various pests and pathogens, bee immunity and stress, and exposure to pesticides. Hypothesis-Driven Research on four candidate factors including: new and reemerging pathogens, environmental and nutritional stresses, and pesticides. Mitigative/Preventive Measures to improve bee health and habitat and to counter mortality factors. In October 2013, the CCD Steering Committee hosted the national stakeholder conference on honey bee health. The conference brought together a broad group of stakeholders to examine the federal governement's course of action to understand colony collapse disorder and honey bee health. Based on input from the stakeholders at this conference, the CCD steering committee is drafting a revised CCD and honey bee health action plan. Top of Page What EPA is Doing Our role in the federal response to CCD is to keep abreast of and help advance research investigating pesticide effects on pollinators. While our longstanding regulatory requirements for pesticides are designed to protect beneficial insects such as bees, since 2007 we have been looking at many different ways of possibly improving pollinator protection. The Agency's efforts are now focused on EPA's role in the National Pollinator Health Strategy .	Bee
In the novel Animal Farm what type of animal is Snowball?	Honeybee webcam takes you inside a hive \| MNN - Mother Nature Network MNN.com > Earth Matters > Animals Honeybee webcam takes you inside a hive This colony of bees is rebuilding in a hollow log in Germany after the hive collapsed earlier this year. 484 Unless you’re a backyard beekeeper , you likely try to avoid honeybees and their buzzing hives. But now you can safely get a glimpse inside a hive, thanks to two cameras that explore.org installed in a hollow log in Waal, Germany. One of the live feeds moves throughout the colony, and viewers can watch the bees as they build combs and produce honey. The second camera focuses on the entrance to the hive, and insects can be seen constantly coming and going. The bee colony is currently in the process of rebuilding after a hive collapse that was captured on video . It’s thought to be one of the only videos that shows the inside of a collapsing beehive. The live feeds provide a glimpse of what life is like for the insects, which are threatened by colony collapse disorder . The phenomenon, which doesn’t have a recognizable underlying cause, involves worker bees abruptly disappearing from hives. U.S. beekeepers estimate that in the past year, 40 percent to 50 percent of the hives needed to pollinate the nation’s produce have been wiped out . More bee stories on MNN:	i don't know
Who succeeded Herman Van Rompuy as President of the European Council in 2014?	Poland's Tusk takes EU helm, promising leadership \| Reuters Mon Dec 1, 2014 \| 1:46 PM EST Poland's Tusk takes EU helm, promising leadership 1/4 Former Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk attends a ceremony with outgoing European Council President, Herman Van Rompuy (not in picture), during which Tusk took over Van Rompuy replacing him as head of the European Council, in Brussels, December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 2/4 Former Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk (L) and outgoing European Council President Herman Van Rompuy attend a ceremony, during which Tusk took over from Van Rompuy and officially replaced him as head of the European Council, in Brussels, December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 3/4 Newly nominated European Council President Donald Tusk (R) welcomes new European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker at the EU council headquarters in Brussels December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 4/4 Newly nominated European Council President Donald Tusk (R) welcomes new European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker at the EU council headquarters in Brussels December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + BRUSSELS Former Polish prime minister Donald Tusk took over as president of the European Council of EU leaders on Monday, promising strong leadership in foreign policy and "ruthless determination" to end Europe's economic crisis. The center-right Tusk, 57, who led Poland for seven years of economic growth and rising EU influence, succeeded Herman Van Rompuy, 67, a self-effacing Belgian who forged crucial compromises to save the euro zone as the first holder of the job created in 2009. "We have also enemies, not only skeptics. Politics has returned to Europe. History is back. In such times we need leadership and political unity," Tusk said, referring obliquely to severe tension with Russia over Ukraine. "Europe has to secure its borders and support those in the neighborhood who share our values," he said in English at a brief handover ceremony during which he admitted being "a little nervous". He also said the coming year would be crucial for relations between Europe and the United States, with the world's two biggest trading blocs negotiating a free trade agreement that faces opposition on both sides of the Atlantic. Tusk said later he had discussed the trade agreement and the Ukraine crisis in a phone call with U.S. President Barack Obama. "We agreed to step up our efforts towards reaching agreement," he said in a statement, referring to the trade pact. On Ukraine, Tusk said: "We ... agreed on how important it is for Russia to withdraw from eastern Ukraine, to stop supplying troops and equipment, to allow effective control of the border and to allow the OSCE to carry out its mission." Tusk faces his first challenge on Dec. 18-19 when the 28 EU leaders will seek an agreement on a European investment fund designed to revive jobs and growth by drawing private capital into transport, energy and digital network projects, and debate economic reforms and national budget discipline. The German-speaking Pole was keen to demonstrate he has made progress in English and French, the main working languages of the EU, with a line of French to end his remarks. EU officials expect Tusk to be more assertive in foreign policy, notably towards Russia, than was Van Rompuy, whose main focus was financial crisis management. His chief foreign affairs adviser will be U.S.-born Estonian diplomat Riina Kionka, who worked in the 1980s at U.S.-owned Radio Free Europe, which broadcast news and opinion into then communist Eastern Europe. However, the powers of the president of the European Council are circumscribed by the Lisbon Treaty, which defines the job as chairing and preparing EU summits and representing the bloc at head of state level with third countries. (Reporting by Philip Blenkinsop and Adrian Croft; Writing by Paul Taylor; Editing by Alison Williams and Robin Pomeroy) ADVERTISEMENT	Donald Tusk
The 1066 Country Walk and Normans Bay are in which traditional county?	Poland's Tusk takes EU helm, promising leadership \| Reuters Mon Dec 1, 2014 \| 1:46 PM EST Poland's Tusk takes EU helm, promising leadership 1/4 Former Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk attends a ceremony with outgoing European Council President, Herman Van Rompuy (not in picture), during which Tusk took over Van Rompuy replacing him as head of the European Council, in Brussels, December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 2/4 Former Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk (L) and outgoing European Council President Herman Van Rompuy attend a ceremony, during which Tusk took over from Van Rompuy and officially replaced him as head of the European Council, in Brussels, December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 3/4 Newly nominated European Council President Donald Tusk (R) welcomes new European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker at the EU council headquarters in Brussels December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + 4/4 Newly nominated European Council President Donald Tusk (R) welcomes new European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker at the EU council headquarters in Brussels December 1, 2014. Reuters/Yves Herman + BRUSSELS Former Polish prime minister Donald Tusk took over as president of the European Council of EU leaders on Monday, promising strong leadership in foreign policy and "ruthless determination" to end Europe's economic crisis. The center-right Tusk, 57, who led Poland for seven years of economic growth and rising EU influence, succeeded Herman Van Rompuy, 67, a self-effacing Belgian who forged crucial compromises to save the euro zone as the first holder of the job created in 2009. "We have also enemies, not only skeptics. Politics has returned to Europe. History is back. In such times we need leadership and political unity," Tusk said, referring obliquely to severe tension with Russia over Ukraine. "Europe has to secure its borders and support those in the neighborhood who share our values," he said in English at a brief handover ceremony during which he admitted being "a little nervous". He also said the coming year would be crucial for relations between Europe and the United States, with the world's two biggest trading blocs negotiating a free trade agreement that faces opposition on both sides of the Atlantic. Tusk said later he had discussed the trade agreement and the Ukraine crisis in a phone call with U.S. President Barack Obama. "We agreed to step up our efforts towards reaching agreement," he said in a statement, referring to the trade pact. On Ukraine, Tusk said: "We ... agreed on how important it is for Russia to withdraw from eastern Ukraine, to stop supplying troops and equipment, to allow effective control of the border and to allow the OSCE to carry out its mission." Tusk faces his first challenge on Dec. 18-19 when the 28 EU leaders will seek an agreement on a European investment fund designed to revive jobs and growth by drawing private capital into transport, energy and digital network projects, and debate economic reforms and national budget discipline. The German-speaking Pole was keen to demonstrate he has made progress in English and French, the main working languages of the EU, with a line of French to end his remarks. EU officials expect Tusk to be more assertive in foreign policy, notably towards Russia, than was Van Rompuy, whose main focus was financial crisis management. His chief foreign affairs adviser will be U.S.-born Estonian diplomat Riina Kionka, who worked in the 1980s at U.S.-owned Radio Free Europe, which broadcast news and opinion into then communist Eastern Europe. However, the powers of the president of the European Council are circumscribed by the Lisbon Treaty, which defines the job as chairing and preparing EU summits and representing the bloc at head of state level with third countries. (Reporting by Philip Blenkinsop and Adrian Croft; Writing by Paul Taylor; Editing by Alison Williams and Robin Pomeroy) ADVERTISEMENT	i don't know
Whose name is missing from the second line of the first verse of the Gospel of Matthew in the Authorized Version of the Bible – ‘Abraham begat _____; and ______ begat Jacob’?	Literary Art in the Gospel of Matthew \| Chiasmus Resources Literary Art in the Gospel of Matthew Literary Art in the Gospel of Matthew This book is foundational in the study of chiasmus. Paul Gaechter, Literary Art in the Gospel of Matthew Translated from German into English by Lore Schultheiss from Die literarische Kunst im Matthäus-Evangelium (Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 7; Stuttgart, 1965), and published, with permission from Katholisches Bibelwerk, by John W. Welch, ed. (Provo, Utah: BYU Studies, 2013). Click here to view this book in German. Back to Top According to the oldest tradition, the Gospel of Matthew was recorded by Matthew; he was one of the Twelve whom Jesus had assembled around him and trained in such a manner that, later, they would be powerful witnesses of him to the world. Unfortunately, the earliest version of the Gospel of Matthew that we have is in the Greek form; but even in the Greek version we find so many features of Hebrew sentiments and thinking that one cannot doubt the Semitic origins of this Greek work—whatever other additional changes may have been made to the original Semitic text. Some of these changes will be discussed later, but among the authentic Semitic features contained in the Gospel of Matthew are those compiled and discussed in this booklet. In 1919, Hermann Cladder S.J. (Unsere Evangelien, Herder/Freiburg) proved that the Gospel of Matthew shows an artificial and, at the same time, artistic structure. He also pointed out the undeniable numeric order in which the so-called miracle chapters, Matt. 8 and 9, are written. This and several later studies trained my eyes to discern artificial text orders, until—during my work on my commentary (Das Matthäus-Evangelium:Ein Kommentar. Innsbruck: Tyrolia,1964; here shortened to Mt-K)—it turned out that similar orders exist in almost all parts of the Gospel of Matthew. The word artificial here describes orders which do not rest in the nature of the individual pericopes (or selections or extracts of a book) but rather in the historic sequencing or in the relatedness of the pericopes’ contents; the latter is at times used as a structuring principle. In general, the structuring principle in the Gospel of Matthew seems to be applied to the material. One has to consider that the presence of an artificial order in one passage of the text does not mean that the following passage or even all parts of the Gospel have to be ordered in the same or analogous manner as well. But an exegete cannot be kept from watching out for further occurrences of an artificial order once an artificial order has been recognized. However, each artificial order has to evidence itself; everything that is presented in this booklet as an artificial form should be regarded as an object for further investigation. Further, one has to consider that not all artificial orders can be determined with the same amount of certainty. The structure found in the miracle chapters may be above all reasonable doubt; but it would be unreasonable to expect or demand equal clarity for everything. For example, there are elements of an artificial order in account of the crucifixion (Matt. 27:31b-61), but these elements not recognizable with the same clarity as they are in the miracle chapters; questions always arise: Is the part divided off from the following and preceding parts in the right manner? Are all the elements recognized and are they recognized correctly? Artificial structures, without question, contain an element of beauty, which also speaks to our sentiments, regardless of the fact that we do not always recognize such “closed forms,” except in poetry. But we sense them, and they allow us to speak of “literary art.” For everything beautiful that is created by the hand of man is art. Hence the title of this work: The Literary Art in the Gospel of Matthew. Let us remember, though, that the author of this Gospel, this Matthew, did not train his literary taste on Western literature that spanned many centuries, but on Old Testament and Old Jewish literature, Infact, he probably shared his literary preferences with other authors of his people and his time. Matthew wrote as a Jew and for the Jews. His sphere of life was not the culture of writing as is ours. Some of his contemporaries were able to read and write, but not the majority. They, rather, lived in a culture of memory where, as paradox as it may seem to us, one trusted memory more than the written word. Memory, thus, did not mean uncertainty and untrustworthiness for them, as it might for us. And Matthew derived his material from this memory-based tradition. Out of this culture of memory came Matthew’s literary art forms which can be seen all throughout his Gospel. Their matrix is the oral, and thus, memory-based tradition of spoken material. What is contained in the books of the prophets and the older books of wisdom of the Old Testament was originally spoken and remembered words. This kind of tradition was not lost, but was handed down through Jewry until long after this time. Jesus himself neither wrote nor gave the order to write; he spoke, and he took it for granted that his words would be passed down faithfully according to memory. This confidence in his audience can only be understood in a culture of memory. When the attention of the listeners was focused on the speaker with adequate intensity—either instinctively and involuntarily or consciously and deliberately—they would remember his words for their whole lives. With lesser concentration, the listeners would retain the content, which, depending on the need, they would render in their own words as a whole or in part. Like the teachers before him, Jesus also often taught using memorable forms, taken from poetry, even if the content of his lecture might not have had anything to do with poetry. This was the traditional, higher form of teaching. Its basic element was a line containing two or three naturally stressed words, not counting the others. Such a line is also called stichus. Such stichi were often spoken in pairs, with or without parallelism in content, for the Hebrew language lends itself well to such rhythmic forms of expression. Two or three stichus-pairs, most of the time, formed a whole, which is called a strophe, even with non-poetry content. Such strophes were combined into strophe groups that formed a whole that is called a recitative. The goal of these rhythmic and strophic forms was to make it easier to remember and recollect the presentation. Finally, these strophe groups could be formed into larger, more artistically structured complexes. Examples for all these groupings be found in Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Psalms. Jesus also used this teaching technique. Compare the eight beatitudes in Matt. 5:3-10 (see below, pages 13-14; they are also found in modified form in Luke 6:20-26) or Jesus’s self-description as judge of the world in Matt. 25:31-46 (see below, pages 50-51). Following his example, the Twelve then also combined Jesus’s words into recitatives, as for example Matt. 12:31-37 (see below, pages 15-17). We find such combinations in the Gospel of Matthew. So much concerning the Semitic art form in spoken material. Little is known about the art forms that were applied to narratives. Research on them has only started in the historic books of the Old Testament, but one can already recognize patterns that Matthew followed with his use of art forms that extended into narratives. Compared with the style of representation in the Gospel of Mark, Matthew narrates succinctly and to the point and in general limits himself to the essential. His Gospel comes across as dry. Additionally, he does not reveal what emotions his literary material evoked in him; and he holds back with his judgments regarding Jesus, his teachings and experiences. Matthew reports purely matter-of-factly, and the facts are supposed to affect the reader by their own merit. But this lack of personal disclosure—if it is a lack—is counterbalanced by the art that Matthew reveals in the way he groups the material; for in the ordering he often expresses his own judgments. Without excluding the big speeches in the Gospel of Matthew, we now turn our discussion mainly to the narrative material here. Except for a few passages, the narrative material is arranged into bigger, artificial groups. Therefore we speak of closed forms. Closed forms are arrangements of individual pericopes, at times even of individual verses, which, in each case, were formed according to a number principle, and, often, according to additional formal aspects. With regards to the form, these arrangements comprise a whole. We call an arrangement “closed” because one can neither take away from it nor add a piece to it without destroying the overall form. There is not one, same, stereotypical closed form; rather, closed forms can change from time to time. Therefore it is the exegete’s task to carefully probe Matthew’s text in order to find out whether a closed form is present and what kind of form is. Hermann Cladder pointed out a few of these forms in his work, and others emerged to me during my own review of the Gospel. Surprise set in when I found that practically the whole Gospel of Matthew is arranged in closed forms. This discovery led to more questions as to what these forms meant: What does the evangelist express through them? Are they only there to satisfy his artistic literary sentiment? Or do they also have a content function and serve to express certain thoughts? Of lesser importance is the fact that our taste does not completely coincide with Matthew’s, and that that which to him and his Jewish readers meant art, perhaps to us only seems artificial. At least we are also able to sense elements of beauty in the closed forms. Besides being arranged according to the number principle (which will be illuminated in the first section) the closed forms are, in many places governed by symmetry as well. There are examples of the simplest kind, a middle piece flanked by two others in an a-b-a pattern (e.g., Matt. 7:1-11; Mt-K 140), but there are also symmetrical forms that consist of numerous elements making them very complex. The number of these components is not the same everywhere, but they do always stick to certain limits. When many elements are discussed, like the nine miracles and four questions in the miracle chapters (see below, pages 12-13), they are organized into smaller sub-groups within the symmetrical overall structure. Symmetry rises to chiasm when the symmetrically arranged elements also correspond in content. Chiasm thus goes beyond pure numeric correspondence. All symmetric patterns by Matthew contain numerically equal elements that are arranged around a pericope at the center (a-b-c-d-c-b-a). There seem to be no examples without a central pericope, that is, a symmetrical order with only an assumed center; except from Matt. 26:1 to 28:20. If we add up the individual parts in which closed forms can be determined, they amount to almost the whole Gospel. Mainly, they consist of the narratives (i.e., everything that is not instructional teaching), including the Passion account (Matt. 26:1 to 28:16); only Matt. 28:16-20, as the finale of the whole Gospel, stands outside any of these forms. If these closed forms have been identified even half-way correctly, this leads to important conclusions. First, the originator of the closed forms was not Greek, but Hebrew, since the arrangement of literary (non-poetic) material into such forms can only be understood with in the Semitic background. Our version of the Gospel of Matthew is thus based on a Semitic original form, which apparently has been translated faithfully; otherwise we would not see the closed forms in the Greek Gospel. This original form has to have been in Hebrew, not in the popular Aramaic. For the person who wrote in such art forms had readers in mind who recognized and felt them; and that audience could only have been the educated rabbis whose literary language was Hebrew. Second, the author of the original Hebrew Gospel of Matthew comes across as someone in whose blood runs a drive for clean order. Someone who arranged the parts of this work, one after the other, in closed forms, cannot, at the same time, be known as the originator of unstructured forms. This is of great importance. For in the Gospel of Matthew, there are pieces which are anything but cleanly formulated: interrupted rhythms, rhythmic passages mixed with prose additions often of a keyword-like character, text abridgements corresponding to Greek sentiment, fragmented traditions, etc. All of this is disorder and contrasts starkly against the well-ordered closed forms. Such disruptions occur at times in groups of Jesus’s utterances that are woven into the narrative passages (which also applies to ch. 23), but also into the Sermon on the Mount (ch.5 to 7), the instruction of the disciples (ch. 18), and especially in the apocalyptic utterances (ch. 24 to 25). Whereas a closed form is more or less recognizable throughout the Greek text of the Sermon on the Mount and the instruction of the disciples, in spite of several insertions, chapter 24 can only be described as being in hopeless disarray. Chapter 25, on the other hand, could very well be the second half of a closed form. For details, I have to refer you to my commentary. Where, then, do these disorders originate from, for which Matthew cannot be held responsible? All evidence points to the man who provided us with the Greek translation. It seems that he added many words of Jesus—known to him from the Greek tradition—that weren’t contained in the Gospel of Matthew, and he inserted these without realizing that he thus disturbed artificial closed forms. He may even have substituted shorter speech passages in the original text with enriched parallel pieces from the Greek tradition—with the intent of not loosing any of the tradition known to him. We can only thank him for that and will not rebuke him, a man rooted in the Greek tradition, for not having a feeling for Semitic literary forms. When he, nevertheless, maintained Semitic literary forms in his Greek text, it happened unknowingly and mainly in the narrative passages. In this manner we can explain the co-existence of both an artistic form and a lack of order which we encounter in Matthew. The reader can realize from this that the study of literary art forms in Matthew allows insights into the nature and making of our “Gospel of Matthew,” as it probably has been called since the early second century. Back to Top Throughout the entire Gospel of Matthew we encounter divisions or arrangements according to simple, one might even want to say primitive, number relationships. There is no example that suggests a coincidence; every single one shows the deliberate forming hand of the evangelist or of the oral tradition preceding him. As simple as these arrangements are, they bear in our perception an element of beauty and speak to us of Matthew’s literary, artistic effort and ability. We begin with a look at the entire Gospel. Works from antiquity lack content-indicating subtitles according to the manner that we usually arrange larger texts to make them more accessible. The Gospel of Matthew does not have such chapter headings either. The division of the Gospel into chapters as we know them dates back to the thirteenth century. But our evangelist inserted a formula into his work which, at least remotely, fulfills the task of our chapter titles. A read-through reveals longer and shorter speeches by Jesus. At the end of five longer ones we find the closing transitional formula, “And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these sayings…” That is the literal translation. It marks the end of five large collections of sayings: Matt. 5 through 7; Matt. 10; Matt. 13; Matt. 18; and Matt. 24 through 25. This phrase does not close the collection of saying in chapter 23, however, because those sayings simply belong to a different literature genre than the other five so that chapter need not close with the transitional formula. The five collections have doctrinal content, whereas, chapter 23 essentially is an accusation against the pharisaical rabbis opposed to Jesus—something totally different from the five collections of sayings with doctrinal and teaching contents. By adding a concluding formula to these, and only these, he emphasizes them as five constitute parts of his Gospel. The always-constant formula is designed to emphatically point to the importance of the preceding speeches and their essential function in the structure of the Gospel. Each of these collections of sayings—let us call them speeches—is connected with a series of narratives; for example, the narrative in Part V seems to be split into two parts (16:13 to 17:27 and 19:1 to 20:16) with a speech (ch. 18) in the middle. Narrative here is to be taken in the broadest sense. These series comprise not only the miracles and ministry of Jesus, but also the disputes, lamentations and accusations brought against him; among the latter is also Matt. 23. All together there are five big sections inside of the Gospel of Matthew, each of these consisting of a speech and a series of narratives. These five sections are preceded by a section (regarding the beginnings of Jesus, Matt. 1 through 4) that does not contain a speech and followed by a section without a speech that concludes the Gospel (the Passion and Resurrection account, Matt. 26 through 28). This explains the structure of the Gospel of Matthew as it came from the author. It contains seven parts, no more and no less. Now, a sevenfold sequence without an inner grouping would be very boring. Matthew must have felt that as well, so he built up this sequence inside of a formal chiasm that evidences itself in the speeches. Chiasm will be discussed more in depth later, but as far as it is concerned with the overall structure of the Gospel, the last part (Part VII) corresponds to the first (Part I), inasmuch as both lack a speech; the first speech (Part II) corresponds to the fifth and last speech (Part VI), inasmuch as both are more addressed to the people than to the disciples; the second speech (Part III) and the fourth speech (Part V) contain instructions addressed to the disciples, not the people; and the third speech (Matt. 13), the middle of the chiasm, is a unique parable, even if parables occur in other speeches once in a while. We can, therefore, depict the structure of the Gospel of Matthew schematically: Part I (1 to 4) —no speech Part II (5 to 9:34) —speech to the people, ch. 5 to 7 Part III (9:35 to 12) —speech to the disciples, ch. 10 Part IV (13:1 to 16:20) —parable speech, ch. 13 Part V (16:13 to 20:16) —speech to the disciples, ch. 18 Part VI (20:17 to 25:46) —speech to the people, ch. 24 to 25 Part VII (26 to 28) —no speech This artistic structure is a deliberately-applied literary, stylistic tool. Here, we have limited ourselves exclusively to the surface, the formal, the structure of the Gospel as a whole. The surface appearance is entitled to be considered as well; the result justifies this. Later we will also discuss the content, as far as its features and its disposition fall under literary art. We shall see that the content and the surface appearance are closely related. During this discussion, though, we also want to only focus on form. As the number seven dominates the overall structure, one could feel tempted to regard it as the actual determining principle. In the following, many evidences will appear that reveal this view as wrong. Although the number seven is not the least dominating forming principle of various sections, it is only one out of several. The seven is most salient in the parable chapter (Matt. 13). Inserted incidental remarks help the author divide the seven parables according to the pattern 1 + 3 + 3 (Mt-K 429): 1. Parable (of the sower), 13:3-9 Purpose of speaking in parables Explanation of the first parable, 13:10-23 2. Parable (of the wheat and the tares), 13:24-30 3. Parable (of the mustard seed), 13:31-32 4. Parable (of the leaven), 13:33 The parable speech as fulfillment of scriptures Explanation of the parable of the tares, 13:34-43 5. Parable (of the hidden treasure), 13:44 6. Parable (of the pearl of great price), 13:45-46 7. Parable (of the Gospel net), 13:47-50 Concluding words to the disciples 13:51-52. As Matthew, on his own, thus arranged the seven parables artificially, he divided these seven in the demonstrated manner as well. That is Semitic literary art. With it, he employed a known cliché; it is also used in Revelation 16 for the seven vials of wrath, only in reverse order: 3 + 3 + 1 (Mt-K 429). We still have not expounded the whole composition of the parable chapters, though. The two sets of three parables are further artistically formally shaped with regard to the content of each other: 2. Parable (of the wheat and the tares), content: separation at the end of time 3. Parable (of the mustard seed) 4. Parable (of the leaven) a pair of equally structured parables 6. Parable (of the hidden treasure) 5. Parable (of the pearl of great price) a pair of equally structured parables 7. Parable (of the Gospel net), content: separation at the end of time Even if we are speaking of the arrangement according to simple number relationships, the other devices used for structuring such relations of the whole Gospel and of the parable chapter prove that Matthew was anything but a primitive soul. Both examples attest to high literary art. Matthew seems to have used the same pattern when he arranged the seven calls of woe against the Pharisees in Matt. 23:13-33 (Mt-K 731f). Unfortunately, the transparency of this pattern in this piece has been impaired greatly by the oral tradition such that it cannot be ascertained with complete certainty. The seven pericopes within Matt. 21:28 through 22:46 are arranged in a simpler manner than the parables in Matt. 13. Once again, Matthew groups similar material together. Matt. 21:28 finds Jesus is at the height of his confrontation with his pharisaical opponents. It starts out with three parables in which he shows their attitude. Three attacks on Jesus by the Pharisees follow, in which they pose questions, expecting that he will sorely compromise himself. Against all their expectations, Jesus emerges from this confrontation as the winner thanks to his astonishing wisdom. In the seventh pericope, Jesus is the one who attacks and silences his opponents: 1. Parable (of the two sons), 21:28-32 2. Parable (of the wicked husbandmen), 21:33-46 3. Parable (of the marriage feast), 21:1-14 1. Attack (the tribute money), 22:15-22 2. Attack (the resurrection), 22:23-33 3. Attack (the greatest commandment), 22:34-40 Jesus’s Counterattack (the Son of David) 22:41-46 In all probability, these events would not have taken place in this exact sequence and tight timeline; the arrangement is completely the work of Matthew. To describe Jesus in this last spiritual fight, Matthew once again uses the seven in its breakdown into 3 + 3 + 1. But what power speaks from the seven pericopes arranged in this manner! Of course, Matthew is directly talking to us this way; it is his interpretation of what happened in particular. But that does not address everything. The question arises: Did Matthew not judge correctly in concentrating the confrontation parables and debates into such an effect? Who dares to say no? A discussion on the number seven is not complete without considering the genealogy listed in Matt. 1:1-17. This automatically brings us to discuss the number three. Both three and seven were often used symbolically in Israel, both expressing perfection, holiness, and divinity. The long list of names in this passage tells many readers rather little; it tells a little more to the Jewish reader as well as those readers who are familiar with Israel’s history in detail. In 1:17, Matthew emphasizes it being three times fourteen generations. The fourteen probably has to be valued as a double seven as, in itself, it does not have any special function. Matthew created the second and third group of fourteen by omitting certain names (Mt-K 28-29), but he was probably still aware that his sources only offered him fourteen names instead of fourteen generational lines in the first group. Using the number three and the double sevens, Matthew expresses that, with the final link of the chain, namely Jesus, the implicit Redeemer promised to Abraham, has appeared; hence, there can not be any Messiah after him. Situated within the culture of Jesus and Matthew, even this series of names, which seems so dry, gains a theological life. It is remarkable, incidentally, how Matthew assigns additions to the names in the genealogy, especially in the first part: and Jacob begat Judas + and his brethren; 3 And Judas begat Phares + and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; 4 And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; 5 And Salmon begat Booz + of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed + of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; 6 And Jesse begat David + the king;” The second generation chain begins thus: 6 “and David the king begat Solomon + of her that had been the wife of Urias;” and continues monotonously until the last link: 11 “And Josias begat Jechonias + and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon.” The third generation chain is similarly monotonous. Only at its end, it is brought to life twice: 16 “And Jacob begat Joseph + the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.” The additions in the first generation chain occur with the third and fourth link, counting from the beginning, and with the fourth and third link, counting from the end—thus creating a symmetrical arrangement. These additions diminish the monotony of the enumeration and even add a romantic touch for those who are familiar with the story. The inner reasons for the additions, however, can only be speculated. With the first “and his brethren” (v. 2), Matthew reminds us not only of Israel becoming a people, but also of the evil deeds that the brothers of Joseph performed. From them, the first shadow of guilt falls on the later series of generations. The addition of the three women—Thamar, Rahab, and Ruth—cannot mean that the genealogy of the Messiah was tainted early on, for all three were highly honored by the Jews at the time of Jesus and Matthew (Mt-K for 1:3.5). Matthew reminds us of Thamar’s actions (Genesis 38:12-26)—which were not totally compatible with our morals—because it shows how God did not allow the chosen ancestral line of the Messiah to be crossed by the resistance of Judah; God also did not choose the firstborn, Zara, as son and heir, but Phares (Genesis 38:27-30). Rahab and Ruth were Gentiles and signify that heathendom was part of the heritage of Jesus, the Redeemer of all mankind. Matthew adds the simple designation “the king” to David. Formally, he signals the end of the first series of generations with this addition. Concerning the content, he expresses here that Israel had reached its climax in David; Israel had become a sovereign people. But David could not mean the absolute endpoint, which should be the Messiah redeeming all from their sins (Matt. 1:21), for David began the second line of generations with adultery and murder (Matt. 1:6b). The line “of her that had been the wife of Urias” is not there to taint Batsheba, but David. Thus begins the line of kings which, from the beginning, was overshadowed by guilt. Probably not by accident it continues totally monotonously until the final link. The guilt grew steadily, without much interruption, until the utter rotting of the royal house at the time of Jechonias; hence the additional comment “and his brethren” (v. 11; see also Mt-K regarding the passage). The monotony of the third generation series is of a different nature. The House of David—as the monotony seems to convey here—had totally disappeared from public life, all glory and majesty had vanished from it. With the double addition at the end of the third generation series, Matthew emphasizes that, now, the absolute end had been reached and, therefore, any continuation of the family of David had lost all meaning. Matthew knew how to organize the three sets of fourteen generations for the knowing reader into a telling summary of the epoch that prepared Israel for the Messiah. He did so by arranging a mere list of names according to the numbers seven and three and by retouching the content in the form of short additions. Besides using seven as a forming principle, Matthew also uses the number three, as the genealogy shows. The Sermon on the Mount first offers an example of this that does not usually catch the reader’s eyes. In Matt. 5:21-48 we find the six anti-theses or replies (compare Mt-K 169), named this way because of their introductory formula and structure; in each one, Jesus contrasts a doctrine of the traditional rabbinical interpretation of scriptures with his own teaching. In order for it not to seem to monotonous in its structure, Matthew divided the six into two groups of three using a slight change in the introductory formula: 5:21 “Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time” (see Mt-K 5:21) (longer formula, first anti-thesis. About killing) 27 “Ye have heard that it was said” (shorter formula, second anti-thesis. About adultery) 31 “It hath been said” (short formula, third anti-thesis. About divorce) 33 “Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time” (longer formula, fourth anti-thesis. About perjury) 38 “Ye have heard that it hath been said” (shorter formula, fifth anti-thesis. About revenge) 43 “Ye have heard that it hath been said” (shorter formula, sixth anti-thesis. About loving one’s enemies) We are not used to paying attention to such minor details; but they were not lost on educated Jews in those days. They also perceived that the first and the sixth anti-theses did not only contain longer formulas, but they also shared love as the subject of the content, the first one in the negative sense and the sixth one in the positive sense. Thus both provide an inclusion for the whole section. In order to better understand this arrangement, it is necessary, though, to ignore those increases which were added in the Greek form to the original Hebrew one (see Mt-K 139-140). More obvious is the set of three in Matt. 6:2-18, which is severed, though, by the insertion of verses 7 through 15, but preserved intact in its elements, disregarding minor variations (see Mt-K 139 and 208). The unity of the three elements is emphasized beyond any doubt by their identical structure. In substance, the form is the following: When thou [doest thine alms/prayest/fastest] Thou shalt not [be/do] as the hypocrites [are/do]: For they [do such and such], That they may [have glory of/be seen of/appear fasting unto] men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. But thou, when thou [doest alms/prayest/fastest], [act in such and such a way], That thine [alms giving/praying/fasting] appear not unto men but to thy Father in secret: And thy Father which seeth in secret: shall reward thee openly. This way, Jesus teaches how one is supposed to give alms, pray, and fast. But these three exercises of piety are not a complete listing, as always is the rule otherwise, Rather, they are but three examples which represent any act of religious life. Further, in Matt. 6:19-24 we encounter a set of three similarly formed utterances by Jesus that express the same basic idea: 6:19-21 on laying up treasures in heaven 6:22-23 on the light of the body being the eye 6:24 on the impossibility of serving two masters A formal connection between these pericopes is missing. But from the similarity of their features and from Matthew’s preference for sets of three we can gather that this grouping into three is Matthew’s work. This preference for triplets is noticeable in numerous lesser passages, which we will disregard here. It becomes especially evident in the miracle chapters, Matt. 8 and 9. These form the narrative series for the Sermon on the Mount (in Part II) and help Matthew point out Jesus’s competence as a teacher and prophet sent by God. Even his opponents could not deny that Jesus performed miracles; they were uncomfortable enough for them: “What do we? for this man doeth many miracles. If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him” (John 11:47-48). The miracles make obvious that God was with Jesus. But the kind of miracles that Jesus performed and the manner in which they worked also had to create the impression that he in no way sought glory for himself, but was all cooperation, love, and compassion. Both his divinity and moral attitude together were supposed to draw the people to Jesus as the believable prophet of God. Once again, in Matt. 8 and 9, like in the parable chapter, we find the plain triplets together with content-rich secondary arrangements, and thus the narrative is lifted out of the sphere of the primitive into the sphere of high, literary art: 1. Miracle (Healing the lepers), 8:1-4 2. Miracle (Healing the centurion’s slave), 8:5-13; “faith” (v. 10), “believed” (v. 13) 3. Miracle (Healing the mother-in-law of Peter and mass healings), 8:14-17 1. Question (On following Jesus), 8:18-20 2. Question (Let the dead bury the dead), 8:21-22 4. Miracle (Calming the storm on the sea), 8:23-27 5. Miracle (Casting out of the demons), 8:28-34; “Son of God” (v. 29) 6. Miracle (Healing the lame), 9:1-8 1. Question (Interaction with sinners), 9:9-13 2. Question (Fasting by the disciples), 9:14-17 7. Miracle (Raising of the daughter of Jairus, healing the woman with an issue of blood), 9:18-26 8. Miracle (Healing to blind people), 9:27-31; “believe” (v. 28), “faith” (v. 9) 9. Miracle (Healing the dumb and possessed man), 9:32-34. These nine miracles, divided by two questions each into groups of three, are simultaneously engaged in a certain symmetry. In the narratives of the second and eighth miracle the expressions “faith” and “believe”—important to Matthew—appear in chiasmic sequence (a-b . b-a). The third and seventh miracles, and only these, feature women as the subject, and, at the same time, have received extensions (mass healing, healing of the woman with an issue of blood). Thus they flank miracle groups I and III, sandwiching II. In miracle group II, the middle miracle narrative is marked by the highly significant expression “Son of God.” This way, the fifth miracle becomes the center around which the rest are grouped symmetrically. These pericope groupings lead us to the understanding that Matthew used his closed forms for theological reflections. Groupings of three that were already available to Matthew as based on historic events can also be numbered among the groups of three typical for him. These would include the three prayers and walks in Gethsemane (Matt. 26:36-46) and Jesus withstanding the three temptations (Matt. 4:1-11). The latter are remarkable in a literary sense for a not yet discussed reason that leads our discussion beyond arrangements by number. The three temptations are similarly structured. As opposed to Luke, Matthew kept the order, which probably has to be considered the historic one, and shows a surprising amount of intensifications (Mt-K 109). First there is intensification through geographic gradation. The three temptations lead us from the desert, to the temple, and onto a very high mountain. Furthermore, the first temptation takes place in the isolation of a desert, the second one in the public setting of the temple, and the third one is worldwide and universal. Even in the tempter’s demands, one can see an increase in effrontery: a challenge to turn stone into bread, a life-threatening dare, and a presupposed usurpation of world power. The types of demands the tempter issues intensifies as well from a simple suggestion, to a suggestion supported by scripture, to an audacious demand for worship and submission. But even Jesus’s reactions intensify: rejection by citing scripture, rejection by an emphasized scripture quote, and rejection by the brusk “Get thee hence, Satan” (vs. 10). Matthew demonstrates a more vivid sense of the power of these intensifications than Luke who switches the second and third temptations and thus renders them ineffective. Besides using the three and seven forming principles to mark closed forms, Matthew also uses four. The eight beatitudes (Matt. 5:3-10), which are divided into two strophes of four two-liners each, can be discussed here. 5:3 “Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. 5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. 6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled. 7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy. 8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God. 9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. 10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” Bold added. As usual, Matthew is not content with the mere number relationship, but he outwardly rounds off this recitative with the enveloping “for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” (v. 3 and 10). Also, the two strophes are marked as such by the stichs “righteousness” at the end of each strophe. Although ordering by fours may be unexpected, examples of this can be found in the Old Testament and its contemporary literature, the Mishna and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Mt-K 143, Note 2). Verses 11 and 12 contain a beatitude as well: “Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.” The closed form of verses 3 through 10, however, confirms what literature critique concludes: the beatitude construction in 11 and 12 is a relatively later addition to the eight beatitudes. “Blessed” acted as a keyword, so that in the course of oral tradition another utterance by Jesus was added (Matt. 5:11-12) to the eight beatitudes. Here is one indicator that the Greek sector of the primitive church had no sense for closed forms, otherwise this connection would not have happened. The use of closed forms and arrangements according to simple number relationships was, exclusively, a Semitic literary art tool. It may surprise us to also find four as the forming principle in a narrative part. Chapters 3 and 4 are structured in the following manner: The Baptist and his effect (quote in v. 3), 3:1-6 Words of repentance, 3:7-10 Words concerning the Messiah, 3:11-12 Baptism of Jesus, 3:13-17 Setting of Jesus’s ministry (quote in v. 15), 4:12-16 Jesus’s preaching, 4:17 Calling of the brother pairs, 4:18-22 Jesus’s teachings and healing, 4:23-25. Jesus’s baptism in chapter 3 and temptation in chapter 4 stand in close relationship. Chapters 2 and 5, on the other hand, have totally different contents than 3 and 4. The two chapters (3 and 4), divided according to their content, consist of four pericopes before and four pericopes after the temptation account, but they do not seem to have any evident relationship. The first four speak about the Baptist; this is true for the account of Jesus’s baptism as well. The other four concern Jesus. Matthew made it clear that both groups of four belong together by weaving a scripture quote into the beginning of both. Though we do not have a strophic recitative here, both scripture quotes function as a counterpart or responsion. This provides us with some certainty that Matt. 3 and 4 is indeed structured according to the above pattern. So that the number five gets its fair treatment, we point to Matt 1:18 to 2:23. This block of five individual narratives is dedicated to Jesus’s childhood (birth by a virgin (1:18-25), visit of the wise men (2:1-12), flight to Egypt (2:13-15), child slaying in Bethlehem (2:16-18), and return from Egypt (19-23)). Matthew has equipped each of these five narratives with a scripture quote and thus unified them into a closed group as well. An overview of the first group of artificial and artistic structures in the Gospel of Matthew helps us recognize that Matthew had a decided preference for literary art forms and also that he did not favor one over the other. It requires no more special proof than that his Gospel, structured in his sense, does not divide exclusively into groups of seven. Rather, Matthew enjoyed variation and variety. The question, of course, which we cannot further address here, and which we already touched upon in the introduction, is: how many of these forms were already available in some fashion to him when he wrote his Gospel? Apart from this, one can attribute to him a certain preference for the three and the seven despite his use of a variety of artistic forms. This probably has to do with his preference for symmetry, which will be discussed next. Back to Top We have already encountered symmetrical arrangements, besides some other art forms, in both the genealogy (Matt. 1 through 4) and in the miracle chapters (Matt. 8 and 9). Matthew prefers this symmetrical art form more than any other and seems to apply it everywhere he can. Strikingly, this is especially true for the narrative series or narrative passages and often executed in a rather pronounced form. An actual obscurity regarding the artistic arrangement only exists in Matt. 23. In the following discussion of examples, we focus on symmetry. Symmetry here is accomplished by an equal number of pericopes preceding and following a central pericope, the whole being a closed form both backwards and forwards. This closed form increases to chiasm at times. The pericopes and counter-pericopes, then, not only correspond in placement (i.e., in their distance to the center) but also in content, occasionally even using the same expressions. But where chiasm occurs, it is not always carried out completely and not always similarly fraught with meaning. As with all his art forms, Matthew applies this one with astonishing ease. The symmetry in Matt. 12:22-45 (some of the narrative section in Part III) is remarkable: Expulsion of the demon (prose form), 12:22-24 Jesus overcomes Satan, 12:25-30 Corruptness of the accusers, 12:31-37 Seeking of signs by opponents, 12:38-42 Return of the demon (prose form), 12:43-45 The framing pericopes, 12:22-24 and 12:43-45, are in prose form—in contrast to 12:25-30 and 12:38-42—and form a related pair due to their content. With the middle piece, though, the matter is quite different. As can be seen hereafter, it displays an artistic chiastic structure: 12:31 “Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, shall not be forgiven unto men. 32 And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, . . . 33 Either make the tree good, and [ye have to assume] his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and [ye have to assume] his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known By his fruit. 34 O generation of vipers, how can ye, for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. out of the good treasure of the hear bringeth forth good things:< out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things. 