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In what year was the Royal Yacht Britannia launched – one year either way? | April 16, 1953: The Queen launches the Royal Yacht Britannia, her floating palace for 44 years - BT
April 16, 1953: The Queen launches the Royal Yacht Britannia, her floating palace for 44 years
The Royal Yacht Britannia, the Royal Family’s ocean-going palace and a traveling embassy for the UK until 1997, was launched by the Queen in Scotland.
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Britain’s new Queen launched almost half a century of global travel on this day in 1953 when she visited John Brown’s shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland to name the new royal yacht, Britannia.
The ship's name was a closely guarded secret, only being revealed when the Queen smashed a bottle of Empire wine - Champagne was considered too extravagant in post-war Britain - and announced to the expectant crowds "I name this ship Britannia… I wish success to her and all who sail in her".
The idea for the yacht had been conceived in the early 1950s, partly as a ‘floating palace’ on which the Royal Family could make overseas visits and also as an ocean-bound embassy on which foreign heads of state could be entertained in as much splendour as they might be at Buckingham Palace or Windsor.
It was also thought that a lengthy ocean cruise would benefit the health of the ailing King George VI, but just two days after John Brown’s received the order to build the ship, he died and his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ascended the throne.
The new Queen had a major influence on the yacht’s designs. When she deemed the original plans for the interior of the ship too extravagant for a country suffering post-war austerity, architect Sir Hugh Casson devised a simpler – though no less elegant – décor which remains largely unchanged to this day.
But this was no modest ship. The 412-foot long yacht boasted a state dining room large enough for 100 guests, a state drawing room for more intimate receptions, a large sun lounge, a private sitting room and several bedrooms including separate rooms for the Queen and Prince Phillip linked by an interconnecting door.
In a reflection of the nation’s ‘make do and mend’ attitude, many of the yacht’s fittings were recycled from previous royal vessels including fixtures from Queen Victoria’s royal yacht the Victoria and Albert, a wheelhouse wheel from George V’s racing yacht (also called Britannia) and a binnacle on the veranda deck dating back from King George III's own royal yacht.
Britannia’s maiden voyage began almost a year later, carrying Prince Charles and Princess Anne from Portsmouth to Malta to meet their parents at the end of their Commonwealth tour. The Queen and Prince Philip embarked on Britannia for the first time from Tobruk, Libya, on May 1, 1954.
Was Tony Blair's government right to decommission Britannia, or did she still have a role to play in carrying Britain's prestige overseas? Let us know in the Comments section below.
The Royal Yacht Britannia - Did you know?
During Britannia’s 43 years at sea, she conveyed the Queen, other members of the Royal Family and Commonwealth dignitaries on almost 968 official voyages. She travelled 1,087,623 nautical miles, calling at more than 600 ports in 135 countries.
The yacht’s crew were all members of the Royal Navy, hand-picked from volunteers to serve aboard Britannia for one year. After this time they could ask to join the Permanent Royal Yacht Service, and some Royal Yachtsmen served 20 years or more on the royal yacht.
Britannia was served by 19 officers and 217 Royal Yachtsmen. In order not to disturb the royals, no shouted orders were given and only hand signals were used. If members of the Royal Family were on board, the yacht included a troop of Royal Marines and was escorted by a Royal Navy warship.
In the 1960s, the British government planned for the Royal Yacht to serve as the Queen’s refuge in the event of nuclear war, sailing around the remote sea lochs on the north-west coast of Scotland.
Britannia could also be converted into a hospital ship in times of war, but it was never used in this capacity.
The Queen allowed members of her family to honeymoon aboard Britannia. Charles and Diana, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips, and the Duke and Duchess of York followed in a tradition begun when Princess Margaret and Lord Snowdon enjoyed a cruise around the Caribbean in 1960.
World leaders who dined aboard Britannia included Sir Winston Churchill, Nelson Mandela, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton.
Britannia cost just £2 million to build in 1953, but by 1997, Tony Blair’s Labour government claimed that it was costing £11 million a year to keep her afloat – a cost that could not be justified. It was announced that the vessel would be retired.
Supporters of Britannia argued that between 1991 and 1995 alone, the yacht’s overseas visits contributed more than £3 billion to the Treasury through foreign trade deals.
Britannia’s last foreign mission was to carry the last governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, and the Prince of Wales away from the territory after it was handed over to China in July 1997.
The yacht was decommissioned in December 1997. The Queen (below) and Princess Anne were seen to shed a tear at the decommissioning ceremony in Portsmouth.
After decommissioning, Britannia returned to Scotland. Not to the Clyde but to the Edinburgh port of Leith, where she has become one of the city’s top tourist attractions, drawing 300,000 visitors a year.
The Royal Family had an opportunity to reacquaint themselves with the yacht at a drinks reception ahead of the wedding of the Queen’s granddaughter, Zara Phillips and England rugby player Mike Tindall in 2011. Princess Anne, who had travelled on Britannia’s maiden voyage, was present along with Princes William and Harry.
In 2014, The Royal Yacht Britannia was named the UK's No.1 landmark by travel website TripAdvisor.
| 1953 |
The symbol for which SI derived unit is a letter from the Greek alphabet? | Press Enquiries - Britannia Trust - The Royal Yacht Britannia
See a selection of images we can provide
See below our latest press releases:
5 February 2016: Giant LEGO replica of The Queen’s former floating palace launched at Scotland’s Best Attraction
LEGO replica model unveiled at The Royal Yacht Britannia! Created using 40,000 bricks and no glue! Read More...
12 January 2016: Scotland’s Best Attraction 10 years’ running
We are delighted to announce we have officially been Scotland’s Best Visitor Attraction for each of the last 10 years, as rated by national tourist board VisitScotland. Read more...
4 January 2016: Britannia Reports Best Year Since Opening Year
The Royal Yacht Britannia is celebrating achieving its highest visitor numbers since its opening year in 1999. Read more...
25 September 2015: Christmas Gift Guide 2015
The Royal Yacht Britannia is proud to offer a superb selection of beautiful Christmas gifts, all available from our Gift Shop on level 2 in Ocean Terminal or on our online shop. Read more...
14 August 2015: The Royal Yacht BRITANNIA welcomes Shirley Spear of The Three Chimneys onto its Board of Trustees
Scottish tourism legend Shirley Spear is joining The Royal Yacht Britannia’s Board of Trustees. Read more...
01 July 2015: BRITANNIA Celebrates Best First 6 Months of the Year since 1999
The Royal Yacht Britannia is celebrating its busiest first 6 months of the year since 1999, which was its first full year of being open to the public. Read more...
10 March 2015: Britannia still rules
As her namesake, the new P& O cruise liner ‘Britannia’ is officially named today by Her Majesty The Queen, in Southampton, The Royal Yacht Britannia in Edinburgh celebrates 17 successful years as a five star visitor attraction and exclusive evening events venue. Read more...
17 February 2015: Mother's Day Gift Guide
We're proud to offer a superb selection of beautiful gifts fit for The Queen - and your mum! Read more...
8 January 2015: UK's No.1 Attraction records best ever December
The Royal Yacht Britannia is celebrating its busiest December since opening in 1998, with over 12,000 visitors, a 6% growth year on year. Read more...
7 January 2015: The Ultimate Valentine's
The Queen’s former floating palace is available exclusively to one lucky couple for the ultimate Valentine’s evening. Read more...
5 November 2014: The Royal Yacht BRITANNIA Christmas Gift Guide
The Royal Yacht Britannia is proud to offer a superb selection of beautiful Christmas gifts... Read more
15 August 2014: Just can't stop the beat! Royal Marine to make world record bid for longest solo drum roll.
A Royal Marine drummer is to make a world record bid for the longest individual drum roll... Read more
11 August 2014: Britannia buys Windsor Castle
The Royal Yacht Britannia announced today that it has acquired the iconic heritage vessel MV Windsor Castle... Read more
28 July 2014: UK's No.1 Attraction leads the way in accessible tourism in Scotland
With the official launch of its Access Statement on Monday 28 July, by Fergus Ewing, Minister for Energy, Enterprise and Tourism, The Royal Yacht Britannia, in Edinburgh, is leading the way in accessible tourism in Scotland... Read more
17 June 2014: The Royal Yacht Britannia named No. 1 in the UK
Staff at The Royal Yacht Britannia are thrilled by the news that Britannia has been named the Best Attraction in the UK in the TripAdvisor's Travellers' Choice Awards 2014... Read more
12 March 2014: The World's Most Translated Audio Tour
The Royal Yacht Britannia can now boast the title of the World's most translated audio tour. Brazilian Portuguese, Turkish, Thai, Cantonese and Punjabi have been added this year to Britannia's growing list of languages... Read more
13 January 2014: The Ultimate Valentine's Experience aboard The Royal Yacht Britannia
Propose to a loved one, celebrate an anniversary or simply enjoy an evening together, in one of the most stunning venues in Edinburgh. The iconic five-star Royal Yacht Britannia is exclusively available for the Ultimate Valentine's Experience. Read more
2 January 2014: A bumper year for Britannia.
Staff on The Royal Yacht Britannia are celebrating their best year since 2003, welcoming approximately 300,000 visitors from across the world, in a year that marked the 60th Anniversary of the launch of the iconic vessel. Read more
18 November 2013: The Royal Yacht Britannia introduces a new BSL hand-held tablet for deaf and hard of hearing visitors
Britannia has launched a British Sign Language hand-held tablet to cater for visitors who are deaf or hard of hearing. The user-friendly devices enable deaf visitors to enjoy the full tour of this iconic former floating palace. Read more
28 October 2013: Royal Yacht in running for Most Stylish Venue in Scotland
The Royal Yacht Britannia is delighted to be nominated for Most Stylish Entertainment Venue at the Scottish Style Awards in association with Moët & Chandon at a ceremony due to take place in Glasgow on Saturday 9 November. Read more
October 2013: The Royal Yacht Britannia's Christmas gift guide
The Royal Yacht Britannia is proud to offer a superb selection of beautiful Christmas gifts, all available from our Gift Shop on level 2 in Ocean Terminal.. Read more
6 September 2013: Step aboard The Royal Yacht Britannia for a fantastic evening
Year round, Britannia plays host to the most exclusive private evening events in Scotland. This year, for one night only, the Royal Yacht is holding a ticketed event... Read more
1 September 2013: TREASURED RECIPE - The Royal Yacht Britannia's traditional Christmas Puddings
Although everyone is still basking in summer temperatures, preparations have already begun on board for Britannia's famous Christmas puddings! For sixty years the puddings have been made on board The Royal Yacht Britannia by Royal Chefs using their own treasured recipes... Read more
5 August 2013: Britannia presents The Officers' Wardroom
The Royal Yacht Britannia's Wardroom is steeped in history and tradition. Here, Britannia's top-ranked Officers would gather to dine and relax. Today, from 8 to 18 guests can experience a feast for the senses... Read more
1 August 2013: An Exceptional Royal Experience
Britain's Royal heritage has intrigued and enticed visitors for decades. In Edinburgh, the heart of Royal Scotland, you can explore the three majestic jewels in the crown of Scotland's capital city with the Royal Edinburgh Ticket... Read more
24 July 2013: Birth of a Prince
The Royal Yacht Britannia is delighted to congratulate the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the birth of their son... Read more
17 July 2013: The Royal Yacht Britannia's new range for little princes and princesses
The Royal Yacht Britannia presents their new range of baby clothing designed for little princes and princesses... Read more
25 June 2013: Britannia is the Travellers' Choice
Scotland's best attraction, The Royal Yacht Britannia, in Edinburgh, has won a prestigious TripAdvisor Travellers' Choice Award... Read more
24 June 2013: Britannia says 'Ahoy!' to a fleet of new branded Lothian buses.
The Royal Yacht Britannia is celebrating 60 years since her launch in 1953 at the John Brown & Company shipyard in Clydebank. To help mark the occasion twenty four Lothian buses are touring Edinburgh promoting this much-loved and most majestic of ships... Read more
23 June 2013: Introducing Clyde! Limited Edition Britannia Teddy Bear
The Royal Yacht Britannia, in Edinburgh, is delighted to introduce Clyde, a commemorative limited edition teddy bear handcrafted in Great Britain. Britannia commissioned renowned toy manufacturer Merrythought... Read more
10 May 2013: Scotland's top attraction celebrates four million visitors and 15 years in Edinburgh
As Edinburgh's main tourism season gets underway, The Royal Yacht Britannia celebrates 15 years and four million visitors since her arrival in the city... Read more
| i don't know |
Compositions by Mozart are given K numbers after which musicologist and composer who catalogued them? | K. Why? - WQXR
K. Why?
Tuesday, August 17, 2010 - 04:53 PM
By Naomi Lewin : Classics For Kids Host
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From an unfinished portrait of Mozart by Joseph Lange
Adam Delehanty, who keeps our schedules straight at WQXR, just asked, "This may be a naïve question, but why does Mozart's music all have "K." numbers after it?" It's a great question.
A lot of composers' music is listed by opus number (abbreviated Op.), but back in the 19th century, a musicologist named Köchel ( Ludwig Alois Ferdinand Ritter von Köchel , to be exact) did the world a huge favor by cataloguing all of Mozart's music. So Mozart's compositions have “K. for Köchel” numbers.
Adam then asked if Mozart was the only composer with "K." numbers, and I said no, the great 20th century harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick catalogued Domenico Scarlatti's music, so it has "K. for Kirkpatrick" numbers. Otto Erich Deutsch put Franz Schubert's music in order, so Schubert gets "D." numbers. And Johann Sebastian Bach's music has three letters: BWV, for Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, which is German for "Bach Works Catalogue." Amazingly enough, the BWV numbers have only been around since 1950.
I think my favorite catalogue letters are "Hob.," short for Hoboken-Verzeichnis. Not because Haydn spent time in the New Jersey city where Frank Sinatra was born -- Anthony van Hoboken was a Dutchman who did for Haydn what Köchel did for Mozart.
And I also have a soft spot for "WoO" (woo!), short for Werke ohne Opuszahl (in English, "works without Opus number"). As the name suggests, those got assigned ex post facto to bits and pieces that Beethoven didn't give an opus number to.
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| Ludwig Ritter von Köchel |
Which botanist, who was President of the Royal Society for 41 years, accompanied Cook on his 1768-1771 voyage? | ELDER MUSIC: Köchel and the Others - TIME GOES BY
ELDER MUSIC: Köchel and the Others
Sunday, 30 June 2013
This Sunday Elder Music column was launched in December of 2008. By May of the following year, one commenter, Peter Tibbles, had added so much knowledge and value to my poor attempts at musical presentations that I asked him to take over the column. He's been here each week ever since delighting us with his astonishing grasp of just about everything musical, his humor and sense of fun. You can read Peter's bio here and find links to all his columns here .
Today's column may come across as a lecture or, even worse, notes for a thesis.
Alternately, it could be a case of teaching your grandmother to suck duck eggs, as my dear old mum had a wont to say. That is, explaining the bleeding obvious to someone who already knows it (and that explanation could be another case of that granny-duck egg thing, and I'd better stop now before I get into a screaming loop, as we used to say in the computer biz. They probably still do.)
Anyway, it's all about those letters and numbers often attached to the end of titles of classical compositions. They are really just a way to catalogue the works of a particular composer.
If works were published during a composer's lifetime, they were assigned opus numbers. Several compositions could have the same opus number if they were related and published simultaneously.
Haydn would often have several string quartets on the go and, for example, they may be assigned opus 5, no. 1, opus 5, no. 2 and so on.
However, these can be a bit problematic these days as new works (okay, previously unknown works) get discovered now and then and they have to be slotted into the system somehow.
If nothing else, the topic affords me a chance to play some great music.
I'll start with the most famous of these, the gentleman after whom I named the column, LUDWIG VON KÖCHEL.
Ludwig was a scientist, both a botanist and mineralogist. He was shocked by the complete disorder of MOZART's works; he was a huge fan of Wolfie.
He studied the chronology of the compositions and helped in the publishing of the first complete edition and not so incidentally, assigned Köchel numbers (K 550 etc).
In some German and Austrian editions these are KV numbers. The V stands for Verzeichmis which just means list.
There have been a few modifications over time, most notably in 1937 by Alfred Einstein (no relation to the more famous person with the same surname). There was another in 1964 and others since. However, Köchel numbers are still the standard.
This is one of them, K 370 – the first movement of the Oboe Quintet in F major.
♫ Mozart - Oboe Quintet F major K 370 (1)
After the Köchel catalogue, the next most famous would be the BWV numbers attached to works by JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH. BWV stands for Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis or, in English, Bach Works Catalogue.
WOLFGANG SCHMEIDER assigned these numbers in 1950 in a catalogue called (deep breath) Thematisch-systematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke von Johann Sebastian Bach.
That really just means a catalogue of Bach's works. These weren't chronological; the music is arranged by themes – choral works, organ works, cantatas and so on. So, you can't tell when a particular piece was written just by checking the BWV number.
Here is what sounds like a mature work to me, BWV 1055 – the first movement of the Harpsichord Concerto in A major.
♫ J.S.Bach - Harpsichord Concerto in A major (1)
Daddy Bach's youngest son, JOHANN CHRISTIAN BACH was also a composer, as were several of his older brothers. To my mind, J.C. was the pick of the next generation. He's often called the London Bach as that's where he spent the last half of his life.
J.C.'s numbers are called Terry numbers (really), after CHARLES STANFORD TERRY who was an authority on dad's works as well but he missed out on being the numberer on those.
Having said that (because I really like the idea of Terry numbers), there's a later catalogue of his works by ERNEST WARBURTON who contributed W numbers. Ernie was not only a musicologist but also worked for the BBC where he was instrumental in reviving obscure operas by Puccini and Wagner.
His catalogue of J.C.'s works are split into categories such that keyboard works are WA plus a number, chamber pieces are WB plus a number and so on.
I've chosen WC41, otherwise known as the third movement from his Symphonie Concertante for flute, 2 clarinets, 2 horns & bassoon in E flat major.
In case you're interested, J.C.'s brothers have the following numbering system:
• Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach has Wq for Alfred Wotquenne.
• Wilhelm Friedemann Bach has F for Martin Falck
• Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach has HW for Hannsdieter Wohlforth
There are a couple of other brothers as well whose music I'm unfamiliar with and I've not noticed any of their CDs about the place. They also don't figure on any lists I've seen, so they don't make it today.
FRANZ SCHUBERT's opus numbers are all over the place. He published a few things in his lifetime but even then the opus numbers are problematic.
The person who came along and fixed that is OTTO DEUTSCH. Otto was a lecturer at the University of Vienna in the early part of the 20th century but went to Cambridge when the Nazis took over his country.
He returned to Vienna after the war. He was the one who put together Schubert's works and Franz's compositions have Deutsch numbers, published in 1951. They are usually just abbreviated to D. Otto also produced fine works on Mozart and Handel.
Schubert's Deutsch number today is D 384, or to put into layman's terms, the first movement of the Sonata in D major, D 384 (Op.137, No.1) for piano and violin.
♫ Schubert - Sonata in D major, D.384 (I)
There were a couple of Haydns of note, the main one being JOSEPH HAYDN. His cataloguing is due to ANTHONY VAN HOBOKEN and his works are generally given Hob numbers.
Incidentally, Tony has nothing to do with the city in New Jersey that bears his name. He was from Rotterdam in the Netherlands and his work was mostly in the first half of the 20th century. He was also an authority on J.S. Bach (yet another one) and Brahms.
Like J.C. Bach, the Hoboken numbers are a bit more complicated than the rest; it's not just a matter of 1, 2, 3… etc.
Because Jo wrote so many things, the numbers are split into categories signified by a Roman numeral. Symphonies get I; overtures, for some reason unknown to me, get Ia; divertimenti get II; string quartets get III and so on.
Then there's a number attached to the end. Got all that? No? Well, it doesn't really matter.
Here is Hob III-6, or the first movement of the Cassation in C, an interesting piece for lute, violin, viola and cello. Just about a string quartet under a different name and lumped in with them, a form of music about which Jo knew a hell of a lot.
A cassation is just a fancy word for a short or minor work.
♫ Haydn - Cassation in C Hob III-6 (1)
Jo's brother Michael Haydn was also a composer and he has Perger numbers to identify his compositions.
This column was prompted a couple of days ago when I was lying in bed early one morning listening to the radio and a piece of music by DOMENICO SCARLATTI was introduced with a Kirkpatrick number.
"Hullo," I thought. "That's a new one."
I already knew about those above but this one prompted me to do a bit of research (and write this column). I found that this was RALPH KIRKPATRICK who was also a harpsichordist of some renown.
He studied at Harvard, in Paris, played in Berlin and Leipzig, taught in Salzburg and was a professor at Yale. He did a lot of other things as well. I can't imagine how he had the time.
His numberings are often referring to as K numbers but that's a bit confusing considering the vastly more famous Mozart K system. That's probably why the folks on the radio used Kirkpatrick instead.
There was a previous attempt on Domenico's works by Alessandro Longo (L numbers), but Ralph's catalogue won out in the end.
Although the track I've chosen was written for harpsichord, this is a piano interpretation. To my ears it rather sounds as if it could have been in the mix with Eric Satie or Claude Debussy. Of course, Dom did it two hundred years earlier.
Here is the Sonata in D Minor, Kirkpatrick 32.
♫ Scarlatti, D - Sonata in D Minor, K 32
Domenico's father, Alessandro Scarlatti, also a composer, doesn't seem to have numbers attached to his works as far as I can tell, nor does his brother Pietro Scarlatti, yet another composer. They possibly do but I haven't found them on any of the lists I've checked.
One of the lesser, but still very interesting, composers of the eighteenth century is IGNACE PLEYEL. Some say his first name was Ignaz; I'll leave it up to you.
Iggy was born in Austria but overlapped with Papa Haydn quite a bit, even collaborating with him on some compositions. There was a good living to be made in France so he moved there.
Alas, come the revolution and the new powers that be banned music in churches and in concert halls so Iggy cut his losses and went to London.
He was also quite the business man and published a considerable number of Haydn's works amongst many others. Somehow he found time to write more than 40 symphonies, 70 string quartets and many other works.
RITA BENTON is the person responsible for cataloguing Iggy's works. They are referred to as B or Ben numbers.
The piece of music I decided to play didn't have a Benton number on the CD (nor did any of the others). So I went to the list for Iggy and it wasn't there either.
After considerable messing around, including contacting the fine folks in the music department at the University of Iowa who are the keepers of the Benton musical library (isn't email a wonderful thing?), we pretty much established that this is B 219, or in other words, the first movement of the Sextet in E flat major for 2 clarinets, 2 horns, and 2 bassoons.
♫ Pleyel - Sextet E flat maj (1)
Pretty much all of the famous compositions of BEETHOVEN have opus numbers as they were published during his lifetime.
There are some compositions, minor ones or those he tossed aside and a few that were discovered after his death that weren't so attributed. These have WoO numbers. That stands for Werke ohne Opuszahl or, more prosaically, works without opus numbers. These are from a German catalogue prepared in 1955 by HANS HALM and GEORG KINSKY.
Ludwig isn't the only composer who has had WoO numbers assigned. Brahms and Schumann also have them, as well as some other lesser known composers.
There are other catalogues for Ludwig; these were attempts at his complete output. They are by the aforementioned George Kinsky (K numbers - yet another K) and, considerably earlier, Giovanni Biamonti (Bia numbers).
I've chosen a WoO work, WoO 36. It is the second movement from the Piano Quartet in C major No. 3.
♫ Beethoven - Piano Quartet in C major WoO 36 No. 3 (2)
With ANTONIO VIVALDI things get a bit confusing (or a bit more confusing, perhaps). You can have his works by Ryom numbers, Rinaldi and Pincherle numbers, Fanna numbers, Ricordi numbers or by their original opus numbers.
There are CE numbers as well. The CE numbers are just Fanna numbers in disguise and they stand for Complete Edition. These numbers displaced the previous standard of Pincherle numbers as many previously unknown works were later discovered.
About the same time as Marc Pincherle was doing his thing in Paris, Mario Rinaldi was attempting the same exercise in Rome. Neither of these became the standard for Tony's works. The Ricordi mentioned above was a publishing house where Gian Malipiero was also trying to catalogue these compositions.
However, Vivaldi's works these days are identified today by RV numbers, the numbers assigned by Danish musicologist PETER RYOM who did his thing in the 1970s, and RV stands for Ryom-Verzeichnis or Ryom Catalogue.
Here is RV 85, the first movement of the Trio Sonata in G Minor for Violin, Lute and Bass Continuo.
♫ Vivaldi - Trio Sonata in G Minor (1)
Although known to us as ANTONIO ROSETTI, he was born Anton Rösler in Bohemia where it seems he may have received some musical training by the Jesuits.
Tony took up the Italian version of his name in his early twenties. Several of his compositions were greatly admired by Mozart, particularly his horn concertos which were a model for Wolfie's compositions for the same instrument.
Rosetti's works are usually given with catalogue numbers by STERLING MURRAY so they get an M (or RWV, and I don't know what that refers to).
They can also appear in a catalogue by OSKAR KAUL and to save us from yet another K numbering system, they receive his full name, well, his surname.
The track I've decided to use is numbered Murray C73. I have no idea what the C is doing there but it may refer to the type of composition as several others have. Anyway, this is the first movement of his Bassoon Concerto in B Flat.
| i don't know |
In the 1964 film Mary Poppins, what was the occupation of George Banks, Mary’s employer? | Mary Poppins (1964) - IMDb
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When Jane and Michael, the children of the wealthy and uptight Banks family, are faced with the prospect of a new nanny, they are pleasantly surprised by the arrival of the magical Mary Poppins. Embarking on a series of fantastical adventures with Mary and her Cockney performer friend, Bert, the siblings try to pass on some of their nanny's sunny attitude to their preoccupied parents. Written by Jwelch5742
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With five wins out of 13 nominations in total, this film marked Walt Disney 's single most successful night at the Academy Awards. Never before or since, as of 2016, has a single Disney film won as many Oscars in one evening. See more »
Goofs
When Mary Poppins is tidying the nursery, the pictures straighten, but in the next shot, they are still crooked. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Bert : All right, ladies an' gents! Comical poem! Suitable for the occasion, extemporized and thought up before your very eyes! All right, 'ere we go!
[sings]
Bert : Room 'ere for everyone. Gather around.
[speaks]
Bert : The constable - responstable! Now 'ow does that sound?
[no response]
[dashes over to Miss Lark, sings]
Bert : 'Ello, Miss Lark, I've got one for you.
[...]
See more »
Crazy Credits
In the end credit cast list, the actor playing Mr. Dawes, Sr. is initially shown as NAVCKID KEYD, then the letters unscramble themselves to show that this is a second role played by Dick Van Dyke . See more »
Connections
Let's Go Fly a Kite
(uncredited)
I urge people to try it again.
14 December 1999 | by Spleen
(Canberra, Australia) – See all my reviews
`Tart', `not nearly so sentimental as The Sound of Music', `Disney's finest achievement' ... I'd read critics' comments like these with puzzlement. Had they seen the same film I had?
Of course they had: it's just that someone had got it wrong; and as it turned out, it was me. I still think that anyone who calls `Mary Poppins' Disney's finest is being silly - Disney's finest hour was clearly the one that saw `Pinocchio', `Fantasia', `Dumbo' and `Bambi' - but what we have here is a fine, clever film, NOT overly sweet.
What won me over was the ending. David Tomlinson changes from a mechanical banker to a human being with surprising fluency. It's not any one scene: it's the entire extended sequence, from the run on the bank to the end credits. And it's not just Tomlinson's acting, either, but the long, lingering shots of him standing and walking in darkness, and a use of music that's far more sophisticated than I'd first supposed it to be, the general intelligence of the script. The last lines given to Mary Poppins I'd missed the point of the first time round. She's a riddle throughout the film which the film's conclusion partially, but only partially, unravels.
Considered as a musical `Mary Poppins' lacks something. WHAT it lacks is revealed when we hear the Jane and Michael tramping around the house singing `Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' (a great song, by the way) - and they GET THE TUNE WRONG. They get it wrong in exactly the irritating way that children WOULD get it wrong. This may be an inspired touch of realism, but it surely violates the ethos of musicals, as do the deeply pedestrian songs `Stay Awake', `Sister Suffragette' and `A Spoonful of Sugar'. This was the side of `Mary Poppins' I'd remembered. I'd forgotten the haunting quality of `Feed the Birds' and `Let's Go Fly a Kite', and the punch of the score as a whole.
So anyway, I'm now a convert. I can't find anything to seriously object to except Dick Van Dyke's ludicrous accent, which makes him sound almost, but not quite, like Bugs Bunny.
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The last two editors of which reference book, known as the ‘Bible of Cricket’ have been Lawrence Booth and Scyld Berry? | SLOW Movement: Film
SLOW Movement
By George Stevens Jr.
Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Anne Frank would have celebrated her 80th birthday this month. The diary she wrote as a teenager in a cramped Amsterdam attic lives in the hearts of readers across the world. Her story has been a continuing inspiration to many and made her one of the most enduring voices of World War II.
I became connected to her story 50 years ago, when my father asked me to be associate producer of "The Diary of Anne Frank," the first American motion picture to deal with the Holocaust. He and I flew to Munich in May 1957 to begin our research. This was my father's first time in Europe since his service as a lieutenant colonel in charge of a combat motion picture unit photographing the war in Europe. It was a rare opportunity for a son to relive his father's war.
We rented a car in Munich and drove to the small town of Dachau, where we viewed the remnants of the concentration camp that Hitler established in the 1930s. That camp operated until it was liberated in April 1945 by U.S. Army units that included my father's. What those troops found at Dachau, and what my father filmed, were scenes of unimaginable horror. That film became a permanent record of what had happened there, making it difficult in later years to deny Hitler's ravages with any credibility. I snapped a photograph of my father in a tan raincoat standing in the doorway of a building with the word "Brausbad" -- "shower bath" in German -- written on its pediment. The expression on his face made clear the memories that this grim facility evoked.
We went on to Normandy on the French coast. We walked the D-Day beaches and drove through the hedgerow country where the Americans broke a fierce German resistance. He said then that he realized that at the time of the Battle of the Bulge, he was within a few hundred kilometers of Anne Frank.
Next we went to Amsterdam to meet Anne Frank's father. Otto Frank was a tall, dignified man in his late 60s who welcomed us warmly to his modest office. He was an officer in the German army during World War I but left Germany with his family after Hitler came to power. He and his wife raised their two daughters, Anne and Margot, in Amsterdam, where he managed a small but thriving spice factory. In July 1942, as persecution of Jews in the Netherlands intensified, Otto Frank decided to take his family into hiding in the top-floor attic of the spice factory, a setting that Anne referred to as the Secret Annex.
The Franks lived there with another family until they were discovered by the Gestapo in 1944 and transported to concentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister died of typhus at Bergen Belsen in March 1945, a few weeks before British troops liberated the camp. Otto Frank and his wife, Edith, were sent to Auschwitz, where he came close to death but survived. Edith died at Auschwitz.
We spoke for a few minutes before Mr. Frank pulled open a filing-cabinet drawer and removed an object carefully wrapped in cloth. After placing it on the table, he unfolded the cloth and there before us was a small book with a red-and-white plaid cover. This was the diary his daughter had written in her own distinctive hand and illustrated with photos and newspaper clippings while the family was hiding in the Secret Annex.
Mr. Frank was composed. He said he wanted to do everything possible to help my father make a film that was true to the experience -- and he invited us to go with him to the spice factory at 263 Prinsengracht. The three of us entered the four-story building at the center of a block of rowhouses overlooking a canal. The building was empty and had been out of use for some time. We climbed the stairway until we were in the fourth-floor rooms where the families had hidden. Otto Frank described the day the Gestapo broke through the bookcase door that concealed the entrance. It was determined later that Gestapo Oberscharfuhrer Karl Silberbauer was the man in charge. He snatched Mr. Frank's briefcase and emptied the contents on the floor. He gathered up the silverware and a Hanukkah menorah and left behind papers and other contents as they herded the two families down the stairs.
Anne's diary remained on the floor.
On that day the normally efficient German war machine failed. Silberbauer left behind evidence -- a document that would one day make Anne Frank's voice and spirit an important part of world literature, a voice for humanity and tolerance. Her memory became an enduring presence that would grow in importance as the once-powerful voice of Adolf Hitler faded into ignominy.
George Stevens Jr., a filmmaker, author and playwright, received the Distinguished Advocate Award this month from the Anne Frank Foundation.
Pillow Bear - Boku wa Kuma (I'm a bear)
A day of "a pillow bear" starts. He wakes up to find that "she" is gone. Waiting for her alone, he reads a book, skateboards on a toy car, waters a plant and plays the guitar. Lonely, he says to himself, "I wonder if she is coming home…" and when she is home, he rushes to bed and turns into a pillow again.
Tsuneo Goda
Tsuneo Goda started his directing career in TV commercials.
Developing DOMO-KUN, the station identity character for Japan Broadcasting Corporation, led him to move onto the field of animation. Goda is also know for his talent in illustration and children's books. By reflecting his feelings and experiences in every day's life, the titles all have a touch of reality.
English:
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
Not a car, a bear, bear, bear
I can't walk, but I can dance
I can't talk, but I can sing
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
I hate fighting, bear, bear, bear
My rivals are fried shrimps
I bet I was chocolate in my past life
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
Bonjour! Je m' appelle kuma.
Comment ca va?
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
I get sleepy in the winter, bear, bear, bear
At night I say "Goodnight, Mr Pillow"
In the morning I say "Good morning, Mr Pillow"
I'm a bear, bear, bear, bear
At night I say "Goodnight, Mr Pillow"
In the morning I say "Good morning, Mr Pillow"
I'm a bear, be, be, bear
Ar, ar, bear, bear
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Kuruma ja nai yo kuma kuma kuma
Arukenai kedo odoreru yo
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Kenka wa yada yo kuma kuma kuma
Raibaru wa ebi furai da yo
Zense wa kitto chokoreeto
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Bonjour! Je m' appelle kuma.
Comment ca va ?
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Fuyu wa nemui yo kuma kuma kuma
Yoru wa "oyasumi, makura-san"
Boku wa kuma kuma kuma kuma
Yoru wa "oyasumi, makura-san"
Boku wa kuma kuku kuma
Mama kuma kuma
By COREY KILGANNON
Published: April 13, 2009
One of the most intriguing elements of Philippe Petit’s daring wire walk between the twin towers of the World Trade Center in 1974 was its secrecy.
Philippe Petit, in his office, was the subject of the Oscar-winning documentary “Man on Wire.”
The stealth preparations made the walk a compelling subject in the film “ Man on Wire ,” which won an Oscar for best documentary feature this year. While on stage at the ceremony, Mr. Petit balanced the Oscar statue on his nose; it was unscripted and unannounced.
But Mr. Petit’s next walk will not be a surprise.
Here’s the spoiler: Mr. Petit says he will perform a high-wire walk in the fall in Midtown Manhattan. It will be high, it will be long, and it will be outdoors in a very recognizable location that he does not want revealed quite yet — arrangements are not final.
Mr. Petit’s Oscar success brought him heaps of mainstream recognition for his unparalleled career as an artistic daredevil, but it has also filled his wire-walking calendar.
He says he spent years preparing for the stunt at the World Trade Center, for which he was immediately arrested.
But there is no need for illegal wire walks these days.
The offers are pouring in from officials all over the world, and Mr. Petit says he is obliging and working three hours a day on a practice wire. The walk in Manhattan is to be one in a series across the country, to raise awareness for literacy.
Things are percolating on the ground, too.
Mr. Petit, 59, said he was in discussions with a Hollywood producer on a feature film about him. He is also completing a book he wrote about building a barn at his home in upstate New York, he said last week during an interview at the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine , where he will appear at a public screening of “Man on Wire” on Wednesday at 7 p.m. He will take questions and discuss the film.
Mr. Petit has been an artist in residence at the cathedral since 1982 and has performed there more than a dozen times; in 1980, he walked a wire across its nave, and in 1982, he walked on a wire over Amsterdam Avenue to the cathedral’s south tower.
“This is my spiritual home,” he said, looking over the cavernous space from a perch high up in the cathedral. “I tell people I live in the largest Gothic cathedral in the world.”
“My heart is in this building,” he continued. “My inspiration comes from the beautiful architecture and from these stones, which are actually talking to me.”
Mr. Petit has an office in the cathedral, where he keeps his archives and several architectural models that he made to study and prepare for his walks. His practice wire is strung high across the inside of Synod Hall, on the cathedral grounds.
His duties at the cathedral have long included changing the light bulbs in the chandeliers high above.
Mr. Petit was the only person there with the balance and nerve to climb a tall, wobbly ladder to change them.
“Now you know how many wire walkers it takes to change a light bulb,” he said.
Lunch with the FT: John Lasseter
By Matthew Garrahan
Published: January 16 2009 11:48 | Last updated: January 17 2009 01:15
Walt Disney’s animation studio in Burbank, a short drive from Los Angeles, is known as the “Hat building” because of the huge magician’s hat that towers above the main entrance. As blue as the cloudless January sky over southern California, it is a replica of the hat worn by Mickey Mouse as the sorcerer’s apprentice in Fantasia, Disney’s animated classic from 1940.
I have come to Burbank to have lunch with John Lasseter, Disney’s own sorcerer-in-chief, whose storytelling flair and willingness to push technological boundaries have made him the man widely seen as the creative heir of Walt Disney himself. It’s been a long wait. The company founder died in 1966 and Lasseter, 52, only rejoined in 2006 after Disney paid $7.4bn for Pixar, the ground-breaking animation studio he helped start.
Animation is at the core of everything Disney does but the company wanted Pixar, and Lasseter, because its own animated output had grown stale. Walking into the Hat building and seeing promotional material on the walls for Bolt, Disney’s latest animated film (released in Europe on February 6) and the first to be made under Lasseter’s guidance, I reflect that his career has come full circle. A self-described cartoon nut, he started his career at Disney in 1979 as an animator. But he was fired in 1983 for refusing to drop the idea that the company’s future would lie in computer animation.
After leaving Disney, Lasseter helped found Pixar, with backing from Apple’s Steve Jobs. The company ushered in a new era of computer animation with the 1987 release of Lasseter’s Luxo Jr, a short film about a baby desk lamp. (The animated lamp still hops into the company’s production logo before all its films).
The real breakthrough came in 1995 with the Lasseter-directed Toy Story, which introduced the world to Woody the cowboy (voiced by Tom Hanks) and spaceman Buzz Lightyear, and was Hollywood’s first computer animated feature. A string of global hits followed, including Toy Story 2 (1999), Finding Nemo (2003) and The Incredibles (2004), while Wall-E, Pixar’s 2008 film about a love-sick robot, wowed audiences and critics alike.
Now back in the Disney fold as chief creative officer of the animation studio with an advisory role dreaming up attractions at the company’s theme parks, Lasseter divides his time between Burbank and Pixar’s headquarters in Emeryville, a few hundred miles away in northern California.
We are due to have lunch in his office – his assistants tell me he doesn’t have time to meet in a restaurant. I have also been warned that he will have already eaten something and won’t be having much because he wants to devote his time to answering questions rather than eating, which might make this encounter an unusual take on Lunch with the FT.
DRAWING ON THE PAST
Animated history
1891: Animated pictures are projected for the first time by Charles-Emile Reynaud, a French science teacher, using his own improved version of the zoetrope, known as the Praxinoscope.
1898: In the US, Albert E Smith borrows his daughter’s toy circus to create the world’s first stop-motion animated movie, The Humpty Dumpty Circus.
1913: Old Doc Yak, a tail-coated billy goat in striped trousers, is the first animal cartoon character.
1917: Argentine Quirino Cristiani animates the first feature-length cartoon film, El Apóstal, a political satire.
1923: Walt Disney and his brother Roy set up their first animation studio.
1928: Disney releases Steamboat Willy, in which Mickey Mouse makes his first appearance. Walt had wanted to call him Mortimer Mouse, but his wife Lilly preferred Mickey.
1935: Porky Pig makes his debut in Warner Brothers Looney Tunes cartoons, soon followed by Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd and Tweety Bird.
1937: Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is the first feature to combine both sound and colour.
1940: Beginning with Pinnochio, the early 1940s bring huge success for Disney, with Fantasia, Dumbo and Bambi. There’s another boom in the early 1950s with the release of Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.
1959:Sleeping Beauty almost bankrupts the Disney studio after returning only half of its $6m investment.
1964:Mary Poppins is released, combining live action, animation and animatronics.
1966: Walt Disney dies. The last film made under his production, The Jungle Book, is released a year later.
1982: Disney’s Tron marks a breakthrough in computer animation, inspired by video games.
1988:Who Framed Roger Rabbit?, produced by Steven Spielberg, rejuvenates the mix of animated characters with live action.
1991: Disney’s Beauty and the Beast becomes the only animated film ever to be nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture.
1994:The Lion King is the first Disney cartoon to be based around an original story. It remains the biggest grossing hand-drawn animated feature.
1995: John Lasseter’s Toy Story is released. Produced by Pixar but distributed through Disney, it is the first feature film to be produced entirely through computer animation. It is followed by a run of highly successful Pixar films, including Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc (2001), Finding Nemo (2003) and Ratatouille (2007).
2008: The critically acclaimed Wall-E marks the continuing success of Pixar. Made with a budget of $180m, it makes this money back inside six weeks.
Rob Hastings
His office is smaller than I expected but packed with Disney and Pixar paraphernalia. There are sketches on the wall from Susie the Little Blue Coupe, an animated short film from 1952, as well as a framed drawing from Dumbo (1941), Lasseter’s favourite Disney film. There are plates laid out with sandwiches and a bottle of red wine.
The bottle lifts the spirits. US executives are usually characterised by their abstemiousness, which makes for practical but rather dull lunches. “I don’t know if you drink wine,” says Lasseter after greeting me. “But my wife and I have a winery so I thought we’d open one of our bottles.”
He is known for his loud Hawaiian shirts and does not disappoint today, although the shirt is comparatively sombre. He is wearing a wristwatch released to promote the Pixar movie Cars (2006).
As he pours the wine, a Saint Emilion blend with a label bearing the Lasseter name, he explains how he and his wife Nancy began making wine. After he was fired from Disney, they moved to northern California. Nancy worked at Apple as a computer graphics engineer and he went to work for George Lucas’s Lucasfilm group, where he joined the division that would evolve into Pixar. “I was commuting north and Nancy commuted south and we started having babies.” The couple eventually had five sons. “We had so many babies that she decided to retire.”
The Lasseters often visited friends in Sonoma County, one of northern California’s finest winemaking regions. They liked it so much they moved there. “The woman who was cleaning our house was heading off one day to pick wine. Nancy went with her and came back splattered and covered in red wine.” He mimics his wife, breathless with passion. “She said: ‘We made wine! Make love to me!’” That started a hobby, which quickly became something more: the family bought vineyards in Glen Ellen in Sonoma County and now bottles and sells its own-label wine.
Before coming to Burbank, one of Lasseter’s assistants had phoned to ask what I might want for lunch, and I had ordered a turkey and provolone sandwich on rye bread. Disney doesn’t tend to do things in small measures so it is a pretty big sandwich. I’ve also been given some pieces of fruit – watermelon and pineapple. Lasseter has just got the pineapple pieces.
I ask when he realised he wanted to be an animator. He tells me about his childhood in Whittier in south-east Los Angeles County. “It was Richard Nixon’s home town. My mother was a high school arts teacher so I was always surrounded by the arts.” He was obsessed with Chuck Jones cartoons. “Bugs Bunny, Road Runner ... I would race home after school to watch them. On Saturday morning I would get up at crack of dawn on my own and lie on my belly in front of the TV eating Sugar Frosted Flakes until the cartoons stopped.”
In his first year at high school he saw Disney’s 1963 film The Sword in the Stone and realised that his passion could become a career. Encouraged by his mother, he wrote to the company, which invited Lasseter for a studio tour. Disney was nearing a crossroads: Walt had died and the “Nine Old Men”, a revered group of animators who had worked on such early classics as Snow White and Cinderella, were heading for retirement. But no new generation of animators was ready to replace them.
In 1975, the company launched an animation course at the California Institute of the Arts. Lasseter was the second student accepted. He was taught by three of the Nine Old Men – Eric Larson, Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston (the last survivor of the group who died last year). Lasseter’s classmates included future film directors Brad Bird, who would go on to helm Pixar’s The Incredibles and Ratatouille, and Tim Burton.
At Disney, where he was joined by Bird and Burton, the influence of the Nine Old Men was waning. “The people who were creatively running the studio were the second tier animators during Walt Disney’s time but ended up being in charge through attrition rather than because of their talent. They were threatened by all this young talent coming in. And we were on fire.”
A new era was under way in Hollywood. In 1977 Star Wars was released and directors such as Steven Spielberg, Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola had overturned long-held notions about the kinds of films audiences would enjoy.
Lasseter felt animation was ripe for a similar revolution and that cartoons could be enjoyed by people of all ages, not just by children. “One of the big moments of my life was watching Star Wars on its opening weekend in Hollywood. I was watching all these people enjoy this film and I thought: animation can do this.” But he kept running into resistance at Disney when he tried new things. “I remember being told many times: ‘We don’t want to hear your opinions. If you don’t want to do what you’re told, there’s a line of people outside the studio waiting to take your place.’
“I kept making suggestions and ideas – we all did, myself Brad Bird, Tim Burton – and we either left the studio or were fired.” Lasseter’s hope was that Disney would embrace computer technology but his boss at the time – he refuses to divulge the name – told him to forget it. So he went around his back and created a 30-second demonstration, only to be shown the door shortly afterwards. He looks wistful. “I’ll be honest with you. I told the world that I left on my own. To be fired from the place of my dreams was something I just couldn’t admit to anyone.”
It was while creating that short film that Lasseter came across Ed Catmull, a computer scientist, then working for Star Wars creator George Lucas. The two men hit it off and Lasseter was lured to the Lucasfilm computer unit in northern California. With a combination of Lasseter’s animation expertise and Catmull’s scientific know-how, they forged a collaborative way of working that would become the bedrock of Pixar’s way of making films.
During Lasseter’s first stint at Disney he found himself being asked, “What would Walt do?” At the Lucasfilm computer division new ideas were not discouraged, partly because of Catmull’s background in science. “With science there is this culture of experimentation and most of the time those experiments fail,” says Lasseter. There’s a culture of failure, which is accepted and it’s become part of Pixar.”
It was important, he says, to strike the right balance between technological innovation and storytelling. “Art challenges technology but technology inspires the art. Often you’ll see a film where it’s been caught up in the technology and it doesn’t captivate. What I learnt from those great Disney animators was that it’s what you do with the technology that matters.”
Steve Jobs (who earlier this week announced he was taking medical leave from Apple) heard what the Lucasfilm computer division was doing and ended up buying it for $10m in 1986. Lasseter says Jobs funded the newly renamed Pixar for 10 years before it turned a profit. “Over the years he must have invested another $50m-$60m. There is nobody else that would have supported us for that long.”
I am polishing off the fruit. Lasseter has eaten one piece of pineapple while we’ve been talking. I wonder if he felt vindicated by Disney’s purchase of Pixar, but he shakes his head. “I don’t look at it like that. It’s all about coming home – I’ve got Disney blood running through my veins. I mean, I operated the Jungle Cruise at Disneyland when I was at college.”
So he is back where he belongs. He has plenty to do, not least championing the company’s move into 3D animation: Bolt is being released in 3D and later in the year Up, a film about a curmudgeonly old man who attaches balloons to his house to make it fly, will also hit cinemas. Lasseter says he has been a fan of the format. “My wedding pictures were in 3D.”
An assistant is outside, signalling to Lasseter that someone is waiting to see him and that our time is up. As I get up to leave, I ask about the pressure he faces. Surely there is a lot to live up to when people compare you to Walt Disney? He shakes his head again. “It’s hard enough being John Lasseter without having to take that mantle as well. With Ed Catmull being here too we really believe we can turn the studio around ... the artists are in charge again, and I just love that.”
...................................
1 x bottle Saint Emilion, Lasseter Family Winery
1 x turkey provolone sandwich
1 x plate of mixed fruit
1 x plate of pineapple pieces
‘Bolt’ is released in the UK on February 6
Matthew Garrahan is the FT’s Los Angeles correspondent
Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2009
Dec 18th 2008 | BRUSSELS
From The Economist print edition
A Tintin blockbuster is on the way. Baffled Americans hoping to understand him should look at him through the prism of post-war Europe
Moulinsart-Studios Herge
IT IS one of Europe’s more startling laws. In 1949 France banned children’s books and comic strips from presenting cowardice in a “favourable” light, on pain of up to a year in prison for errant publishers. It was equally forbidden to make laziness or lying seem attractive. The law created an oversight committee to watch for positive depictions of these ills, along with crime, theft, hatred, debauchery and acts “liable to undermine morality” among the young.
Taken literally, the law suggests that an ideal comic-book hero would resemble an overgrown boy scout, whose adventures involve pluck, fair play, restrained violence and no sex. That is a pretty accurate description of Tintin, the Belgian boy reporter who enjoyed spectacular success in post-war Europe.
Tintin’s slightly priggish character fitted the times. His simple ethical code—seek the truth, protect the weak and stand up to bullies—appealed to a continent waking up from the shame of war. His wholesome qualities help explain the great secret of his commercial success—that he was, and remains, one of the rare comic books that adults are happy to buy for children.
But probity cannot explain why Tintin became a cultural landmark in Europe, as important on his side of the Atlantic as Superman on the other. There were plenty of wholesome comics in post-war Europe, most of them justly forgotten. Something else in Tintin spoke to children and adults in continental Europe. Even in the straitened years of post-war reconstruction, he was soon selling millions of books a year.
Admirers point to the quality of the drawing in Tintin, and the tense pacing of the plots, and they are right. Any child reared on “King Ottokar’s Sceptre”, a Balkan thriller; or “The Calculus Affair”, about a scientist’s kidnap, will later feel a shock of familiarity when watching Hitchcock films or reading Graham Greene. It is all there: the dangerous glamour of cities at night; the terror of a forced drive into the forest; a world of tapped hotel telephones and chain-smoking killers in the lobby downstairs.
Yet even excellence does not explain Tintin’s success in Europe. For, despite his qualities, Tintin has never been a big hit in the Anglo-Saxon world. In Britain, he is reasonably well known, but as a minority taste, bound within narrow striations of class: his albums are bought to be tucked into boarding school trunks or read after Saturday morning violin lessons. In America, Tintin is barely known.
All societies reveal themselves through their children’s books. Europe’s love affair with Tintin is more revealing than most.
Any exploration of Tintin’s hold on continental affections must start not with culture, but with history. For all the talk about morality, France’s 1949 law on children’s books had ideological roots. It was pushed by an odd alliance of Communists, Catholic conservatives and jobless French cartoonists, determined that French children should be reading works imbued with “national” values. Pascal Ory, a historian at the Sorbonne university (author of “Mickey Go Home. The de-Americanisation of the cartoon strip”), writes that the main aim of the law—which, remarkably, remains in force today, tweaked in the 1950s to add a ban on incitement of ethnic prejudice—was to block comics from America.
The question of the transatlantic gap remains current. The coming year is a big one for Tintin. In 2009 it will be 80 years since the boy reporter embarked on his first adventure, a trip to the Soviet Union. In Belgium a museum is to open, dedicated to the work of Hergé, Tintin’s creator, whose real name was Georges Remi. (His initials, when reversed, are pronounced Hergé in French.) Even under construction, the museum is impressive: a soaring structure of concrete and glass, wrapped around a large wooden form like the hull of an upturned ship. The seriousness of the architecture carries a message. This is not a theme park, but a gallery for high art. That is an uncontroversial view in continental Europe, especially in Belgium and France, where cartoon strips are reviewed in critical essays and dissected in academic theses.
In America filming is supposed to begin in earnest on a trilogy of Tintin films to be directed by Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, using digital “performance capture” technology to create a hybrid between animation and live action. Mr Spielberg secured an option to film Tintin shortly before Hergé’s death in 1983. The delays seem to have been caused partly by American puzzlement at Tintin. In September 2008 Universal Pictures pulled out of a plan to co-finance the project. The Hollywood Reporter, a trade publication, describes the films as being about “a young Belgian reporter and world traveller who is aided in his adventures by his faithful dog Snowy”, and explains that this storyline is “hugely popular in Europe”. You can almost hear the baffled shrugs.
Moulinsart-Studios Herge
As a journalist, Tintin is spectacularly unproductive, even by the idle standards of his trade. In all 24 albums he pauses perhaps twice to jot down a note. He happily gives rival reporters the details of his latest scoop. Only once is he seen with a completed article, on his inaugural 1929 trip to the Soviet Union. He briefly ponders how to get the manuscript to his office, before yawning and heading for bed, declaring: “Oh well, we’ll think about that tomorrow.” Four frames later, secret policemen are climbing the stairs to arrest him, and the article is never mentioned again.
Unlike another fictional adolescent with a media job—the American comic character Spiderman (portrayed as a freelance photographer in civilian life)—Tintin is not an outsider, or a rebel against the established order. He defends monarchs against revolutionaries (earning a knighthood in one book). His first instinct on catching a villain is to hand him over to the nearest police chief. He does not carry his own gun, though he shoots like an ace. Though slight, he has a very gentlemanly set of fighting skills: he knows how to box, how to sail, to drive racing cars, pilot planes and ride horses. He has few chances to rescue girls or women, moving in an almost entirely male, sexless world, but is quick to defend small boys from unearned beatings. His quick wits compensate for his lack of brawn. André Malraux, a French writer and politician, claimed that General de Gaulle called Tintin his “only international rival”, because both were famous for standing up to bullies.
Tintin is grandly uninterested in money. He is indifferent when—on occasion—he is offered large sums for accounts of catching some villain. Hergé’s disdain for transatlantic capitalism is portrayed in the 1931 “Tintin in America”, in which businessmen bid each other up to offer Tintin $100,000 for an oil well. When the young reporter explains the well is on Blackfoot Indian land, the businessmen steal the land from the Indians.
European snobbery about money permeates the books. Villains are frequently showy arrivistes. Old money is good. A gift (as opposed to gainful employment) allows his best friend, Captain Haddock, to buy back his family’s ancestral mansion. The captain takes to castle life with relish. Enriched by a treasure find, he swaps his seaman’s uniform for an increasingly Wodehousian wardrobe involving cravats, tweeds and at one point a monocle.
Hergé did not share his creation’s lack of interest in money. He paid minute attention to marketing (in total, some 200m albums have been sold) and the production of puzzles, colouring books and toys. Though Hergé is routinely voted onto lists of “10 famous Belgians”, he had no illusions about his homeland’s limitations as a market. He quickly began excising references to Tintin’s Belgian roots to boost his appeal on the French and Swiss markets, referring to him in 1935 as a “young European reporter”. He was happy for English-language editions to leave the impression that Tintin was British. Captain Haddock’s ancestral mansion changed from the Chateau de Moulinsart into Marlinspike Hall, and his most illustrious ancestor became a hero of the British royal navy, rather than a commander in the fleet of Louis XIV.
Assuming that Tintin does end up the subject of a Hollywood blockbuster, many around the world will soon think he is American. Hergé’s heirs know Tintin’s fame will take on quite different, global dimensions, in a way that will be hard to control. That will mark a big change.
After Hergé’s death, his wife Fanny inherited the rights to his work. She remains in overall artistic control of the Hergé Studios in Brussels (day to day the studios are run by Fanny’s second husband, Nick Rodwell, a British businessman). The studios are known for the ferocity with which they guard the works, scouring the world for abuses of copyright from Hergé’s old offices on a smart shopping avenue.
Mrs Rodwell confesses to seeing risks in Hollywood doing Tintin. To her, the charm of Hergé’s work is absolutely “European”—more “nuanced” than an American comic strip. The American style of telling a story threatens that European “sensibility”, she suggests: American narratives are “very dynamic, but more violent, and are much more aggressively paced.”
Hergé wanted the risk taken. He died days before a planned face-to-face meeting with Mr Spielberg, but had been briefed on the director’s thinking by a trusted assistant, Alain Baran, sent to Los Angeles to open negotiations. Mr Baran later wrote that Mr Spielberg saw Tintin as an “Indiana Jones for kids”, imagining Jack Nicholson as Captain Haddock. Such talk did not alarm Hergé. He said a film-maker like Mr Spielberg should be given free rein, and told his wife: “This Tintin will doubtless be different, but it will be a good Tintin.”
Such artistic openness is perhaps surprising, given where Hergé began his career. He always said the Catholic boy-scout movement rescued him from a “grey” childhood in lower middle-class Brussels. From there, he fell in with a slightly hysterical clutch of hard-right priests and nationalists, one of whom gave him his first job, on a small Belgian Catholic newspaper, the Vingtième Siècle, which fervently supported the monarchy, Belgian missionaries in the Congo and Mussolini and loathed the Bolshevik atheists running Russia and “Judeo-American” capitalism.
Tintin was born in this unpromising environment, in a weekly children’s supplement, Le Petit Vingtième. Hergé wanted to draw cartoons about the Wild West of America. His employer, an alarming priest named Norbert Wallez, had other ideas, ordering that the new fictional reporter be sent to the Soviet Union, then to Belgium’s colony in the Congo.
The 1930 story “Tintin in the Congo” has done much to feed Hergé’s reputation for racism. Its Africans are crude caricatures: child-men with wide eyes and bloated lips who prostrate themselves before Tintin (as well as Snowy his dog), after he shows off such magic as an electromagnet, or quinine pills for malaria.
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In Scandinavia the staggering toll of African wildlife Tintin kills—especially a rhinoceros he reduces to blackened chunks with dynamite—has prompted additional angst. The book remains popular in Africa, Hergé defenders like to assert. But, in truth, it has lost any charm it ever possessed. It is a work of propaganda—not for “colonialism”, as is often said—but more narrowly for Belgian missionaries, one of whom keeps saving Tintin’s life in evermore ludicrous ways: first dispatching a half dozen crocodiles with a rifle then rescuing him from a roaring waterfall, seemingly unhindered by his advanced age and ankle-length soutane.