36 But I say unto you, That every idle word they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment. 37 For by thy words thou shalt be justified, And by thy words thou shalt be condemned.” Bold added. Verse 34 is the center of this part. It is the only address form that occurs here. That it contains the central position does considerably contribute to the power of the accusation. Verse 34 is then framed by two statements with identical beginnings whose content form the picture (v. 33, tree) and its interpretation (v. 35, attitude). Similar things apply to the verses preceding verse 33 and the following verse 35, which, therefore, are coordinated. Verses 31 and 32, as well as verses 36 and 37, are expressed using heavily sinful words. One has to consider that the “idle” words signify blasphemies (compare Mt-K for 12:36). The section 12:31-37 appears as central passage in the closed form found in 12:22-45. Thus, the address “generation of vipers” ends up in the exact middle of the section. This accusation expresses what the preceding and following pericopes, as an inclusion, want to tell the hostile pharisaic rabbis. This not only applies to the time of Jesus but also to the time when Matthew was expressing his opinion towards the sworn enemies of the church after Jesus’s ascension. Another clear chiastic form appears in Matt. 11:2 to 12:21 (the other narrative section in Part III). Here we have to premise, though, that 11:7-15 probably has to be considered of secondary importance due to its content and, therefore, was probably not contained in the primary or original form (Mt-K 355). It will thus not be considered in the following diagram. It is very remarkable that through this exclusion, there not only arises no disturbances, but the closed nature of the art form emerges even more clearly—an additional, but nevertheless reliable, argument that the nature of verses 7 through 15 has been determined correctly. It would be a circulus vitiosus to first postulate a closed form and then to eliminate what does not fit in it. The baptist’s mission (Isaiah quote), 11:2-6 Parable of the street youth, 11:16-19 Lamentation over the Galilean cities, 11:20-24 Jesus the Revelator, 11:25-30 Plucking ears of corn on the Sabbath, 12:1-8 Healing the withered hand on the Sabbath, 12:9-14 Jesus, the merciful Messiah (Isaiah quote), 12:15-21. The two Isaiah quotes are extensive and round off the whole passage on the surface as inclusion elements, indicating the closed form. Furthermore, together with the central pericope, 11:25-30, they make Jesus’s personality the focus. The pericope pairs on either side of the center, on the other hand, illuminate more the function of the Messiah sent by God. The pairs correspond inasmuch as they provide insights into the hostile atmosphere that was prevalent between Jesus and the pharisaic leaders of the people. The calls of woe against Chorazin and Bethsaida (11:20-24) are no exception here; for if the people of these cities were so minded that they caused Jesus to make these painful utterances, it was due to the counter-propaganda which the Pharisees themselves had successfully spread. Another example of a symmetrical and chiastic structure is found in Matt. 14:1 through 16:20 (the narrative section in Part IV). It is not easy to determine the beginning and the end of this block of pericopes as a literary unit. At least it is noticeable that it contains two equal parts on either side of the central pericope which contain accounts of an increase of bread, healings, disputes with the Pharisees, and instructions to the disciples (14:13 through 15:20 and 15:29 through 16:12). The central pericope in between contains the narrative about the Canaanite woman and the praise of her faith (15:21-28), and the two similar passages that frame it the expression “of little faith” occurs once each (14:31; 16:8). From there on, it is easy to see the correspondence between the beginning and ending pericopes in the execution of the baptist (14:1-12) and in the scene of Caesarea Philippi (16:13-20). Their correspondence exists in the content; the Baptist’s lot will be Jesus’s lot, and this as a psychological consequence of the situation described in 16:13-14 (Mt-K 468-9). The task performed by pericope 13:53-58, which precedes this closed form (14:1 through 16:20), will be addressed later (page 34). Execution of the Baptist, 14:1-12 Increase of bread, 14:13-21 Jesus and Peter walk on water, 14:22-33; “of little faith” (v. 31) Healings, 14:34-36 Dispute regarding the tradition, 15:1-9 Instruction to the disciples, 15:10-20 The Canaanite woman, 15:21-28; “faith” (v. 28) Healings, 15:29-31 Instruction to the disciples, 16:5-12; “of little faith” (v. 8) Conclusion and beginning at Caesarea Philippi, 16:13-20 Notwithstanding the function of the pericope at Caesarea Philippi (16:13-20) as the concluding element for 14:1 through 16:20, it seems to simultaneously be used as the introductory pericope for what follows, so that, in 16:13 through 17:27, we find another closed form as well as the first narrative section of Part V. (Regarding double functions, see page 34 below.) Verse 17:27 is then followed by the lecture in Matt. 18, so there can be no doubt concerning the partition on this side. Beginning this new closed form with 16:13, the following surprising result emerges: Peter’s testimony; the new foundation, 16:13-20; “Son of the living God” (v. 16) First prophecy of suffering, 16:21 Peter rebuked for contradicting, 16:22-23 Following Jesus, 16:24-28; “his cross” (v. 24) Jesus’s transfiguration, 17:1-9; “my beloved Son” (v. 5) Return of Elias, 17:10-13; “suffer” (v. 12) Healing of the lunatic; the disciples rebuked, 17:14-21 Second prophecy of suffering, 17:2-2 Peter and the tribute money, 17:24-27; “the children” (v. 26). This closed form features Peter at the beginning and at the end. It also identifies Jesus as the Son of God at the beginning, in the central narrative and, at least implicitly, at the end: when Jesus asks Peter “What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers?” Peter replies, “Of strangers.” Jesus then says, “Then are the children free” (v. 17:25-26). Thus—so Jesus reasons—he is not obliged to pay the tribute for the temple of his heavenly father; and Peter is exempt due to his connection with Jesus. The correspondence of both prophecies of suffering within this closed form is striking, as are the rebukes by Jesus to Peter and later to the disciples who remained at the foot of the mount of transfiguration. Furthermore, the ideas of suffering expressed in 16:24-28 and 17:10-13 also correspond. All this together proves irrefutably that Matt. 16:13 through 17:27 is a closed form which is not only symmetrically arranged around the transfiguration account but also contains elements that line up in a chiastic order (Mt-K 547-8). After the lecture in chapter 18, Matthew continues with the second half of Part V’s narration series (19:3 through 20:16). We can justly place a decisive break at 20:17, for from then on Jesus is oriented towards Jerusalem (“And Jesus going up to Jerusalem”), and the pericopes that follow narrate Jesus’s last days. The narrative series that we are discussing here, however, is found in 19:3 through 20:16: On divorce (against the Pharisees), 19:3-9 Being without marriage (to the disciples), 19:10-12 Jesus and the children (to the disciples), 19:13-15 The rich young man, 19:16-22 Danger of riches (to the disciples), 19:23-26 Promise for loyal discipleship (to the disciples), 19:27-29 Parable of the laborers in the vineyard (against the Pharisees), 19:30 through 20:16. The central narrative of the rich young man itself does not show any perspective as the pericopes before and after it do, but it will have to be considered as being addressed towards the disciples since it is embedded in pericopes that refer to them. These pericopes, arranged around 19:16-22 as center, create a chiasm—the first and the last ones addressed to the Pharisees; the inner pericope pairs addressed to the disciples—which marks the whole passage as a closed symmetrical form. We now look at the narratives in Part VI. The question as to whether the first narrative section (20:17 through 21:27) is a closed form is somewhat more difficult to answer than it was for the second section (21:28 through 22:46; see discussion above pages 7-8). But the combined power of the middle three narratives in the first section should be strong enough to answer the question in the affirmative. For the center is occupied by Jesus’s entrance into Jerusalem being greeted as the “Son of David.” The preceding as well as the following pericope also contain the same greeting for Jesus as the “Son of David,” i.e., as the Messiah. And the fact that Jesus is the Messiah is by far more important to Matthew in everything that 20:17 through 21:27 contains than in the sections that precede and follow it. With some confidence, we can therefore divide 20:17 through 21:27 (Mt-K 441) in this manner: Third prophecy of suffering, 20:17-19 The Zebedee’s request and rank dispute, 20:20-28 Healing the blind in Jericho, 20:29-34; “Son of David” (v. 30-31) Entrance into Jerusalem, 21:1-11; “Son of David” (v. 9) Jesus in the temple, 21:12-17; “Son of David” (v. 15) Cursing of the fig tree, 21:18-22 Question of authority, 21:23-27 This exhausts the closed forms of symmetry and chiasm in the first six main parts of the Gospel of Matthew. In the following, we discuss those that are recognizable in Part VII, the account of the Passion. Back to Top The most peculiar literary art forms by far are encountered in the Passion account, for this account of Jesus’s death agony seems to be the first piece that was passed down to Matthew as a fixed narrative complex. Its structure follows the actual events and can be easily determined from Matthew: Fear of death on the Mount of Olives, 26:36-46 Judgment of Jesus by the Jews, 26:47-27:10 Judgment of Jesus by Pontius Pilate, 27:11-31 The death account, 27:31-61 The resurrection account, 27:62-28:20. This structuring does not seem to contain much art; Matthew could not have rearranged otherwise if he wanted to follow the thread of the storyline. Therefore, the fact that “fear of death” and “the death account” correspond in essence and order cannot be attributed to Matthew. Matthew’s hand becomes visible when we take a closer look at individual passages. This first applies to the structure of the introductory section, 26:1-35. It has two parts, each with a meal at the center: I.The Passover starts in two days, 26:1-2 “Then” decision by Jesus’s enemies to kill him, 26:3-5 The meal in Bethany, 26:6-13 “Then” initiation of the betrayal, 26:14-16 Preparation of the Passover, 26:17-19 Using the word Passover at the beginning and at the end marks an inclusion. One should not make a big fuss about the little word “then,” for in the Gospel of Matthew it is found over eighty times and, most of the time, is a mere connector without special content. Here, too, it does not mean more, but it stands out formally by helping to accentuate the symmetrical structure; each one of the four pericopes in 26:3-19 could have started with then. This displays Matthew’s artistic hand. The second part of the introductory section could be displayed thus: II. Prophecy of the betrayal, 26:20-25 Instituting the Sacrament, 26:26-30 Prophecy of the offense of the Twelve, 26:31-35 In Matt. 26:20-35, framed by the closed forms in 26:1-19 and the Mount of Olives account in 26:36-46, three pericopes form an artificial whole. The first and the third one not only correspond in content, but also in the chiastically ordered formulae: “Verily I say unto you” (v. 21); “it is written” (v. 24); “it is written” (v. 31); “Verily I say unto thee” (v. 34) (compare Mt-K 841). We disregard 26:47 through 27:10 (Jesus’s judgment by the Jews) for the time being and turn to the interrogation by Pilate (27:11-31). This account only exists in an extreme abbreviation because there were actually two proceedings that are here combined into one (see Mt-K 902-903). In Matthew it receives a pronounced artificial structure and becomes a closed form: Interrogation of Jesus as “King of the Jews,” 27:11-14 Barabbas and Jesus, 27:15-17 Pilate convinced of Jesus’s innocence, 27:18 The message of Pilate’s wife, 27:19 Pilate’s three questions, 27:20-23 Handwashing, 27:24 Jesus rejected by the people, 27:25 Barabbas and Jesus, 27:26 Mocking of Jesus as “King of the Jews,” 27:27-31a. In reading the text, it becomes apparent that verses 18, 19, and 20-23 are hardly connected in a literary sense. The explanation for this can be found by looking at the chiastic order; the sequence has been determined in the interest of the artificial structure. The two beginning and ending elements (27:11-14 and 27:27-31a) correspond in their main idea and expression and thus form a narrative inclusion. Verses 18 and 25 unmistakably contrast each other, whereas verse 19, “Have thou nothing to do with that just man,” corresponds with verse 24, “I am innocent,” etc. The three questions in the middle have been compiled intentionally due to Matthew’s affinity for sets of three. To do so, Matthew has repeated the question from verse 17 in verse 21 (Mt-K 912). Matthew’s hand is less transparent is the death account, Matt. 27:31b-61. But again, sets of three—three mockings, three warning signs—seemed to point to Matthew and made it seem advisable to probe the death account for its structures. Not everything is clear; however, there can hardly be any dispute regarding the three main parts: the crucifixion, Jesus on the cross, and Jesus’s burial. Following Matthew’s tendency for correspondence, an attempt was made to point out similarities between the first and third parts (Mt-K 918-919): Introduction: Jesus on the way to the crucifixion, 27:31b-32 Site of crucifixion and bitter drink, 27:33-34 Crucifixion, casting lots for the garment, and guard at the cross, 27:35-36 Inscription on the cross, 27:37 II. Jesus on the Cross (27:38-54) Jesus crucified between two bandits, 27:38 Three mockings, 27:39-44 Cry of abandonment and drink of vinegar, 27:46-49 Jesus’s death, 27:50 Testimony that Jesus was the Son of God, 27:54 Joseph of Arimathaea’s deed, 27:57-60 Women at the grave, 27:61 “In the literary structure of Matt. 27:38-54, verse 54 corresponds with verse 38; both sentences stand by themselves, without a closer connection with the context. In verse 38, Jesus is unmistakably labeled as the leader of the bandits; in verse 54, the statement that Jesus is the Son of God cancels out the defamation; both come from the same soldiers” (Mt-K 934). The “women beholding” (v. 55-56) may seem to be wrongly connected in verses 55-61 as they are mentioned as witnesses for the Jesus’s death on the cross and not for his burial, mentioned starting in verses 57-60. But if Matthew saw in them witnesses of the burial as well, he wins a motive for what the women took as a further tribute to the body of Jesus (Mt-K 935). Therefore, verses 55 and 56 are not absurd, the less so as parts II and III would thus receive a clear, artificial disposition, which cannot be a coincidence. For the same reason as with Matt. 26:47 through 27:10, we also skip Matt. 27:62 through 28:15, the resurrection account; we will come back to both later in our discussion on apologetics (see below pages 42-43; pages 43-44). Back to Top As numerous as closed forms are in the narrative sections, they are quite sparse in the speeches. In the parable chapter (Matt. 13), the seven parables are not arranged symmetrically; the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5 through 7) contains only one example of symmetry (see below), while the rest, as far as it is bound in closed forms, is arranged according to other principles; the same applies to Matt. 18, which will be discussed later. Only Matt. 10 can be mentioned as an example of chiastic symmetry of a grand design. The apocalyptic speech (Matt. 24 and 25) is totally left out of it. Before we discuss Matt. 7:1-11 and 10:5b-42, we turn to the reason why this is the case with Matt. 24 and 25. The reason is found with the man who translated the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew into Greek and in the manner he went about doing so. For he not only translated, but he made changes at several places, mostly in order to enrich the material passed down in its original form by other material known to him beyond that. He obviously did not change essentials in the narrative series, otherwise we would not be able to ascertain the Semitic, closed forms from his Greek translation. He did not leave out any narrative in the stricter sense and did not add any. We will discuss Matt. 28:9-10 (Jesus appears to the women) later. This does not preclude, however, that he, at times, added utterances by Jesus to those that he found in the Hebrew text. For example, the disciples ask in Matt. 17:19, “Why could not we cast him [the demon] out?” Jesus replied, “Because of your unbelief”(17:20). What follows then (“for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed . . .”) was probably added by way of a Greek keyword composition (“belief”—“belief”), that is, through the Greek translator (Mt-K 575 and 577). It is a true utterance of Jesus, but not passed down in the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew. Verse 21, however, (“Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting”) originally did not even belong in the Greek Gospel of Matthew and can hardly be rated as Jesus’s utterance (compare Mt-K regarding 17:21). Another example: Matt. 16:1-4 reports a demand for signs, which the rabbis issued to Jesus. But verses 2 and 3 treat something totally different: “When it is evening, ye say, It will be fair weather: for the sky is red. And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the sky is red and lowring, O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times?” That is, absolutely, a real utterance by Jesus; only it does not have anything to do with the demand for signs. Rather, it was most probably fused with the demand for signs in the oral Greek tradition; and the translator placed the whole block, as he knew it, into his translation. Such extensions of the original text are easily spotted through literary critique and have not considerably obscured the narrative material. Such, for example, are Matt. 11:7-15 (see above page 17), and Matt. 15:12-14 (Mt-K 496); parts of the parable of the marriage feast (Matt.22:1-14) belong here as well (Mt-K 690-691). These and many other passages concern sayings (both longer and shorter utterances by Jesus) that were inserted into the narratives. Bigger additions to the collections of sayings, or speeches, are more common than they are in the narratives. Matt. 10 and 13 do not contain so many; by far there are more in the Sermon on the Mount. Besides 5:11-16; 6:7-15; and 7:13-23, which have already been discussed in part, additional words by Jesus were added in 5:23-24 (reconciliation and sacrifice), 5:25-26 (reconciliation and litigation), and 5:29-30 (temptation of sin). The parable of the lilies of the field (6:25-33) is interwoven with glossary-like additions (Mt-K 229-230). Regarding Matt. 18, see the next chapter. Pieces like those mentioned are probably easily recognizable as later additions to the original Gospel when they break the context as in 6:7-15. In other cases, the question regarding literary originality can only be answered with a probability factor; when there is no evidence independent of literary critique, one cannot speak of a closed form. The first part of the apocalyptic speech contained in Matt. 24 and 25 is littered with insertions. In 24:45 through 25:46, one half of one of Matthew’s closed forms seems to occur; but the verses preceding it are a true nest of literary disorder. There are disruptive repetitions, fragments of utterances, prose additions in the middle of rhythmically connected utterances by Jesus, and remarks that can only be regarded as explaining glossaries. For details, I refer the reader to my commentary. I only give here an example of a fragment, Matt. 24:19: “And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days!” We know of many calls of praise and of woe by Jesus; they always contain a second part in which is stated why Jesus is acting thus affected by either joy or pain. Here, such an indication is missing. Furthermore, verse 19 is rhythmic; the following part is a piece in prose, which for this reason alone indicates that it is not part of verse 19. Thus, verse 19 is, unfortunately, only preserved as a fragment. Nobody has yet succeeded in reducing Matt. 24, either with regards to content or to form, to a common denominator without forcing an interpretation of one or the other part. The question arises how such disorders could originate in the Greek Gospel of Matthew that, most obviously, still contains numerous, artistic closed forms. Certainly they did not come from Matthew himself. A lover of artistic literary forms such as he would not disrupt the flow these with insertions that tear apart what belongs together. Neither would he mix elements from various passed-down units in such a manner that disorder results, like in the parable of the marriage feast, the allegory of the Last Judgment (25:31-46. Compare Mt-K 810-811and 817-819), and the first, bigger passage of Matt. 24. These facts point to another man, someone who had no sense for literary art forms. Certain expressions that he uses (for example, in Matt. 13:37-39, compare Mt-K 451; or the word “Parousia” in Matt. 24) shift the focus to the person who translated the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew into Greek. Even though we have to question his sense for literary art forms, the fact remains that he often preserved such forms unharmed. This can be explained by his, for the most part, translating the Hebrew original faithfully, without perceiving these forms. One has to assume that he felt closer to the Greek than the Hebrew—as this normally applies to analogous cases—which contributed to the fact that he did not recognize the Semitic forms. However, this definitely does not explain everything. We can confidently suppose the translator to be a Jew born into the Greek culture who had converted to the belief in Jesus as the Messiah-Redeemer. His conversion must have occurred during the very first period of Christendom when no written gospel existed. He has the Christian oral tradition to thank for his conversion. This tradition reached him not in its first Semitic, partially Aramaic, partially Hebrew original, but in its later Greek form, which must have been created soon after, however. The oral Greek tradition was the mother of his belief. The oral Greek tradition, though, was not subject to the control of the Twelve, the original witnesses of the Gospel message, as the Hebrew-Aramaic one was. Furthermore, the memory skills of the Greek speakers of the time probably did not reach the level of the memory skills of the Aramaic and Hebrew speaking Jews. The Greeks had more of a writing culture than the Jews, even if they were unequally more powerful than the memory skills of the modern Central European. If this was the case, then various errors in the details of the Greek oral tradition are to be expected. The disruptions in the speech passages in Matthew can easily be understood as a result of this tradition. That the disruptions occur more especially in the speeches has to do with the fact that, from the beginning, they drew more attention than the narrative material. This also applies to the prophecies regarding the temple, the holy City of Jerusalem, and the last days contained in Matt. 24. The more often Jesus’s statements were repeated in the Greek territory, the more there were opportunities for mistakes in the memory-based rendition. The translation into Greek of the Gospel of Matthew, then, would have happened in this manner. In the narration series, the translator would have allowed himself relatively few additions. He applied a greater number in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5-7), only a few in the parable speech (Matt. 13) and in Matt. 10, and some in Matt. 18. He seems to have completely changed Matt. 24, on the other hand. Matthew would have compiled a well-ordered block of Jesus’s utterances here as well, but the translator found this way too short compared to what he knew from parallel passages in the oral Greek tradition and inserted what the Greek tradition offered him. The lack of order seems to have in no wise bothered him. And his motive was the same in all cases: he wanted to preserve as much as possible of the handed-down material known to him. In this manner, much was actually preserved for us that originally did not exist in the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew, and for that we can only thank the translator. He did not work only as translator, but also partially as reviser of the original Matthew text. These manipulations of the Gospel of Matthew have to be assessed in light of the position that the translator and his Greek, Christian contemporaries were in. The Hebrew Gospel would have been written between AD 40 and AD 48. Over the years, if not right from the beginning, it was also well received by the Greek Christians, but not as a Gospel in our sense, i.e., not as a book inspired by God, where it would have meant an offense against the revelatory religion to change anything about it. In the beginning, it only was the welcome written testimony of Matthew, one of the Twelve, which testimony served as a valuable support for the oral tradition. Its author and content gave it unique authority. But only the following years performed the step from the acceptance of the Gospel of Matthew as apostolic scripture to that of divine inspiration, as the books in the Old Testament were considered. We thus cannot throw stones at the revising translator when he has made changes to the original text in order to increase the material. The blame for the disarray in the speech material is therefore not to be put on the translator, or at least not in the first place, but the oral Greek tradition which lacked stronger control oriented along the Hebrew and Aramaic original. Despite everything, we owe our thanks to it for many well-preserved utterances by Jesus. When material is new to the Matthew text, it is often easily recognized as such. If it was changed over time, this mostly happened involuntarily according to the rules of memory and not because of the arbitrariness of an incompetent person. This explanatory commentary seemed necessary in order to explain why no closed forms can be found in Matt. 24 and 25. We are compensated for this by the perfect chiastic closed form that Matt. 10 offers. Matt. 10 is a lecture addressed to the Twelve, though there are passages that are directed to a larger audience of Jesus’s followers. The more distant introduction begins with Matt. 9:35; the situation of the speech is offered in 10:1-5a. The collection of sayings itself starts in 10:5b. Introduction; mission of the Twelve, 10:5b-10 Reception of the Twelve by the people, 10: 11-15 Persecutions; 10:16-23 Jesus and the disciples, 10:32-33 Discord because of Christ, 10:34-39 Reception of the disciples, 10:40-42 What looks to us like a long, unorganized series of sayings when we read the text in our editions of the New Testament, is, in reality, a collection of carefully arranged utterances by Jesus. That they originated from totally different occasions appears clearly in verses 16 through 23. Imagine these words—describing arrests and scourgings—being spoken to the still very unready Twelve during Jesus’s lifetime: they absolutely lacked the understanding for Jesus’s prophecies regarding suffering. This is evidenced by their reaction to such prophecies as recorded in Matt. 16:21; 17:22-23; and 20:17-19. In reply to Jesus’s first declaration (Matt. 16:21), Peter openly contradicted him, saying something to the effect of, “What are you thinking, Lord! That will never happen to you!” Whereas Jesus rebuked him strongly, “Get thee behind me, Satan” (Mt-K regarding 16:22-23). Regarding the second prophecy of suffering (Matt. 17:22-23), Luke remarks, “But they understood not this saying, and it was hid from them, that they perceived it not: and they feared to ask him of that saying” (Luke 9:45). Now imagine the impression on the Twelve if Jesus had directly spoken to them of the suffering that would be in store for them. Nothing could more radically contradict the still rather worldly expectations of a glorious Messianic kingdom. Did the Twelve not leave Jesus one by one, disappointed? How totally different it would be after they saw Jesus after his triumphant resurrection. Then Jesus’s prophesied suffering and death appeared to them in a totally different light—meaningful, even necessary, for the redemption of the world from sin. And with that, their connection to Jesus, the killed and now resurrected one, appeared in a new light. Only then was the moment in time when Jesus could reveal to them what we read in Matt. 10:16-23. The collection of sayings in Matt. 10 thus contains Jesus’s utterances from totally different situations and times. But how carefully has Matthew arranged them! The first and the last passages talks about the people’s reception of Jesus and the Twelve; the second and the second to last passages talk about suffering for his sake, followed towards the center by the words regarding the relationship that the disciples and their master share; and at the center is the comforting thought that in all this difficulty they are under God’s special protection. Even if the individual little stones of this literary mosaic are not immediately connected (and at first glance they appear to be placed next to each other just like mosaic pieces), the whole shows an artistic pattern which is shaped into accord through the unifying sense of the whole collection (see below pages.48-49). In particular, the following stylistic means illuminate the forming art of Matthew. In 10:16-23 (Mt-K 329-331), an introductory strophe (v. 16) is contrasted with a concluding one (v. 23). Beyond that, the thus framed verses have their beginning in verse 17a and their ending in verse 22cd—those being separate little phrases. The three strophes in the middle all start with a verb that can be translated as “deliver” or “betray,” that appears in each strophe at the beginning. They thus form a triple responsion—appropriate for the elevated Hebrew style. The central piece contains something analogous (“God’s protection” v. 26-31). It begins and ends with “Fear ye not”; in the middle strophe—whereby this very middle strophe is emphasized as such—the same verb reappears twice, in both the negative and positive sense: “fear not” and “fear.” The central piece is supposed to follow here; but we have to consider that this is the translation of a translation, and that the outward poetic form (the content is not poetry, even if it is speaking in images) is based on the Hebrew rhythm of prophetic and didactic teaching methods (see above page 2). 10:26 “Fear them not therefore; for there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known. 27 What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light: and what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops. 28 And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. 29 Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing?br> and one of them shall not fall on the ground 31 Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value than many sparrows.” Bold added. The dashes in verse 30 stand for a second piece that is missing here. Verses 26-31 may serve as an example for how many of Jesus’s preserved utterances are worded in the Gospel of Matthew; they are worded differently in individual cases but are similar in the basic type, like this recitative. Another, smaller example of this can be found in the Sermon on the Mount. Matt. 7:1-11 can equally be understood as symmetrical, even if this form is not as easily recognizable. The holy, the dogs, and the pigs, 7:6 Trust in God the Father, 7:7-11 What gives us the right to speak of a symmetrical order here? I have noted in my commentary (Mt-K 140) that the arrangement long-short-long catches the eye, but that a normal connection among these three sayings is missing. This refers to the individual expressions. But it needs to be noted that the first and the third piece begin with passive verb forms: “that ye be not judged” (v. 1), “ye shall be judged . . . it shall be measured to you” (v. 2), and “it shall be given you . . . it shall be opened unto you” (v. 7). With such forms, Jesus often paraphrases God’s work, since during that era people in general aimed to avoid bringing God into direct contact with his creatures. Both pericopes are followed by a metaphor, i.e., applied parables. In verses 3-5 he talks about the “mote that is in thy brother’s eye” and the “beam that is in thine own eye”; in verses 9-10 (v. 11 is the application) Jesus asks, “What man is there of you [who has a son]? Whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone? Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent?” Both pericopes are then structured according to the same pattern. By placing the one in front and the other after the totally disconnected verse 6 (“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine,” etc.), a short closed form with symmetrical features results from the whole. The symmetry of Matt. 10, therefore, does not stand totally alone among the art forms of the lectures after all. Back to Top Bisections should actually not be expected in Matthew, for he shows a pronounced tendency to symmetrical arrangements with a central piece. The lack of a central pericope would hinder the development of his preferred symmetry. Nevertheless, he has undoubtedly created bisections as well. He thus divides the narrative series for Part III of the Gospel into two symmetrical arrangements: 11:2 through 12:21 and 12:22-50; the same applies to the narrative series in Part V; here, the two halves (16:13 through 17:27 and 19:3 through 20:16) are even kept apart by Matt. 18. The narrative series of Part VI shows two parts as well, but of different structures (20:17 through 21:27 and 21:28 through 22:46). A bisection can also be pointed out in the first collection of sayings, the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5 through 7). But both parts are irregular, as in Part VI, and the overall structure of the Sermon on the Mount is not beyond all doubt. After the introductory beatitudes, comes Matt. 5:17-48. This section consists of some introductory verses (5:17-20) and then six anti-theses arranged into two sets of three; this is the first main passage of the speech. The second main passage consists of two groups of three with equal or similar pericope structure (6:1-18 and 6:19-24), according to what has been mentioned earlier (see above pages 10-12). Thus, elements arranged into two sets of three appear here as well as in the first main passage. Matthew probably did this on purpose, but it cannot be proven with complete certainty since the pericopes themselves lack the telling closed form elements. At least, “righteousness” in 5:20 and 6:1—the two beginnings of both main passages—and in 6:33, at the end of the second one, suggests that we have one whole—in the sense of Matthew’s style—in front of us which consists of two equivalent parts. This same structure is found in Matt. 18 and is more conspicuous than in the Sermon on the Mount. Before this structure can be explored, we have to check whether Matt. 18 contains foreign, secondary pieces—independent of any regard for a closed form. Such a piece is found in Matt. 18:8-9. This passage is a repetition of Matt 5:29-30 (with some changes) and was added to 18:6-7 because of keywords (Mt-K 585 and 593). Furthermore, 18:16b-17 is foreign to the present context and is therefore not original. Jesus has just given instruction regarding the personal moral conduct of a person who has been wronged by someone else. That person is supposed to try and reconcile himself again with the other person, first by speaking with him “between thee and him alone” (v. 15), and if that doesn’t work by taking with him “one or two more” (v. 16a). Then this utterance of Jesus breaks off. For with verse 16b a purely juristic form of speech begins that cannot be considered a continuation of the begun passage: “ . . . that [you may fulfill the law:] in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.” Thus it reads in Matt. 18:16. But “one or two” (v. 16a) are not the legally required number of “two or three” (v. 16b). The insulted person is then referred to the church; when the offender does not listen to these, “let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican” (v. 17). These words, spoken to Jews, meant nothing less than that Jesus was allowing hatred free rein, which hatred they habitually had toward the heathen and the publicans. Could Jesus utter such words? The constant accusation the Pharisees made against Jesus was that he communed with sinners and publicans (e.g, Matt. 9:11); of them Jesus said they would go into the kingdom of God before the Pharisees (Matt. 21:31). Like he had heart for the publicans and sinners, Jesus also had a heart for the heathen. He prophesied about them that they would occupy the place assigned to the Jews in the kingdom of Heaven (Matt. 8:11), he performed the second bread miracle among them (compare Mt-K regarding 15:31, which is followed by the second increase of bread with v. 32-39), he healed the slave of the heathen centurion in Capernaum (Matt. 8:5-13) and the daughter of the heathen Canaanite woman (Matt. 15:21-28). Jesus thus would have been contradicting himself if he had given free rein to the Jewish hatred of the heathen, not to mention that his main commandment was to “Love your enemies” (Matt. 5:43-48). We can say with certainty: Jesus did not utter Matt. 18:17. A clear, literary seam, by the way, separates verses 15 and 16a, words spoken by Jesus, from verses 16b and 17, an insertion which a not much enlightened Jewish Christian took the liberty of adding to the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew (Mt-K regarding the passage). Verse 18, on the other hand, once again undoubtedly is truly one of Jesus’s utterances, even if it sits loosely in the text (Mt-K 585); nevertheless, it probably is part of the original material in the Gospel of Matthew. Considering these perceptions, the following arrangement of Matt. 18 could be depicted thus: Attitude of a child, 18:1-5; “kingdom of heaven” (v. 1, 3, 4) Offending the little ones, 18:6-7 Parable of the lost sheep, 18:10-14; “my Father which is in Heaven” (v. 14) Striving for reconciliation, 18:15-16a, 18-20 Readiness to forgive, 18:21-22 Parable of the pitiless slave, 18:23-35; “kingdom of heaven” (v. 23), “my heavenly Father” (v. 35) Both halves are not arranged symmetrically, but rather in a bisection of parallel parts. Each contains three pericopes, the last one of each being a parable. The significant expression, “kingdom of heaven,” surrounds the whole in the manner of a Semitic inclusion, and “Father in Heaven” in the third and sixth pericopes forms a responsion or correspondence. It is remarkable that a parable concludes both parts of the bisection. This shows us another one of Matthew’s art forms. Matthew and Luke were probably not the first ones who concluded the Sermon on the Mount with the parable of the wise man and the foolish man (Matt. 7:24-27; Luke 6:47-49). Their correspondence points to the fact that Jesus did this himself. Matthew may have even adopted the practice of ending bigger speech passages with a parable from Jesus himself. In any case, he does so in Matt. 18 and elsewhere as well: the end of the second part of the Sermon on the Mount is marked by the lovely parable of the lilies of the field (6:25-33); at the end of the symmetrical passage in Part III (12:22-45) stands the parable of the returning devil (12:43-45); and at the end of Matt. 19:3 through 20:16 stands the parable of the laborers in the vineyard (20:1-16). Additionally, the parables of the fig tree (24:32-33) and of the days of Noe (24:37-39) probably concluded the two subdivisions of the first half of the apocalyptic speech (Matt. 24 and 25; Mt-K 762) in the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew. In any case, the metaphor of the Last Judgment not only forms the end of this speech (25:31-46) but the end of all of Jesus’s lectures as well. These examples constitute no menial evidence that Matthew was working here with deliberate artistic skill. By developing, at the end, a metaphoric speech of Jesus’s from often difficult to grasp teaching material (i.e., Jesus’s words as well as actions), Matthew stimulates the more animated imagination of his reader in order to offer the understanding mind some alleviation and encouragement for a more willing grasp of the presented material. Back to Top In several pericopes in the Gospel of Matthew we encounter conspicuous word series which constitute proof of a literary art unknown to us. Matt. 12:43-45 (the return of the cast-out demon) probably belongs in this category. A definite judgment could only be made on grounds of the not-preserved Hebrew text. However, the Greek version shows (and this is conveyed even in the German [and English] translations) the conspicuous usage of eundi mundi: 12:43 “When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, . . . 44 Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came out; and when he is come, he findeth it . . . garnished. Then goeth45 he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits . . . and they enter in and dwell there.” Bold added. The “gone out” at the beginning and the “enter in” at the end are undoubtedly an intended inclusion. Whether “come . . . findeth” and “goeth . . . taketh” are more used as planned, stereotypical Jewish expressions remains an open question. The following piece, Matt. 12:46-50 (Jesus and his relatives), on the other hand, shows an undoubtedly artificial structure, if of a very simple kind. 12:46) “behold, his mother and brethren . . . 47 Behold, thy mother and thy brethren . . . 48 Who is my mother? and who are my brethren? . . . 49 Behold my mother and my brethren! . . . 50 is my brother, and sister, and mother.” The typically Semitic repetition of the expression pair “mother and brethren” is not as striking as the fact that the repetitions are divided by two questions. This lends a certain amount of symmetry to this sequence. The last verse adds “sister.” This corresponds to a known proceeding in Hebrew poetry to fashion the concluding element slightly heavier—whether through an additional stichus or through a meaningful word—as done here. From this piece it is only another small step to word chiasm. We define this here as the arrangement of various kinds of words according to the principle of chiasm, i.e., in the form a–b–c … c–b–a. Interestingly, it is also a pericope that talks about Jesus’s relatives, 13:53-58 (Jesus in Nazareth): 13:54 “he was come into his own country . . . insomuch that they were astonished [affect], and said, Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? 55 Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary? And his brethren, James, and Joses, . . . 56 And his sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things? 57 And they were offended in him [affect]. But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and in his own house.” Bold added. The descriptions of the affects (v. 54 and 57) are here built into the artificial word sequence as well. Verses 53 and 58 are framing remarks by the narrator. When we read about Jesus’s “brethren” and “sisters” we have to keep in mind that Oriental Jews are speaking to us in the scriptures of the New Testament. Matthew was a Jew as well. They were used to applying “brother” and “sister” in a broader sense, like Orientals all the way to China even do today. If they wanted these words to be understood in their strictest sense, as usually is the case in the Western tradition, they have to explicitly say so. But this does not happen in any of the above passages, and, actually, nowhere in the New Testament. The conclusion cannot be drawn, therefore, that Mary had other children besides Jesus (compare Mt-K about 12:46). We encounter an unexpected example of chiasm in Matt. 18:10-14 (the parable of the lost sheep). The important expressions are the following: 18:10 “one of these little ones . . . of my Father which is in heaven . . . 12 be gone astray . . . that which is gone astray . . . 13 ninety and nine . . . 14 of your Father which is in heaven . . . one of these little ones . . .” One has to keep this arrangement in mind when performing a critical comparison with the parallel passage in Luke 15:3-7 in order to determine what is original and what is Matthew’s work (Mt-K 594). This word chiasm indisputably reaches its climax in 13:13-18 (purpose of speaking in parables). Matthew begins with mentioning an Isaiah prophecy; he then adds this Old Testament scripture verbatim (Isaiah 6:9-10), inserts another utterance by Jesus in verses 16-17, and continues in verse 18 with an introduction to the parable of the sower. The word chiasm extends into this introduction (Mt-K 435). This is the order of the keywords: 18 “parable” The question of how Matthew obtained such artificial designs would be appropriate to ask here. He certainly did not fashion them for his private pleasure. He himself must have been led by a literary-aesthetic sense, but he must have also known that his readers were open to this sentiment and had an eye (or better an ear) for such artificial and artistic designs. The structure of Matt. 13:14b-15, (i.e., the quoted passage from Isaiah 6:9-10) would not have been lost on them or on himself; the chiasm of the expressions of “heart … heart” (v. 15) already stood out at this point. After Matthew had used a reminiscence from Isaiah with “see . . . hear” in the introduction (v. 13-14a), he will have felt the drive to list the quote in its whole length and then fashion the ending in such a way that it corresponded to the beginning because it would complete the chiasm of the words. Filling out the structure (which was partially given with his introduction [v. 13-14a] and partially with the Isaiah quote [v. 14b-15]) was likely much easier for him than we would imagine—like a man with poetic talent often has rhymes, rhythms, and ideas come to him spontaneously as needed. If one of us wanted to create a chiasm like the one in Matt. 13:13-18, it would probably be a painful process with the use of many written outlines—a graphic arrangement for the eye would be absolutely necessary. For this reason, the author of this booklet is eager to display the artificial literary forms of the Gospel of Matthew in clear text arrangements,. Meanwhile, it is very doubtful that Matthew worked this way. He was a member of the Near Eastern memory culture, notwithstanding that he was able to read and write. His perceptive organ was preferably his hearing; his auditory imagination was trained. From this auditory imagination he could fashion a word chiasm—like a melody that returns to itself—without much compositional effort. In this case, one of Jesus’s words triggered Matthew’s treasure of memories to deliver to him the appropriate elements that round out the chiasm to its full effect. How many of us, on the other hand, have read Matt. 13:13-18 without even noticing the word correspondences! Beginning with verse 16, Matthew adds other words by Jesus. Verse 16f, which was being passed around orally before Matthew wrote his Gospel, originally contained the word pair “[eyes] see . . . [ears] hear” and the word “prophet.” His artistic sense reminded Matthew of this utterance by Jesus and added it to fill the word chiasm. He finished the whole off by reiterating the first word in the chiastic series, “parables.” Matt. 13:18 thus reads, “Hear ye therefore [the explanation of] the parable of the sower.” Another question that could be asked is why Matthew felt he could handle Jesus’s words so freely. When comparing this passage with the parallel passages in Mark.4:10-12 and Luke 8:9f, we see that the Isaiah quote did not belong to what Jesus originally said. The preceding reference to the Isaiah passage originates with Jesus himself—according to the witness of all three synoptics. Thus, the added formal quote becomes an explanation for what Jesus has said. Matthew listed it as Jesus’s utterance because it reflected his thoughts. Similar situations are found often, such as when John weaves his own explanations into Jesus’s speeches without pointing this out. With this, we have to keep in mind that the Jews of that time, like the old Orient in general, almost always rendered the Thought as the Said. Back to Top It is due to Matthew’s literary art skills that he can let one and the same literary element carry out two functions at once. One could first point here to the concluding formula of the lectures, e.g., Matt. 11:1, “And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach [his message] in their cities.” The same sentence both concludes the lecture and leads into something new, but he does so with different parts of the sentence so that we cannot actually speak of a double function in its real sense. The same is true for Matt. 13:53; 19:1; 26:1. But a problem occurs in Matt. 1:1, “The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham,” The text continues in verse 2: “Abraham begat Isaac,” etc., and presents the same names as in verse 1 in reversed order: Abraham, David, Jesus the Christ. No doubt verse 1 is the introduction to the so-called family tree (Matt. 1:2-16), but the Greek expression rendered as “the book of the generation” can mean neither genealogy nor pedigree (Mt-K 34) considering the context of Matt. 1. This passage goes beyond referencing just the heritage of Jesus and points to the historic content of whole Gospel of Matthew. That means, therefore, that Matt. 1:1 functions both as an introduction to the Gospel as well as an introduction to the genealogy (1:2-16). Both functions run parallel without complaint. Matt. 4:23-25 is surrounded by some twilight. This section contains a general account: “And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. . . . And there followed him great multitudes of people from Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judaea, and from beyond Jordan.” After the scene of Jesus’s ministry is described in 4:12-16 and his teachings in 4:17, verses 23-25 follow well as general description of his ministry; this passage can be understood as closure for what can be titled “scene and ministry of Jesus.” Also, from the arrangement of the individual pericopes by number in Matt. 3 and 4, we can deduce that 4:23-25, as the last pericope, must belong to this part of the Gospel, Part I (Mt-K 81). After Part I comes chapters 5 through 7 presenting the Sermon on the Mount as the first big collection of sayings. The introductory sentence reads, “And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain” (5:1a). As Matt. 4:25 speaks of “great multitudes” in general and 5:1 then mentions “the multitudes,” the reader will connect both expressions with each other; though the first one belongs to a general description, and the second one concerns an actual situation. It is possible though to consider Matt. 4:25 as having a double function inasmuch as 4:25 is also supposed to function as introduction to 5:1. Matt. 4:25 is not the only instance on this happening. At the end of the narrative series in Part III (9:35 through 12:45), we read the episode about Jesus and his relatives (12:46-50). How is this episode connected to the narrative series in a literary sense? It actually doesn’t seem to be connected with anything around it: it is preceded by a closed form (12:22-45) whose beginning and end are marked with the “casting out of the demon” (v. 22-24) and the “return of the demon” (v. 43-45). Therefore, it can probably not be counted with this literary unit. The introduction to the parable speech comes immediately after it: “The same day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the sea side. And great multitudes were gathered together unto him, so that he went [was forced to go] into a ship, and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the shore. And he spake many things unto them in parables” (13:1-3). In a literary sense, the episode with Jesus and his relatives also does not belong here either. It sits, then, between two bigger passages, and no expression connects them formally. For the answer to the posed question, then, we are solely dependent on the exegesis. The text in Matt. 12: 46-50 reads: 12:46 “While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him. 47 Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee. 48 But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren? And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold, my mother and my brethren! 49 For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.” The emphasis of the pericope obviously rests on the last sentence; for its sake, Matthew included this pericope in his Gospel and placed it where we read it, between the two bigger passages. The preceding passage (together with all of Part III to which it belongs) expresses the thought that Jesus was rejected by the people as the Messiah; he proclaimed the will of God (Part II, Matt. 5:1 through 9:34), but they did not want to take notice. Matt. 12:50 stands now in sharp contrast to this. By pointing at his disciples, Jesus indicated a very small minority where he had found the fulfillment of his Father’s will despite everything; these few, at least, stood in contrast to the multitude. Matt. 12:46-50 thus presents a contrast to the distressing content of Part III. Part IV of the Gospel begins with the parable speech (13:-58). In this part, Matthew shows how Jesus necessarily separated himself more and more from the people due to their attitude (13:1 through 16:20). Compared to the unbelieving multitudes, his disciples stood by him like “brother, and sister, and mother.” Taken from the social context and transferred to the spiritual-religious, this comparison says that their connection with him even went beyond the bonds of blood and far surpassed them in closeness. The contrast between the disciples (who believed in Jesus and his word) and the people is also very clear toward the beginning of chapter 13. For the sake of this contrast, Matthew has premised Part IV of his Gospel with 12:46-50. In summary, the pericope concerning Jesus and his relatives functions in contrast to the preceding Part III as well as to the following Part IV. It is an actual double function of content and literary manner that testifies of the mental work Matthew put into his Gospel. Matt. 13:53-58 (Jesus in Nazareth) is another example of this literary art. It reads: 13:53 “And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these parables, he departed thence. 54 And when he was come into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, insomuch that they were astonished, and said, Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? 55 Is not this the carpenter’s son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? 56 And his sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things? 57 And they were offended in him. But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and in his own house. 