Hergé’s reputation is also marked by charges of anti-Semitism. He received many complaints about one of his villains, the hook-nosed New York financier, “Mr Blumenstein”. It does not help that this caricature appeared in “The Shooting Star”, an adventure written in 1941 while living in Brussels under Nazi occupation. In the field of devout Tintinologists, much effort has been put to explaining this “lapse” away. Michael Farr, a British expert on Tintin, is typical, writing in 2001 that as soon as Hergé realised that his character was “liable to misunderstanding”, he gave Blumenstein a different name and a new nationality, having him hail from “São Rico”.
Tintinologists have a ready explanation too for another lapse: the fact that Hergé spent the war working for Le Soir, a Belgian newspaper seized by the German occupiers and turned into a propaganda organ. This is usually explained by Hergé’s “naivety”, as an author of children’s comics (a defence also used for P.G. Wodehouse).
Alas, none of those arguments survive a reading of a biography of Hergé by Philippe Goddin, published in 2007. Mr Goddin’s honesty is commendable: his is an official biography, based on Hergé’s large collection of private papers.
Mr Goddin returns to “The Shooting Star”, and its initial newspaper serialisation in Le Soir. This included a strip about the panic unleashed when it seemed a giant meteorite would hit the earth. In one frame, he writes, Hergé drew two Jews rejoicing that if the world ended, they would not have to pay back their creditors. At that same moment in Belgium, Mr Goddin notes, Jews were being ordered to move to the country’s largest cities and remove their children from ordinary schools. They were also banned from owning radios, and were subject to a curfew. In the news pages of Le Soir, these measures were described as indispensable preparations for an orderly “emigration” of Jews. A year later, Hergé deleted the drawing of the Jews of his own accord, when the serialised “The Shooting Star” became an album.
Mr Goddin demolishes the excuse of naivety, thanks to papers found in Hergé’s files. As early as October 1940, he records, Hergé received an anonymous letter accusing him of luring Belgian children to read German propaganda, by publishing Tintin in Le Soir’s youth supplement. A few months later, Hergé had a bitter argument with an old friend, Philippe Gérard. In a letter, Gérard demanded Hergé either endorse the “odious propaganda” of Le Soir or make his disagreement with the German occupation known. Saying it was just “a job” would not do, his friend concluded.
By way of reply, Hergé offered a defence of neutrality. “I am neither pro-German, nor pro-British,” he wrote back. “As I can do absolutely nothing to hasten the victory of either England or Germany, I watch, I observe and I chew things over. Calmly and without passion.” His aim was to remain an “honest man”, Hergé wrote, which did not mean shouting “Heil Hitler” or volunteering for the Waffen SS. Some said German occupiers were pillaging Belgium. An honest man had to acknowledge this was not true.
There is a link between Hergé, this disappointing man, and his creation Tintin, who fights against despots so bravely. It lies in the rationalisation of impotence: a very European preoccupation.
The key to Tintin is that he has the mindset of “someone born in a small country”, says Charles Dierick, in-house historian at the Hergé Studios. He is “the clever little guy who outsmarts big bullies”. And as a little guy, even a clever one, Tintin’s bravery works within limits: he rescues friends, and foils plots. But when he finds himself in Japanese-controlled Shanghai, in “The Blue Lotus”, he can do nothing to end the broader problem of foreign occupation.
Hergé’s final complete adventure, the 1976 “Tintin and the Picaros”, offers the clearest expression of this doctrine of neutrality. Tintin finds himself summoned to rescue old friends from a civil war between two Latin American warlords. One general is backed by “Borduria”, a fictional but identifiably Communist-block nation. The other is financed by the (presumably American) International Banana Company. Tintin does not take political sides. He contents himself by backing the rebel general in exchange for his friends’ freedom, and a pledge that the revolution will be bloodless, with no executions or reprisals. That focus on the death penalty is an extremely European way for Tintin to remain a “man of good faith”, to borrow a phrase Hergé used about himself. There is no wild talk of promoting democracy, or even regime change.
Interviewed late in life, Hergé acknowledged the links between his wartime experiences and his moral outlook. The second world war lies behind a great deal in Tintin, just as it lies deep beneath the political instincts of many on the European continent. It matters a lot that the Anglo-Saxon world has a different memory of that same war: it is a tragic event, but not a cause for shame, nor a reminder of impotence.
Tintin has never fallen foul of the 1949 French law on children’s literature. He is not a coward, and the albums do not make that vice appear in a favourable light. But he is a pragmatist, albeit a principled one. Perhaps Anglo-Saxon audiences want something more from their fictional heroes: they want them imbued with the power to change events, and inflict total defeat on the wicked. Tintin cannot offer something so unrealistic. In that, he is a very European hero.
Moulinsart-Studios Herge
Khan Kluay... 24 November 2007
Khan Kluay is the story of a curious, naughty young elephant growing up independent in deep forest whose insatiable curiosity in regard to his missing father sets him on a journey to a great adventure. The many obstacles and difficulties that he encounters throughout the journey make him strong and the lessons he learns turn him into a brave, proud elephant full of energy but yet very gentle at heart.
Khan Kluay learns to live with humans and to understand the relationship between man and elephant – this eventually leads to self-sacrifice as he goes to war as a warrior.
In 1965 , famed animator Chuck Jones and the MGM Animation/Visual Arts studio adapted The Dot and the Line into a 10-minute animated short film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , narrated by Robert Morley . The Dot and the Line won the 1965 Academy Award for Animated Short Film .
This is the anguished tale of a sensible straight line who falls in love with a dot . The dot, however, finding the line stiff, dull, and conventional, turns her affections toward a wild and unkempt squiggle. Though dejected, the line was not without determination, and, after much concentration, managed to bend himself, giving rise to shapes so complex he had to letter his sides and angles to keep his place. Before long he was able to express himself in any shape he wished, from helices to spider webs to Paul Klee 's little jester. Overwhelmed by the line's geometric contortionistic prowess, the dot realized that what she had seen in the squiggle to be freedom and joy was nothing more than chaos and sloth.
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In which 1935 novel does a 14 year old girl ride The Piebald to victory in The Grand National? | National Velvet - Everything2.com
National Velvet
by Txikwa
Fri Sep 27 2002 at 11:52:10
A 1935 novel by Enid Bagnold about a 14-year-old girl called Velvet Brown and her horse , which she wants to enter in the Grand National . She ends up having to disguise herself as a jockey and ride to victory herself.
It became a classic and beautiful film in 1944* starring Elizabeth Taylor , on a horse called Pie (real name King Charles , a grandson of the champion racehorse Man O' War ). It also starred Mickey Rooney as the Irish stablehand Mi Taylor (sic), and a young Angela Lansbury as Velvet's older sister, and was directed by Clarence Brown . Its two Oscars were for editing (particularly the steeplechase scene), and for best supporting actress, Anne Revere as Mrs Brown . Elizabeth Taylor was eleven years old, and it was this film, her fourth, that really made her a star.
It also became a television series in 1960 with Lori Martin as Velvet, and Blaze King as King , her horse. Produced by MGM , it was shown on NBC . This was mainly set around a farm , as you can't win the Grand National in every episode. It made Blaze King briefly the most famous horse on television. Lori Martin was not of course as beautiful as Elizabeth Taylor, but she was a pretty and charming child, with a bold spirit and a good heart, and I have fond memories of the series.
A 1978 sequel film called International Velvet was made with Tatum O'Neal as Velvet's niece Sarah, in a quest to become an Olympic equestrian .
Images and memorabilia of the TV series at http://members.tripod.com/~horsefame/Nvelvet.html
* Date varies. I gather it was made in 1944, released in 1945.
Temporary notice.
Content rescue needed! horse racing and racehorse are just nodeshells (and other variations like horseracing don't exist); as is velvet , whose Webster has vanished into the void. Tatum O'Neal isn't noded.
| National Velvet |
The word buccal refers to which part of the body? | Laurian, Comtesse d'Harcourt - the original National Velvet girl - Telegraph
Film
Laurian, Comtesse d'Harcourt - the original National Velvet girl
The inspiration for the classic film 'National Velvet’ gives her verdict on Elizabeth Taylor – and great-niece Samantha Cameron – and shares her memories of growing up in high society.
Elizabeth Taylor played Velvet Brown in 'National Velvet', the film inspired by Laurian, Comtesse d'Harcourt Photo: Everett Collection / Rex Features
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Her bearing and dress, before even she utters a word, mark out Laurian, Comtesse d’Harcourt, as an English woman of a certain era.
The clothes are smart, but practicality, not style, is the consideration: a good tweed skirt, white shirt, ankle socks and sensible shoes, her thick white hair is cropped short, framing a weathered but lovely face.
Now 90 years old, she stands strong and tall, leaning only slightly on the stick that she clearly disdains (a horse rolled on her and smashed her hip some 20 years ago). And, in her questioning smile and faded blue eyes, there is still a glimpse of the spirited teenager who inspired National Velvet, the best-selling novel that has never been out of print since its publication in 1935. Despite more than 40 years living in the French countryside, where she breeds Welsh ponies, she speaks with the precision, charm and absolute confidence of the British upper classes.
Indeed, Samantha Cameron’s great-aunt lives up to every expectation one might have, given her lofty connections. Her father, Sir Roderick Jones, chairman of Reuters, and his wife, the feisty Lady Enid, an acclaimed novelist and playwright were, for decades, the pivot around which London’s literati and glitterati swanned. Laurian’s godfather was Rudyard Kipling, and her first husband was heir to a peerage and a Telegraph war reporter. Her second was a French count, Pierre d’Harcourt, a hero of the Resistance who had survived Buchenwald.
Laurian is both loyal and discreet about her brother Timothy’s daughter, Annabel, Viscountess Astor and granddaughter Samantha. '’She’s wonderful. Absolutely charming,’’ is her only comment on Mrs Cameron, but she confesses to being a dedicated observer of Coalition politics. “I think he’s [David Cameron] definitely a good thing, don’t you?” she says.
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20 Dec 2011
But I’m not here to talk about the Camerons, nor about Boris Johnson (she’s a fan of London’s Mayor) and his “naughty sister” Rachel, nor the latest gossip in The Spectator or the current issue of The Lady, both treasured weekly links to the country of her birth. I have come to Brenne National Park, some 270km south of Paris, to interview the Comtesse d’Harcourt in her own right as the “real’’ Velvet Brown.
When Elizabeth Taylor died in March this year, no obituary failed to mention the 1944 box-office hit that had launched her career. National Velvet was a film that led both critics and movie-goers the world over to fall for an exquisite, violet-eyed 12-year-old whose life would be conducted from that point on in the light of flash bulbs and shadow of headlines. Earlier this month, Taylor’s own copy of the script, bound in violet leather, was sold for £110,000 at Christie’s in New York during the auction of the star’s jewels, art, clothes and memorabilia.
That script tells the story of a young girl, Velvet Brown, who rides an unprepossessing piebald horse she’d won in a raffle, The Pie, to victory in the Grand National. Taylor later spoke of how she fought for the role, consuming vast meals and willing herself to grow so the director’s concerns about her puny physique could be assuaged. She once described it as the “most exciting film” she ever made.
It was Laurian’s mother who, as Enid Bagnold, wrote the book on which the film was based and her pony-mad daughter, then 14 , was both the inspiration and the artist responsible for the distinctive equine line drawings that graced its pages. “Yes, I had such a passion for horses,’’ says Laurian. “I was able to practise my riding so much because I had a governess and a lot of time.’’
She also had McHardy, a former jockey with a mysterious past, who was employed by the Joneses to teach Laurian and her three younger brothers to ride. He slept, by choice, in a loose box and, according to Bagnold, invented the Joneses as a “horsebox family”, as they toured gymkhanas countrywide. She once claimed that for the 10 years McHardy was with the family he was “more important than a governess: more important than a mother”. It was his racing background that informed the book’s narrative and his character, Mi Taylor, was played by Mickey Rooney in the film.
I read the book long before I saw the film. I still have my dishevelled paperback copy, its pages yellowing and marked by the graffiti of my pathetic attempts to emulate those drawings. Laurian laughs when I tell her this. She is bemused by interest in what happened so long ago.
“I became so proud of myself and the drawings. I used to graciously leave them about just in case anyone should want to look at them. I got paid for them – £100 each – such a lot of money then, but it came in handy for the ponies.’’
Laurian was in her early twenties when the film version of National Velvet came out and much preoccupied with her war work as an inspector of parts at an aircraft manufacturer in north London. She was, she says, unimpressed by Taylor’s “seat’’ when she saw the film. '’I really didn’t think much of the way she rode – it was a shame. She rode so badly.’’ Her observation is telling. The falls that Taylor took during filming were the cause of back problems that plagued her in later life and led to a dependency on painkilling drugs.
For Laurian, the Velvet era is but a fleeting period in a rich life that has encompassed so much, including her own career as writer, artist and horse breeder, and so many people of note. Her parents hosted the celebrities of the day, the mavericks and movers, artists, authors, politicians and actors, at their home at Hyde Park Gate. During the summer, the family decamped to North End House, a sprawling complex of buildings and stables in the West Sussex village of Rottingdean, where adults and children could indulge their love of riding, and where the high-octane entertaining continued.
Bagnold described it as “a wet and windy village, full of rheumatism and beauty with a history of great men”. The great men included the artists Edward Burne-Jones and Sir Edward John Poynter and Laurian’s godfather, Rudyard Kipling, who decreed that her birth must be marked by the purchase of a bull dog. A bitch called Mary soon joined the household menagerie.
Kipling later redeemed himself somewhat by giving her a necklace of real pearls, but, says Laurian, her mother was never a fan. The great storyteller and poet of Empire, the man who penned the nation’s favourite poem If, was, in Bagnold’s view, a “bit of a bore’’. “He had so long ago made up his mind and went always on the old trail. He had nothing new to say. That was what was so extraordinary…’’ she wrote in her memoir.
The names of others who were regular visitors to Rottingdean pepper Laurian’s conversation: Harold (Macmillan), Vita (Sackville-West), Nancy (Astor) Diana (Cooper), part of the long roll-call of those who featured in the vibrant social life, nurtured by the ambitious Bagnold, in the little seaside town.
And Hollywood came calling, too. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton visited in the late Sixties to pay their respects to Bagnold. “Mummy didn’t meet her during the war,’’ Laurian says. “Later, she and Richard came to Rottingdean to show thanks for National Velvet. I don’t think my mother was too impressed. She was too made up and wearing fur – and that diamond…’’ she says laughing.
She is too polite to say what she means but the stone’s vulgarity – most likely the 33.29 carat “Elizabeth Taylor” diamond, given to her by Burton – is implied.
Burton, however, was a hit with them all. “He told wonderful stories about his father, who was a miner in Wales. He was completely wonderful to my daughter, Hattie, who was about 12 then. She’s never forgotten him.’’
Hattie (Harriet) is one of Laurian’s two children – she also has a son, Thierry – by Comte Pierre d’Harcourt. In 1952, Laurian had married the Hon Rowland Winn who had reported on the Spanish civil war for The Daily Telegraph. Her parents were ecstatic at the match. Winn, the son of the 3rd Baron St Oswald, was heir to Nostell Priory and 300 acres of parkland in West Yorkshire. But, by the time the engagement was announced, she had fallen for Pierre, a married man. He attended her wedding and, in a poignant gesture of regret, had tossed a bouquet of white flowers into the bridal car. The marriage to Winn lasted just three years and, once divorced, she and Pierre were united.
Today Laurian lives alone – her husband died in 1981 – in a pretty, rambling farmhouse, surrounded by forests and lakes, that smells of woodsmoke, dogs and horses. It is filled with the detritus of decades with which she cannot bear to part. Each room is part museum, part store room but very much a home, bursting with dusty photographs, paintings, newspaper cuttings, theatre programmes from her mother’s opening nights in the West End and on Broadway, faded rosettes and tarnished cups from bygone gymkhanas, displays of riding whips, baskets of old halters and stacks of champagne crates, the bottles of Veuve Cliquot they held drunk long ago. The trap that her mother drove around Rottingdean during the war, when petrol was rationed, stands in one of the outhouses, sad and thick with grime. On the wall in one long cobwebby corridor hangs a coat, dulled brass buttons and tattered cream silk facings, embroidered with the words, “Roderick Jones, MFH, Master of the Cape Hunt, 1912-1915’’.
The past is very much part of Laurian, Comtesse d’Harcourt’s present as she works on her memoir, but she is not lost in it. Her son and daughter and their families are regular visitors, and the girlish passion for horses that gave birth to National Velvet, endures. She drives me to the railway station at Châteauroux in her mud-spattered little car, bids me farewell and speeds off – down the centre of the road because ''it is much safer when you come to a bend’’ – back to the farm to fill water buckets, distribute pony nuts to her brood in the fields and check up on the mare about to foal.
“I started National Velvet as a study into a girl’s relationship with her pony,’’ Bagnold once wrote. “But it turned immediately and by itself into a story.’’ The story continues.
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What is the family name of the father and son who trained and rode the winners of the Derby in both 2012 and 2014? | Epsom Derby Meeting 2014 | Sporting Post
April 17, 2015
On Thursday, 5 June 2014, Epsom clerk of the course Andrew Cooper pronounced the going for the Investec Derby meeting as good and good to soft in places following 2mm of rain overnight. He tweeted: “2mm rain overnight @EpsomRacecourse, making 8mm in the last 24 hours. Will leave going as good, good to soft in places. Thurs & Fri dry.”
While the forecast for Thursday and Friday is dry, heavy rain could fall on Saturday with the Met Office issuing a yellow weather warning for the Epsom area. Any additional rain and subsequent ease in conditions would boost the chances of Roger Varian’s Racing Post Trophy winner Kingston Hill, who was made second favourite for Saturday’s Derby following Wednesday’s rain. Connections of market leader Australia, however, would prefer better ground for the son of 2001 Derby winner Galileo.
Gr1 Investec Oaks run in memory of Sir Henry Cecil
The 2014 renewal of the Epsom Oaks is being run in memory of the legendary trainer Sir Henry Cecil who died in June 2013. Cecil saddled the winner of the Oaks eight times – in 1985, 1988, 1989, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2007.
Seventeen horses, headed by Irish 1,000 Guineas winner Marvellous, have been declared for this year’s Oaks and will face the starter at Epsom Downs at 16:00 BST or 17:00 local time on Saturday, 7 June 2014.
Joseph O’Brien will take the ride for his father, trainer Aidan O’Brien, as they bid for a fillies’ Classic double.
The Sheikh Hamdan Al Maktoum-owned pair of Taghrooda and Tarfasha are also among the contenders, with both in good form. Taghrooda won by six lengths at the Pretty Polly Stakes in Newmarket in May and Tarfasha was an impressive winner of the recent Blue Wind Stakes at Naas in Ireland.
David Simcock is one of a number of trainers with more than one chance in the one-and-a-half mile contest. He runs the Musidora winner Madame Chiang and Momentus, third in the Lingfield Oaks Trial behind Ralph Beckett’s Honor Bound, the choice of Jim Crowley over stablemate Regardez.
There would be few more popular winning jockeys than Jimmy Fortune, whose wife Jan died recently. He partners Marsh Daisy for Hughie Morrison.
Runners and riders:
1. Amazing Maria (IRE) – Ed Dunlop, Frankie Dettori (Dr12)
2. Anipa – Roger Varian, Andrea Atzeni (Dr16)
3. Dazzling (IRE) – Aidan O’Brien, Seamie Heffernan (Dr4)
4. Honor Bound – Ralph Beckett, Jim Crowley (Dr15)
5. Ihtimal (IRE) – Saeed bin Suroor, Kieren Fallon (Dr7)
6. Inchila – Peter Chapple-Hyam, Jamie Spencer (Dr6)
7. Island Remede – Ed Dunlop, James Doyle (Dr14)
8. Lily Rules (IRE) – Tony Coyle, Barry McHugh (Dr11)
9. Madame Chiang – David Simcock, William Buick (Dr1)
10. Marsh Daisy – Hughie Morrison, Jimmy Fortune (Dr5)
11. Marvellous (IRE) – Aidan O’Brien, Joseph Brien (Dr2)
12. Momentus (IRE) – David Simcock, Harry Bentley (Dr8)
13. Palace (IRE) – Aidan O’Brien, Ryan Moore (Dr3)
14. Regardez – Richard Kingscote, Ralph Beckett (Dr13)
15. Taghrooda – John Gosden, Paul Hanagan (Dr9)
16. Tarfasha (IRE) – Dermot Weld, Pat Smullen (Dr10)
17. Volume – Luca Cumani, Richard Hughes (Dr17)
Recent Oaks winners
2013: Talent – Richard Hughes, Ralph Beckett
2012: Was – Seamie Heffernan, Aidan O’Brien
2011: Dancing Rain – Johnny Murtagh, William Haggas
2010: Snow Fairy – Ryan Moore, Ed Dunlop
2009: Sariska – Jamie Spencer, Michael Bell
2008: Look Here – Seb Sanders, Ralph Beckett
Gr1 Investec Derby
The field for the keenly awaited Investec Derby will face the starter at Epsom Downs at 16:00 BST or 17:00 local time on Saturday, 7 June 2014.
Aidan O’Brien has 4 Derby successes to his credit, having saddled Galileo in 2001, High Chaparral in 2002, Camelot in 2012 and Ruler Of The World in 2013. When Joseph O’Brien rode Camelot across the line to victory, they made history as the first father-son team to win the Derby and aim to make it a double this year with strong favourite, Australia. If successful, it will give Aidan O’Brien the distinction of having three wins in a row.
The O’Brien yard saddles four Derby contenders, including 2000 Guineas third Australia, Leopardstown Derby Trial third Geoffrey Chaucer, Chester Vase winner Orchestra and Dee Stakes winner, Kingfisher
“I was very happy with the way Orchestra won at Chester. I wasn’t sure he would get a mile and a half even though his pedigree is very stout. I know Ryan Moore was also impressed with him at Chester and thinks he has a big chance in the Derby,” O’Brien said.
“Kingfisher also won well at Chester and is very straightforward horse. Nothing went right for Geoffrey Chaucer in the Derrinstown at Leopardstown as it was a very messy race with a slow pace. Joseph had to go up the inside from where he was drawn.”
Rarely has a horse been better bred for the Derby than Australia, who is by Galileo, out of superstar Oaks winner Ouija Board and O’Brien believes the Galileo colt is among the finest he has ever trained.
“We knew Australia was special from the first time we worked him as a two-year-old. The lads always rated him as he always showed us something different. In the March/April of his two-year-old career he was half-speeding with horses he shouldn’t have been at that stage of his career. Australia is uncomplicated, relaxed and has speed – exactly what you want in a racehorse. He is a very natural horse and has a great mind, so he is like both his dad and his mum [Ouija Board] in that respect,” he said.
O’Brien’s son Joseph has been equally effusive. “He’s bred to stay the trip, bred to handle the track and bred to win the Derby which is what you need going to Epsom. It’s the ultimate test of a racehorse. You need to have a horse with pace, balance and that will get the trip. It’s the ultimate test of horse and rider. It’s the race every jockey wants to win. Australia has pace but is also well-balanced and has a good temperament – you really cannot fault him. I like him and always have done. I really believe in the horse. To be successful, you have to believe in your own horse.”
Kieren Fallon, who has been Champion Flat Jockey 6 times, and enjoyed 16 British Classic race successes including 3 Epsom Derbies, prepares to push that number to four aboard new employer Godolphin’s fancied True Story for Sheikh Mohammed. Working for Godolphin completes an unprecedented full house of number one jobs for the jockey, who’s previously been in the hot seat with the three other major forces of modern Flat racing: Coolmore, Sir Michael Stoute and the late Sir Henry Cecil.
True Story and Ihtimal are among a group that are due to be Godolphin’s first Epsom Classic runners since Sheikh Mohammed’s stable was at the centre of a notorious incident last year which saw 22 of its horses doped by their now banned trainer.
Runners and riders:
1. Arod – Peter Chapple-Hyam, Jamie Spencer (Dr3)
2. Australia – Aidan O’Brien, Joseph O’Brien (Dr12)
3. Ebanoran – John Oxx Declan, McDonogh (Dr6)
4. Fascinating Rock – Dermot Weld, Pat Smullen (Dr15)
5. Geoffrey Chaucer – Aidan O’Brien, Ryan Moore (Dr7)
6. Impulsive Moment – Andrew Balding, David Probert (Dr5)
7. Kingfisher – Aidan O’Brien, Colm O’Donoghue (Dr16)
8. Kingston Hill – Roger Varian, Andrea Atzeni (Dr2)
9. Orchestra – Aidan O’Brien, Seamie Heffernan (Dr14)
10. Our Channel – William Haggas, Silvestre De Sousa (Dr10)
11. Pinzolo – Charlie Appleby, James Doyle (Dr4)
12. Red Galileo – Ed Dunlop, Oisin Murphy (Dr8)
13. Romsdal – John Gosden, Richard Hughes (Dr11)
14. Sudden Wonder – Charlie Appleby, Kevin Manning (Dr9)
15. True Story – Saeed bin Suroor, Kieren Fallon (Dr1)
16. Western Hymn – John Gosden, William Buick (Dr13)
Recent Derby winners:
2013: Ruler Of The World – Ryan Moore, Aidan O’Brien
2012: Camelot – Joseph O’Brien, Aidan O’Brien
2011: Pour Moi – Mickael Barzalona, Andre Fabre
2010: Workforce – Ryan Moore, Sir Michael Stoute
2009: Sea The Stars – Michael Kinane, John Oxx
2008: New Approach – Kevin Manning, Jim Bolger
Full card available here
BBC’s Cornelius Lysaght and the Daily Mirror’s David Yates preview the runners and riders in a BBC Podcast
TV Coverage
We are pleased to confirm that both the Oaks and the Derby will be screened on Tellytrack as add-ons on Friday and Saturday, respectively. Both meetings will be screened in full.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH8ugRPRdeU
| O'Brien dynasty |
Whose painting “Samson and Delilah”, from about 1609, is in the National Gallery in London? | Articles about Epsom Derby - tribunedigital-chicagotribune
Horse racing-Camelot wins Epsom Derby
Reuters | June 2, 2012
EPSOM, June 2 (Reuters) - Camelot, the 8-13 favourite ridden by Joseph O'Brien for his father Aidan, won the Epsom Derby by five lengths on Saturday. Main Sequence (9-1) was second of the nine runners with Astrology (13-2) in third. (Writing by Dave Thompson; Editing By Alison Wildey)
SPORTS
Interesting fields for Million Preview Day
By Neil Milbert, Special to the Tribune | July 10, 2014
Like movie previews, Million Preview Day gets people hooked on the plot but doesn't give away the ending. Historically, the first place finishers in the four Million Preview Day races that will be run Saturday at Arlington International Racecourse have been conspicuous by their absence from the winner's circle in the four world class races on Million day. Nevertheless, Saturday's four Grade III grass races - the $200,000 Arlington Handicap for...
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Camelot lands Epsom Derby for father-son duo
Dave Thompson and Reuters | June 2, 2012
EPSOM (Reuters) - Camelot, the 8-13 favourite ridden by Joseph O'Brien for his father Aidan, galloped to a dazzling five-length triumph in the Epsom Derby on Saturday. It was a third winner of the big race for Irish trainer Aidan and a first for his 19-year-old son. Main Sequence (9-1), the mount of Ted Durcan, made late ground to take second place in the nine-strong field with O'Brien's second string Astrology (13-2), finishing third after making much of the running under...
FEATURES
Jamie Reid's horse-doping tome wins sports prize
Michael Roddy and Reuters | November 28, 2013
LONDON (Reuters) - A 1960s British horse-doping scandal that reached into the royal stables, drew in the criminal underworld and included a Swiss femme fatale has won a top sports-writing prize and made author Jamie Reid a happy man. Reid's "Doped: The Real Life Story of the 1960s Racehorse Doping Gang" was the winner on Wednesday night of the 25,000-pound ($40,700) William Hlll Sports Book of the Year Award, which the British bookmakers tout as the "richest and most...
SPORTS
Steve Cauthen Captures His 1,000th Victory In Britain
August 6, 1987
Jockey Steve Cauthen notched his 1,000th victory in Britain when he rode the favorite, Picnicing, to victory in the Hassocks Graduation Stakes in Brighton, England. Cauthen, 27, nicknamed the "Kentucky Kid," arrived in Britain eight years ago. He rode his first British winner in 1976, but made his name the following season with 487 victories. In 1979, he won his first British Classic, riding Tap on Wood to victory in the 2,000 Guineas. Since then, Cauthen has won the...
SPORTS
Animal Kingdom flops, Dawn Approach rocks Ascot
Justin Palmer and Reuters | June 18, 2013
ASCOT, England (Reuters) - American raider Animal Kingdom flopped at Royal Ascot on Tuesday but while one lofty reputation was tarnished, another was restored when Dawn Approach atoned for his Epsom Derby failure to hand embattled Godolphin some respite. Animal Kingdom's bid to add a Royal Ascot victory to his Kentucky Derby and Dubai World Cup successes ended in huge disappointment when he finished nearer last than first in a Queen Anne Stakes won by Aidan O'Brien's Declaration...
NEWS
Horse racing-Champion sire Montjeu dies at 16
Reuters | March 29, 2012
LONDON, March 29 (Reuters) - Montjeu, champion sire of three Epsom Derby winners, has died in Ireland of complications from septicaemia, the Coolmore Stud said in a statement on Thursday. The 16-year-old stallion will be best remembered for his victories in the 1999 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and French and Irish derbies. He also won the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes at Ascot in 2000. Montjeu, who triumphed in six Group One races, was retired ...
NEWS
Horse racing-Animal Kingdom the star Ascot attraction
Reuters | June 17, 2013
By Justin Palmer LONDON, June 17 (Reuters) - Kentucky Derby and Dubai World Cup winner Animal Kingdom bids to follow in Frankel's hallowed hoof-prints with the American raider providing the star billing on the opening day of Royal Ascot on Tuesday. Frankel enjoyed an imperious 11-length triumph in the Queen Anne Stakes last year on his way to becoming the world's highest-rated racehorse. The memory of that explosive victory will have extra poignancy following the...
SPORTS
A Coin Flip, Then History
By Neil Milbert | April 20, 1988
The 114th Kentucky Derby, an institution seemingly as American as hot dogs and apple pie, has roots stretching across the Atlantic, binding it to a mother country with a cuisine famous for Yorkshire pudding and kidney pie. This and all the other races for 3-year-olds that bear the name Derby trace their origin to 18th Century England. The name came from the flip of a coin. The 18th Earl of Derby told the fascinating story of how it all began after Teleprompter, the English invader that he owned,...
SPORTS
Ruler Of The World triumphs in Epsom Derby
Justin Palmer and Reuters | June 1, 2013
EPSOM, England (Reuters) - Late developer Ruler Of The World belied his racecourse inexperience and lived up to his name and impeccable breeding to land a fourth English Derby for Irish trainer Aidan O'Brien at Epsom on Saturday. The 7-1 chance, the latest Classic winner to emerge from O'Brien's Ballydoyle stable with a bloodline to the cream of the sport, proved too strong for 11 rivals under jockey Ryan Moore. Unraced as a two-year-old and having only his third run, the unbeaten...
NEWS
UPDATE 1-Horse racing-Monterosso wins Dubai World Cup in style
Reuters | March 31, 2012
(Adds details, quotes, byline) * Fifth victory in world's richest race for Godolphin * Jockey repeats flamboyant Epsom Derby celebration * Irish-trained favourite beaten into fourth By Martin Dokoupil DUBAI, March 31 (Reuters) - Monterosso, the mount of dashing young French jockey Mickael Barzalona, won the $10 million Dubai World Cup on Saturday in brilliant style at odds of 20-1. In a 1-2 finish for the Godolphin operation of...
NEWS
Dettori cleared to resume riding after ban
Reuters | May 30, 2013
LONDON (Reuters) - Flamboyant British-based Italian jockey Frankie Dettori has been cleared to resume riding by France Galop following a six-month doping ban, the French racing authority said on Thursday. Dettori's suspension, handed out after he tested positive at Longchamp in September, expired on May 19 but his return to the saddle was delayed after a test carried out by France Galop produced an "irregularity", according to the British Horseracing Authority who reciprocated the ban. ...
SPORTS
Famed Sire Nijinsky Ii Destroyed
April 16, 1992
Nijinsky II, a leading sire after winning the European Triple Crown in 1970, was humanely destroyed Wednesday at Claiborne Farm. The 25-year-old horse had been troubled with chronic leg and circulatory problems, and was put down after experiencing discomfort the past few days. "He had lived on borrowed time since 1985," a farm spokesman said. "We`ve been fortunate to have him this long." Nijinsky, a son of Northern Dancer, did all his racing in Europe, where as a 3-year-old in...
SPORTS
List the jockeys in order of...
May 4, 2002
3/4 MILE: ORDER THEM UP List the jockeys in order of Derby starts before this season: Pat Day Laffit Pincay Jr. Bill Shoemaker Eddie Delahoussaye Jerry Bailey Eddie Arcaro FINISH LINE: WHO AM I? My father was a blacksmith and my mother was a horse trainer. I began riding horses when I was 5. I was the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown and I'm the only jockey to have won both the Kentucky Derby and Epsom Derby. ANSWERS True of false: 1. True;...
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Which element with atomic number 7 forms about 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere? | Element which forms 78 per cent of Earth's atmosphere by volume, symbol N, atomic number 7 - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word
«Let me solve it for you»
Element which forms 78 per cent of Earth's atmosphere by volume, symbol N, atomic number 7
Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Element which forms 78 per cent of Earth's atmosphere by volume, symbol N, atomic number 7. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Element which forms 78 per cent of Earth's atmosphere by volume, symbol N, atomic number 7" clue. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.
Possible answer:
| Nitrogen |
Later in 1961 George Martin produced “My Boomerang Won’t Come Back”. Which comedian and actor was the singer on the record? | Periodic Table at Hazleton Area School District - StudyBlue
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A colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
The chemical element of atomic number 3, a soft silver-white metal. It is the lightest of the alkali metals.
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The chemical element of atomic number 5, a nonmetallic solid.
The chemical element of atomic number 7, a colorless, odorless unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the earth's atmosphere.
The chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.
The chemical element of atomic number 2, an inert gas that is the lightest member of the noble gas series.
The chemical element of atomic number 4, a hard gray metal.
The chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal that has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and that also occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal.
A colorless, odorless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air.
The chemical element of atomic number 10, an inert gaseous element of the noble gas group.
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Which US President was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University? | The Rhodes Scholarship: A Walk Through History | Asian Scientist Magazine | Science, Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia
Videos Asian Scientist 100 Bugs & Quarks Singapore's Scientific Pioneers Print Magazine Intelligence Conferences
The Rhodes Scholarship: A Walk Through History
As one of the recipients of the 2010 Rhodes Scholarship, I took a walk down memory lane to understand the origins and development of this scholarship.
Steven Mo | April 22, 2011 | Academia
AsianScientist (Apr. 22, 2011) - The Rhodes Scholarship is an international scholarship, awarded in many countries annually, including Asian countries such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong.
As one of the recipients of the 2010 Rhodes Scholarship, I took a walk down memory lane to understand the origins and development of this scholarship.
Born and raised up in the United States by Taiwanese parents, it intrigued me how Asian Americans like myself started receiving the scholarship.
The Cecil Rhodes Trust
The Rhodes Scholarship , often known as one of the world's most prestigious and oldest scholarship, was initiated after the death of Cecil Rhodes in 1902. It is dedicated to bringing outstanding students from many countries around the world to study at the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
The first American Scholars entered Oxford in 1904. Around 32 of the 80 Rhodes Scholars each year are selected from the United States.
Famous Recipients
Famous American Rhodes Scholars include former US President Bill Clinton and former head of CIA James Woolsey. Besides them, many US senators and representatives, and the presidents of elite universities such as Neil L. Rudenstine (Harvard), President James McNaughton Hester (New York University), and Howard D. Graves (West Point Superintendent) were also recipients.
Several Nobel Prize winners have also been Rhodes recipients. In 2001, Michael Spence won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on the dynamics of information flows and market development, while in 1945, Howard Florey won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his role in the extraction of penicillin.
CEOs and Presidents of several Fortune 500 companies such as Frank Wells (CEO, Walt Disney), Rod Eddington (CEO, British Airways) and Dominic Barton (Head and Managing Director of McKinsey & Company ) are notable recipients.
Besides academics, several Olympic gold medalists including Annette Salmeen (800-meter freestyle relay, Gold) an Bill Bradley (basketball, Gold) have also won the scholarship.
The Rhodes Scholarship Diversifies
The diversifying of Rhodes scholars was gradual and took many years. If one takes a closer look at the history of American Rhodes Scholars, the majority of early recipients were Caucasian and male.
It was not until 1970s when the first female US Rhodes Scholars were selected.
During the same decade, African and Hispanic students started receiving the Rhodes scholarship, but the selection of Asian American Rhodes Scholars was still unheard of.
The main reason may be that Asian Americans consisted of less than one percent of the total US population during this period. Notably, according to the 1970 US Census, the category "Asian American" was not even an optional field on the census form.
In the late 1980s, second-generation Asian Americans started to win these scholarships. Asian American attendance at elite US universities provided a big stepping stone to the increase in recipients. The Asian culture of an emphasis in education, which continued even after these immigrants moved to the US, may have played a big role in this.
Between 1990s and 2000s, on average around one or two of the 32 US Rhodes Scholars each year were Asian Americans. 2010 was a historical year as five of the 32 US Rhodes Scholars – or 16 percent – were Asian American, despite only forming 5 percent of the US population on the 2010 U.S. census. Of the five Asian American recipients that year, two came from Harvard, two came from MIT, and one came from Stanford.
The Trailblazers: Notable Asian Rhodes Scholars
From this select list of Asian American Rhodes scholars, a number of them have shown great success in their careers.
Goodwin Liu (Taiwanese American, 1991 Rhodes Scholar) is the Associate Dean and Professor of Law at the UC Berkeley School of Law and has recently been nominated to fill a vacancy on the US Court of Appeals by President Obama.
Siddhartha Mukherjee (Indian American, 1993 Rhodes Scholar) has just won the prestigious 2011 Pulitzer Prize in the general non-fiction category for his book on cancer, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer.
Finally, Richard Chin (Chinese American, 1988 Rhodes Scholar) is the current CEO at the Institute for OneWorld Health and also a Professor at UC San Francisco School of Medicine.
The Sky Is The Limit
It has certainly been an honor to be associated with these incredible people, and to observe the increased representation by the Asian American population. The Rhodes scholarship has given me a wonderful opportunity to belong to Oxford University and work among the world’s finest academics.
Rhodes Scholars like myself are standing on the shoulder of giants, and we hope to make them proud.
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| Bill Clinton |
The lines on the Lisbon Metro are identified by colours. What colour is Linha Amarela? | The Rhodes Scholarship for Hong Kong | British Council
The Rhodes Scholarship for Hong Kong
The Rhodes Scholarship for Hong Kong
Questions?
Contact us online or call your nearest office
The oldest and one of the most prestigious international postgraduate scholarships in the world, the Rhodes Scholarships fully fund postgraduate study at the University of Oxford in England. Each year, one Rhodes Scholar from Hong Kong is selected on the basis of intellect, character, leadership and commitment to service, to join 94 other Rhodes Scholars from around the world. Past Rhodes Scholars include US President Bill Clinton, US National Security AdvisorSusan Rice, and Pulitzer Prize-winner Siddharta Mukherjee.
The Rhodes Scholarships, instituted under the will of Cecil Rhodes in 1903, provide all expenses for two or three years of study at the University of Oxford, and may allow funding in some instances for four years. Each year scholars are selected from Australia, Bermuda, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Jamaica & the Commonwealth Caribbean, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Southern Africa Southern Africa (including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland), SJLP (including Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine), United Arab Emirates,United States, West Africa (from 2018), Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Rhodes Scholarship aspires to create outstanding leaders who would be motivated to fight ‘the world’s fight’, to ‘esteem the performance of public duties as their highest aim’ and to promote international understanding and peace. Studying at the University of Oxford will give the chosen Scholars access to world-class academicians in their field as well as a 7000 strong Rhodes alumni network, many of whom are well known advocates for expanded social justice and have advanced the frontiers of science and medicine.
The first Rhodes Scholar for Hong Kong entered Oxford in 1986. To date, there have been 29 Rhodes Scholars for Hong Kong, who have pursued a variety of careers in fields including public service, academia, business, law and medicine.
The Scholarship is open to permanent residents of Hong Kong who have received no less than 5 of the last 10 years of education in Hong Kong, or citizens of the People's Republic of China who are studying at (or have obtained an Honours degree from) a university in Hong Kong. It is also open to those who have lived in Hong Kong for no less than 7 years, who have received no less than 5 of the last 10 years of education in Hong Kong and can demonstrate a strong personal connection with Hong Kong. Candidates must have reached their 19th and not have passed their 25th birthday on 1 October of the year of entry. Candidates must also have completed (or be due to complete by August of the year of entry) an Honours degree or equivalent qualification in Hong Kong or elsewhere.
Please note that candidates who are eligible to apply for the Rhodes Scholarship in Hong Kong as well as the Rhodes Scholarship for China or Scholarships for other constitutes must select only one scholarship to apply for, as applications in more than one constituency is not permitted.
Applications for the Rhodes Scholarships for 2017 are now closed.
Details of the Scholarship can be obtained from the Hong Kong Rhodes Scholarship webpage. Applicants are required to make online application and submit all the supporting documents by the application deadline. Late or incomplete applications will not be considered.
External links
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Eight year old Bailey Matthews who has cerebral palsy won an award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2015 ‘for outstanding achievement in the face of adversity’ named after which late female Sports presenter? | Mo Farah snub in Spoty award ‘really sad’, says Alistair Brownlee
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/19/mo-farah-bbc-sports-personality-2016-award-alistair-brownlee
<p>• Double Olympic champion finished only fourth in voting<br>• ‘Maybe some people don’t see him as British’</p><p>Alistair Brownlee has admitted his surprise that Mo Farah yet again failed to make the top three of the BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year on Sunday night and suggested it might be because “some people don’t see him as British”.</p><p>Brownlee said he would have voted for Farah, who came fourth in the awards despite <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2016/aug/21/mo-farah-wins-the-double-double-gold-medals-video-highlights">retaining his Olympic 5,000m and 10,000m titles in style in Rio</a>, and felt it was “really sad” that he did not get the respect his success deserved.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016">Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016 award</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/ng-interactive/2016/dec/19/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016-behind-the-scenes">BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016 – behind the scenes</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/19/mo-farah-bbc-sports-personality-2016-award-alistair-brownlee">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Andy Murray
Andy Murray’s Sports Personality treble shows how he has won over the nation | Kevin Mitchell
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/19/andy-murray-sports-personality-third-time
<p>Britons are slow to embrace genius but winning the BBC award for a third time underscores the Scot’s right to be considered our greatest athlete</p><p>Anyone But Murray, eh? The ABM meme could hardly seem more tatty and irrelevant now, seven years after it was spawned with spite and ignorance, before the difficult Scot had proved Little Englanders and other snipers wrong with his eloquent tennis racket.</p><p>Instead, the question that is now being asked – and answered in the affirmative – across nearly every media platform is an uplifting one: is Andy Murray this country’s greatest-ever athlete?</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/21/andy-murray-dad-wedding-spoty-knighthood">Andy Murray concerned about father’s wedding, not knighthood or Spoty title</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/16/andy-murray-novak-djokovic-world-no1-2016">How Andy Murray chased down Novak Djokovic to end 2016 on top of the world | Andy Bull</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/21/andy-murray-world-no1-novak-djokovic">Andy Murray’s work ethic is behind his rise to No1 and he can stay there | Kevin Mitchell</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/19/andy-murray-sports-personality-third-time">Continue reading...</a>
Andy Murray
Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016 award
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016
<p>World tennis No 1 becomes first person to win award three times, with triathlete Alistair Brownlee second and equestrian Nick Skelton third</p><p>Andy Murray capped a glorious year, in which he lifted the Wimbledon title, stormed to Olympic gold and became the first British tennis player to reach No 1 in the world, by winning Sports Personality of the Year for a record third time.</p><p>Murray, a massive 1-7 on favourite with bookmakers beforehand, beat the gold medal-winning triathlete Alistair Brownlee into second place, with 58-year-old showjumper <a draggable="true" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/veteran-showjumper-nick-skelton-olympic-gold-big-time">Nick Skelton</a>, who became the oldest British gold medallist since 1908 in Rio, in third.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Sport
Sean Ingle
2016-12-19T07:48:53Z
Relief at the Beeb as, for once in 2016, voters get it spot on with Andy Murray | Barry Glendenning
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-bbc-sports-personality-year-alistair-brownlee
Tennis’s white-hot favourite collects Sports Personality of the Year award but the triathlete Alistair Brownlee surprises with his second place<p>‘The people have spoken ... the bastards,” a waspish Dick Tuck observed following his failure to make the California State Senate in 1966. At the end of a year in which electorates throughout the UK and beyond have proved time and again they simply cannot be trusted to make even the simplest choice, it is a sentiment with which BBC panjandrums were happy not to concur at the end of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year beano in Birmingham on Sunday night.</p><p>They had been utterly terrified the Great British Public would select a one‑two-three of Andy Murray, Mo Farah and Gareth Bale – three sporting high-achievers who it was known would not be present in person on the night.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-bbc-sports-personality-year-alistair-brownlee">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Andy Murray
Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year for third time – video
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-for-third-time-video
<p>Andy Murray is announced as the winner of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award for 2016 at an award ceremony in Birmingham on Sunday night. Murray, in Miami due to training commitments, receives his award from former heavyweight boxer Lennox Lewis and jokes that his wife didn’t vote for him. He becomes the first person to win the award three times</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016">Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016</a></li><li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality">The official BBC Sports Personality of the Year website</a></li></ul> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/video/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-for-third-time-video">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Andy Murray
Andy Murray wins Sports Personality of the Year 2016 – as it happened
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/dec/18/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016-live
<p>Andy Murray became the first three-time winner of the BBC award, with fellow Olympic gold medallists Alistair Brownlee and Nick Skelton second and third</p><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016">Report: Murray wins Sports Personality of the Year 2016</a></p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:12:56.956Z">9.12pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>That’s all from me. Congratulations to Andy Murray, who has chalked up another piece of history with his third SPOTY crown after rising to the top of the tennis world. One of the few prizes left for him to sew up is the title of Britain’s greatest ever athlete. </p><p>It was also a good night for runners-up Alistair Brownlee and Nick Skelton, while away from the Olympics, Leicester City took home team and coach of the year for their fairytale Premier League success. Thanks for joining me. Goodnight.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/18/andy-murray-wins-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016">Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:07:41.285Z">9.07pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p><strong>Sports Personality of the Year:</strong> Andy Murray</p><p><strong>Overseas Personality:</strong> Simone Biles</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:05:37.033Z">9.05pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Murray picks up the award from Lennox Lewis poolside in Miami, and his speech is another low-key, bone-dry masterpiece:</p><p>“I’d like to thank everyone who voted, I really appreciate your support. And I’d like to thank my team, they make a lot of sacrifices for me, they’re away from their family at times of the year like this.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:03:51.871Z">9.03pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>He becomes the first player to win the award three times, completing a stellar year in style.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:02:46.193Z">9.02pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>The triathlete is the second Rio 2016 gold medallist on the podium. I predict a third...</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T21:02:07.367Z">9.02pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>As the bookies predicted, equestrian and Rio gold medallist Skelton comes home in third place.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:55:36.327Z">8.55pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Before the main award is announced, there will be a moment to remember those lost to the sporting world this year, beginning with Muhammad Ali and Johan Cruyff, both among the greatest athletes who ever lived.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/11/muhammad-ali-remembered-by-davis-miller-obituary">Muhammad Ali remembered by Davis Miller</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/11/johan-cruyff-remembered-bob-wilson-football-obituary">Johan Cruyff remembered by Bob Wilson</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:49:49.643Z">8.49pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p><strong>Team of the year! </strong>Has this ever been more closely fought? England’s rugby union team. Wales’ football team. The British women’s hockey team. Team GB. ParalympicsGB. Leicester, for god’s sake.</p><p>The award goes to... <strong>Leicester City! </strong>I had a feeling the hockey team would sneak it, but it’s hard to argue. 5000-1, an unrepeatable, unbelievable triumph.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:47:59.339Z">8.47pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Phelps is here, and receives his award from Ian Thorpe and Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge. A balanced relay team, there.</p><p>“My career started with a dream to win <em>an</em> Olympic medal” says Phelps. “I had a lot of memorable races in my career, but to be able to retire the way I wanted to has been the dream. It’s an honour to stand in front of these athletes, the goals and dreams they have, and not giving up. Thank you, this means absolutely the world.”</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:43:33.675Z">8.43pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Staying with American Olympic superheroes, it’s time for the lifetime award. It’s going to <strong>Michael Phelps</strong>, the man with the wingspan of a light aircraft, and the gold medal haul of an Eastern bloc country. </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/13/michael-phelps-olympic-career-swimming-gold">Michael Phelps caps a glittering Olympic career with one final swimming gold</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:40:20.906Z">8.40pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Which brings us to the <strong>Overseas Sports Personality of the Year</strong>... it’s not Bolt... it’s not Ronaldo... it’s Rio quadruple gold-medallist <strong>Simone Biles!</strong></p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/03/simone-biles-gymnastics-america-rio-2016">The extraordinary Simone Biles, the best athlete in America today</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:39:20.831Z">8.39pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Two hours in, and we’ve given up on sensible segues – lurching from a round-up of England’s unbeaten year under Eddie Jones, to an Olympic montage, featuring Bolt, Phelps, Van Niekerk, Neymar, the Fiji sevens team – all your favourites. </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:32:00.947Z">8.32pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Up next: Robbie Williams – not the former Barnsley and Stockport stalwart, but the popular singer. What did our Olympic heroes do to deserve this?</p><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Can only assume Robbie Williams is contractually obliged to appear on every BBC programme this month.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:30:17.616Z">8.30pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>We’re into the home straight now – the US win the Ryder Cup, Wigan take the Super League, Bangladesh beat England for the first time in a Test, and Chicago is rocked by the Cubs, and the Irish, in the same week. Nico Rosberg wins the F1 title, then retires. And finally: Anthony Joshua, the heavyweight champion who, unlike Tyson Fury, didn’t merit a nomination.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:28:08.329Z">8.28pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p><strong>The Helen Rollason award goes to Ben Smith</strong>. Bullied as a teenager, he helped to raise money for anti-bullying charities by running 401 marathons in 401 days. An extraordinary achievement.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2016/oct/05/man-set-to-complete-401-marathons-in-401-days-in-bullying-fundraiser">Man runs 401 marathons in 401 days in anti-bullying fundraiser</a> </p><p lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://twitter.com/niallmcveigh">@niallmcveigh</a> shockingly few people on their feet for Ben Smith. 401 marathons in 401 days? Raised over £250K - get on your feet !!!</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:23:23.569Z">8.23pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>So we’ve had the entire British women’s team, and the whole Leicester City squad, out on the stage – but no team of the year prize yet. Is this Aston Villa’s year?</p><p>Voting for the main award is now open, by the way. You can vote <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/38135745">via the BBC website</a>, but hurry back.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:18:26.140Z">8.18pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Time for the final contender: <strong>Kate Richardson-Walsh</strong>, captain of the British women’s hockey team, who won gold against the odds in Rio. Kate’s wife Helen scored the winning penalty in a shootout against the Netherlands, before the captain ended her career on the ultimate high. She’s the first ever hockey player (field or ice) to get a SPOTY nomination.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/10/kate-richardson-walsh-great-britain-hockey-bbc-spoty">Great Britain’s Kate Richardson-Walsh: You’re not playing hockey to be a star</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:15:49.012Z">8.15pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Here’s Simon McMahon:</p><p>“If (when) Murray wins, you can bet his acceptance speech will be as low key and laid back as the one just shown. Andy doesn’t do exaggeration or hype. That’s why I love him. Britain’s greatest ever sportsperson ...?”</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:14:08.207Z">8.14pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>A man in an Iceland shirt is banging a big drum, coercing the crowd into an awkward ‘Viking thunderclap’. That means one thing – time for a <strong>Euro 2016 look-back</strong>. England are wisely sidestepped, with Tom Jones talking us through a Wales-centric montage.</p><p><strong>Gareth Bale</strong> is nominated for the award, having also won the Champions League this year, although for me, Hal Robson-Kanu should be handed the trophy outright for <em>that</em> goal against Belgium. Portugal won the whole thing, of course – the 87th biggest surprise of 2016.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jul/11/euro-2016-guardian-writers-highs-and-lows">Euro 2016: Guardian writers pick their highs and lows from France</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:06:31.040Z">8.06pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Time for a look back at Wimbledon. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/29/marcus-willis-takes-seven-games-off-roger-federer-ive-earned-a-beer-i-think">‘Member Marcus Willis?</a> And the Open, won by Henrik Stenson after a brilliant battle with Phil Mickelson. England v Pakistan, Hull FC won the Challenge Cup, and Argentina ended Great Britain’s Davis Cup unbeaten run. Thanks for nothing, Andy.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:03:50.659Z">8.03pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Also nominated from the equestrian world is Paralympic gold medallist <strong>Sophie Christiansen</strong>. She won three gold medals in Rio, bringing her career total to 10 golds. When she’s not piling up medals, Christiansen works as a statistical analyst for Goldman Sachs.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T20:01:10.456Z">8.01pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Next up, <strong>Nick Skelton</strong>, whose long equestrian career looked over in 2000, when he broke his neck in a fall. 16 years later, he won a six-way jump-off to claim Olympic gold at the age of 58. He’s an outside bet for a podium place later on. <strong>Fun fact:</strong> Skelton and his children learned to ride on the same pony – Oxo, who lived to the age of 39. <strong>Fun fact two: </strong>Skelton’s autobiography is called Only Falls and Horses.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/14/nick-skelton-showjumping-olympics-small-talk">Nick Skelton: 'I landed on my head and broke my neck' | Small Talk</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:56:45.645Z">7.56pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Murray’s 2016 started badly (by his standards), with defeats to Novak Djokovic in Paris and Melbourne. Then Sam Querrey dumped Djokovic out of Wimbledon, and Murray grasped the nettle – winning a second Wimbledon (and third Grand Slam), defending his Olympic title and then, most remarkable of all, becoming the world No1 after an astonishing run of form.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/16/andy-murray-novak-djokovic-world-no1-2016">How Andy Murray chased down Novak Djokovic to end 2016 on top of the world | Andy Bull</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:51:51.291Z">7.51pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Now we relive Chris Froome’s imperious Tour de France victory, a historic triumph for which he was not even nominated. Moving swiftly on, time to talk <strong>Andy Murray...</strong></p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:49:42.373Z">7.49pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Eddie Izzard takes to the stage, alongside tireless Hillsborough campaigner Margaret Aspinall, to introduce the Unsung Hero award. Fifteen volunteer coaches from Britain’s nations and regions were nominated for the prize, with <strong>Marcellus Baz</strong>, coach at the Nottingham School of Boxing, announced as the winner.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:45:46.132Z">7.45pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>The Annual Montage, part two: Highlights include Alistair Cook getting to 10,000 runs, ring titles for Michael Bisping and Tony Bellew, and Alan Pardew’s dance.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:43:45.964Z">7.43pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Cox: “Sport saved my life... it kept me going, kept me driven. It helped me forget the situation I was in, the times I was up all night with spasms.”<br>Storey: “Swimming led me to cycling, and the dedication I needed then helped me. It was four years ago that I announced I was pregnant – don’t worry, I’m not doing that tonight – and I realised after winning at the worlds that Rio was on.”</p><p>It’s unlikely, but I’d be delighted to see either of those two on the podium later.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:38:18.076Z">7.38pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>The focus is now on Cox and Storey, two of the most extraordinary athletes on this, or any shortlist. Cox won golds and set two world records in two sports – athletics and cycling – just two years after a stroke led to a diagnosis of MS.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/13/kadeena-cox-rio-paralympics-gold">Kadeena Cox: ‘I wanted to show it can be done even if you have setbacks’</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/paralympian-sarah-storey-happy-end-golden-year-spoty-also-ran">Sarah Storey: ‘It would be amazing to see a Paralympian with the Spoty trophy’</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:35:15.958Z">7.35pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Now we’re headlong into another montage, this time for the Paralympic Games, where Britain came second in the medal table with 64 golds. Three winners are nominated for tonight’s main award – <strong>Sarah Storey, Sophie Christiansen </strong>and <strong>Kadeena Cox</strong> – while 15-year-old swimmer Ellie Robinson has won the Young Sports Personality award.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:31:53.729Z">7.31pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Next nominee (they’re racing through them) – it’s <strong>Mo Farah</strong>, double-double Olympic gold medallist and conqueror of the Cube. It’s not all been plain sailing off the track for Farah, but his 10,000m triumph after falling was one of the year’s most gripping moments. He’s in Dubai, a reflection of his 66-1 odds, which is faintly ridiculous given what he’s achieved. He is Britain’s most successful track and field athlete of all time.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:28:48.827Z">7.28pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Jessica Ennis-Hill gets a special mention, after her 2011 world championship silver was upgraded to gold after Tatyana Chernova was <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/29/jessica-ennis-hill-2011-gold-medal-chernova">found guilty of doping</a>. Weird thing to draw attention to, if I’m honest.</p><p lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://twitter.com/niallmcveigh">@niallmcveigh</a> Hazards goal is coincidentally when most <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LCFC?src=hash">#LCFC</a> fans believed we could win the title too! <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/kingclaudio?src=hash">#kingclaudio</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SPOTY?src=hash">#SPOTY</a></p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:27:11.921Z">7.27pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p><strong>Claudio Ranieri is coach of the year! </strong>They rather snuck that one on us, mid-interview with Ranieri, who looks close to tears. </p><p>“I didn’t expect this, it’s fantastic. I can only say thank you again to my players, my chairman, all my staff – but without our fans, it wasn’t possible.”</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:24:42.578Z">7.24pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Does anyone else still wake with a start at 3am, and remember that Leicester City won the Premier League? No? Just me? We’re now enjoying a feature-length montage of their miracle success, culminating in <strong>Jamie Vardy</strong>’s ultimate house party when they clinched the title.</p><p>Vardy, in contention for the main individual award, but is quick to point out “I couldn’t have done any of it without the boys behind me”. Can they win the Champions League, asks Lineker. “Stranger things have happened.” Indeed they have.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/03/leicester-city-title-inside-story-premier-league-champions-claudio-ranieri">Leicester City’s triumph: the inside story of an extraordinary season | Stuart James</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:18:48.758Z">7.18pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>The Kennys are on stage now. Jason has a nice line in dry humour: “I didn’t know how many keirin experts were out there,” while Laura talks about her pride at being part of so much female success this year. There’s a slightly risqué magazine shot on the screen behind them that sends them into embarrassed giggles. And now, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/ronnie-osullivan-snooker-bbc-spoty-insult">the year in snooker</a>.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:15:51.817Z">7.15pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Next up, it’s a pair that Balding introduces as “the king and queen of the velodrome” – it’s <strike> Shane Sutton and </strike> Jason and Laura Kenny. The cameras visit them at home, in a bit of VT that’s unbearably twee, before going over their Rio achievements.</p><p>They won five Olympic gold medals and three World golds between them this year. If it were an independent republic, the Kenny household would have finished 19th in the Rio 2016 medal table, above Canada and New Zealand.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:11:19.298Z">7.11pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Willett and Brownlee out on the stage now, with the latter getting a big round of applause from his fellow athletes. What did Brownlee say to his brother Jonny as he hauled him over the line in Mexico? “You effing idiot” is the gist.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:06:43.618Z">7.06pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Next, the second favourite for the award, and the first triathlete to ever be nominated. It’s <strong>Alistair Brownlee, </strong>who added triathlon gold in Rio to his victory in London with a dominant performance, before helping his brother Jonny over the finish line at an event in Mexico, destined to be forever misremembered as the Olympic race itself.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/alistair-brownlee-mexico-attention-failure-sports-personality">Alistair Brownlee: ‘Mexico brought us to people’s attention’</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:05:08.200Z">7.05pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Poor overlooked Justin Rose provides a neat segue from Olympics to golf, and <strong>Danny Willett</strong>, who <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/apr/11/masters-2016-danny-willett-thanks-fate-for-help-in-unlikely-victory">won the Masters from nowhere</a> in April. Willett thought he would miss the Masters with his wife due to give birth – but his son arrived early and he travelled to Augusta, held his nerve as Jordan Spieth collapsed, and ended a 20-year wait for a British green jacket.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:03:02.164Z">7.03pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Time for a montage from the start of the year: Jo Konta’s Australian Open run, Peyton Manning wins the Super Bowl, Gary Anderson defends his PDC darts title, and Ross County win a League Cup they’ve <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/nov/27/aberdeen-celtic-scottish-league-cup-final-report">already had to hand over</a> to Celtic.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T19:00:27.284Z">7.00pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Whitlock: “It’s crazy, really exciting... where we are today, we could never have imagined this ten years ago. I believe success breeds success, so I hope I can inspire the next generation”</p><p>He says that he got a standing ovation outside a restaurant, which was “unheard of for a gymnast”. Don’t they get one every time they nail a big landing?</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:58:24.733Z">6.58pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Here’s a third Olympian, <strong>Max Whitlock</strong> – putting Peaty and Adams <em>to shame</em> by doing his sport live on stage. Hard as it is to weigh up the scale of each Olympic, and Paralympic, achievement, I think Whitlock should be shorter than 100-1 for this award – he ended a 116-year wait for a British gymnastic gold, then got another two hours later.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:56:09.605Z">6.56pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Peaty and Adams take the stage together. Here’s a few words from both:</p><p>Peaty: “How did I do it? Just swim two lengths. It’s as simple as that... I’m massively proud to be British, and I was so happy to get the first gold.”</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:52:49.824Z">6.52pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Moving swiftly on (there are a lot of Olympians to get through), it’s boxer <strong>Nicola Adams. </strong>She became the first British boxer to retain an Olympic title after winning gold in the women’s flyweight in Rio, and also won a world amateur title this year. Next up: Adams will guest-edit Radio 4’s Today programme next week.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/16/nicola-adams-boxing-sports-personality-of-the-year">Nicola Adams: ‘I’d love to see a woman headlining a boxing show’</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:50:55.526Z">6.50pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Time to introduce the first contender: <strong>Adam Peaty</strong>, who got Team GB’s party started in Rio, winning their first gold medal in thunderous fashion – beating his own world record in the 100m breaststroke final. It was also the first gold for a British male swimmer since 1988. Well worth staying up until 3am for, and not bad for a guy who grew up scared of water.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/08/adam-peaty-breaks-world-record-again-on-memorable-eveningfor-britain">Adam Peaty wins first Olympic gold and breaks world record again</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:48:04.866Z">6.48pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>The three amigos are now running through how to vote. It would be remiss of me not to point you <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/38135745">over here</a>, where you can place a vote for free. There are clearly a lot of Leicester fans in the house – every mention of nominee Jamie Vardy and his fabulous Foxes is getting a big old cheer.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:44:12.714Z">6.44pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>We open with a montage – the first, I’ll wager, of many – with Birmingham’s own Laura Mvula providing the soundtrack, performing ‘Feeling Good’. Usain Bolt pops up on a VT to introduce “the three amigos” – Gabby Logan, Clare Balding and Gary Lineker.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:37:51.052Z">6.37pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Gary Lineker will be getting the show started in Birmingham imminently. Last year, he cut his finger on the trophy, and has since presented a live TV show in his pants, so it can only get better.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:34:15.232Z">6.34pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>What’s coming up tonight? The main award will close the night (unless there’s a spectacular break from tradition), with a selection of other gongs to be handed out:</p><p><strong>Coach of the year:</strong> England’s Eddie Jones and Leicester’s Claudio Ranieri are among the favourites.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/17/who-will-win-sport-personality-year-team-award-2016">Who will win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year team award?</a> </p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T18:25:17.332Z">6.25pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Now, the ceremony doesn’t get under way on TV for 20 minutes yet, so rather than live blogging Countryfile, I’m asking for <strong>your highlights of the sporting year</strong>. Here’s John McEnerney:</p><p lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://twitter.com/niallmcveigh">@niallmcveigh</a> Ireland forming an 8 in memory of Axel Foley to face The Haka & then beating NZ 4 the 1st time in The Windy City! Super stuff! <a href="https://t.co/LnHc5gBvaO">pic.twitter.com/LnHc5gBvaO</a></p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T17:09:04.349Z">5.09pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>Nicola Adams (boxing)<br>Gareth Bale (football)<br>Alistair Brownlee (triathlon)<br>Sophie Christiansen (equestrian)<br>Kadeena Cox (Cycling and athletics)<br>Mo Farah (athletics)<br>Jason Kenny (cycling)<br>Laura Kenny (cycling)<br>Andy Murray (tennis)<br>Adam Peaty (swimming)<br>Kate Richardson-Walsh (hockey)<br>Nick Skelton (equestrian)<br>Dame Sarah Storey (cycling)<br>Jamie Vardy (football)<br>Max Whitlock (gymnastics)<br>Danny Willett (golf)</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T17:08:04.042Z">5.08pm <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p>2016: it was, within the specific field of British sporting prowess, a very good year. </p><p>After 12 months of success headlined by unprecedented Olympic and Paralympic gold medal hauls, 13 Rio winners join the Masters golf champion and winners of the Premier and Champions League on a glittering feature-length shortlist.</p><p class="block-time published-time"> <time datetime="2016-12-18T00:27:43.503Z">12.27am <span class="timezone">GMT</span></time> </p><p><strong>Pre-bash reading</strong></p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/17/who-will-win-sport-personality-year-team-award-2016">Who will win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year team award?</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016">The Anti-Sports Personality of the Year awards 2016 | Simon Burnton</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog/2016/dec/12/bbc-sports-personality-spoty-lineker-snooker-football">Spoty's unlucky losers: from Dennis Taylor to Gary Lineker</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/sports-personality-year-2016-when-what-how-to-vote">Sports Personality of the Year 2016: when it’s on, what to expect and how to vote</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/dec/18/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2016-live">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
BBC
Sarah Storey: ‘It would be amazing to see a Paralympian with the Spoty trophy’
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/paralympian-sarah-storey-happy-end-golden-year-spoty-also-ran
Multiple Paralympic cycling gold medallist does not expect to win BBC Sports Personality of the Year but will enjoy being a nominee and hopes para-sport continues to enjoy greater coverage<p>Dame Sarah Storey will not be letting her slim chances of success at Sunday’s <em>BBC Sports Personality of the Year</em> spoil her fun. “It’s an opportunity for the para-cycling team to get back together and party,” says Britain’s most decorated female Paralympian, with a laugh. Storey is a rank outsider to win what she describes as the annual “personality contest”, as are just about all 16 of the nominated athletes bar Andy Murray, but at the end of her historic year she is determined to enjoy the show.</p><p><em>Spoty</em> history is certainly against the 39-year-old, who <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/18/kadeen-cox-sarah-storey-symbols-paralympicsgb-rio" title="">surpassed Tanni Grey-Thompson’s haul of 11 gold medals in Rio</a> and created one of the lasting images of the Games as she celebrated with her three-year-old daughter. Storey is well aware that a Paralympic athlete has never won the award and feels the responsibility for more than only para-sport. “The last time a mum won was Liz McColgan in 1991, the last time a female won was 10 years ago [Zara Phillips] and the last time a Paralympian was on the stage was Tanni Grey-Thompson in 2000.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/100-tours-100-tales/2016/dec/02/dame-sarah-storey-roadmap-womens-cycling-paralympics">Dame Sarah Storey's roadmap for women's cycling and para-cycling</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/16/nicola-adams-boxing-sports-personality-of-the-year">Nicola Adams: ‘I’d love to see a woman headlining a boxing show’</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/paralympian-sarah-storey-happy-end-golden-year-spoty-also-ran">Continue reading...</a>
Sarah Storey
Lawrence Ostlere
2016-12-17T20:59:32Z
Sports Personality of the Year 2016: when it’s on, what to expect and how to vote
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/sports-personality-year-2016-when-what-how-to-vote
Back in 1954 Spoty was a reserved, solemn affair. This year’s it’s an arena stage show starring Robbie Williams<p>Sunday, from 6.40pm. When “<em>Spoty</em>” began in 1954 it was a low-key affair: 45 minutes in total, including a no-frills 45-second trophy presentation. This year there’s a different vibe: two hours and 20 minutes of montage, music and uneasy banter, featuring an unprecedented 16-strong shortlist for the main award. It all takes place at Birmingham’s Genting Arena – the fourth time it has been staged in Birmingham. Aside from London, no other city has staged it more than once.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/17/who-will-win-sport-personality-year-team-award-2016">Who will win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year team award?</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016">The Anti-Sports Personality of the Year awards 2016 | Simon Burnton</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/17/sports-personality-year-2016-when-what-how-to-vote">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Sport
Who will win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year team award?
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/17/who-will-win-sport-personality-year-team-award-2016
<p>Leicester City’s unlikely Premier League title is likely to make them favourites, but they will have strong competition from Team GB, Wales’s footballers and England’s rugby union side</p><p>If the most important factor for the judges is which team’s achievement was the most unlikely, they should look no further than Leicester City. Money doesn’t just talk in the Premier League, it stands an inch from your ear and shouts into it with a megaphone, and no one, probably not even <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/04/claudio-ranieri-rediscovred-himself-mother">Claudio Ranieri’s mother</a>, had Leicester down as title contenders. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/apr/05/leicester-city-promoted-premier-league">Promoted from the Championship in 2014</a>, they had <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/16/sunderland-leicester-city-premier-league-match-report">escaped relegation by the skin of their teeth</a> and many tipped them to go down after they sacked Nigel Pearson to bring in Ranieri. Yet once Leicester gained momentum, they were unstoppable. Jamie Vardy could not stop scoring, Riyad Mahrez produced moments of pure beauty, N’Golo Kanté ruled central midfield and they played as a team, overcoming their lack of experience by maintaining their resolve until the end. Shocks on that scale are rare in modern football, which is why Leicester’s triumph was a victory for the little guy.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/gb-women-hockey-historic-gold-shootout-final-olympics">GB women win historic hockey gold with shootout victory over Netherlands</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/dec/17/who-will-win-sport-personality-year-team-award-2016">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Leicester City
Nicola Adams: ‘I’d love to see a woman headlining a boxing show’
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/16/nicola-adams-boxing-sports-personality-of-the-year
The BBC Sports Personality of the Year contender became the first British boxer to retain an Olympic title in Rio and with the possibility of turning pro or a tilt at Tokyo 2020, she is not ready to call it a day yet<p>It is 20 August 2016 and something unusual is happening in the complex of buildings known as the Riocentro. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/20/nicola-adams-rio-2016-olympics-boxing-gold-great-britain" title="">Nicola Adams has just won the gold medal in the women’s flyweight division</a>, beating France’s Sarah Ourahmoune on points to become the first Briton to retain an Olympic boxing title. But that is not the unusual bit, it is the fact that she is crying about it.</p><p>“I hadn’t cried for I don’t know how many years, it felt a bit odd,” says Adams recalling the moment with a trademark chuckle. “I got to the podium and I was so emotional I couldn’t help myself. I’m not a crier, I don’t even really get emotional, but I just remember thinking ‘Wow, I’ve done it’, and the last four years flashed back in front of me.”</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/10/nicola-adams-set-to-turn-professional-boxing">Nicola Adams left out of GB boxing squad and set to turn professional</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016">The Anti-Sports Personality of the Year awards 2016 | Simon Burnton</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/16/nicola-adams-boxing-sports-personality-of-the-year">Continue reading...</a>
Nicola Adams
Alistair Brownlee: ‘Mexico brought us to people’s attention’
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/alistair-brownlee-mexico-attention-failure-sports-personality
Britain’s Olympic gold medallist and his brother Jonny succeeded in putting triathlon on the sporting map in a dramatic summer for the sport<p>“Well, I have been helping old ladies across the road,” says a deadpan Alistair Brownlee. “And we’ve turned on every Christmas light in Leeds and asked people to vote,” interjects his brother Jonny. “Yeah, more than once,” agrees Alistair. Welcome to electioneering Brownlee style. Sharp as a tack – yet refreshingly tongue in cheek with it.</p><p>Some athletes take the BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year award desperately seriously. Alistair, while hugely proud to be on the 16-strong shortlist and be second favourite for the award behind Andy Murray, is not one of them. In fact, he has a disarming confession. “It’s amazing to be there,” he says, “especially in such a special year. Although I wonder how much traction I would have got without the Mexico incident.”</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/19/alistair-brownlee-jonny-world-triathlon-series">Alistair Brownlee gives up chance to win World Triathlon race and helps brother Jonny over line</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/18/alistair-brownlee-jonny-triathlon-ollympics-rio-2016-gold-silver">Alistair Brownlee claims triathlon gold and Jonny takes silver at Rio 2016</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016">The Anti-Sports Personality of the Year awards 2016 | Simon Burnton</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/alistair-brownlee-mexico-attention-failure-sports-personality">Continue reading...</a>
Alistair Brownlee
The Anti-Sports Personality of the Year awards 2016 | Simon Burnton
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016
<p>Before the BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year awards on Sunday celebrate the best of 2016, here are our anti-heroes from the sporting world this year</p><p>Shortly before the Rio Olympics Lochte gave an interview to GQ in which he said: “Now that I’m more mature, it’s time to focus on the swimming part [of his life] and less on the outside part.” Sadly it turned out he wasn’t more mature after all. He won one relay gold, but also caught the eye when his freshly bleached hair reacted to the chlorine in the Olympic pool by turning a fetching shade of mint green.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/20/ryan-lochte-rio-robbery-gas-station-apology-olympics">Emotional Ryan Lochte sorry for 'stupid mistake' and 'shenanigans' at gas station</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/01/rio-2016-olympics-boxing-corruption-allegations">Rio 2016: Olympic boxing tournament hit by corruption allegations</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/19/gianni-infantino-fifa-world-cup-48-teams">Gianni Infantino and Fifa seem to have a new plan: to kill the World Cup | Marina Hyde</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/anti-sports-personality-year-awards-2016">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Ryan Lochte
Spoty's unlucky losers: from Dennis Taylor to Gary Lineker
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog/2016/dec/12/bbc-sports-personality-spoty-lineker-snooker-football
<p>Gary Lineker won the World Cup golden boot but wasn’t among the top three at Spoty in 1986, when Nigel Mansell won the award for finishing second in the F1 championship. The British electorate, eh?</p><p>By <a href="https://twitter.com/1980ssportsblog">Steven Pye</a> for <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog">That 1980s Sports Blog</a>, part of the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/series/guardian-sport-network">Guardian Sport Network</a><br></p><p>English rugby union was not a raging success during the first 25 years of the BBC Sports Review of the Year. By the start of the 1980 Five Nations, England had not won the championship since 1963, the Triple Crown since 1960 and the grand slam since 1957. England expects? Not very much when it came to the rugby union team in this period.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/bbc-sports-personality-year-andy-murray-spoty-who-win-award">Sports Personality of the Year 2016: who should win the award? – poll</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/that-1980s-sports-blog/2016/dec/12/bbc-sports-personality-spoty-lineker-snooker-football">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
BBC
Great Britain’s Kate Richardson-Walsh: You’re not playing hockey to be a star
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/10/kate-richardson-walsh-great-britain-hockey-bbc-spoty
The captain of Britain’s gold-medal winning women’s hockey team in Rio admits it is still a surprise to be nominated for Sports Personality of the Year<p>Kate Richardson-Walsh has been practising her smile. “The famous Oscar-losing smile,” she says, revealing that she has barely given any thought to the possibility of being named Sports Personality of the Year next weekend, despite the role she played in helping <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/gb-women-hockey-historic-gold-shootout-final-olympics" title="">Great Britain win women’s hockey gold</a> at the Olympics, and is concentrating more on how she will react if one of the other 15 athletes on the shortlist walks on stage to collect the award.</p><p>Richardson-Walsh was GB’s redoubtable captain when they beat the Netherlands on penalties in a memorable final in Rio but she does not expect to win this one. “The odds are low,” she says, although she does allow herself a moment of cheery optimism, self-deprecatingly noting that 2016 has been the year of the underdog.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/nov/29/dream-big-open-letter-serena-williams-porter-magazine-incredible-women-of-2016-issue-women-athletes">‘We must continue to dream big’: an open letter from Serena Williams</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/10/kate-richardson-walsh-great-britain-hockey-bbc-spoty">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Hockey
Surely Leicester’s effort beats Team GB or England rugby for Spoty team award? | Paul Wilson
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/30/spoty-team-award-leicester-team-gb-england-rugby
Rio Olympic Games were a gold medal fest and Eddie Jones has transformed England but only one team induced panic at bookmakers and forced Gary Lineker to go on live TV in his underwear<p>Football has tended to be under-represented in the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others">BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year</a> awards, partly due to the fact team games do not always advance individuals for special recognition and partly because it has been a while since teams made the sort of statement beyond these shores that they did in 1966 or 1999.</p><p>Traditionally the award for team of the year has gone to World Cup winners or significant European champions such as Celtic in 1967 and Manchester United a year later. There has been only one team of the year winner from football this millennium, and you could be forgiven for forgetting which one. Don’t bother looking it up, Gérard Houllier’s Liverpool were awarded the prize in 2001 for winning both domestic cups and the Uefa trophy.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/apr/30/leicester-city-fantastic-foxes-premier-league-elite-lesson">Leicester’s Fantastic Foxes have taught the Premier League elite a lesson | Daniel Taylor</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others">Andy Murray heads Spoty list but no place for Chris Froome and others</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/30/spoty-team-award-leicester-team-gb-england-rugby">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Leicester City
Murray in, Wiggins out: it’s Spoty time again – let the carping commence | Barry Glendenning
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/29/spoty-murray-froome-wiggins
A shortlist dominated by Rio winners means some startling omissions, such as England’s all-conquering rugby players and even some of Team GB’s biggest achievers, but each of the contenders deserves their place<p>While the presence of the world tennis No1 Andy Murray on the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others" title="">shortlist for BBC Sports Personality of the Year</a> suggests the outcome of the public vote will be a formality, there are several conspicuous inclusions and absentees from a roll of honour that largely comprises Olympians and Paralympians nominated for their contributions to Team GB’s record‑breaking medal hauls in Rio.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/bbc-sports-personality-year-andy-murray-spoty-who-win-award">Sports Personality of the Year 2016: who should win the award? – poll</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others">Andy Murray heads Spoty list but no place for Chris Froome and others</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/29/spoty-murray-froome-wiggins">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Andy Murray
Ronnie O’Sullivan: snooker’s treatment by BBC’s Spoty is ‘complete insult’
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/ronnie-osullivan-snooker-bbc-spoty-insult
• ‘Snooker is like a car-boot sale but with other sports it’s shopping at Harrods’<br />• No snooker player has made Spoty shortlist since its introduction in 2010<p>Ronnie O’Sullivan insists a “car-boot sale” mentality is responsible for snooker’s continued omission from the shortlist for the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others" title="">BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award</a>.</p><p>The five-times world champion described the sport’s treatment by the programme as “a complete insult” but says it is inevitable given what he believes is a continued cheapening of the game.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/feb/16/ronnie-osullivan-show-snooker-respect-ewan-murray">Ronnie O’Sullivan should give snooker a break and show some respect | Ewan Murray</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/ronnie-osullivan-snooker-bbc-spoty-insult">Continue reading...</a>
Ronnie O'Sullivan
Andy Murray heads Spoty list but no place for Chris Froome and others
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others
• World No1 chases third BBC Sports Personality of the Year award<br />• Olympians and paralympians dominate Spoty list<p>Andy Murray heads an expanded 16-strong shortlist for the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, which is predictably dominated by Britain’s Olympic and Paralympic stars. But there is no place for the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/jul/24/tour-de-france-2016-predictable-race-still-brings-joy-to-a-battered-france">triple Tour de France winner Chris Froome</a> or Sir Bradley Wiggins, whose exploits in Rio made him the most decorated British athlete in Olympic history.</p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/bbc-sports-personality-year-andy-murray-spoty-who-win-award">Sports Personality of the Year 2016: who should win the award? – poll</a> </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/ronnie-osullivan-snooker-bbc-spoty-insult">Ronnie O’Sullivan: snooker’s treatment by BBC’s Spoty is ‘complete insult’</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Andy Murray
Sports Personality of the Year 2016: who should win the award? – poll
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/bbc-sports-personality-year-andy-murray-spoty-who-win-award
<p>Andy Murray’s victories at Wimbledon, the Olympics and the ATP World Tour Finals make him the favourite for the award, but who has earned your vote?</p><p>Andy Murray is threatening to make the BBC’s annual sports awards show a little boring. No one has ever won the award three times – not even a Formula One driver – but Murray looks set to win it for the third time in four years. </p><p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/andy-murray-heads-spoty-list-but-there-is-no-place-for-chris-froome-and-others">Andy Murray heads SPOTY list but there is no place for Chris Froome and others</a> </p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/28/bbc-sports-personality-year-andy-murray-spoty-who-win-award">Continue reading...</a>
BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Sport
| Helen Rollason |
The last print edition of which national newspaper was on March 26th this year? | SPOTY 2015: Andy Murray is voted Sports Personality of the Year 2015 - Belfast Newsletter
SPOTY 2015: Andy Murray is voted Sports Personality of the Year 2015
Winner of 2015 Sports Personality of the Year Andy Murray
21:40 Sunday 20 December 2015
Have your say
The public have crowned Andy Murray as BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2015.
Votes were cast online and by telephone during the ceremony at The SSE Arena in Belfast, live on BBC One.
Kevin Sinfield came second, with Jessica Ennis-Hill in third place.
The awards were presented by Gary Lineker, Clare Balding and Gabby Logan in front of a 7,500 strong crowd in Belfast, the first time the event has been hosted in Northern Ireland. The ceremony reflected on a year which included sporting highlights such as the Rugby World Cup, the World Athletics Championship, a Women’s Football World Cup and an Ashes series in the UK.
Team of the Year was awarded to Great Britain’s Davis Cup team in recognition of winning the trophy for the first time in 79 years. Captain Leon Smith collected the award alongside Kyle Edmund, Dan Evans, Dominic Inglot, Andy Murray, Jamie Murray and James Ward, who all contributed to the historic triumph. Andy Murray sealed victory in the final against Belgium meaning he won all 11 matches he played in the tournament this year. The award was presented by Martin O’Neill and Dame Mary Peters.
Dan Carter was named as Overseas Sports Personality of the Year prior to the event in Belfast. He beat Usain Bolt, Novak Djokovic, Katie Ledecky, Jordan Spieth and Serena Williams to the prize after the award was decided by a public vote for the first time. The Racing 92 fly-half won the World Rugby Player of the Year award after his performances helped New Zealand win the Rugby World Cup. He was man-of-the-match in the final, scoring 19 points as the All Blacks beat rivals Australia. It was the third time in his glittering career he has been named as the best player in the world.
Ellie Downie was named as the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year and was presented with the award by boxer Carl Frampton and athlete Dina Asher-Smith. The sixteen-year-old gymnast made history when she became the first British female to win an individual all-around medal for Great Britain at the European Championships with a bronze. The Nottingham youngster also helped secure Great Britain’s first ever team medal at a World Championships when they also picked up a bronze.
The Helen Rollason Award was presented to eight-year-old Bailey Matthews. Despite having cerebral palsy, Bailey completed the Castle Howard Triathlon in North Yorkshire in July, conquering the 100m swim, 4km bike ride and 1.3km run. Bailey’s inspirational story was widely reported around the world and he has been recognised for his outstanding achievement in the face of adversity. One Direction’s Niall Horan presented Bailey with the trophy alongside two-time Olympic champion Rebecca Adlington. The award is presented in memory of Helen Rollason, the BBC presenter who died from cancer 15 years ago in 1999 at the age of 43.
The BBC Get Inspired Unsung Hero award for 2015 was presented to Damien Lindsay, a football coach from west Belfast. The Unsung Hero award honours individuals from the world of grassroots sport and recognises those who, on a voluntary basis, go the extra mile to contribute to sport in their local community. Damien formed St James Swifts Football Club to encourage local children to become involved in sport as opposed to anti-social behaviour. Damien was selected from 15 regional winners from across the UK and was presented the award in his hometown by Eddie Izzard and Jordanne Whiley.
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The TV comedy of the late 1970s and early 1980s Citizen Smith was set in which district of London? | '80s Actual: Only Fools And Horses
17.4.12
Only Fools And Horses
An historic TV listing page from the Sun, 8 September, 1981... The very first episode of Only Fools And Horses is about to be broadcast. Unfortunately, I was hooked on The Flame Trees of Thika, and missed it!
From the Sun:
David Jason blunders into a world of birds, bets and shady deals as the star of a new comedy series tonight.
The funny little man from A Sharp Intake Of Breath plays fast-talking fly-boy Del Boy Trotter in Only Fools And Horses (BBC1, 8.30)
But his deals never seem to come off.
The title of the seven-part comedy series sums up Trotter's philosophy - work is only for fools and horses.
Trotter, a South Londoner, has a younger brother and aged grandfather to support.
He holds a deeply felt conviction that someone somewhere is making an easy fortune and that sooner or later he will do the same.
Jason says: "Trotter feels that because he doesn't take anything out of the State he doesn't see why he should put anything back.
"He doesn't believe in paying any tax he can avoid."
Jason, a bachelor, has a country cottage in the Home Counties, where he writes radio shows.
In tonight's programme, Trotter buys a cargo of executive brief cases - only to find he cannot sell them because they are hot property.
In 1980, BBC scriptwriter John Sullivan, having completed work on his previous TV series, Citizen Smith, was looking for a new project. Would a comedy set in the world of football set the 1980s alight? The BBC thought not, and they didn't like Sullivan's follow-up idea for a comedy centred on a street trader in London, either. But Sullivan persisted, and, with a little help from producer and director Ray Butt, won the day. The BBC commissioned a first series.
The working title for the new show was Readies, but the show's actual title turned out to be Only Fools And Horses. "Why do only fools and horses work?" was the question posed by the famous theme song (which took a little time to arrive), and Del Boy Trotter wanted to get rich quick. The title was highly appropriate.
John Sullivan was born in Balham, South London, in 1946, of Irish and English parentage. He grew up in a poor community, full of characters and comedy, as he later recounted. At school, he met the works of Charles Dickens and was never the same again.
As a young man in the early 1960s, John Sullivan had several jobs, including one in the used car trade. Interviewed years later, he said that during that time he met "a lot of villains, quite a rich seam to tap into later when I started writing. " In other interviews, he spoke of his need to break away from his poor background and make some money.
In 1962, Sullivan was hugely impressed by a BBC Comedy Playhouse production, featuring the characters of old man Steptoe and his frustrated son, Harold - desperate to break away from his grotty old dad and the scrapyard they ran. Sullivan was impressed by the drama and comedy in the show, and this would later influence his own work.
In the late 1960s, he started sending scripts to the BBC - but each one came back rejected. By the early 1970s, Sullivan was working as a plumber and still nursing ambitions to be a TV writer. He married Sharon Usher in 1974 and took an unusual route into the BBC for an aspiring scriptwriter - working in props, set dressing and scene shifting.
At the Beeb, Sullivan met Ronnie Barker, who got him to write some sketches for the Two Ronnies, and the legendary comedy producer Dennis Main Wilson, who championed Sullivan's cause. The result was Citizen Smith making its TV debut as a series in November 1977. Wolfie Smith, lead character of the series and head of the Tooting Popular Front, was inspired by a man Sullivan had seen in a pub in 1968. Citizen Smith ran until December 1980.
And so, we're back to the beginning of this article, with Sullivan finishing work on Citizen Smith in 1980 and looking for another series idea...
Sullivan drew extensively on his own background and life experiences for Only Fools... - Del's love of fancy foreign phrases, for instance, came from a man Sullivan had known when he was working in the used car trade when he was about seventeen years old, back in the early 1960s. Another inspiration for Del was the "fly pitchers" Sullivan had observed at various London street markets throughout his life.
Sullivan said that he wanted to reflect modern working class London - most series set in London seemed to take a rather nostalgic view of life in his opinion. The first series of ITV's Minder, which had a modern London setting, had not troubled the ratings but the 1980 series, tweaked and with more comedy added, saw Arthur and Terry beginning to take a grip on the viewing public's affections. Sullivan worried that his territory had now been covered, but later wondered if the success of the tweaked Minder may have influenced the BBC in saying yes to his idea for Only Fools And Horses.
How it all began... Del Boy ("Lovely jubbly!"), Rodney (bit of a plonker!) and Grandad of Trotters Independent Trading Co - New York - Paris - Peckham.
Filming of series one began in May 1981. The first episode was transmitted on BBC1 at 8.30 pm on 8 September that year. It didn't do great trade with the viewers, but within three years Only Fools... was one of the most popular shows on the telly.
Del Boy Trotter (David Jason) and his younger brother, Rodney (Nicholas Lyndhurst), lived in a flat at Nelson Mandela House, Peckham, with their grandad (Lennard Pearce).
Del was a highly lovable character - his "get rich quick" schemes (he even flirted with a yuppie image having seen the film Wall Street in the late 1980s!) could not disguise the fact that he was really just a silly dreamer - and his love of his family was obvious. When Rodney left home after an argument in the very first episode, Del's facial expression on his return spoke volumes. No words were needed.
Grandad immediately leaving his armchair to prepare Rodney a meal (another plate of salmonella and chips?) also spoke volumes. Here were three characters who often grated on each other's nerves, but who loved each other dearly. Del had brought Rodney up from the age of six after their mother died. We later discovered that Del and Rodney were actually half-brothers, and that Rodney was not even a blood relative of Grandad, but nothing could dent the unity of the Trotter family. They were more of a family than many of the 2.4-children-with-same-parentage variety.
David Jason began his acting career in the 1960s. He partly based Del Boy's mannerisms and dress sense on Derek Hockley, a builder he had worked for as an electrician before becoming an actor.
When actor Lennard Pearce died in 1984, Grandad died too, and Only Fools... began to move away from the traditional sitcom mould by including genuinely sad scenes which moved many people to tears. A touch of pathos had been a sitcom ingredient for decades, Sullivan himself spoke of being influenced by the 1960s sitcom Steptoe and Son as we've already mentioned, but Only Fools... moved things on further, blurring sitcom with drama, serving to enrich and enhance the show and to move the show's characters beyond being mere comic devices.
To fill the gap left by Grandad, Buster Merryfield joined the show as the boys' Uncle Albert.
The Trotters and their friends at the Nag's Head became people we liked, in some cases perhaps even loved, and cared about.
My step-father was often mistaken for actor Roger Lloyd Pack, Trigger in the series. He was even interrupted whilst having a pub lunch by a couple wanting his autograph! Of course, in such high esteem did my step-father hold the brilliantly brainless character Trigger and indeed the entire series, he was chuffed to bits!
Only Fools... was sheer magic... favourite scenes? Too many to mention!
The show has won various awards and has been named the best UK sitcom ever in a viewers' poll.
I suspect it might be.
But it was so much more than a sitcom.
Cheers! Nag's Head regulars in the 1980s: Trigger (Roger Lloyd Pack), Rodney (or should that be "Dave"?) (Nicholas Lyndhurst), landlord Mike (Kenneth MacDonald), Del Boy (David Jason), Uncle Albert (Buster Merryfield), Boycie (John Challis) and Marlene (Sue Holderness)
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What was the name of the man-eating monster defeated by Beowulf? | Robert Lindsay to reprise role as Wolfie in Citizen Smith return | Daily Mail Online
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Robert Lindsay is set to return to TV screens in the show that made him a household name, Citizen Smith.
The 1970s sitcom followed the life and times of urban guerrilla 'Wolfie' Smith, based in Tooting in south London, and will surely incite glee into the hearts of its legions of adoring fans.
Lindsay, 65, confirmed the news of Citizen Smith's return in an interview with The Independent .
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Power to the people... again! Robert Lindsay will reprise his role as Wolfie Smith as 1970s political sitcom Citizen Smith makes a return to TV
He explained: 'I've been chased by a production company which is very much trying to get Wolfie to run for the Labour Party and bring him back into power. I think that's a fantastic idea.'
The thespian, who has gone on to star in other popular TV shows over the years, including My Family and Hornblower, added that, while the show's original writer John Sullivan has passed away, there will be other talented scribes eager to bring the show back.
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'There are moves afoot in the industry to bring Citizen Smith back with some respected figures that I very much admire,' he added.
Sullivan passed in 2011, but his legacy lives on in Citizen Smith, as well as his other sitcoms Only Fools & Horses and Just Good Friends.
Liberation! Lindsay starred as the hapless Che Guevera wannabe, the front of the Tooting Popular Front, in the sitcom from 1977 to 1980
Lindsay went on to share his joy at being able to bring the beloved Wolfie back to life on the small screen, as it was a character that he felt had more of a story to tell.
'It was a series I never finished. It was just beginning to become huge. You know what happens, you want to be a serious actor, you don't want to do sitcoms. The word 'sitcom' becomes such a dirty word. The press say 'oh, It's only a sitcom.' It's not, it's bloody hard to make it work,' he added.
Citizen Smith, which ran for 30 episodes from 1977 until 1980 on BBC One, was set against the backdrop of the south London district, and followed the wannabe Che Guevera's attempts to bring freedom to Tooting.
As the self-proclaimed leader of the revolutionary Tooting Popular Front, which was only bolstered by his group of friends, the unemployed Marxist - who often turned to petty crimes - he often failed in his attempts for political uprising, due to his lack of empathy and laziness.
Happy to be back: Lindsay, 65, told The Independent that he thinks it's a 'fantastic idea' to bring Wolfie back
The beret-wearing slacker's oft-repeated catchphrase was 'Power to the people' as he sought his goal in troubled times, when the country was notably battling industrial issues.
However, his generally layabout ways caused much humour for TV fans, who fell in love with his passionate yet lackadaisical approach to political campaigning.
But now that there is a new political storyline to be had, in line with the current Labour leadership battle, there is fresh content for the hapless leader of the socialist party.
The newspaper added that it's not yet certain if Citizen Smith, when it does return, will be shown on its original channel BBC, suggesting that it could air on Gold.
Meanwhile, Lindsay is soon set to star in a new three-part comedy called Bull alongside Maureen Lipman, on Gold.
Memorable character: Lindsay went on to add that he felt 'it was a series I never finished. It was just beginning to become huge.'
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Who is the god of mischief and destruction in Norse myth? | Loki | Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Narfi and Vali (by Sigyn), Jörmungandr , Hel , Fenrir (by Angrboda), Sleipnir (by Svadilfari)
This article is about the Norse trickster god. For the king of Útgarðr , see Útgarða-Loki .
This article is about the god of mischief. For his uncle, the personification of fire, see Logi .
Loki is the Norse god of mischief, as well as of fire. He is the son of two giants, Fárbauti ("cruel striker") and Laufey (or Nál which means "needle", implying that she was skinny and weak.). His two brothers (who were to be beside him in Ragnarok ) are Býleistr (bee-lighting) and Helblindi (All blind or hel-blinder). He is referred to as the blood-brother of Odin . Loki becomes harbinger of Ragnarok and the father of the three chaos monsters: Fenrir , Jörmungandr , and Hel . Loki's mischief and intellect is not to be underestimated, as he is ultimately although indirectly responsible for the deaths of Balder and Thor , which were caused by Hodr and Jörmungandr (respectively). . [1]
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It is said that when the brick mason, giant builder of Asgard 's walls, demanded an unreasonably high price for his work (he requested the sun , the moon , and Freya as his wife), it was Loki's idea to give him six months to build the wall. Thinking that surely the man would fail, and that Loki's plan was infallible, the gods all agreed; all except Freya, who was part of the bargain. When the brick mason and his stallion, Svadilfari , had made much progress on the wall before his time expired, the gods all turned to Loki, threatening him with death if he didn't find a way to make sure the wall wasn't finished within the sixth month. Fearing for his life, Loki took the form of a young mare and enticed Svadilfari away from his master, causing the mason to lose the bet. The union of Loki and Svadilfari brought Odin his eight-legged steed Sleipnir .
The Three Chaos Monsters
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Some time after the wall was built, Loki, discontent with his faithful wife Sigyn , went to Jötunheimr where he wooed the giantess Angrboda . In the time they spent together, Angrboda gave birth to three children as terrible as their father: the first, the wolf Fenrir, whose mouth reached from the heavens to the earth; the second, Jörmungandr, the serpent that encircled the earth; and the third was the goddess Hel. After hearing of their birth and the prophecies surrounding them, Odin had them brought to him. Once they arrive, he retains custody of Fenrir, has Jormungandr thrown into the ocean to grow and gives Hel dominion over Nilfheim . In the tale of "The Binding of Fenris", we find that the eldest son of Loki and Angrboda was the wolf which ate Tyr 's hand.
The Dwarfs
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It was Loki who tricked the two dwarf sons of Ivaldi and the dwarfs Brokk and Eitri to work against one another to create the gods well-known weapons and mounts. He betted his head that Eitri and Brokk could not make gifts superior to Skidbladnir , Gungnir and replacement hair for Sif , whose golden locks had been shorn by Loki as a prank (for which he was punished by Sif's husband, Thor). Eitri made the ring, Draupnir , the hammer Mjollnir and the boar, Gullinbursti . These objects were judged to be superior and Loki lost. However, when it came time for his head to be cut off, he protested against it, as any action could damage his neck, which was not part of the deal. Instead, Brokk had Loki's lips sewn together for a while.
The Theft of Idunn's Apples
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After Balder's death, Aegir , god of the sea, invited all of the gods to his home so as they may forget their woes. It is here that Loki commits his final offense before his binding. Here he insults Bragi , calling him a coward and a poor man. He then goes on to insult Idunn , Gefjun , Odin, Frigg , Freyja , Njord , Freyr , Tyr, Heimdall , Skadi and finally Sif. After this, he is chased away by Thor.
The Binding of Loki
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After Loki had been chased away by Thor for insulting all the gods and goddesses, Loki was then sought out and bound to a rock by the entrails of his son Narfi , who had been torn to pieces by his son, Vali , who had been transformed into a ravenous wolf. The faithful Sigyn kept watch over her husband, catching the poison from the serpent that Skadi placed over Loki's head. It was said that, when Sigyn left to empty the bowl, the poison would drip into Loki's eyes. His writhing from the pain caused earthquakes.
He was chained until the day of Ragnarök , the end of the gods, where he will fight amongst the jotnar and face Heimdallr. Upon the field of Vígríðr, the two will slay each other.
Powers
Loki is an antagonist in Valkyrie Profile .
Loki is a playable God in SMITE Battleground of the Gods
Loki can be chosen as a god to worship in Age of Mythology.
Literature
Loki is featured in the information book Worlds Worst Monsters and Villains.
Loki appears in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods.
Loki appears in the 1975 fantasy novel Eight Days of Luke by Diana Wynne Jones.
Loki is the protagonist of The Gospel of Loki by Joanne Harris, which presents a modern interpretation of the Norse sagas.
Loki is featured prominently in Wagner's cycle Opera Ring of the Nibelung , wherein the last installment Götterdämmerung he reveals his hope to turn into fire and destroy Valhalla, and at the last moment at the onset of Ragnarok Valhalla is set alight, destroying the Gods.
Loki is an antagonist in Rick Riordan's Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series.
Music
Rancid has a song written about Loki.
Film
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Loki appeared as the primary antagonist on Marvel Entertainment's 2011 film Thor, The Avengers, Thor: Dark World, and the upcoming Thor: Ragnarok as a son of Odin and brother of Thor. Loki was portrayed by British actor Tom Hiddleston (The Hollow Crown).
Loki was portrayed by Richard Grieco in Almighty Thor.
In Hercules: Legendary Journeys, he is portrayed by Ian Hughes.
He is portrayed by Alan Cumming in Son of the Mask.
Portrayal
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Which Canadian city was called Bytown until 1854? | Of Norse Loki and the Celtic Lugh | Order of Bards and Druids
Of Norse Loki and the Celtic Lugh
by DaRC
Summary
This summarizes the conclusion below which defines the details of my thoughts. The main thrust here is that the Celts were amongst the earliest European tribes to smelt iron, their culture thus heavily influenced those tribes around them, particularly the Norse, Northern or Germanic tribes. Loki provides the echo of that Celtic influence on early Northern culture within the Norse mythology. As Lugh or Lugus was one of the primary Celtic deities, I think that Loki can be identified as the Norse view of Lugh. This depends upon Loki and Lugh being identified together for which the argument is that both were fostered in the legends. They both have a close association with mistletoe and provide gifts to their friends. They are lightning Gods rather than Sun, Earth or Water gods and can both be associated with killing, via a thrown spear, a Sun god. This is just what inspiration points to me as obvious and that the demonization of Loki is the influence of Christianity in misinterpreting the Norse mythology for its own ends.
The Beginning of Norse Mythology -The Early Northern Iron Age (c. 500 BC)
The knowledge of the early Norse iron age is limited to archaeological evidence and comments from classical authors. Evidence suggests that the late Bronze Age (ca. 700 BC) was a time of cultural change when the language(s) spoken earlier may have been replaced by the Germanic language.
It seems that there were organised villages and the gradual change to a more sophisticated, stratified society started around 500 BC right at the beginning of the Iron Age. Many finds have been found in bogs. The oldest war booty offering, known as the Hjortspring find, contains the remains of the oldest prehistoric Danish boat. It is of the same type as the craft known from Bronze Age rock carvings. The weapons found with it, however, are of Celtic origin.
Other finds from the end of the Bronze Age period include the Dejbjerg wagons and the large cauldrons from Brå and Gundestrup which bear witness to connections with the Celts. These precious vessels were brought back during the turbulent period when the Germanic Cimbrians and Teutons were roaming Europe and attacking the northern boundary of the Roman Empire where, at Noricum in 113 BC, they defeated a Roman army.
The Roots of the Runes
What we now know as the runic alphabet seems to have developed from two distinct sources - one magical, one literate. Pre-runic symbols, or hällristningar, have been found in various Bronze Age rock carvings, primarily in Sweden. Some of these symbols are readily identifiable in the later alphabets, while others represent ideas and concepts which were incorporated into the names of the runes (sun, horse, etc.). The exact meanings of these sigils are now lost to us, as is their original purpose, but they are believed to have been used for divination or lot-casting, and it is fairly certain that they contributed to the magical function of the later runic alphabets.
There is some debate over the origin of the ‘alphabet’ aspect of the runes. Cases have been made for both Latin and Greek derivation, and several scholars are once again arguing in favour of both these theories. However, the strongest evidence still seems to point to a North Italic origin (from Etruscan). The parallels between the two alphabets are too close to be ignored, particularly in the forms of the letters, as well as in the variable direction of the writing, and certain structural and even symbolic characteristics. This would also explain why so many of the runes resemble Roman letters, since both Italic and Latin scripts are derived from the Etruscan alphabet (itself a branch of the Western Greek family of alphabets).
This theory would place the original creation of the futhark sometime before the 1st. century AD., when the Italic scripts were absorbed and replaced by the Latin alphabet. Linguistic and phonetic analysis points to an even earlier inception date, perhaps as far back as 200 BC.
When the northern tribes began integrating the Italic alphabets into their own symbolic system, they gave the letters names relating to all aspects of their secular and religious lives, thus transforming their simple pictographs into a magical alphabet which could be used for talismans, magical inscriptions and divination (Elliot, Runes: an Introduction, pp. 5-6)
A third theory, and perhaps the most popular today, is that the runestaves were derived from North Italic alphabets used in the Alpine regions of Italy. Like the Latin alphabet, these scripts derived from the Etruscan alphabet. They were in use until the first or second century when they were finally superseded by the Latin script. Like the runestaves, the North Italic alphabets could be written either right to left or left to right H. Arntz believes that one of the Germanic tribes said to be in the Alpine regions by Roman authors could have encountered North Italic writing as early as the fourth century BC. From this they evolved the futhark as we know it and by the second century BC it had already began its spread northward (Elliot, pp. 8-9). We do know that Germanic tribes did indeed encounter North Italic writing. In 1812 a helmet was unearthed at Negau near the border of Austria and Yugoslavia. Inscribed upon the helmet are the words hargasti teiwa, which indicates that someone who spoke Proto-Germanic knew the North Italic script and used it in writing his own language.
It must be noted that this theory gives sufficient time for the runestaves to be in use in Denmark and Norway in the third century AD. A major objection that can be made to this theory is that the shapes of many of the runestaves do not resemble North Italic writing at all. This problem could be solved when one considers the symbols often found in rock carvings which appear to predate the runestaves themselves. Many of these symbols resemble many of the runestaves, so much so that it seems possible that whoever invented the runestaves could have adapted some of the North Italic letters for the rune row's use and derived the other staves from these ancient symbols (Elliot, p. 7).
Though we cannot say for certain, it seems likely that the Common Germanic rune row was invented sometime between the fourth century BC and the first century AD. It was apparently developed by an individual familiar with North Italic script who adapted letters from that alphabet and symbols used by the Germanic peoples for use in the rune row.
Celtic Comparative History
It can be seen from the above that circa 300 BC - 100 BC is probably when the Norse Mythology is created. Odin's discovery of the Runes is from around that time and it was a time when Norse culture was changing from a Farmstead culture into a more stratified, organised culture and coming into contact with the Italian and Celtic cultures via both trade and war.
So what was happening with the Celts at this time? Beginning around 500 BCE, and following on the sudden expansion of both wealth and territory it had experienced in the Early Iron Age, the Celtic world entered into a period of comfort and self-confidence where it took great interest in the cultures and artistic expressions of its neighbours and borrowed freely from them, yet always adapted such borrowings to native Celtic tastes and values. This blend of innovation and tradition gave rise to the unique La Tène style of Celtic art, and doubtless had repercussions at all levels of Celtic culture, particularly in the realm of religion. A whole vocabulary of religious symbols of Oriental origin began to be depicted on art objects during this period, suggesting a renewed interest in religious ideas as a result of exposure to foreign traditions, although there does not seem to have been any break with the fundamental Indo-European heritage. Many of these imported symbols, as well as some other new ones of native origin, are found in association with one particular god, Lugus, whose sudden and widespread rise to prominence must have been one of the most important events in La Tène religion.
The La Tène period was when the Celts were at the height of their political power and it was during this period that they came to the note of the Classical Greeks and Romans particularly during their invasions of the Etruscan city of Clusium and Rome in 390 BC where Brennus', their leader or the title of their leader, demanded his weight in gold to leave the city alone. Throughout the next 200 years there are constant movement of Celtic tribes from the Atlantic to Asia Minor. This also coincides with Greek expansion under Alexander the Great and Roman expansion. When the German tribes start their migrations into Transalpine Gaul circa 100 BC this causes the last of the great Celtic migrations from the East of the Rhine to the West of the Rhine which in turn enabled Julius Caesar to conquer the now divided Gaul. All the Gaulish tribes and their lands had been conquered - Transalpine, Cisalpine and Gaul itself. However many of the German tribes adopted Celtic culture and religious practice.
The Mythic History of Lugus and Loki - Who was Lugus?
Many scholars have interpreted the name Lugus as a derivation of the Indo-European root *leuk- ‘light’, which also gave rise to Latin lux. This is partially confirmed by the meaning of lleu in Welsh (especially as part of (go)leu ‘light’). As a result, and helped along by Victorian scholars' obsession with ‘solar myths’, it was taken for granted that Lúgh was a solar god. Moreover, a comparison between Lúgh's title Lámhfhada (‘long-armed’) and the title Prithupâni (‘broad-handed’) given to the Vedic god Savitr (the god of the first light of day) seemed to confirm such a notion-- and it is now firmly entrenched in popular literature about Irish ‘mythology’. However, traditional, ritual-associated ideas about Lúgh show no trace of this. Lúghnasadh is a day on which thunderstorms with plentiful rain are expected and welcomed. They provide a respite from the fierce summer heat that endangers the crops and encourages insect pests. The pitiless sun is Balor's scorching eye, and the spear of Lúgh is needed to tame its power. Lúgh is called Lonnbeimnech (‘fierce striker’) as well as Lámhfhada. Celtic ‘Mercury’ is sometimes shown not only with his spear but with the easily recognizable Indo-European thunder-hammer. In Mayo the Lúghnasadh thunderstorms where seen as the battle between Lúgh and Balor: 'Tá gaoth Logha Lámhfhada ag eiteall anocht san aer. 'Seadh, agus drithleogaí a athar. Balor Béimeann an t-athair’ (‘The wind of Lúgh Long-arm is flying in the air tonight. Yes, and the sparks of his father [sic]. Balor Béimeann is the father’). From these and other examples it is abundantly clear that Lugus has his domain in storm rather than in sunlight, and that if his name has any relation to ‘light’ it more properly means ‘lightning-flash’ (as in Breton luc'h and Cornish lughes). This is the principal function of his invincible spear. Although there may be some thematic relation between the titles of Lúgh and Savitr, they are clearly not equivalents of each other.
A more evident and significant pun exists between the name 'Lugus' and the Old Celtic stem lugi- meaning ‘to swear, oath’ (appearing in Irish as luighe, in Welsh as llw, and in Breton as le). The famous Gaulish text found at Chamalières in 1971, which is the script of a magico-religious ritual for obtaining the help of Arvernian Maponos in a military revolt, concludes with the thrice-repeated formula, ‘Luge dessumiis [= dexumiis]’ (‘By an oath I make them ready’), where the echo of the god's name in the expression luge could hardly have failed to impress itself on a Celtic-speaker's ear, and would have underlined his relation to the quintessentially first-function institution of oath-taking.
This god is shown together with birds; horses; the Oriental Tree of Life motif; dogs or wolves; and twin serpents. But the imagery most intimately connected to him is the mistletoe leaf or berry. Most often the mistletoe leaves are shown at either side of his head, like horns or ears; but sometimes the symbolism is reversed, and the god's head appears as the berry of a mistletoe plant. During the 300's the mistletoe-leaf motif combines with that of the twin serpents (portrayed as facing S's) into a new motif archaeologists call the ‘palmette’. This shape, crowning the god's head or attached to some animal figure, is common (especially on coins) until ca. 200 BCE. Thereafter the twin serpents appear alone in what is still clearly a glyph representing this particular divinity. The fact that representations of the god and of his symbols appear most frequently on objects related to formal aristocratic banquets (such as the famous wine flagons from the Basse-Yutz burial in the Rhineland) strongly suggests that he was in some way associated with sacral kingship.
This bit of theology had a major impact on the Celts' Germanic neighbours. Around 100 BC, the western Germans, impressed by the cultural brilliance of the La Tène Celts, converted wholesale to Celtic religion and adopted many aspects of Celtic social organization and culture, to the point of giving their children Celtic names. One of the most important institutional borrowings of this period was the ‘legitimization’ of a warrior-chieftain through a sovereignty ritual, and it necessitated also borrowing the Celtic deities who presided over such a ceremony. Many scholars have preferred to see the many similarities between Lugus/Mercury and the Germanic Wodan as separate survivals of an Indo-European prototype; but some now find no reason to believe that Wodan did not originate in the 1st century CE in the lands near the North Sea as a deliberate imitation of Celtic ‘Mercury’, in one of his important guises.
Evidently Lúgh's story was popular in mediaeval literary circles, and we have many allusions to it in both prose and poetry. From such allusions we learn that Lúgh was one of a triad, the two other members of which died at birth -- reminding us of the triplicity of Celtic ‘Mercury’, and of the plural Lugoues. We learn that he was fostered not only to Tailtiu but to Manannán mac Lir, the ruler of the Otherworld Feast in the Land of Apples, and that he had inherited the use of Manannán's sword Freagartach (‘The Answerer’). His usual personal weapon, however, was the Spear of Goirias, echoing the spear of Celtic ‘Mercury’. He also inherited Manannán's corrbolg or ‘crane bag’ filled with magical treasure, again recalling Celtic Mercury's bag of wealth. In the 11th-century text called Imthecht Clainne Tuirill we first hear of an interesting tradition about Lúgh's natural father, Cian (here called 'Ethlenn' through confusion with Lúgh's mother, the author having assumed that ‘Lúg mac Ethlenn' was a patronym instead of a matronym): he was a shape-shifter, capable of turning into an oirce or ‘lap-dog’ (i.e. a dog kept as a pet rather than as a hunting animal), of the kind widely associated with healing shrines throughout the ancient Celtic world, especially in relation to Celtic ‘Mars’ -- an appropriate attribute for a son of the physician-god, and a reflection of the canine imagery that sometimes accompanies Iron Age Lugus.
Who was Loki?
It is possible to see from references in Simek and from Grimm that Loki was indeed very closely associated with fire. Loki is also known as Lopt and Logi, it is interesting that Simek says that, ‘Lopt possibly comes from lopt-eldr = ‘Lightning’ or ‘one who tends lightning.’ Lopt is normally translated as air or the airy one. Within the Prose Edda (Gylfaginning XLVI) when Thor, Loki and Thjalfi meet Utgardi-Loki in whose hall Loki has a race with, and is just beaten by, Logi turns out to be ‘wild-fire. Like Lugh he also has two brothers (Gylfaginning XXXIII) maybe representing Lugus' triple aspect.
Snorri Sturlusson says that many also count Loki among the gods, for he is friend and companion of Thor and foster brother to Odin, though both of his parents were giants, or Jotun. Both Odin and Thor had at least one giant parent as well. Loki is distinguished from the rest of the gods historically by not having any cult or place-names in Scandinavia attributable to him - and for good reason. He calls him a malicious shape and sex changer who had not only begotten monsters such as Fenris-wolf and the Midgard Serpent, but had borne Odin's eight-footed horse Sleipnir. It is Loki, according to most versions of the myth, who instigated the murder of Baldur by persuading Baldur's blind brother Höd (Hood/Night) to cast a mistletoe dart at him. For this deed the other gods caught Loki, bound him to a rock and caused a snake to drip venom on his face. There he is to stay until Ragnarök, or destruction-of-the-gods. There is an apparent analogy here to the myth of Prometheus, even to the extent that Loki's name suggests 'fire' (logi). 'The Song of the Sybil' and 'Loki's Flyting' allude to these events.
Therefore, Odin was popular among certain Viking chieftains whose truces and solemn oaths were never meant to be held. Appropriately Odin is frequently associated with beasts of battle - the raven and the wolf. Loki, on the other hand, is often forced into a bargain and by keeping it only his cunning can ensure it comes out favourably to the Gods.
Thor is the mightiest of the gods and the only god about whom no evil can be said. He is the only one of the gods able to withstand and repel Loki. Loki's only taunt against Thor is to remind him of an incident during Thor's journey to the east when he was deceived by a giant of prodigious magical powers. The taunt is hollow, however, for Thor had acquitted himself so well during that trip that the race of giants feared for their lives. Thor is the protector of the gods against all their enemies, specifically dwarves, elves, giants/jotuns, trolls, and the Midgard-Serpent. At Ragnarök he battles the Midgard-Serpent (Loki's offspring) to the death.
Baldur, the slain god, is known as the purest of the gods. His death is the first catastrophe in a series of events which resolve in the destruction of the gods. Baldur, however, we are told in 'The Song of Sybil', will rise again. His death and resurrection are inevitably associated with the death and resurrection of Christ, but there is no real reason to assume direct borrowing from Christianity in the myth, for Baldur, like Adonis, is a typical sacrificial god whose myth grows out of an artful mimicry of the cyclical regeneration of the earth. However, it is forgotten that Loki in the ‘Cutting of Sif's Hair’ obtains for the Gods Wodan's spear and ring, Gungnir and Draupnir, Thor's Hammer, Mjollnir, and his wife's (Sif) hair in gold, then Freyr's boar and boat, Gullinbursti and Skídbladnir. Finally, like Mercury, Loki has shoes with which he can walk on water and air (Prose Edda, Skáldskaparmál 147).