58 And he did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief.” The pericope Jesus in Nazareth is preceded by the closed form of the parable speech (13:1-52) and is followed by a series of narratives in which this pericope does not seem to be included; Matt. 14:1-12, the message about the Baptist’s death, foreshadows Jesus’s own death which found its deepest cause in the rejection by the people. This rejection, already visible in the parable speech and even more so in 14:1 through 16:12, is expressed most clearly through the review that Jesus performed with his loyal Twelve in 16:13-16. Thus, the Baptist’s fate will also be Jesus’s fate. Matt. 14:1-12 (the Baptist’s execution) and 16:13-20 (the scene in Caesarea Philippi) form an inclusion by content if not in form, and they thus contribute greatly to letting 14:1 through 16:20 stand out as a closed form (compare Mt-K 468f). This form does not include the Jesus in Nazareth pericope. Nevertheless, it is formally connected with this closed form through the ideas of faith and unbelief. Please note the following expressions and their sequence: 14:31 “O thou of little faith” (to Peter) 15:28 “O woman, great is thy faith” (to the Canaanite woman) 16:8 “O ye of little faith” (to the disciples) The Canaanite woman is an example of believing trust and, as a contrasting climax, sits at the center of the closed form. Peter and his companions still had not quite followed, yet they were supposed to have a more perfect believing trust in Jesus after all they had heard and experienced. The people around the Twelve, however, whose mouthpiece were the pharisaic rabbis, had sunk into deep unbelief. Here we concern ourselves with 13:58, “And he did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief.” Through the use of the word “unbelief,” the Jesus in Nazareth pericope becomes the title for the following narrative: “Jesus separates himself from his people because of their unbelief.” Not formally but in content, the same verse and the people of Nazareth’s behavior also point to the preceding parable speech. When Jesus discusses the purpose of speaking in parables (13:10-17), he points out the indebted not-seeing and not-listening of the people. Through the use of the word “unbelief” in 13:58 this thought finds its most cutting form. Thus, the Jesus in Nazareth pericope simultaneously functions as the ending of the parable speech and as the title narrative for the following closed narrative series (Mt-K 468f). Here again, we may speak of a double function by which the position of the Jesus in Nazareth pericope in the structure of the Gospel becomes clear. In the same manner, one would ascribe a double function to the content-rich Caesarea Philippi narrative, which differs though from those mentioned before. Whereas the Jesus and his relatives pericope and the Jesus in Nazareth pericope sit between the closed forms, the Caesarea Philippi narrative belongs to the former closed form as a conclusion and to the latter closed form as a beginning. We have just discussed how Matt. 16:13-20 concludes the narrative series in Part IV (14:1-16:20) as being inwardly connected to the Baptist’s execution (14:1-12). As a review shows, 16:13-20 is evidently an ending. Simultaneously, something enormous and new begins with this pericope, similarly evident; Jesus creates a new foundation for the Messiah’s people in Simon Peter. We would now expect that Jesus would have subsequently said much more about this new idea. This happens in 16:21 through 20:16, but in a way that is different than from what would be expected. This section comprises Part V of the Gospel of Matthew in which Matthew explains the Spirit of the kingdom of heaven to the reader, as well as the spirit of self-denial, selflessness, and love. But the kingdom of heaven is, in terms of fact, the church that Jesus promised to build upon the foundation of Simon, the Rock. This pericope, therefore, exquisitely lends itself as introductory pericope for Part V. The first of two narrative passages belonging to Part V extends from 16:21 up to 17:27, i.e., up to the lecture in Matt. 18. The last pericope in this narrative passage is 17:24-27, i.e., Peter and the temple tribute. If we regard the scene of Caesarea Philippi (16:13-20) as the first one, the two pericopes result in a surprising inclusion (compare Mt-K 547). This cannot be by chance, but it reveals the literary intention of the author. But then, the scene of Caesarea Philippi has a double function. It forms the last link in the narrative series of Part IV and simultaneously the first one in Part V. No one will deny that the Caesarea Philippi narrative (16:13-20) thus receives functional importance like no other pericope and that therein it verily corresponds to the recounted event, for the scene of Caesarea Philippi signifies the turning-point in the Gospel of Matthew (compare Mt-K regarding 16:21). The position of the Jesus and his relatives pericope and of the Jesus of Nazareth pericope, as well as that of the scene of Caesarea Philippi, is unique to the Gospel of Matthew; nowhere else are there pieces with equal functions. Has Matthew not worked his Gospel uniformly throughout? Do the exceptions, which these three pericopes present, fall outside of Matthew’s careful planning? These questions are necessary in view of the love for order that characterizes Matthew’s writings. The solution to this problem had not come to me yet when I was writing my commentary, and when I found it, it was as surprising to me as it may be for the reader. The question that calls for an immediate answer is: Where in the Gospel of Matthew are the three pericopes with the double functions situated? The answer can be depicted as follows: I—II—III + IV, lecture + IV, narrative series + V—VI—VII This means that the first three main parts as well as the last three parts are not connected by pericopes with double functions. The three middle parts are the only ones that are connected by such pericopes. Furthermore, the central Part IV shows a connection of its two constructive parts (the lecture and narrative series) based on the double function of the Jesus in Nazareth pericope (13:53-58). The three double functions then present themselves in a strictly symmetrical arrangement. They have been placed by Matthew conscientiously and deliberately where we see them, and they are elements of the artistic, symmetrical arrangement of the whole Gospel. They confirm and expand on what has been said above about the structure (pages 5-6). This unexpected harmony with the structure of the whole Gospel constitutes an affirmation for the fact that the double function of these three pericopes has been seen and determined correctly. We cannot tell whether Matthew saw other reasons beyond the formal to connect Parts III, IV, and V more closely. Back to Top The literary art forms appearing throughout the Gospel easily show that Matthew has arranged his material according to his purpose and taste. We can define the signature of his literary technique as freedom in the connection, and this in multiple regards. One way this signature surfaces is in the selection of material. Almost everything that we read in Mark, and much of what Luke contains beyond that, we also read in Matthew. But Matthew’s knowledge about Jesus allowed him to present additional material that is missing in the other two synoptics. He often used this opportunity. To a certain degree, he felt bound to the material that was already circulating before he wrote it down; but this in such a manner that he simultaneously applied a certain amount of freedom to the selection of the material. From the outset, his commitment to preexisting material attached official value to his Gospel. The selection of material probably originated with Peter, from whom the norming tradition originated and which later found its written form with Mark. The harmony with this standard tradition contributed much to the confirmation of what Matthew presented based on his dogmatic-apologetic objectives. For this material largely consisted of the testimonies that the Twelve, called by Jesus, bore. It did not consist of judgments that they themselves made of Jesus, as little as Luke and Mark were interested in this. They, and Matthew with them, concerned themselves mainly with Jesus’s words, acts, and experiences for which the Twelve appeared as witnesses. The reader should be able to draw his or her own conclusions. This action displays a remarkable certainty by the evangelists to report reliable information. In passing, it can be pointed out that the narrative material and the parables, as we read them in the Gospel of Matthew, often do not appear in same form as the Twelve originally presented them to the listeners; for that purpose, this material has been kept much too brief. One only needs to compare, for example, the parables of the mustard seed and of the pearl of great price (Matt. 13:31-32 and 13:45-46) with the expansive parable of the prodigal son in Luke (Luke 15:11-32) or with the example of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30-37). With Matthew, only the story of the believing Canaanite woman (Matt. 15:21-28) shows some copiousness. No matter whether all of this shortening to the essential was Matthew’s work, it fits the lively character of the book. At times, its brevity suggests that the readers were already familiar with a more explicit version (e.g., the healing of the lunatic in Matt. 17:14-21). Freedom in connecting the material is evident in the sequence of the individual pieces of material in the Gospel of Matthew. This aspect is more significant than the one discussed above because Matthew’s artistic skill shows most palpably in the closed forms, and these are based on the specific sequences of texts. In the second half of his Gospel, Matthew follows a sequence already given to him; therefore, Matt. 14 through 28 continues to correspond with Mark 6:14 through 16:8. But once again, Matthew takes the freedom to insert his own material here; whereas in the first thirteen chapters in general he uses an order of his own. It appears that the narrative type of the individual pericopes had taken on a more fixed form than their sequence before Matthew even wrote his Gospel. We can explain it this way: Chronologically, the first task of Peter as mouthpiece and of the Twelve was, on the whole, to demonstrate that the terrible catastrophe of Jesus’s death on the cross did not surprise Jesus, but that he knew of it, had prophesied about it ahead of time, and could have easily escaped it. This led to the development of a continuous narration of his death agony—the result of which showed that he had taken his death agony upon himself, voluntarily (compare Mt-K regarding Matt. 26:2; page 826). This, together with the manifold testimonies regarding the resurrected Jesus, took the edge off the scandal of the cross. The task of the Twelve grew, as soon as it was necessary, to support the conclusions that resulted from Jesus’s death and resurrection with Jesus’s teachings and actions in front of people in Jerusalem, in Judea, and in Galilee. Simultaneously, this added information served to increase and secure the knowledge regarding Jesus that some people already possessed. Furthermore, they wanted to show the educated people, i.e., the pharisaic rabbis, that Jesus’s life and suffering were in accordance with scriptural prophesies in the Old Testament. These tasks made it necessary to collect the individual memories—which, for the most part, were probably already circulating—to make a selection, and to fashion them into a whole in the best possible way. This process comprised several developmental phases and was by no means finished when Luke, as the last of the three synoptics, authored his Gospel. This affirms why Matthew arranged many things in a way that served his purpose, but with other passages he was able to pick up already fixed sequences and, if necessary, expand them with insertions. We will not discuss here how he used his sources in particular. In any case, we see that, even in the material sequence, Matthew remained true to his working principle: freedom in connecting the material. A third aspect that illuminates this principle is perhaps even more remarkable than the two already mentioned (i.e., selecting the material and connecting the material). Matthew arranges his material in such a manner that a development line of Jesus’s life results, which is, on one hand, artificial and ideal, but, on the other hand, has to be called historic. It is remarkable how he knows how to incorporate already fixed passages into his work and still impress the whole, as well as the individual parts, with an artistic, literary form. Bondedness and freedom combine here in a unique manner. Let us now consider his Gospel as a whole structure. The artificial form that Matthew gave his Gospel as a whole was explained above (pages 12-13). We want to show here how much this form served him in depicting an ideal and nevertheless mostly historic course of Jesus’s life. Part I (Matt. 1 through 4) sheds light on “the beginnings of Jesus”: his lineage, which identifies Jesus as the born Messiah-King of the Jews; the special care with which God guarded his childhood; and the acceptance of his messianic mission through baptism in the River Jordan and through fasting in the desert with temptations. Then follows a general characterization of his teachings and actions. It is in accordance with the historic situation that Part I does not contain a collection of sayings, as much as the content of this part, chronologically, belongs at the beginning of Jesus’s life. Similar things apply to Part VII, the concluding part, “the Passion and resurrection account” (Matt. 26 through 28). Suffering, death, and resurrection comprise the end of Jesus’s life. But the following is remarkable. The resurrected Jesus still instructed his twelve (eleven) disciples in many things. Luke’s record states, “These [i.e., his suffering and his resurrection] are [the fulfillment of] the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me.” Luke then adds, “Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the [holy] scriptures” (Luke 24:44-45). What would we give if Matthew would have preserved for us, in a collection of sayings what Jesus had said during those days and hours. But Matthew does not offer a collection of sayings in this part. One reason might be that the original tradition had not compiled one; additionally, Matthew also undoubtedly wanted to continue the symmetrical structure of his Gospel and harmonize Part VII with Part I. By the way, he preserved some of the utterances by the resurrected Lord in chapter 10 placed in the midst of other words by Jesus (Mt-K regarding 10:16.26; see above pages 26-27); and many of the references to the Old Testament that are found in the apostolic scriptures may originate with the interpretation of scriptures by Jesus after his resurrection. Part II (Matt. 5:1 through 9:34) can be titled “Jesus the Messiah and his message.” The collection of sayings (the Sermon on the Mount, Matt. 5 through 7), as well as the subsequent narrative series (the miracle chapters, Matt. 8 through 9:34), demonstrate the schematic form of the arrangement in their closed forms. The exegesis makes it plain that the individual miracles and the inserted questions stem from different stages in Jesus’s public ministry. But as a whole, Part II expresses that Jesus first offered his doctrine and his person as the God-appointed Messiah to the people. It thus inevitably corresponds with the historic course of things, even though Jesus performed these miracles at different places and at different times and continued to do so until the end of his life. Part III, titled “Jesus as the Messiah rejected by the people” (9:35 through 12:50), follows the content of Part II with a certain degree of inner necessity. Even in historic regard, Part III marks another stage, which, in reality though, came about in a very irregular tempo and with varying degrees of consequence in the different areas and ethnic circles. In a standardizing manner, Matthew makes a whole out of it by presenting it as a literarily rounded-off part. Similar things can be said of Part IV, titled “Jesus separates from his people” (13:1 through 16:20). The parable chapter (Matt. 13) is not to be understood in such a manner that Jesus had spoken to the people about the kingdom of heaven in parables only beginning at a later point of time and had told all seven parables one after the other. But, rather, Matthew says with this that Jesus, from a certain time on, did not talk publically about the kingdom of heaven in any other form, and, actually, Jesus would probably not have applied this technique everywhere beginning at the same point of time. The events that Matthew presents beginning with chapter 14 were already compiled during the pre-evangelic time period. Matthew thought that, en bloc, they fit into his artificial structure. As Jesus saw himself forced to do without Israel as his Messiah people, he created a new foundation in the Twelve, with Simon Peter at the head, for his spiritual kingdom that had to be built on earth. Not only with regards to the development of ideas, but also in a historic sense, Matt. 16:13-20 is positioned correctly. Part V can be titled “the spirit of the kingdom of heaven” (16:13 through 20:16). The more the people inwardly distanced themselves from Jesus, the more intensively he dedicated himself to training his Twelve. In this regard as well, the development of ideas and history coincided approximately. Most of the material that comprises the narrative series falls into two groups (16:13 through 17:27 and 19:1 through 20:16) that date from the late period of Jesus’s public life—the prophecies about suffering, the transfiguration, the discourse on being without marriage, the promise to the Twelve (19:27-29); the same cannot strictly be proven for the collection of sayings in Matt. 18. In any case, Matthew designed it, like the narrative series, to explain the spirit of the kingdom of heaven—the attitude necessary for the kingdom of heaven as well as the height to which this attitude can develop in the kingdom of heaven. In Part VI we read about the “last battles in Jerusalem” (20:17 through 25:46). It is a fact that Jesus spent time in Jerusalem towards the end of his life and that he was there on the occasion of the Feast of the Tabernacles, about half year before the Passover of the Last Supper. Before the Gospel of Matthew was written, tradition had already combined what happened in Jerusalem during this time period and created an account of Jesus’s last days in Jerusalem. In this period belong the fierce attacks that Jesus brought against his opponents and which these brought against him, and, of course, the apocalyptic utterances in Matt. 24 and 25. In mental battles with his opponents, Jesus indisputably remained the winner. Now only one path stood open to his enemies—the brutal force as described in Part VII. The decisive aspect for Matthew was, no doubt, the conceptual development of Jesus’s life. But he knew how to fashion it in such a manner that the historic development was noted in it as well with broad strokes. This demonstrates great literary skill. It is further illuminated by the fact that he expressed this development in the artistically formed pattern of seven in the overall structure of the Gospel. Matthew proves himself to be a literary artist with great organizational power; his Gospel is a grand drama, fashioned after real life. Back to Top We already mentioned (above, page 39) that the Twelve were forced in the very early days to compile an account of suffering for the purpose of apologetics. For how could they proclaim Jesus as the Messiah after the highest Jewish authorities had condemned him to death and the Romans had crucified him? Matthew wrote his whole Gospel for an apologetic purpose, and let this purpose stand out starkly in the account of Jesus’s sufferings and resurrection. He did not do this through formal apologetics, through quoting and refuting, but, true to the gospel character, through the lining up of historic words and events whose voice was supposed to speak to the reader. For this, he used already existing narrative groups, only he gave them a sharper profile to the artistic as well as to the apologetic side. Matt. 26:20-35 shows the sequence that Mark 14:17-30 preserved as well; but in Matthew the first and third pericopes form a relation through artificial, formal connections (Mt-K 841; see above page 20) and thus gain an apologetic power. Prophesying the offense of the Twelve, 26:31-35. Through their connection by the middle part, the prophecies line up as proof that the death agony did not surprise Jesus, but, rather, he was very able to prevent everything if he had wanted to. The traitor did not have him at his mercy, but he had the traitor; as Jesus accepted the shame of the Judas’s betrayal, he also voluntarily took on himself the shame of standing alone, left by his most loyal followers. Furthermore, Matthew is the only one of all the evangelists who, through his artistic arrangement, puts Judas in such a light that the reader has to recognize him as an instrument of hell. What Luke remarks regarding Judas, “Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot” (Luke 22:3), Matthew expresses through a closed form of symmetrical structure: Content listing for following parallel pericopes, 26:57-58 Jesus before Caiaphas, 26:59-66 Jesus mocked as the Messiah, 26:67-68 Denial by Peter, 26:69-75 Morning session and handing Jesus over to Pilate, 27:1-2 Judas’s end, 27:3-10. That both Judas narratives belong together is proven by their content. The two mysterious verses, 26:57-58, anticipate the narratives of verses 59-66 and verses 69-75—like in modern works titles anticipate the content of the work or parts of it; wherefore, we can here speak of content listings. In their closed structure, these two verses correspond to the two verses in 27:1-2. Judas’s end contains three thoughts: the traitor’s reward is tainted by innocently spilled blood (Mt-K regarding 27:3); Judas denies his God (Mt-K regarding 27:5); and he hangs himself out of desperation. These facts became widely known among the people and spoke an unmistakably clear language: Jesus was guiltless, his death, trial, and execution a crime. Judas proved only too clearly, through his behavior after the act, whose mind child he was. The same spirit spoke from the authorities’ proceedings and the people’s attitude towards Jesus. This led the teachable people to the realization that Jesus’s death agony had served a purpose which lifted him far above Messiahship as one had approached it in general: the cross only contradicted the nationalistic idea of a Messiah, not the idea of a Messiah as God realized it in Jesus. The popular idea of a Messiah was of the same spirit which had inspired Judas and led the authorities. That is the apologetic force which Matthew expresses through his artistic art form. These apologetics are continued in the next section (27:11-31). It is a closed form as well (see above, page 21). Through the contrast that Matthew gains with this form, Pilate becomes a witness to Jesus’s innocence and the Jewish people become the criminal cause of the Messiah’s murder. (This applies to the Jewish people of that time; it would be contrary to Jesus’s spirit to condemn the modern Jewish people for the crime of their ancestors.) After the burial, Matthew presents the narrative about the guards at the tomb as extra material (27:62 through 28:15). It is also fashioned to serve a certain apologetic purpose. That does not mean that it is invented and untrue; otherwise there would never be any valid defense, for defense is apologetics. Starting on the day of resurrection, the guards’ testimony, in the sense of the disciples perhaps having stolen Jesus’s corpse, was brought against Jesus’s disciples. How did they refute that? Here, we first have to say something about Matt. 28:9-10 (Jesus shows himself to the women). Independent of all art forms, it can be made plain that this little pericope was not part of the original version of the Gospel of Matthew. The content is a vague generalization of Jesus’s appearance to Mary Magdalene as reported by John (John 20:11-18), with an inwardly improbable repetition of the command to the disciples from Matt. 28:7 (Mt-K 944). The angel first brought the message and the command: “And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him.” The angel did not do this in his own name, but by Jesus’s command, even if this is not explicitly stated. The message was of world-historic significance and, therefore, the scene in the burial chamber of greatest solemnity. It would have been bad form if Jesus had first sent a messenger and then himself repeated the task of the latter—even before the women could have carried it out; it would have equaled a devaluation of the messenger’s words. Matt. 28:10 is, then, an uncritical repetition of 28:7. Therefore, we can ignore both verses when we investigate the original form of Matt 27:62 through 28:15. If verses 9-10 are left out of account, a surprising closed form of chiastic structure results: The guards at the tomb, 27:62-66 The women on their way to the tomb, 28:1 The angel and the guards, 28:2-4 The angel and the women at the tomb, 28:5-8 The testimony of the bribed guards, 28:11-15 The actions and experiences of the women and that of the guards are not delimitated by any words, rather, they are stacked like bricks without mortar. With regards to content, though, one scene requires the other. The arrangement has thus been thought through, though the scene at the center (v. 2-4) separates the two scenes with the women in a somewhat brutal manner. One cannot fail to notice that the beginning and the end of this closed form create an inclusion; they are about the guards. Not only that, but the guards also appear in the central scene, showing that the main emphasis of the whole passage rests on them. We would not have arranged it this way because we are infinitely more concerned about the angel’s revelation, “He is risen,” than about the guards’ actions. But Matthew chose the artistic form as means for his apologetic purpose. In Matthew’s day, the Jewish people had become more and more hardened against the Easter message of the Twelve, and they argued against it with the guards’ testimony. Instead of defending the truth in thematic form, Matthew preferred to let the facts speak for themselves which then put this testimony into the correct light. In the narrative (27:62-66) Matthew uses the expression, “make [the sepulcher] sure,” three times with quiet irony. How big a failure this turned out to be is explained in the second and third guard scenes; the women served as indirect witnesses for what was told in the second guard scene, or the central scene. In the final scene, Jesus’s opponents do not even dare to deny that the tomb was empty. Either they accepted what the women had told the disciples and what these were able to confirm soon afterwards through their own experiences (but accepting this explanation would have meant admitting their grave guilt; any other way seemed better to them) or they chose the loophole of the historic lie. They chose the latter. Viewed from a moral and an intellectual standpoint, this choice was inferior, but no other choice was available to them. They bought the historic lie for a large sum of money. Thus the guards (one of whom must have blabbed, by the way) involuntarily, if indirectly, became witnesses for the truth. For the sake of this apologetic argument, Matthew did not leave us an account that contained the proof and nothing but the proof for Jesus’s resurrection, but an account of how the guards’ deceitful explanation, which is still believed, came about. In 27:62 through 28:15, the artistic form is used for apologetics. Back to Top Among all the art forms that he uses, Matthew most prefers the symmetrical arrangement, with or without chiasm of content. In the preceding section we saw how Matthew used this form for his apologetics. But this is not its only function. It emphasizes certain passages like no other form by moving these into the center of the symmetrical forms. It is worth the effort to review the symmetrical forms with this regard; we can then find out what, according to Matthew, are the high points of the Gospel. Matt. 3 through 4 is arranged in such a way that the temptation account (4:1-11) is preceded by four pericopes about the Baptist and followed by four pericopes about Jesus (Mt-K 81). The expansive temptation account gains special significance by being placed at the center. We probably would have assigned this preferred position to the baptism. But for Matthew, Jesus’s fasting followed by the temptations was apparently more important for his reasoning. It says that Jesus expressed his willingness before God the Father to bring about redemption by the harsh way of the cross (Mt-K 116); at the same time he refused the Messianic idea that the Jews of his time wished for. In fact, he embraced what they rejected. The contrast, then, lies in the true, divine idea of a Messiah as opposed to and the wrong, national-worldly idea of the Messiah that the Jews held. The whole Gospel is brought into line with this; that is probably why Matthew accentuates the temptation account through its central position. In the miracle chapters (Matt. 8 through 9), we find a triple symmetry (see above, pages 11-12). Through “faith . . . believe” (8:5-13) and “believe . . . faith” (9:27-31) the middle pieces of the first and of the third miracle in the trio are coordinated with each other and lifted from the flanking narrative pairs. The central position of the respective pericopes reveals that Matthew attaches special importance to faith; this is confirmed in other places as well. The central miracle narrative of the second miracle in the trio (8:28-34) simultaneously forms the center of all the miracle accounts listed in Matt. 8 through 9. It receives its distinctiveness undoubtedly through in Jesus’s designation as “Son of God.” This is the ultimate statement about Jesus. One was supposed to dedicate oneself to him, the Son of God, who, as such, was the true Messiah. Such is here the language of the applied art form. A further symmetry is found in Matt. 11:2 through 12:21 (see above, page 17). Exactly at its center we find 11:25-30, “Jesus the Revelator.” This piece harmonizes with the framing pieces (11:2-6 with an Isaiah quote and 12:15-21 with an Isaiah quote) because they deal with Jesus’s personality, but it is not required by the further content of the closed form. Thus it sits at the center because Matthew wanted it there. We don’t go wrong if we compare it with 8:28-34. Just as Jesus’s divinity is attested in this centrally positioned pericope, it is also attested in 11:25-30. Here, as well, the position at the center of the symmetry expresses that Matthew attaches special meaning to this content. The form serves the content. An analogous function, but of the opposite orientation, emanates from the central piece of the subsequent symmetrical structure (12:22-45). In the middle, the wickedness of Jesus’s accusers is delineated, and at the exact center of the chiastically constructed collection of sayings sits the address, “O generation of vipers” (12:34; compare Mt-K 409-410). The addressed are filled with such a degree of wickedness that a just judgment of Jesus cannot even be expected of them. At this point, the closed form (12:22-45) and Jesus’s self-defense both come to a climax. The center of the symmetrical passage (14:1 through 16:20) is occupied by the narrative about the Canaanite woman (15:21-28). The relative copiousness indicates that Matthew fashioned it with especially great care. Its climax is Jesus’s words, “O woman, great is thy faith.” Once again it is the faithful devotion to Jesus which Matthew emphasizes through the central position of the pericope. In this, he does not just look at Jesus’s commandment in general. The pericope of the Canaanite woman stands in perfect contrast to the “unbelief” of the people of Nazareth (13:53-58; see above, page 36), and also to the “little faith” of Peter (14:31) and the other disciples (16:8). The central position of Jesus’s transfiguration (17:1-9) within the structure of 16:13-27 (see above, pages 18-19 speaks for itself. Through its content of ideas, it compares with 11:25-30. However, it is not clear why Matthew placed the narrative of the rich young man (19:16-22) at the center of the symmetry in 19:3 through 20:16 (see above, page 19). Perhaps the purpose was to show to what degree of sacrifice a disciple of Jesus is at times requird to give. Clearer is the reason why “Jesus’s entrance into Jerusalem” (21:1-11) marks the climax of the closed form in 20:17 through 21:27 (see above, pages 19-20). Jesus presents himself to the people as the divinely appointed Messiah with more clarity than he ever did before or since.. We skip here the middle piece (10:26-31, “God’s protection”) in the sending forth speech; it will be discussed in the next chapter. Thus only the bigger symmetrical units that remain to be mentioned are in the Passion account. It is significant that in the apologetically determined section, 26:47 through 27:10 (see above, page 42-45), Jesus is mocked as the Messiah in the symmetrical center (26:67-68). The Jewish people of the time were guilty of having rejected Jesus as the Messiah, which had the consequence that the Jews at the time of the primitive church hated Jesus as the Messiah and turned on the church as the Messiah’s community as well. Through its central position, this scene joins the temptation account and Jesus’s entrance into Jerusalem, both central pieces as well, and thus climaxes in Jesus’s delineation as the Messiah. In contrast to the mocking of Jesus as the Messiah, Matthew emphasizes that Jesus had been executed as “the King of the Jews” through the position at the beginning and at the end of 27:11-31 (see above, page 21). At the center of the death account, on the other hand, appears Jesus’s death, introduced by the darkness and the Messianic cry of abandonment (27:45-50). After Matthew had already written in symmetrical arrangements, this was obvious and understandable (pages 21-22). The equally apologetic section of 27:62 through 28:15 has been discussed in the preceding chapter. The main emphasis there is born by the guards. They also play a role in the central piece (v. 2-4) where it is described what they really had experienced and must have shared with someone contrary to their subsequent lies. Thus, they step closer to the event of Jesus’s resurrection than any other witnesses. The symbolism of what they experienced there should not be overlooked. God opened the tomb through an angel. It made no sense to keep an empty tomb closed; what must have happened immediately before is clear: Jesus had risen from the closed tomb to a divine life (Mt-K regarding 28:3). His hostile guards had to attest what was perceptible in these proceedings. In a text with apologetic tendencies, it cannot surprise us that this testimony is assigned the central position. This, however, does not change the fact that God did not officially inform the world through them; he informed the world through the mouth of an angel (v. 5-8). Lastly, let us look at the position that 13:53-58 (Jesus in Nazareth) occupies in the overall scheme of the Gospel of Matthew. As has been mentioned, in the immediate context this pericope probably carried the function of closing the parable chapter and providing a table of contents for the subsequent narrative series (see above, pages 35-38). If that is true, this pericope held special significance in the eyes of Matthew. This must be even more the case if we also consider that 13:53-58, structurally, sits at the very center of the artificial structure of the Gospel of Matthew; for one would not want to claim that the evangelist merely played a game with his literary art forms. Matt. 13:53-58, therefore, has a special task in the overall Gospel. Why does the pericope about Jesus’s rejection in Nazareth occupy such a central position? This probably had two reasons. First, this event reflected the whole public life of Jesus. Jesus revealed his wisdom and mercy to the people. The people in Nazareth experienced his wisdom in his expounding the scriptures, they had learned about his mercy through the news regarding his working of miracles. Despite the initial amazement, the whole people rejected him like those from Nazareth. The consequence for Jesus was that “he did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief” (13:58). Thus the unbelief of the people was also the reason why Jesus had to separate himself more and more from them. From the parallel account in Luke we learn that, in Nazareth, there even was an attempt to murder Jesus (Luke 4:29-30). Matthew does not report this, but after the Nazareth pericope he immediately continues in his Gospel with the account of the Baptist’s execution, which comes in 16:13-20 as a reference to Jesus’s final fate (Mt-K 468). With internal logical consistency, the unbelief of the people (exemplified in the unbelief of the people of Nazareth) led to Jesus’s execution. Besides this aspect in the Gospel itself, Matthew will also have had an apologetic motive to place the pericope 13:53-58 at the center of the Gospel. The behavior of the people of Nazareth found its reflection in the behavior of the evangelist’s Jewish contemporaries. The people’s negative attitude towards Jesus continued in the rejection of his church, even to the point of bloody persecutions. Here now Matthew’s mitigating judgment in 13:58 stands out. Jesus was not able to perform many miracles because of the unbelief of the people of Nazareth, but some of them certainly must have believed in him. Thus it was in the days of Matthew. Back then there were not a few disciples of Jesus among the Jews, but the pressure that the unbelief exerted on the post-Easter church finally forced them out into the heathen world. This interpretation of the central position of the Nazareth pericope in the overall Gospel harmonizes with the leading ideas of the Gospel of Matthew. When we compare the ideas that Matthew highlights and emphasizes at the center of the symmetrical art forms, they are, primarily, Jesus as the true, divine Messiah and, second, the appeal to join him, believing. This expresses the content and objective of the Gospel of Matthew. This correspondence is not totally unwelcome. It can be listed as affirmation that the literary art forms have been recognized and interpreted correctly. It further affirms that Matthew used symmetry to express the content. Back to Top At the end of our presentation, we can point out a feature in the Gospel of Matthew that honors the evangelist as an author. It is in his distribution of light and shadow. Jesus’s life, which Matthew described in his own manner, was a tragedy, a chain of painful disappointments and experiences which culminated in his shameful death on the cross. It is true: the resurrection finally eclipsed all past suffering through the divine glory and power in which Matthew lets us see Jesus in the concluding pericope (28:16-20). But this was not enough for the evangelist. He himself successfully tried to let lights eluminate the darkness. The following examples represent this. Jesus’s earliest childhood was overshadowed by the darkness of persecution and threats to his life: Herod’s malicious persecution with the aid of the unsuspecting wise men; the flight to Egypt with the slaying of the children in Bethlehem, where little Jesus was the intended victim; and the detour to Nazareth in order to save Jesus from Herod’s cruel son and successor, Archelaus. Unexpectedly, Matthew here weaves in a comforting observation. Jesus was called a Nazarene (always in Matthew) because it was laid down for him in the scriptures. The passages to which Matthew probably refers carry the Messianic significance, thus referring to Jesus, that a special protection had accompanied him as God’s Messiah and continued to accompany him throughout his life (Mt-K regarding 2:23). The following example is of a totally different kind. In the second part of the Sermon on the Mount, a series of Jesus’s teachings are compiled which exclusively and plainly demand serving God (6:1-24). That is a harsh demand if one does not leave it at merely reading. There, Matthew lets the lovely parable of the lilies of the field follow (6:25-33). Serving God is hard, but it is not the same as serving a tyrant. For those who believe in Jesus, God is a loving father who cares for them infinitely more than for the other creatures whom he has created. Somewhat related to this is the purpose for which Matthew has inserted the central piece of the lecture into Matt. 10 (10:16-31). In this sending forth speech, he compiles claims by Jesus that speak of his followers’ future persecutions unto death and of their share in the bitter experiences of their master (v. 17-23, 24-25, 34-39). The center is now occupied by a recitative with a triple “Fear not.” In everything, God watches over his children as a father, in their work and in their afflictions. Thus this middle piece in the big symmetry of 10:5-42 gives both comfort and consolation. Let us return to the narrative series. The main idea of Part III is “Jesus as the Messiah rejected by the people.” Accordingly, events line up in the two narrative series belonging here (11:2 through 12:21 and 12:22-45) that show how the rejection by the people and how the hostility of the rabbis steadily increased. But two pericopes are an exception here, the beginning and the ending of the first part. In 11:2-6 (“the baptist’s mission”) Matthew describes Jesus with the words of Isaiah in a charming manner as the Messiah from whom love, light, and salvation emanate; in the concluding pericope (12:15-21), in which Matthew once again speaks in the words of Isaiah, Jesus appears to us with spirit-filled gentleness and kindness. Both pericopes relieve the depressing content of Part III originating from the parable of the street youth (Mt-K regarding 11:16-19), the lamentation over the unbelieving cities in Galilee, and the Sabbath conflicts. The one is designed to secure the reader’s faith, the other one is for resting and gives a sense of relief. Both effects are also found in the central piece (11:25-30, “Jesus the revelator”) where Jesus’s compassion and love are seen once more. But the real effect of this latter pericope seems to be intended for the subsequent narration series (12:22-45). After Matthew has illuminated the divine mystery in the person of Jesus, he shows him in the defense against the most infamous and poisonous of all accusations, supposing him to be league with the devil. In the central piece of this section (12:31-37) Jesus makes it clear that this accusation is only to be understood as the poisonous fruit of poisoned hearts. The attentive reader will not misjudge the contrast that exists between these vile slanderers and Jesus, the Son of God the Father who has become the Redeemer of the world out of his mercy. From the narration that forms a transition to Part IV (12:46-50, “Jesus and his relatives”) the reader then learns that, in contrast to the unbelieving people, there actually still were people who, due to their faith, were dearer to Jesus than “brother, and sister, and mother” (Mt-K regarding 12:49). In our analysis, Part IV has the title “Jesus separates himself from his people.” In the final narrative (16:13-20) Jesus lays a new foundation for the Messiah people because Israel had proven unworthy of this task. Simultaneously, this pericope can only be understood with Jesus’s death that resulted from the people’s unbelief and which was already referred to in the beginning pericope (14:1-12, “the baptist’s execution”). Besides the idea of death, the closed form of 14:1 through 16:20 speaks of attacks by the rabbis and of the little faith of Jesus’s disciples. Right in the middle sits the masterly narration of the Canaanite woman whose sorely-tested faith outshines everything (15:21-28; see above, pages 45-46); once again, a light in the darkness. A similar strong light is active in the account of Jesus’s transfiguration (17:1-9) at the center of 16:13-17:27. In the first (16:21) and the second prophecy of suffering (17:22-23) the imminent storm casts its shadows ahead which only intensifies the lack of comprehension in Peter and the other disciples (16:22-23; 17:14-21) and reinforces Jesus’s words about bearing the cross and about his future suffering. In the midst of this symmetrical narrative series, then, Jesus’s transfiguration rends the storm clouds by showing him in his divine glory; God has appointed Jesus as the Messiah. This strengthens the faith of disciples and later that of the readers of the Gospel. Perhaps less of its own merit, but in connection with the transfiguration on the mount, the central pericope of 20:17 through 21:27 also functions as a light: Jesus’s triumphant entrance into Jerusalem (21:1-11). Despite the lack of everything that, according to the people’s opinion, characterized the Messiah (financial means, political and military power—a lack which even the disciples do not comprehend) and despite the people’s resulting rejection of Jesus as the Messiah, Jesus constantly professes himself to be the Messiah sent by God. He does this in a manner that allows Matthew to show how the prophet Zacharias’s prophecy of the humble king has been realized in Jesus. But the fulfilling of scripture is proof of his Messiahship. Thus, the revelation on the Mount of Transfiguration rightfully exists, in spite of everything. Two more scriptures will be mentioned. The latter one was already mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. They are stylistically related since they put everything else in the shade with regards to greatness, despite their brevity. The first scripture is the description of Jesus, “the Son of man,” as world judge, with which Matthew concludes all of Jesus’s lectures (25:31-34, 41, 46. Mt-K 810-11). Their original form may have looked like this: 25:31 “When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: 32 And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: 33 And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left. 34 Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: 41 Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: 46 And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: into life eternal.” This metaphor contains the last and comprehensive answer to everything that Jesus was ever accused of and what Matthew has recorded in his Gospel. Jesus’s glory as divine judge eclipses all darkness of the lowliness in which Jesus as “the Son of man” had lived on earth. This scripture can be compared with the one which concludes Matthew’s Gospel (28:16-20). In its original form it may have read like this: 28:18 “All power is given unto me In heaven and in earth. 19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: 20 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.” See Mt-K regarding this scripture. Victoriously, the crucified and now resurrected Jesus goes about winning mankind for himself. His emissaries are humans and their means are human teachings and instructions. But Jesus supervises their actions, he being the only divine being to have lived on earth. Thereby he sanctifies everyone who believes on him and directs them on the course to life; he assists his emissaries from the throne of God so that they can carry out his commandments with his power. Thus ends the earthly tragedy, which Matthew had to develop in his Gospel, in divine light. Back to Top If we add up all text passages in which we pointed out literary art forms, we find that almost the entire Gospel of Matthew has been covered. We did not consider additions which joined the Hebrew Gospel only later, which were able to be recognized as such by their being independent of the Gospel’s literary art forms. Likewise, the thoroughly revised chapters 23 and 24 (with 25), as well as Matthew’s introductory and concluding remarks. As such we identify also 1:17 (judging the form of the genealogy), 9:35-10:5a (transition to ch. 10 and introduction for the sending forth speech), as well as 11:1 and 13:1-3 as introductions, and 13:51-52 as a concluding judgment regarding the parable chapter. Also the monumental scene of sending the Twelve out into the world, as conclusion of the whole Gospel, exists outside of any closed form. Matt. 26:36-46 (the Mount of Olives account) may be regarded as having been appended as a prescient anticipation of 27:31-61 (death account); these pericopes probably already framed the trial before Caiaphas and Pilate before the composition of the Gospel of Matthew; their position is therefore not Matthew’s literary working. Looking at the whole, the Gospel of Matthew in its original form can be regarded as work that was created with great literary artistic skill. This realization is based first-hand on the outward nature of these art forms. But it was discovered that even the content was fashioned in an artistic manner. While the outward forms have to be considered in the exegesis of a text, but only lie on its periphery, the artistic treatment of the content has a closer relationship to the interpretation of its meaning. The insights successfully brought forth should reach the goal that was pointed out in the preface. The work, as it is presented to us, probably shows a secondary hand which has added material in a commendable manner but has not always preserved the given order. However, the artistic order of the original still shines through the translation so strongly that we are justified in seeing a work of great literary art in this original and honor Matthew as a master of Semitic literary representation. With honor, his work stands amidst the collection of scripture that the Spirit of God inspired and made into vessels of divine revelation. [Simply replace commas with colons and update the page numbers] [Back cover page:] REGARDING THE TOPIC OF THIS BOOKLET. The evangelists were people of their time and their surroundings, people of a typical memory culture and of a great narrative tradition. They had a distinct sense for artful forms and arrangements. Using the Gospel of Matthew as an example, the author shows how such pre-conditions have affected the organization of the text and how their recognition helps us—often surprisingly—to better read, reconstruct, and apply the text to ourselves. REGARDING THE AUTHOR OF THIS BOOKLET. Paul Gaechter, Jesuit, born 1893, is an emeritus professor of the University of Innsbruck. He became well known through his publications regarding “Mary’s Earth Life” (3rd ed., 1955) and “Peter and His Time” (1958). Furthermore, he published a large commentary on the first Gospel (1964). He often pursues his own paths in his research, but his explanations are always interesting and always stimulating. REGARDING THIS SERIES. The “Stuttgarter Bibelstudien” is a series of booklets on Bible research. The alert Christian of today is challenged to examine the Bible by and through church councils, liturgical renewal, ecumenicity, archaeology, atheistic skepticism, and modern Bible research itself. There are hot topics. The “Stuttgart Bible Studies” want to openly respond to this situation and move the discussion forward. Each booklet has been written by an expert.	Isaac