Conclusion - Tying the Strands Together
From the above evidence we can surmise that before the Roman's conquered the Celtic homelands there was great interaction between the Germanic and Celtic tribes, just as there is great interaction between the As and the Jotun's in Norse Mythology. Within both cultures fostering is common, maybe it was one of the practices that the Germanic tribes adopted from the Celtic tribes. So it seems that much of Norse Mythology is their interpretation of the Celtic mythology. The evolution of the Norse mythos appears at the same time that Celtic culture was at its most influential. Thus the echoes of Celtic ideas & knowledge resound through the Norse world.
The similarities for Loki and Lugus run through their legends - both Lugh and Loki are far removed from the original Lugus. Lugh is the Gaelic interpretation whilst Lugus is the Brythonic of which there is only archaeological evidence. Thus Lugh is fostered to Manannan in Gaelic Mythology whilst Loki is Odin's blood-brother - to me this suggests that Loki was a Jotun fostered to the As. From there we can come down to more specific associations in that both Lugh and Loki are notorious shapeshifters. Then we come to the gift giving. Lugh inherits Mannanan's crane bag whilst Loki does not have a bag specifically but is responsible for most of the Aesir's special gifts. This appears to me to be mythological echo of the knowledge the Germanic tribes gained from their more sophisticated Celtic cousins. Mjollnir comes from Loki and we find that Lugus is sometimes shown with the Hammer as a weapon. They are both heavily tied in with serpent iconography and they are both lightning Gods. To this we come to the legend of Baldur or Balor. Once again their names are similar and they are both Sun Gods struck down by a spear representing the thunderstorms breaking the heat of a long hot summer. The association of Loki with Lugus becomes stronger with the Norse iconography of it being a mistletoe dart. Lugus' association with mistletoe suggests that the Norse recognise the Baldur myth as being of Celtic origin.
Finally we come to Ragnarök and Loki's part in it. Personally I can see this as almost the Norse interpretation of another typical Celtic myth - that of the returning Hero. Much as Arthur in legend is taken to the Summer Isles. He will return in time of need when he will save the nation and bring a return to the Celtic Romano-British Summer that was a Golden age. So Loki is prophesised to return at Ragnarök with his Jotun family. Would not the Norse mythology regard a returning Celtic Hero as bloody and disastrous? Particularly with his blood-brother Odin Oath-breaker having imprisoned him, whilst Logi puns into Oath in Celtic languages and it was Odin who breaks Loki at the end by imprisoning him. For me the case seems quite persuasive that we could associate the Jotuns with the Celts and that Loki can be associated with Lugus of the Gauls.
| i don't know |
Which La Liga football team plays in a city on the west coast of Spain? | La Liga Football Shirts & Kits at UKSoccershop.com
Atletico
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Give a year in the life of bandmaster and composer John Philip Sousa. | La Liga Football Shirts & Kits at UKSoccershop.com
Atletico
Official FC Barcelona merchandise from Nike including football shirts, training jerseys, shorts, socks, tracksuits, hero shirts, training wear.
Our Real Madrid shop contains the new Real Madrid home, away and UCL 3rd shirts plus full range of hero shirts and Adidas training wear.
Get the latest Atletico Madrid soccer jerseys including the new Nike home and away kits, plus tracksuits, training wear and more.
Buy the new Valencia football shirts from Joma. Customise with official printing and browse our range of authentic training kits.
Buy official Real Betis football shirts, shorts and socks from Adidas. Add name and number of your favourite player or your own name.
Official Athletic Bilbao football kit from Nike. Buy the latest home and away kits and authentic training wear.
Buy the official Deportivo La Coruna football shirts. Manufactured by Lotto, we also stock jackets, tracksuits and training kit.
The new home & away Espanyol football shirts are available in our store and can be customised with any name and number - including your own!
Get the new Getafe soccer jerseys from Joma. Available in a full range of adult sizes, we stock the home, away & 3rd kits.
Official Real Mallorca merchandise. All the latest Macron gear including home and away shirt, shorts, tracksuits and training wear.
Buy official Celta de Vigo soccer jerseys. Personalise with the name and number of your favourite star player.
Official Sevilla merchandise. Buy the new home, away and 3rd football shirts manufactured by New Balance.
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In the Hindu religion Mohini, Krishna and Rama are all incarnations of which god? | BBC - Religions - Hinduism: Vishnu
Religions
Article about Vishnu, the second god in the Hindu triumvirate of Brahman, Vishnu and Shiva.
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Who is Vishnu?
Vishnu is the second god in the Hindu triumvirate (orTrimurti). The triumvirate consists of three gods who are responsible for the creation, upkeep and destruction of the world. The other two gods are Brahma and Shiva .
Brahma is the creator of the universe and Shiva is the destroyer. Vishnu is the preserver and protector of the universe.
His role is to return to the earth in troubled times and restore the balance of good and evil. So far, he has been incarnated nine times, but Hindus believe that he will be reincarnated one last time close to the end of this world.
Vishnu's worshippers, usually called Vaishnava, consider him the greatest god. They regard the other gods as lesser or demi gods. Vaishnava worship only Vishnu. Vishnu monotheism is called Vaishnavism.
What do the ancient texts say about Vishnu?
In the Rig Veda, which is the holiest of the four Vedas , Vishnu is mentioned numerous times alongside other gods, such as Indra.
He is particularly associated with light and especially with the Sun. In early texts, Vishnu is not included as one of the original seven solar gods (Adityas), but in later texts he is mentioned as leading them.
Vishnu ©
From this time, Vishnu appears to have gained more prominence, and by the time of the Brahmanas (commentaries of the Vedas), he is regarded as the most important of all gods.
Two of Vishnu's incarnations, Rama and Krishna, are also the subject of the epic stories Ramayana and Mahabharata, respectively.
What does Vishnu look like?
Vishnu is represented with a human body, often with blue coloured skin and with four arms. His hands always carry four objects in them, representing the things he is responsible for. The objects symbolise many more meanings than are presented here:
The conch: the sound this produces 'Om', represents the primeval sound of creation
The chakra, or discus: symbolises the mind
The lotus flower: an example of glorious existence and liberation
The mace: represents mental and physical strength
Vishnu is usually represented in two positions.
Standing upright on a lotus flower with Lakshmi , his consort, close by him
Reclining on the coils of a serpent, with Lakshmi massaging his feet. They are surrounded by the Milky Ocean.
Vishnu rides on the King of Birds, Garuda, who is an eagle.
What are Vishnu's incarnations?
As Rama, he kills the demon King Ravana, who abducted his wife Sita
Krishna (mentally advanced man)
Krishna is the hero of the Mahabharata, an epic poem. He also delivered his famous message, known as the Baghavad Gita.
Buddha (the all knowing one)
who appeared in the 5th century BCE. In some traditions, Balarama replaces Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu.
Kalki
Expected towards the end of this present age of decline, as a person on earth, seated on a white horse.
Vishnu's incarnation as the fish Matsya ©
Vishnu in Hindu mythology
The churning of the Milky Ocean is the story that explains how the gods finally defeated the demons and became immortal.
In the story, Vishnu advised the other gods to churn the Milky Ocean in order to recover a number of lost treasures, including the elixir of immortality and Lakshmi, the goddess of success and wealth. Both of these items would enable the gods to defeat the demons who had taken taken over the universe.
Knowing the gods would be unable to churn the great ocean themselves, Vishnu struck a deal with the demons. He told them they would get a share of the treasures, including the elixir of immortality, if they helped to churn. They agreed.
Vishnu told the gods and demons they should use Mount Madura as a churning stick, and the giant serpent, Vasuki, as a rope.
Vishnu managed to persuade the demons to hold the head of the snake, which was spitting furiously, while the gods held the tail end. The serpent was then coiled around the mountain. Each side alternately pulled the rope then allowed it to relax, causing the mountain to rotate in the water.
Before they could regain the treasures, however, there were many problems they had to face.
As the gods and demons churned, the mountain began to sink into the soft sand bed of the sea.
At the request of the gods, Vishnu incarnated as a turtle. He placed the mountain on his back to act as a foundation stone, thus allowing the churning to continue. Some reports say it was churned for a thousand years before anything came up.
When the elixir of immortality finally rose to the surface, the demons rushed to grab it.
But Vishnu assumed the form of Mohini, a beautiful woman who captivated all the demons. By sleight of hand she changed the elixir for alcohol and returned the precious liquid to the gods.
The churning also brought Lakshmi forth from the ocean. She came as a beautiful woman standing on a lotus flower. Seeing all the gods before her, she chose the god she felt was most worthy of her. Vishnu and she have been inseparable since.
| Vishnu |
Fray Bentos is a seaport and capital of the Río Negro Department of which country of South America? | Krishna: the God of Love, Sex and Yoga
Teachings of the Hindu Gods, a Free Online Course
Krishna: the God of Love, Sex and Yoga
This is a transcription of the audio lecture audio Teachings of the Hindu Gods 01 Krishna, the God of Love, Sex, and Yoga AUDIO (40.20 MB) originally given live on Gnostic Radio, which you can download for free. There is also an accompanying PDF: pdf Teachings of the Hindu Gods 01 Krishna, the God of Love, Sex, and Yoga PDF (5.83 MB)
Hinduism is a vastly sophisticated and complex religious tradition, with hundreds or even thousands of variations, different branches and schools, and many many ancient scriptures that describe many different aspects of religions. Yet we find a central theme throughout all Hinduism that describes the supreme manifestation of the Divine. One of the most beautiful characteristics of the Hindu tradition is its recognition that God is ultimately nameless and formless, but as an expression of love, the Divine takes different forms and appearances in order to aid humanity. Thus the Hindu tradition embraces and respects all Gods as expressions of the One. The Hindu tradition embraces and respects all religions. This is a very beautiful characteristic of the Hindu tradition.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions that survive on this planet, in this age. Counted among its treasures are many of the oldest writings of humanity - which are of course scriptures – and, the longest writings of humanity. Many Westerners think the Bible is one of the longest writings in humanity, and one of the oldest, but it is neither. Hinduism has both the oldest and the longest writings. Today we are going to study one of the most important representations of Divinity in the Hindu tradition: Krishna.
Krishna is, like in any religion, a character or a symbol that has many different aspects, different meanings, different levels of importance and different interpretations. Of course, over the centuries, the character of Krishna has been understood by people at many different levels, some accurate, some inaccurate. For Westerners, Krishna may appear exotic and hard to understand, but in Asia, Krishna is a very ubiquitous presence, even amongst Buddhists, Daoists and other types of traditions. Krishna is a widely recognized and respected figure, and plays a role in many different religions, not just in Hinduism.
The myth of Krishna is complicated, rich, and profound. We find in Hinduism that the character of Krishna has taken on many different levels of meaning. Just as in Christianity, we nowadays find that many Christians relate to Jesus only as little baby Jesus. So, they have reduced the character or symbol of Jesus to something related with family life, something very simple, which does not communicate the entirety of this Divine symbol. In India, it is common to find images of Krishna as a babe, getting in trouble, being breast fed, etc.
These are not interpretations of Krishna that we find to be important in Gnosis . It is not what we will discuss in this class.
Of particular importance to us is that Krishna, as a Master, as a person, is said to be the eighth messenger of Vishnu.
The word messenger in Sanskrit is Avatar. Nowadays some people think this word Avatar means something other than what it really means. There are now many people claiming to be an "Avatar," claiming to be Divine incarnations on Earth, and they deck themselves with jewels and gold and want to be worshipped and followed. But, this is not the meaning of Avatar. The real meaning is "messenger," someone who delivers a message on behalf of God. A genuine avatar is not vain or proud, making proclamations about themselves. Instead, their every action is selfless, focused on helping others escape from suffering.
As a person, as a human being, there is a man named Krishna who was active in India several thousand years ago, and he still lives. The man Krishna, the Master, came several thousands years ago, long before Jesus of Nazareth. He came in order to deliver a message to the peoples of South East Asia, and that message is still being circulated today. Krishna as a man, as a Master, is a very great Master. But, we are not gathered here to talk about him. Really, what we are interested in is the message that he was delivering, and the originator of that message. In this image we see the originator of that message represented as Vishnu.
Vishnu is just one of the many symbolic representations of God in the Hindu pantheon. You see gathered around Vishnu many of his messengers, most from the past, but some also from the future.
Vishnu is just a symbol of an aspect of the Divine that reaches out in order to help humanity. It is stated in one of the Hindu scriptures, through the mouth of Krishna, that he comes into the world any time religion declines and degenerates. He comes into the world in order to give the message to guide humanity back to the light, and he does that according to the time and need of each age – with a different face (messenger, Avatar), with a different language, but it is always the same message.
"Whenever the Law declines and the purpose of life is forgotten, I manifest myself on earth. I am born in every age to protect the good, to destroy evil, and to re-establish the Law." - Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita 4.7-8
In the Hindu scriptures, you will find many stories about Krishna. Probably the two most important are The Bhagavata Purana and The Mahabharata—which is the longest epic poem that we know of on this planet. It is an ancient, very extensive and very beautiful scripture. Mahabharat means, "the Great Warrior," and the whole poem is about a great war amongst the Gods. Krishna plays a central role.
The Bhagavata Purana tells many of his exploits and stories.
Today, we are going to talk about the Mahabharata.
There is one little section of the Mahabharata that is one of the most important scriptures in the world and it is called The Bhagavad Gita, which means "the song of the Lord." This is an epic, beautiful poem of instructions that Krishna gave to his disciple, Arjuna.
In relation to all of this, we find an excerpt from an Upanishad called Gopala Tapaniya , that describes Divinity in a very beautiful way:
"The one Supreme Personality of Godhead is hidden within everything. It is all-pervading. It is in everyone's heart. It witnesses everyone's activities. It lives in everyone's heart. It is the witness. It is Consciousness . It is transcendence. It is beyond the modes of nature."
This passage from this Upanishad describes what every religion attempts to present to us poor mortals, which is that beyond the scope of our physical senses is a level of intelligence that pervades everything that exists. That level of intelligence is the root and source of everything that is alive. In Hinduism, it is called Krishna. The most important meaning of Krishna is not the Master, not the person, not a baby, not one man. Krishna is an energy. In Greek terms, Krishna is Christ.
Krishna, or Christ, is the fire that lights everything that lives. Everything that exists is illuminated by the living fire-light of Krishna. So, in Gnosis when we talk about Krishna, this is what we are talking about; the root of all existence, the very fundamental basis.
The name Krishna is Sanskrit, and it means "black" or "dark blue." It basically means something very dark in color. Naturally, when encountering Hinduism and discovering that the chief divinity of Hinduism has a name that means black, many fanaticized Westerners become scandalized, and accuse the Hindus of being "devil worshippers." This is just a result of the fanaticism, fear, and misunderstanding in many people's minds.
Krishna is usually represented with blue or very dark skin. We can see in this image that Krishna stands in a very relaxed posed, playing a flute. Behind him is a cow. These images are symbolic. Unfortunately, nowadays, many take them as literal, and really think that there is a person named Krishna with blue skin who plays a flute and protects cows. This is not the meaning. This image is symbolic. It is intended to be used for Meditation , and can reveal many beautiful truths about Christ.
If you study religions, then you know that many of the greatest prophets, Christified Masters, as representatives of Christ, were protectors of sacred animals. David, Jesus, Heracles, all protected cows or sheep. They were shepherds or cowherds. Even the Buddha, whose name is Gautama, reflects that origin. The cow represents the Divine Mother, the cow represents nature. The cow represents what gives us life, the milk of life, the Amrita or Ambrosia of the Gods, which comes from the udder of the cow. Krishna is the protector of the cow. Christ protects his mother. We find this in Isis and Horus. Isis is represented as a cow, with her cow horns. She is the one who gives life, and her protector was her son, Horus. Horus is Krishna; it is the same symbol.
The reason that Krishna is described as black or dark blue, can be seen when you study the night sky. Christ is the origin of all life, it is the field upon which everything lives, blossoms, and grows.
To us, the night sky is black, which is very odd when you consider that the sky, the universe, is filled with suns that irradiate enormous volumes of light. How could that huge quantity of light be black? It is illogical. If the universe is filled with glowing suns that are emitting immeasurable amounts of light, why would it be black? It is only black because we do not have the eyes to see that light. It is too bright; we are blind to it. We cannot see it. It is a level of luminosity that is beyond our vision; it is black to us. But, if we had the eyes that could see it, the universe would not be black.
Krishna is called the 'Black God' in the same way that amongst the Egyptians Osiris is called a black God. His spouse is Nut, Isis, the Divine Mother, who is the sky filled with stars, that fundamental emptiness from which stars are born. Krishna / Christ is the light that emerges in the darkness. The darkness does not understand the light. Our mind, our perception, does not comprehend the light of Krishna / Christ. We see black.
In the Bhagavad-Gita, Christ / Krishna, incarnated in a human being, taught his disciple, Arjuna. Arjuna represents the human soul, our Consciousness , our essence, who rides in a chariot, which is the soul led by a team of horses. Those horses represent many things: the Solar Bodies, the Tattvas, the senses. The horses have psychological symbolism.
The whole story of the Mahabharata is about a great war. When that war is about to be commenced, Arjuna is on the battlefield about to go into battle against his relatives, against the people he loves. He hesitates and says, "Krishna, my guide, my friend, my teacher, I cannot kill my family. I cannot kill the ones I have known and loved throughout my existences. I cannot do it. I cannot do that."
Of course, this is symbolic also. The whole Bhagavad Gita is Krishna's teaching to Arjuna about the great spiritual war inside of ourselves, against ourselves. True spirituality is about conquering our defects, those aspects of ourselves that we have nourished and cherished for lifetimes, and that we feel are our inner family. Our enemies are parts of ourselves that we have known and loved for centuries. When the moment comes to engage in real spirituality, we feel, "I cannot kill myself, because I am all I know. How do I kill myself, psychologically, spiritually?" It is too scary. So, Arjuna gives us the answer: we have to appeal to Krishna, to Christ, for guidance. The lesson that Krishna gives is very deep, beautiful and profound. Study The Bhagavad Gita; this scripture can guide you very deeply, through many important aspects of your spiritual work.
This painting shows Krishna revealing his true form to Arjuna. Arjuna has a hard time understanding who Krishna is, how God fits into all of this, and why we must die. Why is it that we have to die psychologically? Why is it that the ego is wrong? Why is it that we have to conquer lust and anger and pride? The only way that Arjuna can understand that is to understand what does not have those qualities, which is the pure Consciousness .
We cannot really proceed in our spiritual, psychological work to eliminate pride, unless we really know what humility truly is. We cannot conquer pride until we understand that it is a source of suffering. We cannot conquer pride until we experience how humility is a source of benefit.
It is impossible for us to conquer lust, until we realize that it is an affliction, a source of suffering, and we have seen and tasted what it should be, which is Chastity , true love, sexual purity, inflamed by divinity.
We cannot conquer anger, resentment, until we have really understood compassion, love.
Thus, for every psychological defect, real comprehension can only emerge when understand it as a source of suffering, and we also understand the virtue that should be present there instead.
Furthermore, all virtue is an expression of the divine. Thus, in this painting, Krishna shows Arjuna his multifaceted truth; that Christ explodes into existence as everything that exists. Every God, every Divinity, every flower, every plant, ever animal, every planet, every Sun is an expression of Christ's light, of Krishna. This vision so moves Arjuna, that he comprehends religion, and he comprehends the great war, and then he is prepared to go into battle. This is why in Gnosis , we emphasis the importance of developing the capacity to perceive the Divine. We develop that capacity through learning how to meditate.
Real Meditation is a state of Consciousness in which no ego interferes with our perception. No ego interfering means that in that state there is no desire, no attachment, no pride, no lust, etc. Real Meditation is a state of pure, unfiltered Consciousness , perceptive and seeing the reality. As long as we do not have that perception, we are in confusion. So, this vision in the Bhagavad Gita represents the type of vision that we need to achieve, which is given by God in order for us to advance in our work.
Upon seeing this vision, Arjuna exclaims,
"O limitless one, God of gods, refuge of the universe! You are the invincible source, the cause of all causes, transcendental to this material manifestation. You are the original Personality of Godhead, the oldest, the ultimate sanctuary of this manifested cosmic world. You are the knower of everything, and You are all that is knowable. You are the supreme refuge, above the material modes. O limitless form! This whole cosmic manifestation is pervaded by You!"
This narrative event in the scripture is the moment in which Arjuna, the Consciousness ( Tiphereth ) perceives Christ, without any filters, without any ego . It is the perception of the Consciousness , freed, perceptive of reality. This is a Samadhi. It is a beautiful, cognizant comprehension of the nature of Christ.
There is an entire chapter in the Bhagavad Gita in which Arjuna describes his vision, and it is overwhelming, especially to the intellect and our personality. Genuine comprehension of the Divine is overwhelming. The experience of That Which Is transforms the soul, the Consciousness .
Krishna says about his identity,
"Earth, water, fire, air, ether, Manas, and Buddhi, egoism (Ahamkara) – thus is My Prakriti divided eight-fold. This is the inferior (Prakriti); but distinct from this know thou My superior Prakriti, the very life, O mighty-armed, by which this universe is upheld."
The elements mentioned here are called Tattvas. A Tattva is a vibration of energy. It is a modification of the light of Christ / Krishna. We have explained in many lectures that Christ is the root energy in all that exists. That energy descends into manifestation, it crystallizes, it condenses and takes different forms, and in that path of condensation, it becomes differentiated as the elements earth, water, fire, air, ether. These are five modalities of matter and energy that vibrate in different dimensions and that give rise to everything that exists. Our physical body is a very specific combination of the five Tattvas. So is the body of a God, but with a different vibration. A great Master like Krishna or Moses is comprised of the same elements, but at a different level of vibration. This is important to understand because many people read these scriptures, and read that all things are Krishna, and they assume, "Well then, we are all Krishna, so we are all fine as we are now, we are all enlightened." That is wrong. That Tattvas manifest in different levels and vibrations. We are not the same as Gods. We have the potential to become Gods, but we are not there yet.
Manas and Buddhi are related with aspects of Consciousness , of the soul. To understand this better, we can look at the Tree of Life . The Tree of Life shows us how the structures of nature are represented in Kabbalah . At the very top of the tree, this structure of 10 spheres, we see three rings – the Ain, the Ain Soph and the Ain Soph Aur. These three are really one; they are the Absolute, Abstract Space. They represent the unmanifested, uncreated light. They are Krishna at the highest level. They are pure potentiality.
Because of Karma, because of the disequilibrium of the energies in nature, the Absolute has to give rise to creation; a light emerges, which is the Ain Soph Aur (these are Hebrew words). The Ain Soph Aur means, 'The Limitless Light." In Sanskrit we can call that "Adi Buddha." It can also be called Krishna. The first expression of that light is the sephirah Kether , in Hebrew . Kether is also Krishna, as the supreme personality of God. Kether unfolds into the sephirah Chokmah , which means "wisdom"; that is also Krishna, the pure wisdom aspect of God. That is also the sephirah Binah , the 3rd sphere, which means "intelligence." That is also Krishna. These three together are the Trinity in any religion. Kether , Chokmah , Binah ; Father, Son and Holy Spirit; Osiris, Isis and Horus; the Three Logoi, the Trinity, the Cosmic Christ. Those three are one, as Krishna.
That level of existence is archetypal. It is the preparatory stage for manifestation. It is the level at which there is a blueprint, there is a map, there is a potential, but it is not created yet. When it emerges and finally creates, we see the rest of the Tree of Life , these seven spheres below. Those are all the other dimensions in nature. The seven below are different modalities or condensations of the Tattvas.
In other words, the light of the Ain Soph Aur gives rise to the Solar Logos, Krishna as the Supreme God-Head, which can also be called Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, that Trinity, creates. The resulting creation is the lower Prakriti, the inferior Prakriti, that forms the dimensions of nature. Those top three sephiroth and the Absolute are dimensionless. They exist, but they do not exist. We can call that realm the zero dimension. It is beyond our intellect to grasp the real meaning of that. But, when they create, dimensions come into play.
The first manifested dimension is the 6th dimension, which is the most subtle. In Kabbalah , that level is symbolized by the sephiroth Chesed , Geburah , and Tiphereth . Those are the Kabbalistic, Hebrew terms for that level of nature.
Chesed in Sanskrit is called Atman, which means Self. Chesed or Atman is not the self that we call our "self" here. Rather, it is our Being, our inner Divinity.
Geburah in Sanskrit is called Buddhi, which strictly translated means intellect, but that does not mean our intellect, it does not mean the intellect that we have here as terrestrial people; it refers to Consciousness at a Divine level. It is a type of intellect that is pure intuition. It does not reason, it knows. So, it is intellect from an Asian psychological perspective, not Western.
Tiphereth in Sanskrit is Manas, in Sanskrit. Manas can also be translated in various ways, but it is generally translated as reasoning, mind. Again, manas is not merely our terrestrial mind, our reasoning, the way we experience it here. Manas is abstract mind, intuitive mind, a type of mind that does not reason or compare. Manas, which in Hebrew is Tiphereth , is represented by Arjuna in the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita. Arjuna is the Human Soul, the pure Consciousness , who questions God, saying, 'Please teach me. I cannot fight this battle.' Then, when seeing God, he is ready to fight against the mistaken ones, which represent the ego , the karma.
When Krishna says, "Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether, Manas and Buddhi," he is talking about how all of that emerges out him, and become the lower levels. The first seven aspects are pure. But the last one, the 8th, is Ahamkara, egoism, the I: pride, lust, anger, greed, envy, gluttony, fear, laziness, etc. It is strange to read in a scripture that Krishna becomes egoism. But, it happens, because of us.
The Tree of Life represents nature, and the dimensions outside of us, but it also represents us. These levels that are displayed on the Tree of Life are in us, and in moment to moment existence, Krishna is flowing through us; Krishna is the fire of life, it is what is giving life to every cell in us. It is the energy inside every thought, inside every feeling, inside every sensation. We corrupt it.
Our body is comprised of earth, water, fire, air, and either, and so is our heart, so is our mind, so is our soul. Manas and Buddhi are the Human Soul, Tiphereth , the Divine Soul Geburah , but in us, they are trapped in Ahamkara, egoism.
So, he explains further, that distinct from this, "know thou My superior Prakriti, the very life, O mighty-armed, by which this universe is upheld." So, look at this map of the Tree of Life and realize there are two aspects that Krishna is describing as himself:
The superior aspect, which is the upper Trinity and the Absolute.
The inferior aspect, which are the seven Sephiroth below.
Superior Prakriti and inferior Prakriti.
So, then the question becomes, what is Prakriti? We see we have two aspects, and we understand something about how nature is manifested, we need to know what Prakriti is. Prakriti is a Sanskrit word that means nature.
Obviously, we have nature outside of us, and if you are a little bit observant, you can see that we are corrupting nature outside of us in a really terrible way. Can you go anywhere on this planet and find a place that is unaffected by human activity? None that I know of. Even in the Antarctic and the Arctic, which are completely inhospitable to human life, we find pollution, chemicals, garbage. Scientists go up there and find garbage, plastic bottles, trash that has been blown around by the atmosphere. They find chemicals, gasoline, rocket fuel. The air is poisoned, the water is poisoned, the entire planet is poisoned because of Ahamkara, egoism. So, if our exterior nature is polluted, why? Because the nature inside of us was polluted first. The pollution inside of us has spread out.
This is why Samael Aun Weor stated in many of his books that our external circumstances are merely a reflection of our internal ones. What is happening to us in our external lives, around us, our circumstances, our problems, the pollution and wars and uncertainty and economic hardship, are a reflection of our psychology.
Our problem is we refuse to recognize that. We want to change what is outside, and not change what is inside. We are Arjuna, who cannot bear the thought of having to confront our relatives: our own psyche, our own defects, our egoism, Ahamkara. We do not want to face it. Nonetheless, Krishna explains that we need to know these two aspects of Prakriti, in order to understand him and to understand ourselves.
Prakriti means nature, so now we know that is has two fundamental aspects;
the superior, which is the ocean of life that sustains all of existence
the inferior, which is the condensation of that into the tattvas
Prakriti is the Divine Mother Nature. Prakriti is feminine. Prakriti is the cow that Krishna protects. Prakriti is Isis-Nut, the Divine Mother.
In this particular image, we see Tri-Devi. That name means the triple Goddess, in Sanskrit. It is that superior aspect of the Tree of Life , those three circles, Kether , Chokmah , Binah , but feminine.
You see, Krishna is not male, Krishna is not a man, Krishna is an energy, Krishna is beyond male-female. Krishna is Prakriti, nature. This triple feminine symbol is Krishna, displayed as a woman, with three aspects. It is beautiful. This is one of the aspects I love most about Hinduism; it really shows nature in all its glory.
Prakriti has two fundamental aspects: superior and inferior. But, in how it functions, it has three modes.
The first one is creation, which in Sanskrit is Rajas. This is the ability of the light or fire of Krishna to create. The Upanishads stated that the Supreme God-Head is in everything, it is the root of everything, it is the source of everything. How is everything created? If we look at our own nature, because we are reflection of the nature around us, how do we create life? Through sex. It is the only way we can create life: through sex. Rajas relates to creation, but the word itself is extremely difficult to translate into English because it has a very rich, deep implication. It means: energy in motion, energy in activity. It is projective, it is masculine. It impels, it drives, it pushes, it is passionate, it is virile. It is powerful. It is unstoppable, it is undeniable. Rajas is an irresistible energy that pushes and motivates. It is at the very basis of existence. When the entire universe is about to be created, when there is nothing in existence, it is Rajas that emerges and impels creation. Rajas creates universes – not just ants and bees and moths and little human beings – it creates infinites. It is the projective, creative aspect of nature. It is very energetic. It is all of the power of the Gods to create.
The second aspect or mode of Prakriti is the one that sustains existence. In Sanskrit it is called Sattva. Sattva is also very difficult to translate in English. There is no word that conveys all of its meanings. It means sustainability, perpetuity, continuity, balance, harmony, equality, sustenance. It is the energy that preserves. The energy that harmonizes, that conciliates. That brings together, that molds and shapes.
The third guna is Tamas, which means destruction. Tamas is also very difficult, if not impossible, to translate into English. Tamas implies destruction, disintegration, decay, to bring down, to take apart, to remove, to be lethargic, to be slow, to stop moving, to go backwards, to be in retrograde, to devolve.
If you look at these three together, you see a circle, a wheel. You see the wheel of nature. You see how every living thing is created, brought to existence, sustained, maintained, managed, and then destroyed and decayed, consumed once again by nature. These three together are called the three Gunas.
These three aspects of Prakriti are beyond the Tree of Life . That upper Trinity on the Tree of Life – Kether , Chokmah , Binah – manifests only because the three gunas are out of balance. Thethree Gunas are not the Trinity, they are not Kether , Chokmah , Binah ; rather, they are what give rise to Kether , Chokmah , Binah . They are what give rise to the Ain Soph Aur. The three Gunas are three energetic aspects of the Absolute, but these three Gunas reflect in everything that is created. The Trinity is a manifestation of the three Gunas, and they work through the three Gunas, that is why we see in the Trinity; Kether , Chokmah , Binah – Father, Son and Holy Spirit. We see a projecting force that creates, we see a preserving force that sustains and we see a destructive force that removes. These three, in Hinduism, are usually represented as Shiva. Shiva is that energetic, dynamic aspect of God that creates and destroys. In the Bible, this is Jehovah, that part of God that creates and destroys.
The three Gunas are modalities of energy. We have them too. Every one of us has one of these temperaments. We may tend to be a Rajasic type of person - very energetic, very productive, very energetic, always having to do things and be active, in motion psychologically, not necessarily physically. We may be Sattvic – which means that we are very balanced, which means we are always trying to balance and equilibrate things. We might be Tamasic – more lethargic, slower paced. None of these are better than the others, they are just three temperaments in psychology. These three gunas apply to how we eat, how we live, how we act, and our sex life too.
Prakriti has these three modes in everything that happens, in every level of existence. Krishna says about himself, about these two aspects of Prakriti and the Gunas:
"All created beings have their source in these two natures. Of all that is material and all that is spiritual in this world, know for certain that I am both the origin and the dissolution. There is naught else higher than I, O Dhananjaya; in Me all this is woven as clusters of gems on a string."
This is Krishna saying, 'everything that is born and dies is Me.' Everything. Even impurity. From the Gods to dirt. Everything has in its nature, in its essence, Krishna, Christ, light, this energy. Everything originates out of that and returns back to that. But, its means of return is different. So, he continues,
"O son of Pritha, know that I am the original bijam of all existences, the buddhi of the buddhi-matam, and the tejah of the tejasvinām."
I left these words in Sanskrit on purpose. I did not put them in English because the English does not convey the meaning. The meaning of these terms is really important, and all of the scriptural excerpts I was building up to were for this scripture and the next one.
Krishna says, "Know that I am the original bijam of all existences." Bija is a Sanskrit word which means seed. Bijam means the original seed, the primordial seed, the ultimate seed. So, again, let us take nature as our example to understand what this means. Krishna is not saying that he is a sesame seed. Krishna is saying that he is the ultimate seed of all that exists, so what does that mean? Well, if Krishna is in us, and is our origin, what is our primordial seed? Where did we come from? Sex. People do not like to talk about that, we like to just skip over the part about our parents having sex and like to go back to say well, we came from God or we came from Adam and Eve, or we came from some gorilla in the jungles a long time ago. Those are all theories, we need to look at facts. The fact is that every person in existence has arrived through sex. Our seed for this particular body, the seed that grew us, came from our parents. The seed that grew who we are now, came from our parents. It was not one seed, it was two: sperm and ovum, from mother and father. So, Krishna is that: "Know that I am the original Bijam of all existences" – Krishna is the semen , Krishna is the ova, the egg and the sperm in every creature. Krishna, the power of God to create, is in sex.
The next portion says, "The Buddhi of the Buddhi-Matam." I explained a little about Buddhi, that it is related to Geburah on the Tree of Life and that directly translated, it means intelligence. But, really, Buddhi does not mean intellect in the way we experience it. Buddhi is an abstract, intuitive level of intelligence, related to the Consciousness . We call it the Divine Soul. In many religions it is symbolized by a beautiful woman, such as Helen of Troy, Beatrice in The Divine Comedy, Eurydice who Orpheus saves from the abyss, Persephone, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Eve. Even Aphrodite and Venus in their ways represent this beautiful aspect of Consciousness that is in us. This beautiful, pristine aspect of Soul is the embodiment of wisdom and Divinity in us as a Consciousness . That is Buddhi. Buddhi-Matam means those that have purely awakened Buddhi - in other words Buddhas. The word Buddha means, 'One who is awake.' It is derived from Buddhi, which is Consciousness . So, Buddhi-Matam are "the awakened ones." Krishna is the Consciousness of the awakened ones. So, relate these two portions together, these are directly in the same passage; 'I am the original sexual aspect of all existences, I am the awakened Consciousness of the awakened ones.' These two go together and are inseparable: sex and Consciousness . This passage is very significant, but is always over looked because it brings up things that people do not want to deal with. People want sexuality and religion to be separate, but they cannot be.
The final passage of this scripture says, "and the tejah of the tejasvinām." Tejas is often pronounced with a Spanish as Tehah, but in Sanskrit it is usually with a very slight J, Tejah. This is another word that is very difficult to translate; it relates to fire, because in the Tattvas that I explained, there are the four elements – fire, air, earth and water; fire is Tejas. Here, Tejah means "power, virility, strength, prowess, ability." Have you noticed how in English, the word virility—which is of course is sexual energy—is from the same root as virtue? There is a reason, because they come from the same place. This scripture reveals that: "The Tejah of the Tejasvinām." Just as Buddhi-Matam means the awakened ones, Tajasvinām means "the powerful ones, the virile ones." And, who are they? It is not us. In this world we have no power; we are quite powerless. Who are the ones that have power, truly? They are Masters, Buddhas, bodhisattvas ; those who have enormous Tejah, virility, prowess, potency, the ability to command nature both inside and outside of themselves. The Master Krishna showed that through many miracles and exploits. The picture I showed you in the beginning showed him lifting a mountain over his head, in order to protect his people. Moses parted the waters of the Red Sea. The Master Krishna also parted a river. Krishna and Moses have the same symbols, same powers. These are great Masters, they are Tejasvinām. So, Krishna-Christ is the power in any Master. Krishna is Christ.
The next passage of this scripture reads, "I am the strength of the strong, devoid of kama and raga. I am kama which is not contrary to dharma, O lord of the Bharatas [Arjuna]." Kama is another word in Sanskrit that has different subtleties. It depends on its context as to how you translate it. The truth of that is right here: he says, 'I am devoid of Kama' and in the next sentence says, 'I am Kama.' So it appears to contradict. What is Kama? Ever heard of The Kama Sutra? Kama can mean sex life, it can mean lust, and it can mean love. It can also mean Chastity . So, it depends on the context. Naturally, with the mind that humanity has now, any time they see the word sex, it is lust. So, the Kama Sutra is used for lustful purposes, the world over. In fact, the only translation that is publicly available is completely adulterated. It is not the actual scripture. It is a version that was adulterated by a Westerner, in order to build up his own fame and wealth. It is completely adulterated, yet it is everywhere. It is one of those best selling books that everybody reads and thinks is a real scripture from India, but it is not. It is packed with lies. It is a text of black magic. The real Kama Sutra has been hidden.
Krishna says, 'I am the strength of the strong, devoid of Kama and Raga.' Here he is saying, "I am devoid of lust." There is no lust in Christ. There is no lust in any Buddha. Yet, humanity looks at the images of the Buddhas and Masters and sees lust, because our minds are full of lust. We see images of Krishna with his spouse, we see images of the Divinities in consort with their partners, sexually, and we see it lustfully, because our mind is like that. But the Gods have no lust. Krishna is devoid of Raga; Raga means attachment, grasping, to clutch, to pull, to hold. What is lust? Attachment to sensation. Kama and Raga work together.
He says, "I am Kama which is not contrary to Dharma." Dharma is also very difficult to translate. The name Dharma is very deep in its implications. Used in this context, it means "religious principles." But, the core of the word Dharma is "truth, reality." When we hear religious principles, we think of a dogma, some list of rules that we have to follow. That is not real religion, that is only the second law. The first law is the reality, the truth. In this level, physically, gravity is a law, it is "a Dharma." We have the Dharma of gravity. We have the Dharma of electricity, the Dharma of magnetism. These are truths, they are energies in motion that we can learn to work with, and if we ignore those Dharmas, we suffer. If you stick your finger in an electrical socket, you will get shocked, because you ignored that Dharma. Christ, Krishna, is Kama which is not contrary to Dharma – sex that is in harmony with truth, with religious principles.
To me, this is the single most important line of the entire Bhagavad Gita. Krishna says,
"I am sex which is not contrary to religion." - Bhagavad Gita 7:11
How is it that millions upon millions of people have read the Bhagavad Gita, and have become celibate? They missed this line, or it was mistranslated, or mis-explained. Krishna says here, "I am sex," so why do they renounce sex? If they want to know Krishna, if they want to know Christ, the power of creation, the power of the Gods, it is in sex. It is in the sexual seed, which is Krishna. The problem is that we do not know what Dharmic sex is. We only know lustful sex, we only know Kama with Raga, with attachment. Because of that, we misunderstand everything. So, people renounce sex, because they are trying to renounce attachment. They are trying to renounce desire. But, they are also throwing away the keys to overcoming desire. The key to conquering desire is the middle path, which is what the Buddha taught. To not renounce sex, neither to indulge in it, but walk in the middle: to engage in sex, but without lust.
Krishna says he is Kama; this image shows Kama-Deva.
Deva means God. Kama-Deva means "God of Love, God of sex." In this painting we see a beautifully clothed man poised on top of a bird, and in his hands he has a bow and arrow, and the arrow is fiery. What is the fire? Sex, it is Rajas, it is passion, it is the ability to create, it is the first of the three Gunas, the first modality of Prakriti. Kama-Deva sits poised on the bird, in order to fire the fiery arrow into our hearts and minds and sex, to inspire us with the impulse to create, to love. Does this remind you of anyone? Does it look familiar? It should. Ever hear of Cupid? Eros?
If you study Greek mythology, you know that one of the most primordial Gods in Greco-Roman mythology is Eros, who is not that little chubby boy who is mischievous and runs around shooting people with arrows in the cartoons. That is the same thing as the little baby Krishna stealing butter, and the little baby Jesus in the manger. It is a cute symbol, but it is only a cute symbol. Eros is hiding a very profound truth about our inner nature, and about the nature of spirituality. Eros is Krishna. Eros-Cupid is the most profound, important symbol in Greco-Roman mythology. It is right in the middle of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which were the most important mystery school of the Greco-Roman mythology, and the Orphic Mysteries has some of this as well.
Eros is Christ, Kama-Deva, Krishna, who with his arrow penetrates the heart to inspire us with love. Of course, both Hinduism and the Greek and Roman traditions were completely perverted by the minds of men and women, because we could not comprehend divine sexuality without Raga, attachment, without passion and lust. We perverted these symbols and made them into approvals of our degeneration. We converted these beautiful, pristine, pure symbols into a stamp or seal of approval saying, "its okay for you to be a degenerate." Eros is where we get the term "erotic." If you go to the "erotic" section of any store now, you will not find anything divine or holy, you will only find poison for your soul. Originally, the erotic mysteries were the purest aspect of Divinity, of spirituality, of religion, worldwide: in Hinduism, in Buddhism, in Christianity, in Judaism. The erotic aspect of those teachings was the most pure and most sacred aspect that was only given to those who earned it, by working on themselves, by cleaning themselves of impurity.
We do not want to look at the war we have to wage in ourselves, against ourselves. We do not want to fight against our lust and pride. We want approval for them, and to embrace them. So, we have converted these ancient symbols into approval for degeneration. So, Eros became a symbol for degeneration, and so did Kama-Deva. That is why we have the modern Kama Sutra, and modern eroticism, which are pure 100% black magic and will take you to suffering.
Here, Krishna is playing his flute. The flute is very symbolic, on many levels; it represents the spinal column. Krishna blows his breath through our spine to play notes, to play music, the music of the soul. That breath is his energy. If we are totally distracted and absorbed in materialism, in our lust, in our pride, in pursuing things externally, in chasing women or chasing men, we cannot hear the notes that he plays inside of us. If you learn to meditate, if you learn to harness the power of your own Kama, you can hear the music of Krishna. That same message is the basis of the Magic Flute by Mozart. It is also the teaching of Eros. This is Eros on a Greek Urn, playing his flute; but Eros adds a beautiful element – his flute has two parts, a man and a woman. The most complete note that Christ can play is through a couple. Is it not true that two voices in harmony are more beautiful than one? Love cannot exist without one to love. Love emerges as a magnetic, electric force between two beings; that is what produces the sound.
In the next image we see Krishna with his lover Radha. Here we see Eros with his, Psyche. Greek and Hindu, same message, same teaching, different parts of the world.
The point here is that this teaching is universal, it does not belong to any religion, it is every religion. That is why Christ says, 'I am sex life which is not contrary to Dharma.' Dharma is universal, it is truth. Truth does not respect any boundary. Truth is not only in India, it is not only in Mexico, it is in the Consciousness . Christ is that, the power of creation through sex. So, to understand what that means, we need to understand what is Dharmic Kama.
Here we see Shiva in love with his wife, Parvati. She is embracing a lingam, which is a very ancient symbol found primarily in Hinduism, but also found in the Greek mysteries, which is the symbol of the phallus united with the vagina. It is a sexual symbol. These two Gods represent that sex and love are Divine, not animal, not lustful. We make sex animal, because of our attachment, because of desire. This is explained in the ancient scripture the Shiva Samhita, which is like the Hatha Yoga Paratiki, another scripture from Hinduism that is ignored these days because it says things that nobody wants to hear. Of course, nowadays, you can go to any city in the world and find 100s of Yoga schools, all different kinds; Hatha Yoga , Bhakti Yoga , Bikram, Sivananda, Kundalini , etc, etc, etc. None of them will teach you about this scripture, because they do not like it, even though all their traditions originally came from it, they just cut this out, because they do not want to teach it, because they do not want to practice it.
The scripture is quite short. It is spoken from the point of the Divinity, it is a dialogue from Shiva, who is Krishna in his creative and destructive aspect, who says:
"I [Shiva] am the semen , Sakti [the Goddess] is the generative fluid; when they are [perfectly] combined in the body [through this practice], then the body of the Yogi becomes divine [immortal].
Ejaculation of semen [ orgasm ] brings death, preserving it within brings life. Therefore, one should make sure to retain the semen within.
One is born and dies through semen ; in this there is no doubt. Knowing this, the Yogi must always preserve his semen .
When the precious jewel of semen is mastered, anything on earth can be mastered. Through the grace of its preservation, one becomes as great as me [Shiva].
The use of semen determines the happiness or pain of all beings living in the world, who are deluded [by desire] and are subject to death and decay.
This is the ultimate Yoga ." - Siva Samhita
This is directly quoted from a Hindu scripture, and explains the secret teaching that was never given publicly, and that is ignored by all the famous Yoga schools. What does it say? That Dharmic Kama teaches that one must preserve the force of Krishna and hold it as sacred. That force is the sexual energy. That means that we need to hold and transform that energy for him. Just as that energy can create if we express it physically - it can create a child - if we retain it and transform it, it creates the soul. It becomes the vessel through which God can express in us.
It is not easy to retain the sexual energy, especially in the beginning. But, as you learn and become trained, it becomes natural, just as it used to be.
In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna says, "It is lust, it is wrath, born of the energy of Rajas, all-devouring, all-sinful, that know thou is the foe here."
The enemy in spirituality is lust, is anger. He continues,
"As fire is surrounded by smoke, as a mirror by rust, as the fetus is enclosed in the womb, so is this covered by it. Covered, O son of Khunti, is wisdom by this constant enemy of the wise, in the form of desire, which is greedy and insatiable."
This passage is very profound. Synthesized in simple terms, it means this: your power to awaken and become like a God is veiled by your lust. If you want to awaken and become like a God, you need to clear away the veil. It means you need to cleanse the lust off of your sexual power. That comes as a process of a war, inside, because lust is greedy and insatiable. Lust has many arguments to defend itself. Lust is very sneaky and infects even religions and spiritual organizations, and gives itself a stamp of approval – that is right to be there. No scripture of white Tantra or pure religion approves lust. So, to advance in real spirituality, lust has to be cleansed, removed.
Further, he says, "The senses, mind and reason are said to be its seat. Veiling wisdom through these, it deludes the embodied. Therefore, O Lord of the Baratas, restrain the senses first, do thou cast off this sinful thing of fornication , which is destructive of knowledge and wisdom. Slay thou, O Mighty Armed, the enemy in the form of desire, hard to conquer."
First we talk about the physical senses. We interact with our lives through our senses.
Mind and reason are Buddhi and Manas. Unfortunately, in us, our Buddhi and Manas are not pure. Buddhi in us, Geburah , is that very high aspect, the Divine Soul, which we have clothed in animal lust. We have buried it. It is stuck in the underworld. It is Eurydice who is trapped in Hell. It is Persephone who is stolen by Pluto, kept in suffering. Her hero, the great warrior (Orpheus, Heracles, Aeneas), has to go into the underworld to pull her out. That is his true love. He cannot save her if he lusts for her. He can only save her through his pure love for her, a love that is not attached, a love of Chastity . It is a sexual love, but it is free of attachment.
'Veiling wisdom through these, it deludes the embodied' – that wisdom is Prajna, Christ wisdom, the wisdom of the beyond. It is the highest aspect of knowledge. But, in us, it is hidden because of our egoism, because of Ahamkara.
'Therefore, restrain the senses first. Do thou cast off this sinful thing.'
To restrain the senses does not mean to shut your eyes and close your ears, and clamp your mouth shut and hide. If you restrain the chariot, you cannot go anywhere. If you stop the horses, you stop moving. Thus, study the example of Arjuna in the chariot. Those horses can represent the senses. For Arjuna to fight the battle, he has to move, he has to guide the horses, the senses through conscious will, to the battlefield, to find his enemy and to slay him. To restrain the senses means to have conscious will over what you perceive, to be attentive, to be present, to be cognizant, to be self-remembering. Not to hide or avoid. Remember, we must walk the middle path; not indulging, not repressing or avoiding. To be in the middle, living our lives, pursuing our goal, but with the conscious awareness of that. Restrain here does not mean stop, it means to guide consciously.
Then, 'Do thou cast off this sinful thing' – that is the orgasm . That is physical and it is emotional and it is mental. Many people think, even in Hinduism and Buddhism, that it is just to restrain the physical expression of that energy. That is a lie. You can restrain just the physical part, and still experience the energetic aspect of the orgasm , and it is still an orgasm , and you will awaken Consciousness , but with your lust, and you will become a black magician. Simple as that, you can become a demon. In Sanskrit demons are called Asuras. An asura is someone who is awakened, but has awakened through lust, anger, or pride, but primarily lust.
Krishna says here that this thing, fornication , is destructive of knowledge and wisdom. This is very clear. The ones who indulge in fornication , in sex, lack knowledge and wisdom, but they are abundant in suffering.
"Ahamkara and Maithuna are in fact the basis of a true Yoga . Ahamkara, dissolution of the I, and Maithuna , Sexual Magic . Behold the true synthesis of the Yoga ." - Samael Aun Weor
That is what is taught in the Bhagavad Gita: dissolve the I, whose primary root is lust, and transform the sexual energy, whose primary method is through sex. This is Ahamkara and Maithuna (a Sanskrit word that means religious sexuality). The result of that work, is that the person harnesses every atom of energy that they have and eliminates every atom of egoism that they have, and that they become a perfect expression of Christ. This is how all the great Masters and Angels and Buddhas and Devas have come to be. There is no other way.
The Vision of Vishnu
"My dear Arjuna, this form of mine you are now seeing is very difficult to behold. Even the Demi-Gods are ever seeking the opportunity to see this form which is so dear. The form you are seeing with your transcendental eyes cannot be understood simply by studying the Vedas, nor by undergoing serious penances, nor by charity, nor by worship. It is not by these means that one can see me as I am. My dear Arjuna, he who engages in my pure devotional service, free from the contaminations from the fruit of activities and mental speculation, he who works for me, who makes me the supreme goal of his life, and who is without an enemy among living beings, he certainly comes to me."
In that final passage, we see the three factors of any true path of Yoga or religion. Most people who study religion do all the things he says that do not lead anywhere, like all of us. All the spiritual people are trying to do very serious spiritual practices, which are penances, like fasting, being vegetarian, circumambulating sacred grounds, adopting certain clothes or other aspects of lifestyle, or we study the scriptures like the Vedas or Sutras or Tantras, or we enter a life of service becoming a monk or a Nun , or we commit ourselves to doing certain types of worship practices, like a Bhakti Yoga practice, like doing a 100,000 recitations of our mantra every day, this type of thing – these are all fine, and are useful, but they do not lead to God. They purify Karma, and they can help achieve some degree of stability in the Consciousness of a person – but, for one who wants to know Christ, to experience Christ, to directly perceive the reality of Krishna, there is only way to do it, and that is to die. You cannot engage in his pure devotional service, free from fruit of activities and mental speculation, you cannot make Krishna the supreme goal of your life, if you have pride, if you have lust, if you have envy or jealously. You cannot, because right now, what we worship is our ego . Even when we are religious, we make our religion a food for our pride. We make our spirituality nourishment for our lust. We make our spirituality a support for our envy. No one wants to die, and that is the conflict that Arjuna is having on the battlefield. Arjuna does not want to kill all of his egos, which are lined up I the background. He sees them and says, 'Those are my family. I have lived with them for all my lifetimes, I cannot kill them. They are me, they are my blood.' We are all like that. We see the images of God and the beautiful teachings, and we feel inspired and want to experience real religion, but when we look in the mirror, and when we look at ourselves and our behaviours, we say, "Uh, I cannot change that. It is too much. Maybe later I will feel better and meditate on that, not today. Maybe later God will give me the strength to meditate on my lust, but right now I do not feel like I can do it; it is too much." All of us suffer from that disease. That is why we still suffer, and have no experience of the Divine.
Krishna says that in order for us to see the true face of reality, we have to die, and that is today. That death is psychological, it is to look directly in ones own face, and to recognize ones own crime and to atone for it, and to stop making the mistake and to never go back. That is very difficult, but it is the only way.
The only power that can make it possible to do it, is Christ itself. If we are fornicating, physically, emotionally or mentally, wasting our energy through lust, primarily but also through pride and anger and envy, we will never have the energy to do it.
The three Gunas – Rajas, Sattva and Tamas – are the secret to spiritual advancement. All three come from sexual energy. If you are depleting your sexual energy constantly, either physically through the actual act of orgasm in sex or masturbation, or you are wasting it emotionally through explosions of anger or lust or pride or attachment in your heart, or mentally through your fantasies and daydreams and wrong thinking, you will have no energy to work spiritually. None. So, you will be as an empty vessel, without any real life, just suffering.
Through retention of the sexual forces, you start to acquire a vessel through which Krishna can work in you. Krishna says, "I am the seed" - so if we save that seed and respect it, transform it, we learn how to utilize it. Not repressing it and not indulging in it, but using it with respect; then, Krishna can work through us. This is what it means to say, "He who works for me, who makes me the supreme goal of his life and who is without an enemy among living beings."
Do you notice how nowadays, we avoid each other? People are becoming more and more insular, we talk less and less face to face, and more and more by remote. First it was letters, then it was the telephone, then it was the fax, then its email, now its chatting and cell phones - we are becoming more and more isolated. Why? Because in this way it is easier for us to maintain a false image of ourselves. When we are face to face, the other person can see all of our defects, our pimples, our sagging belly, our grey hair, they can see everything about us that we do not want them to see. This is the whole point of "online dating"; it is all lies. Everybody is projecting an image of themselves that they want to show others, but when they actually meet the person, they are not going to be anything like that. Those relationships are doomed to fail.
"He who is without an enemy among living beings." Who is that? Does anyone know anyone who is without an enemy? And by enemy, we do not just mean someone who hates or kills – in any place of any kind where there is conflict, that is an enemy. Most of us are enemies even with our own families; we have layers of built up resentments, envy, jealousy, over lifetimes. With our spouse, and with our children, and our parents - any places of conflict, we have an enemy. So, who is it that is without an enemy among living beings? Only Christ. Only Christ loves equally and universally. Only Christ has no enemies. Christ even loves the devil. So, in order to come to Krishna, we have to become Krishna.
There are many out there who say if you just chant this Mantra, "Hari Krishna Hari Krishna Krishna Krishna Hari Hari...." and if you do that 200,000,000,000 times, then you will become like Krishna and be very close to him. Or, if you are a business man and you have wealth, and you give all your wealth to build a temple for Krishna, then he will love you, and you will be dear to him, and you will be protected by Krishna forever and ever. These are all lies.
The scripture states it extremely clearly: only the one who devotes every atom of his existence to becoming Krishna, comes to Krishna. Now, it sounds impossible, it sounds overwhelming, but it has be done. It has been done many times, and it can be done again. One only has to have the will to die, psychologically. To realize that suffering is not the only way, that there is a better way. We do not have to just suffer and die in anxiety and lack of knowledge. It is possible to cast off suffering and to become pure. To do that, we have to work. It does not come by saying a prayer, or saying a mantra, or by making a promise, or by giving all your money to a temple – it comes by working on yourself.
Questions and Answers
Audience: Most of the pictures I have seen have four horses, and they represent the four bodies of sin, I thought. But there are five there?
Instructor: The horses can represent the five senses, it can also represent the four bodies of the soul, or can represent the Tattvas. There are different levels of meaning there, depending on which tradition produced the painting, because they have different ways of studying the psychology. But, in general, the chariot and the horses represent the body; ourselves, our vessel, which includes the inner bodies. You cannot separate the inner bodies from the senses. They work with each other.
Audience: Is it then, when Orpheus turns around, is acting with desire and hence his loss of Eurydice?
Instructor: That's right. In the Greek myth of Orpheus, he is pulling is spouse, his beloved out of the abyss. But, in a moment of doubt, he turns back to see her, and loses her. That represents an initiate who is working on the path, who is achieving some level of purification, bringing his Consciousness out of the ego , but looks back, out of desire, out of attachment, and he loses his work. Then he has to start again, and it is even more difficult.
Audience: If Eros relates to Rajas, do then Chronos and Gaia relate to Tamas and Sattva?
Instructor: No. In fact, Eros is the capacity of all three Gunas, just as Krishna is all three. Any God uses all three Gunas, they are not one or the other.
Audience: Gnostically speaking, what is a Demi-God?
Instructor: A Demi-God is a being who has achieved some degree of work in the path. Demi means "part, partial," so if you are a "partial God," it means that you have done some degree of work, you have achieved some degree of Initiation, but not complete.
Audience: First mountain.
Instructor: Yes, it is related – if you know about the three Mountains, this relates to Initiates working in the first mountain. So, that is related to creation of the Solar bodies, the serpents of fire and the serpents of light.
Audience: Where did the lengthy quote on slide 19 comes from, on Dharmic Kama?
Instructor: The quote about Dharmic Kama comes from a scripture called Shiva Samhita. The scripture itself is only about 5 chapters long. Most of it is just about postures, asana, and a bit about breathing. The important passage about sexuality is included in its entirety, in the back of the new addition of " Kundalini Yoga " by Samael Aun Weor, and is also on the sacred sex website.
Audience: Is there any value in doing Alchemy during the day?
Instructor: Samael Aun Weor explained that the transmutation practice with a partner is most effective when performed at night, during darkness, because the energies are veiled and hidden in such a way that they can ascend and work through the spinal column more easily, because the Solar light is not descending and working through the Nadis. But, certainly, if you practice during the day, you can utilize those forces that are harnessed in order to work on the ego . If that is the only time of day that you can practice, you should use it. But, if it is possible, it is better at night. The energies are more effectively transmitted.