Moon River and Days of Wine and Roses won Grammy Awards as Record of the Year in the early 1960s for which composer?	Revised Version or Revised Bible? An Introduction to the RSV Old Testament (1952), by Members of the Revision Committee PREFACE Every lover of the Bible must deplore the fact that the appearance of a version of it should become the occasion of such controversy throughout American Protestantism as has resulted from the publication of the completed RSV Bible in the autumn of 1952. But this was inevitable for three reasons. The first reason is the tremendous pressure which has been and is being exerted in behalf of the RSV by the Publishers and by the National Council of Churches which is the owner of the copyright. They have not been willing to allow the new version to speak for itself and stand on its own merits. They are using every possible means to persuade Bible readers to accept it as a vast improvement on AV and ARV, and to induce Church Boards and Agencies to adopt it as the Standard Version for use by their respective denominations. And this pressure drive began before this version, three-fourths of which (the Old Testament) was entirely new, was published and available for careful examination. Such a situation is almost unprecedented; it is both dangerous and ominous. The second reason is that as a “modern speech” version the RSV has made drastic changes in the diction and style of the AV, of which it purports to be a revision, which cannot but give offense to the lovers of that time-honored version. The third reason is that the RSV, especially the Old Testament, is not merely a “modern speech” but a “modernist” or “higher critical” revision of the version of 1611. As such it proceeds upon quite different principles from those which governed the preparation of the AV and ARV. It makes many changes in the text of the Bible, either on the authority of the ancient versions or simply on the basis of conjecture. And its marginal notes are at times inaccurate, inadequate, and [p. iii] misleading; and they tend quite definitely to undermine confidence in the authority and trustworthiness of the Bible. These are the main reasons which have led to this controversy. They show not only that it was inevitable, but also that it was justifiable and necessary. If some of the readers of this brief Critique feel that its criticisms of the new version are too severe, they will do well to bear in mind that the RSV is being widely and authoritatively proclaimed as “ the greatest Bible news in 341 years .” A version which its promoters expect and intend to become the Standard version for English-speaking Protestantism, at least in this country, challenges and must expect the most careful testing as to whether it is entitled to such a preeminent and unique place among English versions of the Bible. In such a version defects, especially serious ones, cannot be treated with lenity or passed over in silence. This Critique brings together most of the material contained in articles recently contributed by the writer to Eternity, United Evangelical Action, and The Southern Presbyterian Journal. The writer wishes to express to the Editors of these journals his appreciation of their willingness to permit him to do this. Much additional material has also been included. It is intended to be a supplement or sequel to the critique of the RSV New Testament (1946) which was published in 1948 under the title Revision or New Translation? May this controversy, much as we deplore its necessity, lead Christian people everywhere to a deeper realization of the importance and necessity of drawing a clear and sharp distinction between what the Bible says and what some modern scholars think it ought to say! O.T.A. March 1953 THE TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AND ITS TRANSLATION In dealing with any version of an important work, there are two questions which are of major importance. The first concerns the text of the document itself—Has the true text been made the basis of the translation? The second concerns the translation—What principles and rules have been observed in making the version? The Text of the RSV Old Testament Since RSV claims to be a revision of AV, the first point to be noted is the radical difference between the two versions as to the Text to be translated. It was the generally accepted view of the Reformers that it is the Hebrew Scriptures that are authoritative. They were familiar with the Latin Vulgate, less familiar with the Greek Septuagint. Hebrew had been for centuries an all but unknown tongue. Origen and Jerome, both of whom lived more than a thousand years before the Reformation, were the two Hebrew scholars among the fathers of the Church. So the Reformers studied Hebrew in order that they might make their appeal from the traditions and even from the translations of men directly to what Jerome called “the Hebrew verity.” This attitude finds clear expression in the preface entitled “ The translators to the reader ,” which appears in the 1611 Bible but is omitted in most copies of the AV today. There they call the Hebrew of the OT and the Greek of the NT “the two golden pipes, or rather conduits, wherethrough the olive branches empty themselves into the gold.” And they tell us: “These tongues therefore, the Scriptures we say in these tongues, we set before us to translate, being the tongues wherein God was pleased to speak to his Church by his Prophets and Apostles.” They point out that they did [p. 2] not think it too much trouble to consult the well-known versions, both ancient and modern, a statement which is borne out by the words of the title page “With the former translations diligently compared and revised.” They refer particularly to the Greek (LXX) and point out that “the Seventy were Interpreters, they were not Prophets; they did many things well, as learned men; but yet as men they stumbled and fell, one while through oversight, another while through ignorance, yea sometimes they may be noted to add to the Original, and sometimes to take from it.” In other words they tested the Greek (LXX) by the Hebrew and found it wanting. The LXX it will be remembered is the most ancient version of the OT and consequently the one most often appealed to by the scholars. The same viewpoint is expressed in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) which appeared less than forty years after the AV. There we read: “The Old Testament in Hebrew, (which was the native language of the people of God of old,) and the New Testament in Greek, (which at the time of the writing of it was most generally known to the nations,) being immediately inspired by God, and by his singular care and providence kept pure in all ages, are therefore authentical; so as in all controversies of religion the Church is finally to appeal to them.” The attitude of the ARV is quite similar to that of AV. We read in the Preface such statements regarding the use of the versions as these: “On account of the extreme difficulty of correcting the Hebrew text by means of those (ancient) versions, we originally decided that it would be better to make no reference to them at all.” The reason given for such a radical proposal is quite significant. “The case is radically different from that of the New Testament, where the variant readings are mostly found in Greek manuscripts of the New Testament itself. The authorities referred to in the Old Testament are translations from the Hebrew; and though the date of these translations is more ancient than any extant manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, yet there is no means of verifying with certainty the text of these translations; [p. 3] and one can never get beyond plausible conjecture in attempting to correct the Hebrew text by means of them.” They go on to state that they reduced to “about one-sixth the references to the ancient versions which appeared in the margin of the ERV,” a statement which makes it plain that in ERV as in ARV the variant readings favored by the versions were usually, but not always, placed in the footnotes, not inserted in the text. Consequently we find in the footnotes of ARV less than 50 references to the Versions, only a very few of which are introduced into the text of the version. All competent scholars will admit that the Hebrew text of the Old Testament as it has come down to us is not errorless. Errors have crept in in the course of centuries of copying and transmitting manuscripts. But these errors are relatively few and unimportant. We know that the Jews greatly revered their Scriptures as the Oracles of God, and preserved them with the utmost care. Probably few scholars will deny that the Hebrew text which we have today is practically identical with the standard text of the second century A.D. Especially important is the fact that our Lord, while denouncing the Jews for misusing, misinterpreting, disobeying the Scriptures, and making them void with their “traditions,” accepted these very Scriptures, as they did, as the Word of God and declared “the Scripture cannot be broken.” It is this which has given the Hebrew Scriptures their unique authority for the Christian Church. Consequently the aim of the translator should always be to ascertain the meaning of the Hebrew text as it has come down to us, always to give it the benefit of the doubt and to correct it as little as possible. When we turn to RSV we find that the situation is quite different. The references to the versions are far more numerous than in ERV or ARV, and these various readings, are not placed in the margin but introduced into the text. We also find that there are numerous instances where the abbreviation “cn” (“correction”) appears in the margin. This refers to conjectural changes which are made in the text, “reconstructions” for which RSV can cite support neither [p. 4] in Hebrew mss. nor vers. Furthermore there are, despite the assertion of the preface to the contrary, passages apparently many of them where the text is changed without any indication being given in the margin. The reason for this different attitude toward the OT text is not far to seek. Dr. James Moffatt was a member of the RSV Committees (both OT and NT) for 14 years (1930-44). In 1924-25 he had published his version of the Old Testament, in the Preface to which the statement is made that “The traditional or ‘massoretic’ text of the Old Testament, though of primary value, is often desperately corrupt.” 1 He held that there were passages so corrupt that they could not be corrected even with the help of the versions. So in some cases he left gaps. “But wherever I was satisfied with some correction or conjecture, which at least made tolerable sense, I preferred to adopt it. When the choice lay between a guess or a gap, I inclined to prefer the former, feeling that the [p. 5] ordinary reader, for whom this version is designed, would have a proper dislike of gaps.” That there is a “gap” amounting to a chasm between this attitude toward the text of the Hebrew Bible and that which was taken by AV and ARV must be obvious to anyone. Yet it was undoubtedly with full knowledge of this attitude, an attitude shared by many or most so-called “higher critics,” that Dr. Moffatt was one of the first men chosen to serve on the RSV committees. How clearly this attitude is reflected in the RSV Old Testament will appear as we proceed. Principles Governing the Translation Second only in importance to the question of the text, is the method of translating the text. The translator may have a perfect copy of the original before him. But unless he gives an accurate rendering of it, the result will be unsatisfactory and may be disastrous. “Idiomatic” and “intelligible” are important features of a good translation. But the basic requirement is accuracy. This is the reason that both AV and ARV made use of italics to indicate words which were not in the original but were supplied to make an accurate translation intelligible to the English reader. They recognized that there were expressions in the Hebrew which were too “Hebraic,” we may say, to be readily understood by “Gentile” readers. So they used italics to indicate what they supplied to make the sense clear and the diction pleasing. E.g., Ps.141:5, “Let the righteous smite me; it shall be a kindness: and let him reprove me; it shall be an excellent oil, which shall not break my head: for yet my prayer also shall be in their calamities.” Without the italicized words the verse is intelligible. But the italics serve the double purpose of making the meaning clearer and of indicating just what has been supplied to make it so. RSV never uses italics. Yet it is a far freer translation than either AV or ARV. RSV aims to be an “idiomatic” version. By this is meant that it aims not merely to translate the Hebrew into idiomatic English, but that it does not hesitate to modernize or we might say to Americanize the Hebrew forms of [p. 6] expression. It inserts words, leaves out words, recasts sentences, puts a modern meaning on OT words. It insists that many of the changes which it introduces are due to our “greatly enlarged” knowledge of the “vocabulary and grammar of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic.” But it fails to make mention of the far more obvious fact that many, perhaps most, of the changes which it has made were known centuries ago, but were not introduced into AV or ARV simply because AV and ARV were governed by a radically different conception of the trustworthiness of the Hebrew text and of the way in which it should be dealt with by the translator. The best Hebrew text available to scholars today differs very little from the text which was used by the scholars who prepared the version of 1611. The most important of the “ancient versions” to which RSV constantly refers, the Septuagint and the Vulgate, were known to them; and all the other versions appealed to in RSV were known to the revisers of 1901. The average reader, when he picks up the RSV, will probably feel that it is not so very different from the familiar King James Version. It is true that much of the beauty of the AV has been retained. Such familiar passages as Pss. 23 and 103, Isa. 6 and 40 and 55 have been changed comparatively little. Indeed so great is the similarity and so slight are the differences, in many familiar passages, that the reader may well wonder whether the claim is true that the language of the AV is so unfamiliar and unintelligible to the average American of today that a radical revision of AV and ARV is really necessary. But this general and superficial similarity does not offset and should not conceal the fact to which we have referred and which we shall now proceed to prove by chapter and verse, that RSV represents a radical departure from the standard set by AV and ARV, that it is not merely a modern translation but a modernist translation, which belongs in a class with the Moffatt and the so-called “American” 2 translations and not with AV and ARV. [p. 7] THE RSV TEXT AND FOOTNOTES In reading and studying the RSV there are two features which are constantly presented to the reader: the text of the version and the footnotes. Very many Bibles today are supplied with marginal notes and cross-references. Sometimes they are very helpful, at other times rather superfluous. How much attention the average reader pays to footnotes is hard to determine. It would probably be safe to say that usually they receive far less attention than they deserve. In the case of the RSV the marginal notes are especially important, because they indicate many of the places in which the RSV rendering departs from the Hebrew text. These notes are both helpful and confusing. They are helpful when they simply clarify the meaning of a Hebrew word or phrase by giving an alternative rendering, or when in the case of a rendering in the text which departs from the Hebrew, they indicate fully and adequately the reason for the change. They are confusing and misleading, when for example, they again and again use the versions to “correct” the Hebrew text, but ignore completely the far more numerous instances in which they have followed the Hebrew against the versions. This gives a quite false impression as to the relative dependability of the Hebrew text and the versions. They are misleading when they give only the evidence which supports the reading which they prefer and ignore the evidence which opposes it. The frequent assertion that the Hebrew “lacks” something that the versions supply, that it is “obscure,” “uncertain,” and the refusal at times to give the Hebrew the benefit of even reasonable doubt tends to undermine confidence in the authority of Scripture. Most serious of all are the cases—and there appear to be many of them—where RSV changes the Hebrew text without giving in the margin any indication that it has done so. Our task will now be to examine some of the readings in the text of RSV and some of the marginal notes, where they occur, which are the basis for the criticisms which have just been briefly summarized. For convenience these [p. 8] examples will be grouped under the captions which are used in the marginal notes. “Or --------” In the footnotes to RSV, “or” is loosely and misleadingly used. Sometimes it simply gives an alternative rendering of a Hebrew word or phrase: e.g., “window”(Gen. 6:16), “see” (22:14), “of” (27:39), “its chariot” (Ex.15:1). Sometimes it involves a change in the pronounciation of the Hebrew: “Molech” (Isa. 30:33) instead of “king” (melech). Sometimes it involves a change in the dividing of sentences and words as in Ps. 25:17; 73:1, or the change of consonants as in Ps. 51:17; 68:4 (passages which are discussed below). Genesis 1:1, “In the beginning God created” has the margin, “Or When God began to create.” This is a possible rendering of the Hebrew text. It can be traced back to Jewish scholars of the Middle Ages. But no support has been produced for it from the ancient versions. A serious objection to it is that it at least suggests the pre-existence of the matter out of which the heavens and the earth were created, which is contrary to the consistent teaching of the Bible. The reason this rendering is given here is probably that it is the opening sentence of the AT. The fact should not be overlooked that four of the five men who prepared the AT were subsequently chosen to membership on RSV committees. Genesis 9:26, “Blessed by the LORD my God be Shem,” with margin, “Or blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem.” Here the “or” is misleading because the rendering in the text involves a different pronunciation (pointing) of the Hebrew. No support in the versions is cited. While possible, it is decidedly awkward, and not as good as AV. This is shown by Gen.14:19 where “blessed be Abram by God Most High” uses a preposition to express the “by” and not a simple genitive as would be the case here. Psalm 51 :17, “The sacrifice acceptable to God,” has the margin, “Or My sacrifice, O God.” The one rendering involves the dropping of a consonant, the other a change in the pronouncing, of the Hebrew text. “Acceptable to” is paraphrase. [p. 9] AV gives a correct and quite intelligible rendering of the Hebrew, despite the fact that RSV ignores it. The plural (sacrifices) is justified by the fact that the Mosaic Law prescribes several different kinds of sacrifice. Psalm 68:4, “Lift up a song to him who rides upon the clouds,” has as margin, “Or cast up a highway for him who rides through the deserts.” The word rendered “lift up” is ambiguous. That it may mean “cast up (a highway)” is proved by Isa. 62:10; 57:14 (cf. Job 19:12; 30: 12). That it is used here in this sense is favored by the word ‘aRaboT, which occurs about 60 times in the OT and has the meaning, “desert, plain, steppe.” The marginal rendering, which is similar to ARV, is strongly supported by Isa. 40:3-5 where the idea is presented in detail. The rendering “lift up (a song)” is perhaps favored by the preceding context, “Sing to God, sing praises to his name.” But the other meaning is equally suitable. “Upon the clouds” requires a change or changes in the consonantal text, which are unnecessary. The fact that a Baal hymn from Ras Shamra describes him as “riding upon the clouds,” does not justify a change in the Hebrew text in order to introduce this epithet here. Elsewhere in this psalm the God of Israel is described as “riding upon the heaven of heavens.” But this likewise does not justify changing the Hebrew text of verse 4. It is perfectly proper to use two figures in the same psalm. It may be noted that the AV rendered “upon the heavens,” following a Jewish interpretation which on the basis of vs. 33 explained ‘aRaboT as the name of the seventh heaven. But ARV text and RSV margin give the correct rendering. Psalm 73:1, “Truly God is good to the upright, to those who are pure in heart,” has the margin, “Or Truly God is good to Israel, to those who are pure in heart.” The “or” suggests or implies that this is simply a different rendering of the Heb. Such an inference would be mistaken. The RSV rendering is obtained in the following way. It cuts the word “Israel” in two, dividing it into YaSaR and ’eL, i.e., into “upright” and “God.” This it would justify by the claim that it makes no change in the consonantal text, but [p. 10] simply divides the letters of the Hebrew text differently and pronounces them differently. But more is involved than this, radical as such a change in rendering would be. Following the Hebrew order this verse reads “Truly good to Israel is God (Elohim), to the clean of heart.” If “Israel” is divided into YaSaR (upright) and ’eL (God), then “God” is named twice in this verse, as both El and Elohim. But RSV has “God” only once. So either El or Elohim is omitted. There is no indication of this in the note, which makes it both misleading and inadequate. This is an example of the cases where RSV ignores the versions. It regularly ignores them when it prefers the Hebrew reading to theirs. So here where the versions support the Hebrew, this important fact is ignored and RSV follows neither. Psalm 139:11, “If I say, ‘Let only darkness cover me, and the light about me be night,’” illustrates the inconsistency of RSV as regards alternative renderings. E.g., in Ps.27:1 it gives “stronghold” the alternative rendering “refuge,” although the difference is so slight as to be almost negligible. But in Ps.60:7 “helmet” does not have the margin “defence of my head” (ARV). And here in Ps.139, where RSV gives a rendering which differs from both AV and ARV (text and margin), both of these possible renderings are entirely ignored. “Heb --------” This formula appears many times in the footnotes of RSV. Sometimes it stands alone. Sometimes it is preceded by the name of a version or versions which support the reading given in the RSV text. It serves to inform the reader briefly and bluntly that RSV prefers another rendering or reading to that given by the Hebrew text. Judges 14:15, “on the fourth day,” with margin: “Gk Syr: Heb seventh.” AV and ARV simply follow the Hebrew. The reading of Gk and Syr is probably a harmonistic change, made on the assumption that Samson’s guests, after giving up the attempt to solve the riddle on the third day, must at once have applied to his wife for help. This fails to do justice [p. 11] to the “seven days” of vs.17, which show that the wife was just as determined as were the “companions” to learn the secret and that she began her efforts at once. The guests were probably quite aware of this fact. So they brought no pressure to bear on her during the six days. Then on the seventh, being desperate, they terrified her with dire threats to make her redouble her despairing and perhaps flagging efforts; and they finally succeeded. Another emendation has been proposed: to read “six” instead of “three” in vs.14. But both are unnecessary. The Hebrew is quite intelligible and self-consistent when properly interpreted. 1 Kings 7:2, “and its height thirty cubits, and it was built upon three rows of cedar pillars,” has the note to the word “three,” “Gk: Heb four.” This note is inadequate and misleading. It ignores the fact that the Hebrew is supported by Syr, Vulg, and Targ. It also ignores the fact that in the Gk Codex B omits the words “and its height thirty cubits.” These words are supplied by Codex A. But this variation in the Gk would certainly counsel caution in accepting the Gk of this passage in preference to the Hebrew. 1 Samuel 14:33, “roll a great stone to me here,” has margin, “Gk: Heb this day.” This involves the change of a consonant in the Hebrew. It is no improvement. For it makes Samuel’s words tautological and repetitious: the idea of “here” being expressed in the words “to-me.” “The day,” which means “this day,” i.e., “now” adds the idea of time to that of place. Since the words sound much alike, the Gk may easily have confused them. But that is no reason for preferring the version to the Hebrew original. 1 Samuel 17:12, “and advanced in years” has the margin “Gk Syr: Heb among men.” This is the kind of “reconstruction” which is calculated to shake confidence in the scholarship of RSV. The reading “in years” does not occur in either of the great Greek Codices. Vss. 12-31 are lacking in Codex B. Codex A agrees with the Hebrew reading “among men.” The “Gk” apparently rests on the assumption that the Lucianic recension of the LXX, which was made more than 500 years after the version was finished, is more [p. 12] correct than is Codex A. Against the reading of the Syriac it has been pointed out that the expression “advanced in years” occurs nowhere in the OT. The usual phrase is “come (or gone) into days.” Consequently the reading of RSV text, “advanced in years,” was described many years ago by an eminent “critic” (S. R. Driver) as “extremely questionable.” What evidence is there that it is any less questionable today? Psalm 51 :8, “Fill me with joy and gladness,” has the margin to the word “fill”: “Syr: Heb Make to hear.” Compare AV and ARV. “Fill” does not represent a newly discovered meaning of the Heb verb. It is the result of a change in the text, the change of a M into a B. The familiar rendering “cause me to hear” is supported by both Gk and Vg, two of the principal versions often referred to in the notes. The rendering “fill” has the support only of Syr. This is significant because the Syriac language is Semitic and closely resembles the Hebrew; and the same change of M to B in the Syriac would and does give the rendering of the RSV text. Gk which is centuries older than Syr agrees with the Heb. The only difference is that “cause me to hear” is somewhat poetic and figurative, while “fill” is more nearly literal. But by adopting “fill” RSV adds to its list of passages which are in need of reconstruction because the Hebrew is “often desperately corrupt.” Psalm 75:9, “rejoice” has margin “Gk: Heb declare.” This also illustrates the readiness of RSV to follow the versions, especially the Greek, against the Hebrew. “Declare” is a perfectly proper word in the context. It is used repeatedly in the Psalms, in such expressions as “declare thy righteousness,” “declare his doings,” “declare his wonderous works,” “declare his mighty acts.” The fact that “declare” is used here absolutely, with no object expressed, is not unnatural. To change it into “rejoice” involves the change of a D to an L, which is not probable since both in sound and in script these letters are quite dissimilar. Psalm 80:15, “The stock which thy right hand planted” has the note: “Heb planted and upon the son whom thou hast reared for thyself.” [p. 13] This means that the entire second half of this verse is omitted in RSV. No support in mss, or versions is cited. But it is claimed that this half-verse breaks the connection and is a doublet of vs.17b. So RSV omits it without mentioning the fact that it has the support of Gk Vg Syr Targ, i.e., of the ancient versions most frequently appealed to by RSV in support of its changes in the Hebrew text. The similar disappearance of Ps. 7:12b may be intentional, but looks a good deal like an accidental omission. Psalm 85:8, “to those who turn to him in their hearts,” with margin: “Gk: Heb but let them not turn again to folly.” This requires drastic changes in the Hebrew. But the latter makes good sense (a better rendering than “folly” might be “self-confidence” which is of course the utmost folly); and there is no sufficient reason for changing it or for giving preference to the Gk unless it be found in the desire to keep constantly before the reader the thought that the Hebrew text is frequently in need of “reconstruction.” Jeremiah 34:14, “at the end of six years” has margin “Gk: Heb seven.” This means of course that the Hebrew is incorrect and is corrected by the Greek. But many able scholars accept the “seven” without question. ARV does not even have a footnote. Ex. 21:2 declares that “in the seventh year” the servant is to go out free for nothing. Deut. 15 uses the expressions: “at the end of seven years” (vs. 1), “the seventh year, the year of release”(vs. 9) and “in the seventh year” (vs. 12). It would harmonize all these statements, were we to assume that “at the end of seven years” means during the seventh year. We never read “in the beginning of the seventh year” or “at the end of six years.” Ex. 21:2 says simply, “six years he shall serve and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.” This may mean that, since the six years of labor were normally followed by a seventh year of rest (Ex. 23:10f), the servant on his release was entitled to spend the year of rest in the house of his late master. This would be especially natural when his year of release corresponded with the sabbatical year, during which there was to be neither sowing nor reaping and the household was to live from the [p. 14] “old yield.” Such an interpretation would provide for his freeing at the beginning of the seventh year and for his maintenance during it. RSV simply assumes that the Hebrew is wrong and “corrects” it. But if “seven” is the obvious blunder which RSV assumes, it is strange that we find it in Vulg Syr Targ. It is far more natural to assume that we are dealing with an idiom which the Greek misunderstood. Jeremiah 47:5, “O remnant of the Anakim,” with margin to the word “Anakim”: “Gk: Heb their valley” is the RSV substitute for “with the remnant of their valley” (AV). The AV is quite intelligible. But various conjectural emendations have been proposed. RSV follows AT in adopting the reading of the Greek. Moffatt substituted “Ekron,” apparently simply because it was the name of another Philistine city with a somewhat similar sound. Each of these emendations retains two of the four consonants of the Hebrew and changes two. These changes are quite unnecessary. This is illustrated by the fact that quite recently another rendering has been proposed, “their strength,” which accepts the Hebrew text but pronounces it differently. The word rendered “strength” occurs frequently in the Babylonian and may have been known to the Hebrews. The last century of archaeological research has restored to us the meanings of not a few Hebrew words which were forgotten by later Jewish scholars and were apparently unknown to the translators of the ancient versions. Again and again it has been shown that the emendations of the critics, whether based on the versions or purely conjectural, are both unwarranted and unnecessary. The Hebrew should always be given the benefit of the doubt. Since “strength” does not change the Hebrew text, it is worthy of consideration. But only the context can determine whether or not it is superior to the usual rendering. Ezekiel 34 :16, “and the fat and the strong I will watch over” with margin “Gk Syr Vg: Heb destroy.” The RSV text involves the change of a D to an R. It is to be admitted that these letters are somewhat frequently confused in Hebrew mss. since they were written much alike. But there is no [p. 15] sufficient reason for preferring the reading of these versions to that of the Hebrew. It is quite proper to regard this final clause as adversative or antithetic rather than cumulative; and there is good warrant for taking “fat” and “strong” in a bad sense, especially in view of the immediate context (vss. 20f.). Here as in many other cases AV and ARV give the Hebrew the benefit of any doubt which may exist. RSV prefers to treat the Hebrew as corrupt. Joel 3 :21, “And I will avenge their blood, and I will not clear the guilty” has margin, “Gk Syr: Heb I will hold innocent their blood which I have not held innocent.” The reading of RSV text involves changing a consonant in the Hebrew (Y into M). It was favored by Gesenius more than a century ago. But Keil denied that it finds support in the Greek. The change, like so many others is not the result of new light, but of a new attitude toward the authority of the Hebrew text. In all of the above passages this note, “Heb - - - -,” indicates a change in the Hebrew text. But it is to be noted that like the “Or - - - - ” it may merely indicate an alternative (more literal) rendering of the Hebrew (e.g., Num. 12:11; Deut. 3:11; 32:18, 41; Ps. 44:14; 137:1). Sometimes it indicates that RSV has inserted words to clarify the meaning. For example, 2 Chr. 14:13 substitutes “the men of Judah” for the simple “they” of the Hebrew (cf. Ex. 15:25; 2 Chr. 23:3). But at other times there is no such note (e.g., 2 Chr. 24:22 [Zechariah], vs. 23 [Joash]: Ps. I05:37 [Israel], Jer. 46:26 [Egypt]). RSV presupposes a lower grade of intelligence on the part of the reader than AV and ARV do. Thus in Ps. 7:12 where the Hebrew has “he” twice, RSV reads “a man” and “God” with “he” in the margin. But if such explanations are really needed, the place for them is in the margin. not in the text. “Heb obscure” That there are passages in the Old Testament which are hard to understand is a generally recognized fact. One of the principal aims of the commentary is to clarify their [p. 16] meaning wherever this is possible. AV and AR V frequently use italics to indicate the words which are supplied for this purpose. RSV uses no italics. But in a good many places it adds the note “Heb obscure” or “Heb uncertain.” We much prefer the other method. Sometimes RSV raises difficulties where it is unnecessary and charges the Hebrew with obscurity or uncertainty without any sufficient warrant. Deuteronomy 18:8, “besides what he receives from his patrimony” has margin “Heb obscure.” Yet this is almost exactly the rendering which AV, ARV give without considering it necessary to comment on the Hebrew text. Psalm 37:35b, “like a cedar of Lebanon” has margin “Gk: Heb obscure.” AV renders by “like a green bay tree,” which ARV changes to “like a green tree in its native soil.” The word which AV renders by “bay tree” is ’eZRaH, which means “native” as distinguished from “foreign.” It occurs 17 times in the OT; and there is no doubt as to its meaning. Elsewhere it is used of a person, here of a tree. Hence the ARV rendering, “tree in its native soil.” The figure is a natural and beautiful one. The word rendered by “green” is Ra‘aNaN. It Occurs 19 times. Consequently “like a green tree in its native soil” (ARV) gives the correct meaning. RSV substitutes “like a cedar of Lebanon.” This involves reading ’eReZ for ’eZRaH (dropping the final harsh guttural [ch] and transposing Z and R), also reading Lebanon for ra’anan, which involves changing the first two consonants of the word. This is done on the authority of the Greek. But the Hebrew is clearly preferable. That a translator or copyist would substitute the less common word “native” (as used of trees) for the familiar “cedar” and “green native tree” for “cedar of Lebanon” seems decidedly improbable. It is far more likely that the author or authors of the Greek version of the Psalms, failed to understand the Hebrew and used “cedars of Lebanon” as a suitable and in their opinion permissible paraphrase. Yet RSV prefers to follow the Greek against the Hebrew. It goes still further. It asserts that the Hebrew is “obscure.” The Hebrew is not obscure. But RSV’s change in the text and its marginal comment [p. 17] illustrate the readiness of RSV to find fault with the Hebrew and to “correct” it on the basis of the versions or of conjecture, as it sees fit. “Heb lacks --------” These words appear many times in the margin to indicate that RSV has inserted the reading of one or more of the versions (especially the Gk) into the Hebrew text. It is important to notice that this use of the versions is both one-sided and misleading. Dr. Orlinsky, a member of the OT Committee of RSV, points out in his essay on “The Hebrew Text and the Ancient Versions”(Introd., p.29) that “There are hundreds of instances where the Septuagint version differs from the Masoretic Hebrew text. Most frequently this is due to the fact that the translators paraphrased the text.” He also points out that “On numerous occasions, the text of the Septuagint differs from the preserved Hebrew text because the former, rather than the latter, has experienced corruption.” There is nothing in the RSV Old Testament to indicate that such is the case. The “Gk” and other ancient versions are appealed to again and again to correct the Hebrew. About 70 times in the Psalms we find notes to this effect. Again and again we are told in the margin that “Heb lacks” something which the versions supply. But the writer has not found a single case where it is indicated that the Hebrew is to be preferred to the reading of the versions. This is very significant in view of the dogmatic way in which RSV appeals to the versions. Genesis 4:8, “Cain said to Abel his brother, ‘Let us go out to the field,’” has margin: “Sam Gk Syr Compare Vg: Heb lacks Let us go out to the field.” This, as the margin indicates, is a very old variation. Neither AV nor ARV mentions it, although it was undoubtedly familiar to both. It may be due to an attempt to smooth over the somewhat abrupt transition (cf. 3:22; 2 Chr. I:2; 32:24). Similar insertions are: “These are the sons of Japheth” (Gen.10:5), which is inserted apparently simply to make the genealogies of the three sons of Noah uniform in style; “playing with her son [p. 18] Isaac” (Gen. 21:9) instead of “sporting” (AV): “and the pillar Mizpeh” (31:49) instead of “and Mizpah”; “Why have you stolen my silver cup” (44:4). Of these five insertions, the second is made without any external evidence, the others with more or less support in the versions. In the case of every one of them the note says “Hebrew lacks.” This amounts to saying that the Hebrew text is corrupt and needs to be “reconstructed” by means of the versions, or even without their help. Yet in every case the Hebrew is defensible and may be correct. The insertions are not important in themselves; their chief significance lies in the fact that if accepted they tend to support Dr. Moffatt’s thesis, that the text of the OT is “often desperately corrupt” and is to be corrected by means of the versions or by conjectural emendation. On the other hand the RSV margin makes no mention of the fact that in Gen. 11 the Greek includes a Cainan-link in the genealogy of the Shemites, a fact which is important because in Lk. 3:36 Cainan is included in the genealogy of Jesus. But at Gen. 11:12 we do not find a note “Gk adds.” The variation is simply ignored. Similarly the fact that the ages assigned to the ancestors of Abram at parenthood differ in the Hebrew, the Greek and the Samaritan, is passed over in silence. The Hebrew is accepted as correct without comment. This gives an utterly false impression as to the relative dependability of the Hebrew text and the versions which RSV so often uses to “correct” it. An especially noteworthy example of this policy of ignoring all variations in the versions which are not accepted as corrections of the Hebrew text is Ex. 12:40 where we read: “The time that the people of Israel dwelt in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years.” This is one of the few “long dates” in the OT. Students of OT history and especially of its chronology are accustomed to speak of the “long” and the “short” chronology for the sojourn in Egypt. According to the one, the sojourn was 430 years, according to the other it was 215 years. The difference is due to the fact that according to Sam and Gk (two of the authorities appealed to in support of the insertion at Gen. 4:8), the 430 years include [p. 19] the 215 years which the patriarchs spent in Canaan before the descent into Egypt. The Sam has “in the land of Canaan and in Egypt,” the Gk “in Egypt and in the land of Canaan.” This is an important variation. The Ussher Chronology which still appears in some editions of AV adopted the Short Chronology, following Sam and Gk against the Hebrew text. AV and ARV ignore these various readings, which is in accord with their policy of basing their translation on the Hebrew and using the versions exclusively, or nearly so, for the purpose of interpreting it. But it is little short of amazing that RSV which appeals to the Versions hundreds of times and usually or nearly always places their rendering in the text, should completely ignore this important variation. We would be tempted to regard the omission of a marginal note as a printer’s or editor’s slip, were it not for the fact that it is so clearly the policy of RSV to ignore all variant readings of the versions except those which it uses to “correct” the Hebrew text. 1 Samuel 12:3, “a bribe to blind my eyes with it? Testify against me” has the note: “Gk: Heb lacks Testify against me.” This note seriously misrepresents the facts. “A bribe to blind my eyes with it” (cf. AV, ARV) is a fairly literal rendering of the Hebrew. The Greek has “and sandal(s). Testify against me.” This means that the Greek has read “sandal(s)” (Na‘aLaYiM) instead of “to blind” (’a‘LiYM), by changing one letter and pronouncing the word differently; that it has read “testify” (’aNuW) instead of “my eyes” (’eNaY) by changing a Y to W; and finally that it has secured “against me” (BiY) from “with it” (BoW) by changing a W into a Y. From this it is clear that the Greek is based on approximately the same text as the Masoretic Hebrew (exactly the same number of words and approximately the same number of letters), but differed in the reading of several of the letters and “pointed” (pronounced) the words differently. In rendering “to blind my eyes with it” RSV has followed the MT and rejected the Greek. But then on the authority of the Greek it has inserted the words, “testify against me,” which as we have seen represent a misreading [p. 20] of the words “my eyes with it” of the Hebrew text, which RSV has already accepted as correct. Consequently it appears that RSV secures the reading “testify against me” by reading the words of the Hebrew twice: once as “my eyes with it” and then as “testify against me.” It puts both in its text and asserts in the note that “Heb lacks Testify against me.” In other words it rejects and ignores part of the rendering of the Greek, which it properly regards as a misreading of the Hebrew; and then it adopts a part of the Greek rendering, despite the fact that this involves a dittography (reading the same words twice, with different meanings), and declares that the Hebrew text which it has already accepted as correct by the rendering “to blind my eyes with it” is now to be corrected by the Greek, by adding, “Testify against me.” Moffatt and AT follow Gk consistently. RSV tries to follow both. Such erratic and arbitrary treatment of the Biblical text by RSV will, when it becomes generally known, serve to discredit RSV in the eyes of those who hold to the position of AV and ARV that the Hebrew text is superior to the versions and is not to be “corrected” by them. except where it is plainly at fault. 1 Samuel 14 is a chapter in which there are a number of differences between the Hebrew and the Greek texts. In vs. 18 the rendering of the Heb is “Bring hither the ark of God.” The Variorum Bible lists “the ephod” as a various reading, supported by the Gk, and gives the names of nine scholars who prefer it to the Heb. RSV ignores this various reading completely. Similarly in vs. 24 where the Gk text is about twice as long as the Heb., RSV ignores the Gk completely. But in vs. 41, where the Gk and Vulg are in general agreement and much longer than the Hebrew, RSV has adopted a reading which does not follow either of them exactly and inserted it in the text with the note “Vg Compare Gk: Heb Saul said to the LORD, the God of Israel.” Since this is an example of the obscurity which is characteristic of many of the marginal notes in RSV, a word of explanation may be welcomed by some readers. Vs. 41 reads as follows in the text of RSV: “Therefore Saul said, ‘O LORD God of Israel, [p. 21] [why hast thou not answered thy servant this day? If this guilt is in me or in Jonathan my son, O LORD God of Israel, give Urim; but if this guilt is in thy people Israel,] give Thummim.” The words enclosed in brackets represent the insertion. The rendering “give Thummim” involves a change in the pointing of the Heb (from TaMiM to TuMMiM). Tamim is rendered in AV by “a perfect lot,” in ARV by “(Show) the right” with the AV rendering in the margin. Such arbitrary treatment of the Hebrew text as we find in RSV cannot fail to be offensive to conservative scholars; and it may well be doubted whether “critical” scholars will be satisfied with it. 1 Kings 8:12, “Then Solomon said, ‘The LORD has set the sun in the heavens, but has said that he would dwell in thick darkness.’” This has the marginal note: “Gk: Heb lacks has set his sun in the heavens, but.” This means that the reading of the Greek is here used to correct the Hebrew, which implies that the Hebrew is defective at this point. The second thing to note is that the statement of the margin is incorrect because inadequate. The words supplied by the “Gk,” in fact the whole of vss. 12-13, are lacking in the Vatican Ms. (Codex B) of the Greek version, the Codex which Swete made the basis of his text of the LXX. This is perhaps the reason that this insertion which RSV makes in the text of vs. 12 is not even mentioned in the margin of the Variorum Bible. RSV inserts it in the text and adds a note which is to say the least decidedly inadequate. A third point to be noted is that while RSV seeks to improve or restore the text of Kings at this point, it makes no effort to do the same with 2 Chr. 6:1f., which despite the fact that in the Hebrew there is a slight difference in phrasing, is rendered in RSV in exactly the same way in both Kgs. and Chr., except for the insertion made in Kgs. at the beginning of the quotation. This may be due to the fact that Kings and Chronicles were assigned to two different sub-groups of the OT Committee, and that no sufficient effort was made to harmonize the work of these groups. It might also be due to the fact that as “critics” the members of the Committee having a low regard [p. 22] for the historical trustworthiness of Chronicles were not averse to having it conflict with Kings. Psalm 84:5, “in whose heart are the highways to Zion,” has margin “Heb lacks to Zion.” Here no version is appealed to. There is apparently no evidence for the words “to Zion.” If the interpretation is correct that the highways mean or refer to the roads by which the pious Israelite went up to Jerusalem to the appointed feasts, then “to Zion” clarifies the meaning and may be regarded as paraphrase. But to say that “Heb lacks to Zion” as if the Hebrew text were defective is utterly unwarranted. Psalm 145 is an Alphabet Psalm; the verses begin with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in regular sequence. There are twenty-one verses in the Psalm, but there are twenty-two letters of the alphabet. This means that there is no verse beginning with one letter, the N. Why this is so we do not know. The Greek has such a verse. But whether that verse is original or was simply an attempt to supply the loss or lack of such a verse in the Hebrew is not known. The existence of this verse in the Greek was certainly known in 1611. But the AV ignores it, as does ARV, because it is not in the Hebrew. A Bible with extensive marginal notes or a commentary might very properly mention it. RSV inserts it in the text. Consequently, it is worthy of mention that while the Variorum Bible lists this “insertion,” as a “various reading” in its margin, it adds: “but most modern critics reject the verse.” Apparently the still more modern critics of today, have changed their opinion, since RSV inserts it in the text. In this connection it is to be noted that we have a somewhat similar problem in Ps. 25. It also is an Alphabet Psalm. It has 22 verses, the correct number for the Hebrew alphabet. But vss. 18 and 19 both commence in Hebrew with the same verb (a verb which begins with R) instead of with two different verbs beginning with Q and R respectively. AV renders the one verb by “look upon” and the other by “consider,” which are suitable idiomatic renderings. Critical scholars have suggested at least five different Hebrew verbs beginning with Q for vs. 18. We might expect that RSV [p. 23] would adopt or mention at least one of them. On the contrary it begins both verses with “consider,” as if to call attention to the fact that the Hebrew begins both verses with the same verb; and it makes no reference at all to this break in the alphabetical sequence. Such inconsistencies are hard to account for in a version which claims to be accurate and scholarly. Isaiah 3:24, “instead of beauty, shame” has margin: “One ancient Ms: Heb lacks shame.” This statement is misleading. ARV has “branding instead of beauty.” The word for “branding” (AV, “burning”) is KiY in Hebrew. Elsewhere this frequently occurring word is the conjunction meaning “that, because.” But while it occurs only here in the sense of “branding,” this rendering is justified by the cognate languages, and KiY and YoPiY (beauty) form an alliterative pair, a rhetorical form of which Isaiah is fond. The Isaiah Scroll has the word KiY, but apparently because the scribe was ignorant of its special meaning in this passage and thought it meant “that,” he added the word “shame” (BoeT). RSV omits the word “branding” or “that” (KiY), and adds the word “shame,” declaring that the “Heb lacks” it. It omits the word which the “one ancient MS” retains and adopts the word which the “one ancient MS” inserts; and implies or asserts that the Hebrew text is corrupt. In view of this appeal to the recently discovered Isaiah Scroll, it is interesting to read the estimate of this ms. recently expressed by Dr. Orlinsky of the RSV Old Testament Committee. Writing in Religious Education (1952, p.257) he declares that this scroll “was ultimately only an utterly unreliable oral variation on the theme of the Hebrew text of Isaiah. It has no value for the textual criticism of our Book.” Since the RSV margin appeals to this ms. more than a dozen times in support of its readings, there must have been considerable difference of opinion among the members of the Committee on this subject. “Cn: Heb --------” According to RSV, “Cn indicates a correction made where [p. 24] the text has suffered in transmission and the versions provide no satisfactory restoration but the Committee agrees with the judgment of competent scholars as to the most probable reconstruction of the original text.” It will be noted that the word “correction” stands in rather sharp contrast with the explanation which follows. “Corrections” can only be made on the basis of knowledge. Where, as in these cases, there is no clear objective evidence either in text or versions, scholars have been accustomed to speak of “conjectural emendations.” The changes which are referred to as “cn” should not be described as corrections; they are conjectures or “guesses.” 2 Samuel 1 :21, “upsurging of the deep” has the margin: “Cn: Heb fields of offerings.” This new reading is not based on mss. or vers. but on a phrase in a recently discovered Ras Shamra tablet. It requires the change of two consonants in one Hebrew word and of one in the other. The word “upsurge” apparently is secured from an Arabic root which does not occur in Hebrew. Both of the words in the Hebrew text are of frequent occurrence in the OT; and “fields of offerings” makes excellent sense. It would naturally refer to fertile fields which yielded rich and early crops, fields from which the “first fruits” were usually gathered. “Upsurging of the deep” suggests a mythological interpretation which would be quite out of place here. Yet this new rendering is listed by the revisers (Introd. p. 55), as an example of the new light which archaeology is throwing on the OT. We should of course welcome new light from whatever source it may come. But we should also remember that the Bible is a unique book and a self-explanatory book, which owes nothing to pagan myths or legends. Fifty years ago the Pan-Babylonianists sought to derive the distinctive features of the OT religion and culture from Babylon. When one of the RSV committee (Dr. Albright) tells us that Ps. 29 “is a relatively little changed adaptation of a Baal hymn to the cult of Yahweh,” 3 it becomes clear that Evangelical Christians must be on their guard against a Pan-Canaanitism, which [p. 25] would make Israel more or less dependent upon the Canaanites for her religious beliefs and practices, despite all the warnings of Moses and the Prophets against such “borrowings.” 