Audience: So, does looking back only relates to orgasm , or can you lose your work in other ways?
Instructor: The looking back of Orpheus relates to a psychological phenomenon, not physical. So, when he looks back, in the myth, it is related to his mind becoming hypnotized by his attachments. So, that is a psychological symbol, not physical. It does not relate strictly to an orgasm , it relates to a psychological relationship; as an Initiate, a person can still be holding their energy physically, but fall, because of pride, because of lust, because of anger, even though physically they are still trying to maintain Chastity . So, falling and rising is primarily a psychological phenomenon. The physical component just stores energy, but it does not raise you up. It is the psychological work that raises you up.
Audience: Is it wrong to descend into sex and lust, in order to feel enough pain to change, just as long as you have the will to get through?
Instructor: I'm not sure I really understand the question; if the question is about indulging in lustful sexuality in order to punish oneself? That would be a mistake. If you already know something is wrong, why would you keep doing it? Masochism is a very dangerous toxin. We all have it. Everyone punishes themselves out of guild or remorse, but it is toxic. If you know something is wrong, you better stop, because the law is extra severe with those who do things that they know are wrong. It is like, if you tell a child 1000 times, 'Do not take a cookie out of the jar' and they keep doing it, your punishments are going to get more severe until they stop. So, our Divine guides are like that, too.
Audience: Why do the Masters descend on purpose, knowing that – because they want to gain more Consciousness ?
Instructor: Masters descend again in order to raise higher. They take on more suffering and more pain and more responsibility, and it is harder and harder every time. But, they do it because they want to reach higher degrees of light. That is not the same as us, who are already fallen. We are already fallen, why would we keep deepening our suffering?
Audience: (inaudible)
Instructor: We are already demons . So, why deepen our suffering even more? That would be really foolish. There are a lot of people that do that; who know certain behaviors are wrong yet they do it; they know it is wrong, and they hate themselves. That is very toxic; it is going to result in very powerful consequences. So, when you realize and feel something you know is wrong – stop. That is God telling you in your heart, "do not do that." We do not listen, but the Law is the Law.
Krishna is not separate from you. I know when we study religion, we study symbolism, it becomes a mental speculation, but he is saying you cannot reach him through mental speculation. You cannot reach him through just studying the scripture, just analyzing things with your mind, your intellect, you cannot. If you want to know about Divinity, about reality, you have to work on yourself; you have to change. This is the only way. There are many millions of people in every religion, including in Gnosis , who are just bookworms, or who do practices; they may seem very serious about doing penances and studying the scripture and doing charity and worshipping, and showing up when they need to show up, and doing what they need to do, but they are not going anywhere spiritually. They maybe people that you know, and it may be you. The key to successful work in Gnosis is to constantly self-evaluate, to analyze yourself very honestly. That is why in several of his books, the Master Samael said, "put your hand on your heart and be sincere, have you awakened your Kundalini ?" Have you spoken face to face with Divinity? Do you have the capability to access and perceive the truth directly for yourself? If you can do those things, then you are achieving something in Gnosis , and if you cannot, you are making some kind of mistake that you need to analyze, and revise, and change. Any person is capable of knowing God, but the chief obstacle is ourselves. We are Arjuna. Krishna is saying, "You are on the battlefield, and you have to kill all of those demons , which are yourself and that look like your family, and that look like your loved ones, but they are your enemies. They have to die." So, study the Bhagavad Gita, it will help you.
Audience: What is it when you have a nocturnal pollution without lust?
Instructor: Any nocturnal pollution is a product of lust. Even if it is not readily visible that lust was the cause, it is the cause. So, it is likely that if a person is having wet dreams, nocturnal pollutions, and they are not seeing the cause, it is because they are not seeing the cause during the day. They have some kind of habit of perception or thinking during the day, about which they have no awareness. So, the way to cure that is to deepen self-observation, to meditate more and to find what it is that you are doing that is causing that energy to get out of control. Ultimately, the only cure for nocturnal pollutions is the Maithuna , sexual transmutation with a partner.
Let me make one last point, this is something I wanted to point out in this lecture; that reminds me, I am glad you asked that. About Dharmic Kama: if you look at all the images I have shown you, you see something very significant, that is over looked by many Tantric traditions, especially the yogic traditions that are being brought to the West now. Do you see all these images of Krishna with Radha? And all the images of Guru Rinpoche with Yeshe Tsogyal? Or, you see all the images of Shiva with Shakti or Parvati? Do you realize something important about them? Each displays a man and a woman. It is not a man alone, it is not a man with a man, it is not a woman with a woman, it is not a person with an animal; it is a man and a woman. There is a reason. A couple, male and female, represent two of the Gunas. When they come together and unite, they activate the third force. The man is the projective force, masculine, who hunts for the woman. The woman is the avoiding force, who tries to avoid the man. But, when he catches her, and they unite, they are reconciled, they are harmonized. There you have three forces. That is the power of creation. That is what is represented in all of those ancient scriptures, paintings, symbols and images.
Dharmic Kama is a perfect matrimony: a union of a man and a woman. Full Dharmic Kama cannot be achieved by a single person, but a certain degree can be – that is, a degree of purity in oneself that can be achieved as a single person. In ancient times, that was the pre-requisite to enter into the stage of working as a couple; first you had a period of time working as a single, in order to stabilize your mind, awaken Consciousness and start to gain some ability to manage your energy. Then, when you had the energy, to manage it and not lose it; then you would be introduced to a spouse, married, and you would work with your spouse. That was the ancient way. But, of course, with our lust and our curiosity and our perversion, we ruined it. And, those who hated sex, and hated their spouse, decided to try and work on their own, or they decided to work with their best friend of the same sex, or they decided to work with their animals. They all have become black magicians, and have been perpetuating their mistaken doctrines for centuries. Their teachings are everywhere. When you study Kama, when you study Krishna and you study these sacred teachings, the vast majority of what you see will be degenerated. It will be garbage. If you really want to know about the science, you have to study the original scriptures, and you have to work in yourself, and work hard, and the real scripture will be revealed to you. But, it will not be revealed if you are continuing with perverse, degenerated habits. Krishna will not allow those elements to be brought into his real temples, which are in the internal worlds. So, if you have attachment to practices or schools or techniques that belong to the degenerated traditions, you have to discard those things in order to receive the real teaching. You cannot continue with those harmful ways, you have to stop. It is not allowed. So, that is discussed in some of the other scriptures, related with the Krishna, where he describes in one of the chapters of the Bhagavad Gita.
Audience: Are the three Gunas related to the three traitors?
Instructor: Only in a very loose way. There are many symbolic representations of the power of three. The Gunas are at the ultimate root of all Trinities. So, any Trinity, even the three brains, you find relationships with the gunas, but you cannot say that one Guna is related to one brain, because the reality is, in our sexual centre, we have all three Gunas. In our emotional centre, we have all three Gunas, because emotionally, we create, we sustain and we destroy. The three Gunas describe a process of the transformation of energy, and that happens in everything; in all three traitors, in every ego , in every brain, in every body, in every dimension. It is everywhere. This is the thing about trying to understand how these all fit together; it is not that these three connect directly to these three. That is an intellectual approach; that is not how nature works.
Audience: Does Sexual Magic still work if the spouse has lust and fornicates but you do not?
Instructor: Well, we all have lust. We all fornicate psychologically, even when we are trying to be in Chastity . You can achieve great heights in this work, even if your spouse is not on this path at all, and does not like it, and fornicates, and opposes you in it. You can still achieve a lot. Why is that? Because the basis of the work is not in the physical substances, it is in love. Krishna is the God of Love. Sex should be an expression of love, not lust. When you learn to truly love, by harnessing your sexual power as the fuel for that love, you achieve the work. You can do that to a degree as a single person, and you can do that to a greater degree with a spouse who is not on the path, and you can achieve it to an even greater degree if your spouse is working with you. The question is never about what other people are doing, of whether you can do it or not. You will always be opposed, whether your spouse is doing it or not, or your family is opposed to it, they all hate it, they think you are a degenerate and a black magician, all of your friends will reject it. None of that really matters, because the chief obstacle you have will be your own mind, your own lust, your own pride, your own envy; those are the bigger problems. Whether you are married or single, or your spouse is in this work or not in this work, ultimately, it is irrelevant. What matters is how are you using your own energy, and conquering your own problems? That is what matters. We have to do that first, and love everyone. We have to love them, whether they are in the work or not, you have to love them.
Audience: Would you be able to briefly discuss what the different Hindu scriptures are?
Instructor: Briefly? Haha. Well, Hinduism has probably the richest tradition of scriptures in the world; probably second to that would be Buddhism, which has many 100s of scriptures. The primary Hindu scriptures would be the Vedas, the Shastras, the Upanishads, the Mahabharata, and another large collection of poems and poetic works. Those are the main ones.
Audience: The Ramayana?
Instructor: Yes, the Ramayana is part of the poetic works. There are hundreds of scriptures, you would not be able to read them in your lifetime. There are too many. If you really want to understand Hinduism, study the Vedas, those are the oldest, and the most profound. Most of the scriptures in the Vedas are about Agni. Agni means God of Fire; that is Krishna. They are very beautiful scriptures, but very, very difficult to understand with the intellect. To really grasp any of these scriptures, you have to meditate.
If you want to understand more about this lecture; take one sentence and meditate on it. Take a sentence that struck your heart, even if it was really uncomfortable, you didn't like it, that is exactly the one you should meditate on, because it is pointing at something in you that you do not want to deal with. So, deal with it. Take that scripture, read it, digest it, take it into yourself and chew on it; for a week, for two weeks, until you start to really get it. And, when you meditate on it, you visualize the meaning, you put that scripture in your mind, you analyze your three brains, you relax and let the images come. Let the Consciousness show you. Let your imagination open up, and it will show you new things. A lot of it will be garbage, but if you are patient and persistent and you know how to meditate, you will start to have insight. You see, every one of those passages is a door. They are all doorways. Any passage from the Bhagavad Gita is a doorway to Krishna. The same is true of the Bible, and the Vedas. These words, even though they are translated into English, they have a connection to where they came from, and they came from Krishna. If you meditate on them very seriously, and very persistently, and you earn it, Krishna will show you more, will teach you what you need to know. I can give you assurance of that, because I have experienced that. That is how we teach these lectures. We are not making this up. We study, we meditate, we reflect, we try to learn from the source. Not from theories; we do not read commentaries, we do not read other authors, we read the scriptures, we study the scriptures. Everything is there, because those scriptures are doorways into the Consciousness . People's opinions are worthless. We do not have time for opinions. This planet is about to undergo a tremendous cataclysm; this entire society, everything we know, is going to be taken away. No one knows when, but it will happen. So, why waste time on foolishness? On opinions and debates? We need truth, we need Dharma, the real thing. So, lets cut through the garbage and get to the point.
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Edith Cavell, who was executed in 1915 by German firing squad after aiding the escape of allied prisoners from Belgium, was a member of which profession? | British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 - HISTORY.com
British nurse Edith Cavell executed
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On the morning of October 12, 1915, the 49-year-old British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad in Brussels, Belgium.
Before World War I began in 1914, Cavell served for a number of years as the matron of a nurse’s training school in Brussels. After the city was captured and occupied by the Germans in the first month of war, Cavell chose to remain at her post, tending to German soldiers and Belgians alike. In August 1915, German authorities arrested her and accused her of helping British and French prisoners-of-war, as well as Belgians hoping to serve with the Allied armies, to escape Belgium for neutral Holland.
During her trial, Cavell admitted that she was guilty of the offenses with which she had been charged. She was sentenced to death. Though diplomats from the neutral governments of the United States and Spain fought to commute her sentence, their efforts were ultimately in vain. The night before her execution on October 12, 1915, Cavell confided in Reverend Horace Graham, a chaplain from the American Legation, that “They have all been very kind to me here. But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity: I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.”
Cavell’s execution led to a rise in anti-German feeling in the United States as well as in Britain, where she was idealized as a heroic martyr to the cause and was honored with a statue in St. Martin’s Place, just off London’s Trafalagar Square. “What Jeanne d’Arc has been for centuries to France,” wrote one Allied journalist, “that will Edith Cavell become to the future generations of Britons.”
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Which famous sauce is manufactured by McIlhenny & Co of Avery Island Louisiana? | Avery Island | TABASCO.COM
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Avery Island
The birthplace of TABASCO® brand pepper sauce, Avery Island has been owned for over 180 years by the interrelated Marsh, Avery and McIlhenny families. Lush subtropical flora and venerable live oaks draped with wild muscadine and swags of barbe espagnole, or Spanish moss, cover this geological oddity, which is one of five "islands" rising above south Louisiana’s flat coastal marshes.
The island occupies roughly 2,200 acres and sits atop a deposit of solid rock salt thought to be deeper than Mount Everest is high. Geologists believe this deposit is the remnant of a buried ancient seabed, pushed to the surface by the sheer weight of surrounding alluvial sediments.
Today, Avery Island remains the home of the TABASCO® brand pepper sauce factory, as well as Jungle Gardens and its Bird City wildfowl refuge. The Tabasco factory and the gardens are open to the public. For tourism information, visit www.TABASCO.com or call 337-365-8173.
Avery Island Tourism Resources
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The Flamengo Vs Fluminense football derby, also known as the Fla–Flu is contested between two teams based in which city? | Fla-Flu, a Carioca special - FIFA.com
Fla-Flu, a Carioca special
27 Jun 2009
© Getty Images
Nobody has ever summed up the origins of the Flamengo-Fluminense derby better than the sports writer and dramatist Nelson Rodrigues, who once said "the Fla-Flu was created 40 minutes before nothing." It is a sentence that captures the sheer importance of the Clássico das Multidões (Derby of the Masses) to both the city of Rio de Janeiro and Brazilian football as a whole.
The latest instalment in their long-running rivalry will take place on Sunday, on Matchday 8 of the Brasileirao. And as FIFA.com reveals, few other derbies around the world can match the Fla-Flu for historical significance or for its ability to produce dramatic, defining moments.
The origins
The roots of the clássico stretch back years before the first meeting between the two sides on 7 July 1912. Founded in 1895, Clube de Regatas do Flamengo was dedicated mainly to rowing in its early years and it was not until 1911 that its football team came into being. Ironically, the founders were a group of nine players from another venerable institution called Fluminense Football Club, who broke away from the then-Rio de Janeiro champions to set up their own team, creating a rivalry born from within.
Despite having lost the core of their squad, Fluminense won that very first encounter 3-2, with Bartho scoring the winner after 77 minutes. The match was watched by a crowd of 800 people, a figure that was fairly respectable for the time but one that is dwarfed by the huge attendances the derby, now synonymous with a packed Estadio Maracana, would begin to attract in the decades that followed.
Neither Flamengo nor Fluminense, the winner of the first four Rio championships between 1906 and 1909, would lift the league trophy that year. The first time the teams battled it out for the championship was four years later in 1915, with Flamengo getting the better of their rivals to win the league for the second time. Ever since then the Fla-Flu has always been a distinguishing feature of Rio's footballing identity.
Facts and figures
This year's Rio de Janeiro state championship triumph was Flamengo's 31st in all, taking them one ahead of O Tricolor. Thanks to their Zico-inspired glory years, O Mengão also have the edge over their local rivals in other competitions, having amassed four Brazilian league titles to Fluminense's one and two Brazilian Cups to their one, not to mention one Copa Libertadores crown, a trophy that their arch-enemies have never lifted.
In the 368 matches the two sides have contested over the last 97 years O Rubro-Negro also hold sway, having won 132 times and scored 543 goals in the process, with Fluminense claiming 118 wins and amassing a goal tally of 499.
The top scorer in the fixture is Arthur Antunes de Coimbra, better known as Zico, with 19 goals, while O Fluzão's leading marksmen is Hercules, their hero of 1930s and 1940s, with 15. Fluminense's biggest win over their rivals was a 5-1 thrashing in 1943, a result avenged by a 7-0 Flamengo win two years later, their most handsome victory in the fixture to date.
Tales of derbies past
The derby's famous name of Fla-Flu was first coined in the mid-1920s by the celebrated sports journalist Mario Filho, whose status in Brazil was such that the Maracana was renamed the Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho on his death in the mid-sixties. Filho came up with the moniker when the Rio side for the 1925 Brazilian State Teams Championship was announced. Made up entirely of Flamengo and Fluminense players, the revered writer dubbed the side the "Fla-Flu team", and when Rio promptly went and won the tournament the term entered the country's footballing lexicon.
The Maracana was officially opened in 1950, though it would be 13 years before the two sides met there in a Rio championship decider, a goalless draw securing the 1963 state title for O Rubro-Negro. That game was notable for the huge crowd it attracted. The official attendance of 177,656 is the highest in the history of the clássico and one of the largest of all time, with some sources putting the figure as high as 194,000.
The history of the derby is littered with famous names, from Flamengo greats Leonidas da Silva and Junior to Fluzão legends Tele Santana and Rivelino. A number of players have even turned out for both sides, though few with quite such distinction as Renato Gaucho. A Mengão idol in the 1980s and early 90s, Renato was sporting a Tricolor shirt when he scored one of the most famous goals in the fixture.
A thrilling 1995 state championship decider was reaching its conclusion, with Flamengo seemingly on course for the title after coming back from two goals down. Fluminense refused to give up and when Ailton sent a cross into the box, Renato bundled it over the line with his stomach, an unorthodox finish that gave them a 3-2 win and the championship at their rivals' expense.
The rivalry today
Though Fluminense won the Copa do Brasil for the first time in 2007 and came within a penalty shootout of claiming their maiden Copa Libertadores crown last year, Flamengo are enjoying the greater success this season. Having won the Rio de Janeiro state title, they also earned a 1-0 win in the first Fla-Flu of the year in April courtesy of a goal from left-wingback Juan.
Sunday's eagerly anticipated encounter features a duel between two strikers who formed part of the Brazil squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany™, with Flamengo's Adriano keen to outdo Fluminense's Fred in the scoring stakes. Both sides need their strikers to fire for differing reason. Coached by the legendary Carlos Alberto Parreira, O Tricolor Carioca are anxious to improve their lowly league placing of 11th, while O Rubro-Negro, with Cuca at the helm, can move into the Copa Libertadores places if they win.
Yet, as this potted history of this Rio rivalry shows, there is much, much more at stake on Sunday than just three points.
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Gevrik and Yarg cheeses come from which English county? | Map of Major football rivalries - The Full Wiki
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This article deals with major football rivalries around the world. This includes local derbies as well as matches between teams further apart. Major footballing rivalries manifest themselves in many ways. Fierce conflicts between supporter groups, large media coverage, high television viewing figures and, in some cases, bitter controversy can be both causes and consequences of high-profile rivalries.
South America
Alianza Lima vs Universitario
The Peruvian Super Classic (Superclásico Peruano) is the name given to Peru's biggest football local derby between Alianza Lima and Universitario de Deportes . The rivalry started on their first game on 23 September 1928 when the two first faced off in a violent game which Universitario won 1-0. Both clubs come from the capital city, Lima
. Alianza Lima , known as the team of the working classes, play their home games at the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva
. The fans from Alianza Lima are mostly people who live in the populous and poor areas of Lima
. Meanwhile, Universitario de Deportes is the team of the all social straits, founded by professors and students of the National University of San Marcos
. Universitario has been able to host few games against Alianza Lima at their stadium, Monumental , due to security concerns from the police. Alianza Lima has won the most Super Classics, but Universitario has been the most successful Peruvian club to date.
Barcelona vs Emelec
The biggest rivalry in Ecuador
is between the clubs Emelec and Barcelona , both from the city of Guayaquil
. It is known as "El Clásico del Astillero", which translates to "The Shipyard Classic", reflecting the status of Guayaquil as the country's main port.
Bolivar vs The Strongest
The Bolivian derby is the clash between the most popular teams in the country, Bolivar and The Strongest . This match focus the attention of great masses along Bolivia's whole geography and not only La Paz, home city of both of them. This rivalry began at the start at the 20th century.
Caracas vs Deportivo Táchira
The current biggest rivalry in Venezuela
is between the clubs Caracas Fútbol Club and Deportivo Táchira , two of the most popular and successful clubs in the country. The supporters of the "capitalinos" (people from Caracas, the capital) and the "gochos" (people from the Andes region) live with passion these matches year by year, spiced by the differences in idiosincracy from one region to another.
Cerro Porteño vs Olimpia
are the protagonists of what is known as, El Clásico (Superclásico –meaning classic– is the word used instead of derby in Spanish language).One of football's classic derbies, since the first time played in 1913, the Paraguayan
Clásico is the confrontation between the two greatest teams of Asunción
, Olimpia and Cerro Porteño .The rivalry is an important component of the country social culture, When the teams face each other at the mitic Defensores del Chaco Stadium in Asunción. They used to play sometimes in other places like Para Uno Stadium(Olimpia) or in La Olla (Cerro Porteño). One of the few Derbies with somehow 50% and 50% attendance, as Defensores del Chaco is property of the Paraguayan Football Association, for this game is neutral field.
Colo-Colo vs Cobreloa
This match between Colo-Colo and Cobreloa is not considered a real derby by some, but it means the real classic for Cobreloa 's fans and Calama's people. Both teams fought constantly for the Chilean championships in the 80's. Still today, this game is considered a derby for the great spectacles these clubs give when they meet each other.
Colo-Colo vs Universidad de Chile
Although the rivalry between Universidad Católica and Universidad de Chile is older, currently this is the biggest sports rivalry in Chile
, averaging more than 55,000 people per game. Colo-Colo is the popular team in Chile and also has the majority of supporters in every social class in Chile. The name the club bears is in honor of an aboriginal leader who fought Spanish conquerors. On the other hand, Universidad de Chile is not a team of upper classes (unlike its other rival Universidad Católica ), but has many of its supporters of the middle class in Chile, which is very passionate as well. The rivalry traces back to the 1940s and every decade it has increased its intensity. Nowadays, this derby is one of the most important football rivalries in South America.
Colo-Colo vs Universidad Católica
Not as strong as the Chilean football derby, the derby between Colo-Colo and Universidad Católica is a special rivalry because both teams are always fighting for the first places in Chilean football Championship. Colo-Colo and Universidad Católica are, along with Universidad de Chile, the big three in Chilean football.
Deportivo Italia vs Deportivo Galicia
The original Superclásico of the Venezuelan First Division played by the Deportivo Italia and the Deportivo Galicia , the rivalry between this two clubs exists because the Deportivo Italia is the most popular team between the Italians in Venezuela, and the Deportivo Galicia is the most popular team between the Spaniards in Venezuela. The Deportivo Italia was founded in 1948, while the Deportivo Galicia was founded in 1960, being two of the oldest football teams in Venezuela
.
Deportivo Italia vs Caracas FC
The Clásico de la Capital or the Capital Derby, this derby is played by the Deportivo Italia and the Caracas FC , there is a very big rivalry because this are the two most winning football teams in Venezuela
.
Libertad vs Olimpia
The Black and White derby in Paraguay, is the match between Club Olimpia and Club Libertad , both teams use black and white in their uniforms. It is not as important as the Paraguayan Super Classic, but when these two teams meet, the paraguayan championship could be decided.
Nacional vs Peñarol
One of football's classic derbies, since the late 19th century, the Uruguayan
Clásico is the confrontation between the two greatest teams of Montevideo
, Nacional and Peñarol . Both teams have played a big part in developing South American football and are respected in the Americas and worldwide despite their recent lack of international success. Together they sum up 8 Copa Libertadores and 6 Intercontinental Cups
The rivalry is an important component of the country's culture, which is paralyzed every time the clubs face each other at the legendary Centenario Stadium
in Montevideo, since the venue never changes no matter which one is the local team. One of the few Derbies with somehow 50% and 50% attendance, as Centenario for this game is neutral field.
The 0-0 draw of 14 April 1990, had after a direful fight, 22 red cards,11 each side, (Nacional-9 field players and 2 bench players). The match ended at 85' for the rule of less than 7 players.Then the 1-1 match of 26 November 2000 ended in another confrontation of several boxing and karate kicks and chops in which 9 players had to spent a month in jail along with one of the coaches.Two editions of the match were played abroad, one in La Plata
(Argentina) in 1960, the other in La Coruña
(Spain) in 2005.
Sporting Cristal vs Universitario
Althought it is not as big as the Peruvian Super Classic, the rivalry between Sporting Cristal and Universitario de Deportes is one of the mayor derbies in Peru, this game is called "Clásico Moderno del Futbol Peruano" (Peru's Modern Derby). The matches generate great expectations among the fan bases. Some of the causes of this rivalry are the controversial transfers between both clubs, and their international participations, both of them being runners-up of Copa Libertadores. Universitario and Sporting Cristal, along with Alianza Lima, are the big three of Peruvian Football.
Universidad Católica vs Universidad de Chile
The oldest "clásico" in Chile, the rivalry between the 2 universities unfolded when Universidad Católica was formed in 1937. Some students from the Club Universidad de Chile left the club to create Club Deportivo Universidad Católica. The Clasico Universitario was the most important rivalry in Chile until the beginning of the 70's. From that time Colo Colo began to win a great amount of titles, whereas "La U" and Catolica experienced some tough times. Fans generally come from all parts of society, however Catolica tend to have a reputation for being elitist, being considered by many as a "team of the rich". Their stadium is located in an upscale part of Santiago (Las Condes).
Argentina
, Argentina
are the protagonists of what is known as, Superclásico (Superderby Spanish , clásico –meaning classic– is the word used instead of derby in Argentina). Boca Juniors is traditionally regarded as the club of Argentina's working class, in contrast with the supposedly more upper-class support base of cross-town Atlético River Plate. The rivalry between Boca Juniors and River Plate is most intense, and the team's fans usually take to distribute posters to tease the other after a defeat between them or even a loss in any major competition, or to show off after winning the local league or an international championship.
This derby is considered to be one of the most exciting in the world. In 2004, British newspaper The Observer made a list of 50 sporting things you must do before you die, with Watch Boca Juniors Play River Plate in Buenos Aires at the top of the list. Due to their huge fan bases (Boca has 40% of the Argentine population and River 33%), contrary to the popular claim that Boca is club of the half plus one (la mitad más uno), and remarkable success, the enmity encompasses a major part of the country's populace.Known worldwide for the passion of the fans, the stands of both teams are loaded with passionate songs (often based on popular Argentine rock band tunes) against their rivals, fireworks, flags and rolls of paper. Sometimes ending in riots between the hardest supporters of both sides or against the police. Tourists from around the globe come to Argentina to watch the match, sometimes even with packages that include a ticket to the Superclásico
Colón de Santa Fe vs Unión de Santa Fe
This fierce rivalry is between the two main clubs of the city of Santa Fe. These two teams are not frequently together in the Primera Division, but even in the 2nd Division (Nacional B) the rivalry and competition is fierce.
Estudiantes de la Plata vs Gimnasia y Esgrima de la Plata
This rivalry is between the two biggest clubs in the city of La Plata. These two clubs have a historic rivalry in Argentinian football.
Huracán vs San Lorenzo de Almagro
These to clubs dwell in the same area of Buenos Aires. This rivalry is very important because San Lorenzo is considered one of the 5 "Big Clubs" of Argentinian football, and Huracán was sometimes considered as the "6th Great," so all these matches are to demonstrate that Huracán can be a "big club" which his rival is already.But Huracan only won 1 title in all his story and San Lorenzo won more than 15.In Argentina really nobody know who is the "6th Great" because there are few team with more titles than Huracan (including more than Racing Club , the 5th great).Those teams are Velez Sarsfield , Estudiantes de La Plata , Rosario Central , Newell's Old Boys , Etc.
Independiente vs Racing Club
The Avellaneda derby is the second most important rivalry in Argentine football. The two teams are located in the city of Avellaneda
, in the south of the Greater Buenos Aires , but both teams have got fans in all the country. Racing is the third most popular team in Argentina and Independiente the fourth, and are the 3rd and 5th successful teams in terms of the total number of league championships (amateurs and professionals leagues) won.
This rivalry is the most intense of Argentina, because the stadiums of these teams are only a few hundred metres apart, and the team's fans usually take to distribute posters to tease the other after a defeat between them or even a loss.
Newell's Old Boys vs Rosario Central
"Rosario Central" is a railway station where English railwaymen used to work. In 1889 they founded the Rosario Central football club. The club has always carried a left wing tradition as it is said that Che Guevara was a Rosario Central supporter as well. Newell's Old Boys were founded by students of the English High School of Rosario. The club was named after English immigrant Isaac Newell who was director of the school.
San Lorenzo de Almagro vs Vélez Sarsfield
For some it is a real derby, for others it is just another game, the fact is that the match between San Lorenzo de Almagro and Vélez Sarsfield has become a modern rivalry in Argentina. This neighborhood duel took relevance in the 90's, when Vélez became a major power in argentinian and South American football. It's also due that Huracán and Ferrocarril Oeste, San Lorenzo and Vélez traditional rivals, have spent long periods out of the argentinian top division, and both teams have messed each other when they were close to achieve a national title. San Lorenzo and Vélez are two of the main clubs that have broken River Plate and Boca Juniors dominance since the 90's.
Brazil
and Cruzeiro are the biggest football clubs of Belo Horizonte, capital of the MinasGerais state, and two of the most traditional clubs in South America. Atletico's mascot is a Rooster ("Galo") and Cruzeiro's mascot is a Fox ("Raposa").
Atlético Paranaense vs Coritiba
In Curitiba, located in Paraná State in the far South of Brazil, the 'Campeonato Paranaense' was played since 1915. Internacional was the first champion here. The city of Curitiba hosted other clubs as well, like Britânia, Savóia, América and … Coritiba. Coritiba FC was founded in 1909, by Germans immigrants. In 1916 Coritiba won the second championship. A little rivalry, between Coritiba and Internacional started. América (white/red) and Britânia also had very strong teams. In 1917 América even became state champions and from 1918-1924 Britânia would be crowned champions of the Parana State. Coritiba, Internacional and América weren't too happy with this Britânia spell so they decided to create one big strong team. Coritiba, as a colonial team, refused any agreement and so it happened that in March 1924 Clube Atlético Paranaense was founded as a result of a fusion between Internacional and América. Their club colours would be Black (Internacional) and Red (America). Coritiba never accepted the new formed club and it wouldn't take long before the two teams would meet in a pre-season championship. On 20 April 1924, Atlético won the first unofficial meeting with 2-0. The first official meeting was on June 8 that same year, this time for the Paraná State Championship. Coritiba took revenge and won the game by 6-3. Those two games were the start of a great rivalry.
Botafogo vs Flamengo
The first match between Botafogo and Flamengo , known since the 60's as "Clássico da Rivalidade" (the rivalry derby), occurred at May 13, 1913, at the Carioca Championship Finals. Since then, Botafogo fans share the same despise as Fluminense's and Vasco da Gama's fans for Flamengo and its torcida, all of them hate the black and red team.
Botafogo vs Fluminense
Nicknamed "Clássico Vovô" (Grandpa Derby), the derby between Fluminense and Botafogo is the oldest in Brazil and the fourth in the entire continent (behind Peñarol vs Nacional, Racing vs River Plate and Newell's Old Boys vs Rosário Central). The rivalry began in 11/22/1905, with the "tricolor" victory of 6-0.
The rivalry between the fans of these two clubs is one of the most "rancorous" in Brazil, since they share a long history of polemical decisions in finals and juridical fights outside the fields between the clubs. One of the most famous disputes surround the Campeonato Carioca decision of 1907, only solved after 89 years, when the court decided to share the title.
Traditionally, despite all the resent between fans, the "Clássico Vovô" was always known as a very peaceful derby, with no violence situations between fans. However, reports of fights between " Torcidas " are increasing during the first decade of the XXI century.
Corinthians vs Palmeiras
A big rivalry in the Brazilian
state of São Paulo, SE Palmeiras and Corinthians have always drawn a lot of attention when they face off each other. There have been books written and movies shot about this rivalry, including a version of Romeo and Juliet where Palmeiras and Corinthians take the place of the Montagues and Capulets .
Palestra Itália (now known as Palmeiras ) was founded in 1914 as an Italians only club. Some Corinthians' Italian members and the player Bianco, the only Italian in the Corinthians' squad, left to join the new club and were labeled as traitors. Because of that the teams became rivals, and remain the fiercest rivals in São Paulo to this day.
Corinthians vs São Paulo
In São Paulo State, O Majestoso is the confrontation between São Paulo Futebol Clube and Sport Club Corinthians Paulista . This name was given by journalist Thomaz Mazzoni, from "Gazeta Esportiva" newspaper. Actually, it is the classic that gathers the biggest number of "torcedores" in São Paulo State, according to the most recent statistics. Along with Santos FC and Palmeiras , Corinthians and São Paulo are the so called big four of the Paulista Championship.
Corinthians vs Santos
The clash between Sport Club Corinthians Paulista and Santos FC is known as "Confronto dos Alvinegros" (Black and White Duel) in São Paulo State. Santos fans consider Corinthians as their main rival. The most important facts of this rivalry are the long periods in which each team could not defeat the other, with heavy defeats for each one. This match is the oldest classic between the Big Four of the Paulista Championship. Some Brazilians consider it as the most important black and white clash in the world.
Flamengo vs Fluminense
The Fla-Flu is one of the most important derbies in Brazilian football. The Fla-Flu (truncation of Flamengo-Fluminense) is a football (soccer) matchup between cross-town rivals Flamengo
and Fluminense , two of Rio de Janeiro
's most popular teams. Also called Clássico das Multidões (Crowds' Derby), matches are usually sold out and normally take place in the 70,000-seat Maracanã Stadium
, located near downtown Rio, in Maracanã neighborhood. The world record football match attendance between clubs is a Fla 0-0 Flu with 194.603-seat (177,656 ps.) in 1963.
The rivalry between these two clubs began in October 1911, when a group of dissatisfied players from Fluminense left the club, and went to Flamengo, which at the time had no football section. The first Fla-Flu ever was played the following year, on July 7 , 1912 at Laranjeiras stadium
. Fluminense won this match 3-2, with 800 people in attendance .
The moniker Fla-Flu was coined by the journalist Mário Filho during the professionalization of Rio de Janeiro's football.
Flamengo vs Vasco da Gama
The so-called "Clássico dos Milhões" (The Millions' Derby), named after the largest fanbases in Rio de Janeiro
(and arguably across the country, if one discounts São Paulo state's sheer demographic weight), is considered by some the top Brazilian
derby. It has been played since 1923 as Vasco da Gama rose to first division to clinch on the fly its first title, just to be denied an unbeaten row by Flamengo .
The rivalry between the fans of the clubs can turn extremely violent, with cases such as shooting between fans of either side and the police occurring. Currently the success of the clubs is split pretty evenly, with Flamengo having recently marginally more cup success.
Fluminense vs Vasco da Gama
"Clássico dos Gigantes" (Giants' derby) was the name given by Lance! newspaper readers to the Fluminense - Vasco da Gama match. These teams frequently meet at decisive moments, most of the times at the Maracaná Stadium, with crowds bigger than 100,000 people eleven times before. The most important games between these clubs were the finals of the 1984 Brazilian Championship, in which Fluminense won its first national title.
Grêmio vs Internacional
Gre-nal is the largest derby in the southern region of the country.
The match is played in Porto Alegre, home to both teams (Internacional and Grêmio), but the teams' support bases are evenly distributed all across the state of Rio Grande do Sul , home to 11 million people, as well as neighboring states. The match happens either at Olímpico Monumental Stadium (Grêmio) or Beira-Rio Stadium (Internacional).
Grêmio has more international titles and fans in the state, but Internacional has more fans in the city and was never relegated to second division, as well as having a few more regional titles. The rivalry extends back to 1909, in the same year Internacional was founded, when Grêmio beat Internacional by the score of 10-0. Some would argue it began earlier, before Internacional was founded, because its founders were actually rejected to join Grêmio, which at the time (first decade of the 20th century) only accepted members of German nationality or ancestry.
Guarani vs Ponte Preta
The "Derby" is the biggest rivalry in the interior of Brazil.
If Guarani has more excellent participation in a national level, winning in 1978 , and another two decisions in 1986 , 1987 , Ponte Preta it had more success in the state championship with five finals, (1970, 1977, 1979, 1981, 2008).
In September 26, 1948, first "Derby" in the Estádio Moisés Lucarelli
of Ponte Preta, Guarani won for 1 x 0.
In June 7, 1953, first "Derby" in the Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa
of Guarani, the Ponte Preta won for 3 x 0.
Palmeiras vs São Paulo
The club Palmeiras was mostly founded by Italian immigrants while São Paulo FC was born after the fusion of some Brazilian clubs. During the early '40s São Paulo represented the Paulista feeling against the dictatorship in Brazil. Palmeiras, that used to be called Palestra Italia, was forced to change its name so that it wouldn't be linked to any country that was taking part in world war II. Palestra Itália had to change its name to Palmeiras one day before the Paulista championship final of 1942 against São Paulo and they also accused São Paulo FC of being one of the responsibles for the pressure that they were suffering. This Derby is better known as the "Choque Rei".
Palmeiras vs Santos
The match between Palmeiras and Santos FC is known as "Clássico da Saudade" (Nostalgia derby). This name is due to the confrontation between the two major teams of the Paulista Championship during the football-art age of Brazilian football in the 60's, Santos Pele era and Palmeiras Ademir's Academy.
Santos vs São Paulo
The "San-São" is the duel between Santos FC and São Paulo FC . Its name was given by the journalist Thomas Mazzoni of the Gazeta Esportiva journal in 1956. Santos and São Paulo are the most successful Brazilian teams at international competitions.
Colombia
América de Cali vs Atlético Nacional
This is one of the most followed games in Fútbol Profesional Colombiano . Since 1979, América and Nacional have played each other in 15 finals (previously, finals were between more than 2 teams). The most recent final between the two was in 2002, where América was able to defeat Nacional in both matches and as a result obtained the 12th title in its history. Statistics from matches between these two teams show that this is the most even "clasico", with 79 wins for América, 74 for Nacional, and 75 draws. The first time they faced each other in Copa Libertadores was in 1991, and up to this date América has six victories, Nacional has four, and there was one draw.
América de Cali vs Deportivo Cali
Deportivo Cali roots go all the way back to 1908 when it was founded as Cali Football Club. Their support used to be mostly upper class. America de Cali is more known as the people's club as it is from a small area on the outside of Cali. Bad vibes started in the early 30's, when after a match between the 2 teams, America's players accused the referee and Deportivo Cali of fixing the game. America was banned from the local league for some years.
América de Cali vs Millonarios
This derby had been considered just as another common match in Colombia, until 2008, when América de Cali won its 13th title in the Colombian Championship, matching Millonarios .
That, added to the very big presence of migrants from Cali, home-city of América, in Bogotá, has forced authorities into taking big security measures in every match, inside and outside the stadium, specially in Bogotá. However, each match remains a very big celebration and encounter for the fans of both teams, who display an immense amount of flags and banners with the club's main colors (Blue and Red) and sing Aim Songs throughout the match.
Atlético Nacional vs Independiente Medellín
The match is called the derby of the mountains because the city of Medellin is known as the city of the mountains. Independiente Medellin is generally supported by the lower class people while Atlético Nacional has support in almost all social classes.
Atlético Nacional vs Millonarios
It's the match in which the two teams with most Championship titles in Colombia face each other. Millonarios winning 13 national championships and 1 international title, while Atlético Nacional has won 10 national championships and 5 international titles. Both teams play in the professional Colombian championship.
The strife and bout between fans of both clubs is notorious in every match, inside and outside the stadium, and commonly on the streets, specially in the Capital City, Bogotá D.C. This is probably due to the presence of many Medellín migrants in the city and the correspondent rivalry between Bogotá natives and the so-called 'Páisas' migrants. This has forced the authorities into taking extreme security measures in the last clashes, especially in Bogotá. Millonarios fans consider Nacional as their main rival in terms of success and fan base, even more than its neighbour, Independiente Santa Fe .
Millonarios vs Santa Fe
Millonarios came into being on 18 July 1946, although the club went through two previous incarnations, having been initially founded in 1937 by the pupils of two Bogota schools and then becoming Club Deportivo Municipal two years later. In its early days, the institution was known as Millonarios due to the large sums of money it spent on foreign players, and so closely was the nickname associated with the club that it became part of its official name when it was refounded.
Santa Fe beginnings are altogether less complex. On 28 February 1941, another group of pupils and ex-alumni of schools in the Colombian capital realised their dream of founding a football club, and decided to call the new outfit after the street that was home to the cafe where the official founding documents were signed.
Some sources state that the first Bogota clásico was held in 1942, when the then-Club Deportivo Municipal beat Santa Fe 4-1 in a local league match. The first official meeting between the sides took place on 19 September 1948 during the inaugural season of the Senior Division. Santa Fe ran out 5-3 winners on that occasion, and defied expectations by going on to beat Los Azules 2-1 in the return fixture en route to becoming Colombia's professional league champions, an achievement Cardenal fans like to remind their neighbours of at every derby meeting.
Both clubs are among the most successful clubs of the country.
Mexico
América vs Cruz Azul
The match between América and Cruz Azul , both from Mexico City, is actually known as the "Clásico Jóven". It began in 1971, when Cruz Azul visited the Azteca Stadium and defeated América with a 4-1 score, at this time Cruz Azul was originally from Hidalgo. It was at this match that América and Cruz Azul became rivals. Cruz Azul had its Golden Age in the 70s, while América had its own in the 80s. The rivalry became stronger in the recent years.
América vs Guadalajara
and América of Mexico City
. Chivas is known for a long-standing tradition of fielding only Mexican-born players, contrasting with América, which typically hires famous foreigners. América is owned by Televisa , the main communications company in Mexico, and thus have a huge fan base in the whole country although Guadalajara also have a larger supporter base nationwide (and is owned by Jorge Vergara , through his company Omnilife ).
This match is sometimes seen as the match of the 'capitalinos', the inhabitants of Mexico City, versus the 'provincianos', the people from the rest of the country. Both teams have been very successful, with Guadalajara having won 11 championships, and America 10.
América vs U.N.A.M
This match, known as "Clásico Capitalino" or Derby of the Capital, is the match between América and UNAM , both teams from Mexico City. It is considered the most dangerous derby in Mexico, because the rivalry between fans is very radical and violent.
Atlas vs Guadalajara
The Tapatío derby, is the match between the oldest and most important clubs in Guadalajara city, Chivas and Atlas . It is considered the oldest derby in Mexico, played since 1916, and is a game lived with passion by fans of both clubs. The rivalry began due to social classes differences between fans, Guadalajara was followed by the middle classes, while Atlas was followed by the high classes of the city because the founders of the black and red club were from wealthy families that learned the sport in their trips as students in the United Kingdom.
Monterrey vs Tigres UANL
Clásico Regiomontano is a football derby in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, in north eastern Mexico, Rival teams Monterrey and UANL have faced each other since 1974, the two teams have competed 89 times for bragging rights and city honour. The match is the biggest game of the season in Monterrey, and every year tickets are sold out before the season starts. Fans wait in line for days outside the stadium just to get tickets, which are often priced at two or three times their regular value. Fans in Monterrey are regarded as the best fan base in Mexico, loyal and passionate, as both teams sell out home games year after year. The passion level in this match equals that of the national Derby Guadalajara-America match concentrated in a single city, rather than most of the country.
Central America
The classic rivalry in El Salvador
is between Águila from San Miguel and FAS from Santa Ana. Both are the most successful clubs in the Liga Salvadoreña, and have the biggest fan bases in the country
Alajuelense vs Saprissa
The biggest rivalry in Costa Rica
is between the clubs Liga Deportiva Alajuelense and Deportivo Saprissa , the most popular and successful clubs in the country.
Comunicaciones vs Municipal
The Biggest Rivalry in Guatemala
is between the clubs Comunicaciones and Municipal , both from the city of Guatemala
. The two teams was face to face 241 times in all history. Comunicaciones has won 79 times, Municipal 87 times, with 74 draws. Municipal with 26 Liga Nacional de Guatemala and comunicaciones with 21.
Marathon vs Olimpia
The Clasico Nacional (National Derby), is a local derby played between Marathon and Olimpia. This derby dates back to the 1920s. Since one team was from San Pedro Sula and the other one from Tegucigalpa people started calling it the National Derby.
Motagua vs Olimpia
The Clasico Capitalino (Capital's Derby), also known as the Superclasico (Superclassic), is a local derby played between Motagua and Olimpia , the two most successful and popular football teams from Tegucigalpa
Portland Timbers vs Seattle Sounders
The Seattle Sounders – Portland Timbers rivalry is an intense rivalry between the Seattle Sounders and Portland Timbers soccer teams. The rivalry dates back to the North American Soccer League days and has since grown into one of the largest rivalries in American Soccer. The rivalry, which will continue in Major League Soccer in 2011, has spanned across several leagues including the USL First Division , A-League , and NASL . According to many players, the Seattle-Portland rivalry is one of the few true derbies that is present in American soccer.
Chivas USA vs Los Angeles Galaxy
One of the Galaxy's chief rivals for the past few years has been Chivas USA, with whom they share a home stadium ( Home Depot Center
). The Galaxy–Chivas USA game is MLS 's first derby, known as the Honda SuperClasico. Although the Galaxy won all four games the first year of the rivalry, in 2006 a more competitive Chivas side increased the popularity of the SuperClassico, which features sell-out crowds. The Galaxy won three of four Classico games in 2006. In the 2007 inaugural tournament Superliga, a new much-anticipated rivalry was formed. The Galaxy took on Chivas USA's parent team Club Deportivo Guadalajara at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and lost 2-1, however they still advanced to the next round leaving their rivals behind.
Columbus Crew vs Toronto FC
The Trillium Cup is an annual two-team cup rivalry between Columbus Crew and Toronto FC of Major League Soccer . The Trillium Cup is named after a flower – the trillium – which is both the official flower of the province of Ontario and the official wildflower of the state of Ohio. The rivalries draw on the team's similarities: two teams are geographically near the Great Lakes that border the United States and Canada and both teams also play in soccer-specific stadiums that have been built in the central city, as opposed to other MLS clubs that have built their stadiums mainly in the suburbs. The cup will be awarded to the team that wins the regular season series (constituting 3 games in the 2008 season). In 2008, Mayor Michael Coleman of Columbus and Mayor David Miller of Toronto started a small wager on their respective team for the first installment of the Trillium Cup - the mayor of the losing team was required to wear the winning team's jersey. The rivalry started to become more intense when 2,500 tickets to the first game at Columbus Crew Stadium were bought by TFC fans, and buses were organized for fans from Toronto heading to Columbus for the first game on 29 March 2008. The Crew won 2-0 over their new rival. The final match between the two became even more heated when the away supporters from Columbus were attacked and harassed by Toronto fans outside of BMO Field
in which at least one TFC fan was maced and arrested. The second and third meetings were at BMO Field were a ties; 0-0 and 1-1, respectively. The Crew thus claimed the inaugural Trillium Cup with a 5:2 score on points earned, and maintained their status in Major League Soccer as the only team that Toronto has not beaten.
Los Angeles Galaxy vs San Jose Earthquakes
The California Clasico , is the primary soccer rivalry between two Major League Soccer teams, the Los Angeles Galaxy and the San Jose Earthquakes , which existed from 1996 to 2005 and was resumed in 2008 . This rivalry originated from the historical Northern California vs. Southern California sporting and cultural rivalries, as well as from the relative proximity of the cities (about 360 miles apart) which allows rival fans to attend each others’ games.
Europe (east)
AEK Athens vs Olympiacos
Another classic derby in Athens. The hatred between the fans peaked in 1996 when Dusan Bajevic left AEK in order to be the coach of Olympiacos. He was the man who made the best team that AEK ever had and the AEK fans loved him. But since 1996 they see him as a traitor and this is now the main reason for the animosity between the two clubs.
Aris vs PAOK
The classic derby of Thessaloniki
, the second biggest city in Greece
between two historical football clubs, Aris and PAOK . Both teams claim the title of the most successful club outside Athens
and the rivalry between them is extremely intense characterizing their long history.
Besiktas vs Fenerbahçe
Besiktas is located on the European side of Istanbul while Fenerbahce
is located on the Asian side of the city. It's a rivalry between the middle and working class (Besiktas) and the bourgeoisie (Fenerbahce) although this is not very important nowadays. It's more a rivalry between two of the biggest clubs in the country.
Besiktas vs Galatasaray
Besiktas and Galatasaray are both located on the European side of Istanbul. It's a rivalry between the upper class/aristocracy (Galatasaray) and the middle and working class (Besiktas) although this is not very important nowadays. It's more a rivalry between two of the biggest clubs in the country.
Crvena Zvezda vs Partizan
FK Partizan was founded in 1945 as the football section of the central club of the Yugoslavian Army. Red Star was founded in 1945 as well but it was more the civil club but with close ties with the Ministry of Interior at its beginning. The rivalry between the two clubs is known to be pretty fierce and violent.
Red star fans are called Delije (Warriors, Heroes) and FK Partizan fans are called Grobari (Undertakers, Gravediggers) This rivalry between both sides is regarded as the most dangerous because of violent actions between the hooligans, many people have been extremely hurt in the fights these teams had. There were many cases of off-stadium deaths in clashes between supporters of these teams, as well as one case of on-stadium killing, when in 1999. Grobari, using handy rocket-launcher, killed a supporter of Red Star by sending missile from south tribune to north one, where Delije are traditionally stationed.Delije many times killed some members of Grobari with knives, too.
CSKA Moscow vs Spartak Moscow
The Moscow derby is fierce, but the rivalry is strange in that it denies even notional logic. CSKA were the army team, Spartak were financed by a catering firm and, to romanticised modern theory, were supported by those looking for an independent alternative to the monolithic state institutions.
The oft-repeated claim that Spartak were systematically persecuted as a result, though, is nonsensical (it is a curious persecution that permits a side 11 league titles). CSKA and Spartak are the two most successful football teams in the country in history. With 31 titles won altogether(Spartak–21; CSKA–10).
These days what divides fans is far from obvious. The issue is not geographical, nor to do with class or religion; it is simply that some people are Spartak and some are CSKA.
The supporters of both teams wait the whole year for this particular match. Both clubs are based in the Luzhniki stadium (sector D belongs to CSKA fans and B to Spartak) , but both teams are building their own stadiums. This game attracts crowds of people(about 60 thousands every game). If the team had a bad season but they won this game fans of the winning team will forgive their team everything . The rivalry doesn't just occur when the teams are playing each other, with both teams having terrace chants which they sing at each game insulting each other.
On 14 October 1995 on Old Arbate street in Moscow about 200 fans of CSKA and Spartak started a fight . This slaughter became a symbol of the beginning of an epoch of severe opposition among football fans of Russia.
Nowadays about 5000 policemen are on duty when these Moscow teams play against each other.Statistics: All games - 123 matches; 51 wins for Spartak, 29 draws, 43 wins for CSKA.
CSKA Sofia vs Levski Sofia
This match is known as the so-called "Eternal derby" in Bulgaria
. The two clubs are the most successful in Bulgaria and have the largest fan groups. Historically the rivalry between Levski Sofia and CSKA Sofia is down to class, but this is no longer the case. There is fierce hatred between the fans of the clubs and there are often fights. On occasions up to 1500 police officers are required to prevent trouble from occurring. The derby of Sofia is not just the biggest derby in Bulgaria, many see this match as one of the biggest derbys in the whole Balkan region. Levski won the first game with 1-0 back in 1948.
Levski's best results are 7:1, 7:2 and 5:0. CSKA's best results are two wins with 5:0 and one with 6:2 in a friendly game.
Statistics:All games - 166 matches; 72 wins for Levski, 43 draws, 52 wins for CSKA;257:218 goals in favour to Levski.Currently CSKA has had more league title wins while Levski has been more successful in the cup.
Dinamo Bucharest vs Steaua Bucharest
Marele Derby (The Great Derby) has been the leading Romanian football encounter in the last 60 years, as Steaua and Dinamo are the two most successful football teams in the country in history. With 41 titles won altogether (Steaua–23; Dinamo–18), the two clubs have won 23 of the last 26 seasons. It is also a match between the former clubs of the Ministry of National Defence - Romanian Army (Steaua) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs - The Police (Dinamo). Several clashes between different factions of supporters have often occurred and still occur inside and outside the stadium. The heyday was reached before a match kick-off in 1997, when Dinamo's fans set a sector of Stadionul Ghencea's Peluza Sud, where they were assigned, on fire. Between October 1991 and April 2000, Steaua counted 19 undefeated official matches in front of their rivals, both in the championship and the cup. Just as well, a period of 17 years and 7 months has been recorded in which Dinamo did not manage to win away against Steaua in the domestic league. The result of the encounter between the two rivals is currently the following: 117 matches, 40 wins for Dinamo, 34 wins for Steaua and 43 games ended in a tie.
The roots of the Dinamo ultras movement can be found in 1995 when groups like Dracula or Rams Pantelimon appear in the North End. In 1996 a group called Nuova Guardia is born, composed of young but very devoted men it will become the leading group in the red-white stands. Following the death of Catalin Hîldan in 2000 the fans renamed the North End of Dinamo's stadium to Peluza Catalin Hildan (PCH) in his honor. Today the majority of supporters are located in the PCH but several factions have moved to the South End.
Dinamo Zagreb vs Hajduk Split
The Eternal Derby (Vječni Derbi) between Croatian
clubs Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split is one of the most violent in Europe. Both teams belong to the strongest in the country and have strong support groups, which are Bad Blue Boys for Dinamo and Torcida for Hajduk.
Hajduk is the team of Dalmatia ( Split
) and Dinamo is the team of the Zagreb
region. Dalmatia (coastal) is poorer than the Zagreb region (mainland).
In 2004, a friendly match between the teams was abandoned after fans threw objects including bottles and knives onto the pitch. The situation became intolerable after a Dinamo player Edin Mujčin was sent off and tensions in the stands grew. Police said that before the match, 25 fans had been arrested.
Dynamo Kyiv vs Shakhtar Donetsk
The biggest rivalry in Ukraine. They are the most popular clubs in Ukraine. It started in 1991. Dynamo have won 12 titles while Shakhtar have won 4 since 1991. Shakhtar have been winning more lately than Dynamo. Shakhtar have won the Ukrainian cup 6 times while Dynamo have won the cup 9 times.
Dynamo Kyiv vs Spartak Moscow
In the Soviet times, no other rivalry fostered emotions to match Dynamo Kyiv - Spartak Moscow rivalry of the 1970s-early 1990s. Dynamo Kyiv had won the USSR Premier League title a record 13 times, Spartak had won that title 12 times.
Fenerbahçe vs Galatasaray
's teams; Fenerbahçe S.K.
and Galatasaray S.K. . The two teams share a color, yellow with Fenerbahçe's colors being navy and yellow and with Galatasaray's colors being yellow and red. For some fans, winning the derby is more important than winning the league. Fenerbahçe has more wins than Galatasaray in the derby table 363(137-110-116). Fenerbahçe has a winning streak at home in the Turkish Superlig against Galatasaray since 1999. In the most recent game, Fenerbahçe
won against Galatasaray by 3-1 on October 25th 2009.
The fans of the two teams used to be split along class lines, with Fenerbahçe supported primarily by the working class and Galatasaray, - who were founded by Galatasaray Lycee students - with more aristocratic supporters. There is also a geographical split because Galatasaray is located in the European side of Istanbul, whereas Fenerbahçe is located on the Asian side. Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray fans react in the same way in another issue meaning that they don't like the other side because they are of Fenerbahçe or Galatasaray. In National Professional Leagues after 1959, both Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray have won 17 first league titles.
Fenerbahçe vs Trabzonspor
Turkish football has marked the date of this note is two-team match. In particular, on 5 May 1996 played before and after the Trabzonspor - Fenerbahçe
encounter between the tragic events are not forgotten. Trabzonspor, Turkey between the years 1974-1984 in the league to league embargo to remove almost all the trophies presence felt in the face during a team Fenerbahce was the only one.
Match between two teams with the most passionate city of Trabzon Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium
in the host has done. 15 of 35 matches played here at Trabzonspor, Fenerbahçe have got a 11 win, 9 games is not damaged in the equity. 42 goals at Trabzonspor, while Fenerbahçe was able to respond with 32 goals.