2 Chronicles 11:23, “and procured wives for them,” has the margin, “Cn: Heb sought a multitude of wives.” The Hebrew is somewhat ambiguous because of the context. AV renders by “and he desired many wives,” leaving it to the reader to decide whether the wives were for his numerous sons, as the immediate context suggests, or for himself as seems almost equally probable (vs. 21), or for both. ARV renders: “and he sought for them many wives,” indicating by the italics that “for them” is not in the Hebrew but is supplied to make the meaning clearer. ARV also adds a footnote giving the literal rendering, “Or, sought a multitude of wives.” The rendering placed by RSV in the text, “and procured wives for them,” involves several changes in the Hebrew Text. The word rendered “sought” or “desired” is Yi’aL, which literally means “asked.” RSV secures the rendering “procured” by cutting away the final L and reading the remainder as YiSSa’. It joins the L to the word HaMoWN (multitude) and by dropping the ending -oWN secures the word “to-them” (LaHeM), thus obtaining the rendering given in the text. No support in mss. or versions is claimed for this reading. It is pure conjecture and it is listed as “cn.” But it is given a place in the text of the RSV; and the reading of the Hebrew is relegated to the margin as inferior. This is a good illustration of the difference between the attitude of RSV to the Hebrew and that of AV and ARV; and it shows the freedom with which RSV feels justified in treating the Biblical text. Job 24:14. “The murderer rises in the dark” has the margin, “Cn: Heb at the light” (cf. ARV). No warrant for the change is cited. The thought in the Hebrew is plainly of the eagerness of the murderer to be about his evil business. RSV apparently feels that murder should be a work of darkness, and that the phrase “with the light” should be in synonymous parallelism with the “in the night” which follows. So it makes the change as a “cn.” Needless to say, antithetic parallelism [p. 26] is of frequent occurrence in Old Testament poetry. Psalm 2:11f., “with trembling kiss his feet,” with margin, “Cn: the Hebrew of 11b and 12a is uncertain,” is the RSV substitute for “and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son” (AV; ARV, son). In order to understand this rendering it is necessary to refer to the Hebrew words which are rendered “and rejoice … son.” They may be transliterated as follows: WeGiYLuW … BaR. “His feet” is RaGLaYW. This is secured by placing the word BaR, which follows WeGiYLuW and is separated from it by other words, before it. If this is done and the vowels are omitted, we secure BRWGYLW. By transposing two consonants and dropping one W, the result is BRGLYW, which can be read BeRaGLaYW. This would be literally “in his feet,” the Be representing the preposition “in.” But in Hebrew the verb “kiss” is usually construed with the preposition L meaning “to” (kiss to his feet) or with the simple accusative of the direct object, as in “kiss the son.” Consequently the B must either be dropped or changed to L. It is in this way that the RSV rendering, “kiss his feet,” is secured. This reading of the text of RSV is described in the margin as “cn,” which means that there is no evidence in either mss. or vers. in support of it. It was first proposed some fifty years ago by two German scholars (Bertholet and Sievers) working independently. If it were correct, the further statement of the margin, “The Hebrew of 11b and 12a is uncertain,” would be very mild, to say the least. But there is no sufficient warrant for the assertion that the Hebrew is uncertain. Origen undoubtedly had before him the same text as we have today (the Hexapla transliterates the Heb as nescu bar); and while the ancient versions had difficulty in translating these words, it seems fairly clear that they had the same text before them as Origen did. The only real difficulty is with the word BaR. It is the usual Aramaic word for “son”; the regular Hebrew word is BeN. That an Aramaic word, in this case a very common one, should be used in this psalm is not nearly so strange as might at first be supposed. Hebrew and Aramaic are two [p. 27] closely related Semitic languages. The Hebrews and the Aramaeans (Syrians) were in more or less close contact with one another for centuries. The recently discovered Ras Shamra tablets show that the language spoken by Israel’s northern neighbors at about the time of Joshua, closely resembled Biblical Hebrew and had some quite marked Aramaic features. The idea that “Aramaisms” in Hebrew are a proof of late date will have to be greatly modified in view of recent discoveries. But there is a special reason for believing that BaR may be the Aramaic word for “son.” In vs. 9 the rendering “you shall break” assumes that “break” represents the Aramaic form of a verb which is more common in Hebrew in a slightly different form. The Gk Jerome and Syr pronounce the word differently (i.e., with different vowels) and render by “thou shalt shepherd,” which may have the sense of “rule” or “feed”—a good Hebrew word and a meaning which makes excellent sense. This rendering finds support in Rev. 2:27; 12:5; 19:15. But RSV accepts the “Aramaic” rendering “break” without demur; and it adds no footnote to call attention to the fact that three of its important and oft-cited versions support another rendering. Yet it is so opposed to the idea that BaR may be the Aramaic word for “son,” despite the fact that it occurs in Prov. 31:2, that it does not even mention in the margin the rendering “kiss the son,” which is so familiar to readers of AV and ARV, and which scholars of the first rank have defended as a perfectly legitimate rendering of the Hebrew text. That the “cn” just discussed is conjecture, pure and simple, is indicated by the “improvement” upon it recently proposed by an English scholar (G. R. Driver). Using the same two words as did the two German scholars referred to above, Driver takes “and-rejoice” (WeGiYLuW) apart, reverses the order of the G and the L and places them before the word “son” (BaR), thus securing the reading “to the Mighty One” (LaGGiBBoWR), referring for confirmation of this reconstruction to the “mighty God” (’El gibbor) of Isa. 9:6. So his reading is “with trembling kiss the Mighty One.” When it is remembered that the words these scholars use [p. 28] to work out their new combinations do not stand together but are separated by two words or phrases, both of which they accept as they stand (“with-trembling. Kiss”), these emendations must be characterized as wild. They are clever, very clever. But they practically make the textual study of the Old Testament a game of Anagrams; and one which is easier than the regular game because they can reject and discard any letters which they do not need to form the new combination. Such reconstructions can be justified only on the assumption that Moffatt was correct when he declared that “the Hebrew Massoretic text … is often desperately corrupt.” And every “correction” of this nature which is introduced into the RSV Old Testament serves to confirm and support this claim of the radical critics. Psalm 22:29, “Yea, to him shall all the proud of the earth bow down,” has the margin, “Cn: Heb they have eaten and.” The literal rendering of Heb. is “Have eaten and worshipped (bowed down) all the fat ones of the earth” (cf. AV, ARV). The rendering of RSV goes back to Graetz of whose commentary on the Psalms (1882-3), Driver, a distinguished higher critic of a generation ago, said tersely “alters the text much too freely.” Graetz secured this rendering by splitting the verb “have eaten” (’aKeLuW) into two words (’aK and LoW), and dropping the following “and.” There is no warrant for it in mss. or versions. RSV calls it a “cn,” but puts it in the text. It is an old guess. It is not the result of new knowledge. Psalm 73:10, “Therefore the people turn and praise them,” has margin: “Cn: Heb his people return hither.” The “and” is secured by cutting away the last letter of “his people,” joining it to the next word and reading it as “and.” “Praise them” instead of “hither” (HaLoM) is secured by reading HiLLeLeM, which would require a change in the consonantal text. Psalm 73:10b, “and find no fault in them,” with margin: “Cn: Heb abundant waters are drained by them” (cf. AV). This rendering, like that of the first part of the verse is secured partly by regrouping the letters which make up the [p. 29] consonantal text, and partly by changing the pronunciation of the verb. It also has to be listed as “cn.” But it is put in the text of RSV. Psalm 97:10, “The LORD loves those who hate evil,” has the margin: “Cn: Heb You who love the LORD hate evil,” for which compare AV, ARV. The Hebrew makes excellent sense. No support for the new reading is cited from the versions. It is a “cn” which requires two changes in the Hebrew text; and by adopting it RSV shows its low esteem for the “Hebrew verity.” Psalm 99:4, “Mighty God,” has the margin, “Cn: Heb and the king’s strength.” The rendering of AV-ARV, “The king’s strength also loveth justice,” is a perfectly proper rendering of the Hebrew. The word “strength” is personified; and “the king’s strength loveth justice” is a beautifully poetic way of saying that the prime motive and aim of the king in the exercise of his strength is justice. We have a somewhat similar figure in Ps. 85:10, “Righteousness and peace have kissed each other.” The RSV rendering, “mighty king, lover of justice,” is an impossible rendering unless the Hebrew sentence is recast. There is no warrant for this. Scholars whose minds are so prosaic that such an expression as “the king’s strength loveth justice” seems questionable to them or in need of clarification should not attempt to translate the Psalms or to improve on a translation which enters so fully into their true spirit as the AV does. Here again we note the inadequacy of the marginal note. It covers only the first two words “Mighty King” although the following phrase is equally involved. The note should at least read, “Cn: Heb and the king’s strength loves.” Isaiah 2:12b, “against all that is lifted up and high,” has margin: “Cn Compare Gk: Heb low.” but note “and it shall be brought low” (ARV). Be or become low occurs in this passage in vss. 9, 11, 17. It is quite appropriate here, and has the support of the recently discovered “Isaiah Scroll,” which elsewhere in Isaiah the RSV margin appeals to 13 times, with the words “one ancient Ms.” There is almost no support for the RSV rendering “high” in the versions, as is indicated by [p. 30] the words “Compare Gk.” The corresponding words in Hebrew are as different as in English. It is admitted to be a conjecture and is listed as “cn.” But it is put in the text of RSV. Marginal Notes Inadequate, Unfair, Unintelligible RSV is not a commentary and as in the case of ARV the notes are relatively few in number and very brief. They aim also to be objective and not interpretive. This is commendable in a version intended for general use. But they should be adequate, they should be fair, and they should be as understandable as possible. Genesis 24:67. “Then Isaac brought her into the tent,” has the margin. “Heb adds Sarah his mother.” This note makes no mention of the highly relevant fact that these words which “Heb adds” are also added by Gk, Sam, Vulg, Syr, and are apparently presupposed in Targ. We might infer from the note that the Hebrew has no support in the versions upon which RSV lays so much weight and which it so often uses to “correct” the Hebrew. Here where they support the reading which RSV rejects, this important fact is completely ignored; and the Hebrew is “corrected” in spite of them. Genesis 49:10, “until he comes to whom it belongs,” has the margin, “Syr Compare Tg: Heb until Shiloh comes or until he comes to Shiloh.” The RSV is professedly intended for the average reader, who supposedly has difficulty with the old-fashioned diction of the AV and knows no Hebrew or Greek. Yet no real effort is made to make its footnotes intelligible to such a reader. In the Variorum Bible which uses the text of the AV and places its various readings and renderings in the margin, some effort is made to make these notes intelligible. Thus, in dealing with this passage, it says “shelloh for shiloh” in explaining the marginal rendering, “to whom it belongs,” thus indicating the similarity between the two expressions in the Hebrew. RSV leaves the average reader completely in the dark as to the connection, if any, between the reading it places in the text and those given in the margin. [p. 31] Ruth 1:21, “when the LORD has afflicted me” has the margin “Gk Syr Vg: Heb testified against.” It is to be noted that the verbs “afflict” and “testify (or answer)” have the same consonants in Hebrew. “Testify against” makes good sense in the context; and the presence of the preposition “against” favors that rendering. The versions may easily have been confused by the ambiguity of the Hebrew word. Here is a case where the Hebrew should certainly be given the benefit of the doubt, if doubt there be. But RSV as often prefers to follow the versions, even when it requires as it would here a change in the text (the dropping of the preposition). 2 Samuel 12:14, “Nevertheless, because by this deed you have utterly scorned the LORD” has margin, “Heb the enemies of the LORD.” This suggests that the Hebrew reads: “Nevertheless because by this deed you have utterly scorned the enemies of the LORD,” which is nonsense. The rendering of AV is: “Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme” (cf. ARV). This makes excellent sense and all that is required to justify it is that we assume that the verb rendered “scorn” has here the causative force, “caused to scorn,” i.e., provoked them to blaspheme. Such a sense is practically required by the phrase “enemies of the LORD”; and it is to be noted that Gk Targ Syr Vulg all include “enemies-of” in their translations. RSV in defiance of its favorite versions omits these words and makes the Hebrew appear ridiculous. Such a rendering as RSV gives in the text should at least be listed as “cn” in the margin. But it is not. Isaiah 10:27, “and his yoke will be destroyed from your neck. He has gone up from Rimmon,” has the margin, “Cn: Heb and his yoke from your neck, and a yoke will be destroyed because of fatness.” Here RSV drops one of the “and”s and secures the rendering “he has gone up from Rimmon” by reading ‘aL (gone up) instead of ‘oL (yoke) and changing “fatness,” which is literally “oil” (eMeN) into RiMMoN. The Isaiah Scroll supports the Hebrew in all three cases. The “cn” makes it clear that there is no [p. 32] support for the change in mss. or vers. The Hebrew makes good sense as is indicated by the AV-ARV rendering. Yet RSV changes it; and it adds a footnote which is utterly meaningless to the average reader for whom the version is primarily intended. Jeremiah 27:3, “Send word to the king of Edom” has the margin, “Cn: Heb send them.” The reference is to the wooden yokes which Jeremiah made. An adequate note would read somewhat as follows: “Cn: Gk Syr Vg Tg support Heb send them.” But as elsewhere the witness of the versions is ignored when it does not favor the rendering adopted in the RSV text. It is quite obvious that RSV wants to avoid saying that Jeremiah was commanded to send actual yokes to the kings whose names follow. But the “send word” of the RSV text is not translation but revision or interpretation of the Hebrew text. Amos 6:12, “Do horses run upon rocks? Does one plow the sea with oxen?” has the marginal note, “MT does one plow with oxen?” The RSV rendering is secured by dividing the word “oxen” (BeQaRiYM;—iYM being the plural ending) into two words and pronouncing them BaQaR (ox or oxen; the singular is used collectively and the plural is rare) and YaM (sea). Apparently no support has been discovered in mss or vers for this change. It was proposed in 1777 A.D. by J. D. Michaelis of Göttingen, and has gradually gained general acceptance among critical scholars. But the rendering of AV-ARV, “will one plough there with oxen?” is equally good and does not require the slightest change in the Heb. It assumes that the thought of the “rock” carries over from the previous question and does not require repeating (as, for example, the force of the negative in Ps. 9:18; 13:4; 35:19; 38:1). So AV and ARV, for the sake of clarity, insert the word “there,” but place it in italics because it is not expressed in the Hebrew. In other words, AV and ARV assume that the Hebrew is correct and translate it as it stands, while at the same time endeavoring to make its meaning as clear as possible. RSV assumes that it is incorrect and proceeds to correct it. This rendering which we find in RSV is, [p. 33] as has been pointed out, not new. It was known more than a hundred years before the ARV. But ARV ignored it. Since it finds support neither in mss nor vers it should be listed as “cn.” But it is not. In the Variorum Bible (1888) it is listed as a “various reading” and the note adds “one word read as two.” That is to say, the Variorum Bible made an attempt to make its “various reading” intelligible to the reader. RSV makes no effort to do so despite the fact that it places this reading in the text! Zechariah 12:10, “so that when they look on him whom they have pierced” has margin, “Theodotion: Heb me.” This note fails to mention the fact that Gk (LXX) Syr Vulg Targ all support the Heb in reading “me.” The version of Theodotion dates from the 2nd century A.D. But the exact relation in which it stood to the LXX and to the Hebrew text is not known. The fact that this version (or revision of the LXX) is the only warrant given from changing the Hebrew from “me” to “him” will be significant to scholars. But to the average reader the note will be either meaningless or misleading. Footnotes Make Hebrew Absurd Sometimes the marginal notes are so worded as to give the reader the impression that the meaning of the Hebrew is so impossible that the text must be corrupt and require “reconstruction.” Psalm 60:4, “to rally to it from the bow” has the margin: “Gk Syr Jerome: Heb truth.” This suggests that the Hebrew reads “to rally to it from the truth” which sounds ridiculous. But the AV-ARV rendering, “that it may be displayed [raised up as a banner] because of the truth,” makes sense and is linguistically defensible. It is to be noted, however, that the meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. It occurs only twice in the OT; and the versions are not agreed as to its meaning. RSV asserts that it means “truth” but treats it as a misspelling of the word “bow.” Psalm 74:11, “Why dost thou hold back thy hand, why dost thou keep thy right hand in thy bosom?” adds the marginal [p. 34] note to the word “in”: “Cn: Heb consume thy right hand from,” which is apparently to be completed by “thy bosom,” i.e., “consume thy right hand from thy bosom,” a rendering which makes nonsense. But the Hebrew does not make nonsense. It is simply an example of pregnant construction. The rendering of ARV, “Why drawest thou back thy hand, even thy right hand? Pluck it out of thy bosom and consume them” makes good sense and is quite justifiable. The “cn” requires two changes in the Hebrew text. It is to be constantly remembered that “cn” means that RSV is not prepared to cite any support in the versions for a reconstruction, which is so designated. Isaiah 21:8, “Then he who saw” has the margin, “One ancient Ms: Heb a lion.” This suggests that the Hebrew says “Then a lion cried,” which sounds absurd. But the Hebrew may be rendered, “Then he cried like a lion ” (cf. ARV) which is not at all absurd (Rev. 10:3). The rendering “lion” is supported by Vulgate and Targ. The “one ancient Ms” is the recently discovered Dead Sea Scroll, the dependability of which is still a matter of debate among scholars. Jeremiah 25:38b, “because of the sword of the LORD” gives the word “LORD” the margin: “Syr: Heb. the dove.” AV renders “because of the fierceness of the oppressor.” ARV has “because of the fierceness of the oppressing sword.” That is, AV has “the oppressor,” ARV “the oppressing sword” where RSV asserts the Hebrew has “the dove.” How is this to be explained? The answer is a simple one. The Heb word for “dove” is YoNaH. According to Young’s Concordance, it occurs 21 times in the OT. Its etymology is unknown. There is another word in Heb which is written in exactly the same way. It comes from a root YaNaH, which means to “oppress” or “maltreat.” The active participle of the simple stem (Qal) in the fem. sing. is YoNaH. Consequently, as in the case of all words which are ambiguous, because homonymous, the context must decide as to the meaning. In the context the meaning which is suitable is “oppress.” AV simply renders “oppressor,” leaving it uncertain as to who or what oppresses. ARV renders by “oppressing sword,” [p. 35] putting the word “sword” in italics because it is not in the Heb. The reason it supplies the word “sword” is because the word “oppressing” is feminine, as is the word sword, and because the “sword” is referred to repeatedly in Jeremiah (e.g. vss. 16, 27, 29 of this chapter) as one of the Lord’s weapons of punishment, a fact which makes it quite suitable in the immediate context. On the other hand in Zeph. 3:I this same word is joined with the word “city,” which is also feminine; and AV, ARV and RSV all render by “oppressing city.” Yet here RSV makes two conjectural changes in the Hebrew text. It changes the word “fierceness” (HaRoN) 4 into “sword” (HeReB) and “the oppressor” (HaYoWNaH) into “LORD” (YHWH). One of these changes (“fierceness” to “sword”) it ignores completely in the footnote, the other it seeks to justify by making the Heb appear ridiculous, by giving it the rendering “dove,” which is absurd in the context. The change in the text is entirely unnecessary. The marginal note is absurd. No Marginal Note The most serious of the changes which RSV makes in the Biblical text are those which it leaves entirely unindicated and unexplained, since the reader who does not have the AV or ARV rendering before him or stored in his memory may fail to notice them and consequently accept them without question. Numbers 22:5, “in the land of Amaw” is RSV’s substitute for “in the land of the children of his people.” Here RSV omits “children of” as superfluous and takes “his people” (‘aMMoW) as a proper name (‘aMaW). It ignores the MT. It ignores the fact that “13 mss Sam Syr Vulg” read “Ammon”; and it gives the reader no hint as to the warrant for its novel reading Amaw. Ruth 3 :15, “then she went into the city.” Special interest attaches to this reading, because the earliest printings of the 1611 Bible are called “He” and “She” Bibles because of their rendering of these words. The variation is a very old one. [p. 36] “He” is the reading of MT. Gk is ambiguous. Vulg and Syr have “she.” So ARV in following the Heb adds margin “Acc. to Vulg and Syr, she went.” RSV gives “she” without any comment. 1 Kings 10:19, “and at the back of the throne was a calf’s head,” is RSV’s substitute for “and the top of the throne was round behind” (AV, ARV). Here RSV follows the Gk in reading “calf” (‘eGeL) instead of “round” (‘aGoWL). But the MT makes good sense and is more suitable in the context. But RSV prefers to correct it by the Gk. Here where RSV introduces a very different meaning into the passage, there is no note of any kind. Yet a few verses lower down on the same page, the word “peacocks” (vs. 22) is given the margin “Or baboons.” Psalm 28:8, “the strength of his people” instead of “their strength” is secured by a change in the text, reading Le‘aMoW instead of LaMoW. This reading finds some support in mss and vers. And there should be a footnote giving it. Psalm 36:1, “his heart” instead of “my heart” requires the change of a consonant (Y to W). It has considerable support in mss and vers. But the reading of the MT which is followed by AV and ARV makes good sense and should not be simply ignored. Psalm 48:14, “he will be our guide for ever” instead of “until death” assumes that the two words “until” (‘aL) and “death” (MuWT) are to be read as one word “for ever” (‘aLaMoWT). But this form does not occur with this meaning in Hebrew. The change has some support in the vers. But a note is certainly in order. Psalm 49:20, “Man cannot abide in his pomp.” Like a number of other psalms, this one has a refrain verse. In the one (vs. 12) the verb is “abide,” in the other “understand.” The verbs are quite similar in Heb, one having L as first radical letter, the other B. Each makes good sense in its context. The analogy of other passages indicates that in such verses similarity rather than identity is what is required, indeed that a certain amount of variety is appropriate. RSV makes [p. 37] the refrain verses identical here and also in Ps. 24:7,9. But in the latter case it has a marginal note. Psalm 73:4, “For they have no pangs; their bodies are sound and sleek,” is RSV’s substitute for “For there are no pangs to their death, but firm is their strength (body).” This rendering is gained by dividing “to their death” (LeMoWTaM) into “to them” (LaMoW) and “sound” (TaM). It must be admitted that the change seems to improve the sense. But it is opposed by MT Gk Syr Jerome Targ. To introduce it without comment is decidedly daring. But it is quite obvious that RSV does not wish to call attention to the fact that it is made in opposition to all the vers. which it so often appeals to for support. Psalm 108:1f. RSV makes several changes in the beginning of this psalm, on the assumption, apparently, that it should correspond exactly with Ps. 57:7f. In reading “My heart is ready, O God, my heart is ready,” the second “my heart is ready” is not in this psalm but is supplied from Ps. 57. Similarly in the words which follow, “I will sing, I will sing praise! Awake my soul” the last phrase, “awake my soul” is also taken from that psalm. Ps. 108 has “even my glory.” RSV substitutes “awake” for “even,” although the words in the Hebrew are as different as in the English; and in both psalms it translates or rather paraphrases “glory” by “soul.” In other words it assumes that these two passages must have been originally the same and proceeds to make them so, despite the obvious fact that they are not the same in the Hebrew; and, it goes without saying, there is no need that they should be. It makes these changes without indicating in any way the liberties which have been taken with the text. It is rather significant that while the revisers have made these changes in the text of Ps. 108 in order to make it correspond exactly with Ps. 57, in the one they translate by “My heart is ready, O God, my heart is ready,” in the other by “My heart is steadfast, O God, my heart is steadfast.” And the one continues, “I will sing, I will sing praises,” while the other reads, “I will sing and make melody.” They have changed the text of Ps. 108 in order to make it agree exactly with Ps. 57; [p. 38] and then they have proceeded to translate the same words differently in the two passages. This is either remarkable inconsistency or else it is carelessness. Finally, it may be noted that while RSV has no footnote to Ps. 108:1 it adds a footnote to the words “in his sanctuary” (vs. 7) which reads “Or by his holiness.” Such vagaries speak for themselves. Psalm 137:5b, “Let my right hand wither” is not the rendering of the Hebrew. AV has “let my right hand forget her cunning.” ARV simply changes “cunning” to “skill.” Both use italics to indicate that the words so distinguished are not in the Hebrew text. RSV “wither” is not an example of rendering “a Hebrew word in a sense quite different from that of the traditional interpretation,” as the words of the Preface would lead us to expect. It is something quite different. “Forget” comes from a Hebrew root which is spelled SKH (the H has the sound of ch). “Wither” is secured by changing these letters around, making SKH into KHS, a totally different root with a quite different meaning. Yet RSV neither indicates nor justifies the change. If the omission of a marginal note, when so radical a change is made, is defended on the ground that the three letters of the root are retained, only in different order, it should suffice to point out that even such changes may produce a radically different result. In English there is only a change in the order of letters between “tea” and “eat,” “near” and “earn,” “live” and “vile,” but the difference in meaning is considerable! Isaiah 49:5, “to bring Jacob back to him, and that Israel might be gathered to him” differs from AV “though Israel be not gathered”(cf. ARV marg.). The reading of the Hebrew text is “not,” but the marginal reading (Qeri) is “to-him.” The words are pronounced alike in Hebrew but written differently. Hengstenberg, the great German evangelical scholar, pointed out more than a century ago that the reason the Jews wanted to read “to him” instead of “not” was because of their “carnal national pride.” They could not endure the thought of the rejection of Israel and the calling of the Gentiles. And he pointed out that the same explanation had been given by Jerome. The versions are divided [p. 39] in their testimony. Yet RSV, while calling attention to many minor differences in its notes, ignores this important one completely. Daniel 7:25, “a time, two times, and half a time.” The “two” is doubtful, because the word in the Aramaic may be “pointed” either as dual or plural. RSV settles the question arbitrarily and against both AV and ARV. Daniel 9:24, “seventy weeks of years are decreed.” In view of the debate which has gone on for centuries as to the meaning of the word “week” as used in this prophecy, it is surprising that RSV should insert the words “of years.” There is no textual warrant for it. Old Testament and New Testament in Conflict Genesis 12:3, “and by you all the families of the earth will bless themselves,” has the margin, “Or in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.” As it stands in AV and ARV, this is one of the most luminous statements in the OT. It makes clear very early in redemptive history that the particularism of the OT dispensation is preliminary and preparatory to the world-embracing Gospel of the NT. In Rom. 3 and Gal. 4 the Apostle Paul makes it plain that the proclamation of the Gospel to the Gentiles is in fulfillment of the covenant made with Abraham. RSV changes the passive voice of the AV-ARV rendering to reflexive. The implications of this change are indicated by the paraphrase offered some years ago by T. H. Robinson in his Genesis in Colloquial English, “all the nations of the earth will regard you as the type of a prosperous man,” i.e., they will say “May I be as prosperous as Abraham was.” What is the reason for toning down this glorious promise? This promise is recorded five times in Genesis: and the following facts regarding it are to be noted: (1) The Hebrew uses two forms or conjugations of the same verb in these passages. In three (12:3; 18:18; 28:14) it uses the Niphal, which while originally reflexive in meaning is very frequently used as a passive. In two (22:18; 26:4) the Hithpael is used. It was originally reflexive, but like the [p. 40] Niphal it is also, though much less frequently, used as a passive. RSV recognizes the passive sense in a number of instances (cf. Gen. 37:35; Num. 31:23; I Sam. 3:14; 2 Kgs. 8:29; 9:15; Job 31:20; Ps. 92:9; Prov. 26:26; Jon. 3:8; Mic. 1:4). Furthermore in all of the five passages (except 26:4, cf. Ps. 72:17) RSV gives the passive as an alternative rendering, while ARV gives the reflexive as an alternative only in the case of the two Hithpael passages. Consequently, we may conclude that RSV regarded the passive as a permissible rendering in all five passages. (2) The Greek, which RSV follows so frequently, uses the passive in rendering all five passages. (3) The NT quotes this promise twice. Gal. 3:8 quotes Gen. 12:3 (a Niphal passage), while Acts 3:25 quotes Gen. 22:18 (a Hithpael passage). In both cases the verb is rendered as passive in the Greek and in the English (AV, ARV, RSV). (4) The rendering “will bless themselves” (RSV), in the sense of seeking for themselves blessings such as Abraham enjoyed, is contrary to the facts of history. Abraham was not a striking example of a “prosperous man.” Judged by worldly standards his life was pretty much of a failure. He was a stranger and sojourner in the land promised to his seed. The innumerable seed lay in the distant future. His contacts with the nations brought them trouble, not blessing. He “died in faith, not having received the promises.” The “passive” rendering is the only one which is in harmony with both the life of Abraham and the subsequent course of Biblical history. Furthermore the passive rendering brings out the essential and beautiful harmony between the OT and the NT. Why change it? Genesis 47:31, “bed” appears in Heb. 11:21 as “staff.” This involves only a difference in pronouncing the Hebrew (MaTTeH instead of MiTTaH). AV and ARV according to their custom follow the MT. But since RSV does not hesitate to disregard the Massoretic pronunciation, it is rather strange that it has not followed the Greek as it so often does and read “staff” in both places. [p. 41] Exodus 12:8f. “They shall eat the flesh that night roasted … Do not eat any of it raw or boiled with water, but roasted.” The word rendered “roasted” is a rare word which occurs elsewhere only in 1 Sam. 2:15 and Isa. 44:16,19. Here and in Sam. “roasted” is in contrast with “boiled” (AV, “sodden”). “Boiled” is used also in Deut.16:7, and there RSV renders, “And you shall boil it.” This looks like a flat contradiction between Ex. and Deut., since what is commanded in the one seems to be prohibited in the other. This makes it necessary to examine carefully the use of the word “boil” in the OT. It is used of boiling in a pot or vessel,(e.g., Lev. 6:28), and in Ex. 12:9 the words “in water” definitely imply boiling, as does also the command not to “seethe (boil) a kid in its mother’s milk” (Ex. and Deut.). On the other hand in 2 Chr. 35:13 the words “in the fire” are added as if to make it clear that roasting is meant; and there RSV follows AV and ARV in rendering, “roasted with fire.” These passages seem to make it reasonably clear that the word “boil” is sometimes used in the broader sense of cook, it being left to the context to decide just how the cooking was to take place. Since Ex. 12 declares emphatically that the cooking is to be roasting (vs.8) and also indicates a very practical reason for this requirement, “neither shall ye break a bone thereof” (vs.46) —it required a large cauldron to boil a lamb whole, while roasting on a spit over the fire was a relatively simple and inexpensive matter—it seems quite possible, even probable, that in Deut.16 “boil” is to be understood as used in the broad sense of cook, and therefore, in view of the usage established by Ex. 12, is to be regarded as equivalent to roast. So AV and ARV render by “roast,” the latter adding the margin, “Or boil.” They do this on the basis of the valid and important principle of interpretation that Scripture is to be interpreted by Scripture and that apparent conflicts are to be harmonized wherever possible. RSV makes no effort to harmonize these passages. Since most or all of the OT Committee accepted the general conclusions of the Higher Critics, which assign Deut. 16 to the time of Josiah, some 800 years after the time of Moses, and Ex. 12 to the Priest Code [p. 42] which they assign in its completed form to about the time of Ezra, some 200 years later still, they have made no effort to harmonize these statements, neither of which they regard as Mosaic, and prefer to allow the two passages to contradict one another flatly. Deuteronomy 18:15, “a prophet like me” (cf. AV, ARV “like unto me”). This is the natural rendering of the Hebrew. This promise is quoted twice in the NT (Acts 3:22; 7:37), where AV and ARV render by “like unto me,” while RSV has “as he raised me up” (with no italics to indicate the words which are supplied). While it must be admitted that this is a perfectly possible rendering of the Greek, it must also be recognized that the other rendering is both possible, and that in view of the fact that we are dealing with a quotation from the OT, it is preferable to the one adopted by RSV. For RSV renders the Greek particle (hôs) by “like” many times, in some cases even changing the “as” of AV to “like” (e.g., Matt. 22:30; Lk. 11:44). The fact that the pronoun is in the accusative (me) may be due simply to the fact that the word “prophet” is in the accusative; and it does not necessarily imply that the verb “raise up” should be repeated in thought (it is not expressed in the Greek) in order to govern it. In Rev. 18:21 where RSV renders by “a stone like a great millstone,” “millstone” is in the accusative because “stone” is in the accusative. But certainly no one would render “Then a mighty angel took up a stone as he took up (i.e., as he would have taken up) a mighty millstone.” And if “like a great millstone” is a proper rendering in its context, “like me” is equally proper in the two passages in Acts. Here as in not a few other passages RSV goes far beyond ARV. ARV retains the rendering of AV (“like unto me”) in the text and places “Or as he raised up me” in the margin. RSV adopts the ARV margin for its text and gives no alternative rendering. Here again RSV is quite willing to have the NT differ from the OT, and thus raise difficulties in the minds of the readers which it makes no attempt to solve. Finally, it is to be noted that “like me” does not imply identity, but merely similarity; and it is left to the reader [p. 43] to determine the extent of the similarity and the greatness of the difference. “As he raised me up” restricts the meaning in a way which is neither justified by the Hebrew nor required by the Greek. Dogmatism Jeremiah 25:26, “Babylon” has the margin, “Heb Sheshach, a cipher for Babylon.” The word “Sheshach” has been a puzzle for centuries. The Rabbinical explanation, which goes back to the Middle Ages or earlier, is that it is simply the word Babylon (Babel) with the letters of the alphabet reversed (as for example, in English using A for Z, B for Y), according to the rule known as Athbash. Whether this is correct is still a matter of dispute. If Sheshach simply means Babylon, it is certainly strange that in Jeremiah we should find this cipher only twice (cf. 51:41), when Babylon is mentioned by name about 200 times. Why should we read “Babylon is taken” in 50:2 and “How is Sheshach taken” in 51:41? No satisfactory answer has been given to this natural question. So AV simply accepts Sheshach as a proper name. ARV does the same. RSV “decodes” it as “Babylon” and asserts positively, “a cipher for Babylon.” What new light have the revisers acquired which justifies them in speaking so positively? Theological Bias Psalm 45:6, “Your divine throne” has the margin: “Or your throne is a throne of God, or your throne, O God.” There is no question as to the reading of the Hebrew text; and the rendering of AV and ARV, “Thy throne, O God,” is the natural rendering; and many able scholars have declared it to be the only correct one. Nevertheless it is a “much controverted passage.” Three or four different renderings and seven or more reconstructions of the Hebrew text have been proposed, all with a view to avoiding the admission that the occupant of the throne is addressed as God. “Your throne of God” as an ellipsis for “your throne which is a throne of God,” i.e., “divine” is awkward and unnatural; [p. 44] and the aim is simply to shift the idea of divinity from the occupant of the throne to the throne itself. Yet in Heb. 1:8 the Greek is rendered “thy throne, O God,” with the margin “God is thy throne.” The aim of the writer of Hebrews was obviously to establish at the very outset the utter uniqueness of the “Son” of God. He quoted from this psalm to prove it. RSV has assigned to the psalm verse a meaning which does not prove it, and which conflicts with the obvious sense of the Hebrew and with the rendering of the Greek (LXX) which is quoted in the NT. RSV prefers to have the OT and the NT conflict, rather than to admit that Ps. 45 is Messianic and addresses the Messianic king as God. Psalm 51:18, “Rebuild the walls of Jerusalem,” has no margin. The word in the Hebrew is the usual verb for “build.” That “build” may have the sense of “rebuild” is of course correct (e.g., 1 Kgs. 16:34). But this rendering should be adopted only when the context clearly requires it. The title of the psalm assigns it to David. For his time and situation, “build” is quite appropriate. But the critics have long been concerned to prove that vss. 18f. are a later addition to the psalm, which, whatever the date of the rest of the psalm, must have been made when Jerusalem was in ruins, i.e., in exilic or post-exilic times. This need not be the case. So the “re-” begs the question. So arbitrary a rendering should at least have a footnote giving the usual meaning of the word. Isaiah 7:14, “Behold a young woman shall conceive and bear a son,” has the margin, “Or virgin.” Both the reading of the text and of the margin are very significant. We shall look first at the margin. “Or virgin” is ambiguous because, as has been shown above, the simple “or” of the notes may mean several different things. It is possible to interpret it as simply introducing an alternative rendering. But this is not the case here, because Dean Weigle has declared very positively that the reason the revisers render by “young woman” is because the Hebrew word means that. Why, then the “Or virgin.” This may be partly due to the feeling on the part of the revisers that the simple change [p. 45] from “virgin” to “young woman” would be too drastic and that a concession should be made to the “unlettered” public by giving the old rendering in the margin. But there is another reason. The rendering “virgin” is supported by Gk Syr Vulg, three of the ancient versions most frequently appealed to by RSV in support of its “corrections” of the text. Consequently it would be injudicious, to say the least, to ignore them completely in so important a passage as this. But RSV never appeals to the versions except when it adopts or uses their readings. Consequently to say “Gk Syr Vulg support Heb virgin” would violate their rule with regard to the use of the versions and it would also advertise the fact that here they have ignored the witness of their favorite versions. Hence the simple “Or virgin,” despite the fact that it can convey a meaning quite different from the one which they intend. We come now to the question of the meaning of the Hebrew word, which AV renders by “virgin” and RSV by “young woman.” The word is ‘alma. It is a comparatively rare word in the OT, occurring less than ten times. That it can properly be used of a virgin is made unmistakably plain by Gen. 24:43 when we compare vs. 16. In vs. 43 Rebekah is called an ‘alma, in vs. 16 she is called a bethula (the usual word for virgin) and her virginity is definitely affirmed. The fact that vs. 43 simply says ‘alma may be regarded as implying that this word is quite suitable to describe one whose status has been more fully stated in vs. 16. AV renders by “virgin” in both places. ARV has “virgin” in vs. 16 and “maiden” in vs. 43. RSV uses “virgin” in the one case and “young woman” in the other. Both words refer to the same person, in the same situation! In Ex. 2:8, the word ‘alma is used of Moses’ sister. Her age is not stated. But the fact that she was set to watch her infant brother would seem to make it clear that she was unmarried and living with her parents. The use of the word ‘alma may imply also that she was of marriageable age. The view has been widely current in critical circles for many years that ‘alma means “a young woman old enough for [p. 46] marriage.” Prof. A. B. Davidson of New College, Edinburgh (died 1902) was a leader among the critics of his day. He admitted that Isaiah’s offer of a sign implied that the prophet “was prepared to give Ahaz something miraculous” and the rendering of ‘alma by parthenos in the Greek (LXX) “may be considered in some sense providential.” As to the meaning of the word he made this decidedly ambivalent statement: “But probably the word, though apparently always used of an unmarried woman, means properly an adult young woman.” This means that Davidson, while admitting that the OT usage favored the rendering “virgin” was not prepared to adopt this rendering in this passage where the exact meaning is of such vast importance. “Unmarried young woman” is equivalent to “virgin” unless the chastity and honor of the young woman in question is impugned. “Adult young woman” implies nothing in itself, but in the context of Isa. 7:14 it clearly implies that the meaning is “adult young married woman,” which is a complete surrender to the naturalistic interpretation of the verse, despite the fact that the context clearly implies that an extraordinary, a supernatural, sign is being offered the unbelieving king. Some twenty-five years ago, when the question of the virgin birth of the Lord was particularly to the fore, because of the Fosdick controversy and the Auburn Affirmation, Dr. Robert Dick Wilson, then Professor of Semitic Philology in Princeton Theological Seminary, published an article in the Princeton Theological Review, entitled, “The Meaning of ‘Alma (A.V. ‘Virgin’) in Isaiah 7:14.” After a thorough discussion of the use of the word in the OT and in the versions, as well as in the cognate languages, Dr. Wilson stated his conclusions as follows: “Finally, two conclusions from the evidence seem clear; first, that ‘alma, so far as known, never meant ‘young married woman’; and secondly, since the presumption in common law and usage was and is, that every ‘alma is virgin and virtuous, until she is proved not to be, we have a right to assume that Rebecca and the ‘alma of Is. 7:14 and all other ‘almas were virgin, until and unless it shall be proven that they were not. If Is. 7:14 is a prediction [p. 47] of the Conception and if the events recorded in Matthew 1:18-25 and Luke 1:26-38 are true and the Holy Spirit of God really overshadowed the Virgin Mary, all difficulties are cleared away. The language is not the difficulty. The great and only difficulty lies in disbelief in predictive prophecy and in the almighty power of God; or in the desire to throw discredit upon the divine Sonship of Jesus.” Dr. Wilson concluded with this statement, which is especially significant when we remember how utterly opposed Mohammed was to the idea that God could have a Son. “In the third Sura of the Koran, Mohammed represents Mary as saying to the angel: ‘Lord, how can I have a son when man has not yet touched me?’ And the angel said: ‘Thus God creates what He pleaseth. When He decrees a matter He only says BE and it is.’ Mohammed was a better Theist than many who profess to be followers of Christ today.” The situation has not changed nor has the evidence presented by Dr. Wilson been weakened or nullified during the quarter-century which has elapsed since he penned these words. But he being dead yet speaketh to bear his testimony against that assault upon the article of the creed of Christendom, “born of the Virgin Mary,” which is now being renewed in the Revised Standard Version of the Old Testament. In his essay on “The Hebrew Text and the Ancient Versions of the Old Testament” (see Introduction, p. 30), Professor Orlinsky of the Jewish Institute of Religion (New York) goes out of his way to attack the historic position of the Christian Church as stated in the Apostles’ Creed, “conceived of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary.” Speaking of one of the ancient Greek versions, that of Aquila, he tells us: “Early in the second century A. D., Aquila, a convert to Judaism, made an independent and unique Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. He incorporated that kind of Jewish interpretation which was current in his day, and he avoided the Christological elements which had been introduced in the Septuagint text. Thus Aquila rendered the Hebrew word ha-almah in Isaiah 7:14 literally, ‘the young woman’ in place of the word ‘virgin’ which Christians had substituted for it. Unfortunately, only fragments of Aquila have survived.” This means, to state it bluntly, although Professor Orlinsky cannot be accused of trying to spare the feelings of Christians [p. 48] in his statement of the case, that the presence of the word parthenos (virgin) in the Septuagint is an alteration or forgery of the Septuagint text, a “Christological element” which was “introduced” into it in the interest of the Christian interpretation of Isa. 7: 14 which is given in Matt. 1:23. As to this Addison Alexander pointed out a century ago in commenting on the word ‘alma: “That the word simply means a young woman, whether married or unmarried, a virgin or a mother, is a subterfuge invented by the later Greek translators, who, as Justin Martyr tells us, read neanis, instead of the old version parthenos, which had its rise before the prophecy became a subject of dispute between the Jews and Christians.” It has been the claim of Christians throughout the centuries, and there is no reason for changing it or relinquishing it today, that there is no evidence that the Christians tampered with the text of the Septuagint, but that it was the Jews who adopted a different rendering in order to avoid finding in Isa. 7:14 a prediction of the virgin birth of Jesus. There is nothing new, nor is there anything surprising in this charge of falsification which is now renewed by Professor Orlinsky. It is an old calumny which red-blooded Christians in the past have not hesitated to brand as malicious and false. It is not surprising that Professor Orlinsky, having been asked to serve on the RSV committee, which entitled him to contribute an article to the Introduction, should regard this as giving him an unprecedented and unparalleled opportunity to state and defend this distinctly Jewish claim in the forum of Christian opinion. The amazing thing is that he was asked to serve on the committee. The still more amazing thing is that Dean Weigle and his other colleagues permitted him to air this old calumny in their joint Introduction. The most probable explanation is that they were more or less fully in agreement with the Jewish interpretation which he has presented. However explained it represents a bill of indictment against RSV which will hardly be answered to the satisfaction of Evangelical Christians. It is important to note in this connection, that in the NT, the RSV Bible which has introduced a considerable number [p. 49] of changes (about 80) in the edition published in 1946, has added a marginal note at Matt. 1:16: “Other ancient authorities read, Joseph, to whom was betrothed the virgin Mary, was the father of Jesus who is called Christ.” This is practically the same as the reading given in the Moffatt version. Its main, some would say, its only clear support is the Sinaitic Syriac Ms., a palimpsest of about the beginning of the 5th century. Consequently the statement, “other ancient authorities read” is both vague and misleading. Furthermore, the reading in question is decidedly doubtful, since it is self-contradictory. It mentions Mary the virgin, but also says that Joseph “begat.” That RSV should use the opportunity of the publication of the completed RSV Bible to insert this footnote at Matt. 1:16 indicates clearly how little warrant there is for the hope expressed in some quarters that changes can or will be made in RSV which will make this version acceptable to Evangelical Christians. The version was prepared by Liberals, it is owned by Liberals; and they will see to it that this hope is not realized! Isaiah 52:15, “startle many nations” has the margin, “The meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain.” This is a thoroughly biased statement. The rendering “sprinkle” (AV, ARV) is the regular rendering of the Hebrew verb, which occurs 24 times in the OT. The mere fact that the substance sprinkled (blood, oil, water, are all mentioned elsewhere) is not specified and we have the expression “sprinkle many nations” instead of “sprinkle … upon many nations” is no sufficient excuse for departing from the regular meaning of the word. ARV gives “sprinkle” in the text and “startle” in the margin, primarily because the Gk suggests such a rendering. RSV is so opposed to the rendering “sprinkle” that it will not even mention it in the margin. This can only be explained as due to the determination of the revisers to eliminate from the description of the Suffering Servant the idea of an expiatory sacrifice, as far as it is possible. Zechariah 6:13, “It is he who shall build the temple of the LORD, and shall bear royal honor, and shall sit and rule upon [p. 50] his throne. And there shall be a priest by his throne, and peaceful understanding shall be between them both,” illustrates the danger when the translator assumes the role of interpreter and commentator. A literal rendering of the verbs would be: “And he shall build … and he shall bear … and he shall sit and he shall rule … and he shall be …” In each case the same form of the verb is used; and in the case of the first two the pronoun is emphatic. There is every indication that the subject continues the same. This is indicated by AV and ARV. RSV changes the subject of the last verb by rendering “and there shall be a priest,” which would be literally “and a priest shall be.” This rendering is possible. But it involves an abrupt change of subject which is not prepared for in any way. Besides this RSV reads: “and there shall be a priest beside his throne.” This means that RSV has translated the same phrase in two different ways in the same context, “upon his throne” and “by his throne.” Yet “rule upon his throne” would favor if not require “be a priest upon his throne.” The objective in the RSV rendering is clearly to imply that two persons are referred to, despite the fact that the literal translation of the Hebrew implies that one and the same person is the subject of all these verbs. The reason is of course to be found in the last clause of the verse, “and the counsel of peace shall be between them both.” RSV takes this to mean that two different persons, a king and a priest are referred to, and it has therefore endeavored to discover, or introduced, this distinction into the sentences which precede. But certainly most Evangelical scholars are agreed that the aim of the prophet’s words is to describe only one person who will be both king and priest. This person is the Branch (cf. Jer. 23:5; 33:15, also Isa. 11:1). This identification is clearly foretold in Ps. 110, which speaks of the king who is a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedec, a passage which is repeatedly appealed to in Heb. 5-7. It will be through this union that the goal of “peace on earth” will ultimately be attained. RSV by interpreting the passage as referring to two persons robs it of its most precious meaning. [p. 51] MODERNIZING THE STYLE OF THE BIBLE One of the great arguments which are used for a new version of the Bible and in behalf of the RSV is that the English language has changed to such an extent that the AV is difficult reading, not to say unintelligible, to the average American of today. In view of this claim and with a view to clarifying the issue it will be well to quote a paragraph from Professor Irwin’s contribution to the Introduction to the RSV Old Testament: “The greatness of the King James Version of the Bible—and beyond all cavil it is one of the great Bible translations—lies, as every reader recognizes, in its superb literary qualities. Commonly it has been pointed out that the King James Version was created in the great, the classic age, one might say, of the language. But what is almost as commonly overlooked is that it owes its merit, not at all to seventeenth century English—which was far different—but to its faithful rendering of the original. The style of the English Bible is the style of the Hebrew, and of the Koiné Greek of New Testament times. Rather than a child of seventeenth century English, it is parent of the English of today. Its lucid clarity has established itself as the standard of good writing; its great phrases have passed over into common usage; many of its figures of speech have established themselves in the language as indigenous English.” This tribute to the King James Version is very significant as coming from the pen of one of the RSV Committee. It should be needless to point out in view of Professor Irwin’s long years of service on the Committee, that he was strongly of the opinion that despite its many excellences the AV was in need of revision and probably of the kind of revision which is given to us in the RSV. But the words which have been quoted serve to center attention on a very important issue: the difference between revising the diction and rhetoric of the AV and revising the diction and rhetoric of the Bible itself, the faithful retention of which Professor Irwin tells us is one of the great excellences of the version of 1611. Does the RSV restrict itself to modernizing the English of the AV? or Does it attempt to modernize the Biblical style which the AV so admirable reproduced? The Use of “Thou” and “You” In view of the fact that the use of “thou, thee, thy” and [p. 52] related forms is a special target of criticism by all the advocates of “modern speech” versions, it may well take first place in any discussion of this subject. Consequently, it is to be noted at the very outset, that the words of Professor Irwin, which were just quoted, apply particularly to their use. The claim that AV used “thou” because “thou” was customary in the days of King James of England does not tell the whole story and is definitely misleading. The AV used “thou” and “you” for the simple reason that they correctly represent the Hebrew and Greek, both of which make a distinction between the forms of the second person singular and second person plural. A very slight examination will serve to convince anyone that the AV uses “thou” and its related forms when the Hebrew and the Greek have the singular, and “you” and its related forms when they have the plural. Consequently, this question of English usage did not bother the 1611 translators in the slightest. They simply followed the usage of the text which they were translating. They tried to give what Professor Irwin calls “a faithful rendering of the original.” ARV followed the same principle, regardless of the fact that in nearly 300 years secular usage had changed considerably. In the Introduction to the RSV New Testament (1946), Dean Weigle speaks of this problem as “one of the great issues” which the revisers faced; and he tells us that “After two years of debate and experiment it was decided to abandon these forms and to follow modern usage, except in language addressed to God” (p. 56). This of course at once raised the question as to the usage to be adopted in the case of language addressed to the Lord Jesus Christ; the rendering of the words of Peter’s confession by “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God” has been severely but justly criticized. And the fact that the Babylon of the Apocalypse is addressed by “thou” (chap. 18) shows that the NT Committee did not follow its own rule carefully. For certainly they had no intention of deifying apostate Babylon! In the Introduction to the RSV Old Testament, Professor Dahl has modified the rule as stated by Dean Weigle, making [p. 53] it read: “The forms thou, thee, thy, thine, and verb endings -est and -eth are not used except in language addressed to God or in exalted poetic apostrophe” (p. 23). The words, “or in exalted poetic apostrophe” would cover such a passage as Rev. 18, although Professor Dahl is writing primarily with reference to the Old Testament. Yet when we turn to the Woe on Tyre (Ezek. 27-28) which is similar to that on Babylon and treated in RSV largely as poetry, and hence might be regarded as “elevated poetic apostrophe” we find that “you” is used. This is a striking but rather harmless inconsistency. It becomes serious when we turn to such a passage as Ps. 110. There in a psalm which generations of Christians have, on the express authority of our Lord as reported by the three Synoptists, regarded as Messianic, the revisers use “you.” Even if, as apparently was the case, they were unwilling to regard the psalm as Messianic in the full sense, they might have justified the use of “thou” as “elevated poetic apostrophe.” But since the “thou” might then be interpreted as used of Deity, they apparently preferred to use the unambiguous “you.” How then are we to understand the use of “thou” in the NT passages where this psalm is expressly quoted? Has it acquired a richer meaning than it had in the OT? Or, are we to assume that while the OT committee did not apply the rule of “elevated poetic apostrophe,” the NT committee have done so. The aim of this brief discussion of an important subject is simply to point out the extreme difficulties in which RSV has involved itself in the effort to depart from the “style of the Hebrew and of the Koiné Greek,” in favor of modern secular usage. We say secular usage, because the “thou” and “thee,” as reflecting the Biblical usage, is so firmly embedded in the language of devotion, in our hymns, prayers, liturgies, and books dealing with Biblical subjects, that the attempt to eliminate it entirely would be almost impossible. RSV has gone part way. It has offered a solution which is so complicated and inconsistent and carries often such serious implications that it cannot be accepted as satisfactory. Would it not be better to retain or restore the Biblical usage which [p. 54] is so simple and plain and raises no difficulties just because it is the Biblical usage? Other Kinds of Revising or Editing Genesis 1:2, “The earth was without form and void.” The “and” at the beginning is omitted. It is also omitted in vss. 5, 10, 12, 18, changed to “so” in vss. 21, 27, and to “then” in vs. 26. The “and” is omitted because, according to the dictum of Weymouth, “and” is used less frequently in English than in NT Greek (or OT Hebrew). So this Hebraism must be eliminated. The reader will find very many “and”s omitted in both OT and NT; also many other words eliminated; e.g., “answered” instead of “answered and said” (Gen. 18:27, etc.): “when men began to multiply” (Gen. 6:1) instead of “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply.” Such omissions are very frequent and are made at the will of the revisers. 1 Chronicles 1:51ff. “And Hadad died. The chiefs of Edom were: chiefs Timna, Aliah, Jether, Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, Kenaz, Ternan, Mibzar, Magdiel, and Iram; these are the chiefs of Edom.” AV renders as follows: “Hadad died also. And the dukes of Edom were: duke Timnah, duke Aliah, duke Jether, duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, duke Kenaz, duke Ternan, duke Mibzar, duke Magdiel, duke Iram. These are the dukes of Edom.” These renderings are quoted in full (omitting pronunciation marks) for only one reason. Whether “chief” is a better, more modern, more intelligible word than “duke” does not now concern us. The point to be noted is, that AV places the title before the name of each of the ten dukes mentioned. It does this simply because that is the way it stands in the Hebrew. RSV changes the singular to the plural before the first of the ten (“chiefs Timna”) and omits it before all the others. Whether or not this is a departure from 17th century usage is a matter which does not directly concern us. The important point is that it is a departure from Biblical usage, which the AV clearly aimed to reproduce without regard to 17th century usage. 1 Chronicles 6:62. “To the Gershomites according to their [p. 55] families were allotted thirteen cities out of the tribes of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Manasseh in Bashan.” The AV rendering is “And to the sons of Gershom throughout their families out of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities.” In RSV the forty words of AV are reduced to twenty-three. It may be admitted that RSV gives the gist of AV. It tells us what the Hebrew means and expresses it much more tersely. But AV tells us what the Hebrew says. It preserves the Biblical style. It gives us that “faithful rendering” which Professor Irwin so highly commends. Jeremiah 8:1f. “At that time, says the LORD, the bones of the kings of Judah, the bones of its princes, the bones of the priests, the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem shall be brought out of their tombs.” Here RSV follows the AV and the Hebrew, except that it changes the active form into the passive; and it uses the expression “the bones of” five times. This may be due to the feeling that these words are emphatic here, while in 1 Chr. 1:51ff. and 6:62 no emphasis attaches to the repeated words. But these passages serve to show the liberty which RSV claims in editing the Hebrew text and the arbitrary way in which it can be exercised. Paraphrase Exodus 4:13, “But he said, ‘Oh, my Lord, send, I pray, some other person.’” Compare this with “And he said, O my Lord, send I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send,” (AV), which is a literal rendering and uses italics to indicate words supplied to clarify the meaning. The RSV rendering may perhaps be called paraphrase. But even this may be questioned. For RSV does not tell us what Moses said, but rather what Moses wanted to say, but did not dare to put into words. This is something quite different. Yet Professor Irwin warns us that “the translator must be on guard against paraphrase” (Introd. p. 14). That the warning was not taken very seriously by the revisers is indicated by [p. 56] such examples as the following: Ps. 32:3, “When I declared not my sin” for “When I kept silence”; Ps. 61:4, “O to be safe under the shelter of thy wings” instead of “I will take refuge in the covert of thy wings”; Ps. 69:1 “for the waters have come up to my neck” instead of “for the waters are come in unto my soul”; Prov. 23:35b “When shall I wake? I will seek another drink,” in place of “When shall I awake? I will seek it yet again.” Biblical Diction and Phrasing The rendering of many words and phrases in RSV will require careful study. It is a mistake, for example, to tone down Jeremiah’s striking and vivid expression “and I spake unto you rising up early and speaking” (7:13) into “and when I spoke to you persistently”; or to change “bring again the captivity of” into “restore the fortunes of” (Jer. 30:3). The occasional substitution of such words as “victory, victorious, deliverance” for “salvation, righteous, righteousness” will have to be carefully tested. “I will uphold thee with my victorious right arm” (Isa. 41:10), instead of “with the right hand of my righteousness,” eliminates the moral factor completely, and without any warrant. “Steadfast love” is no improvement on “loving kindness,” and in the phrase “for his steadfast love endures for ever” (26 times in Ps. 135) it is tautological and becomes wearisome. Quotation Marks One of the characteristics of “modern speech” versions of the Bible is the use of quotation marks. They are not used in AV or ARV. Probably there are at least two reasons why ARV did not introduce them: they are at times definitely interpretive (cf. John 3:15 in RSV), and their use tends to become complicated, cumbersome, and confusing. Thus in RSV we sometimes find quotes within quotes within quotes (“…‘…“…”…’…”) This is the pattern, or example, of Ex. 8:1-4, 20-23; 9:1-4,13-19; Josh. 7:10-15; I Sam. 2:27-36; Jer. 13:12-14. Consequently the reader may find now and then a paragraph or sentence ending with three bunched quotation [p. 57] marks (” ’ ”). Entire consistency would at times require at least four. 5 The following example will illustrate the complexity of the problem. Jer. 22 is very complicated. It begins as follows 6: (vs. 1) Thus says the LORD: “Go down … (vs.2) and say, ‘Hear the word … (vs.3) Thus says the LORD: Do justice … (vs.6) For thus says the LORD … “‘You are as Gilead … (vs. 8) “‘And many nations … “Why has the LORD … city” … “Because … served them.” ’ ” It will be noted that the second “Thus says the LORD” does not introduce a quote (“) as the first does. Furthermore the quotes (“ ‘) in vs. 6 and at the beginning of vs. 8 apparently merely continue the quotes of vs. 1 (“) and vs. 2 (‘). If so, then all these quotations end with the three quotes (” ’ ”) at the end of vs. 9. Vs. 10 is printed as poetry but is not in quotes. Vs. 11 introduces a brief quotation which apparently concludes with … see this land again.” Vss. 13-17 are printed as poetry and resemble vs. 10 in content but are in quotes (“ … ”) and enclose a brief quotation in vs.14 (‘ … ’). Vs. 18 introduces a quotation which is in poetry, is placed in quotes (“ … ”), encloses two short quotations (‘ … ’,‘ … ’) and continues through vs. 19. Vss. 20-23 are separated from the preceding verses, placed in quotes (“ … ”) and enclose a brief quotation (‘ … ’). Vss. 24-27 are printed as prose and put between quotes: “As I live, says the LORD, though … shall not return.” We would naturally expect: “As I live,” says the LORD, “though … shall not return.” Vss. 28-29 are printed as poetry, but not placed between quotes. Most of vs. 30 is printed as poetry and placed between quotes. This is very confusing and arbitrary. Why are vss. 10 and 28-29 not in quotes? AT places them in quotes; Moffatt does not. It is instructive to compare RSV with these two versions. [p. 58] No two are in entire agreement as to the use of quotes. Like the “Thou” and “You” problem, introducing of quotes may seem at first sight a simple matter. But it becomes extremely complicated, which is a good reason for not attempting to introduce it. Versification The division of the OT into verses goes back to very ancient times. The Massoretes, who vocalized and punctuated the Hebrew text, used a different system of punctuation for the Poetical Books (Psalms, Proverbs, Job). But only in a few cases (Ex. 15, Deut. 32, Jgs. 5, 2 Sam. 22) did they introduce a metrical arrangement of poetical passages found in the other books. The AV makes no distinction between poetry and prose as far as the printing of the Bible is concerned. ARV prints all the above mentioned books and passages as poetry. RSV does the same. E.g., Ps. 19:11 reads as follows: ARV Moreover by them is thy servant warned: In keeping them there is great reward. RSV Moreover by them is thy servant warned; in keeping them there is great reward. Here the difference is that RSV indents the second line and does not begin it with a capital. But RSV also shows a great fondness for dividing up sentences. E.g., Ps. 23:4 is arranged as follows: ARV Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me. RSV Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil; for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me. Here ARV has three lines, each of which begins with a capital letter, without indentation. RSV begins with one long line, exactly as ARV does. The other two lines (as given in ARV) it divides in half, making four short lines. Three of the four are indented; [p. 59] one is not indented but begins with a small letter (“for”). So there are two degrees of indenting. We cannot regard it as an improvement on ARV. The special innovation in RSV, as compared with ARV is the printing of large portions of the Prophetical Books as poetry. This is not really new. Two centuries ago (1753) Bishop Lowth advanced the theory that the Prophets ought to be treated as being largely poetry; and he later applied this theory especially to Isaiah. This view was adopted by others, e.g., by James Nourse is his Paragraph Bible (1834). Addison Alexander of Princeton denounced it as a “fantastic and injurious mode.” It led to a rather intensive study of Hebrew Metrics; and poetical arrangements of the Prophets have been extensively used by R. G. Moulton and others, especially in “modern speech” versions, Recently the study of the Ras Shamra (Canaanite) mythological texts has stimulated interest in this subject. The tendency is now, as illustrated in RSV, to divide up verses which show the slightest indication of parallelism in subject matter and rhythmical form into a kind of blank verse. Sometimes there is warrant for this, but often it seems artificial and arbitrary, breaking up words and phrases which belong together and printing them in a complicated and confusing style. The following will serve as illustration: Isaiah 1:24 in the light of the LORD Jeremiah 2:12-13 Be appalled, O heavens, at this, be shocked, be utterly desolate, says the LORD, for my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living waters, and hewed out cisterns for themselves, broken cisterns, that can hold no water. Here words and phrases which belong closely together are split up; and the two, in Jer. 2:12-13 three, different indentings are likely to be confusing to the reader. One trouble with this [p. 60] “metrical” arrangement is that it changes lofty, impassioned and rhythmic prose into the lamest of blank verse and tends to break down the distinction between poetry and prose. This is illustrated by the following examples: Amos 3:2 (RSV) “You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities.” “For thus Amos has said, ‘Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall go into exile away from his land.’ ” Then Amaziah said to Amos, “O seer, take your flight to the land of Judah, And there eat bread, and there prophesy; And never come again to Bethel to prophesy, For this is the king’s sanctuary, and the royal palace.” It will be noted that the arrangement of Amos 7:12f. is from AT. The RSV prints these verses as prose, despite the fact that it has just treated the words of Amaziah as poetry. As a matter of fact there is no more reason for printing one as poetry than the other. Both should be treated as prose. This attempt to “metricize” the Prophets is being carried to a ridiculous extreme. CONCLUSION No elaborate summing-up is needed. The evidence speaks for itself. It shows that the RSV differs from the AV in one all-important respect. It is not “a faithful rendering of the original.” On the contrary, it treats the Old Testament with a freedom which is incompatible with that high regard for its trustworthiness and divine authority, which is so marked a feature of the version of 1611. This is the great reason that this “revision,” however excellent it may be in some other respects, cannot be satisfactory to Bible-believing Christians and cannot be accepted by them as a “standard” version. A version to be acceptable to them must tell them as accurately as possible what the Bible says and not what some consensus of scholars, who however learned are after all mere mortals like themselves, think it ought to say. Notes 1. For the benefit of the reader who does not know Hebrew, a word of explanation will be helpful. Hebrew, being a Semitic language differs from the Indo-European family of languages in a number of ways. The most fundamental is the root. The Hebrew root consists entirely of consonants of which it ordinarily has three. Hence Triconsonantalism is distinctive of Hebrew roots. It is the root which gives the basic meaning of the word. The vowels and various formative additions simply modify or apply the root meaning. E.g., GDL expresses the idea of “great.” It may be pronounced in several different ways: GaDaL (he became great). GoDel (greatness), GaDoL (great [as adjective]), the small letters supplying the vowels needed to pronounce the word. Similarly MiGDaL means a “tower” (great place); HiGDaLTa means “Thou has made great.” When Hebrew was a spoken language these vowels or “pointings” were not needed, because the syntax of the sentence would usually make the meaning clear to anyone who knew Hebrew. The vowel-points were added, centuries after the OT canon was closed, by Jewish scholars (the Massoretes) for the purpose of indicating the exact pronounciation. They represent an ancient and valuable tradition which is not lightly to be disregarded. But the pointings supplied by the Massoretes in the Massoretic Text are to be distinguished from the Consonantal Text and do not have its Divine authority. It is also to be noted that: (1) ’ and ‘ represent guttural sounds not used in English; (2) S may be pronounced as sh (); (3) H may represent the sound of h in “house,” of ch in “loch” or it may merely indicate a long vowel; (4) Consonants which are to be doubled in pronunciation are written only once in Hebrew; (5) Hyphenated English words represent a single word or word group in the Hebrew. 2. A more accurate title would be, “A Chicago University Translation,” since the translators (Powis Smith, Meek, Waterman, Gordon, Goodspeed) were all more or less closely connected with that institution. 3. In Studies in O.T. Prophecy (1950), ed. by H. H. Rowley, p. 6. 4. In this word H has the sound of ch. 5. Isa. 36:13-20 ends in Moffatt with two quotes (’ ”), in RSV with three (” ’ ”), in AT with four (’ ” ’ ”). Here AT is the most consistent. But it goes so far in this instance as to make the whole subject rather ridiculous. How often in modern books does the reader find four quotes, or even three? 6. These quotations from Jer. 22 are not put in quotes, because this would either be confusing or require the changing (stepping-up) of all the quotes within our quotes. They are printed exactly as they are in RSV. Oswald Thompson Allis (1880-1973) received the A.B. degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1901; the Bachelor of Divinity degree from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1905; the A.M. degree from Princeton University in 1907; and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Berlin in 1913. He served as Instructor in Semitic Philology at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1910-1922; Assistant Professor of Semitic Philology at the same institution from 1922-1929; Professor of Old Testament History and Exegesis at Westminster Theological Seminary from 1929-1930; and as Professor of Old Testament at the same institution from 1930-1936. He was the editor of The Princeton Theological Review from 1918-1929.	i don't know
Who had the best selling single in the UK in 1999 with ...Baby One More Time?	Britney Spears' Official Top 10 biggest selling singles revealed 04 December 2013 Britney Spears' Official Top 10 biggest selling singles revealed Britney is back with eighth studio album Britney Jean. We count down her Top 10 biggest selling songs on the Official Singles Chart. Google + Britney is back with new album Britney Jean (must've taken her hours to think that one up). We look back at her Top 10 biggest selling songs on the Official Singles Chart. You can’t keep a pop trouper like Britney Spears down. She’s lived most of her life dodging the flashbulbs of the paparazzi and the scathing disapproval of the tabloids, but she has always remembered the most important thing about being a popstar: HITS. She’s had a fair few: seven Top 10 albums, 23 Top 20 singles, including six Number 1s. Since 1999, the Official Singles Chart Top 40 has only been Britney-free twice – in 2006 and 2010, and she’s back to pop up 2013 – and 2014 – with her eighth studio album Britney Jean. To celebrate Britney’s chart success, we count down her Top 10 biggest selling singles in the UK (we also reveal 11–20 as we know you’ll be curious). Can you guess what made it to the top? 10. Piece Of Me (2007) When this track came out, Britney had been on the front page pretty much every day for a couple of years. Partying with Paris Hilton , getting her head shaved, criticised for balancing coffee cups in one hand and a baby in the other – Britney was big news. Rather than ignore this rather grim period in her tabloid life, Britney tackled it head-on with this brutal, sparse, bass-heavy track that is the best ‘mind your own business’ ticking-off the charts have ever seen. PEAK POSITION: 2 SALES: 276,000 CHART FACT: The song was written and produced by Swedish production duo Bloodshy & Avant, who had previously worked with Britney on Toxic and three other Top 10 hits: Me Against The Music (2003), My Prerogative (2004) and Do Somethin’ (2004). All classics, we're sure you'll agree. 9. (You Drive Me) Crazy (1999) A true Britney Pop Gem , (You Drive Me) Crazy was helped massively by a very ‘90s remix (STOP!) and a video featuring Sabrina star Melissa Joan Hart and that guy who would grow up to be quite good-looking (if you like that sort of thing) and star in Entourage. PEAK POSITION:5 SALES: 286,000 CHART FACT: The week (You Drive Me) Crazy entered and peaked at Number 5 on the Official Singles Chart, the four songs ahead of it were: Lou Bega ’s Mambo No. 5 (4), Shania Twain ’s Man! I Feel Like A Woman (3), S Club 7 ’s S Club Party (2) and at Number 1? Blue (Da Ba Dee) by Eiffel 65 . Amazing. 8. Born To Make You Happy (2000) Britney really did like to get her lovelorn thing going on early in her career. This track, like a slightly more sophisticated big sister to her debut hit, showed off Britney’s new bob haircut for the first time, which was pretty big news in itself. She was due to trounce that a few years later with the most extreme haircut ever, but still… A worthy Number 1, even though it stayed there just a week. PEAK POSITION: 1 SALES: 335,000 CHART FACT: Born To Make You Happy was Britney’s second chart-topper in the UK, but didn’t get a release in the US. 7. Everytime (2004) Britney sure was on a roll at this point in her career. The video for Everytime is probably her most impressive story video, and would foreshadow some of the tabloid traumas Brit was to face just a year or so later. Hollwywood heart-throb Stephen Dorff co-stars, as the boyfriend who doesn’t truly appreciate what he’s got until he’s dragging her out of the bathtub with a serious case of concussion. Typical men, right? PEAK POSITION:1 SALES: 335,400 CHART FACT: Second consecutive Number 1 from Britney’s In The Zone album. The last time she had a run of two chart-toppers had been from Born To Make You Happy to Oops!… I Did It Again, but they were from different albums. Everytime would be her last Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart for eight years. 6. Toxic (2004) When you listen to Toxic, it's hard to believe it wasn't a lead single. Daringly different from most of the other tracks taking up valuable space in the Official Singles Chart at the time, Britney was going after a big hit with this one, and she certainly got it. With a slick yet superfun video to match – including a rare glimpse of Brit as a redhead – and a catchy chorus which lent itself to many a rude reimagining, Toxic was the real hero of the In The Zone album, following up that Madonna collaboration and doing what Me Against The Music could not – reaching Number 1. PEAK POSITION:1 SALES: 408,000 CHART FACT: Toxic was originally offered to Kylie Minogue , who turned it down for reasons she probably can't even fathom right now. One of Toxic’s writers was Cathy Dennis , who had a hand in Kylie’s Can’t Get You Out Of My Head and had a few hits of her own in the ‘90s. 5. Womanizer (2008) "Womanizer, Woman-Womanizer / You're a womanizer / Oh womanizer, oh you're a womanizer, baby / You, you, you are / You, you, you are / Womanizer, womanizer, womanizer" That's quite an energetic bit of pop right there, and we're not even at the chorus yet. Britney's 'proper' comeback after the Blackout album proved to be a bit like the secret Doctor in Doctor Who – the exciting one nobody talks about – was this confident dressing-down of one of those guys who Britney has no doubt given their marching orders many times. It was nice to have her walking right back onto that stage. PEAK POSITION: 3 SALES: 440,000 CHART FACT: Womanizer was the lead single and only Top 10 hit from Britney’s Circus album. 4. Sometimes (1999) Britney's second release was a much slower and cutesier number than her debut. Showing she still had a touch of the Disney princess about her, Britney was a vision of loveliness as she danced with her friends by the beach in that '90s staple – the white crop top. Apparently, Britney filmed the video while recovering from knee surgery. And very lovely knees they were too. PEAK POSITION:3 SALES: 453,000 CHART FACT: This is Britney’s biggest selling non-Number 1 single. Only three more Britney singles would peak at Number 3: My Prerogative (2004), Gimme More (2007) and Womanizer from 2008. 3. Oops!… I Did It Again (2000) It was the question one everybody's lips: could Britney come back with a hit as strong as …Baby One More Time? The answer? Yes! Oops!… had all the ingredients of a smash: ellipsis in the title, some "yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah"s and a video featuring Britney looking kinda sexy in a PVC catsuit in the ultimate 2000 style – it was bootcut. Despite a talky bit in the middle that only really makes sense of you've seen Titanic (which most people have, thank goodness), Oops!… was no accident – it very purposefully took the Official Singles Chart throne. PEAK POSITION: 1 SALES: 470,000 CHART FACT: Oops… was Britney’s third Number 1, and the last time she’d hit the top of the Official Singles Chart for four years. 2. Scream & Shout (2012) Are you a bit surprised to find this one sneaking in all the way up here? You shouldn’t be! Despite being one of the biggest popstars on the planet, Britney isn't known for her collaborations. But when pop's man-of-the-moment will.i.am of Black Eyed Peas came a-knocking, Britney was sure as heck going to answer the door. Scream & Shout sees Britney trying out that kinda British accent that she loves doing almost as much as we love listening to it. "All eyes on us" was right – it was Britney's first chart-topper in eight years. PEAK POSITION: 1 SALES: 819,000 CHART FACT: This is Britney’s first hit as a featured artist. It’s in the Top 20 best sellers of 2013. Brit and Will got on so well, he's executive producer of her latest album Britney Jean. 1. …Baby One More Time (1999) We end our journey through Britney's biggest sellers at the very beginning. …Baby One More Time was a cultural phenomenon – its iconic video, incessant hooks and influence on pop music burned into everyone's brain for years to come (Are you quite sure about this? – Historical Ed). Music TV couldn't get enough of it, and neither could we. …Baby was a bonafide monster hit, shifting over 463,000 copies in the week it debuted at Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart. And the beat goes on – 11,000 of you bought …Baby One More Time just last year. Impressive! PEAK POSITION: 1 SALES: 1.5 million CHART FACT:This would be the first of seven consecutive Top10 hits for Britney. Spoilsport Don’t Let Me Be The Last To Know broke that chain. Awww. And here's 11–20. You know you were dying to see it. Did your fave Britney tune make the cut?	Britney Spears
The word calcaneal refers to which part of the body?	The 50 best-selling albums ever - NME The 50 best-selling albums ever 9:54 am - Nov 12, 2010 0shares 0shares 1/50 Today we’re counting down the biggest albums of all time. Starting with, at number 50, Madonna’s ‘Like A Virgin’ (1984). Copies sold: 21 million. 2/50 49. Dido, ‘No Angel’ (1999). Copies sold: 21 million 3/50 48. Oasis, ‘(What’s the Story) Morning Glory?’ (1995). Copies sold: 22 million 4/50 47. Spice Girls, ‘Spice’ (1996). Copies sold: 23 million 5/50 46. Ace of Base, ‘Happy Nation’ (1994). Copies sold: 23 million 6/50 45. Madonna, ‘True Blue’ (1986). Copies sold: 24 million 7/50 44. Linkin Park, ‘Hybrid Theory’ (2000). Copies sold: 24 million 8/50 43. Backstreet Boys, ‘Black and Blue’ (2000). Copies sold: 24 million 9/50 42. Whitney Houston, ‘Whitney Houston’ (1985). Copies sold: 25 million 10/50 41. U2, ‘The Joshua Tree’ (1987). Copies sold: 25 million 11/50 40. Simon and Garfunkel, ‘Bridge Over Troubled Water’ (1970). Copies sold: 25 million 12/50 39. Queen, ‘Greatest Hits’ (1981). Copies sold: 25 million 13/50 38. Mariah Carey, ‘Daydream’ (1995). Copies sold: 25 million 14/50 37. Iron Butterfly, ‘In-A-Gadda-da-Vida’ (1968). Copies sold: 25 million 15/50 36. Carole King, ‘Tapestry’ (1971). Copies sold: 25 million 16/50 35. Britney Spears, ‘…Baby One More Time’ (1999). Copies sold: 25 million 17/50 34. Nirvana, ‘Nevermind’ (1991). Copies sold: 26 million 18/50 33. Santana, ‘Supernatural’ (1999). Copies sold: 27 million 19/50 32. Various Artists, ‘Grease’ (1978). Copies sold: 28 million 20/50 31. Guns N’ Roses, ‘Appetite For Destruction’ (1987). Copies sold: 28 million 21/50 30. Bon Jovi, ‘Slippery When Wet’ (1986). Copies sold: 28 million 22/50 29. Backstreet Boys, ‘Backstreet’s Back’ (1997). Copies sold: 28 million 23/50 28. Abba, ‘Gold’ (1992). Copies sold: 28 million 24/50 27. Pink Floyd, ‘The Wall’ (1979). Copies sold: 30 million 25/50 26. Micheal Jackson, ‘Bad’ (1987). Copies sold: 30 million 26/50 25. Madonna, ‘The Immaculate Collection’ (1990). Copies sold: 30 million 27/50 24. James Horner, ‘Titanic’ (1997). Copies sold: 30 million 28/50 23. Dire Straits, ‘Brothers In Arms’ (1985). Copies sold: 30 million 29/50 22. Bruce Springsteen, ‘Born in the U.S.A.’ (1984). Copies sold: 30 million 30/50 21. Bee Gees, ‘Spirits Having Flown’ (1979). Copies sold: 30 million 31/50 20. Elton John, ‘Goodbye Yellow Brick Road’ (1973). Copies sold: 31 million 32/50 19. Celine Dion, ‘Let’s Talk About Love’ (1997). Copies sold: 31 million 33/50 18. The Beatles, ‘1’ (2000). Copies sold: 31 million 34/50 17. Micheal Jackson, ‘Dangerous’ (1991). Copies sold: 32 million 35/50 16. Mariah Carey, ‘Music Box’ (1993). Copies sold: 32 million 36/50 15. Celine Dion, ‘Falling Into You’ (1996). Copies sold: 32 million 37/50 14. The Beatles, ‘Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band’ (1967). Copies sold: 32 million 38/50 13. Alanis Morissette, ‘Jagged Little Pill’ (1995). Copies sold: 33 million 39/50 12. Led Zeppelin, ‘Led Zeppelin IV’ (1971). Copies sold: 37 million 40/50 11. Shania Twain, ‘Come On Over’ (1997). Copies sold: 39 million 41/50 10. Fleetwood Mac, ‘Rumours’ (1977). Copies sold: 40 million 42/50 9. Bee Gees/Various Artists, ‘Saturday Night Fever’ (1977). Copies sold: 40 million 43/50 8. Backstreet Boys, ‘Millennium’ (1999). Copies sold: 40 million 44/50 7. Various Artists, ‘Dirty Dancing’ (1987). Copies sold: 42 million 45/50 6. Eagles, ‘Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975)’ (1976). Copies sold: 42 million 46/50 5. Meat Loaf, ‘Bat Out Of Hell’ (1977). Copies sold: 43 million 47/50 4. Whitney Houston/Various Artists, ‘The Bodyguard’ (1992). Copies sold: 44 million 48/50 3. Pink Floyd, ‘Dark Side of the Moon’ (1973). Copies sold: 45 million 49/50 2. AC/DC, ‘Back In Black’ (1980). Copies sold: 49 million 50/50	i don't know
Which is the only one of the English Classic horse races for which the Queen has not owned the winner?	Epsom Derby Winners 1780 - 2016 Click Here! The Epsom Derby In 1779, the sport of horseracing was governed by a man named Sir Charles Bunbury. At that time no races were run over a distance of less than two miles. Also, racing was for horses aged four or older so the decision to permit three-year-old racing, and at distances shorter than two miles, paved the way for a new era in the sport. The first of these races to be approved was the Oaks , named after the home of Lord Derby, which was first run over a distance of one mile and contested by three-year-old fillies only. One year later, the Derby, competed for by three-year-old colts and fillies, came into being and was also, initially, run over one mile. The race's name was decided when Derby and Bunbury span a coin to determine which of their names the race would carry.	Epsom Derby
Which painter killed a young man in a brawl in Rome in 1606?	horse racing \| sport \| Britannica.com Horse racing Triple Crown Horse racing, sport of running horses at speed, mainly Thoroughbreds with a rider astride or Standardbreds with the horse pulling a conveyance with a driver. These two kinds of racing are called racing on the flat and harness racing , respectively. Some races on the flat—such as steeplechase , point-to-point , and hurdle races —involve jumping. This article is confined to Thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps. Racing on the flat with horses other than Thoroughbreds is described in the article quarter-horse racing . Camelot (right), ridden by Joseph O’Brien, after beating French Fifteenth to win the Two Thousand … Press Association/AP Horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries. It developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners, sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment, and immense sums of money, but its essential feature has always been the same: the horse that finishes first is the winner. In the modern era, horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public-entertainment business. By the first decades of the 21st century, however, the sport’s popularity had shrunk considerably. A discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in Saratoga Springs, New York, from the … Great Museums Television (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Early history Knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory. Both four-hitch chariot and mounted (bareback) races were held in the Olympic Games of Greece over the period 700–40 bce. Horse racing, both of chariots and of mounted riders, was a well-organized public entertainment in the Roman Empire. The history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established. Presumably, organized racing began in such countries as China , Persia, Arabia, and other countries of the Middle East and in North Africa , where horsemanship early became highly developed. Thence came too the Arabian, Barb, and Turk horses that contributed to the earliest European racing. Such horses became familiar to Europeans during the Crusades (11th–13th century ce), from which they brought those horses back. Similar Topics sledding Racing in medieval England began when horses for sale were ridden in competition by professional riders to display the horses’ speed to buyers. During the reign of Richard the Lion-Heart (1189–99), the first known racing purse was offered, £40, for a race run over a 3-mile (4.8-km) course with knights as riders. In the 16th century Henry VIII imported horses from Italy and Spain (presumably Barbs) and established studs at several locations. In the 17th century James I sponsored meetings in England. His successor, Charles I , had a stud of 139 horses when he died in 1649. Organized racing Charles II (reigned 1660–85) became known as “the father of the English turf” and inaugurated the King’s Plates, races for which prizes were awarded to the winners. His articles for these races were the earliest national racing rules. The horses raced were six years old and carried 168 pounds (76 kg), and the winner was the first to win two 4-mile (6.4-km) heats. The patronage of Charles II established Newmarket as the headquarters of English racing. In France the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen. During the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), racing based on gambling was prevalent. Louis XVI (reigned 1774–93) organized a jockey club and established rules of racing by royal decree that included requiring certificates of origin for horses and imposing extra weight on foreign horses. Organized racing in North America began with the British occupation of New Amsterdam (now New York City ) in 1664. Col. Richard Nicolls , commander of the British troops, established organized racing in the colonies by laying out a 2-mile (3.2-km) course on the plains of Long Island (called Newmarket after the British racecourse) and offering a silver cup to the best horses in the spring and fall seasons. From the beginning, and continuing until the Civil War, the hallmark of excellence for the American Thoroughbred was stamina, rather than speed. After the Civil War, speed became the goal and the British system the model. Match races Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The earliest races were match races between two or at most three horses, the owners providing the purse, a simple wager. An owner who withdrew commonly forfeited half the purse, later the whole purse, and bets also came under the same “play or pay” rule. Agreements were recorded by disinterested third parties, who came to be called keepers of the match book. One such keeper at Newmarket in England, John Cheny, began publishing An Historical List of All Horse-Matches Run (1729), a consolidation of match books at various racing centres, and this work was continued annually with varying titles, until in 1773 James Weatherby established it as the Racing Calendar, which was continued thereafter by his family. Open field racing Turn Up the Heat By the mid-18th century the demand for more public racing had produced open events with larger fields of runners. Eligibility rules were developed based on the age, sex, birthplace, and previous performance of horses and the qualifications of riders. Races were created in which owners were the riders (gentlemen riders), in which the field was restricted geographically to a township or county, and in which only horses that had not won more than a certain amount were entered. An act of the British Parliament of 1740 provided that horses entered had to be the bona fide property of the owners, thus preventing “ringers,” a superior horse entered fraudulently against inferior horses; horses had to be certified as to age; and there were penalties for rough riding. Contemporary accounts identified riders (in England called jockeys—if professional—from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were at first recorded in the Racing Calendar, but by the late 1850s all were named. This neglect of the riders is partly explained in that when races consisted of 4-mile heats, with the winning of two heats needed for victory, the individual rider’s judgment and skill were not so vital. As dash racing (one heat) became the rule, a few yards in a race gained importance, and, consequently, so did the rider’s skill and judgment in coaxing that advantage from his mount. Bloodlines and studbooks Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest All horse racing on the flat except quarter-horse racing involves Thoroughbred horses. Thoroughbreds evolved from a mixture of Arab, Turk, and Barb horses with native English stock. Private studbooks had existed from the early 17th century, but they were not invariably reliable. In 1791 Weatherby published An Introduction to a General Stud Book , the pedigrees being based on earlier Racing Calendars and sales papers. After a few years of revision, it was updated annually. All Thoroughbreds are said to descend from three “Oriental” stallions (the Darley Arabian , the Godolphin Barb , and the Byerly Turk , all brought to Great Britain, 1690–1730) and from 43 “royal” mares (those imported by Charles II). The preeminence of English racing and hence of the General Stud Book from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding (and thereby, at least to some degree, its racing qualities). In France the Stud Book Française (beginning in 1838) originally included two classifications: Orientale (Arab, Turk, and Barb) and Anglais (mixtures according to the English pattern), but these were later reduced to one class, chevaux de pur sang Anglais (“horses of pure English blood”). The American Stud Book dates from 1897 and includes foals from Canada , Puerto Rico , and parts of Mexico , as well as from the United States . The long-standing reciprocity among studbooks of various countries was broken in 1913 by the Jersey Act passed by the English Jockey Club, which disqualified many Thoroughbred horses bred outside England or Ireland . The purpose of the act was ostensibly to protect the British Thoroughbred from infusions of North American (mainly U.S.) sprinting blood. After a rash of victories in prestigious English races by French horses with “tainted” American ancestry in the 1940s, the Jersey Act was rescinded in 1949. Evolution of races Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The original King’s Plates were standardized races—all were for six-year-old horses carrying 168 pounds at 4-mile heats, a horse having to win two heats to be adjudged the winner. Beginning in 1751, five-year-olds carrying 140 pounds (63.5 kg) and four-year-olds carrying 126 pounds (57 kg) were admitted to the King’s Plates, and heats were reduced to 2 miles (3.2 km). Other racing for four-year-olds was well established by then, and a race for three-year-olds carrying 112 pounds (51 kg) in one 3-mile (4.8-km) heat was run in 1731. Heat racing for four-year-olds continued in the United States until the 1860s. By that time, heat racing had long since been overshadowed in Europe by dash racing, a “dash” being any race decided by only one heat, regardless of its distance. The modern age of racing The beginning of the modern era of racing is generally considered to have been the inauguration of the English classic races: the St. Leger in 1776, the Oaks in 1779, and the Derby in 1780. All were dashes for three-year-olds. To these races were later added the Two Thousand Guineas in 1809 and the One Thousand Guineas in 1814. (The St. Leger, Derby, and Two Thousand Guineas have come to constitute the British Triple Crown of horse racing.) During the 19th century, races of the English classic pattern—dashes for three-year-olds carrying level weights—spread all over the world. The French classics are the Prix du Jockey Club (1836), the Grand Prix du Paris (1863), and the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe (1920). Willie Carson guiding Nashwan to win the Two Thousand Guineas in 1989. Sporting Pictures (UK) Ltd. The American classics are the Belmont Stakes (1867), the Preakness Stakes (1873), and the Kentucky Derby (1875), which make up the American Triple Crown . Since the establishment of the British and American Triple Crown series, scores of countries have instituted their own (less prestigious) Triple Crowns of elite races. Jockey clubs and racing authorities The Jockey Club of Britain , founded at Newmarket about 1750, wrote its own rules of racing. In contrast to the earlier King’s Plates rules, these new rules took into account different kinds of contests involving horses of various ages and were thus more detailed. The new rules originally applied only to Newmarket, but, when the rules were printed in the Racing Calendar, they served as a model for rules throughout Britain. The Jockey Club later acquired the General Stud Book and came to control English racing in the 19th century. Its regulatory powers ended in 2006 when governance over British racing was transferred to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority. In 2007 power shifted to a new group, the British Horseracing Authority, which formed from a merger of the Horseracing Regulatory Authority and the British Horseracing Board. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano France Galop is the organization governing French horse racing. The organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities: the Société d’Encouragement et des Steeple-Chases de France, the Société de Sport de France, and the Société Sportive d’Encouragement. In the United States the governance of racing resides in state commissions; track operation is private. The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York , at one time exercised wide but not complete control of American racing. It maintains The American Stud Book. English racing spread to Australia , New Zealand , Canada, South Africa , and India in the 19th century, and many of their governing bodies emulated the British. Thousands of jockey clubs, both local and national, are today present around the world. Most of the national jockey clubs are members of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities, whose annual conference in Paris reviews racing developments and discusses issues related to breeding, racing, and betting. The conference is hosted by the Jockey Club de Paris. Handicap racing One major type of Thoroughbred horse race is the handicap race, in which the weights horses must carry during a race are adjusted in relation to their age (the more immature the horse, the less weight it carries). In this system, a two-year-old, the youngest racer, competes with less weight to carry than a horse that is three years or older. In general, a horse is reckoned as being fully aged at five years and is handicapped accordingly. There are also sex allowances for fillies, so that they carry slightly lower weights than males. Weight penalties or allowances are also provided on the basis of individual horses’ past performance. Such handicaps may be set centrally where racing is so controlled or by individual tracks, the goal being to render all horses as nearly equal as possible by establishing what is called racing form. The handicap race thus represents an outright repudiation of the classic concept that the best horse should win. Instead, handicaps are assigned with the specific objective of giving all the horses in a race an equal chance of winning. Some handicap races are major sporting events. For instance, the Melbourne Cup , a handicap inaugurated in 1861, is the most important race of the Southern Hemisphere. In the United States the Metropolitan, Brooklyn, and Suburban handicaps—all dating to the 19th century—were once the most valuable American events and remain reasonably comparable to the classics. The Santa Anita Handicap, first run in 1935, pioneered among such races with $100,000 or more purse value. Purse money and stake fees Sponsored races in which much of the purse money is put up by commercial firms include the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Durban July. In the United States most of the purse money for the richest events (offering purses in the millions of dollars) is provided by the stakes fees of the owners. Purses were winner-take-all in the early days of racing, but, as the racing of fields of horses came to predominate, a second prize came to be offered. Gradually, third and fourth prizes were added and occasionally fifth. On the average, modern-day purses are allocated about 60 percent to the winner, 20 percent to the second-place finisher, 12 percent to the third, 6 percent to the fourth, and 2 percent to the fifth-place finisher. Wagers The same historical progression was followed for wagers, with the bets in early (two-horse) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses (win, place, and show). From private bets, wagering was extended in the 19th century to bookmaking (a bookmaker is a professional bet accepter who tries to set his odds so that a percentage is working in his favour). Later in that century, betting was taken over worldwide by the racetrack managements in the form of the pari-mutuel . This is a common betting pool in which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management. The pari-mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator, a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools. It displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools. The customary pools are win, place, and show, and there are such specialty wagers as the daily double (winners of the first two races), perfecta (win and place winners in order in one race), quiniela (as in the perfecta but not in order), and trifecta (win, place, and show winners in order in one race). Other specialty wagers, sometimes offering extremely high payouts, require the bettor to select multiple trifectas, the winners of several races, or the first four horses in one race. As racing became big business, governments entered wagering with offtrack betting, which was very beneficial to racing in Australia, New Zealand, and France and less so in England and New York City. In the United States, illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime. Legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing’s popularity. Racing ages A racehorse achieves peak ability at age five, but the classic age of three years and the escalating size of purses, breeding fees, and sale prices have led to fewer races held with horses beyond age four. There are notable exceptions to this, however. Famous races that admit horses older than three include the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, the Gran Premio Internacional Carlos Pellegrini in Argentina , the Caulfield and Sydney cups in Australia, the Grande Prêmio São Paulo Internacional in Brazil , the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in England, the Gran Premio del Jockey Club and Gran Premio di Milano in Italy, the Emperor’s Cup and Arima Memorial in Japan , the Wellington Cup in New Zealand, the Durban July in South Africa, and the Gran Premio Clásico Simón Bolívar in Venezuela . Breeding theory and practice To be registered as a Thoroughbred, a foal must be the product of a “live cover,” meaning a witnessed natural mating of a stallion and a mare. Though artificial insemination and embryo transfer are possible and common in other horse breeds, it is banned with Thoroughbreds. The population of the breed is thereby controlled, assuring a high monetary value for the horses in the process. Because each foal is assigned an official birth date of January 1, to facilitate the age groups that define Thoroughbred races, it is important that mares foal as early as possible in the calendar year. This assures maximum development time for the foal before training and racing. The guiding principle for breeding winning racehorses has always been best expressed as “breed the best to the best and hope for the best.” The performance of a breeding horse’s progeny is the real test, but, for horses untried at stud, the qualifications are pedigree, racing ability, and physical conformation. What breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses. If, for example, one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed, interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring. Racecourses The ownership of racetracks ranges from complete state control, in which case the national government may own the tracks and horses and employ trainers, jockeys, grooms, and other necessary personnel, to complete private enterprise, as in most of the United States, where tracks are privately owned and operated for profit, as are the horses, and trainers and jockeys are independent contractors. In-between conditions include government ownership of tracks and in some cases horses, which are leased, and nonprofit privately owned tracks, as in Australia and the New York Racing Association. Horse racing at the Galway Race Course, Ballybrit, County Galway, Connaught (Connacht), Ireland. Nutan/Tourism Ireland Racetrack stands range from the elegant (Longchamp in France, Ascot in England) to the modest and purely functional (Cologne, the Curragh in Ireland). The same variety is true of the saddling area, the paddock. Most European and other racing surfaces are grass; in North and South America the common surface is dirt, though grass became increasingly popular in the 20th century. Synthetic racing surfaces, which routinely drain better than natural surfaces and cause fewer fatal injuries, were increasingly installed at racetracks during the 21st century. Racing takes place mainly in the daytime. Older racetracks, mainly European, conform to natural terrain, accommodations for spectators having been added later. The course at Newmarket , for example, can accommodate a race of 2.25 miles (3.6 km) with a gentle change of direction of less than 90 degrees, but spectators cannot see all the race. Newer tracks are elliptical 1-mile- (1.6-km-) long tracks. Racing procedure The eligibility of racers is checked the day before they are raced. Before the race, jockeys weigh out and report to the paddock for instructions by trainers and mount up, the identity of the horses having been checked. Horses and riders proceed to the track in a parade to the post for the stewards ’ (race officials’) inspection and a brief warm-up gallop. Horses are almost universally started from electrically operated starting gates, the horses being walked or led into their stalls prior to the start of the race. The starter actuates the upward swing of the barrier from the stalls when all are in place. During the race, stewards and patrol judges are alert for racing violations, supplemented by a motion-picture patrol. The finish is photographed by a special camera, and, when the race is close, the picture is awaited before winners are announced. The race’s result does not become official until the jockeys have weighed in and the riders of horses that finished in the money are certified to have carried the proper weight. At weighing in, a jockey, owner, or trainer may claim foul against a horse that interfered with his mount. The judgment of the stewards may result in a horse being lowered in order of finish from first to last. The stewards declare the race official, and then payoffs are flashed on the totalizator. Postrace urine tests are made of winning horses and a sample of the field, and if results show the presence of forbidden substances, the results may be changed on payment of purses but not on bets. Most time records are clustered in North America, where speed has long been a desideratum. Races in the United States are timed to 1/5 of a second, as opposed to 1/100 of a second elsewhere. Racing silks Colourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing, and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century. Though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport, their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public-address systems. To this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours (worn on the jockey’s jacket and helmet cover) with a regulatory board. Racing strategy The earliest American racecourses were typically straight quarter-mile sprints. For these short distances, American jockeys developed a style of riding involving a short stirrup and a crouching posture—this “ American seat ” eventually became standard worldwide for all distances. As longer, elliptical racetracks were built in New York and throughout the South, a greater onus was placed on jockeys to pace their horses. Because Thoroughbred horses are capable of running only about a quarter of a mile at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash this burst of speed is crucial to winning. The American jockey Isaac Murphy was famous in the 1880s and ’90s for his “grandstand finishes.” Training The training of racehorses, simply expressed, is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run. Exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved. A good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and, perhaps more important, enters the horse in suitable races. A trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day, which is the most difficult art of all. The state of racing In America, interest in horse racing exploded after the Civil War . By 1890 there were 314 racetracks, operating in nearly every state. Incensed, antigambling coalitions pushed through legislation in most parts of the country, and by 1908 only 25 racetracks remained in operation. Finally, even New York racetracks were shut down in 1911 when state legislation outlawed quoting of odds, soliciting bets, and recording bets in a fixed place. In response, many owners, trainers, and jockeys shifted their operations to Europe. When New York racetracks reopened in 1913, most of the earlier African American jockeys never returned. Barbaro, ridden by Edgar Prado, racing across the finish line to win the 132nd Kentucky Derby at … Al Behrman/AP During the late 1920s and the ’30s racetracks became an important source of tax revenue, and by the second half of the 20th century horse racing had become big business. Fields regularly numbered a dozen or more. Once race meetings lasted a day or two, later a week or two, and today, particularly where climate allows, races may be scheduled for half the year or more. More racing dates require more horses, and horses are raced more intensively. Purses grew, particularly after World War II . In 1981 a new American race, the Arlington Million (run at Arlington Park in Arlington Heights , Illinois , outside of Chicago ), was the first million-dollar race. Purses routinely topped this amount in the 21st century, growing to greater than $10 million for certain high-profile races. Where there is gambling, there is cheating, and the history of racing repeats itself with recurrent race fixing and running of ringers. A new threat to the sport arose in the 1960s with the widespread use of anti-inflammatory and coagulant drugs on horses. Various racing bodies limited or forbade the use of such drugs; others did not. Over-racing, particularly in the United States, encouraged their use, and both legal and illegal drug use may explain the higher death rate among American racehorses. (The U.S. Jockey Club reported that about 600 horses died racing-related deaths on U.S. racetracks in 2006, a significantly larger number than those recorded in other countries.) The use of steroids on horses, like their use by star athletes in many sports, came under particular scrutiny in the late 20th century. Animal rights organizations have long criticized horse racing. Activists have sought to expose horse doping, institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys, limit the number of races a horse (especially three years old and younger) can run in a season, and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces. Two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform: the shattering of bones in one of Kentucky Derby champion Barbaro’s legs just seconds after the start of the Preakness Stakes in 2006 (the horse was euthanized eight months later) and the death of three horses during production of the TV series Luck (2011–12), a drama about horse racing. (The deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season.) Such events—augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public—contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century. Horse of the Year winners Winners of the Horse of the Year award are listed in the table. Horse of the Year	i don't know