Ferencváros vs Újpest
The derby between Budapest's two most popular teams is the major derby of Hungary
. It's a very intense, colorful, and dangerous derby. Ferencvárosi TC (shortly called Fradi) is the club with the biggest support in the country, the Fradi has a large and loyal fanbase. The Fradi is the Hungary's team (Magyarország csapata, a Nemzet csapata). Újpest FC has a large fanbase, but the újpest supporters number is smaller than Ferencváros. Both clubs are named after the Budapest districts they play in. It's a local rivalry in Budapest, but the biggest in the Hungarian capital (Budapest), and the country. In the past Ferencváros had a bit more support from the middle and upper class while Újpest traditionally was the working-class club. Ferencváros supporters number in Hungary is about 600 000 - 1 500 000, while Újpest supporters number is about 300 000. The Fradi, and the Újpest is a right-wing political team. Ferencváros were known for their anti-communist leanings and this fiery Budapest derby was renowned for its annual bloodletting. Since the political changes of 1989 nothing much changed with an upsurge in violent fan culture. The two klubs has a many rivalries in the country (for example Fradi vs Vasas , Fradi vs Kispest , Fradi vs MTK , Fradi vs Debrecen , Fradi vs Szombathelyi Haladás, or Újpest vs Kispest, Újpest vs Debrecen, Újpest vs Zalaegerszeg). The two klub has a lot of frendliest team in Hungary, and Europe (for example: Fradi - Zalaegerszeg, Fradi - Rapid Wien , Fradi - Panathinaikos , or Újpest - Szombathelyi Haladás , Újpest - Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE
, Újpest - Vasas, Újpest - Austria Wien ). They have a big national friend is the FK DAC 1904 Dunaszerdahely (this is the Hunarian club in Slovakia, this is the big rivalre the Hungarian clubs, and Slovakian clubs). The Vasas is the former team of the Police, the Kispest (present days: Budapest Honvéd FC) is the former team the Military in Hungary. In the communism in Hungary, the Fradi is lost his coat, and colours (because the green-white Fradi is a right-wing team). The Újpest is the third most successful club in Hungary (after the Fradi, and MTK), but the Újpest have a second largest support team in Hungary (after Fradi). Both team hate the communis, and the left-wing, and they are love their national (Hungary, Hungarians), and they think, they are protect the country, and the Hungarians every where in the world, but the Újpest hate Fradi, and Fradi hate Újpest in the "peacetime". The Hungarian teams support groups are united, when the match between the Slovakian team ( Slovan Bratislava ) and the Hungarian team (DAC Dunaszerdahely), the Slovakian police attack the Hungarian fans. So the bigger Hungarian supporter groups (the Fradi, Újpest, Kispest, Vasas, Debrecen, Diósgyőr, Pécs, Győr, Fehérvár, Zalaegerszeg, Vasas, Békéscsaba, Nyíregyháza) are united, they think they protect the Hungarian culture, peoples, and their Country (Hungary) when other nations "attack" the Hungarian teams supporters, everywhere. The Fradi, and the Újpest has a large fanbase, and they have a lot of supporter groups. In the groups see ultras, hools, and casuals. The biggest ultra groups in Fradi is the Stormy Scamps '98, and the Green Monsters '95. Other groups (in Ferencváros): 16-os”, Cannibals, Greenternet, Ebola, Green Family, II-es szektor, 7 side, Eastern Greens (This groups about 650-700 people mean). The biggest ultra groups in Újpest is the Ultra Viola bulldogs, and Ultra Viola Fidelity. Other groups (in Újpest): Viola Kaos, Ultra Korps. The Fradi is the most average team in Hungary. The Fradi and the Újpest, they are play 200 match their history, since 1905. The rivalry is very heavy, intensive and colorful (See the videos). This is the biggest rivalry in Hungary, and one of the biggest in Central-Europe.
Olympiacos vs PAOK
The match Olympiacos - PAOK is a match between two of the most popular clubs from the two biggest cities in Greece
: Olympiacos from Piraeus
(Athens' port) against PAOK, from the city of Thessaloniki
in the relatively poorer north. PAOK fans consider Olympiacos as their worst enemy and they hate the club of Piraeus perhaps more than they hate their town rivals, Aris. The whole story began in the 60's when the all-time best player of PAOK, Giorgos Koudas , decided to move to Olympiacos. The transfer, however, did not take place, but started the infamous animosity between the two clubs' fans.
Olympiacos vs Panathinaikos
The Panathinaikos Athens vs Olympiacos Piraeus is the most important sports rivalry in Greece
. It's called Derby of the eternal enemies ( ) or Mother of all battles (Greek: Μητέρα των μαχών). These two are the most successful Greek clubs. Olympiacos has been the most successful of the two domestically (in terms of honours and the wins at the derbies) but Panathinaikos is relatively more successful in European competitions (however none of the two teams has ever managed to win a European title, although Panathinaikos reached the 1971 European Champions Cup Final ( the predecessor of UEFA Champions League ), and twice reached the semi-finals in the same competition ).
The derby represents a local animosity too as it is the most classic derby of Athens
. Panathinaikos comes from the center of Athens and Olympiacos from the Athens' port, Piraeus
. It splits the Capital and the whole of Greece in two. Traditionally, Olympiacos used to represent the working class of Piraeus, while Panathinaikos the aristocracy and middle class of Athens. Now the fanbases of both are almost similar and they are supported by all the social classes (aristocrats, middle class, working class). However, differences in social,economic and educational status still exist. The hatred is so intense that many times some violent incidents
have taken place between the fans especially before or after the derby in many regions of Athens.
The largest decisive result between the two in football occurred on June the 1st 1930, with Panathinaikos crushing their opponents with a score of 8-2.
Sarajevo vs Željezničar
The Sarajevo
derby is a match between big city rivals FK Željezničar and FK Sarajevo , two of the biggest and most popular clubs in the Bosnia and Herzegovina
. This derby is also similar to the Merseyside derby between Liverpool and Everton ; it is not uncommon to see members of the same family that are on opposite sides. So far (as of 21 April 2007), 89 league matches were played. Both clubs won 28 times, while 33 matches ended with a draw, and goal-difference is 115-111 in FK Sarajevo's favour. Since the independence, as a part of Bosnian championship , there were 26 games played; Sarajevo won 9 times, Željezničar won 7 times, with 10 draws, and goal-difference 37-31 for FK Sarajevo.
FK Željezničar's most passionate fans (wearing blue) are called The Maniacs because their love for the club is on the edge of insanity, so it is said. They are located on the south side of stadium (the holy south as they call it). The older fans ones are known affectionately as the Košpicari (which can metaphorically be translated as "seed eaters", although the name itself has different meaning - namely that of "seed sellers"). They sit on north and west stands of the stadium during home games. The east section is reserved for away fans.
FK Sarajevo's most passionate fans (crimson) are called the Horde Zla (Evil hordes) after the popular Zagor comic book. In home games on Koševo Stadium
, they are located on the north stands, while the older fans are known as the Pitari (similar to the Košpicari etymology except referring to pie and not seeds) and they are mainly on the east side. The south section is reserved for away fans.
Slavia Prague vs Sparta Prague
The most important rivalry in Czech Republic
is a match between Sparta Prague and Slavia Prague . Both are the top Czech clubs. The derby is usually collectively called the Derby of Prague "S". Both teams are loved and hated in different parts of Czech republic. First match was played in 1896 and it ended 1:0 for Sparta but the referee Josef Rössler-Ořovský called back the goal after the match (at that time it wasn't strange because according to interpretation of rules - both captains must agree that the goal counts), next derby was played after 11 years and the result was 2:2.
List of Derbies "S" from Sparta's homepage.
Slovan Bratislava vs Spartak Trnava
The most important rivalry in Slovakia
is a match between Slovan Bratislava and Spartak Trnava .
Spartak Moscow vs Zenit St. Petersburg
The match between FC Spartak Moscow and Zenit St. Petersburg is called "The Two Capitals Derby". Moscow and St.Petersburg are Russia's most important cities, and there's a big rivalry which is expressed when these two clubs meet each other. Zenit has also an important rivalry with PFC CSKA Moscow for the same reasons.
Tirana vs Partizani Tirana
The rivalry between this two teams began after WWII, when Partizani was created. Since then the match between this two teams has been the main match of the week. The stadiums get more fans than any other match. There have been 117 matches between this two teams. 51 have been won by Partizani, 31 have been won by Tirana, and 35 have ended in draw. In this 117 matches the biggest victories by both sides were: Partizani 8-0 Tirana; Tirana 7-3 Partizani. Both sides have their nicknames. "Demat e Kuq" for Partizani and "Bardh e Blute" for Tirana. There has always been hating between the two tifozeries. In every match, they come up with slogans against each other.
Europe (west)
AIK vs Djurgården
The derby games between suburban Stockholm
team AIK and the more central Djurgårdens IF are traditionally fiercely-contested. The teams were both founded in the city centre in 1891, and the rivalry between them has gradually grown greater ever since. One of the more famous derbies was that of June 2003 in Allsvenskan. Djurgården had a 1-0 lead after halftime and made the gap even bigger by scoring 2-0 and 3-0. But in the last fifteen minutes of the game AIK scored three goals and equalized with only a few minutes left.The derby has been nicknamed "Tvillingderbyt" or the Twin Derby due to the clubs being founded the same year in the same city.
Ajax vs Feyenoord
The most important rivalry in the Netherlands
is that between Ajax Amsterdam and Feyenoord Rotterdam , known as De Klassieker (The Classic). Both clubs have won the Dutch national championship numerous times and, along with PSV , have dominated the Dutch league since the beginning of professional football in Holland in the 1950s. Ajax has been the more successful of the two, and is renowned for its technical style of play, while Feyenoord has the blue collar appeal closely associated with Rotterdam
as a port city.
On occasions the rivalry has turned violent. In 1997, fans of the two teams clashed in a field, known as the Battle of Beverwijk. One fan was killed and many were injured. More recently, in 2004 during a pitch invasion Jorge Acuna was put into hospital after being attacked by a fan.
Ajax vs PSV Eindhoven
It's not as big as Ajax-Feyenoord. AFC Ajax is the most successful club in Dutch history while PSV Eindhoven has won most national titles in the past 20 years. They fight for the title year by year and therefore the rivalry gets stronger as time goes by.
Anderlecht vs Club Brugge
Two of Belgium's top clubs are split - as is the nation - between French and Flemish speaking communities. Brussels-based Anderlecht is French and ruled during the 1950s and 60s while Flemish Brugge won the league three years on the trot in the 70s.
Anderlecht vs Standard Liege
Clearly, a Standard - Anderlecht match means a lot more than just football. It is all about history, politics, culture and sociology.
Let us start by giving credit where it is due regarding the size of their respective trophy cabinets, because the rivalry between the natives of Liege and Brussels is first and foremost a matter of supremacy in terms of national and European football. On these terms, Anderlecht stand head and shoulders above their rivals. With 28 titles, seven Belgian cups, two UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, one UEFA Cup, and two UEFA Supercups, Royal Sporting Club d'Anderlecht are firmly ensconced as the biggest club in Belgian history.
As for the Rouges - pronounced 'Rouches' with the Liege regional accent - their silverware roll of honour consists of eight domestic titles, five league cups, two Belgian Supercups and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final. A healthy haul which is bettered only by Club Bruges in the race to keep up with Brussels behemoths Anderlecht.
Austria Wien vs Rapid Wien
The Vienna derby, first played in 1911, is the highlight of the Austrian season. Rapid were initially called the Vienna Workers' Football Club and Austria were known as Amateure after being formed by members of the Vienna Cricket and Football Club.
Basel vs Zürich
and Zürich
have a very long historical rivalry. Since the 1960s, when Basel and Zurich often decided the Swiss championship between each other, the ancient rivalry between the two cities has been rekindled. Matches between them are often marked by riots and fighting before and after the contest. Due to this there is always a heavy police and security presence at matches between the two teams.
Things boiled over in 2006 in the final game of the season in Basel
in a championship-deciding match against the FC Zürich . The incident became known as the 2006 Basel Hooligan Incident . FC Zürich scored in the dying moments of the match, and the goal ended the dream of Basel winning the Swiss Super League for a third consecutive season. This incident resulted in large scale property damage with rioting on the pitch as well as in and around the stadium and it is seen as one of the worst of such incidents involving hooliganism in Swiss sport.
The rivalry can also be seen at any matches involving the two clubs and as well as Grasshopper-Club Zürich .
In May 2009 twelve people were arrested after a matching involving Zürich and Basel in Zürich
. This led to calls for football matches to be played at lunchtime and alcohol to be banned in the stadium.
Bayern Munich vs Borussia Dortmund
The long-term rivalry between the clubs has lost a little of its intensity and edge since a peak in the mid- to late-1990s, when the mind games played ahead of each fixture became the stuff of legend. Dortmund held the upper hand in 1995 and 1996 under coach Ottmar Hitzfeld, who would later guide Bayern to a sparkling array of silverware. Borussia claimed the title in those two seasons, with Bayern finishing sixth and second respectively.
The Bavarians regained the trophy in 1997 with Dortmund in third, before the men in red rattled up a hat-trick of title triumphs in 1999, 2000 and 2001, Borussia trailing in their wake back in fourth, 11th and third place respectively. Dortmund struck back to top the Bundesliga in 2002 with Bayern in third, but the situation was reversed a year later and Munich have set the standard ever since, as financially stricken Dortmund struggled in the lower reaches of the table.
Bayern Munich vs Nuremberg
Bayern Munich versus Nuremberg is considered the biggest game in Bavaria, between the two most dominating and successful Bavarian clubs. Its commonly called the Bavarian derby (German:Bayrisches Derby). Nuremberg fans normally call it Fränkisch Bairisches Derby ( translated by Franconian Old Bavarian derby ) considering themselves and their club as non-bavarian, an effect copied by German media.
Benfica vs Porto
The game between Benfica and FC Porto is one of the biggest clashes in Portugal
. The relationship between the two clubs has always been known for its great animosity, as the classic opposes two geographic regions - with Benfica and Porto representing the south and north of Portugal
, respectively. This match also represents the rivaly between the cities of Lisbon (South/Benfica) and Porto (North/Porto). Despite their northern rivals' success in recent years (both national and internationally), S.L. Benfica having most national titles (63) (while Porto holds 58), with 31 Portuguese Championships (while FC Porto holds 24), 27 Portuguese Cups (while Porto holds 18) , 1 Portuguese League Cup (while FC Porto holds 0) and 4 Portuguese Supercups (while FC Porto holds 16). But FC Porto having most international titles (6) (while Benfica holds 2), with 2 Intercontinental Cups / FIFA Club World Cup (while Benfica holds 0), 2 European Cups (while Benfica holds 2), 1 UEFA Cup (while Benfica holds 0), and 1 European Supercup (while Benfica holds 0). In total, Benfica having 65 titles and FC Porto having 64 titles.So far, a total of 241 matches have been played between the two sides; FC Porto winning 92 times and Benfica winning 95 times, with 55 ending in a draw (as of 2008).
Matches between Benfica and FC Porto are considered matches with a high risk of violence, usually having 800 police officers present at the stadium.
The rivalry has heated up even more in recent years as both S.L. Benfica president, Luís Filipe Vieira , and FC Porto president, Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa , have accused each other of corruption and match-fixing.
Benfica vs Sporting
The Lisbon derby (Derby da Capital) is the biggest match in Portugal since football started to be played in the country. Played between two clubs with long and successful Histories. They are considered high risk matches (regarding the possibility of violence between the fans). Despite the fact that it as lost its exclusivity as a derby in Portugal (with the rise of F.C. Porto) it is still considered the main clash between the Big Three ( SL Benfica , Sporting CP and FC Porto ), being dubbed The Classic of Classics.
Borussia Dortmund vs Schalke 04
The Ruhr Area (German "Ruhrgebiet"), is the home of the most famous derby
in German football .
The rivalry began with a 4-2 Schalke victory on 3 May 1925. Schalke's style of play was described by a newspaper as a wandering ball from man to man in a series of short, flat passes . The "Schalker Kreisel" (literally: the Schalke gyroscope, or spinning top) was born. Schalke won all three matches played in the years 1925-1927. The teams would not meet again until the creation of the Gauliga in 1936.
With the creation of the Gauliga in 1936, Dortmund developed its intense rivalry with Schalke. Schalke was the most successful German club of the era, winning four German championships and one German cup during these eight years. Schalke dominated the early meetings, winning 14 matches, and losing only once, with one match played to a draw. Many of the Dortmund followers still emphasize on the fact that Schalkes team was heavily favoured by the NSDAP officials and therefore easily "bought" their way to fame.
The Oberliga Era (1947-63) continued to be a reversal of fortune for Dortmund, winning 9 of the first 13 Revierderbies during this era, and losing only 7 of 32 overall. Dortmund also won three Oberliga championships in these years.
The creation of the Bundesliga in 1963 began with Dortmund continuing their winning ways, by taking 8 of the first 10 meetings.
The following years would see Schalke holding a slim advantage since 1991, winning 11, drawing 14, and losing 8 of the matches. Despite Schalke's recent Revierderby success, including losing only two derbies since 1999, Dortmund holds the advantage in overall success during this era, winning three Bundesliga championships, one UEFA Champions League competition, and one Intercontinental Cup since 1995, while Schalke won the UEFA Cup once and the German Cup twice.
Bohemians vs Shamrock Rovers
Following the demise of Drumcondra in the 1960s, Bohemians became the only major club from the Northside of Dublin
, automatically coming into conflict with Southsiders , Shamrock Rovers . Over the decades, the rivalry has been extremely fierce both on and unfortunately off the field, with large scale disturbances breaking out before, during and after fixtures, resulting in an excessive Garda presence at games. While there have been many examples over the years of the importance of the fixture and the rivalry to the supporters of each club, one of the more recent incidents of note is the signing of Tony Grant and James Keddy by Bohs from Rovers , which led to a pig's head being thrown onto the pitch
during their first game versus their old club. The incident was one of many to reach the front pages of Ireland's newspapers particularly over the last ten to fifteen years and remained a topic of humour amongst the media for weeks after. In contrast, some of the darker incidents of recent times have been the desecration of the monument commemorating the former home of Shamrock Rovers, Glenmalure Park
and two instances of significant crowd trouble at Dalymount Park
in 2000 and Richmond Park
in 2003, with the latter resulting in the eviction of Rovers from the Inchicore
venue. While the attendances at the fixture have followed the same sliding trend as the rest of the league's fixtures over the last thirty years, there has been a significant drop over the last two or three years as a result of a number of factors including a clamp-down on atmosphere and freedom within grounds by the FAI and a huge upsurge in abuse and attacks on supporters by police and stewards. The effects of the switch to a summer schedule on league attendances are disputed amongst supporters but a case can be made in relation to attendances and atmosphere at the fixture since the switch when considering that Rovers vs Bohs games attracted relatively large crowds in the '80s and '90s, including two cup fixtures in the 93/94 season which saw over 10,000 people at each. Two positives for the fixture in recent years have been the number of supporters from teams around the world attending the games and the move by Rovers to Tallaght Stadium
.
Brøndby vs Copenhagen
Since the foundation af F.C. Copenhagen in 1992 it have had a fierce rivalry with fellow Copenhagen club Brøndby IF , and the so-called "New Firm" games between the two sides attract the biggest crowds in modern Danish football. The derby has a total of 28 FCK wins, 22 BIF wins and 13 draws.
Feyenoord vs PSV Eindhoven
Both fan groups hate Ajax more than each other but still this is a big match everybody is looking forward to. Despite the difference in number of titles in the last twenty years, Feyenoord is always a difficult oppponent to beat for PSV .
Floriana FC vs Valletta FC
Despite the fact that Floriana FC has not been in top form for years, the rivalry between the two teams persisted due to their geographical proximity, elevating the derby to classic status in Maltese football. Fans of the sport flock to this match and there have been instances of violent behavior recorded. This usually happens because to get to Valletta, fans have to pass through Floriana where the taunting begins. Floriana FC won 25 league titles while Valletta FC won 17 league titles.
Grasshopper vs Zürich
The maiden Zurich derby was contested way back in 1897, making it one of the oldest cross-city rivalries outside of Britain. Grasshopper Club were founded 11 years prior to that inaugural match and have since become the most successful side in Swiss history. FC Zürich , meanwhile, took their first steps as a football side in 1896.
As with many local rivalries, derby days in Switzerland's largest city were often representative of the different fan groups and classes within the region. Traditionally, Grasshoppers were hailed as the nobleman's club, while FC Zurich served as the face of the working classes. These days, such divisions are a thing of the past and FCZ have welcomed a new wave of support from all corners of society. Indeed, the club now boasts a slightly larger global fan base than their arch-rivals.
Haka vs HJK
. These teams dominated the Finnish football scene for almost three decades.
Hamburg vs Werder Bremen
The rivalry between Hamburg SV and Werder Bremen is due to local reasons. Both are the big clubs in northern German football. Both teams share the same hate and jealosy for Bayern Munich's success.
Lyn vs Vålerenga
capital of Oslo
. The rivalry is thus a result of this, as both sides wishes to stand out as the best club in town. Demographic figures also gives this derby a second dimension, since the clubs are placed in different ends of the city. Lyn attracts a major support in the western part of the city, which is considered to be the wealthiest and 'poshest' area in the country. Vålerenga on the other hand, has originally more fans from the working class in the eastern part of the city. Although the differencies between the two groups are less visible today, the Oslo Derby still nourishes upon this phenomenon, and keeps it alive. Vålerenga has (pr. June 2009) not beaten Lyn in 15 games, even though they have often grabbed a higher position on the table than their rivals by the end of the season. The last time Vålerenga won an Oslo derby was in 1981 . The supporters of Lyn are talking about the tale of 'the Derby ghost' which always saves Lyn. One example of this phenomenon was at the 4-4 game in May 2009, considered one of the greatest Oslo derbies of all time, when Diego Guastavino equalized for Lyn in the 88th minute.
Olympique de Marseille vs Paris Saint-Germain
These two French clubs represent Paris
, the national capital, and Marseille
, the chief city of southern France. Many French people dislike Paris because of its dominant political, cultural and economic influence, and by extension, tend to dislike its chief football team, Paris Saint-Germain . As one of the largest and best-supported clubs, Olympique de Marseille also attracts its share of detractors. The first edition of OM-PSG was held in December 1971 in Marseille, at the Stade Velodrome . The Marseillais won 4-2 on this occasion. Both teams play in Ligue 1 and meet twice per season (or more if the two meet in French Cup or French League Cup competition). The special character of these oppositions receives considerable media attention. These meetings became important at the end of the eighties and were announced especially by incidents which occurred on and around the ground.
At the beginning of the nineties, Canal+ started to promote near the general public confrontations between the two clubs, making these matches of interest for all French football fans. More and more, the various groups of Marseille and Parisian supporters have hated and battled each other. Important security measures are taken to prevent confrontations between the supporters of the two camps. However, many incidents still occurred at the supporters of the two camps at the time of certain matches. During the 2000-2001 season, a young Marseille fan was paralysed for life after being confronted for sitting near the Parisian section of the Parc des Princes
.
Olympique de Marseille vs Olympique Lyonnais
The Choc des Olympiques, translated as Clash of the Olympics, is the name of the football local derby between the two major teams in French football – Olympique Lyonnais and Olympique de Marseille . It specifically refers to individual matches between the teams. Unlike Le Classique, the rivalry has no bad blood within it and, instead, stems from the competitiveness of the each club's players, managers, and presidential hierarchy. The rivalry is often cited as being particularly important as both clubs are of high standard in French football and the championship is regularly decided between the two. Marseille and Lyon (along with Saint-Étienne) are the only French clubs to have won the French first division four straight times with Marseille doing it on two occasions.
Olympique Lyonnais vs Saint-Etienne
Although Lyon and Saint-Etienne are separated by a distance of only 50 kilometres, the two cities, both of which possess very strong identities, are worlds apart. The social contrasts between white-collar Lyon and blue-collar Saint-Etienne are obvious and are inextricably linked with the differences that separate the local rivals on an historical, cultural and sporting level.
The first meeting between the Olympique Lyon and AS Saint-Etienne came in 1951, and although Lyon got the better of their opponents on that occasion, it was not long before the men in green started to hold sway. And by the late 60s and early 70s, St Etienne had established themselves as the top dogs not just locally but nationally as well, completely overshadowing the efforts of the Gones to break into the French elite.
But after a tenth championship triumph in 1981, the green of St Etienne began to fade. Up the road, meanwhile, their rivals were beginning to waken from their slumber, roused by the arrival of Jean-Michel Aulas as president, the man who would slowly but surely build the club that has dominated French football for nearly a decade now.
Porto vs Sporting
When FC Porto and Sporting CP - two of the 'big 3' in Portugal - meet, it's maybe not so passionate as the games with Benfica, but still it's a game filled with passion.
Italy
Fiorentina vs Juventus
Juve's city rivals are Torino, but that local derby pales when compared to Juventus - Fiorentina clashes. Turin-based Juve are Italy's most-popular club with the animosity reaching boiling point when Florence club is the opposition. For Fiorentina fans, this match is the real derby.
Genoa vs Sampdoria
The Derby della Lanterna, or Derby of the Lantern (a reference to the Genoa lighthouse), is the official name of the matches played between Genoa's two professional sides UC Sampdoria and Genoa CFC
Internazionale vs Juventus
The Derby d'Italia is a semi-annual football fixture in Italian
football between Internazionale and Juventus . It is unique in Italian Football due to the fact that, until the 2006-07 season, the derby was the only match which had always been played in Serie A . In the 2006-07 Serie A season, for the first time ever, this derby was not played as Juventus had been relegated to Serie B, due to the Calciopoli scandal. The Derby d'Italia (Italian for "Derby of Italy") was coined back in 1967 by the famous Italian sports journalist Gianni Brera as the bi-annual football fixture in Italian football between Internazionale and Juventus.
Once Juventus returned to Serie A, the fixture resumed and the first one held was a fiercely contested draw. The first draw in the tie since 2001. The two teams also have the highest goals total in Serie A history.
Internazionale vs Milan
Derby della Madonnina, or the Milan Derby as it is sometimes known, is a football match between the Italian
clubs A.C. Milan and F.C. Internazionale Milano (Inter). It is usually a semiannual fixture in the Italian football league Serie A ; however, the derby has also taken place in the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Champions League . It is called "Derby della Madonnina" in honour of one of the main sights of the city of Milan, the statue of the virgin Mary on the top of the Duomo, which is usually called "Madonnina".
The most infamous of the derby matches between AC Milan and Inter was the second leg of the Champions' League quarterfinal on 12 April 2005. The game was abandoned after AC Milan goal keeper Dida was hit by a flare .
Juventus vs Milan
The AC Milan – Juventus rivalry is one of the biggest rivalries in Italian football if not world football, some say this match is the real Italian derby. Milan has only won the Serie A 17 times to Juventus’ 27 but where Milan has the edge in the Juventus – Milan rivalry is in Europe. Milan has won the Champions League title 7 times to Juventus’ two times. This really stings Juventus even more so because one of Milan’s European Cups was at their expense.
Juventus vs Torino
Formed by dissident Juventus FC supporters in 1906, Torino FC is known to be the club of those born and bred in the city of Turin. Juventus is moreover supported by the immigrant workers from Italy's south, who arrived in the city to work for FIAT
. It was obvious for them to support Juventus as the club is highly supported by the FIAT founders, the Agnelli family.
Lazio vs Roma
The Derby della Capitale, known in English as the Rome Derby, is a biannual yearly football match between Lazio and Roma in the Stadio Olimpico
. It is considered to be the greatest Derby in Italy and one of the greatest in the world.
As both sides are based in the Stadio Olimpico
, home advantage is more limited than in other fixtures and this has led to the traditional battles between the Lazio ultras in Curva Nord and the Roma ultras in Curva Sud. Violence breaks out occasionally and, in 1979, Vincenzo Paparelli, a Lazio fan in the Curva Nord, was killed when hit by a shipping flare fired across the ground by a Roma fan. Paparelli has become a symbol of the Lazio fans' passion for this Derby.
Napoli vs Roma
Derby del Sole, known in English as the Derby of the Sun is an Italian football derby match between SSC Napoli and AS Roma . The two clubs are relatively close to each other; Roma being from Central Italy and Napoli from Southern Italy. The derby still exists but was historically at its peak during the 1970s and 1980s.
Palermo vs Catania
The derby between U.S. Città di Palermo and Calcio Catania , as it's known Derby di Sicilia or "Sicllian Derby", is not only a fierce derby between the two major clubs of the island but also between the two major cities.On February 2, 2007 Filippo Raciti , a 40 year-old policeman, was killed by injuries suffered when Palermo and Catania supporters clashed after the derby. The events led to an indefinite suspension of all football games in the country.
Spain
Athletic de Bilbao vs Real Sociedad
There is some animosity, though, because Athletic has refused to sign non-Basque players to this day, while Sociedad has signed players from other parts of Spain and around the world since the late 1980s.
Atlético de Madrid vs Real Madrid
El Derbi madrileño ( ) is the name given to football matches between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid , both of them from Madrid
, Spain
.
Real Madrid and Atletico are clubs with contrasting identities and very different fates. Historically, Real Madrid have long been seen as the establishment club; as the puppets of General Franco , led by hardline conservative Santiago Bernabéu , aided by the government and fearful (or bent) referees. Bernabeu
, Real Madrid 's stadium, is majestic alongside banks and businesses on the classy and aristocratic Castellana, while Calderon can be found beside a brewery; Real Madrid draw greater support certainly because of its successes, while Atletico has a more working-class fan base, which comes particularly from the south of the city.
Barcelona vs Espanyol
The rivalry between Barça (short for FC Barcelona ) and RCD Espanyol is far more important for Espanyol fans than for the Barça fans, who consider Real Madrid as their main rivals.Espanyol (or blanqui-blaus), being one of Spanish clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of FC Barcelona's original board. Its historical ground was in the well-off district of Sarrià
.
Traditionally, especially during the Franco regime
, Espanyol was seen by the majority of Barcelona
's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit.Over the last years the derby is less political as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan .
Barcelona vs Real Madrid
The rivalry between FC Barcelona and Real Madrid in Spain
is generally considered to be the biggest in football, and is similar in context to Celtic - Rangers . From the start the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain, Catalonia
and Castile respectively, as well as the two cities themselves.
In the 1950s, the rivalry was intensified further when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano , who finally played for Real Madrid and was key in the subsequent success achieved by the club.
As Barcelona and Real Madrid are the two biggest and most successful clubs in Spain , the rivalry impacts the league championship on an almost annual basis. The flashpoints of this rivalry are the twice-a-season clásicos which draw vast audiences from around the world. Real has won more La Liga and Champions League titles than Barça, but Barça has won more Spanish Cups , Cup Winners Cups and UEFA Cups.
Deportivo La Coruña vs Celta Vigo
As the two largest clubs and cities of Galicia, in northern Spain, both clubs share a fierce rivalry. In the late 90's and early 2000s it only heated up as both clubs vied for Champions League and UEFA Cup positions.
Real Betis vs Sevilla
After a disagreement between the board of directors in the Sevilla FC , several member left to form the Real Betis . Real Betis has been seen as a representative of the blue-collar workers while Sevilla FC is usually associated with the professional white-collar worker . It is regarded as one of the most intense and violent derbies in Spain. The games between the cross-city rivals usually ends in violent clashes between their fans both inside and outside the stadia.
Valencia vs Villarreal
Valencia have a long-standing rivalry with Levante, also located in Valencia, and with another club in the Valencian Community region, Villarreal.
United Kingdom
Arsenal vs Chelsea
While they never considered each other primary rivals, as two of the top clubs in London there has always been strong needle between the fans dating back to the 1930s. The Arsenal and Chelsea rivalry has been more recently considered an important derby, after Chelsea's rise to the top class of the Premier League in 2000s, when the two started to compete constantly for the English championship. According to an internet survey of fans in December 2003, the Arsenal fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Chelsea as their third rival, after Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur. Those Chelsea fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Arsenal as their main rival, however Tottenham and Fulham are their more traditional rivals.
Arsenal vs Manchester United
Since the advent of the FA Premier League in 1992/93, the Manchester United and Arsenal , have established themselves as the two most successful Premiership sides. Although memories of Arsenal's three championship successes have recently been overshadowed by Chelsea's consecutive successes in 2005 and 2006, it is Arsene Wenger's men who have continually challenged for honours over the past 14 seasons. Indeed, in the all-time Premiership table, the Gunners are in second place behind Manchester United, who have eight titles and over 1,000 Premiership goals to their name.
Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur
Arsenal and Tottenham are both north London
clubs, and are situated within five miles of each other, hence the footballing rivalry. The rivalry dates back to 1919 when Arsenal were promoted ahead of Tottenham when it was Tottenham who were more successful that season. Arsenal have won many more League titles (13 to Spurs' 2), and have won ten FA Cups to Tottenham's eight. Spurs have won more European trophies and League Cups; Arsenal more Community Shields.
An example in recent years that highlights the rivalry is the much criticised move of Sol Campbell from Tottenham to Arsenal. At the time Campbell was considered one of the best defenders in the country and was in demand from teams such as Barcelona and Inter Milan . Campbell's decision to join close rivals Arsenal came as a shock to fans. The move even prompted death threats from fans upset that he chose Arsenal. Such is the depth of feeling, Campbell is still booed (and taunted as ' Judas ') with every touch of the ball by Spurs fans in the matches where he features against them - despite having since moved on to Portsmouth F.C. . - almost nine years after his departure from the club.
Aston Villa vs Birmingham City
The Birmingham
derby (also known as the Second City derby) is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham
– Aston Villa and Birmingham City .The clubs first met in 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath, the game finished 1-0 to Small Heath, although Villa have won more derbies than their opponents since, and dominate the trophy count, winning twenty major honours to Birmingham's one. On occasions the fans have clashed and violence has occurred. In 2003, a game which saw 2 red cards and a 3-0 defeat for Aston Villa, violence also took place following the game by fans on Witton Lane outside of Villa Park
, where missiles were hurled at Police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart.
Blackburn vs Burnley
Blackburn
Vs Burnley is one of the oldest and fiercest derby matches in the game, featuring two former English football champions. Both teams were founder members of the Football League, and both competed in the first ever season, the 1888/89 season. The first ever competitive league match between the two sides took place at Turf Moor on 3 November 1888, and Blackburn won the game 7-1. Blackburn Rovers came out on top in the last match between the sides, beating Burnley 2-1 in the FA Cup 5th round replay at Ewood Park on 1 March 2005 after a 0-0 draw at Turf Moor in the original tie. Overall games between the two clubs has resulted in 39 wins for Balckburn Rovers, 37 wins for Burnley and 15 draws.
Because of the intense rivalry between these two northern towns, there used to be a tradition of carrying a coffin painted in the colours of either of the clubs if they were ever relegated and when Burnley blew a chance of promotion from Division Four in the 1980s, a Blackburn supporter hired a plane and flew it over Burnley's Turf Moor on the last day of the season with a banner saying "STAYING DOWN 4 EVER, LOVE ROVERS" trailing from it. Burnley fans gained revenge after Blackburn Rovers were beaten by the semi-pro Swedish team Trelleborgs FC in the UEFA Cup 1994 where Burnley fans changed a road sign to 'twin' Burnley with Trelleborg.
Burnley FC have the dubious and unfortunate honour of being unwilling host to a group of hooligans that are larger in number and more vociferous in their behaviour than clubs of a similar position in the league. The hooligan element at Burnley proudly refer to themselves as the Burnley Suicide Squad. The self imposed title is derived from previous behaviour at away games where the single minded involvement in violence against overwhelming odds could be described as suicidal. Whenever the two teams meet there is normally a large amount of hooligan activity, especially when the two clubs met in 2001 and again in 2005. The match between the two clubs at Turf Moor in 2001 was described by the Lancashire police as 'The policing operations were the biggest that Lancashire had seen in recent football history.' And in which 39 Burnley fans were arrested.
Since Burnley's promotion to the English Premier League in 2009, the clubs will again meet for two league games, this time amongst Englands footballing elite. The rivalry is so intense that for the game at Ewood Park this season, all the Burnley fans had to report to Turf Moor and travel in coaches to reach the venue, as opposed to finding their own way their for fear of pre-match violence.
Blackpool vs Preston North End
Blackpool vs Preston North End is one of English footballs most fiercest and oldest rivalries, dating back to 1901. The derby is also known as the M55 derby because the town of Blackpool
and city of Preston
are at either end of the M55 motorway . The two club stadiums are only seventeen miles apart. The derby has taken place across all four top tiers of the English football league system , though, so far, not in the Premier League .
Gary Peters , who was Preston manager from 1994 to 1998, took the rivalry so seriously he would not use the word "Blackpool" in public, always referring to the club as "that lot with the tower
".
Matches between the two clubs have at times had significant consequences. For example, on 30 April 1904, Blackpool visited Deepdale for the final game of the season, and the home side's single-goal victory gave them the Division Two championship, edging out Woolwich Arsenal .
One of the most significant West Lancashire Derbies took place on 13 April 1970, at Deepdale
. Blackpool won the Second Division match 3-0, a result which saw them promoted back to the First Division , which was then the top flight in English football, while the result later assisted in Preston being relegated to the Third Division for the first time in the club's long history.
In the 1999-2000 season was also significant for Preston, under the management of David Moyes . Their draw at Bloomfield Road in April 2000 sealed their promotion from Division Two, to the second tier of English football for the first time in twenty years, and with it revenge for the defeat in 1970. Later that month Preston were crowned champions while by the end of the season Blackpool were relegated to Division Three , the bottom division of the Football League , leaving two divisions between the clubs.
On 6 May 1978, at a concert by The Vibrators in Preston, a young man from Preston was stabbed to death during clashes between Preston and Blackpool fans. In 1996 there were 70 arrests when serious disorder broke out when the clubs met at Deepdale and pubs were trashed in Preston. Despite there being no match between the two clubs since 2000-07, the rivalry between the two sets of fans reignited itself on 2 September 2006, when a mini-riot broke out on Preston railway station
between Blackpool fans returning from their match at Millwall and local Preston fans returning from an England match in Manchester
. Bottles, cans and signs were hurled as the two sets of fans fought each other, and two British Transport Police officers were injured in what the police described as a large-scale disorder.
By contrast to the violence that sometimes surrounds the West Lancashire derby, fans of both clubs have joined together to raise money for local charities. In March 2007, Blackpool and Preston fans joined together for a seventeen-mile sponsored bicycle ride between Deepdale and Bloomfield Road in aid of the Brian House Children's Hospice in Bispham, Blackpool
, and Derian House Children's Hospice in Chorley
.
Bristol City vs Bristol Rovers
Though not the most glamorous of rivalries or most recognised, ask anyone from the West Country and you will get the same answer that this football rivalry is right up there with the biggest. Although Rovers fans, or Gasheads, mainly live in the North and East of the City
with City fans mainly living in the South, with the two grounds being less than 5 miles apart the two sets of fans live and work amongst each other and this gives rise to the rivalry's ferocious reputation, which over the years has frequently sparked trouble off the pitch between the two sets of fans.
On the pitch City have a superior record to Rovers. City have come off better 43 times compared to Rovers 29 wins when the two teams have played each other in competitive matches, with a further 33 games ending in a draw. In recent years the two teams have not played each other regularly with the two clubs being in different leagues. The last match played was the 06-07 Football League Trophy Southern Area Final, which after 2 legs finished in a 1-0 win to Rovers, a Ricky Lambert goal in the 2nd Leg at the Memorial Stadium
winning the tie.
The rivalry is so ferocious that the two sets of fans even argue about which club is the oldest. Rovers can trace their roots back to 1883 when they formed as the Black Arabs. City formed some 14 years later as Bristol South End FC, but joined the Football League in 1901, some 20 years before Rovers. However, "Gasheads" (Rovers fans), often remind "Shitheads" (City fans) that their current club has only been in existence since 1982, when they folded and started a new company known as Bristol City Football Club 1982 Plc, with no attachments to the old club. This often causes City fans to be called "82'ers" by the opposite set of fans.
Cardiff City vs Swansea City
Known as the South Wales derby this fixture produces one of the most fierce and heated rivalries in British football. Cardiff
(the capital of Wales
) and Swansea
(Wales' second city) are only 40 miles apart. Cardiff City F.C. (Bluebirds) and Swansea (Jacks) fans have been embroiled in ugly scenes inside and outside the ground during the 1970s, '80s and early '90s when football hooliganism was rife. The two teams did not meet between 1999 and 2008 because they have both found themselves moving around the various divisions in English football, therefore avoiding each other.
Both sets of supporters share a pure hatred for each other, trading spiteful songs or chants with one another. A handful of players on opposing teams have performed Cardiff fans' signature move The Ayatollah while playing against Swansea and have come in for a torrent of verbal abuse. The Swans often refer to their "swim away" chant. The Swim Away refers to an incident when Swansea played Cardiff at the old Vetch Field
and a mob of Swansea fans chased three young Cardiff fans into the sea in Swansea Bay. The derby needs a huge security presence that has the police working hard to keep both sets of supporters apart.
In the last decade Cardiff has been the more successful of the two clubs, winning promotion to Division 3 (League 1 as it now known) and again winning promotion in 2003 to Division 2 (The Championship). In the same time Swansea languished in the bottom two divisions. But in the 2007/08 season both clubs enjoyed success when Swansea won promotion to The Championship as League 1 winners, while Cardiff reached the final of the FA Cup against Portsmouth . The 2008/09 season sees the clubs play each other for the first time in nine years.
Both teams are set to play each other three times in the 2008/09 season (twice in the Championship, the other in the Carling Cup ). The first match between the two teams was on 23 September 2008 in the Carling Cup at the Liberty Stadium
. Swansea City won that game 1–0, advancing to the next stage of the competition. However, there was trouble after the game between some Swansea fans and the police. Some fans were arrested and charged with the offences, some of whom have been given bans from football matches for three years, all of whom were from the Swansea area. The two teams then played at Ninian Park
on 5 January 2009, where referee Mike Dean was struck on the head by a coin, thrown from a Cardiff stand. Cardiff fans then clashed with police and damaged the Swansea buses after the match, relating to five arrests and more due to CCTV.
Celtic vs Rangers
One of the biggest and most intense derby in the world, the Old Firm derby between Scottish
teams Rangers and Celtic is more than a football match - it pits religion, politics and opposing social attitudes against each other. Both clubs play in Glasgow
, Scotland
and the match is one of the oldest derbies in the world, dating back to 1888. The Old Firm derby is also one of the most contested matches in the world, with over 370 games having been played. The matches are played at either Ibrox Stadium
with 51,000 fans or Celtic Park
in front of 60,000. In some cases, the match is played at Hampden Park
, if the tie happens to be a Scottish Cup or Scottish League Cup final or semi-final. Both teams have won many titles, but currently Rangers are ahead of Celtic with 52 league titles to 42.
This rivalry is considered by many to be one of the most fervent in the world, with amazing atmospheres and loud chanting, it is easy to understand why it is. Millions tune in to the Old Firm derby across the globe.Rangers are considered a Protestant club with Unionist and loyalist supporters, while Celtic are considered a Catholic club with Republican and Nationalist supporters. It has long had connections with the political conflict in Northern Ireland
, with thousands of fans from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland making the trip to Scotland for these matches. There is even violence in Northern Ireland following Old Firm games. Indeed, the rivalry between the two clubs is so great that only five players have ever moved between clubs. In 1980, around 9,000 fans fought an on-pitch battle in the aftermath of Celtic's 1-0 victory in the Scottish Cup Final at Hampden. This remains the worst invasion onto a football pitch ever reported. The Old Firm rivalry fuels many assaults and many deaths on Old Firm Derby days; an activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends, admissions to hospital emergency rooms increase ninefold over normal levels, and journalist Franklin Foer noted that in the period from 1996 to 2003, eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches, and hundreds and thousands of assaults.
The highest aggregate score in the three major domestic competitions between the Old Firm clubs is eight goals, and this has happened on eight separate occasions: 4-4 twice ( Scottish Cup on 16/2/1956, Premier League on 22/3/1986); Celtic 5 Rangers 3 twice (Scottish Cup on 6/2/1892 and League on 22/9/1894); Celtic 6 Rangers 2 three times (League on 14/12/1895, 10/9/1938, and 27/8/2000); Celtic 7 Rangers 1 once ( League Cup Final on 19/10/1957). The latter result is the biggest margin of victory for either side in any official Old Firm match.
The record attendance for the Glasgow derby is 132,870 for the 1969 Scottish Cup Final at Hampden Park, won 4-0 by Celtic. This is a record breaking attendance.
Derby County vs Nottingham Forest
The rivalry between the two clubs was not, initially, a great one. In the 1880s the town of Derby
had two clubs, Derby County and Derby Junction, whilst the city of Nottingham
had Forest and Notts County as local rivals. Even when Derby Junction folded and became part of Derby County animosity between the two clubs went no further than friendly banter. The two clubs first met in 1892 following Forest's election to the Football League that same year when it was expanded to two divisions in size after four years as a one tier setup. Forest had formed in 1865, 19 years before Derby, but had elected to join the Football League's rival, the Football Alliance , instead in 1889-90. Their winning of the Alliance title in the 1891-92 season ensured they were voted into the First Division when the two leagues where merged in 1892. The fixture was held at least twice a season from 1892 until 1906, when Forest were relegated. Due to the two world wars, and the fact both clubs had a habit of enjoying success at different times, they jointly contested in only 6 league seasons (or 12 matches) for the next 64 years, all of which came in Division Two, with an additional four meetings coming in the FA Cup.
In the past 38 seasons, since the fixture returned onto the First Division fixture list in the 1969/70 season, meetings have been slightly more common, though not as common as the Liverpool or Manchester derbies. Both clubs have jointly contested 16 league seasons, 12 in the top flight and a further four in the second tier.
The rivalry has it is known today really developed in the 1970s when former Derby manager Brian Clough took over at Forest, much to the anger of the Derby fans. This, alongside the fact that Forest fans no longer see Notts County as a genuine threat as they have largely occupied the bottom two tiers of English football since the 1950s whilst Forest the upper two, lit the torch between the two supporters and there has been a bitter rivalry ever since. Both Derby and Forest fans have a large hatred for each other, and on a number of times have clashed. One famous incident occurred in the 1980s when, after a game, Derby hooligans teamed up with Leicester City (who also have a strong dislike for Forest) to cause trouble in Nottingham city centre and confront the Forest fans. Over 60 fans from all sides were arrested. The two sets of supporters did, however, put their differences aside to commemorate their former manager Brian Clough in a special memorial service at Derby's Pride Park Stadium
following his death on 20 September 2004. The two met in the Championship just six weeks later in an emotional match which saw Derby win 3-0, their biggest win over Forest in 25 years.
Arguably the most controversial meeting between the two clubs was the most recent. 2 November 2008 saw the return of the fixture following a three year absence. The match ended as a 1-1 draw, but was arguably the most eventful in recent memory, thanks to a controversial performance from referee Stuart Attwell , who, wrongly, disallowed two Derby goals in the final few minutes, and booked 8 players and issued a straight red to Forest midfielder Lewis McGugan in a match that was not particularly dirty. Paul Jewell was especially vocal in his dismay at Attwell's performance, accusing the 25-year old official of 'losing control' of the game and 'robbing' the Rams of a victory. The press furore around his display saw Attwell called in for a meeting with Referee's Chief Keith Hackett and was consequently axed from the following weeks fixture list.
Animosity between the club's has grown even further with the appointment of former Derby manager Billy Davies at Forest in December 2009, along with the signing of several former Derby players in Lee Camp , Robert Earnshaw and Dexter Blackstock , and the appointment of Nigel Clough as Derby manager, along with the signing of former-Forest favourite Kris Commons at Pride Park. Two fractious FA Cup ties, including one in which Derby came from 2-0 down to win 3-2 and win at the City Ground for the first time since 1971, did not help matters and Robbie Savage 's post-match scarf waving did not endear him to the Forest support. Following a match on August 29, 2009, in which Forest won 3-2 to secure their first victory over Derby in 6 1/2 years, a post-match scuffle broke out between the Derby and Forest players after Nathan Tyson , in reaction to Savage's scarf waving the previous season, celebrated in front of the Derby County fans with a corner flag that had the Nottingham Forest logo on it, an incident the FA said they would investigate with some 'urgency' the end result of which saw both club's fined for failing to control their players and Tyson charged with improper conduct. Derby were fined £20,000, of which £10,000 was suspended, and ordered to pay £400 costs, Nottingham Forest were fined £25,000, of which £10,000 was suspended,and ordered to pat £1,200 costs and Tyson was fined £5,000 and given a two-match ban and ordered to pay £400 costs.
Dundee vs Dundee United
Both teams play in Dundee. Within 300 yards of each other. Dundee play in dark blue at Dens Park whereas United play in black and tangerine at Tannadice. Originally the Derby was very fierce with Dundee supported by Protestants and United (originally know as Dundee Hibernian) representing Catholics. Since United's name change to represent a club for the whole city the derby became less fierce but was still very important to the fans. Both teams consistently played in Scotland's top division so met regularly in league competitions. Winning the derby gives the fans major bragging rights, none more so than in 1983, when United travelled to Dens Park looking to win the league.On the final day of the 1982/83 season United needed to win against city rivals Dundee to take the title. In an emotional game United took the win and the cup. Nowadays the two teams are in different leagues, Dundee were relegated in 2005. However if a draw in the cup was to put the two teams against each other, you can guarantee it would be fought tooth and nail and the fans would be right behind their respective teams all the way.
Everton vs Liverpool
The homes of English
teams Everton and Liverpool are so close that the Merseyside Derby is a very local derby. In fact, Liverpool FC was formed when Everton, the original team in the city, moved from Anfield to Goodison Park over a rent dispute. Everton's previous landlord founded Liverpool as his own team to play in the now empty Anfield stadium. The derby is often known as the "friendly" derby, with families in Liverpool
often split down the middle. Liverpool are the more successful of the clubs, winning eighteen league titles and five European Cup and other European trophies, while Everton have won one European trophy and 9 league titles in total. The relationship became somewhat less friendly and more heated after Liverpool fans caused the Heysel tragedy which caused the death of 39 Juventus fans during the 1985 European Cup Final: because of this, UEFA enforced a six-year ban on all English clubs from European competition, (Liverpool were given a longer ban than the other English teams) causing outrage for many Everton fans as they were denied the chance to compete in the European Cup the following season. Everton had just been voted the European team of the season, and many people believed they would go on to achieve great things including winning the 1986 European Cup. However, the ban on English clubs meant that would not happen. Everton won the League championship again in 1987, but were again denied entry to the European Cup the following season. The team quickly broke up as the best players moved abroad for European football, and the team went into a decline from which it has never really recovered. This fixture has seen more red cards than any other in English history and it is always a cauldron of noise no matter on which side of Stanley Park the derby is taking place.In recent years, the rivalry has become increasingly more intense as Everton are steadily climbing the league table, whilst Liverpool's famous Kopites still take great pride and joy in reminding Everton fans that Liverpool FC are still the most successful club on Merseyside.
Glentoran vs Linfield
This derby revolves around the rivalry between Belfast
's 'Big Two' Glentoran and Linfield , the two most successful clubs in the history of Northern Irish football . Although both clubs are traditionally associated with the Unioinst / Loyalist tendency of Northern Irish politics (and thus also have separate rivalries with the traditionally Nationalist / Republican Cliftonville ) a fierce rivalry has built up between the two clubs due to their dominance of local football.
The clubs traditionally face each other on Boxing Day . Games between the two sides have frequently been marred by outbreaks of hooliganism. and even the appearance of animals at the 1985 Irish Cup final. The 2008 Boxing Day game was marred by some particularly violent scenes, with the game temporarily halted due to missiles being thrown onto the pitch. The incident led to the Irish Football Association suspending the traditional holiday fixture for two years in an attempt to control the violent rivalry. The ban was lifted on appeal in March 2009, although the clubs face a potential fine of £40,000 if there is more crowd trouble.
Heart of Midlothian vs Hibernian
This rivalry between the two biggest Capital
sides is one of the oldest derbies in Scotland, stemming back to 1875 when Hibernian were formed. The first match between these sides came on Christmas Day 1875 in a friendly which Hearts won 1-0. Hearts hold the upper hand in the head-to-head between these sides with 130 victories in competitive matches compared with Hibs' 84 wins in competitive matches; there have also been 85 draws. Hearts hold the record winning margin a 10–2 victory in a Friendly at Easter Road
on 12 August 1893; Hibs hold the record winning margin in a competitive derby with a 7–0 victory at Tynecastle
on 1 January 1973. Between 1989 and 1994 Hearts went on a record 22-game unbeaten streak against Hibs before Hearts were finally beaten 1–0 at Tynecastle in August 1994. The Edinburgh Derby is normally played at Easter Road Stadium
, home of Hibernian or Tynecastle Stadium
, home of Hearts. The record attendance at an Edinburgh Derby came on 2 January 1950 when 65,860 people watched Hearts beat Hibs 2–1 at Easter Road; this was also a record Scottish attendance for a match outside Glasgow. This record is unlikely to be broken in the near future as both clubs' stadia have capacities of around 18,000.
The events of 1990 turned the Edinburgh Derby into more than just a footballing rivalry. Hibs were in financial difficulties at the time and the then Hearts chairman Wallace Mercer believed that the only realistic way to challenge the dominance of Rangers and Celtic was to have a united Edinburgh side; he wanted to merge the two clubs together as one single force. The reaction to those plans was fierce on both sides. Hibs fans started up their "Hands off Hibs" campaign and Hearts fans wanted to keep their identity as it was. Eventually local businessman Tom Farmer, owner of Kwik-Fit
stepped in to save Hibs. Farmer had no great interest in football but stated at the time that he thought it was important to the local community that Hibs kept their identity. Mercer was then forced to abandon his idea of a takeover. Wallace Mercer died in January 2006 after a long battle with cancer , Hearts' next match after his death was a home match against Hibs. Hearts decided to hold a minute's applause in his memory which was disrupted by many Hibs fans which shows that many fans still feel so much anger and resentment towards him even after his death.
Ipswich vs Norwich
The East Anglian Derby is a sobriquet used to describe football matches held between Ipswich Town and Norwich City. It is also described humorously as the Old Farm Derby, a reference to the Old Firm derby played between Celtic and Rangers. According to the Football Rivalries Report 2008, the East Anglian Derby is the second fiercest rivalry in England after the Black Country derby between West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers.
In a total of 138 matches, Ipswich have a slight edge, winning 59, while Norwich have won 52, the remaining 27 being drawn. Ipswich have scored 203 goals whilst Norwich have scored 178. The highest attendance in the derby at Portman Road is 35,077 in a First Division match in September 1975 while Carrow Road hosted 39,890 spectators in an FA Cup match in January 1962. John Wark is Ipswich's leading goalscorer in the derby with nine goals.
Leeds United vs Manchester United
and Yorkshire
, which can be seen between these two clubs. Independent research by the Football Fans Census has shown that in English football both Leeds and Manchester United are within the top three clubs which fans of other sides feel passionately against.
In the past, rivalry between the two clubs has gone beyond the action on the field at Old Trafford
and Elland Road
. During the 1970s when British football hooliganism was at its height, the fights between Leeds' Service Crew and Manchester United's Red Army , two of the most notorious hooligan firms in Britain, became known as some of the most violent clashes in British football, this led to many people getting hurt and still in the modern day when the clubs play there is a high security level.
Liverpool vs Manchester United
Being the two most successful teams in English football history, Liverpool and Manchester United from the north west of England
are rivals for trophies. The biannual league matches are considered by some critics to be the biggest games of the season. Liverpool player Steven Gerrard also believes this to be true.
Liverpool and United both have a wide fan base from all over the world, which probably contributes to this rivalry being seen as more important than either team's traditional rivalry with local teams Everton and Manchester City . Many consider it to be the biggest Football rivalry in the world. However, as well as Football; it is a rivalry between two cities, only 30 miles apart. This began when Manchester built a ship canal, which enabled them to by-pass the River Mersey. The consequence of this was many Liverpudlian Dockers lost their jobs - this caused great resentment and anger.
The two clubs have developed a vicious hatred of each other, fuelled by incidents of hooliganism in the 1980s and 1990s. Also, by the singing of spiteful, even sickening songs targeting the two clubs' respective sore points, the Munich
and Hillsborough disasters. Liverpool's hooligan firm is called 'The Urchins' and they frequently clashed with Manchester United's 'Red Army' and still do to this day. In this hateful atmosphere, boiling point is often reached with the authorities having to work very hard to avoid major confrontation. Every League game between the two clubs kicks off very early, this minimises the risk of violence but because of the fierce loathing the two sets of supporters have for each other, the danger remains. Both sets of players receive terrible verbal and sometimes even physical abuse during these intense fixtures.
Manchester City vs Manchester United
The Manchester derby is a fierce rivalry between Manchester's two teams City and United. The City fans refer to the United fans as "Rags" and the "Munichs" (a reference to United's commercial exploitation of the Munich Air Disaster) while the United fans refer to the City fans as "Bitters" and "Massives". The games have seen many violent clashes down the years both on and off the pitch. The rivalry was at its best in the 1960s and 1970s when both teams were equal in terms of quality and success with City winning the league championship in the same year United won the European cup. City's lack of success in recent years has led to the United v Liverpool F.C
match a bigger occasion for United as they are both fighting for trophies although the fierce rivalry is still there with the build up to derby day in the city as intense as it was in the 1960s. Both sets of fans are constantly digging each other with United fans having a banner inside Old Trafford with a ticker in reference to City's years without winning a trophy and City fans mentioning that they are the only football team to come from Manchester
, due to the fact United are based in Old Trafford
, a district outside the city in the Borough of Trafford
, whilst City were based in Moss Side and are now based in Clayton, both in the City of Manchester. Both sets of fans claim Manchester is either Blue or Red which led to a study by the Manchester Metropolitan University
carrying out a survey of who had the most season ticket holders in the area's with a 'M' postcode. The results were although United had the most season ticket holders in the Greater Manchester
area with a 'M' postcode, City had the most season ticket holders in the City of Manchester. However the study was flawed as it underestimated the number of City season ticket holders by almost 11,000. Two Boroughs in Greater Manchester are considered both blue and red strongholds with Stockport
being a blue zone and Salford
being a red zone.
Manchester United won the most recent encounter between the two clubs with a 4-3 win at Old Trafford
in September 2009, courtesy of a goal from Michael Owen , deep into added on time (90+6). The match was hailed as "probably the best derby of all time" by Manchester United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson
Newcastle United vs Sunderland
The Tyne - Wear derby is a fierce inter-city (although the cities are only about 10 miles apart) derby in England's north-east contested by Newcastle United FC and Sunderland AFC . The first competitive match between the sides took place on 24 December 1898 at Roker Park
in which Newcastle triumphed 3-2. Sunderland's biggest ever victory in their history was a 9-1 victory over rivals Newcastle. Newcastle's biggest ever victory over Sunderland was 6-1 twice, once in 1920 and again in 1955. Their latest game was a 1 - 1 draw at St James Park
, with Djibril Cisse scoring the opener and Shola Ameobi equalising with a penalty kick , following a foul on Steven Taylor awarded by Howard Webb .
Portsmouth vs Southampton
An extremely fierce rivalry which rages on the south coast of the United Kingdom, with immense hatred between each group of supporters. To Portsmouth fans, Southampton fans are known as "Scummers". The term originates back in history with the Portsmouth and Southamptondocks. There was a strike, and Portsmouth agreed with Southampton to close both ports to improve conditions and pay for the workers. However, the Southampton port secretly opened whilst Portsmouth was striking, and took all of the trade. Portsmouth workers then referred to the workers as 'Scum', which soon evolved to 'Scummer'.