Who was Chief Minister to Louis XIII from 1624 until his death in 1642?	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu 2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection . Related subjects: Historical figures Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death. Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu ( September 9, 1585 – December 4, 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he later entered politics , becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin. The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister." As a result, he is sometimes considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro - Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although he was a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe . As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the retention of Québec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Québec to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America . Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts ; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language . Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal. He is also a leading character in The Three Musketeers, by Alexandre Dumas. Early life Richelieu was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons, born in Paris in 1585. His family, although belonging only to the lesser nobility of Poitou, was somewhat prominent: his father, François du Plessis, seigneur de Richelieu, was a soldier and courtier who served as the Grand Provost of France; his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist. When Armand was only five years old, his father died fighting in the French Wars of Religion, leaving the family in debt; with the aid of royal grants, however, the family was able to avoid financial difficulties. At the age of nine, young Richelieu was sent to the College of Navarre in Paris to study philosophy . Thereafter, he began to train for a military career, following in his father's footsteps. King Henry III had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the bishopric of Luçon. The family appropriated most of the revenues of the bishopric for private use; they were, however, challenged by clergymen who desired the funds for ecclesiastical purposes. In order to protect the important source of revenue, Richelieu's mother proposed to make her second son, Alphonse, the bishop of Luçon. Alphonse, who had no desire to become a bishop, instead became a monk. Thus, it became necessary that Armand end his ambitions for a military career and instead join the clergy. Richelieu was not at all averse to the prospect of becoming a bishop; he was a frail and sickly child who preferred to pursue academic interests. He did not want to be a bishop but it was in his best interests. In 1606, King Henry IV nominated Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon. As Richelieu had not yet reached the official minimum age, it was necessary that he journey to Rome to obtain a special dispensation from the Pope . The agreement of the Pope having been secured, Richelieu was consecrated bishop in April 1607. Soon after he returned to his diocese in 1608, Richelieu was heralded as a reformer; he became the first bishop in France to implement the institutional reforms prescribed by the Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563. At about this time, Richelieu became a friend of François Leclerc du Tremblay (better known as "Père Joseph" or "Father Joseph"), a Capuchin friar, who would later become a close confidant. Because of his closeness to Richelieu, and the grey colour of his robes, Father Joseph was also nicknamed l'Éminence grise ("the Grey Eminence"). Later, Richelieu often used Father Joseph as an agent during diplomatic negotiations. Rise to power The young King Louis XIII was only a figurehead during his early reign; power actually rested with his mother, Marie de Médicis. In 1614, the clergymen of Poitou elected Richelieu as one of their representatives to the States-General. There, he was a vigorous advocate of the Church, arguing that it should be exempt from taxes and that bishops should have more political power. He was the most prominent clergyman to support the adoption of the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout France; the Third Estate (commoners) was his chief opponent in this endeavour. At the end of the assembly, the First Estate (the clergy) chose him to deliver the address enumerating its petitions and decisions. Soon after the dissolution of the States-General, Richelieu entered the service of King Louis XIII's wife, Anne of Austria, as her almoner. Richelieu advanced politically by faithfully serving Concino Concini, the most powerful minister in the kingdom. In 1616, Richelieu was made Secretary of State, and was given responsibility for foreign affairs. Like Concini, the Bishop was one of the closest advisors of Louis XIII's mother, Marie de Médicis. Queen Marie had become Regent of France when the nine-year old Louis ascended the throne; although her son reached the legal age of majority in 1614, she remained the effective ruler of the realm. However, her policies, and those of Concini, proved unpopular with many in France. As a result, both Marie and Concini became the targets of intrigues at court; their most powerful enemy was Charles de Luynes. In April 1617, in a plot arranged by Luynes, King Louis XIII ordered that Concini be arrested, and killed should he resist; Concini was consequently assassinated, and Marie de Médicis overthrown. His patron having died, Richelieu also lost power; he was dismissed as Secretary of State, and was removed from the court. In 1618, the King, still suspicious of the Bishop of Luçon, banished him to Avignon. There, Richelieu spent most of his time writing; he composed a catechism entitled L'Instruction du chrétien. In 1619, Marie de Médicis escaped from her confinement in the Château de Blois, becoming the titular leader of an aristocratic rebellion. The King and the duc de Luynes recalled Richelieu, believing that he would be able to reason with the Queen. Richelieu was successful in this endeavour, mediating between Marie and her son. Complex negotiations bore fruit when the Treaty of Angoulême was ratified; Marie de Médicis was given complete freedom, but would remain at peace with the King. The Queen was also restored to the royal council. After the death of the King's favourite, the duc de Luynes, in 1621, Richelieu began to rise to power quickly. Next year, the King nominated Richelieu for a cardinalate, which Pope Gregory XV accordingly granted on 19 April 1622. Crises in France, including a rebellion of the Huguenots, rendered Richelieu a nearly indispensable advisor to the King. After he was appointed to the royal council of ministers in April 1624, he intrigued against the chief minister, Charles, duc de La Vieuville. In August of the same year, La Vieuville was arrested on charges of corruption, and Cardinal Richelieu took his place as the King's principal minister. Chief minister Cardinal Richelieu's policy involved two primary goals: centralization of power in France and opposition to the Habsburg dynasty (which ruled in both Austria and Spain). Shortly after he became Louis's principal minister, he was faced with a crisis in the Valtellina, a valley in Lombardy (northern Italy ). In order to counter Spanish designs on the territory, Richelieu supported the Protestant Swiss canton of Grisons, which also claimed the strategically important valley. The Cardinal deployed troops to Valtellina, from which the Pope's garrisons were driven out. Richelieu's decision to support a Protestant canton against the Pope won him many enemies in predominantly Catholic France. Cardinal Richelieu at the Siege of La Rochelle. In order to further consolidate power in France, Richelieu sought to suppress the influence of the feudal nobility. In 1626, he abolished the position of Constable of France and he ordered all fortified castles to be razed, excepting only those needed to defend against invaders. Thus, he stripped the princes, dukes, and lesser aristocrats of important defences that could have been used against the King's armies during rebellions. As a result, Richelieu was hated by most of the nobility. Another obstacle to the centralization of power was religious division in France. The Huguenots, one of the largest political and religious factions in the country, controlled a significant military force, and were in rebellion. Moreover, the English king , Charles I , declared war on France in an attempt to aid the Huguenot faction. In 1627, Richelieu ordered the army to besiege the Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle; the Cardinal personally commanded the besieging troops. English troops under the Duke of Buckingham led an expedition to help the citizens of La Rochelle, but failed abysmally. The city, however, remained firm for over a year before capitulating in 1628. Although the Huguenots suffered a major defeat at La Rochelle, they continued to fight, led by Henri, duc de Rohan. Protestant forces, however, were defeated in 1629; Rohan submitted to the terms of the Peace of Alais. As a result, religious toleration for Protestants, which had first been granted by the Edict of Nantes in 1598, was permitted to continue; however, the Cardinal abolished their political rights and protections. Rohan was not executed (as were leaders of rebellions later in Richelieu's tenure); in fact, he later became a commanding officer in the French army. On the "Day of the Dupes" in 1630, it appeared that Marie de Médicis had secured Richelieu's dismissal. Richelieu, however, survived the scheme, and Marie was exiled as a result. Habsburg Spain exploited the French conflict with the Huguenots to extend its influence in northern Italy. It funded the Huguenot rebels in order to keep the French army occupied, meanwhile expanding its Italian dominions. Richelieu, however, responded aggressively; after La Rochelle capitulated, he personally led the French army to northern Italy to restrain Spain. In the next year, Richelieu's position was seriously threatened by his former patron, Marie de Médicis. Marie believed that the Cardinal had robbed her of her political influence; thus, she demanded that her son dismiss the chief minister. Louis XIII was not, at first, averse to such a course of action, for his relations with the Cardinal were poor. The King disliked Richelieu, but the persuasive statesman was capable of convincing his master of the wisdom in his plans. On 11 November 1630, Marie de Médicis and the King's brother, Gaston, duc d'Orléans, secured the King's agreement for the dismissal. Cardinal Richelieu, however, was aware of the plan, and quickly convinced the King to repent. This day, known as the Day of the Dupes, was the only one on which Louis XIII took a step toward dismissing his minister. Thereafter, the King, although continuing to dislike Richelieu, was unwavering in his political support for him; the courtier was created duc de Richelieu and was made a Peer of France. Meanwhile, the unsuccessful Marie de Médicis was exiled to Compiègne. Both Marie and the duc d'Orléans continued to conspire against Cardinal Richelieu, but their schemes came to nothing. The nobility, also, remained powerless. The only important rising was that of Henri, duc de Montmorency in 1632; Richelieu, ruthless in suppressing opposition, ordered the duke's execution. Richelieu's harsh measures were designed to intimidate his enemies. The Cardinal also ensured his political security by establishing a large network of spies in France as well as in other European countries. Thirty Years' War Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become involved in the Thirty Years' War. In 1629, the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor humbled many of his Protestant opponents in Germany, thereby greatly increasing his power. Cardinal Richelieu, alarmed by the Emperor Ferdinand II's influence, incited Sweden to attack. He also agreed to aid King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden with financial subsidies. France was not openly at war with the Empire, so aid was given secretly. In the meantime, France and Spain continued to remain hostile over the latter kingdom's ambitions in northern Italy. At that time Northern Italy was a major strategic asset in Europe's balance of powers, being a terrestrial link between the Habsburg's two branches in Germany and Spain. Had the imperial armies dominated this region, France's very existence would have been endangered, being circled by Habsburg territories. Spain was then aspiring for becoming a "universal monarchy", with support from the Pope. When, in 1630, French ambassadors in Regensburg agreed to make peace with Habsburg Spain, Richelieu refused to uphold them. The agreement would have prohibited French interference in the hostilities in Germany. Thus, Richelieu advised Louis XIII to refuse to ratify the treaty. Because he openly aligned France with Protestant powers, Richelieu was denounced by many as a traitor to the Roman Catholic Church. Military hostilities, at first, were disastrous for the French, with many victories going to Spain and the Empire. Neither side, however, could obtain a decisive advantage, and the conflict lingered on until after Richelieu's death. Military expenses put a considerable strain on the King's revenues. In response, Cardinal Richelieu raised the gabelle (a tax on salt ) and the taille (a tax on land ). The taille was enforced to provide funds to raise armies and wage war. The clergy, nobility, and high bourgeoisie were either exempt or could easily avoid payment, so the burden fell on the poorest segment of the nation. To collect taxes more efficiently, and to keep corruption to a minimum, Richelieu bypassed local tax officials, replacing them with intendants—officials in the direct service of the Crown. Richelieu's financial scheme, however, caused unrest amongst the peasants; there were several uprisings between 1636 and 1639. Cardinal Richelieu crushed the revolts violently, and dealt with the rebels harshly. Last years Towards the end of his life, Richelieu managed to alienate many individuals, including the Pope. Richelieu was displeased by Pope Urban VIII's refusal to name him the papal legate in France; in turn, the Pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy. However, the conflict was largely healed when the Pope granted a cardinalate to Jules Mazarin, one of Richelieu's foremost political allies, in 1641. Despite troubled relations with the Roman Catholic Church, Richelieu did not support the complete repudiation of papal authority in France, as was advocated by the Gallicanists. Jules Cardinal Mazarin succeeded Richelieu in office. As he neared his death, Cardinal Richelieu faced a plot that threatened to remove him from power. The cardinal had introduced a young man named Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis de Cinq-Mars to Louis XIII's court. The Cardinal had been a friend of Cinq-Mars' father. More importantly, Richelieu hoped that Cinq-Mars would become Louis' favourite, so that he could indirectly exercise greater influence over the monarch's decisions. Cinq-Mars had become the royal favourite by 1639, but, contrary to Cardinal Richelieu's belief, he was not easy to control. The young marquis realised that Richelieu would not permit him to gain political power. In 1641, he participated in the comte de Soissons' failed conspiracy against Richelieu, but was not discovered. Next year, he schemed with leading nobles (including the King's brother, the duc d'Orléans) to raise a rebellion; he also signed a secret agreement with the King of Spain, who promised to aid the rebels. Richelieu's spy service, however, discovered the plot, and the Cardinal received a copy of the treaty. Cinq-Mars was promptly arrested and executed; although Louis approved the use of capital punishment, he grew more distant from Richelieu as a result. In the same year, however, Richelieu's health was already failing. The Cardinal suffered greatly from eye strain and headaches, among other ailments. As he felt his death approaching, he named as his successor one of his most faithful followers, Jules Cardinal Mazarin. Although Mazarin was originally a representative of the Holy See, he had left the Pope's service to join that of the King of France. Mazarin succeeded Richelieu when the latter died on 4 December 1642. The Cardinal is interred at the church of the Sorbonne. Arts and culture Cardinal de Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu was a famous patron of the arts. Himself an author of various religious and political works (most notably his Political Testament), he funded the literary careers of many writers. He was a lover of the theatre , which was not considered a respectable art form during that era. Among the individuals he patronised was the famous playwright Pierre Corneille. Richelieu was also the founder and patron of the Académie française, the pre-eminent French literary society. The institution had previously been in informal existence; in 1635, however, Cardinal Richelieu obtained official letters patent for the body. The Académie française includes forty members, promotes French literature, and continues to be the official authority on the French language. Richelieu served as the Académie's "protector"; since 1672, that role has been fulfilled by the French head of state. In 1622, Richelieu was elected the proviseur or principal of the Sorbonne. He presided over the renovation of the college's buildings, and over the construction of its famous chapel, where he is now entombed. As he was Bishop of Luçon, his statue stands outside the Luçon cathedral. Richelieu oversaw the construction of his own palace in Paris, the Palais-Cardinal. The palace, renamed the Palais Royal after Richelieu's death, now houses the French Constitutional Council, the Ministry of Culture, and the Conseil d'État. The architect of the Palais-Cardinal, Jacques Lemercier, also received a commission to build a château and a surrounding town in Indre-et-Loire; the project culminated in the construction of the Château Richelieu and the town of Richelieu. To the château, he added one of the largest art collections in Europe. Most notably, he owned Slaves (sculptures by the Italian Michelangelo Buonarroti), as well as paintings by Peter Paul Rubens , Nicolas Poussin and Titian. Legacy Richelieu's tenure was a crucial period of reform for France. Earlier, the nation's political structure was largely feudalistic, with powerful nobles and a wide variety of laws in different regions. Parts of the nobility periodically conspired against the King, raised private armies, and allied themselves with foreign powers. This haphazard system gave way to centralized power under Cardinal Richelieu. Local and even religious interests were subordinated to those of the whole nation, and of the embodiment of the nation—the King. Equally critical for France was Richelieu's foreign policy, which helped restrain Habsburg influence in Europe. Richelieu did not survive until the end of the Thirty Years' War however, the conflict ended in 1648, with France emerging in a far better position than any other power, and the Holy Roman Empire entering a period of decline. Cardinal Richelieu's successes were extremely important to Louis XIII's successor, King Louis XIV . Louis XIV continued Richelieu's work of creating an absolute monarchy; in the same vein as the Cardinal, he enacted policies that further suppressed the once-mighty aristocracy, and utterly destroyed all remnants of Huguenot political power with the Edict of Fontainebleau. Moreover, Louis took advantage of his nation's success during the Thirty Years' War to establish French hegemony in continental Europe. Thus, Richelieu's policies were the requisite prelude to Louis XIV becoming the most powerful monarch, and France the most powerful nation, in all of Europe during the late seventeenth century. Richelieu is also notable for the authoritarian measures he employed to maintain power. He censored the press, established a large network of internal spies, forbade the discussion of political matters in public assemblies such as the Parlement de Paris (a court of justice), and had those who dared to conspire against him prosecuted and executed. The Canadian historian and philosopher John Ralston Saul has referred to Richelieu as the "father of the modern nation-state, modern centralised power [and] the modern secret service." The Cardinal's motives are the focus of much debate among historians; some see him as a patriotic supporter of the monarchy, whilst others view him as a power-hungry cynic. ( Voltaire even argued that Richelieu started wars to make himself indispensable to the King.) The latter image gained further currency due to Alexandre Dumas's work of historical fiction, Les Trois Mousquetaires (The Three Musketeers). The novel depicts Richelieu as a power-hungry and avaricious minister. Many adaptations of Dumas' story portray Richelieu even more negatively. Despite such arguments, Richelieu remains an honoured personality in France, particularly for his stubborn refusal to let courtly intrigues and foreign interests dominate the government. He has given his name to a battleship and a battleship class. The French government planned to use his name for an aircraft carrier but the ship was finally named after Charles de Gaulle. His legacy is also important for the world at large—his ideas of a strong nation-state and aggressive foreign policy helped create the modern system of international politics. The notions of national sovereignty and international law can be traced, at least in part, to the policies and theories of Richelieu, especially as enunciated in the Treaty of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years' War. One aspect of his legacy which has remained less renowned is his involvement with Samuel de Champlain, and his fledgling colony, along the St. Lawrence River. The retention and promotion of Québec under Richelieu allowed it — and through the settlement's strategic location, the St-Lawrence - Great Lakes gateway into the North American interior — to develop into a French empire in North America—parts of which would eventually become modern Canada and Louisiana. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis%2C_Cardinal_Richelieu" This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the	Cardinal Richelieu
In Yorkshire, what are the Huddersfield Narrow and the Huddersfield Broad?	Profile for Cardinal Richelieu from The Three Musketeers (page 1) Join Cardinal Richelieu Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin. The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliance …more [close] Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin. The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal. As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the retention of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America. He is also a leading character in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, père and its subsequent film adaptations, portrayed as a main antagonist, and a powerful ruler, even more powerful than the King himself, though events like the Day of the Dupes show that in fact he very much depended on the King to keep this power. edit descriptions of this character	i don't know
Which post was held by Lord Denning from 1962 to 1982 and Lord Donaldson from 1982 to 1992?	Lord Donaldson of Lymington \| The Independent Lord Donaldson of Lymington Judge who modernised Court of Appeal practice and procedure Friday 2 September 2005 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Most senior judges of recent times have stood in the shadow of the famously controversial and interventionist Lord Denning, but on John Donaldson, his successor in 1982 as Master of the Rolls, it was cast further than most. Yet, while his 10 years as Head of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal and the third most senior judge in England and Wales made more of an impact on legal procedure rather than the actual law, Donaldson was himself no stranger to controversy. He was criticised for his role as judge presiding over the trial of the Maguire Seven in 1976; and during his time as president of the short-lived National Industrial Relations Court under the Heath government, 182 Labour MPs signed a Commons motion calling for his removal on the grounds of political bias. Although he was a Conservative, his judicial work at the NIRC did not necessarily betray this, but his career paid the price for it during the subsequent Labour government. In a rare example of political influence in judicial appointments, he had to watch colleagues of lesser ability promoted above him, even though, ironically, his record on civil liberties issues was considered liberal and understanding. Margaret Thatcher soon made up for his years in the relative backwater of the Commercial Court by promoting him to Master of the Rolls a mere three years after he had joined the Court of Appeal in 1979. But then, back in 1966, Donaldson had also been Britain's youngest High Court judge. Freed of judicial constraints after 1992, he found retirement offered the opportunity to speak out on a wide range of legal issues. His stern defence of the judiciary in relation to anti-terror laws had won him most publicity of late, and he was a regular on the Today programme. When Tony Blair said in July that he expected judges to uphold any new laws, Donaldson told the programme: "It is the judges whose job it is to ensure the government of the day does not exceed its powers." John Francis Donaldson was born in 1920, the son of a Harley Street gynaecologist. Educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was the Union's Secretary of Debates, he was commissioned into the Royal Signals in 1941. He served with the Guards Armoured Divisional Signals from 1942 to 1945, and then with the military government in Schleswig-Holstein. Towards the end of the Second World War, Donaldson - then a lieutenant-colonel - was visiting his mother in hospital in London, when she introduced him to a nurse, Mary Warwick, and Donaldson invited her to the theatre. When they married in Hampshire on his next home leave in 1945, the bride wore a borrowed wedding dress and carried a bouquet of bronzed chrysanthemums. Donaldson was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1946, where he built up a commercial law practice, with a noted involvement in early restrictive trade practices cases. He spent nine years on the Bar Council and took silk in 1961, becoming a High Court judge in the Queen's Bench Division at the age of 46. But it was his appointment by the Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath as the first (and only) president of the National Industrial Relations Court in 1971 - described as the graveyard of legal interference in industrial relations - that catapulted him into the public eye. The court was created by the controversial Industrial Relations Act, which Donaldson had helped draft. It had powers to impose a 60-day cooling-off period in major strikes, and to require unions to ballot members before strike action. Despite aiming to make the court a less confrontational venue, removing formalities such as wigs and gowns, Donaldson found himself branded "Black Jack" and the judge with the "fastest gun in the west" as the court only succeeded in exacerbating bad relations between the government and unions. Conservative ministers viewed the court as a political instrument, even though publicly they maintained that trade union and Labour Party attacks on Donaldson were an interference with an independent judiciary. When Michael Foot, as Employment Secretary in the following Labour government, moved quickly to abolish the court, he described its president as having a "trigger-happy judicial finger". This was to blight Donaldson's immediate prospects of advancement. Still, he returned to the High Court, where he was a judge of what has been described as the Hailsham generation. Such judges were said to be characterised by a lack of professional self- criticism, a passionate belief in the traditional procedures and privileges of the Bar and a lack of scepticism towards prosecution evidence. Donaldson became heavily involved in IRA cases, including that of the Guildford Four, leading him in 1976 to preside over the Maguire Seven trial. They were a group accused of possessing explosives which were then passed on for use by IRA terrorists to make bombs for the Guildford and Woolwich attacks. He handed down hefty sentences on all, including Giuseppe Conlon, who died in prison and whose case was made famous by the 1993 film In the Name of the Father. The gathering furore over the case eventually led to a review by Sir John May and in 1990 he was critical of the judge's handling and understanding of the evidence. Donaldson was not invited to appear before the inquiry on the ground that judges could not expect to be cross-examined. The convictions were quashed in 1991 but the Court of Appeal stopped short of ruling that there had been a miscarriage of justice. In the meantime, however, the return of a Conservative government meant that Donaldson finally became a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1979. Three years later, the post of Master of the Rolls became vacant upon Lord Denning's retirement. Margaret Thatcher wanted to appoint Donaldson, but Lord Hailsham, then the Lord Chancellor, did not agree, having taken soundings from other senior judges. Thatcher asked Hailsham to remind her whose appointment it was, and upon being told it was hers, she chose Donaldson. Shortly afterwards, completing an annus mirabilis for the Donaldson family, Mary Donaldson became the first woman Lord Mayor of London, as part of a long life of public service. Theirs was a remarkable partnership. Although they were both strong in intellect and character, each loyally supported and played consort to the other in their respective high offices. Mary was appointed GBE in 1983; her husband became a life peer in 1988, taking the title Lord Donaldson of Lymington. Following Denning was not an easy task. John Donaldson once described his predecessor as "an old man in a hurry" but their different approaches meant comparisons were largely redundant. While Denning enjoyed the limelight, Donaldson later explained the advantages of wigs and gowns in court. It meant the juror who saw him "shopping in Woolworths in plain clothes had not the slightest idea" who he was. None the less, he used the media skilfully. He began issuing an annual report on the work of the civil division, was available to the press and won a reputation for being the most approachable of the senior judges - he even listed his home telephone number in Who's Who. But for all he sat in many cases of note - he had to traverse largely untrodden territory in medical ethics, the rights of juveniles and of disabled people, was involved in Spycatcher and condemned the £600,000 libel damages awarded to Sonia Sutcliffe against Private Eye - his was not an especially memorable tenure from the perspective of English jurisprudence. His main achievement by his own admission was to modernise the practice and procedure of the Court of Appeal. Throughout, he was concerned about the backlog of appeals in his court caused by insufficient resources, and it was the subject to which he returned at a valedictory in his court in 1992, with the Lord Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern sitting next to him. He said he regretted not being able to provide his successor with a better inheritance. Donaldson retired just short of his 72nd birthday, at a time when judicial retirement age was a topic of debate. Although he said he agreed, at least in principle, with judges hanging up their wigs at 70, his retirement was driven more by the realisation that he had been on the bench longer than any other higher court judge at the time. "The Court of Appeal has had enough of me and I've had enough of the Court of Appeal," he said. Known in court for sucking boiled sweets with his wig at an angle, Donaldson was quick to bring barristers before him to the point. "[His mind] might have looked like the North Face of the Eiger," said the Attorney-General Sir Nicholas Lyell QC when the judge retired, "but a good argument soon found some friendly footholds and a hoist to the summit". There were some, however, who thought he cut legal argument too short and jumped to conclusions, due perhaps to an over-zealous desire for efficiency. While not the most profound legal thinker, his judgments displayed an ability to seek out the less obvious solutions. He had a long-standing interest in maritime law - he was a keen yachtsman in his spare time - and his most striking contributions after he retired were in this field. His recommendations as chairman of the inquiry set up after the tanker Braer ran aground off the Shetland Isles in 1993 were widely praised. Donaldson conducted a further review into the powers of state intervention and the command and control of salvage response following the Sea Empress disaster in 1996. He held a variety of other posts, from quasi- judicial, such as on the appeals panel of the London Metal Exchange, to law reform. He chaired the Financial Law Panel for the decade of its existence and was highly critical when its work ended in 2002 due to funding cuts from the Bank of England. Donaldson took a close interest in the Labour government's constitutional reforms - submitting lengthy personal responses to consultations - and made regular contributions in the House of Lords. In the fortnight before his sudden death, he had letters published in The Times and the Law Society's Gazette on the latest anti-terror proposals. Neil Rose When presiding as a judge, John Donaldson always made a point of walking into court very briskly, writes Tom Bingham. He felt that this set the pace for the proceedings which followed. And in his court the pace was never leisurely. He liked argument to be short and to the point, and he had little stomach for over-refinement or verbosity. He had a quick and original, sometimes rather quirky, mind, which he would, on occasion, change with unnerving rapidity. It was unwise, sitting with him, to undo one's seat-belt. But his brisk, modern, no-flannel approach was immensely valuable. It was largely due to his energy and appetite for business that the Commercial Court flourished and expanded as never before. If counsel appeared to ask for a case to be heard expeditiously, he was apt to respond: "I'm free this afternoon, what about you?" The National Industrial Relations Court was convened for an emergency hearing on a Saturday evening. Asked to reduce scandalous delays in the Queen's Bench Divisional Court, Donaldson cleared the list within a few months. His judicial colleagues sat with him for a week or two at a time, unable to stand the pace for any longer. On becoming Master of the Rolls on the retirement of Lord Denning, he introduced much-overdue reforms in the administration of the Court of Appeal: unlike many judges, he enjoyed administration, and was restless in his search for administrative efficiency. It was he who introduced the handing down of reserved judgments, which up to then had been read aloud, at a high cost in time and tedium. It was typical of him that he furnished the Master of the Rolls' room with modern furniture, and even in the days when almost everyone in the Temple wore a bowler hat, he never did. To those who picture all judges as slow, fuddy-duddy and set in their ways, one can only say: you should have seen John Donaldson.	Master of the Rolls
Who had the best-selling single in the UK in 1994 with Love Is All Around?	Obituaries: Lord Denning \| The Independent Obituaries: Lord Denning Saturday 6 March 1999 00:02 BST Click to follow The Independent Culture LORD DENNING was one of the greatest judges of the 20th century. His name will always be associated with doing justice to the parties before him, come what may. He was a judge for 38 years and had time to leave his imprint on the law of the post-war period. A judge is always concerned with priorities. In a difficult case there are a number of competing principles which have to be weighed and one preferred to another. Denning put justice first and precedent came lower down in the scale of importance. Justice was achieved by applying the principles of equity, where necessary, and adapting the law to modern conditions. His attitude to the law was positive and he exercised all the powers of a judge to do right. Denning had great learning, which enabled him to skirt round awkward precedents with skill and ingenuity and produce a result which accorded with morality and natural justice. He believed that people will not be disposed to obey the law unless they are convinced that it is, on the whole, just and justly applied. To convince, it was necessary to explain, and he was renowned for his clarity of expression: simple words and short sentences. His style was lively and entertaining and he was a storyteller. Simplicity and clarity of language made the law more accessible to the layman. He saw the danger of treating logic as the only basis for law. Born at Whitchurch, Hampshire, in 1899, the son of Charles and Clara Denning, he was baptised Alfred Thompson Denning, but was always known as Tom. There were five boys in the family and one girl. Two talented brothers were lost in the First World War and, of the survivors, one became a Lieutenant-General in the Army and another a Vice- Admiral in the Navy. Denning was educated at Andover Grammar School and Magdalen College, Oxford. His education was interrupted by service as a subaltern in the Royal Engineers in the First World War. He saw active service in France, holding a sector not far from Albert, and later taking part in the final advance when Sappers built bridges over the rivers. Returning to Magdalen in 1919, he took a First in the Mathematical School in 1920. After a short spell teaching mathematics at Winchester College, he returned to Magdalen in 1921 to study for the Final Honours School of Jurisprudence. He obtained first class honours in 1922. He was awarded the Eldon Scholarship and later the Prize Studentship of the Bar at the Bar examination in May 1923. He was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn that June and started practice in commercial chambers in the Middle Temple. He gained a substantial practice as a common law junior and took silk in 1938. Denning was appointed a judge of the High Court in March 1944 and was assigned to the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division. He was transferred to the King's Bench Division in 1945, was a Lord Justice of Appeal from 1948 to 1957, a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1957 to 1962 and back again in the Court of Appeal as Master of the Rolls from 1962 to 1982. In June 1946 he was called on by the Lord Chancellor to chair the first of many departmental committees upon which he served. Owing to wartime separation there was a flood of petitions for divorce and Denning and his committee made a number of suggestions to improve the practice of the divorce court. The committee met at 4.30pm after the courts had risen and by February 1947 had made their report. The committee worked swiftly and without fuss and the report met with general approval. Soon after his transfer to the King's Bench Division, Denning was nominated as the judge to hear Pension Appeals. He much enjoyed this as there was no appeal from his decisions and he could do what he thought to be right. The minister had put upon the applicant the burden of proving that his injury or illness was due to his war service. Many ordinary people could not do this and lost their right to a pension. Denning, finding justification in a recent Statutory Instrument, changed the burden of proof. He held that if a man was fit when he joined up and unfit when he came out, the burden was on the minister to prove that the injury or illness was not due to war service. The British Legion wrote to him that "by his penetrating investigation and clear exposition he had won their entire confidence". This is a good example of Denning's concern for the little man. Denning did all in his power to establish what is called "the deserted wife's equity". In 1947 a husband who had deserted his wife took proceedings to recover possession of the house, which the husband owned, but was occupied by his wife and invalid son. Denning invoked the provisions of section 17 of the Married Women's Property Act 1882 which said that in the absence of a marriage settlement a judge could divide the property of husband and wife fairly between them. This was one of the subjects of contention between Denning and the House of Lords. The House of Lords could not bring itself to believe that the 1882 Act meant what it said and in 1970 Parliament had to pass the Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 which repeated what it had said in 1882. Denning was constantly at odds with the House of Lords on a number of subjects: the construction of wills, statutes and contracts; trade unions; and above all the use of precedent. In some cases relating to the abuse of power by ministers, Denning and the House saw eye to eye. On tax evasion, in the early years there were differences, but by the 1970s the House, with a different composition, came round to Denning's point of view, that the Court must look at the reality of the situation and strike it down if it is a sham. Many of Denning's judgments stirred Parliament to put right the wrongs pointed out by him. For instance, his judgments in the 1970s relating to trade unions formed the basis of new legislation. Right from the beginning Denning tried to restate the law. Lord Devlin, commenting on one of Denning's early cases, said: "Denning, as a very recent puisne, preferred to cut a new channel from the main stream." Denning once said: "I prefer to straighten out the law here and now." He was eager to use the judicial power to do this and thought that the House of Lords was the place where this could and should be done. He spent five years in the House of Lords but failed to bring the other members of the House to his way of thinking. Denning gave more lectures and addresses than any judge has ever given. It all started in 1949 when he was invited to deliver the first Hamlyn Lecture. After this he was in constant demand to speak to universities and other bodies. From 1954 this demand spread overseas. He played a large part in bringing together people of all races and cultures and was once described as an "Ambassador-at-Large for the common law". Until 1977 he travelled tirelessly during the law vacations to all parts of the world lecturing and addressing conferences. He was popular with students and the young and had the unusual distinction for a judge of being the inspiration for a variety of T-shirts emblazoned with words such as "Equity - Denning". He took a particular interest in the education of students in Africa and in 1960 was chairman of a committee on legal education in that country. He was revered overseas and it has been said that in most Commonwealth countries he was regarded as the greatest legal luminary of the century. Denning's most important inquiry related to the circumstances of the resignation of John Profumo, Secretary of State for War, in 1963. The object of the inquiry was to investigate the rumours about corruption in high places. Denning sat at a long polished table at the Treasury building, flanked by two secretaries and assisted by two shorthand writers. The witnesses entered through the rear passages of the Treasury and were interviewed by Denning who had to act as judge, prosecutor and investigator. The inquiry started work in June 1963 and the report was issued in September. The Denning Report proved a best-seller and over 100,000 copies were sold in the first three days after publication. Queues formed up outside the Stationery Office. It has been described as "the raciest and most readable Blue Book ever published", and made Denning's name known to a wide public. In 1979 Denning wrote a book, The Discipline of Law, which gave his views on many legal questions and was the start of a long stream of books. The book of the most general interest was entitled The Family Story and told the tale of the remarkable Denning family. In 1982 he wrote a book, What Next in the Law, which was to prove his downfall. In it were some unguarded remarks on picking a jury in a recent case. The passage was interpreted as if Denning was actuated by racial prejudice and two of the black jurors in the case sent letters to Denning and his publishers threatening legal proceedings. Denning was 83 years of age and thinking of retiring soon but the threat of legal proceedings precipitated this retirement. The action was settled and the offending phrases deleted. Denning's valediction in the Lord Chief Justice's Court on 30 July 1982 was a memorable occasion. All seats were taken well before the appointed time and barristers in wig and gown were pushing unsuccessfully at the swing doors to get in. The Lord Chancellor, Lord Hailsham, presided and said that it was given to few men to be a legend in their lifetime. He said that before the Second World War the common law had been in a period of quiescence but after it she had awoken from her slumbers and entered upon renewed creativity. He acknowledged the vast debt owed to Denning for his deep learning, powerful legal intellect and pungent English style. They would miss his passion for justice, his independence and quality of thought, his liberal mind, his geniality and unfailing courtesy to colleagues, to counsel and to litigants in person. In retirement Denning said that he did not want to be idle. He was glad to be free to take part in political controversy which he could not do as a judge. He wanted to help with legislation in the House of Lords, particularly on social questions and law reform. Up to the spring of 1988 he spoke regularly in debates in the House of Lords on subjects that interested him. He was never long out of the news and frequently spoke on the radio and appeared on television. He took a great interest in affairs in Hampshire, particularly on rights of way and village schools. In his 92nd year some unwise remarks to The Spectator caused controversy, when A.N. Wilson reported Denning's opinion that, if the death penalty had been in force when the Guildford Four were convicted, "they'd have probably hanged the right men", and that if the Birmingham Six had been hanged, "we shouldn't have all these campaigns to get them released". He said later that he had been quoted out of context. Denning had a mild and unassuming manner and always retained his Hampshire burr. His outstanding characteristic was speed. He talked and moved quickly, took the point quickly and was a very quick worker. Many remarked what a tiger for work he was. He had a retentive memory and a good sense of humour, and was courteous to everyone. He loved his home and library at "The Lawn", Whitchurch, and was particularly fond of his trees. Above all he was devoted to his wife and family and to the pleasures of family life. He was twice married, first to Mary Harvey, who died in 1941 leaving him with a son, Robert, aged three years at that time. Robert later became a Fellow of Denning's old Oxford college, Magdalen. In 1945 Denning married Joan Stuart, who had two daughters and a son. She died in 1992. Alfred Thompson Denning, judge: born Whitchurch, Hampshire 23 January 1899; called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn 1923; KC 1938; Kt 1944; Judge of the High Court of Justice 1944-48; PC 1948; a Lord Justice of Appeal 1948- 57; created 1957 Baron Denning; a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 1957-62; Master of the Rolls 1962-82; Chairman, Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts 1962-82; OM 1997; married 1932 Mary Harvey (died 1941; one son), 1945 Joan Stuart (nee Elliott Taylor, died 1992; one stepson, two stepdaughters); died Winchester, Hampshire 5 March 1999. More about:	i don't know
The Battlefield Line Railway that runs between Shackerstone and Shenton in Leicestershire is named after which battle?	UK: Battlefield Railway, large logo Class 47s 47640 & 47635 at Shenton on arrival from Shackerstone - YouTube UK: Battlefield Railway, large logo Class 47s 47640 & 47635 at Shenton on arrival from Shackerstone Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 11, 2012 UK: Battlefield Railway, Class 47s 47640 & 47635 reverse at Shenton after arriving on a service from Shackerstone Recorded 10th November 2012 at the Battlefield Railways Class 47 Running Day which saw locomotives 47640 "University of Strathclyde" and 47635 "Jimmy Milne" providing motive power for all services from Shackerstone, via Market Bosworth to Shenton Station. -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The Battlefield Line Railway is a heritage railway in Leicestershire, England. It runs from Shackerstone (Grid ref SK 379 065) to Shenton (SK 396 002), via Market Bosworth, a total of 4.5 miles (7.2 km). Shenton is near Bosworth Field, (the location of the final battle of the Wars of the Roses immortalised in Shakespeare's Richard III), giving the railway its name. The railway used to be part of the London and North Western Railway and the Midland Railway, who operated the line jointly between Moira West Junction and Nuneaton. -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The British Rail Class 47, is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive. They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit producing 2,750 bhp (2,050 kW) - though this was later derated to 2,580 bhp (1,920 kW) to improve reliability - and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways. -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+	Bosworth
Whose name is missing from the first line of the Book of Proverbs in the Authorized Version of the Bible – ‘The proverbs of ________ the son of David, the King of Israel’?	Battlefield Line - Miniature Traction Engine Weekend - April 27th/28th 2013 \| National Preservation If you register, you can do a lot more. And become an active part of our growing community. You'll have access to hidden forums, and enjoy the ability of replying and starting conversations. Battlefield Line - Miniature Traction Engine Weekend - April 27th/28th 2013 18 Hi guys "Join us for a brand new event at Market Bosworth Station on the Battlefield Line: Miniature Traction Engine Weekend. The event, named 'Engines of Bosworth', will utilise the old Market Bosworth Goods Shed and Yard, which is directly adjacent to the full size Shackerstone - Shenton preserved steam railway. Why not let the train take the strain and travel to the event on a steam hauled passenger train? Highlights include: * At least 15 miniature traction engines in steam * Steam trains on the Battlefield Line * 5 inch Gauge Miniature Railway * Toy Steam & Model Engineering in the Goods Shed * Centrepiece full size Aveling Roller 8T "Louise" * Engine Parade 2pm each day This brand new event needs all the support it can get so please come along and experience the 'golden age' when steam ruled the rails, the roads and the fields. More details as the event draws nearer, such as train times, loco roster and further attractions at Market Bosworth. Please support us for the very first Miniature Traction Engine weekend on the Battlefield Line". Likes Received: 18 Just another note to say guys please join us for this brand new event in April 2013. The show is gradually growing and we hope to have at least 20 miniature traction engines in action both days, joined by the centrepiece engine "Louise"; an Aveling Porter 8-ton Roller built in 1925, with her traditional Living Van of course. Come along, meet the owners and discuss the histories of these fascinating and very large model engines, most of which were built from scratch by their drivers! Outside the historic Market Bosworth Goods Shed you can meet "The Griffin", a 3" Burrell Showmans Engine who will be generating electricity through her scale dynamo for her traditional musical organ, which will be playing proudly alongside her, just as the full size counterparts did back in the day! Why not take a ride on the 5" gauge miniature railway? (Small extra fee payable). Inside the Goods Shed, a safe haven for all weathers, you can see the smallest of the Traction Engine models: the Toy Steamers. These collectors items are much sort after and there will be plenty of them to admire, both in steam and on display. Also expect selected model engineering displays and a model railway, in keeping with steam rally style exhibits. Oh, and don't forget the full size Battlefield Line preserved railway right next door! You will be able to take a trip between Shackerstone and Shenton stations; a distance of around 5 miles. Please note there will be limited parking this weekend at Market Bosworth Station due to the various steam exhibits so why not make a day of it and travel to the event from either Shackerstone or Shenton via heritage train? We will release further details nearer to the event but we would love your support for what promises to be an exciting, steam-filled weekend at Market Bosworth. More information can be found at www.battlefield-line-railway.co.uk . Thanks for reading guys! Watch this space! 18 Hi guys! As part of Miniature Traction Engine Weekend 2013 we are happy to welcome Rhydypenderyn: a 16mm scale Model Railway Layout, based on the Welsh Narrow Gauge...all the way from Cardiff! Visitors will be able to view the 25' x 15' layout in the historic Market Bosworth Goods Shed, with stock hauled by both battery operated and live steam engines. (The hope on the Sunday is to have a guest operator with coal-fired 16mm live steam - tbc). We are very thankful to the owners of Rhydypenderyn for offering to join us for the weekend! ALSO IN THE GOODS SHED... * Nuneaton Model Engineering Society * Tomy Interactive Railway/Battlefield Line Stand * Various Toy Steam Stands More updates as they happen. Thank you for reading and MERRY CHRISTMAS! 18 HAPPY NEW YEAR everyone! Slowly but surely the list for our miniature traction engine weekend is still growing. We are not only welcoming miniature traction engines of 2" up to 6" scales but also Toy Steamers such as Mamods and Wilescos, not to mention smaller diecast examples where available AND of course the full size Aveling Roller "Louise" with her traditional Living Van. Anyone who would like to attend with any related exhibit is still welcome to contact the organiser - Sam - at minitraction@battlefield-line- railway.co.uk If you are thinking of building a miniature traction engine but want to get up close and personal with a few to make your mind up...then THIS IS THE EVENT FOR YOU! There will be engines of 2" - 6" and the scales in between from makers such as Burrell, Foster, Ruston Proctor, Marshall and Garratt, as well as a single 4.5" Foden lorry. Aveling and Porter are represented in 12" scale and, across the board, the engines range through Agricultural types to Road Engines, Heavy Haulage and Showmans. We hope you will come along and see the different engines in steam at Market Bosworth Station. Fancy something along a railway line? The Battlefield Line will be operating at least five trains each way from Market Bosworth each day. Why not join the train at Shackerstone and travel through the Leicestershire countryside on a heritage train to meet the event at Market Bosworth? From there, you can continue along the old A & NJR metals to the terminus of the railway at Shenton Station, adjacent to the site of the famous 1485 Battle of Bosworth fields. Why not take a stroll around the country park, take in some history or have a cuppa' at the Visitor Centre - returning on a later train. If you want a smaller train ride...why not try out the portable GEC 5" gauge miniature railway on the yard at Market Bosworth Station? - A delight for the young or old - small extra charge payable. In the all weather Goods Shed at Market Bosworth you can see the quaint 16mm Railway known as Rhydypenderyn, offering live steam and battery operated trains on this Welsh narrow gauge based model railway layout. As well as the model railway we will be welcoming a Model Engineering display from Nuneaton Model Engineering Society as well as hopefully a 2nd similar display (tbc), and at least three stands which have Toy Steam engines, such as Mamod & Wilesco, at their heart. Fancy a Cuppa'? There will be refreshments available in the Goods Shed this weekend, from a stall supported by the Battlefield Line. Ladies and gentleman, please don't forget that this is a brand new, embryo rally and we need all of the support we can get to get it off the ground in April. We are still willing to take more exhibits onto our books, for those wishing to attend with any traction engine related exhibit - you will be welcomed with open arms. One of the engines in attendance this weekend will be "The Griffin", a 3" Burrell with the ability to generate electricity to power her Pell Organ, which will also be joining us for the weekend! Why not come and see them in action at Market Bosworth?...Thanks for reading guys! WE HOPE TO SEE YOU AT MARKET BOSWORTH ON APRIL 27TH/28TH - LESS THAN 4 MONTHS TO GO! 18 Another update guys! * We will also be welcoming a couple of Stationary/Barn Engines to this event (courtesy of the local barn engine club)...ticking over amongst the miniature traction engines. Barn engines are arguably a steam rally tradition and we are very pleased to be welcoming a few examples to this event for our visitors interest. * The entry prices for the event are £4 Adult and £2 Child at the Market Bosworth Station Gate (cash only) - does not include train ride. The entry prices for MB Station are refundable against the price of a train ticket. This system makes use of the main, standard gauge steam train much more worthwhile and cost effective so why not try it out this weekend?! * There will be limited parking at Market Bosworth Station this weekend so as to allow for all of our exhibits to have adequate room. * 2pm Engine Parade - We hope to get all of the engines into a line each day at 2pm, to coincide with the arrival of the 1:45pm steam departure from Shackerstone. This will be a great opportunity to see all of the engines together at once and to view the different scales and designs of these beautiful engines. I say again guys, Please PLEASE Support This Brand New Event As We Hope It Will Be A Great Success!	i don't know
Roberta Flack was the first artist to win the Grammy for Record of the Year in consecutive years. Which group were the second, for Beautiful Day in 2001 and Walk On in 2002?	Grammys history and winners through the years - Timelines - Los Angeles Times Grammys history and winners through the years By Los Angeles Times Staff Jan. 28, 2015 5:19 p.m. In May 1959, at a star-studded banquet in the Beverly Hilton, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences handed out 28 Grammys. The academy, founded two years earlier, was a relative latecomer to the awards game, with the first Oscars having been handed out 30 years earlier and the first Emmys 10 years prior. The number of Grammy categories once grew to more than 100, but now stands at 83. Explore our reverse chronology below, with key winners highlighted for each year. Related Feb. 15, 2016 Taylor Swift accepts the award for album of the year for “1989." (Matt Sayles/Invision/AP) Taylor Swift took home her second best album honor for “1989,” while Mark Ronson’s “Uptown Funk” won the award for best record. Meghan Trainor was named best new artist. And Ed Sheeran’s “Thinking Out Loud” won for best song. In the performances, Adele sounded less-than-stellar and “Hamilton” measured up to the hype, but Kendrick Lamar’s fiery set was the show-stealer and overshadowed much of the night. Record: “Uptown Funk,” Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars Album: “1989,” Taylor Swift Song: “Thinking Out Loud,” Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge, songwriters (Ed Sheeran) New artist: Meghan Trainor Staples Center Feb. 8, 2015 Mary J. Blige and Sam Smith perform at the end of the 57th Grammy Awards. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) Sam Smith, a 22-year-old British singer-songwriter who was virtually unknown outside his native England a year earlier, took home three of the four top awards. He became the first openly gay artist to win record of the year. Beck’s surprise win for his widely lauded “Morning Phase” album led Kanye West to approach the stage at the start of Beck’s acceptance speech; later, West blasted the win , saying the award should have gone to Beyonce. Record: “Stay With Me (Darkchild Version),” Sam Smith Album: “Morning Phase,” Beck Song: “Stay With Me (Darkchild Version),” James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (Sam Smith) New artist: Sam Smith Staples Center Jan. 26, 2014 Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr take a bow after their performance of "Queenie Eye," in a reunion of the surviving members of the Beatles. (Rob Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) Electronic duo Daft Punk took home honors for album and record of the year, plus two more awards, during a long but visually and musically dazzling ceremony. The Grammy stage also saw the mass marriage of 33 couples, including several same-sex partners, to the music of hip-hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis’ gay-rights anthem “Same Love.” Record: “Get Lucky,” Daft Punk & Pharrell Williams Album: “Random Access Memories,” Daft Punk Song: “Royals,” Joel Little & Ella Yelich O’Connor, songwriters (Lorde) New artist: Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Staples Center Feb. 10, 2013 Justin Timberlake, left, performs his song "Suit and Tie," featuring rapper Jay-Z at the 55th Grammy Awards. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) British roots music band Mumford and Sons took the top honor for “Babel” on a night that distributed honors broadly to an array of younger generation acts including New York indie trio Fun., Australian electronic pop artist Gotye, rapper-R&B singer Frank Ocean and Akron, Ohio, rock group the Black Keys. Record: “Somebody That I Used to Know,” Gotye featuring Kimbra Album: “Babel,” Mumford and Sons Song: “We Are Young,” Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost and Nate Ruess, songwriters (Fun. featuring Janelle Monáe) New artist: Fun. Feb. 12, 2012 Rihanna performs at the 54th Grammy Awards. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) LL Cool J plays host for the second-highest-rated Grammys telecast in history, with an audience of 39.9 million viewers. However, the death of Whitney Houston the day before the ceremony casts a pall over the proceedings. A hastily organized tribute features Jennifer Hudson singing “I Will Always Love You.” Record: “Rolling in the Deep,” Adele Album: “21,” Adele Song: “Rolling in the Deep,” songwriters Adele Adkins, Paul Epworth New artist: Bon Iver Staples Center Feb. 13, 2011 Members of Arcade Fire celebrate after winning album of the year at the 53rd Grammy Awards. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) The Grammys may often be written off as a popularity contest, but this year indie favorite Arcade Fire takes home album of the year, making it the first indie act to pull that off. In another category, a 27-year-old jazz bassist named Esperanza Spalding beats out chart-topping acts Justin Bieber and Drake for best new artist. Record: “Need You Now,” Lady Antebellum Album: “The Suburbs,” Arcade Fire Song: “Need You Now,” songwriters Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott New artist: Esperanza Spalding Staples Center Jan. 31, 2010 Taylor Swift reacts after winning four Grammys at the 52nd Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) It’s a good night for ladies. Beyoncé becomes a record breaker when she takes home six Grammys for her album “I Am … Sasha Fierce.” That outdoes the previous record for awards won by a female performer in a single night. Taylor Swift wins four awards, including album of the year. Record: “Use Somebody,” Kings of Leon Album: “Fearless,” Taylor Swift Song: “Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It),” songwriters Thaddis Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash, & Christopher Stewart New artist: Zac Brown Band Staples Center Feb. 8, 2009 Adele receives the award for best new artist at the 51st Grammy Awards. (Mark Boster / Los Angeles Times) Robert Plant and Alison Krauss are the night’s big award winners, but the biggest drama of the 2009 ceremony doesn’t take place on stage. Earlier that day, two of the show’s biggest stars, Chris Brown and Rihanna, get into a physical altercation resulting in facial damage to Rihanna and Brown turning himself in to LAPD. Neither performer attends the Grammys and Brown later pleads guilty to felony assault. The incident becomes the hot topic of conversation in the media and by attendees of the show that night. Record: “Please Read the Letter,” Robert Plant & Alison Krauss Album: “Raising Sand,” Robert Plant & Alison Krauss Song: “Viva la Vida,” songwriters Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin New artist: Adele Staples Center Feb. 10, 2008 After her live performance from London, Amy Winehouse celebrates her win at the 50th Grammy Awards. (Frazer Harrison / Getty Images) The Grammys celebrate 50 years with a series of performances linking past and present. Alicia Keys performs a duet with a recording of Frank Sinatra, Beyoncé sings with Tina Turner, Rihanna and the Time perform and the first-ever Grammy winner, Keely Smith, plays with Kid Rock. Amy Winehouse wins five awards, but due to visa troubles, she’s unable to attend the ceremony. Record: “Rehab,” Amy Winehouse Album: “River: The Joni Letters,” Herbie Hancock Song: “Rehab,” songwriter Amy Winehouse New artist: Amy Winehouse Feb. 11, 2007 Carrie Underwood performs during the 49th Grammy Awards. (Anne Cusack / Los Angeles Times) After enduring much criticism for singer Natalie Maines’ comments criticizing President George W. Bush, the Dixie Chicks appear to be forgiven by winning five awards, including album of the year and record of the year for “Taking the Long Way.” “I think people are using their freedom of speech tonight with all these awards,” Maines says. Record: “Not Ready to Make Nice,” Dixie Chicks Album: “Taking the Long Way,” Dixie Chicks Song: “Not Ready to Make Nice,” songwriters Emily Robison, Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, & Dan Wilson New artist: Carrie Underwood Staples Center Feb. 8, 2006 Sly Stone made a rare -- if brief -- appearance during a multisong tribute to Sly and the Family Stone, a band that never received a nomination for a Grammy Award. (Los Angeles Times) Sly Stone of Sly and the Family Stone makes his first live stage appearance since 1987. He appears midway through a performance of the group’s hit “I Want to Take You Higher,” surprising the audience with his appearance: a blond mohawk, sunglasses and a silver lamé suit. After singing a bit, he leaves the stage before the number is over. U2 is the night’s top winner, with five awards, including album of the year for “How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.” Record: “Boulevard of Broken Dreams,” Green Day Album: “How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb,” U2 Song: “Sometimes You Can’t Make It on Your Own,” songwriters Adam Clayton, David Evans, Larry Mullen Jr. & Paul Hewson New artist: John Legend Staples Center Feb. 13, 2005 Singer Norah Jones and the late Ray Charles' manager, Joe Adams, accept the award for album of the year on his behalf at the 47th Grammy Awards. (Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times) The ceremony is dedicated to Ray Charles, who died the previous year at age 73. Charles ends up the evening’s biggest winner, however, with his final album, “Genius Loves Company” winning eight awards, including record of the year and album of the year. Charles’ five personal wins is a posthumous record. An all-star tribute to the Beatles includes Bono, Stevie Wonder, Brian Wilson, Alicia Keys and Steven Tyler, among others. Record: “Here We Go Again,” Ray Charles & Norah Jones Album: “Genius Loves Company,” Ray Charles & various artists Song: “Daughters,” songwriter John Mayer New artist: Maroon 5 Staples Center Feb. 8, 2004 Evanescence singer Amy Lee accepts their award for best new artist during the 46th Grammy Awards at Staples Center in Los Angeles. (Los Angeles Times) OutKast’s “Speakerboxxx/The Love Below” becomes the first pure hip-hop project to win album of the year honors. Beyoncé Knowles wins five awards. But the biggest name of the night doesn’t win any awards or even attend; following her infamous wardrobe malfunction at the 2003 Super Bowl halftime show, Janet Jackson is uninvited from the ceremony and then re-invited on condition she apologizes. Jackson declines, but her halftime costar Justin Timberlake apologizes for the incident while accepting his award for best male pop performance. Record: “Clocks,” Coldplay Staples Center Feb. 23, 2003 Norah Jones holds her Grammy for best new artist at the 45th Grammy Awards, held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. (Timothy A. Clary / AFP) The Grammys return to Madison Square Garden in New York, with New Yorkers hosting the ceremony to mark the city’s resilience after the 2001 terrorist attacks. Norah Jones dominates the awards, taking five trophies including album of the year for “Come Away With Me.” Bruce Springsteen and the Dixie Chicks tie for second-most wins, with three each. Record: “Don’t Know Why,” Norah Jones Album: “Come Away With Me,” Norah Jones Song: “Don’t Know Why,” songwriter Jesse Harris New artist: Norah Jones Madison Square Garden Feb. 27, 2002 Alicia Keys wins for best new artist at the 44th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Los Angeles Times) Alicia Keys wins five Grammys, including best new artist and song of the year. “I’d like to dedicate this to just thinking outside the box and not being afraid of who you are no matter what you do,” Keys says. U2 takes four awards, and lead singer Bono marvels that the group could “survive commerce, being broke, not being broke, some really lousy haircuts, the ‘80s.” The soundtrack to the Coen brothers film “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” takes five Grammys, beating out Bob Dylan’s “Love and Theft” and OutKast’s “Stankonia” for top album. Record: “Walk On,” U2 Staples Center Feb. 21, 2001 Shelby Lynne wins for best new artist at the 43rd Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Kirk McKoy / Los Angeles Times) Steely Dan, U2, Dr. Dre and Faith Hill each win three awards but are overshadowed by the controversy surrounding Eminem’s lyrics, at times deemed violent and homophobic. Eminem, who also wins three awards, and Elton John team up to perform a show-stopping rendition of the rapper’s single “Stan,” and they embrace after the performance. CBS runs three anti-hate and anti-domestic violence public service announcements during the telecast, including one from Judy Shepard, mother of slain gay teen Matthew Shepard. Record: “Beautiful Day,” U2 Staples Center Feb. 23, 2000 Christina Aguilera, who won a Grammy for Best New Artist, arrives at BMG's post–Grammy party in Hollywood. (Gina Ferazzi / Los Angeles Times) Carlos Santana ties Michael Jackson’s eight-Grammy record with his comeback album “Supernatural” and its single “Smooth” –- the most-played song of 1999. The award comes after Santana was largely written off by the music industry. “Music is the vehicle for the magic of healing,” he says as he accepts the award for album of the year. Other winners include Christina Aguilera, TLC, Shania Twain and Sting, beating out the Backstreet Boys and Ricky Martin. Record: “Smooth,” Santana featuring Rob Thomas Album: “Supernatural,” Santana Staples Center Feb. 24, 1999 Celine Dion accepts her Grammy for record of the year at the 41st Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Los Angeles Times) After a two-year stint in New York, the Grammys are back in L.A., where Lauryn Hill takes album of the year, best new artist and three more trophies. She begins an acceptance speech with the 40th Psalm and thanks her children “for not spilling anything on Mommy’s outfit.” Rap album winner Jay-Z boycotts the show because two of the three rap categories aren’t included in the televised ceremony. Winners include Madonna, Alanis Morissette, Vince Gill, Sheryl Crow and the Dixie Chicks. Record: “My Heart Will Go On (Love Theme from ‘Titanic’),” Celine Dion Album: “The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill,” Lauryn Hill Song: “My Heart Will Go On,” songwriters James Horner, Will Jennings New artist: Lauryn Hill Shrine Auditorium Feb. 25, 1998 Shawn Colvin won two Grammys at the 1998 Grammy Awards at New York's Radio City Music Hall. (Richard Drew / AP Photo) After decades of Grammy neglect, Bob Dylan takes three Grammys at Radio City Music Hall. His son Jakob Dylan wins two. During a Bob Dylan performance, a dancer with “Soy Bomb” written on his torso rushes the stage and gyrates wildly before being escorted off. Wu-Tang Clan rapper Ol’ Dirty Bastard interrupts Shawn Colvin’s song of the year speech to argue that the Clan should have won for rap album (Puff Daddy won). And Paula Cole flips her middle finger during her performance of “Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?” Record: “Sunny Came Home,” Shawn Colvin Album: “Time Out of Mind,” Bob Dylan Song: “Sunny Came Home,” songwriters Shawn Colvin, John Leventhal New artist: Paula Cole Radio City Music Hall Feb. 26, 1997 LeAnn Rimes won for best new artist and best female country vocal performance at the 1997 Grammy Awards. (Jon Levy / AFP Photo) First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton wins a Grammy for her recorded reading of her child-rearing book “It Takes a Village,” beating out the likes of Garrison Keillor, Lauren Bacall, Martin Landau and Gregory Peck. Other key winners include Eric Clapton, Babyface, Celine Dion and 14-year-old newcomer LeAnn Rimes. The ceremony is held in New York’s Madison Square Garden, drawing criticism that the venue is too cavernous. Record: “Change the World,” Eric Clapton Album: “Falling into You,” Celine Dion Song: “Change the World,” songwriters Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims New artist: LeAnn Rimes Madison Square Garden Feb. 28, 1996 Comedian Judy Tenuta, costumed as Lady Godiva, rides a stuffed horse at the 38th Grammy Awards, expounding the cause of animal rights. (Vince Bucci / AFP/Getty Images) The National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences revamps its selection process to highlight younger, edgier artists, including Coolio, Pearl Jam, TLC, Nirvana and Alanis Morissette. Morissette wins four trophies, including album of the year for her record “Jagged Little Pill” and accepts her award “on behalf of anybody who’s ever written a song from a very pure place, a very spiritual place,” she says. Record: “Kiss From a Rose,” Seal Album: “Jagged Little Pill,” Alanis Morissette Song: “Kiss From a Rose,” songwriter Seal New artist: Hootie & the Blowfish Tagged as March 1, 1995 Bruce Springsteen with his Grammy Awards in 1995. (Steve Granitz / WireImage) Bruce Springsteen’s poignant “Streets of Philadelphia” –- about a man struggling with AIDS –- wins four Grammys, including song of the year, best rock song, best song written for a motion picture and best male rock vocal. The song is the first to sweep the Grammy and Oscar song competitions. Accepting the first award, Springsteen thanks “the folks … who have lost their sons or their lovers or their friends to AIDS and said that the song meant something to them.” Record: “All I Wanna Do,” Sheryl Crow Album: “MTV Unplugged,” Tony Bennett Song: “Streets of Philadelphia,” songwriter Bruce Springsteen New artist: Sheryl Crow Shrine Auditorium March 1, 1994 Frank Sinatra is congratulated by Bono, lead singer of the group U2, after Sinatra is honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 36th Grammy Awards in 1994. (Ron Frehm / AFP / Getty Images) Whitney Houston’s smash hit “I Will Always Love You” yields her three Grammy Awards, including record of the year. Times writer Paul Grein says it has a “can’t-miss aura.” “Her smash ballad from ‘The Bodyguard’ is brimming with traits that Grammy voters prize in a record of the year,” he writes. “It’s immaculately crafted, dramatic and anthemic and was a huge hit in a variety of radio formats.” Other winners are Meat Loaf, Dr. Dre, Ray Charles, Ozzy Osbourne, Maya Angelou and George Carlin. Record: “I Will Always Love You,” Whitney Houston Album: “The Bodyguard,” Whitney Houston Song: “A Whole New World (Aladdin’s Theme),” songwriters Alan Menken, Tim Rice New artist: Toni Braxton Radio City Music Hall Feb. 24, 1993 Singer Billy Idol attends the 1993 Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / Getty Images) Eric Clapton, who is nominated for nine Grammys, wins six including song of the year for “Tears in Heaven.” Arrested Development is the first rap group to win best new artist and also wins for rap performance by a duo or group for “Tennessee.” Janet Jackson presents her brother Michael Jackson the Grammy Legend Award. Record: “Tears in Heaven,” Eric Clapton Album: “Unplugged,” Eric Clapton Shrine Auditorium Feb. 25, 1992 Singers Lindsey Buckingham, Natalie Cole and Melissa Etheridge attend the nominees luncheon for the 34th Grammy Awards in Universal City. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) The awards go east to Radio City Music Hall in New York, and Whoopi Goldberg hosts. Natalie Cole, whose father Nat King Cole received a Lifetime Achievement Award last year, wins three Grammys with covers of her father’s music on “Unforgettable … With Love.” Lisa Fischer and Patti LaBelle tie for female R&B vocal performance, and documentary filmmaker Ken Burns wins best spoken word or non-musical album and best traditional folk album for “The Civil War.” The Grammy for best world music is also presented for the first time. Record: “Unforgettable,” Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole Album: “Unforgettable … With Love,” Natalie Cole Song: “Unforgettable,” songwriter Irving Gordon New artist: Marc Cohn Feb. 20, 1991 Rachel Hunter and Rod Stewart attend the 1991 Grammy Awards. (Ron Galella / WireImage) Mariah Carey’s debut nabs her five nominations, and she wins best new artist. Quincy Jones wins six awards, including album of the year for “Back on the Block.” Times critic Robert Hilburn feels that the academy shows signs of age by failing to nominate Sinead O’Connor for album, writing it’s likely “the voters just didn’t recognize the difference between the artistry of O’Connor and the minimal pop vision of the actual nominees, including Phil Collins, Wilson Phillips, M.C. Hammer and Mariah Carey.” The MusiCares Person of the Year is awarded to David Crosby. Record: “Another Day in Paradise,” Phil Collins Album: “Back on the Block,” Quincy Jones & various artists Song: “From a Distance,” songwriter Julie Gold New artist: Mariah Carey Radio City Music Hall Feb. 21, 1990 Rob Pilatus, left, and Fab Morvan of Milli Vanilli at the 32nd Grammy Awards. (Ron Galetta / WireImage) Bonnie Raitt takes home four Grammys for her album “Nick of Time.” Paul McCartney, Dick Clark, Miles Davis, Vladimir Horowitz and Nat King Cole receive Lifetime Achievement Awards. Danny Elfman’s score for Tim Burton’s “Batman” gets him the instrumental composition award. Milli Vanilli, who wins best new artist, has its Grammy revoked shortly after Times writer Chuck Philips confirms neither member sang any of the lyrics on the hit “Girl You Know It’s True.” “The last two years of our lives have been a total nightmare,” Rob Pilatus, one-half of the pop group Milli Vanilli, tells Philips later that year. Record: “Wind Beneath My Wings,” Bette Midler Album: “Nick of Time,” Bonnie Raitt Song: “Wind Beneath My Wings,” songwriters Larry Henley, Jeff Silbar Tagged as Shrine Auditorium Feb. 22, 1989 Musician Alice Cooper on the red carpet at the 1989 Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (George Rose / Getty Images) The burgeoning rap genre gets its own category and DJ Jazzy Jeff and Will Smith a.k.a. the Fresh Prince win the award for “Parents Just Don’t Understand.” Even so, Smith boycotts going to the ceremony because the award presentation isn’t televised. Tracy Chapman wins three awards, including best new artist and female pop vocal performance. Jesse Jackson picks up best spoken word or non-musical recording for “Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson.” Record: “Don’t Worry, Be Happy,” Bobby McFerrin Album: “Faith,” George Michael Shrine Auditorium March 2, 1988 Left to right: U2's The Edge, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen Jr. and Bono attend the 1988 Grammy Awards. (Ebet Roberts / Redferns / Getty Images) U2, whose fifth album “The Joshua Tree” sold 4 million copies in the U.S. alone, wins two Grammys, beating out Prince’s “Sign o’ the Times,” “Whitney” and Michael Jackon’s “Bad” for album of the year. Despite losing, “Bad” still takes home a Grammy for best engineered recording (non-classical). Whitney Houston and Sting win the pop vocal performance categories. Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt win for country performance by a duo or group with vocal for “Trio.” Record: “Graceland,” Paul Simon Radio City Music Hall Feb. 24, 1987 Musician Paul Simon and actress Whoopi Goldberg attend the Grammy Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Given the success of “We Are the World” from the previous year’s Grammys, it’s no suprise that “That’s What Friends Are For” from the “Nightshift” soundtrack wins song of the year. The Jim Henson-assisted “Alphabet Song” from “Sesame Street” wins best recording for children. Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis take home producer of the year (non-classical) for Janet Jackson’s “Control.” Record: “Higher Love,” Steve Winwood Album: “Graceland,” Paul Simon Song: “That’s What Friends Are For,” songwriters Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager New artist: Bruce Hornsby and the Range Tagged as Feb. 25, 1986 Whitney Houston, photographed at the 1986 Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Chris Walter / WireImage) The collaborative all-star song project “We Are the World,” which raised funds for famine relief in Africa, wins big. Whitney Houston receives her first Grammy for her song “Saving All My Love for You,” and Whoopi Goldberg’s Broadway show earns her best comedy recording. Times writer Dennis Hunt thinks the 1986 Grammy Awards missed the mark when the judges failed to nominate Madonna, who rose to stardom in 1985. Other notable winners include Phil Collins, the Commodores and Dire Straits. Record: “We Are the World,” USA for Africa Album: “No Jacket Required,” Phil Collins Song: “We Are the World,” songwriters Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie New artist: Sade Feb. 26, 1985 Boy George and guest attend the 1985 Grammy Awards. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Tina Turner, who hadn’t won a Grammy since 1972, wins record of the year and female pop vocal performance for “What’s Love Got to Do With It,” the song of the year, plus another. Prince wins best R&B song for his work on Chaka Khan’s “I Feel for You.” He also picks up best album of original score written for a motion picture and best rock performance by a group for “Purple Rain,” which Times critic Robert Hilburn calls one of the “most distinguished collections of 1984.” Black Uhuru receives the first Grammy for reggae recording. Record: “What’s Love Got to Do With It?,” Tina Turner Album: “Can’t Slow Down,” Lionel Richie Song: “What’s Love Got to Do With It?,” songwriters Graham Lyle, Terry Britten New artist: Cyndi Lauper Shrine Auditorium Feb. 28, 1984 Eurythmics musicians Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart attend the 1984 Grammy Awards. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” wins the most awards in a single night in Grammy history, and the 26th Grammy Awards are the most watched Grammys yet with 43.8 million viewers. Los Lobos wins the first award for Mexican/Mexican-American performance for “Anselma,” and Eddie Murphy’s brash humor gets him best comedy recording. Record: “Beat It,” Michael Jackson Album: “Thriller,” Michael Jackson Feb. 23, 1983 Olivia Newton-John attends the Grammy Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in 1983. (Ron Galella / WireImage) Los Angeles rock group Toto and its album “Toto IV” win six Grammys. Olivia Newton-John’s biggest hit “Physical” wins best video of the year, although the track originally came out in 1981. Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing” nabs him two awards, and the “Rocky III” theme song — Survivor’s “Eye of Tiger” — wins best rock performance by a duo or group. Composer John Williams completes a six-year streak of winning Grammy Awards for his movie scores. Record: “Rosanna,” Toto Song: “Always on My Mind,” songwriters Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson New artist: Men at Work Tagged as Shrine Auditorium Feb. 24, 1982 Adam Ant and Ted Nugent attend the Grammy Awards in 1982 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Soul crooner Al Green switches to gospel and lands the award for best traditional soul gospel performance for “The Lord Will Make a Way.” Richard Pryor returns to the Grammys with a comedy recording win. Dolly Parton wins two country Grammys and Quincy Jones wins producer of the year. Record: “Bette Davis Eyes,” Kim Carnes Album: “Double Fantasy,” John Lennon & Yoko Ono Song: “Bette Davis Eyes,” songwriters Donna Weiss, Jackie DeShannon New artist: Sheena Easton Shrine Auditorium Feb. 25, 1981 Billy Joel, winner for male rock vocal performance on "Glass Houses," at the Grammy Awards in 1981. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Newcomer Christopher Cross takes all the major awards at the 23rd Grammy Awards, including best new artist and album of the year. John Williams continues his winning streak and picks up album of original score written for a motion picture or television special for “Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back.” Other Grammys are handed out to notable acts like Bill Evans, George Benson, the Police and Pat Benatar. Record: “Sailing,” Christopher Cross Radio City Music Hall Feb. 27, 1980 Singers Rick James and Grace Jones backstage at the 1980 Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (George Rose / Getty Images) After continued success on the music charts, disco gets its own category, which Gloria Gaynor wins for her hit “I Will Survive.” This is the only year this award is given. Michael Jackson picks up his first Grammy as a solo artist for his performance on “Don’t Stop ‘til You Get Enough” and John Williams’ scores continue to garner him more Grammys — he wins two Grammys for his work on “Superman.” Other notable winners include Robin Williams, Paul McCartney and Wings, the Police and Kenny Rogers. Record: “What a Fool Believes,” The Doobie Brothers Album: “52nd Street,” Billy Joel Song: “What a Fool Believes,” songwriters Kenny Loggins, Michael McDonald New artist: Rickie Lee Jones Tagged as Shrine Auditorium Feb. 15, 1979 Frank Sinatra is honored by celebrity friends Paul Anka, Glenn Ford, Phil Harris, Rich Little, Red Skelton, Julie Styne, Dean Martin, Dina Merrill and Henry Mancini in 1979. (George Rose / Getty Images) John Denver reprises his role as host. The “Saturday Night Fever” soundtrack — which heavily features the Bee Gees — brings disco to the Grammys and wins album of the year. Jim Henson wins best recording for children for his work on the album “The Muppet Show.” Frank Sinatra wins the Trustees Award. Other notable winners include Dolly Parton, Willie Nelson, Tito Puente; Earth, Wind & Fire; and Barry Manilow. Record: “Just the Way You Are,” Billy Joel Album: “Saturday Night Fever,” Bee Gees & various artists Song: “Just the Way You Are,” songwriter Billy Joel New artist: A Taste of Honey Tagged as Shrine Auditorium Feb. 23, 1978 Paul Williams and Barbra Streisand attend the Grammy Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in 1978. (Ron Galella / WireImage) Folk artist John Denver hosts the 20th Grammy Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Debby Boone’s “You Light Up My Life” and Barbra Streisand’s “Love Theme from ‘A Star Is Born’ (Evergreen)” tie for song of the year. Composer John Williams wins best instrumental composition and album of original score written for a motion picture or a television special for his work in “Star Wars.” Record: “Hotel California,” Eagles Album: “Rumours,” Fleetwood Mac Song: Tie between “Love Theme From ‘A Star Is Born’ (Evergreen),” songwriters Barbra Streisand, Paul Williams, and “You Light Up My Life,” songwriter Joe Brooks New artist: Debby Boone Shrine Auditorium Feb. 19, 1977 Singer Marilyn McCoo and musician Peter Frampton attend the 1977 Grammy Awards at the Hollywood Palladium. (Ron Galella / WireImage) Richard Pryor completes his three-year winning streak for comedy recording. Stevie Wonder and his double album “Songs in the Key of Life” are nominated for seven Grammys and win four, including album of the year and producer of the year. Since Wonder is traveling in Africa, he accepts the awards via satellite broadcast. After several technical issues, host Andy Williams blurts out to the blind musician, “Stevie, can you see us now?” Record: “This Masquerade,” George Benson Album: “Songs in the Key of Life,” Stevie Wonder Song: “I Write the Songs,” songwriter Bruce Johnston New artist: Starland Vocal Band Tagged as Feb. 28, 1976 Ella Fitzgerald, left, and Pearl Bailey at the Grammy Awards in 1976. (Ron Galella / WireImage) Paul Simon wins album of the year for “Still Crazy After All These Years” and thanks Stevie Wonder, “who didn’t release an album this year.” Jim Ladwig wins the best album package award for the cover of the Ohio Players’ “Honey.” Jazz legend Nat King Cole’s daughter Natalie Cole picks up the best new artist award. Record: “Love Will Keep Us Together,” Captain and Tennille Album: “Still Crazy After All These Years,” Paul Simon Song: “Send in the Clowns,” songwriter Stephen Sondheim New artist: Natalie Cole Hollywood Palladium March 1, 1975 David Bowie attends the 17th Grammy Awards at the Uris Theater in New York City in 1975. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Marvin Hamlisch wins best new artist as well as song of the year for his songwriting work on Barbra Streisand’s “The Way We Were.” Stevie Wonder wins album of the year for the second year in a row with “Fulfillingness’ First Finale.” Richard Pryor wins best comedy recording for his groundbreaking album “That … Crazy.” Record: “I Honestly Love You,” Olivia Newton-John Album: “Fulfillingness’ First Finale,” Stevie Wonder Song: “The Way We Were,” songwriters Marilyn Bergman, Alan Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch New artist: Marvin Hamlisch Other March 2, 1974 Left to right: Marlon Jackson, Tito Jackson, Jackie Jackson, Randy Jackson and Michael Jackson of the Jackson 5 attend the Grammy Awards in 1974. (Frank Edwards / Fotos International / Getty Images) Stevie Wonder starts a string of Grammy album wins with “Innervisions,” and takes home four overall this year. Roberta Flack is the first artist to win back-to-back record of the year honors, a rarefied feat only equaled decades later by U2. Record: “Killing Me Softly With His Song,” Roberta Flack Album: “Innervisions,” Stevie Wonder Hollywood Palladium March 3, 1973 Andy Williams hosts the 15th Grammy Awards at Nashville's Tennessee Theater in 1973. (CBS / Getty Images) Roberta Flack wins song and record (and vocal group performance with Donny Hathaway) honors. In the R&B section, the Temptations’ “Papa Was a Rolling Stone” takes the song, group vocal performance and instrumental performance awards. (Ceremony held at Tennessee Theater, Nashville, Tenn.) Record: “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,” Roberta Flack Album:“The Concert for Bangladesh,” George Harrison & Friends (Ravi Shankar, Bob Dylan, Leon Russell, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston, Eric Clapton & Klaus Voormann) Song: “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,” songwriter Ewan MacColl New artist: America Other March 14, 1972 Singer-songwriter Bill Withers with his award for rhythm & blues song for his hit, "Ain't No Sunshine," at the 1972 Grammy Awards in New York City. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Carole King takes home four Grammys and, along with Isaac Hayes and Kris Kristofferson, is the most nominated artist as well. Elvis Presley receives the Lifetime Achievement Award, while Ike and Tina Turner turn heads winning the R&B vocal performance award for “Proud Mary.” (Ceremony held at Felt Forum, N.Y.) Record: “It’s Too Late,” Carole King Album: “Tapestry,” Carole King Other March 16, 1971 Paul and Linda McCartney at the 1971 Grammy Awards, where he receives the award for original score written for a motion picture or a television special on behalf of the Beatles for "Let It Be." (Keystone / Hulton Archive / Getty Images) Though James Taylor, Ray Stevens and Miles Davis receive the most nominations, this is the year of Simon & Garfunkel. They sweep the major categories. A highlight of the show, which is broadcast live for the first time, is the 5th Dimension singing the record of the year award presentation. Record: “Bridge Over Troubled Water,” Simon & Garfunkel Album: “Bridge Over Troubled Water,” Simon & Garfunkel Song: “Bridge Over Troubled Water,” songwriter Paul Simon New artist: The Carpenters Hollywood Palladium March 11, 1970 Married country singers Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash attend the 1970 Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Blood, Sweat & Tears’ self-titled album gets a hard-fought win against legendary competition: “Crosby, Stills & Nash,” “Johnny Cash at San Quentin,” the 5th Dimension’s “The Age of Aquarius” and the Beatles’ “Abbey Road.” Tammy Wynette’s soon-to-be country anthem “Stand by Your Man” wins for female country vocal performance. Held at the Century Plaza. Record: “Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In,” The 5th Dimension Album: “Blood, Sweat & Tears,” Blood, Sweat & Tears Song: “Games People Play,” songwriter Joe South New artist: Crosby, Stills & Nash Tagged as Other March 12, 1969 Ed Ames, left, and Burt Bacharach attend a party for the 11th Grammy Awards at the Americana Hotel in New York City in 1969. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) Otis Redding is posthumously awarded two Grammys for his hit “(Sitting on the) Dock of the Bay,” and the show itself is memorable for a performance at the Century Plaza put on by the Los Angeles cast of the musical “Hair” featuring songs from the next year’s record of the year: the 5th Dimension’s “Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In.” Other ceremonies occur in New York, Nashville and Chicago. Record: “Mrs. Robinson,” Simon & Garfunkel Album: “By the Time I Get to Phoenix,” Glen Campbell Song: “Little Green Apples,” songwriter Bobby Russell New artist: Jose Feliciano Other Feb. 29, 1968 Frank Zappa, center, and the Mothers of Invention attend the Grammy Awards at the New York Hilton, one of four sites for the 1968 awards. (Ron Galella, Ltd. / WireImage) The 5th Dimension wins for record and song of the year, but can’t overcome Bobbie Gentry as best new artist. Also awarded this year is instant classic “Respect” by Aretha Franklin in multiple R&B categories, and an award for best sacred performance (“How Great Thou Art”) by Elvis Presley. The awards are handed out in Chicago, Nashville, New York and at the Century Plaza in L.A. Record: “Up, Up and Away,” The 5th Dimension Album: “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band,” The Beatles Song: “Up, Up, and Away,” songwriter Jimmy Webb New artist: Bobbie Gentry Other March 2, 1967 A proof sheet with images of the Grammy Awards in 1967. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Sinatra takes home three Grammys, and the Lifetime Achievement Award is presented to Duke Ellington. No best new artist is awarded, despite debut albums from recognizable names such as the Monkees, the Young Rascals, the Statler Brothers, Buffalo Springfield and Jefferson Airplane. Record: “Strangers in the Night,” Frank Sinatra Album: “A Man and His Music,” Frank Sinatra Song: “Michelle,” songwriters John Lennon, Paul McCartney New artist: not awarded Beverly Hilton March 15, 1966 Frank Sinatra and Natalie Wood attend an event in Los Angeles in 1966. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Frank Sinatra not only wins album of the year but is also awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award. Bemoaning the 47 categories that the Grammys go through while comparing “oranges to lemons and tangerines,” the L.A. Times’ Charles Champlin writes that there were all of these choices, “yet nary a single one for Bob Dylan,” whom he calls the most influential musician of the last year. Record: “A Taste of Honey,” Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Album: “September of My Years,” Frank Sinatra Song: “The Shadow of Your Smile,” songwriters Paul Francis Webster, Johnny Mandel New artist: Tom Jones Beverly Hilton April 13, 1965 Singers Johnny Mathis and Roberta Shore, photographed at a dinner for the Grammy Awards in 1965. (Keystone / Getty Images) Though Stan Getz and Astrud Gilberto’s “The Girl From Ipanema” is a runaway hit, this is the beginning of a British invasion. Grammy voters may not have noticed, though. The Beatles win for performance by a vocal group for “A Hard Day’s Night” but don’t win for record of the year for “I Want to Hold Your Hand” or for song of the year. Record: “The Girl From Ipanema,” Stan Getz and Astrud Gilberto Album: “Getz/Gilberto,” Stan Getz & Joao Gilberto Song: “Hello, Dolly!,” songwriter Jerry Herman New artist: The Beatles Beverly Hilton May 12, 1964 Dean Martin, left, and Bob Hope play the guitar as Barbra Streisand plays a washboard and sings in a still from a television special in 1964. (Murray Garrett / Getty Images) Some 550 members gather at the Beverly Hilton, and others gather in Chicago and New York. Barbra Streisand is honored for her “unorthodox vocalizing,” The Times writes, winning Grammys for album of the year and female vocal performance. The Swingle Singers are recognized for their swing interpretation of “Bach’s Greatest Hits.” Record: “Days of Wine and Roses,” Henry Mancini Album: “The Barbra Streisand Album,” Barbra Streisand Song: “Days of Wine and Roses,” songwriters Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer New artist: Ward Swingle May 15, 1963 Actor and singer Robert Goulet, photographed in 1963. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Tony Bennett and Ella Fitzgerald lock in vocal performance awards while winners are announced at dinners in New York, Chicago and in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton. Elsa Lanchester accepts an award for her late husband Charles Laughton for best documentary or spoken word recording for “The Storyteller.” And the JFK-spoof comedy album “The First Family” wins for album of the year. Record: “I Left My Heart in San Francisco,” Tony Bennett Album: “The First Family,” Vaughn Meader Song: “What Kind of Fool Am I?,” songwriters Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley New artist: Robert Goulet Beverly Hilton May 29, 1962 Judy Garland is flanked by Dean Martin, left, and Frank Sinatra in a still from the television concert special "The Judy Garland Show," directed by Norman Jewison. (CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images) Producer Henry Mancini takes home the most awards for his “Breakfast at Tiffany’s” film score and song, “Moon River,” after his two Oscar wins one month earlier. Ceremonies are held in Chicago, L.A. and New York. Judy Garland’s legendary night at Carnegie Hall produces the album of the year winner. Record: “Moon River,” Henry Mancini Album: “Judy at Carnegie Hall,” Judy Garland Song: “Moon River,” songwriters Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer New artist: Peter Nero Other April 12, 1961 Bob Newhart, left, and Nat King Cole speak during the Grammy Awards ceremony in 1961. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) About 400 people attend the black-tie dinner held at the Beverly Hills Hotel for the third ceremony. Emcee Mort Sahl, referencing the infamous Nikita Kruschev shoe-banging incident, cracks that “that fellow in Russia should be voted for the best solo of the year.” Bob Newhart takes home awards for his comedy album “The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart.” Record: “Theme From ‘A Summer Place,’” Percy Faith Album: “The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart,” Bob Newhart Song: “Theme From Exodus,” songwriter Ernest Gold New artist: Bob Newhart Other Nov. 29, 1959 Bobby Darin is a guest star on the CBS show "Hennesey" in July 1959. (CBS Photo Archive / Getty Images) The show is telecast for the first time, on an episode of NBC’s “Sunday Showcase.” Frank Sinatra — who was largely snubbed in the first ceremony but won for an album cover he didn’t design — collects the first of his three album of the year awards, for “Come Dance With Me!” The awards are presented at the Beverly Hilton and the Waldorf Astoria in New York. Record: “Mack the Knife,” Bobby Darin Album: “Come Dance with Me!,” Frank Sinatra Song: “The Battle of New Orleans,” songwriter Jimmy Driftwood New artist: Bobby Darin	U2
Which three time world champion is the non-executive chairman of the Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula One Team?	Record of the Year Grammy Awards 2017 Odds \| NicerOdds Home page / Grammy Awards 2017 / Record of the Year Record of the Year Grammy Awards 2017 Odds The Record of the Year is one of the four most prestigious Grammy Awards presented annually. It has been awarded since 1959. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, for music released in the previous year. Record of the Year is not to be confused with Song of the Year or Album of the Year . Record of the Year is awarded for a single or for one track from an album. This award goes to the performing artist, the producer, recording engineer, and/or mixer for that song. In this sense, "record" means a recording of one song, not the composition or an album of songs. Often, the nominees and winners of this song represent the most successful songs of the year. Song of the Year is also awarded for a single or individual track, but the recipient of this award is the songwriter who actually created the song in the first place. Thus, "song" in this context means the song as written, not its recording. Album of the Year is awarded for a whole album, and the award is presented to the artist, producer, recording engineer, and mastering engineer for that album. So, "album" means a recorded collection of songs (a multi-track LP, CD, or download package), not the individual songs or their compositions. To be in the running for this award the song must not be an "anonymous" song. Achievements Roberta Flack was the first artist to win Record of the Year in two consecutive years for the years 1972 ("The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face") and 1973 ("Killing Me Softly With His Song"). This would happen again when the group U2 would win for the years 2001 (Beautiful Day) and 2002 (Walk On), the only occurrence of a band winning the award two consecutive years with records from the same album. Other artists to receive 2 Grammys for Record of the Year are Henry Mancini ("Moon River", "Days of Wine and Roses"), Art Garfunkel ("Mrs. Robinson", "Bridge Over Troubled Water"), The Fifth Dimension ("Up, Up And Away", "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In"), Eric Clapton ("Tears in Heaven", "Change the World") and Norah Jones ("Don't Know Why," "Here We Go Again"). Paul Simon holds the record for most wins at three ("Mrs. Robinson", "Bridge Over Troubled Water", "Graceland"). Frank Sinatra has the most nominations for Record of the Year for an artist and a male artist with seven nominations; he won the award once in 1967 for "Strangers In The Night". The Beatles have the most Record of the Year nominations for a group; they had four nominations—"I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Yesterday", "Hey Jude", and "Let it Be"—but never won the award. Barbra Streisandhas the most Record of the Year nominations for a female artist with five—"Happy Days Are Here Again," "People," "Evergreen (Love Theme From A Star Is Born)," "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" (with Neil Diamond) and "Woman In Love" — but has never received the award either. During the first 50 years of the Grammys, only 5 artists took the Record of the Year and Best New Artist awards during the same ceremony; Bobby Darin ("Mack the Knife"), Christopher Cross ("Sailing"), Sheryl Crow ("All I Wanna Do"), Norah Jones ("Don't Know Why"), Amy Winehouse ("Rehab"). Process Members of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences nominate their choices for record of the year. A list of the top twenty records are given to the Nominations Review Committee, a specially selected group of anonymous members, who then select the top five records to gain a nomination in the category in a special ballot. The rest of the members then vote a winner from the five nominees.	i don't know

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