The choice of the word 'Scum' is specific, as it is an acronym of the Southampton Port workers Union at the time, Southampton Community Union Members* *
This is an urban myth no evidence can be found of any strike. People from Portsmouth add 'er' on to words eg. mater and sonner that is where scummer came from.
Whereas, to Southampton fans, Portsmouth fans are knowns as Skates. When sailors were miles from home with no women in sight, they used to use skates to, uh.... But it's never caught on in quite the same way as Scummers.' Illingsworth admits to his part in the invention of Skates as a derogatory term for Pompey fans. It was well known that Portsmouth people delighted in calling sailors "skates".
This feud is well known in English football and is not helped by Harry Redknapp's involvement at both clubs. He joined Portsmouth as a director and slowly became Manager of Portsmouth, however after guiding them to the 'promised land' of the Premier League, he jumped ship and joined 'the club down the road' Southampton. To make the situation worse, from Southampton's point of view, he led the team to a 4 - 1 defeat at the hands of Portsmouth at Fratton Park
. On top of this, after 'Judas' as he had become known to Portsmouth fans, led Southampton to the second tier of English Football. Redknapp then rejoined Portsmouth and was forgiven, while Southampton have since been relegated again to League One.
However he has since left again for Tottenham Hotspurs, taking Jermain Defoe and Peter Crouch with him.
Sheffield United vs Sheffield Wednesday
The ' Steel City Derby ' is a fierce local derby, which has been due to lots of crowd trouble over the years and is looked on by most sets of fans as the most important two matches of the entire season. It is between the two football teams of the city of Sheffield
. Fans refer to the other clubs players and fans as 'pigs', though there are other names such as the nickname 'Wendy' given by Unitedites to their rivals and Wednesday often refer to their cross city counterparts as the 'Blunts', a pun on their nickname, the Blades. It is often an important match for the fans, since many United and Wednesday fans work, learn and live with their rivals.
It first took place on 16 October 1893 and since then the teams have met a total of 120 times, with United having won 3 more of the encounters than Wednesday . United have led the series of league encounters since 1951. Sheffield United have won 44 to Sheffield Wednesdays 41 with 37 finishing with a draw. The biggest victory by United was a 7-3 win in 1951. Wednesday's best result was a 4-0 win in 1979. United have completed the league double on 10 occasions, while Wednesday have done the double on 6 occasions.
Former Wednesday player Alan Quinn became the first and currently only player to score for both sides in a Sheffield league derby when he scored for United in the December 2005 game, having previously scored Wednesday's goal in their 1-3 defeat at Bramall Lane in 2003.
The 1979 Boxing Day derby at Hillsborough was watched by a record Third Division crowd of 49,309 spectators.
The game is referred to as The ' Steel City Derby ' due to Sheffield's heritage as a steel -making city. Pundits often refer to it as 'the Sheffield Derby'. This is also the name given to a derby between two non-league teams Sheffield and Hallam , the oldest derby in the World.
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs West Bromwich Albion
Having played each other over 150 times competitively, including 5 games in the 2006/7 season, this is one of the biggest and most underestimated rivalries in English football. According to a Littlewoods survey of 6,000 fans, this rivalry came out as the biggest in football after Millwall v West Ham, Manchester United v Manchester City, Arsenal v Tottenham, Portsmouth v Southampton, Derby v Nottingham Forest and Celtic v Rangers. The rivalry doesn't just occur when the teams are playing each other, with both teams having terrace chants which they sing at each game, such as for Wolves "Always **** on a Tesco carrier bag" and "We Hate Albion" as well as their rival's "Always **** on the old gold and black" and "The Dingles". There are many more songs aimed at each other regularly.
Though, due to the yo-yo promotions of the teams between the Premier League and Football League Championship both clubs seem to avoid each other in their promotions and relegations, and have yet to meet in the Premier League.
The rivalry between Millwall and West Ham
is definitely one of the most bitter rivalries in England and possibly one of the most fierce in the world, even though they have only met a handful of times. There is evidence to show that the rivalry began when there was a strike by the predominantly West Ham supporting ship works, whereas the Millwall supporting workers refused to join the strike. However, this rivalry has been lessened some due to the fact that both clubs have played in different divisions for much of their history. On almost all occasions when the sides met violence has occurred with many getting hurt and injured. On match days there is a significantly higher police presence than normal, with as much 1,000 extra police officers per 10,000 fans. On 25 August 2009, the two sides met in a Carling Cup clash, which was marred by major riots inside and outside the ground which shocked the country and it was seen by many as what the 1970s and early 1980s were like for football hooliganism, and the fighting is always so intense it is almost always described as "animal fighting". Hundreds of West Ham supporters invaded the pitch after each of their three goals in their extra time win, and a minority of these fans threatened some Millwall players. Outside the ground, a Millwall fan was stabbed during the game. Police estimated that the violence involved hundreds of fans from both West Ham and Millwall. Before this occurrence, there was serious violence during Millwall's 4-1 victory at the New Den in 2004, the first time the sides had met in over 10 years. Although the violence in the ground was mostly West Ham supporters fighting with police, through frustration, during the game, but several clashed between the supporters erupted in near-by areas. Some suggest that the violence is so fierce, even today, because the clubs have not played each other as often as other rival clubs such as Manchester United and Manchester City, another theory of their rivalry is because of the strong similarities between the supporters. Both sets are seen as loyalists and Protestant compared to some clubs rivalries being based on Catholic beliefs to Protestant beliefs, such as Liverpool (Catholic) and Everton (Protestant). Others suggest that it is simply because of the long history of football hooliganism between the two sets of supporters. Because of the such fierce rivalry, Harry Redknapp, a former West Ham player and manager, called for the two clubs to never be allowed to play each other in a cup game again, stating if they get drawn together, the balls should be put back in drawn again. Due to Millwall playing League One football and West Ham playing Premier League football, at present, the only chances of these two sides meeting is via a cup clash.
Africa
Al-Ahly vs Zamalek
The biggest rivalry in Egypt and the Arab world is the rivalry between Egyptian
giants Al-Ahly & Zamalek . Al-Ahly & Zamalek were named by the Confederation of African Football "CAF" as the top two African clubs of the 20th century.
Both teams are located in Greater Cairo and their match is considered the highlight of the football season with live television broadcast to most of the Arab countries since the seventies. The rivalry is closely fought, but Al-Ahly has the biggest win between the two teams since the league commenced in 1948, winning 6-1 at their home stadium in 2002. However, the largest result between the two sides was Zamalek's 6-0 win over Al-Ahly in the 1944 Egyptian Cup final.The derby matches are so intense as to require foreign referees to officiate them. back in 1966 a penalty against Al Ahly drove Shly fans to riot causing damages to Zamalek's main stadium and burning a factory near the club. Recently, the intensity of rivalry caused the authorities to redirect traffic in Cairo during the mach day, so that supporters of the two teams will not face each other in their way to and from Cairo stadium.
Asante Kotoko vs Hearts of Oak
The biggest rivalry in Ghana, and one of the biggest rivalries in sub-Saharan Africa is between Accra Hearts of Oak SC and Asante Kotoko . Kotoko are the club of Ghana's second largest city, Kumasi
, while Hearts of Oak play their home games in the capital, Accra
. The buildup to the derby games is covered extensively in the Ghanaian press, and support for the two clubs is widespread and greatly outstrips support for any of the other teams in the Ghanaian Premier League. In 2001, a match
between the two teams in Accra resulted in the worst football-related disaster in African history, when 127 people were killed as the result of a stampede which broke out after clashes between supporters and police.
Club Africain vs Esperance
Esperance used to be the club of the lower class people and Club Africain the team of the "intellectual" (the club was founded by students). The Club Africain headquarter is located in Bab Jedid, an old area of the city where the rich used to live. Nowadays it's a pretty poor area. Esperance's headquarter is located 1 km from that of club Africain, in Bab Souika, a very popular area. After the independence of Tunisia, Club Africain slowly became more popular among the poor especially because Esperance was being managed by businessmen and politicians. Both clubs are very popular these days.
JSK vs USMA
The derby of the Kabyle people . The JSK (jeunesse sportive de Kabylie) and the USMA
(union sportive de la médina d'Alger) are the two most prestigious teams of Algeria, and major teams in the African league (the JSK is the second most titled team in Africa , after the Egyptian Al-Ahly , and the sole team to have won all African cups).This derby has a very strong political significance: the JSK is usually seen as the team of the Kabyle "bourgeoisie" (upper classes) with right-wing political views, while the USMA
gain its support from the Algiers
's Kabyle working class, mostly of left-wing and "algerianist" Kabyle political parties's supporters (in contrast with the strong Kabyle nationalist positions of JSK 's fans).This rivalry is considered by the FIFA
as one of the most important and intense in the world.
Kaizer Chiefs vs Orlando Pirates
The South African Soweto
derby between the nations two most popular teams, one of the few fixtures in the domestic fixture list to fill the stadium. The teams have played each other 33 times since the Premier Soccer League was formed in 1996.
Mufurila Wanderers vs Nkana Red Devils
The biggest rivalry in Zambian Football.Both hailing from the mining towns in copperbelt, they have the largest fan base in Zambia although with the collapse of the mines both Nkana (Kalampa) and (Mighty) Wanderers have been relegated to the second tier of the league. Nkana have won more championships than any other club in Zambian football history with Wanderers coming in a close second. On the other hand Wanderers have won more cup competitions with Nkana coming in a close second.
Raja Casablanca vs Wydad Casablanca
Violence - on and off the field - is a frequent occurrence at Morocco's big derby. Raja, formed in 1949, have their roots in the struggle against colonial power France. Last year a derby was played behind closed doors following crowd problems.
Asia
East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan
The event known as the Kolkata Derby involves the two main football clubs of Kolkata
, India
. In Indian football, Mohun Bagan and East Bengal are arch rivals. Mohun Bagan, being the oldest club of Kolkata
(of Asia also), has a large fan base among the old residents of Kolkata. On the other hand, East Bengal club is mostly popular among the people who come from East Bengal (now known as Bangladesh
).
The rivalry can be considered as a manifestation of one which already had existed between the two sub-category of Bengali people - "Ghoti" (residents of the western part of undivided Bengal) and "Bangal" (residents of the eastern part of undivided Bengal before the independence of India) since the independence and division of India. These two clubs met in 1925 for the first time and they have played almost 285 matches with each other since then. Out of this number, East Bengal beat Mohun Bagan 106 times and Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal 80 times. Usually these two local Titans meet in Yuva Bharati Kridangan
), Kolkata where about 100,000 fans enjoy the match.
Esteghlal vs Persepolis
The Tehran derby is a fierce football local derby match that takes place twice a year between the two most popular clubs in Iran
and Tehran
- Esteghlal F.C. and Persepolis F.C. . The match between both teams is a very passionate and exciting derby. Stadiums are always packed to capacity when the two teams play (For Example Azadi Stadium
Hosted 100,000). Despite being a derby between two teams from Tehran, the match has been played in other Iranian cities as well. The Tehran derby is the most important club game in Asia according to the AFC.
The first derby match between the teams took place on 5 April 1968, at Amjadieh Stadium
where the game finished as a scoreless draw. At the tim, e Esteghlal was known as Taj FC. Both clubs were relatively young but Persepolis had a solid fan base, because of its close association to the once popular Shahin club. The rivalry between Shahin and Taj was transferred to its current stage when the Shahin club had to cease operations due to poor relations with the IFF .
Over time, the rivalry became more heated and club fans began attaining collective identities. By the mid-'70s Persepolis was seen as a working class club, while Taj was viewed as a club close to the ruling establishment and supported by the upper class of Iranian society. Persepolis fans outnumbered Esteghlal fans by large numbers at the time and still do.
Because of the sensitive nature of the matches, fan violence has occurred several times. In minor cases, fans break chairs or throw garbage at the field, but more notable cases of violence have involved physical fights between opposing teams and fans, storming of the field by fans, as well as significant destruction of public property.
Ever since 1995, federation officials have invited foreign referees to officiate the game to ease fan and player suspicions of referee bias. This occurred after the events of the 38th tehran derby when many suspicious decisions were given in favour of Esteghlal.
in Tabriz
have all hosted the game at least once.
The biggest victory was Persepolis 6 - Esteghlal 0 which resulted in a famous chant of "6 taeiha" by Persepolis fans.
Abahoni Ltd Vs Mohameda Fc
The two clubs has been the most dominant team in the dhaka premiere League..ever since the country was liberated.Abahoni VS Mohamedan match has been a math to die for..to every football fan in Bangladesh. It no less than el classico or derby day in the other countries
Melbourne Victory vs Adelaide United
This rivalry has its roots in the Victorian-South Australian interstate Australian Rules Football and has gradually built up since the birth of the A-league 5 years ago. The rivalry is especially fierce because of each club's success. The 2 clubs have played in many finals against each other all of but one of these being won by Melbounre, including 2 grand finals, an amazing 6-0 victory to melbourne in 2007 and another 1-0 victory in 2009, again to Melbourne. This rivalry is considered to be the fiercest in the A - League, due to the amount of tension both in the games and out of them.
Sydney vs Melbourne
The rivalry involves Australia's Sydney FC and Melbourne Victory also called The City Derby. The rivalry came about since the inception of the A-League where Melbourne and Sydney were the two largest cities in Australia. It carries on from a longstanding rivalry between the two cities where the 2 cities have competed both in sport and in politics. The clubs are two of the most successful and influential football clubs in the country and encounters between the two are generally seen as the most important club football games in Australia, generally pulling in the largest match day attendances and TV audiences of the regular season.
Each encounter has often been filled with spite especially amongst the fans where several incidents between supporters of the clubs have occurred , along with many excessive amount of players being sent off and even coaching management over the years getting involved in many confrontations , has made the City Derby the most anticipated match in Australian football.
Newcastle United Jets vs Central Coast Mariners
The rivalry involves Australia's Newcastle United Jets and Central Coast Mariners . The rivalry starts in the stands where the fans clash and then the heat turns up on the field.
The hatred started before a ball was even kicked when some former Newcastle fans of the old NSL became fans of the new franchise of Central Coast
and the rest remained loyal to Newcastle United . The rivalry really took off in the first ever game between the clubs where Matt Osman broke the leg of Andrew Durante in a horrendus tackle. The rivalry hit a new level when the Newcastle
supporters group were caught throwing coins and cans at Central Coast players.
FC Seoul vs Suwon Samsung
One of the biggest football rivalries in South Korean K-League , is the derby match between Suwon Samsung and FC Seoul . Originally, it was the rivalry was between Suwon Samsung and Anyang LG Cheetahs , a former club of FC Seoul. The rivalry started in 1996, when then Suwon's manager Kim Ho had conflicts with his assistant coach Cho Kwang-Rae . Cho Kwang-Rae quit the club, and joined Anyang as manager. The rivalry got fiercer when Seo Jung-Won , a former star player from Anyang decided to return to K-League after spending a season at RC Strasbourg , France. Even though when he left Anyang for Strasbourgh, he promised to Anyang that he would return to Anyang when he comes back to K-League, he decided to move to Suwon instead, as they offered higher wage. Angry Anyang fans collected Seo's Anyang shirts and burned them Later in 2004, Anyang decided to move to Seoul, the nation's capital and the largest city for both financial and supporting profits, and changed its name to FC Seoul. Suwon supporters have since called FC Seoul 'Northern Traitor' because of their action of abandoning Anyang's supporters, and both of them does not accept each other as rival, but in fact, their rivalry has been even fiercer since. On 8 April 2007, the match between Seoul and Suwon at Seoul World Cup Stadium
recorded attendance of 55397, which still remains as the highest attendance record in K-League .
See also
| i don't know |
Traditionally used in cooking, which annual herb in the family Apiaceae is alternatively called Chinese parsley? | Cilantro vs Parsley - Difference and Comparison | Diffen
Cilantro vs. Parsley
Coriander, also known as cilantro in North America, and parsley are herbs from the same botanical family, Apiaceae . They are both used in cooking.
Comparison chart
Cilantro versus Parsley comparison chart
Cilantro
Coriandrum sativum is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae.
Petroselinum crispum is a biennial herb from the family Apiaceae.
Uses
All parts: leaves, roots, stems and seeds are used in cooking either as a garnish, a key ingredient or as a powder.
Only the leaves are used, chopped and sprinkled as a garnish. Also as part of a bouquet garni (bundle of herbs) to flavor soups and stocks.
Regions used/found
Native to Southern Europe, North Africa and South western Asia.
Common in Middle Eastern, European and American cooking. Use for its leaf in similar way to coriander but has a milder flavor.
Flavor
Seeds when crushed have a warm, nutty, spicy flavor. The leaves have been described to a have 'soapy' taste.
The leaves when chopped have a mild flavor.
Contents: Cilantro vs Parsley
4 References
Description
Coriander is also known as Chinese parsley. It is called cilantro in America. Heat diminishes the flavor of coriander leaves so is used at the end of cooking.
There are two types of parsley, Curly Leaf and the Italian Flat Leaf. Curly leaf parsley is usually used as a garnish for its bright green and pleasing appearance.
Culinary uses
Chopped coriander leaves are used in many Asian and Mexican dishes as key ingredient or garnish. It is a key ingredient in salsa and guacamole, also in Indian chutneys and sauces. The seeds can be dry roasted and powdered, and are used in Indian cooking (it’s a key ingredient of Garam Masala).
Parsley is a key ingredient of West Asian salads such as Tabbouleh from Lebanon; Gremolata, which accompanies veal stew; and Persillade, a mix of chopped garlic and parsley used in French cuisine. Parsley is also used as part of a bouquet garni (or bundle of various herbs) to flavor soups and stocks while boiling . Mainly used in European and American cooking as a garnish for food.
Effects on health
Coriander leaves and seeds are high in antioxidants. The chemicals from the leaves have antibacterial activity against salmonella. It can also delay or prevent from spoiling. It is a traditional treatment for diabetes . Also used in cold medicine for relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran. Used in traditional Indian medicine as a diuretic by boiling equal amounts of coriander seeds and cumin seeds, then cooling and drinking the liquid. Coriander juice mixed with turmeric and applied on the skin is a treatment used for acne.
Parsley tea can be used as an enema and to control high blood pressure. Parsley is high in oxalic acid, a compound involved in the formation of kidney stones. It is not recommended to be consumed by pregnant women as it can lead to uterine stimulation and premature labor, but is recommended for lactating mothers as stimulates milk production.
References
| Coriander |
Into which body of water does the River Tiber flow? | Coriander
Coriander
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Coriander is difficult to grow because it goes to seed so quickly. The trick is to have it growing in lots of different places and to keep putting out more seeds. It is really only useful as a garnish, especially on stir fries, so I often don't bother too much with this one.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also commonly called cilantro in North America, is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Coriander is native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa. It is a soft, hairless, foetid plant growing to 50 cm tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. The flowers are borne in small umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre of the umbel longer (5-6 mm) than those pointing to the middle of the umbel (only 1-3 mm long). The fruit is a globular dry schizocarp 3-5 mm diameter.
The name coriander derives from French coriandre through Latin �coriandrum� in turn from Greek.
Uses
All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the most commonly used in cooking. Coriander is commonly used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, South Asian, Latin American, Chinese, African and Southeast Asian cuisine.
Leaves
The leaves are variously referred to as coriander leaves, cilantro (in the United States, from the Spanish name for the plant), dhania (in the Indian subcontinent, and increasingly, in Britain), Chinese parsley or Mexican parsley. The leaves have a very different taste from the seeds, similar to parsley but "juicier" and with citrus-like overtones. Some people instead perceive an unpleasant "soapy" taste and/or a rank smell. This perception is believed to be a result of an enzyme that changes the way they taste cilantro, a genetic trait, but has yet to be fully researched.
Coriander foliage
The fresh leaves are an essential ingredient in many Vietnamese foods, Asian chutneys and Mexican salsas and guacamole. Chopped coriander leaves are also used as a garnish on cooked dishes such as dal and many curries. As heat diminishes their flavour quickly, coriander leaves are often used raw or added to the dish right before serving. (Though in some Indian and Central Asian recipes, coriander leaves are used in huge amounts and cooked till they dissolve into sauce and their flavour mellows.)
In Peruvian cuisine, the leaves are used in a great number of traditional recipes, and are known as "culantro." The seeds have also recently been incorporated into newer recipes.
Coriander leaves were formerly common in European cuisine but nearly disappeared before the modern period. Today Europeans usually eat coriander leaves only in dishes that originated in foreign cuisines, except in Portugal, where it is still an essential ingredient in many traditional dishes.
The fresh coriander herb is best stored in the refrigerator in airtight containers, after chopping off the roots. The leaves do not keep well and should be eaten quickly, as they lose their aroma when dried or frozen.
Fruit
The dry fruits are known as coriander seeds or coriandi seeds. In some regions, the use of the word coriander in food preparation always refers to these seeds (as a spice), rather than to the plant itself. The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed, due to the presence of the terpenes linalool and pinene. It is also described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured. They are usually dried but can be eaten green.
If the spice is bought (or picked -- it can be grown in a home garden) whole in a non-dried form, it can be dried in the sun. Most commonly, it is bought as whole dried seeds, but can also be purchased in ground form. When grinding at home, it can be roasted or heated on a dry pan briefly to enhance the aroma before grinding it in an electric grinder or with a mortar and pestle; ground coriander seeds lose their flavour quickly in storage and are best only ground as needed. For optimum flavour, whole coriander seed should be used within six months, or stored for no more than a year in a tightly sealed container away from sunlight and heat.
Coriander seed is a key spice (Hindi name: dhania) in garam masala and Indian curries, which often employ the ground fruits in generous amounts together with cumin. It also acts as a thickener. Roasted coriander seeds, called dhana dal, are also eaten as a snack. It is also the main ingredient of the two south indian gravies: sambhar and rasam.
Outside of Asia, coriander seed is an important spice for sausages in Germany and South Africa (see boerewors). In Russia and Central Europe coriander seed is an occasional ingredient in rye bread as an alternative to caraway. Apart from the uses just noted, coriander seeds are rarely used in European cuisine today, though they were more important in former centuries.
Coriander seeds are also used in brewing certain styles of beer, particularly some Belgian wheat beers. The coriander seeds are typically used in conjunction with orange peel to add a citrus character to these styles of beer.
Roots
Coriander roots are used in a variety of Asian cuisine. They are commonly used in Thai dishes.
Medicinal uses
Coriander has been used as a folk medicine for the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iranian folk medicine. Experiments in mice support its use as an anxiolytic.
Coriander essential oil showed a delay in E. Coli growth, suggesting possible agricultural anti-bacterial applications.
Coriander seeds have also been used to prepare a traditional diuretic in India . The diuretic is prepared by boiling equal amounts of coriander seeds and cumin seeds. The extract is then cooled and consumed as a diuretic.
History
Coriander is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean area, and in southwest Europe. Some believe its use began as far back as 5,000 BC, and there is evidence of its use by the ancient Egyptians. In the Bible, Exodus, chapter 16, verse 31, it says "And the house of Israel began to call its name Manna: and it was white like coriander seed, and its taste was like that of flat cakes made with honey".
Thought to have been introduced to Britain by the Romans as a meat preserver, coriander seems to have been cultivated in Greece since at least the second millennium BC. In Linear B tablets, the species is referred to as being cultivated for the manufacture of perfumes, and it appears that it was used in two forms: as a spice for its seeds and as a herb for the flavour of its leaves. This appears to be confirmed by archaeological evidence from the same period: the large quantities of the species retrieved from an Early Bronze Age layer at Sitagroi in Macedonia could point to cultivation of the species at that time (Fragiska, 2005).
Coriander seed and leaf was very widely used in medieval European cuisine, due to its ability to make spoiled meats palatable by "masking" rotten flavours. Even today, coriander seed is an important ingredient in many sausage products.
Coriander was brought to the British colonies in North America in 1670 and was one of the first spices cultivated by early settlers.
Similar plants
Eryngium foetidum has a very similar taste to coriander and is also known as culantro.
Vietnamese coriander leaves have a similar odour and flavour to coriander.
Bolivian Coriander, or quillqui�a, has been described as "somewhere between arugula, cilantro and rue".
Popular Culture
On the animated series, Metalocalypse, Skwisgaar Skwigelf is allergic to cilantro.
The popular DC Comics character Starfire's real name ("Princess Koriand'r") was adapted from the herb by writer Marv Wolfman.
The main character of a book "I, Coriander" a fantasy story set in 17th-Century London published in 2005 by author Sally Gardner
| i don't know |
Gaston the Ladybird, Nanny Plum, and King Thistle are all characters appearing in which pre-school animated children’s TV show? | Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom - Movies & TV on Google Play
Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom
A young witch is planning on moving into Mrs Witch’s house. Mrs Witch has to come out of retirement to keep her place in the Little Kingdom. / Rainbows are a pirate’s best friend, unless you’re Cap...
0
Season 10
Episode 5
A young witch is planning on moving into Mrs Witch’s house. Mrs Witch has to come out of retirement to keep her place in the Little Kingdom. / Rainbows are a pirate’s best friend, unless you’re Captain Squid and you’re trying to hide treasure. / Poor Gaston the ladybird has never had a birthday party, so King Thistle says it can be Gaston’s birthday party.
Season 10
When a spell accidentally goes wrong, Ben and Holly grow to human size! / Ben, Holly and Nanny Plum help Mrs Witch have a bit of a clear-out.
0
The Elves and fairies enlist the help of Mr Gnome in picking blackberries for their Harvest dance. / Three baby ladybirds, Amber, Emerald and Keith have come to stay at their uncle Gaston's for the...
0
The bath tap at the Little Castle is dripping, so the elf plumber is called. / Mr Elf is overworked so King Thistle sentences him to a holiday.
0
Springtime in the Little Kingdom brings out tulips, daffodils, hedgehogs...and two very hungry gnomes. / A magical card arrives in the Little Kingdom, inviting everyone to a party at Granny and Gra...
0
A young witch is planning on moving into Mrs Witch’s house. Mrs Witch has to come out of retirement to keep her place in the Little Kingdom. / Rainbows are a pirate’s best friend, unless you’re Cap...
0
Lucy's Elf & Fairy Party - Holly shrinks Lucy and her dog, Rex, down so they can play in the Little Kingdom.
Daisy & Poppy Go Bananas - Granny Thistle comes to visit and gives Daisy and Poppy a p...
0
Pirate Treasure - When Captain Squid leaves his treasure map in the Little Kingdom, Redbeard the Elf Pirate leads Ben, Holly and Nanny Plum on a treasure hunt. The map says the treasure is deep und...
0
Lucy's Sleepover - Holly shrinks Lucy down so she can play in the Little Kingdom. She has fun flying on Gaston the Ladybird and is invited to a sleepover at the Little Castle.
Gaston Goes to the V...
0
Ben, Holly and their friends go on a snail trek with Miss Jolly. The trek goes well until the snails head straight toward the Elf Farm and Mr Elf’s cabbages… / Naughty Daisy and Poppy magic their t...
0
The Dwarf Mine: Strange holes are appearing throughout the Little Kingdom. It’s the Dwarves, deep underground, digging for treasure! A solution must be found before the Dwarves dig up everything.
B...
Aliens arrive from Planet Bong to ask the Wise Old Elf to restore their hot and sandy planet by restoring all the plants. / The elves and fairies arrive at Planet Bong and meet The Great Leader, th...
0
King Thistle wants a boiled egg for his breakfast but Mr Elf has forgotten to bring him one. The elves decide to deliver the King the chickens from the Elf Farm so he can have an egg whenever he li...
0
Season Only
It is Father's Day in The Little Kingdom and all the dads are given a day off work to go and play together in the meadow. Ben and Holy are surprised to learn that The Wise Old Elf is a dad too, and...
0
Ben and Holly want to play with Gaston the ladybird but he is missing. Nanny Plum uses her magic crystal ball to retrace Gaston’s steps and find his whereabouts...along the way they discover the la...
0
Lucy and her dad are having a quiet, relaxing day boating on the lake. They fish out an old glittery mirror from the bottom of the lake and decide to keep it. Unfortunately the mirror belongs to a ...
0
Father Christmas pays a surprise visit to The Little Kingdom to check on the Christmas preparations. The Elves are busy making all the toys and the Fairies are making all the Christmas decorations....
0
Redbeard the Elf Pirate sets sail to find the lost city, but soon finds himself in trouble and in need of rescuing. They find him in the most unexpected place! / Granny Thistle comes to visit and g...
0
Unable to pay the elves the fairy kingdom is left without any food. As money doesn't grow on trees, and the chest is empty, King Thistle has to go to work and earn a coin. / Out looking for Gaston,...
0
Wandy gets a cold and is taken ill, Holly is given a replacement wand. This new wand can do lots of things that Wandy can't, and soon becomes the favourite. / Ben and Holly visit the bee hive to se...
0
Miss Cookie's class is out on a nature trail, in the Little Kingdom! It is up to Ben and Holly to prevent the elves and fairies being discovered by the big children and their teacher. / The childre...
0
Season Only
Nannny's magic license is out of date and in order to get a new one she must pass a test, set by the Wise Old Elf. / Lucy's dad is digging up the meadow and the Little Kingdom is in danger. How can...
0
After the disappearance of Mrs Fotheringill the twins haven't been attending playgroup. With no willing substitute Queen Thistle, with help from Mrs Elf, becomes their new teacher. / King and Queen...
0
Holly and Ben spend a day at Lucy's school, they have to stay hidden as they can't be spotted by the teacher, Miss Cookie. Will they make it to the end of the lesson? / Elf Rescue is always on call...
0
Strawberry introduces her new pet and everyone is very impressed with how well trained she is. Gaston is sent to pet school, where Miss Jolly soon gets him into shape. / The Wise Old Elf fears an a...
0
The children have adopted a new pet: a dragon named Dave. Soon he starts growing and they're unsure where to keep him. They need to find him a place where he belongs. / Daisy and Poppy turn Nanny P...
0
Queen Thistle decides to take a day off, so Holly, Ben, Nanny and the King have to look after the naughty twins Daisy and Poppy for the day. But even all the Elves in the Little Kingdom can't help ...
0
On a tour of the Elf Factory, the Elf and Fairy children learn about re-cycling and see how rubbish is re-used and made into toys. When the factory runs out of raw material, they set out to find so...
0
Ben and Holly set out in the new Elf Submarine to try and rescue Redbeard the Elf Pirate's sunken treasure. Mr Elf steers the Elf Submarine to the bottom of the lake but before they realise, they a...
0
Holly is going on a camping trip with Ben and his mum and Dad, but they are soon joined by annoying Mr Gnome, who is always hungry and sings silly songs. / It's the Twin's birthday party and chaos ...
0
Season Only
Part 1 of 2 - It's Christmas Eve and the presents have just been delivered to Father Christmas at the North Pole by Mr Elf in the Elf plane. Back at the elf tree, Mr Elf is just sitting down to a n...
0
Holly goes to school for the first time, to learn something other than how to make magic jelly. Ben comes along, despite protests from the Wise Old Elf. Everybody learns a lesson. / The Fairies wak...
0
Ben is in training for the elf games, Holly wants to join in but the rules state there is absolutely no flying or magic allowed. After unintentionally causing Ben to lose some of his events, Ben gi...
0
Out playing in the meadow, Holly, Ben and their friends find a broken toy robot. Holly fixes it with magic, but the robot does not behave as they thought it would, and soon it is trying to clean ou...
0
King Thistle wants fish for dinner, so he goes out fishing with Mr Elf, Ben and Holly on Mr Elf's boat. Mr Elf tells them a story about the biggest, baddest fish ever - Big Bad Barry - and the King...
0
Holly breaks her wand and must go to the Wand Factory, at the bottom of the Great Elf Tree, to get it fixed. /The Twins really want a pet and Nanny Plum sets about getting them one. She magic's the...
0
Season Only
After seeing a toy Elf rocket, the King orders a real rocket to fly to the moon. Elf honour is at stake and the Elves make a rocket in record time. For the trip, Nanny packs a picnic, and Ben and H...
0
The Elf Factory is deep down in the roots of The Great Elf Tree. It is almost Christmas time and the elves are busy making toys. Holly has fun visiting the Elf Factory and when there is a problem w...
0
Queen Thistle reads the children a story about the stars, and they all wonder where the stars go in the daytime. They can't find the answer in the magic books in the castle, so go instead to the Wi...
0
Holly is left in charge when King and Queen Thistle go away on important business, but ruling the Little Kingdom isn't as easy as it looks. She wants everyone to have a nice day, so says that no on...
0
Snobby King and Queen Marigold are coming to visit the Little Kingdom, and Holly and her Mummy and Daddy enlist the Elf Band to impress them. /Things are going missing all over the Little Kingdom -...
0
Barnaby Elf's uncle, Redbeard the Elf Pirate, comes to visit the Little Kingdom, but he has lost his treasure. Holly, Ben, the Fairies and the Elves must help Redbeard follow the clues to track dow...
0
Gaston catches a cold when his cave has a leaky roof, so Holly invites him to stay at the Little Castle until it is fixed. But soon Gaston is taking over, eating the King's food, sitting in his cha...
0
King Thistle wants bread for his Royal breakfast, but there isn't any flour in the castle. Mr Elf takes Holly, Ben and Nanny Plum to the Elf Windmill to find out why it takes so long to make flour....
0
Season Only
Holly and Ben help the Wise Old Elf play a trick on Nanny Plum for Elf Joke Day, but she does not see the funny side, and gets her revenge by turning the Wise Old Elf into a giant snail. /Snooty Ki...
0
Holly and Nanny Plum join Ben at Elf School, where the Wise Old Elf tells them that strictly no magic should be used. All the Elf children are very good at building their toys, but Holly finds it d...
0
The Wise Old Elf teaches the elf children how to tell the time using a watch, while Nanny Plum would much rather use a dandelion clock to teach the fairy children. The Wise Old Elf thinks this is s...
0
Season Only
Holly needs her wand to do magic. But one day Holly loses her wand and is very sad. Ben uses his elf skills to find it again. / Holly and Ben think Gaston the Ladybird is sad so they try and cheer ...
0
Holly invites Ben on the annual Royal Fairy Picnic. King Thistle hopes there won't be a repeat of last year's magical jelly flood... / Holly goes with Ben and Mr Elf to the elf farm to collect an e...
0
Holly and her friends must stay in the courtyard and play with Holly's little twin sisters Daisy and Poppy. All is fine until the twins borrow a magic wand, escape from the Castle and turn the whol...
0
Queen Thistle has a beautiful new teapot so delicate that no one is allowed to touch it. Holly accidentally breaks the teapot and tries to fix it with Ben's help. / Holly accidentally turns Ben int...
0
King Thistle has a cold and needs medicine. Nanny Plum, Holly and Ben have fun collecting the ingredients for a magic potion to make him better, including a dewdrop from a spider's web, slug slime ...
0
Season Only
Description
Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom is an animated pre-school children's show set in an enchanted magical kingdom with fairies, elves and insects.
My review
1 95
Emma C
! Just a total rip off. If scamming children is your style...then you make me sick. Cos thats basically what your doing. All your bothered about is money! Greedy!
Courtney Weaterbed
Absolute robbery It dosnt download to you tablet so for my 3yr old who I don't let have wifi in bed is no good! Pay for nothing basically!! Want a refund!!!
Baz Butcher
Hated it Because im to old for it coz it a baby tv show and it was not my type of thing to watch
Norman Robinson
Ben and Holly Great. Price - ridiculous We love the show we hate google play prices
Justine Hall
Ben and holly is the best thing on tv Lots of sarcastic humour from nanny plum which makes mummy laugh. My son loves b and h
Mitchell Ryder
Lifesaver! This is amazing. I wasn't sure if I should buy as loads of people were saying they couldn't watch with the wifi off but I'm so glad I did! Now when I'm out and about my little one can enjoy her favourite TV programme and I don't have to worry about wifi connection. Worth every penny!
User reviews
Emma C August 24, 2014
! Just a total rip off. If scamming children is your style...then you make me sick. Cos thats basically what your doing. All your bothered about is money! Greedy!
Full Review
Courtney Weaterbed July 2, 2014
Absolute robbery It dosnt download to you tablet so for my 3yr old who I don't let have wifi in bed is no good! Pay for nothing basically!! Want a refund!!!
Full Review
Baz Butcher September 30, 2015
Hated it Because im to old for it coz it a baby tv show and it was not my type of thing to watch
Norman Robinson April 14, 2014
Ben and Holly Great. Price - ridiculous We love the show we hate google play prices
Full Review
Justine Hall May 9, 2014
Ben and holly is the best thing on tv Lots of sarcastic humour from nanny plum which makes mummy laugh. My son loves b and h
Full Review
Mitchell Ryder January 8, 2017
Lifesaver! This is amazing. I wasn't sure if I should buy as loads of people were saying they couldn't watch with the wifi off but I'm so glad I did! Now when I'm out and about my little one can enjoy her favourite TV programme and I don't have to worry about wifi connection. Worth every penny!
Full Review
Tom Evans August 30, 2014
Son loves it and is available offline Lots of one stars saying its not available offline...have you clicked the drawing pin on the picture of the episode? Works for me.
Full Review
Brooke Haywood February 16, 2014
Lil ones My daughter Holly loves these shows. I pay weekly for the service and then my Holly just can watch anywhere. Wait no, the WiFi in places is not what I was hoping. Around the house she cannot signal any room WiFi or anything. But good episodes.
Full Review
Cyber Dyne March 7, 2016
Like game of thrones The origin story for the thousand year war between the elves and fairies. Have we learnt nothing.
Full Review
RobRaeForever August 13, 2015
i think Ben and holly's little kingdom it rubbish would not recommender this to no one i would give it 6 out of 10
Saltie Sartain October 31, 2014
Refund Give us refunds google we let you off once but now payback.....Or PUNCH
Full Review
Luka Pranauskaite August 8, 2015
What it for free You can watch it on YouTube you don't have to pay it my daughter watch it on YouTube no pay no worries
Full Review
Lily North December 22, 2015
COOL The reasons I think Ben and holly is cool is because it shuts up the 2 year old sisster all you need to do is put it on and you won't even know she is there also the reason I love it is the same thing I think it really. Is magic
Full Review
Ava Eades March 5, 2014
Ben And Holly I think gaston needs to have a home that isn't smelly or stinky like bens or hollys
Full Review
Gary Lawrence November 16, 2014
Good fun and excellent for kids So glad they have some programmes that aren't all moral and self ritious, this is just fun TV for the kids, with some adult jokes too so the parents don't go mad.
Morgan Dillon October 21, 2015
Morgan's late Not be able a lot of this is not sure that I have
Steven Ellis August 26, 2014
Your a misleading and vile person Lies your paying for a web link don't do !!!!
Full Review
Hirah Khan January 23, 2016
Why does ben and holly little kingdom dasy and popy pet has to be onloce Make it free please
Full Review
Sophie Hayden July 2, 2014
Absolutely rubbish cant download and can only watch if I have wifi total waste of money want a refund asap!!!!!!
beauty girl tegan August 19, 2014
Ben and Holly's little kingdom I only want it for my brother
Ricky patton March 27, 2014
I want to download so I can watch when offline too!!wtf??
Full Review
Omo Balogun November 20, 2015
Very Good Show And Makes Them Learn Me My 4 Year Old And 10 Year Old Beg Me 4 Them To Watch It And If Not They Would Kick Me All Day
Gareth J N Thomson May 14, 2015
Ben ,ànd holly. I had ENOUGH!
Full Review
Louisa Osmond April 14, 2015
Great For all of you that can't download it! Have u clicked in the download button?? Lol downloads using WiFi then can be watched over and over! My girl loves it
Lilibet Muza March 1, 2016
They make you pay for most of the book s
Sara Tariq October 31, 2014
I hate it all they do is fuss.
Dan Waddington September 20, 2014
Lovely My 3yr old daughter loves this programme, much more bearable for us adults too!
Lucy Davies July 20, 2014
An absolute con!!!!!!!!! Doesn't download I want a refund immediately
Stephonie Bottrill October 7, 2014
Rip off Doesn't download to tablet
Full Review
Rhiannon Sams February 5, 2014
Thank you very much for the first time in the UK and Ireland and Wales with company . Thanks from Ava.
Hatsune Miku May 28, 2014
#Brain Rowland They still show it on nick Jr . My Li'l cousin is watching it now.
Elaine McLaughlin February 14, 2015
Ben and Holly's little kindmo
Full Review
Tracy Matthewson August 16, 2015
My son and daughter love it my son is Ben elf my daughter is princess holly there cousin is the king
Stacy Sopcek August 14, 2015
Can watch anywhere once downloaded!! Click download icon..... Simple.. No need for negativity..
Andrew Davies July 28, 2014
Ben and hollys little kingdom Ben and holly
Maria Fazaldin December 7, 2014
So funny! We all watch this and enjoy it as a family very much
Natassia Claudia August 25, 2014
Ben and holly I HATE IT
Edward Earle Phillips May 26, 2014
I hate this but I am19 Baďdďdddd
| Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom |
"""Barwick Green"" is the name of the title music of which serial drama show?" | Children's Favourites DVD Ideas | Scratchpad | Fandom powered by Wikia
Children's Favourites DVD Ideas
Children's Favourites DVD Ideas is a fan-fiction thing to do. The DVDs will have Thomas along with other shows of your choice, and is all released by CER2 Home Entertainment under the CER2 DVD brand and there are 144 DVDs.
Contents
Dora the Explorer - Big River
Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom - Gaston the Ladybird
Humf - Humf's Shadow
Peppa Pig - The Fire Engine
Thomas and Friends - Thomas, Percy and the Dragon
Go, Diego, Go! - Diego Saves the Humpback Whale
Roary the Racing Car - Roary's First Day
The Wiggles: Wiggle and Learn - King Anthony
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Thomas, Percy and the Dragon is restored.
Front Cover
Dora, Ben and Holly, Humf, Peppa Pig, Thomas, Diego, Roary and the Wiggles
Back Cover
Thomas and Friends - Thomas and Bertie
Postman Pat - Postman Pat and the Ice Ladder
Teletubbies - Feeding the Chickens
Fireman Sam - Trouble and Squeak
In the Night Garden - The Ball
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - There's No Camp Like Home
Make Way for Noddy - Bumpy Dog's Day
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Ringo Starr.
Thomas and Bertie is restored.
Front Cover
Thomas, Noddy and Postman Pat.
Back Cover
Fireman Sam - Dily's Forgetful Day
Thomas and Friends - Don't Bother Victor
Postman Pat - Postman Pat and the Job Swap Day
Bob the Builder - Mucky Muck
Alphablocks - Party
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Tickle Saves the Day
Tweenies - Fizz's Scrapbook
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Barney, Fireman Sam, Thomas, Postman Pat, Bob the Builder, Letter A, Mr. Tickle, Fizz, Nev, Laa Laa and Pingu
Back Cover
Jake and Fizz from "Fizz's Scrapbook"
Victor and Peter Sam from "Don't Bother Victor"
Letter X from "Party"
Postman Pat - Postman Pat Goes Undercover
Sooty - Chocco Chimp
Thomas and Friends - James and the Red Balloon
Brum - Brum and the Cream Balloon
Pingu - Pingu Wants to Fly
Barney - A Perfectly Purple Day
Kipper - Tiger's Rocket
Tweenies - I'm Better Than You
Peppa Pig - Mr. Dinosaur is Lost
Fun Song Factory - Songs to Please Cookie
Mr. Men and Little Miss - A New House for Mr. Wrong
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis
Front Cover
Sooty, Barney, Thomas, Kipper, The Tweenies, Peppa Pig, The Mr. Men, Brum, Ozzy, Pingu, Postman Pat and Spot
Back Cover
Thomas and Friends - Flash, Bang, Wallop!
Noddy - Noddy Builds a Rocketship
Peppa Pig - Fancy Dress Party
Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom - The Elf Factory
The Mr. Men Show - Trees
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Noddy, Peppa Pig, Ben, Holly and Mr. Bump
Back Cover
Thomas from "Flash, Bang, Wallop!"
Noddy and Master Tubby Bear from "Noddy Builds a Rocketship"
Peppa, George and their friends in fancy dress costumes from "Fancy Dress Party"
The Wise Old Elf from "The Elf Factory"
Mr. Rude from "Trees"
Thomas and Friends - Percy and the Left Luggage
Bob the Builder - Two Scoops
Postman Pat - Postman Pat and the Ice Cream Machine
Fireman Sam - Carnival of Junk
Barney - Hats Off to BJ
Peppa Pig - Emily Elephant
Pingu - Pingu and the Abominable Snowman
Bagpuss - The Owls of Athens
Roary the Racing Car - Stars n Cars
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - Stripes
Sooty and Co. - A Magical Voice
The Adventures of Parsley - Putting On a Show
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Bob, Peppa Pig, Tweenies and Sooty
Back Cover
Thomas, Bob, Postman Pat, Fireman Sam, Barney, Peppa Pig, Tinky Winky, Milo, Pingu, Bagpuss, Roary, Winnie the Pooh, Sooty and Parsley above their episode listings
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Happy Christmas, Mr. Worry
Kipper - Kipper's Christmas Eve
Postman Pat: SDS - Pat's Special Delivery - Flying Christmas Stocking
Thomas and Friends - Thomas' Christmas Party
The Sooty Show - Sooty's Christmas Panto
Tweenies - White Christmas
Pingu - Pingu's Family Celebrate Christmas
Barney - Gift of the Dinos / A Visit to Santa
Peppa Pig - Peppa's Christmas
Brum - Brum and the Pantomine Cow
Bob the Builder - Snowman Scoop
Dora the Explorer - A Present for Santa
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Ringo Starr.
Thomas' Christmas Party is restored.
Front Cover
The Mr. Men, Sooty, Barney, Bob, Thomas, Postman Pat and Jess, Kipper and Arnold, The Jellikins and Brum
Back Cover
Dora The Explorer - Journey To The Purple Planet
Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom - Picnic On The Moon
Max and Ruby - Space Max
Peppa Pig - A Trip To The Moon
Thomas and Friends - Thomas the Jet Engine
The Backyardigans - Mission To Mars
Wonder Pets - Save The Chimp
The Wiggles - Space Dancing
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Dora, Ben Holly, Max, Ruby, Peppa, Thomas, Pablo, Austin, Uniqua, Linny, Tuck, Ming Ming, Anthony and Jeff In outer space.
Back Cover
Thomas and Friends - Thomas' Crazy Day
Peppa Pig - Freddy Fox
In the Night Garden - Catch the Ninky Nonk, Tombliboos
Teletubbies - Bluebells
Mr. Men and Little Miss - A Happy Day for Mr. Happy
Waybuloo - Echo Cave
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Super Scrambler
Sooty - All New Sooty
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Tinky Winky, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob and Sooty
Back Cover
Thomas and the Logging Locos from "Thomas' Crazy Day"
The Tombliboos riding the Pinky Ponky from "Catch the Ninky Nonk, Tombliboos"
Mr. Happy and Little Miss Neat from "A Happy Day for Mr. Happy"
Thomas and Friends - Thomas and the Circus
Peppa Pig - Edmond Elephant's Birthday
In the Night Garden - Kicking the Ball
Teletubbies - Game Drive
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Funny Puts on a Show
Waybuloo - Magical Music
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady Build! - Wendy's Birthday Surprise
Sooty - Sooty at the Seaside
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Bump, Yojojo, Bob and Scoop and Sooty
Back Cover
Thomas and James from "Thomas and the Circus"
Makka Pakka and the Ball from "Kicking the Ball"
Mr. Tickle tickling the crowd from "Mr. Funny Puts on a Show"
Thomas and Friends - Edward the Hero
Peppa Pig - The Fire Engine
In the Night Garden - The Pinky Ponk Gets Stuck in a Tree
Teletubbies - Level Crossing
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Brave Vs. Koko the Gorilla
Waybuloo - Lost
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - High Tide for Lofty
Sooty Heights - Vets and Pets
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis
The first DVD to feature Sooty Heights replacing the 2001 Sooty TV series.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa in her fireman outfit, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Greedy, Yojojo, Bob and Scoop and Sooty
Back Cover
Thomas and Edward at Knapford Station from "Edward the Hero"
Iggle Piggle, Upsy Daisy, Tombliboos and Makka Pakka in the Pinky Ponk from "Pinky Ponk Gets Stuck in a Tree"
Mr. Brave on the phone from "Mr. Brave Vs. Koko the Gorilla"
Thomas and Friends - Calling All Engines and The Great Discovery
Mr. Men - The Great Alphabet Hunt
Bob the Builder - Built to be Wild and Race to the Finish
Pingu - Pingu at the Wedding Party
Notes
This is the first The Best of the Best DVD Pack.
This time, it will use Pingu.
Thomas movies narrated by Michael Angelis and Pierce Brosnan.
Front Cover
Thomas, Percy, Mr. Clever, Bob, Muck, Gripper, Grabber, Pingu and Pinga outside a movie theatre
Back Cover
Thomas, Stanley and Percy from "The Great Discovery"
Mr. Clever and a door from "The Great Alphabet Hunt"
Bob and Muck from "Built to be Wild"
Thomas and Friends - Thomas' Tall Friend
Peppa Pig - Night Animals
Pingu - Pingu and the School Pet
Teletubbies - Milking Cows
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Little Miss Dotty Goes to Home Farm
Waybuloo - Frog
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Roley and the Fox
Sooty Heights - Dog Brain of Britain
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
The first DVD to use Pingu
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Pingu, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob, Scoop, Sooty, a pig and chicken
Back Cover
Thomas and a giraffe from "Thomas' Tall Friend"
Pingu, Pinga and a crab from "Pingu and the School Pet"
Little Miss Dotty from "Little Miss Dotty Goes to Home Farm"
Thomas and Friends - Pingy Pongy Pick Up
Peppa Pig - Sports Day
In the Night Garden - Running About
Teletubbies - Samira's Gymnastics
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Slow Takes the Lead
Waybuloo - Go Get Game
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Start from Scratch
Sooty - Keep Fit Sooty
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Bump, Nok Tok, Bob, Scoop and Sooty in a Soccer Pitch.
Back Cover
Thomas, Percy and Emily at Tidmouth Sheds from "Pingy Pongy Pick Up"
Iggle Piggle running from "Running About"
Mr. Slow and Little Miss Late from "Mr. Slow Takes the Lead"
Pingu - Pingu and Pinga Go Camping
Teletubbies - Pumpkin Face
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Brave Goes Ghost Hunting
Waybuloo - Being Brave
Bob the Builder: Project: Build It - Dizzy's Sleepover
Sooty - Sooty's Ghost
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Pingu, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob, Scoop and Sooty holding a pumpkin and outside a castle.
Back Cover
Thomas and Emily in the mist from "Halloween"
Pingu and Pinga inside a tent looking scared from "Pingu and Pinga Go Camping"
Mr. Brave and Mr. Worry from "Mr. Brave goes Ghost Hunting"
Thomas and Friends - Thomas and Gordon
Peppa Pig - Muddy Puddles
In the Night Garden - Makka Pakka Washes Faces
Teletubbies - Ned's Bicycle
Bob the Builder - Scoop Saves the Day
Sooty & Co. - Moving In
Thomas episode narrated by Ringo Starr
Thomas and Gordon is restored
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob, Scoop and Sooty in a family album.
Back Cover
Thomas waking Gordon from "Thomas and Gordon"
Makka Pakka and his Og-Pog from "Makka Pakka Washes Faces"
Mr. Happy walking from "Mr. Happy"
Thomas and Friends - Merry Winter Wish
Peppa Pig - Peppa's Christmas
Pingu - Pingu's Family Celebrate Christmas
Teletubbies - Christmas Tree
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Happy Christmas, Mr. Worry
Waybuloo - Star
Bob the Builder: Project: Build It - Scrambler to the Rescue
Sooty Heights - A Christmas Carrot
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa in her coat, Pingu, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob in his coat, Scoop, Zoomer and Sooty in the snow and next to the Christmas tree filled with presents.
Back Cover
Thomas, Percy and James at Brendam Docks from "Merry Winter Wish"
Pingu, Pinga and Father buying a tree from "Pingu's Family Celebrate Christmas"
Mr. Worry and Mr. Strong with a Christmas tree from "Happy Christmas, Mr. Worry"
DVDs
Thomas and Friends - The Best of Thomas and The Best of Percy
Mr. Men and Little Miss - The Joke is on Little Miss Naughty and A Very Happy Day for Mr. Happy
Peppa Pig - The Balloon Ride and Muddy Puddles
Pingu - Pingu Forever and Pingu Boogaloo
Teletubbies - Autumn Fun and Look!
Bob the Builder - Bob's Big Plan and When Bob Became a Builder
Notes
Thomas episodes on the DVDs narrated by Ringo Starr and Michael Angelis.
Thomas episodes on the DVDs from Season 1-3 are restored.
This is the second The Best of the Best DVD Pack.
Front Cover
Thomas, Percy, Little Miss Naughty, Mr. Happy, Peppa, George, Pingu, Pinga, Teletubbies, Bob, Scrambler, Scoop and Robert at a DVD shop
Back Cover
Thomas and Percy from "Heave Ho Thomas!"
Pingu and his family dancing from "Pingu Boogaloo"
Bob, Scrambler and Mr. Bently from "Bob's Big Plan"
Thomas and Friends - Thomas and the Birthday Picnic
Peppa Pig - Pancakes
In the Night Garden - The Pontipines' Picnic
Teletubbies - Fruit Tasting
Mr. Men and Little Miss - No Food is No Fun for Mr. Greedy
Waybuloo - Strawberries
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Pineapple Scratch
Sooty Heights - Fast Food
Postman Pat SDS - Giant Cake
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
This is the first DVD to have a special feature and Postman Pat SDS.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Greedy, Nok Tok, Bob, Sooty and Pat in a recipe book.
Back Cover
Thomas, Percy, Henry and Gordon at Knapford station covered in decorations from "Thomas and the Birthday Picnic"
The Pontipines at their house from "The Pontipines' Picnic"
Mr. Greedy and an empty fridge from "No Food is No Fun for Mr. Greedy"
Thomas and Friends - Edward's Brass Band
Peppa Pig - School Play
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Forgetful the World's Best Actor
Waybuloo - Showtime
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady Build! - Scrambler's Stage Surprise
Sooty's Amazing Adventures - Hopalong Sooty
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
This is the first DVD to use Sooty's Amazing Adventures replacing Sooty Heights and the 2001 TV series.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Pingu, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Nok Tok, Bob, Scrambler and Sooty in a stage concert.
Back Cover
Thomas and Edward at the yards from "Edward's Brass Band"
Pingu, Pinga and Robby performing a band at their circus from "Pingu's Circus"
Mr. Forgetful and Mr. Grumble talking from "Mr. Forgetful the World's Best Actor"
Thomas and Friends - Diesel's Special Delivery
Peppa Pig - The Playgroup
Teletubbies - Going to School By Boat
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Little Miss Busy: D.I.Y. Teacher
Waybuloo - The Pipling in Nara
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Bob's Big Bounce
Sooty - Sooty in Charge
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
This is the first episode to have an episode of Timmy Time.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Pingu, Teletubbies, Mr. Bump, Nok Tok, Bob, Scoop, Sooty and Timmy outside a school.
Back Cover
Thomas and Diesel talking from "Diesel's Special Delivery"
Pingu, the Schoolmaster and his classmates from "School Time"
Mr. Bump, Mr. Silly, Mr. Dizzy, Mr. Lazy and Mr. Clumsy at D.I.Y. school from "Little Miss Busy: D.I.Y. Teacher"
Thomas and Friends - Percy's New Friends
Peppa Pig - International Day
In the Night Garden - Ninky Nonk Or Pinky Ponk
Teletubbies - Jabado
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Mr. Jelly Goes Time Travelling
Waybuloo - Puppet Show
Bob the Builder: Ready, Steady, Build! - Scoop the Artist
Sooty - The Wedding
Postman Pat: SDS - Red Rocket
Timmy Time - Timmy's Tractor
Bonus Features
"Thomas and Friends" - "King of the Railway" trailer
All songs from the shows featuring "Thomas and Percy", "Bing Bong Boo", All character songs from "In the Night Garden", "Say Eh Oh", "Can We Fix It" and "Eskimo Disco ft. Pingu"
The sneak peek of "The Best of the Best!" website
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
The first DVD to not have a number in the title.
Front Cover
Thomas, Percy, Peppa, George, Iggle Piggle, Makka Pakka, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Mr. Bump, the Piplings, Bob, Scoop, Scrambler, Sooty, Sweep, Pingu, Pinga, Pat, Jess and Timmy at a festival.
Back Cover
Percy and his animal friends from "Percy's New Friends"
Iggle Piggle, Upsy Daisy, Tombliboos and Makka Pakka riding the Pinky Ponk from "Ninky Nonk Or Pinky Ponk"
Mr. Jelly watching Mr. Tickle doing a tune on his dinosaur from "Mr. Jelly Goes Time Travelling"
Scoop, David, Lofty, Scratch and Muck from "Scoop the Artist"
Pingu and the snowman with bandages on the face from "Pingu Wraps Up"
Thomas and Friends - Happy Hiro
Peppa Pig - Best Friend
In the Night Garden - Makka Pakka's Circle of Friends
Teletubbies - Guess Who I Am
Mr. Men and Little Miss - Little Miss Tidy Loses a Friend
Waybuloo - Nok Tok's Narabug
Bob the Builder: Project: Build It - The Three Musketrucks
Sooty - Best Friends
Postman Pat SDS - Fruit Bats
Timmy Time - Timmy the Artist
Chuggington - Wilson and the Elephant
Bonus Features
Thomas "Guess Who?" puzzles including Thomas, Emily, Flynn and Rocky
"Learn the Alphabet with Peppa Pig" video
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis.
The second DVD to use Chuggington.
Front Cover
Thomas, Peppa, Iggle Piggle, Teletubbies, Mr. Bump, Nok Tok, Bob, Sooty, Pingu, Pat, Timmy and Wilson in a scrapbook.
Back Cover
Thomas, Henry, Gordon, James, Percy and Hank at Knapford Station from "Heave Ho Thomas!"
The Tombliboos waving to Upsy Daisy and Iggle Piggle in the Pinky Ponk from "The Tombliboos' Waving Game"
Mr. Tickle, Mr. Grumpy and Little Miss Whoops on the Ferris Wheels from "Amusement Park"
Scoop, Muck, Lofty, Roley, Dizzy and Scrambler talking to Scratch from "Scratch's Hidden Treasure"
Pingu and Robby holding a trophy from "Pingu's Ice Sculpture"
Mr. Men and Little Miss - One Day In the Life of Mr. Perfect
Bob the Builder - Bob Saves the Hedgehogs
Sooty & Co. - Sooty's Elastic Tricks
Pingu - Pingu and the Seagull
Postman Pat - Postman Pat Takes Flight
Notes
Thomas episode narrated by Michael Angelis
Sadly, there's no Peppa Pig, In the Night Garden, Waybuloo and Timmy Time 90's episode, because they were released in the 2000s.
Front Cover
Thomas, Teletubbies, Mr. Happy, Bob, Scoop, Sooty, Pingu and Pat in some pictures
Back Cover
Thomas crashed through a wall from "Thomas and the Special Letter"
Mr. Perfect with a medal looking proud from "One Day In the Life of Mr. Perfect"
Sooty and Scampi making fun of Sweep from "Sooty's Elastic Tricks"
Bob the Builder - The Legend of the Golden Hammer and The Big Dino Dig
Mr. Men and Little Miss - The Christmas Letter
Fireman Sam - The Great Fire of Ponty Pandy
My Friends Tigger and Pooh - Super Sleuth Christmas Movie and Tigger and Pooh and A Musical Too
House of Mouse - Mickey's House of Villians and Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse
Notes
Thomas movies narrated by Michael Angelis.
This is the first Calling All Toddlers DVD gift pack.
Front Cover
A film piece with Thomas, Dorothy, Mr. Happy, Spot, Mickey Mouse, Barney, Sooty and Bob
Back Cover
| i don't know |
"Who wrote the books ""In the Night Kitchen"", ""Outside Over There"" & ""Seven Little Monsters""?" | In the Night Kitchen | Day of the Artist
Day of the Artist
One year, one girl, one painting a day…can she do it?
Main menu
Day 343- Maurice Sendak- Beautiful Things in the World
It’s Day 343 and I have to say that I’m super duper excited about today’s artist. He’s one of my favorite people ever and was such an influence on me as an artist and writer. Please join me in honoring Maurice Sendak today!
Maurice Sendak
Maurice Sendak
Maurice Bernard Sendak (June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children’s books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are,Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There, and illustrated Little Bear.
Sendak was born in New York City in the borough of Brooklyn to Polish Jewish immigrant parents named Sadie (née Schindler) and Philip Sendak, a dressmaker. Sendak described his childhood as a “terrible situation” due to the death of members of his extended family during the Holocaust which exposed him at a young age to the concept of mortality. His love of books began when, as a child, he developed health problems and was confined to his bed. He decided to become an illustrator after watching Walt Disney’s film Fantasia at the age of twelve. One of his first professional commissions was to create window displays for the toy store F.A.O. Schwarz. His illustrations were first published in 1947 in a textbook titled Atomics for the Millions by Dr. Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff. He spent much of the 1950s illustrating children’s books written by others before beginning to write his own stories.
His older brother Jack Sendak also became an author of children’s books, two of which were illustrated by
‘My Brother’s Book’ by Maurice Sendak, 2013
Maurice in the 1950s.
Maurice was the youngest of three siblings. His sister, Natalie, was nine years older than he, and his brother, Jack, was five years older than he.
Sendak gained international acclaim after writing and illustrating Where the Wild Things Are, edited by Ursula Nordstrom at Harper & Row. It features Max, a boy who “rages against his mother for being sent to bed without any supper”. The book’s depictions of fanged monsters concerned some parents when it was first published, as his characters were somewhat grotesque in appearance. Before Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak was best known for illustrating Else Holmelund Minarik’s Little Bear series of books.
Sendak later recounted the reaction of a fan:
A little boy sent me a charming card with a little drawing on it. I loved it. I answer all my children’s letters – sometimes very hastily – but this one I lingered over. I sent him a card and I drew a picture of a Wild Thing on it. I wrote, ‘Dear Jim: I loved your card.’ Then I got a letter back from his mother and she said: ‘Jim loved your card so much he ate it.’ That to me was one of the highest compliments I’ve ever received. He didn’t care that it was an original Maurice Sendak drawing or anything. He saw it, he loved it, he ate it.
Where The Wild Things Are- Maurice Sendak
Almost fifty years later, School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as top picture book. The librarian who conducted it observed that there was little doubt what would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed, “ushering in the modern age of picture books”. Another called it “perfectly crafted, perfectly illustrated … simply the epitome of a picture book” and noted that Sendak “rises above the rest in part because he is subversive”.
When Sendak saw a manuscript of Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, the first children’s book by Isaac Bashevis Singer, on the desk of an editor at Harper & Row, he offered to illustrate the book. It was first published in 1966 and received a Newbery Honor. Sendak was delighted and enthusiastic about the collaboration. He once wryly remarked that his parents were “finally” impressed by their youngest child when he collaborated with Singer.
His book In the Night Kitchen, originally issued in 1970, has often been subjected to censorship for its drawings of a young boy prancing naked through the story. The book has been challenged in several American states including Illinois, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Texas. In the Night Kitchen regularly appears on the American Library Association’s list of “frequently challenged and banned books”. It was listed number 21 on the “100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999”.
His 1981 book Outside Over There is the story of a girl, Ida, and her sibling jealousy and responsibility. Her
In the Night Kitchen- Maurice Sendak
father is away and so Ida is left to watch her baby sister, much to her dismay. Her sister is kidnapped by goblins and Ida must go off on a magical adventure to rescue her. At first, she is not really eager to get her sister and nearly passes her sister right by when she becomes absorbed in the magic of the quest. In the end, she rescues her baby sister, destroys the goblins, and returns home committed to caring for her sister until her father returns home.
Sendak was an early member of the National Board of Advisors of the Children’s Television Workshop during the development stages of the Sesame Street television series. He also adapted his book Bumble Ardy into an animated sequence for the series, with Jim Henson as the voice of Bumble Ardy. He wrote and designed three other animated stories for the series: “Seven Monsters” (which never aired), “Up & Down”, and “Broom Adventures”.
Sendak produced an animated television production based on his work titled Really Rosie, featuring the voice of Carole King, which was broadcast in 1975 and is available on video (usually as part of video compilations of his work). An album of the songs was also produced. He contributed the opening segment to Simple Gifts, a Christmas collection of six animated shorts shown on PBS TV in 1977 and later issued on VHS in 1993. He adapted his book Where the Wild Things Are for the stage in 1979. Additionally, he designed sets for many operas and ballets, including the award-winning (1983) Pacific Northwest Ballet production of Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker, Houston Grand Opera’s productions of Mozart’s The Magic Flute (1981) and Humperdinck’s Hansel and Gretel (1997), Los Angeles County Music Center’s 1990 production of Mozart’s Idomeneo, and the New York City Opera’s 1981 production of Janáček’s The Cunning Little Vixen.
Maurice Sendak
In the 1990s, Sendak approached playwright Tony Kushner to write a new English version of the Czech composer Hans Krása’s children’s Holocaust opera Brundibár. Kushner wrote the text for Sendak’s illustrated book of the same name, published in 2003. The book was named one of the New York Times Book Review’s 10 Best Illustrated Books of 2003.
In 2003, Chicago Opera Theatre produced Sendak and Kushner’s adaptation of Brundibár. In 2005, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, in collaboration with Yale Repertory Theatre and Broadway’s New Victory Theater, produced a substantially reworked version of the Sendak-Kushner adaptation.
In 2004 Sendak worked with the Shirim Klezmer Orchestra in Boston on their project “Pincus and the Pig: A Klezmer Tale”. This Klezmer version of Sergei Prokofiev’s famous musical story for children, Peter and the Wolf featured Maurice Sendak as the narrator. He also illustrated the cover art.
Sendak also created the children’s television program Seven Little Monsters.
Sendak mentioned in a September 2008 article in The New York Times that he was gay and had lived with his partner, psychoanalyst Dr. Eugene Glynn, for 50 years before Glynn’s death in May 2007. Revealing that he never told his parents, he said, “All I wanted was to be straight so my parents could be happy. They never, never,
Where The Wild Things Are- Maurice Sendak
never knew.” Sendak’s relationship with Glynn had been mentioned by other writers before (e.g., Tony Kushner in 2003) and Glynn’s 2007 death notice had identified Sendak as his “partner of fifty years”. After his partner’s death, Sendak donated $1 million to the Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services in memory of Glynn who had treated young people there. The gift will name a clinic for Glynn.
Sendak was an atheist. In a 2011 interview he agreed that he didn’t believe in God and elaborated. He remarked that religion, and belief in God “must have made life much easier [for some religious friends of his]. It’s harder for us non-believers.”
Maurice Sendak drew inspiration and influences from a vast number of painters, musicians and authors. Going back to his childhood, one of his earliest memorable influences was actually his father, Philip Sendak. According to Maurice, his father would relate tales from the Old Testament; however, he would embellish them with racy details. Not realizing that this was inappropriate for children, little Maurice would frequently be sent home after retelling his father’s “softcore Bible tales” at school.
Nutshell Library- Maurice Sendak
Growing up, Sendak developed from other influences, starting with Walt Disney’s Fantasia and Mickey Mouse. Sendak and Mickey Mouse were born in the same year and Sendak described Mickey as a source of joy and pleasure while growing up. He has been quoted as saying, “My gods are Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Mozart. I believe in them with all my heart.” Elaborating further, he has explained that reading Emily Dickinson’s works helps him to remain calm in an otherwise hectic world: “And I have a little tiny Emily Dickinson so big that I carry in my pocket everywhere. And you just read three poems of Emily. She is so brave. She is so strong. She is such a passionate little woman. I feel better.” Likewise, of Mozart, he has said, “When Mozart is playing in my room, I am in conjunction with something I can’t explain. […] I don’t need to. I know that if there’s a purpose for life, it was for me to hear Mozart.”
Sendak died on May 8, 2012, in Danbury, Connecticut, at Danbury Hospital, from complications of a stroke. His remains were cremated.
The New York Times obituary called Sendak “the most important children’s book artist of the 20th century.” Author Neil Gaiman remarked, “He was unique, grumpy, brilliant, gay, wise, magical and made the world better by creating art in it.” Author R. L. Stine called Sendak’s death “a sad day in children’s books and for the world.”
Maurice Sendak
“We are all honored to have been briefly invited into his world,” remarked comedian Stephen Colbert.
The 2012 season of Pacific Northwest Ballet’s “The Nutcracker,” for which Sendak designed the set, was dedicated to his memory.
His final book, Bumble-Ardy, was published eight months before his death. A posthumous picture book, titled
My Brother’s Book, was published in February 2013.
The film Her was dedicated in memory of him and Where the Wild Things Are co-star James Gandolfini. The film had been directed by Spike Jonze, who had also directed the motion picture adaptation of Where the Wild Things Are.
Partial biography is from wikipedia .
“There are so many beautiful things in the world which I will have to leave when I die, but I’m ready, I’m ready, I’m ready.”- Maurice Sendak
I of course had to pay homage to Where the Wild Things Are since it was one of my all time favorite books growing up! Instead of Max it’s me! I hope you enjoy it and I’ll see you tomorrow on Day 344…then one more until there’s only 20 paintings left! Aaaah!
Best,
| Maurice Sendak |
Who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria, becoming the first British Nobel laureate? | Maurice Sendak - Freedom From Religion Foundation
Orders
Maurice Sendak
On this date in 1928, children's book illustrator, writer, and artist Maurice Sendak was born in New York City. Sendak graduated from The Art Students League of New York, a New York City art school. Sendak's career spanned more 50 years. He began to illustrate other author's children's books when he was in his twenties. Throughout his career he illustrated more than 75 books, and wrote more than 20 books. Sendak is best remembered for writing and illustrating Where the Wild Things Are (1963). His other works include In the Night Kitchen (1970), Seven Little Monsters (1977), and Outside Over There (1981). His iconic books and illustrations have spawned movies, stuffed animals and other toys. He received numerous honors for his work including the Caldecott Medal (1964, 1974), the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal (1983), the Hans Christian Andersen Award (1970), and the Astrid Lindgren Award (2003). Sendak's lifelong partner of 50 years, psychoanalyst Dr. Eugene Glynn, passed away in 2007. D. 2012.
"I'm not unhappy about becoming old. I'm not unhappy about what must be. It makes me cry only when I see my friends go before me and life is emptied . . . It's harder for us nonbelievers."
——Maurice Sendak, interview with Terry Gross for National Public Radio, Sept. 20, 2011.
Compiled by Sarah Eucalano; Photo by Dylan Armajani, Shutterstock.com
© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.
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In the nursery rhyme Who Killed Cock Robin, which animal dug the grave? | Macabre Mother Goose: The Dark Side of Children's Songs
Macabre Mother Goose: The Dark Side of Children's Songs
Macabre Mother Goose: The Dark Side of Children's Songs
As if we need experts to tell us nursery rhymes are downright creepy, folklorists Iona and Peter Opie confirm it in their Oxford English Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. They call the tunes, most of which made their way into print by the eighteenth century, "fragments of ballads or of folk songs, remnants of ancient custom and ritual and may hold the last echoes of long-forgotten evil." The rhymes were never actually meant for children; many were political statements, couched in enough nonsense to protect the singer from being prosecuted for treason, and set to a fun melody that was easy to remember and pass along. If children overheard, there was no real concern. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries kids were not treated like kids, but more like "adults in miniature," according to the Opies.
But as the rhymes were published for children in popular tomes like Mother Goose and Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, some adults began to fear that happy songs about murder and fatal illnesses might have a negative effect on the playground crowd.
As early as the nineteenth century, authors like Samuel Taylor and Sarah Trimmer tried to alter nursery rhymes to make them more suitable to young ears, worried the macabre nature of some songs might inspire sadistic tendencies and create a race of children akin to The Omen. But these authors didn't anticipate the internet, or public libraries for that matter.
These are some of the lyrics from nursery rhymes and other children's songs you may have forgotten, you may have never heard, or may have haunted you for years...
"Ring 'o Roses"/"Ring Around the Rosie"
Ring-a-ring-a-roses,
A pocket full of posies
Ashes! Ashes!
We all fall down.
Familiarly known as "Ring Around the Rosie" this nursery rhyme conjures images of laughing children dancing in a circle among scattered flower petals, not people collapsing into death after suffering a plague. But there it is. People (like us) who can't leave well enough alone have long been linking the lyrics to this otherwise sweet rhyme to symptoms of England's Great Plague or the earlier Black Death.
In 1665, the bubonic plague struck London hard, killing 20 percent of the population within a year. "Ring o' Roses" is said to indicate a rosy rash that spread across the victims' bodies, while "a pocket full of posies" was used to ward off the smell of disease. Obviously, the "ashes, ashes" that come falling down are the remnants of cremated dead bodies. Other versions replace "ashes, ashes" with sneezing ("A-tishoo! A-tishoo!), another symptom of the plague.
While it sounds like a horrifying prospect, many folklorists dismiss the idea. After all, the song was published in Kate Greenaway's 1881 edition of Mother Goose over two hundred years after the plague's reign of terror (and even longer since the Black Death of the 1300s). Also, the so-called rosy rash was only present in extreme cases of the illness. Even Snopes calls the idea preposterous . But you can't unthink it now, can you?
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Nothing says sweet dreams like the image of a baby tumbling out of a treetop to his death among the shattered remnants of his cradle, yet the soothing lullaby has become so ingrained in our consciousness we rarely question the shocking nature of the lyrics to "Rock-a-bye Baby," originally titled "Hush-a-bye Baby."
Hush-a-bye baby
And down will fall baby
Cradle and all.
But are things really as they seem? Unfortunately, all of the theories are just that — theories. One claims that pilgrims were inspired by the Native American practice of letting their babies be gently rocked to sleep while their cradles rested on tree branches. Another points to an English family who lived in a gigantic yew tree. Then, there was also the political turmoil that surrounded the overthrow of King James II in 1688.
But an even stranger answer lies in an ominous warning alongside the first publication of the nursery rhyme in Mother Goose's Melody (1765): "This may serve as a Warning to the Proud and Ambitious, who climb so high that they may generally fall at last."
That poor baby's a goner.
"Who Killed Cock Robin?"
"Who Killed Cock Robin?" details the murder of the title character and the preparation of his funeral by his friends in the animal kingdom. The original version was printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (1744) and only contained the first four verses:
Who killed Cock Robin?
with my bow and arrow,
I killed Cock Robin.
Thirty years later, an extended version was published to satisfy the warped little minds of children who craved the grisly details of poor Cock Robin's demise—and they were grisly:
Who saw him die?
with my little dish,
I caught his blood.
The victim was well-mourned by his friends who carefully prepared his burial; the beetle made a shroud, the owl dug a grave, the thrush sang a psalm and so on. As for the murderous Sparrow, despite his confession, he was free to kill again until a later addition condemned him to death by hanging.
While the cruel Cock Sparrow
The cause of their grief
Was hung on a gibbet
Next day, like a thief
Still another century later, H.L. Stephens had to up the ante from disturbing to terrifying. In his Death and Burial of Poor Cock Robin (1865), he illustrates the tale with a cast of characters dressed in Victorian fashions. The creepy part is they have animal heads and human bodies. The result is like some twisted collaboration between Stephen King and Charles Dickens. Our murderer has the face of a sparrow and the upper body of Rocky II era Stallone. A dapper fly with massive wings accompanies a portly spider whose legs stretch up to his web dotted with the corpses of insects. The murder victim is the only one who actually looks like an animal—Cock Robin is the last image shown...on his back with a gaping beak and an arrow through his heart.
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
Long before they could channel their boredom into violent video games, children of the mid-twentieth century used to amuse themselves on rainy days by imagining the deaths of the elderly and putting their fantasy to a jaunty tune.
It's raining, it's pouring,
And bumped his head
And couldn't get up in the morning.
He couldn't get up because he was dead, not extra tired from bumping his head in the night. Dead.
"Oranges and Lemons"
The eighteenth century nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" starts out pleasantly enough as church bells are ringing around London.
Oranges and lemons,
Say the bells of St. Clement's.
You owe me five farthings,
Say the bells of St. Martin's.
But like many of these other rhymes prove, you're lulled into a false sense of security until things take a nasty turn at the end.
Here comes a candle to light you to bed,
Here comes a chopper to chop off your head.
Chip chop chip chop
The last man's dead!
Folklorists Peter and Iona Opie pointed out that in the days of public executions, the condemned were led along the street to the accompaniment of the tolling of bells.
Far from traumatized, children gleefully reveled in the last verses and even made a game of it. They threatened to capture whoever ran beneath their arched arms as they shouted "chip chop chip chop!" What followed wasn't an execution, but a game of tug of war between the "oranges" and "lemons." ("London Bridge is Falling Down" has a similar game sans the tug of war ending.)
"Goosey Goosey Gander"
If nursery rhymes sought to teach any morals, respecting elders wasn't one of them. Just like the poor old man who fatally bumped his head on a rainy day, the one who refuses to say his prayers has a similar fate in "Goosey Goosey Gander."
Goosey goosey gander,
And in my lady's chamber.
There I met an old man
Who wouldn't say his prayers,
So I took him by his left leg
And threw him down the stairs.
Some earlier versions of the rhyme actually command the listener to "take him by the left leg and throw him down the stairs" rather than simply recount the story. Thankfully, the earliest recording from 1784 makes no mention of the cruel punishment but instead offers a gift of a "cup of sack and a race of ginger."
"There was an Old Woman who Lived in a Shoe"
Apparently none of these naughty children who go around murdering the elderly live with the "Old Woman who Lived in a Shoe" (first published in Infant Institutes, 1797). At first glance, this rhyme seems to depict a poverty-stricken woman trying to provide food and discipline for her children.
There was an old woman who lived in a shoe.
She had so many children, she didn't know what to do;
She gave them some broth without any bread;
Then whipped them all soundly and put them to bed.
A politically-correct version might have her doling out time-outs instead of whippings, but we get the point. According to another version from James Orchard Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes of England, things take a creepy turn after the lights go out:
When she came back
She went to the wright
To get them a coffin
When she came back
She gaed up the stair
To ring the bell
And down she fell
"Three Blind Mice"
"Three Blind Mice" is one of the primary examples of a nursery rhyme that wasn't intended for the nursery at all. It made its debut in Thomas Ravenscroft's Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks Melodie in 1609 in a different form:
Three blind mice, three blind mice
Dame Iulian, Dame Iulian
The Miller and his Merry Olde Wife
Shee scrapte her tripe lick thou the knife
James Orchard Halliwell introduced the tune to children in 1842 with Nursery Rhymes of England, and made it more kid-friendly. Or not. Instead of a miller's wife, we have a farmer's wife—who should be used to seeing mice, living on a farm and all—wielding a carving knife. Not only have the poor mice lost their sight, but they're about to lose their tails, too.
Nursery rhymes have long been prejudiced against mice, though. An even more disturbing scenario was described in "Three Mice Went into a Hole to Spin." Little rodent tailors have to contend with a cat trying to smooth talk her way into their home. It used to end with the mice singing a wise refusal "oh no, Miss Pussy, you'd bite off our heads!", but a chilling alternate ending was included in Mother Goose's Nursery Rhymes (1924):
Says Puss: "You look so wondrous wise, I like your whiskers
and bright black eyes; your house is the nicest house I see
I think there is room for you and me."
The mice were so pleased and they opened the door
And pussy soon laid them all dead on the floor.
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
In what appears to be a centuries-old prequel to Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds, a royal maid gets her nose pecked off by a blackbird after his brothers are baked into a pie for the king in "Sing a Song of Sixpence." Even though they emerge from the pastry unscathed—and tweet a happy tune, in fact—their protector is still determined to take his wrath out on someone from the royal household.
The maid was in the garden,
Hanging out the clothes;
When down came a blackbird
And pecked off her nose.
It seems unfair that the maid and not the baker is his target, but she's given some relief in later versions as a skilled doctor sews her nose back on.
In the earliest known version of the rhyme, however, it's not birds that are baked into the pies, but "four and twenty naughty boys" ala Hansel and Gretel. So while the image of a woman getting her nose ripped off by a vicious blackbird may inspire a lifetime of Ornithophobia, it's a less terrifying fate than ending up in the king's stomach (or outhouse).
"Alouette"
Speaking of birds, little kids unfamiliar with the French language may sing along with the lyrics to this tune in ignorant bliss until they realize it's about slowly tearing the feathers off of their chirping friends. The "Three Blind Mice" have nothing on the torture this poor bird endured.
Little skylark, lovely little skylark
Little lark, I'll pluck your feathers off
The lengthy process is as followed (with enthusiastic repetitions in between):
I'll pluck the feathers off your head. I'll pluck the feathers off your head.
I'll pluck the feathers off your beak. I'll pluck the feathers off your beak.
I'll pluck the feathers off your eyes. I'll pluck the feathers off your eyes.
I'll pluck the feathers off your neck. I'll pluck the feathers off your neck.
I'll pluck the feathers off your wings. I'll pluck the feathers off your wings.
I'll pluck the feathers off your feet. I'll pluck the feathers off your feet.
I'll pluck the feathers off your tail. I'll pluck the feathers off your tail.
I'll pluck the feathers off your back. I'll pluck the feathers off your back.
Off your back!
Be really afraid of the kids who do understand French and keep on singing.
"Eeper Weeper"
Mother Goose again proves that yesterday's crime can become today's nursery rhyme. While modern children's songs teach kids how to count and learn their ABCs, children of bygone eras had different needs...like how to efficiently hide a dead body. "Eeper Weeper" offers the bonus of using your existing career skills to do it.
Eeper Weeper, chimney sweeper,
Had a wife but couldn't keep her.
Had another, didn't love her,
Up the chimney he did shove her.
An earlier version from Scotland includes the delightful detail of mice feasting on the woman's corpse. "Peter, Peter Pumpkin Eater" found a similar solution when he stashed his cheating wife's body in a pumpkin shell "and there he kept her very well."
"Oh My Darling, Clementine"
In "Oh My Darling, Clementine," the narrator recalls his lost love—a big-footed miner's daughter who gets a splinter in her toe and stumbles into a river. Because he couldn't swim, he stood nearby and watched her drown. The song is meant to be light-hearted, but it still paints a vivid picture of Clementine's demise:
Ruby lips above the water,
Blowing bubbles, soft and fine,
But, alas, I was no swimmer,
So I lost my Clementine.
Percy Montrose is credited with the earliest version of the classic folk ballad, which debuted in 1884, but the song was actually inspired by H.S. Thompson's earlier song "Down by the River Liv'd a Maiden." The 1863 ode to Clementine describes her womanly features like "her lips were like two luscious beefsteaks, dipp'd in tomato sauce and brine." In this version, her lover plies her with wine before she takes her fatal dip into the water. In the 1960s, Bobby Darin added insult to injury when he ended his cover with a fat joke:
Hey you sailor
Way out in your whaler
A-with your harpoon and your trusty line
If she shows now, yell...
A-there she blows now!
It just may be chunky Clementine
"London Bridge is Falling Down"
London Bridge is falling down,
Falling down, falling down.
London Bridge is falling down,
My fair lady.
"London Bridge is Falling Down" references the famous stone bridge that was commissioned by Henry II in the late-1100s. It's a simple song that lists different materials to try to keep the bridge from collapsing (earlier versions claim London Bridge is broken down, rather than falling down). Folklorists have tried in vain to link the famous "my fair lady" to historic women like Anne Boleyn, Matilda of Scotland and Eleanor of Provence. But for horror purposes, we're not concerned with the lady of the song; we're concerned with the man. The watchman to be exact.
Set a man to watch all night,
Watch all night, watch all night,
Set a man to watch all night,
My fair lady.
The watchman seems to be appointed to make sure thieves don't make away with the precious building materials like silver and gold, but there's also a more sinister explanation for his role, according to the Opies. Legend has it, living people were built into the foundations of walls and gates "to serve as guardian spirits." In the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, they cite tales of other famous bridges, like Aryte in Greece, which is said to have kept from falling down after the wife of the master-mason was walled in and the bridge of Rosporden in Brittany that was failing until a four-year-old boy was sacrificed. Indeed, children's bodies have been found embedded into the foundations of bridges like the Bridge Gate at Bremen.
As far as we know, however, no humans were harmed in the making of London Bridge.
~Amanda Flinner, February 28, 2013
About the Author:
Amanda FlinnerAmanda is a freelance writer from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with a degree in English/Writing from Geneva College (Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania). When she's not listening to jazz and pop standards from the '40s and '50s, she's obsessing over classic movies. She has no musical ability whatsoever except for a short stint as a saxophone player in the sixth grade. More from Amanda Flinner
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Which Scottish socialist was the first leader of the Labour Party and became its first sitting member of parliament in 1900? | Nursery Rhymes - Brain Water
Brain Water
Ring a ring o' rosies
Ring a ring o' rosies
A pocketful of posies
We all fall down!
Origins in English History
The lyrics to this nursery rhyme has its origins as a children's ring game. The period in history dates back to the great plague of London in 1665 (bubonic plague). The symptoms of the plague included a raised red rash on the skin (Ring a ring o' rosies) and violent sneezing (Atishoo, Atishoo) A pouch of sweet smelling herbs or posies were carried due to the belief that the disease was transmitted by bad smells. The death rate was over 60% and the plage was only halted by the Great Fire of London in 1666 which killed the rats which carried the disease which had been transmitting it to water sources.
Hush a bye baby
Hush a bye baby, on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will rock;
When the bow breaks, the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
Nursery Rhyme or lullaby?
The lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme were first published in 1765.
The words and lyrics to this song are often crooned to a baby in an effort to rock them to sleep. When repeating this song children often make a rocking motion with their hands and arms. The imagery conveyed appeals to a child's imagination! The origins and history of this nursery rhyme are said to originate from America and the habit of some Native Americans of placing a baby in the low branches of a tree allowing the young child or baby to be rocked to sleep.
Little Jack Horner
He put in his thumb and pulled out a plum
And said "What a good boy am I!"
16th Century history origins of the nursery rhyme
Little Jack Horner was in fact reputed to be the Steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury. He was sent to King Henry VIII with a Christmas gift of twelve title deeds to manorial estates. Whilst on his way to the King Jack stole the deed to the manor of Mells (this being the real 'plum' of the twelve manors) which was in France. The remaining eleven manors were given to the crown but the manor of Mells became the property of the Horner family! The first publication date for the lyrics to this nursery rhyme is 1725.
Seesaw Marjorie Daw
Johnny shall have a new master
He shall earn but a penny a day
Because he can't work any faster
Origins and history in a game for children
A see-saw is one of the oldest 'toys' for children , easily constructed from logs of various sizes. The words of the nursery rhyme reflect children playing on a see-saw and often singing this rhyme to accompany their game. There was no such person that we can identify who had the name Margery Daw and we therefore make the assumption that this was purely used to rhyme with the words 'see-saw'. The last three lines appear to reflect the use of child labour in work houses where those with no where else to live would be forced to work for a pittance (a penny a day) on piece work (because he can't work any faster)
Christmas is coming
Origin lost in the depths of time?
Unable to trace a commonly agreed upon origin for this particular nursery rhyme however could be connected to Black Jack, a pirate who was notorious for escaping from the authorities in the late 16th century. The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme cannot be further analysed due to the brevity of the text of the lyrics but could be associated with the old tradition and sport of 'candle leaping' which used to be practised at English fayres.
Little Robin Red Breast
Little Robin Red breast sat upon a tree,
Up went pussy cat and down went he;
Down came pussy, and away Robin ran;
Says little Robin Red breast, "Catch me if you can".
Little Robin Red breast jumped upon a wall,
Pussy cat jumped after him and almost got a fall;
Little Robin chirped and sang, and what did pussy say?
Pussy cat said, "Meeow!" and Robin jumped away.
A traditional English nursery rhyme
The nursery rhyme lyrics are merely teaching children about natural enemies of animals and makes good use of the English language by using similes (red breast). It has no basis in history for its origins. It does, however, introduce a child to onomatopoeia ( a word that sounds like its meaning) In this nursery rhyme the word 'meeow' when pronounced conveys the actual sound of the word! The robin is a small brown bird with a bright red breast - hence the continuous reference to red breast. The robin is always associated with the Christmas season and featured on many Christmas cards showing a snow scene.
Incy Wincy spider
Incy Wincy spider climbing up the spout
Down came the rain and washed the spider out
Out came the sun and dried up all the rain
Now Incy Wincy spider went up the spout again!
Finger nursery rhyme for children
A child will love trying to mimic the actions of this particular nursery rhyme. It assists them with improving manual dexterity whilst remembering the words of the song. The name of the spider seems to vary but 'Incy Wincy spider' is believed to be the correct and original version. The original history and origins of the Incy Wincy spider nursery rhyme cannot be traced, it is believed just to be a fun action rhyme that has survived the test of time.
Horsey horsey
Gone to fetch a rabbit skin
To wrap the Baby Bunting in
Cry Baby Bunting
The origins - lullaby lyrics for this nursery rhyme for a baby
The lyrics, origins and history to this nursery rhyme are not important - it was the sound of the music to accompany it! The song would be crooned to a young child as a lullaby. Perhaps to explain the disappearance of Daddy to a fretting child!
Star light star bright
The first star I see tonight,
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have the wish I wish tonight.
Nursery rhyme with American history and origins
The lyrics to this nursery rhyme are believed to be of late 19th century American origins and the lyrics allude to the fantasy that you can wish upon a star. This nursery rhyme has no doubt been used on many occasions to quieten a child ready for bedtime as they patiently look out of the window waiting for it to get dark enough to see the very first star!
The Owl and the Pussycat
The Owl and the Pussycat went to sea
In a beautiful pea-green boat,
They took some honey, and plenty of money,
Wrapped up in a five pound note.
The Owl looked up to the stars above,
And sang to a small guitar,
"O lovely Pussy! O Pussy, my love,
What a beautiful Pussy you are, you are, you are,
What a beautiful Pussy you are."
Pussy said to the Owl "You elegant fowl,
How charmingly sweet you sing.
O let us be married, too long we have tarried;
But what shall we do for a ring?"
They sailed away, for a year and a day,
To the land where the Bong-tree grows,
And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood
With a ring at the end of his nose, his nose, his nose,
With a ring at the end of his nose.
"Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling your ring?"
Said the Piggy, "I will"
So they took it away, and were married next day
By the Turkey who lives on the hill.
They dined on mince, and slices of quince,
Which they ate with a runcible spoon.
And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand.
They danced by the light of the moon, the moon, the moon,
They danced by the light of the moon.
What is a Runcible Spoon?
A traditional childrens poem , or folksong, as the lyrics have been set to music on several occasions. The author was Edward Lear (1812 - 1888) and the first publication date was 1806. Some wonderful illustrated graphics have also been set to the words and lyrics of this poem helping to fire the imagination of a child! The burning question remains, however, what exactly is a runcible spoon? The most agreed upon definition of this term is that a runcible spoon is a kind of fork with three broad prongs or tines, one having a sharp edge, curved like a spoon, used with pickles, etc.
Little Boy Blue
Little Boy Blue come blow your horn,
The sheep's in the meadow the cow's in the corn.
But where is the boy who looks after the sheep?
He's under a haystack fast asleep.
Will you wake him? No, not I - for if I do, he's sure to cry
Origins of the story
Unlike other Nursery Rhymes the words and lyrics cannot be closely connected to any historical figure in European history. There is, however, a doubtful theory that 'Little Boy Blue' could refer to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey dating back to English Tudor history (although the origins and lyrics cannot be connected to any events in his life). Neither does the rhyme have a moral objective or used to demonstrates any specific use of the English language. The most common belief is that the origins of this nursery are not based on actual events or people in history but is merely a reflection of peaceful country life which would appeal to the imagination of a young child
Hey Diddle Diddle
Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon.
The little dog laughed to see such fun
And the dish ran away with the spoon!
Fantasy Nursery Rhyme! Origins and history
The first known date of publication for the lyrics of this nursery rhyme is 1765.
Completely nonsensical rhyme whose sole aim is to fire the imagination of a child with impossible actions which are, however, very easy and amusing for a child to envision! Walt Disney uses this type of imagery in animated films to great effect! The term 'Hey diddle diddle' was a colloquialism used in much the same vein as "hey nonny no" which can be found in traditional British folk songs. The original title was known as 'High Diddle Diddle' but has been changed to 'Hey Diddle Diddle' during the course of time.
There was a crooked man
There was a crooked man and he walked a crooked mile,
He found a crooked sixpence upon a crooked stile.
He bought a crooked cat, which caught a crooked mouse.
And they all lived together in a little crooked house
The origins and lyrics of the Nursery rhyme in British history
The content and lyrics of this nursery rhyme have a basis in history. The origins of this nursery rhyme originating from the English Stuart history of King Charles 1. The crooked man is reputed to be General Sir Alexander Leslie of Scotland. The General is one of those who signed the Covenant securing religious and political freedom for Scotland. The 'crooked stile' being the border between England and Scotland. 'They all lived together in a little crooked house' refers to the fact that the English and Scots had come to an agreement. The lyrics reflect the times of old England with reference to the animosity between the English and the Scots. The word crooked is pronounced as 'crookED' the emphasis being placed upon the 'ED' in the word. This was common in olde England and many references can be found in this type of pronunciation in the works of William Shakespeare.
The Lion and the Unicorn
The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown
The lion beat the unicorn all around the town.
Some gave them white bread, and some gave them brown;
Some gave them plum cake and drummed them out of town.
Origins in British history
The lion and the unicorn lyrics date from 1603 when King James VI of Scotland became James I of England unifying the Scottish and English crowns . The virgin Queen Elizabeth 1 named the son of Mary Queen of Scots, James, as her heir. The new union of the two countries required a new royal coat of arms combining those of England which featured two lions, and Scotland, whose coat of arms featured two Unicorns. A compromise was made thus the British coat of arms has
one Lion and one Unicorn.
Goosie Goosie Gander
Goosie goosie gander where shall I wander,
Upstairs, downstairs and in my lady's chamber
There I met an old man who wouldn't say his prayers,
I took him by the left leg and threw him down the stairs.
Obscure morality Nursery Rhyme
Goosie, goosie gander - an attention grabber to a nursery rhyme which uses alliteration in the lyrics designed to intrigue a child. The 'lady's chamber' is a room that no longer exists today but English history refers to a high born lady having her own chamber, which was once referred to as a solar. The origins of the nursery rhyme are said to date back in history to the 16th century and refer to Catholic priests hiding in 'Priest Holes' ( very small secret rooms found in great houses in England) to avoid persecution from zealous Protestants who were completely against the old Catholic religion. If caught the priest and also members of any family found harbouring them would be executed. The moral to the story and in the lyrics is to point out that something unpleasant would occur to anyone found not saying their prayers!
What are little boys made
What are little boys made of?
Snips and snails, and puppy dogs tails
That's what little boys are made of !"
What are little girls made of?
"Sugar and spice and all things nice
That's what little girls are made of!"
The lyrics!
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme date back to the early nineteenth century - the battle of the sexes was raging even then! The lyrics obviously reflect this, but what is the meaning of 'snips and snails'? Many meanings have been suggested but the one that has the most credibility is that the original words were in fact 'snips of snails' snips meaning 'little bits of' No redemption there for describing what little boys are made of' !
Georgie Porgie
Georgie Porgie pudding and pie,
Kissed the girls and made them cry
When the boys came out to play,
Georgie Porgie ran away.
The Early Battle of the Sexes?
A Nursery Rhyme demonstrating the different attitudes between the sexes! Even at a very early age children in Britain would play a game called 'Kiss Chase' - in fact the girls would actually chase the boys and then kiss them! their were no tears from the girls but the boys fought like mad to get away! The origins and history of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are English and refer to George (Georgie Porgie), the Duke of Buckingham, from 17th century English history. His dubious moral character was much in question! This, however, was overlooked due to his friendship with King Charles II until the parliament stopped the Kind intervening on his behalf - at this point all of the jealous husbands vowed to wreak their revenge causing Georgie Porgie to 'run away'!
For want of a nail
For want of a nail the shoe was lost.
For want of a shoe the horse was lost.
For want of a horse the rider was lost.
For want of a rider the battle was lost.
For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.
And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.
A Nursery Rhyme explaining consequences through its lyrics
A clever set of lyrics encouraging a child to apply logic to the consequences of their
actions. Perhaps used to gently chastise a child and explain the possible events that might follow a thoughtless act. The references to horses, horseshoe, riders, kingdoms and battles indicate the origins of this nursery rhyme were probably set in English History
Hickory, Dickory Dock
Hickory dickory dock
Participative Nursery Rhyme reflected in the lyrics
A nonsense song using alliteration and allowing a small child or even a baby to mimic the sound of a clock chiming one at the appropriate point in the lyrics. Obviously intended to introduce children to the rudiments and importance of telling the time. The origins and history are unknown but the first publication date for this nursery rhyme is 1744.
Pease pudding hot
Pease pudding hot, pease pudding cold,
Pease pudding in the pot - nine days old.
Some like it hot, some like it cold,
Some like it in the pot - nine days old.
Pease pudding hot - the origins of the lyrics based on a traditional British dish
The pease pudding referred to in the lyrics of this nursery rhyme is a dish which is still enjoyed in Britain today. It is a smooth, thick sauce, (referred to as a pudding in the rhyme for the sake of alliteration) which has a dark yellow colour and is made from dried peas. Pease pudding is traditionally served hot with boiled bacon or a form of sausage called a saveloy.
Thirty days hath September
All the rest have thirty one
Except for February which has twenty eight!
(And twenty nine each leap year)
Nursery Rhyme - Aide Memoire!
The words and lyrics to this useful little nursery rhyme are probably used by many adults to prompt them into remembering how many days are in each month! The origins and history of the lyrics are obscure but use of olde English can date this rhyme back to at least the 16th century. When was the last time that you found yourself muttering the words to this nursery rhyme?
The Queen of Hearts
The Queen of Hearts she made some tarts all on a summer's day;
The Knave of Hearts he stole the tarts and took them clean away.
The King of Hearts called for the tarts and beat the Knave full sore
The Knave of Hearts brought back the tarts and
vowed he'd steal no more.
The Queen of Hearts lyrics
The origins of the title the 'Queen of Hearts' can be found in the work of Lewis G. Carroll in his book entitled 'Alice in Wonderland' first published in 1805. In more recent history the term was used by Princess Diana during a famous interview as her preference to the title the Queen of Hearts to that of Queen of England. Princess Diana is now lovingly referred to as the Queen of Hearts
The lion and the unicorn
The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown
The lion beat the unicorn all around the town.
Some gave them white bread, and some gave them brown;
Some gave them plum cake and drummed them out of town.
Origins in British history
The lion and the unicorn lyrics date from 1603 when King James VI of Scotland became James I of England unifying the Scottish and English crowns . The virgin Queen Elizabeth 1 named the son of Mary Queen of Scots, James, as her heir. The new union of the two countries required a new royal coat of arms combining those of England which featured two lions, and Scotland, whose coat of arms featured two Unicorns. A compromise was made thus the British coat of arms has
one Lion and one Unicorn.
Three Blind Mice
Three blind mice, three blind mice,
See how they run, see how they run,
They all ran after the farmer's wife,
Who cut off their tails with a carving knife,
Did you ever see such a thing in your life,
As three blind mice?
The origins of the 'tale'!
The origins of the lyrics to this nursery rhyme are in English history. The 'farmer's wife' refers to Queen Mary I, otherwise known as 'Bloody Mary' the reference to 'farmer's wife' alludes to the massive farming estates which she possessed and those of her husband, Philip of Spain. The 'three blind mice' were three noblemen who were plotting against the Queen - she did not have them dismembered and blinded as inferred in the rhyme - but she did have them burnt at the stake!
Baa baa black sheep
Baa baa black sheep, have you any wool?
Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full!
One for the master, one for the dame,
And one for the little boy who lives down the lane.
Educational reasons of the nursery rhyme lyrics
The reason to the words and history to this song were to associate wool and wool products with the animal that produces it, not to mention the sound that a sheep would make! The first grasp of language for a child or baby is to imitate the sounds or noises that animals make onomatopoeia (words sound like their meaning e.g. baa baa). The first publication date for the lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme can be dated back to 1744.
Rock a bye baby
Rock a bye baby on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will rock,
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby, cradle and all.
Origins in American history
The words and lyrics to this nursery rhyme are reputed to reflect the observations of a young pilgrim boy in America who had seen Native Indian mothers suspend a birch bark cradle from the branches of a tree enabling the wind to rock the cradle and the child to sleep. The rhyme also hold a warning on the choice of bough!
Pat a cake Pat a cake
Pat a cake, Pat a cake, baker's man
Bake me a cake as fast as you can;
Pat it and prick it and mark is with a 'B',
And put it in the oven for baby and me.
The origins and lyrics
The origins and lyrics of this nursery rhyme are unknown, but the tradition of decorating cakes with the name or initial of a child is still adhered to today!
Peter Peter pumpkin eater
Had a wife and couldn't keep her!
He put her in a pumpkin shell,
And there he kept her very well!
American origins...
The lyrics of this nursery rhyme (unlike so many others) are not based in Europe, but in America. This rhyme is known of by British children but is only in recent years that it has become clear exactly what a pumpkin is! As it is not indigenous to the British shores the vast majority of the British population have never eaten pumpkin! The tradition of dressing up for Halloween (and the subsequent use of the pumpkin for making lanterns) together with 'Trick or Treat'
Little Miss Muffet
Who sat down beside her
And frightened Miss Muffet away
Origins and history of the Nursery Rhyme
Little Miss Muffet was a small girl whose first name was Patience. Her father, Dr. Muffet, was an entomologist (someone who studies insects). Whilst eating her breakfast one day she was frightened by one of his spiders and ran away! This particular Nursery Rhyme reputedly dates back to the
late 16th century! Unlikely story!
This little piggy
This little piggy went to market,
This little piggy stayed at home,
This little piggy had roast beef,
This little piggy had none.
And this little piggy went...
"Wee wee wee" all the way home...
Action nursery rhyme for baby or young children
The lyrics for this particular nursery rhyme include action based words where the little piggy is each one of the child's toes! The last line is used to accompany the child being tickled by the teller of the rhyme! This is a typical rhyme which will be passed down from one generation to another - it has no origins in history! The lyrics for this nursery rhyme were first published in 1728.
Tom Tom the pipers son
Tom Tom the pipers son
Stole a pig and away he ran,
The pig was eat and Tom was beat
And Tom went roaring down the street.
Origins of a Scottish nursery rhyme?
The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme were not based on a person in Scottish history (pipers son). The term 'piper's son' could allude to any piper in the British army and the origins of this tale probably date back to the 18th century It is a children's nonsense rhyme which has an obvious moral. The imagery used in the phrase 'went roaring down the street' is very strong and would indicate to a child that Tom's punishment was severe!
Pussycat, pussycat
"Pussycat, pussycat, where have you been?"
"I've been up to London to visit the Queen."
"Pussycat, pussycat, what did you dare?"
"I frightened a little mouse under her chair"
"MEOWW!"
The origins of the nursery rhyme!
The origins of this rhyme goes back to the history of 16th century Tudor England. One of the staff of Queen Elizabeth I had an old cat which tended to roam throughout one of her castles. On one occasion the cat went underneath the throne and the cat's tail brushed against the Queen's foot, startling her. But 'Good Queen Bess' had a sense of humour and declared that the cat may wander through the throne room on condition it kept it free of mice!
Here's the church
Here's the church, and here's the steeple
Open the door and see all the people.
Here's the parson going upstairs,
And here he is saying his prayers.
Visual impact! An action based Nursery rhyme
Children love this nursery rhyme as it combines lyrics and words with actions. This also improves the manual dexterity and coordination of a child whilst firing their imagination. An oft repeated song ending with the hands clasped together as if in prayer! Probably steeped in English history where the architecture of churches and its steeple dominated the skyline of all towns.
Ding dong bell
One, two, three, four, five
One, two, three, four, five.
Once I caught a fish alive,
Six, seven, eight, nine ,ten,
Then I let it go again.
Why did you let it go?
Because it bit my finger so.
Which finger did it bite?
This little finger on the right.
The lyrics of the nursery rhyme
The lyrics of this nursery rhyme are not based on origins dating back in history. This is an education rhyme with the lyrics devised with the specific intention of teaching a child to count.
Doctor Foster
Doctor Foster went to Gloucester
In a shower of rain.
He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle
And never went there again!
The History behind the words and lyrics!
The origins and history of this Nursery Rhyme are in England, which is clear due to the reference to the English county of Gloucestershire (Doctor Foster went to Gloucester). A warning to a child in days gone by, prior to modern roads, that what could appear to be a shallow puddle could in fact be far deeper! An attempt to keep a child clean and safe! The origins of this nursery rhyme are reputed to lie in English history dating back to the Plantagenant reign in the 13th century when King Edward 1 was reputed to have visited Gloucester and fell from his horse into a large muddy puddle! He was so humiliated by this event that he refused to ever return to the town of Gloucester ever again!
A Wise Old Owl
A wise old owl lived in an oak
The more he saw the less he spoke
The less he spoke the more he heard.
Why can't we all be like that wise old bird?
The origins and history of 'A wise old owl'
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme is vague but its meaning
is not, it basically would be told to a child in an attempt
to instil the wisdom of observing and keeping quiet! The association of the lyrics of this nursery rhyme derive from the saying 'a wise old owl' based on an owl's behaviour of watching and patiently waiting when hunting its prey
"Children should be seen and not heard!"
Old Mother Hubbard
So the poor little doggie had none.
Origins of lyrics in British history
The Old Mother Hubbard referred to in these nursery rhyme words and lyrics allude to the famous Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Wolsey was the most important politician and churchman of the Tudor history period in 16th century England. Cardinal Wolsey proved to be a faithful servant but displeased the King, Henry VIII, by failing to arrange the King's divorce from Queen Katherine of Aragon which would enable him to marry Anne Boleyn. The King was the "doggie" and the "bone" alludes to the divorce (and not money as many believe) The cupboard relates to the Catholic Church
Who killed Cock Robin
"Who killed Cock Robin?" "I," said the Sparrow,
"With my bow and arrow, I killed Cock Robin."
"Who saw him die?" "I," said the Fly,
"With my little eye, I saw him die."
"Who caught his blood?" "I," said the Fish,
"With my little dish, I caught his blood."
"Who'll make the shroud?" "I," said the Beetle,
"With my thread and needle, I'll make the shroud."
"Who'll dig his grave?" "I," said the Owl,
"With my pick and shovel, I'll dig his grave."
"Who'll be the parson?" "I," said the Rook,
"With my little book, I'll be the parson."
"Who'll be the clerk?" "I," said the Lark,
"If it's not in the dark, I'll be the clerk."
"Who'll carry the link?" "I," said the Linnet,
"I'll fetch it in a minute, I'll carry the link."
"Who'll be chief mourner?" "I," said the Dove,
"I mourn for my love, I'll be chief mourner."
"Who'll carry the coffin?" "I," said the Kite,
"If it's not through the night, I'll carry the coffin."
"Who'll bear the pall? "We," said the Wren,
"Both the cock and the hen, we'll bear the pall."
"Who'll sing a psalm?" "I," said the Thrush,
"As she sat on a bush, I'll sing a psalm."
"Who'll toll the bell?" "I," said the bull,
"Because I can pull, I'll toll the bell."
All the birds of the air fell a-sighing and a-sobbing,
When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock Robin.
The origins and history of the lyrics
'Who killed cock robin?' is better described as a British folksong rather than a nursery rhyme. The Death of Cock Robin is frequently taken as a Robin Hood analogue and the ready offers of help following this event, as described in the lyrics, reflect the high esteem that the legendary figure of
Robin Hood was, and is, still held
What are little boys made of
What are little boys made of?
Snips and snails, and puppy dogs tails
That's what little boys are made of !"
What are little girls made of?
"Sugar and spice and all things nice
That's what little girls are made of!"
The lyrics!
The origins and history of this nursery rhyme date back to the early nineteenth century - the battle of the sexes was raging even then! The lyrics obviously reflect this, but what is the meaning of 'snips and snails'? Many meanings have been suggested but the one that has the most credibility is that the original words were in fact 'snips of snails' snips meaning 'little bits of' No redemption there for describing what little boys are made of'
Old King Cole
Old King Cole was a merry old soul, and a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe in the middle of the night
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Every fiddler had a fine fiddle, and a very fine fiddle had he;
Oh there's none so rare as can compare
With King Cole and his fiddlers three.
Nursery rhyme lyrics based in history origins dating back to 3rd century
Old King Cole ruled part of Britain in the third century. He is reputed to have built the English town of Colchester. In Colchester there is the site of a Roman gravel pit which is still known today as 'King Cole's Kitchen.'
Cole or "Godebog" was a Dark Age British King, and, a descendant of Britain's pre-Saxon & pre-Roman royal house. The Tudor Kings, starting with Henry VII, claimed to descend from this royal lineage in attempt to further legitimise the Tudor claim to the English throne.
Wee Willie Winkie
Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town,
Upstairs and downstairs in his nightgown,
Tapping at the window and crying through the lock,
Are all the children in their beds, it's past eight o'clock?
The origins of the nursery rhyme
The origins of the words and lyrics to this nursery rhyme were to allow children to associate every day tasks with their own lives. Before the days of radio, TV and indeed the Internet and also due to levels of illiteracy within the population great reliance was made on the Town Crier who was paid to walk the streets crying out the latest news and information. 'Wee willie winkie' was a child's
version of the Town Crier! The author of the nursery was William Miller (1810 - 1872) and the first publication date of the lyrics was in 1841.
Mondays child
Mondays child is fair of face,
Tuesdays child is full of grace,
Wednesdays child is full of woe,
Thursdays child has far to go,
Fridays child is loving and giving,
Saturdays child works hard for his living,
And the child that is born on the Sabbath day
Is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.
Traditional Nursery Rhyme lyrics
The words and lyrics of this nursery rhyme poem were used to introduce a child to the order and the different days of week. The wording guaranteed to ensure that a child would take a keen interest in which day that they were born on! Sunday was traditionally referred to as the 'Sabbath day' in the religion of Christianity. This is the only reference to history for the origins of this nursery rhyme poem
Two little dicky birds (Fly away Peter, fly away Paul)
Two little dicky birds sitting on a wall,
One named Peter, one named Paul.
Fly away Peter, fly away Paul,
Come back Peter, come back Paul!
The origin?
No specific origins in history could be traced for this popular children's nursery rhyme! Neither could any other verses be traced! What is also unusual is that although the rhyme only has four lines there are two titles for it - the obvious 'Two little dicky birds' and the more obscure 'Fly away Peter, Fly away Paul'
which is also used!
How does your garden grow?
With silver bells and cockle shells
And pretty maids all in a row.
The origins are steeped in history...
The Mary alluded to in this traditional English nursery rhyme is Mary Tudor, or Bloody Mary, who was the daughter of King Henry VIII. Queen Mary was a staunch Catholic and the garden referred to is an allusion to graveyards which were increasing in size with those who dared to continue to adhere to the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockle shells were colloquialisms for instruments of torture. The 'maids' were a device to behead people similar to the guillotine.
Twinkle twinkle little star
Mary had a little lamb
Mary had a little lamb its fleece was white as snow;
And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go.
It followed her to school one day, which was against the rule;
It made the children laugh and play, to see a lamb at school.
And so the teacher turned it out, but still it lingered near,
And waited patiently about till Mary did appear.
"Why does the lamb love Mary so?" the eager children cry;
"Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know" the teacher did reply.
Increasing use of language
The words and lyrics of this American nursery rhyme would appeal to a young child and introduces imagery and the use of similes (white as snow) as part of use of the English language. The words also convey the morale that love is reciprocated! We can find no specific connection in history for the origins of this nursery rhyme but the origins are American as the lyrics were written by
Sarah Hale, of Boston, in 1830.
Ride a cock horse
| i don't know |
How did the world better know actor Carlo Pedersoli who sadly died last week, he is best known for the 16 films he appeared in with Mario Girotti, who used the name Terence Hill? | Spaghetti Western Actor Bud Spencer Dies | TVWeek
Spaghetti Western Actor Bud Spencer Dies
Jun 28, 2016 • Post A Comment
Bud Spencer, an actor and filmmaker who appeared in a number of spaghetti Westerns, died Monday in Rome, BBC News reports. He was 86.
The report quotes Spencer’s son saying the actor died peacefully “and did not suffer from pain.”
“Spencer, whose real name was Carlo Pedersoli, was known among his fans as the ‘big friendly giant’ of the screen because of his height and weight,” the BBC reports. “The actor, who was also a professional swimmer, appeared in more than 20 films from the 1950s to the 1980s.”
Spencer, who was Italian, often appeared as “part of a double act alongside Terence Hill — whose real name was Mario Girotti,” the report notes.
Spencer’s movies included “Double Trouble,” “Go For It,” “Ace High,” “They Call Me Trinity” and “A Friend is a Treasure.”
Here’s a compilation of Bud Spencer “highlights” consisting mainly of fight sequences, with the bulk of the dialogue in Italian …
| Bud Spencer |
Polaris or the north star, is the brightest star in which constellation? | IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Haven"
Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Haven"
1-50 of 502 names.
Al Pacino
One of the greatest actors in all of film history, Al Pacino established himself during one of film's greatest decades, the 1970s, and has become an enduring and iconic figure in the world of American movies.
Pacino was born on April 25, 1940, in the Bronx, New York, to an Italian-American family. His parents, Rose (Gerardi) and Sal Pacino , divorced when he was young. His mother moved them into his grandparents' house. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in the movies, one of his favorite activities. Bored and unmotivated in school, the young Al Pacino found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. Starting on the stage, he went through a lengthy period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to make it to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under legendary acting coach Lee Strasberg , creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many '70s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, he finally hit it big with "The Indian Wants the Bronx", winning an Obie award for the 1966-67 season. That was followed by a Tony Award for "Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?". His first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect: he played a junkie in The Panic in Needle Park after his film debut in Me, Natalie . What came next would change his life forever. The role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford , Warren Beatty , Jack Nicholson , Ryan O'Neal , Robert De Niro and a host of others either wanted it or were mentioned for it, but director Francis Ford Coppola had his heart set on the unknown Italian Pacino for the role, although pretty much everyone else--from the studio to the producers to some of the cast members--didn't want him. Though Coppola won out through slick persuasion, Pacino was in constant fear of being fired during the hellish shoot. Much to his (and Coppola's) relief, the film was a monster hit that did wonders for everyone's career, including Pacino's, and earned him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money he could now command, however, Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films, such as the true-life crime drama Serpico and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon . He opened eyes around the film world for his brave choice of roles, and he was nominated three consecutive years for the "Best Actor" Academy Award. He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield , but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. , for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. This would, unfortunately, signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced such critical and commercial flops as Cruising and Author! Author! . He took on another vicious gangster role and cemented his legendary status in the ultra-violent cult hit Scarface , but a monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, weather was terrible, and Pacino became terribly ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script also further derailed a project that seemed doomed from the start anyway. The Revolutionary War film is considered one of the worst films ever, not to mention one of the worst of his career, resulted in his first truly awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years. Returning to the stage, Pacino has done much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic , but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile with the striking Sea of Love as a hard-drinking cop. It marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice. Returning to the Corleones, he made The Godfather: Part III and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful Dick Tracy . This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross . He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny . In 1992 he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance in Scent of a Woman . A mixture of technical perfection (he plays a blind man) and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and movies as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat directed by Michael Mann and co-starring Robert De Niro , although they only had a few scenes together. He returned to the director's chair for the highly acclaimed and quirky Shakespeare adaptation Looking for Richard . City Hall , Donnie Brasco and The Devil's Advocate all came out in this period. Reteaming with Mann and then Oliver Stone , he gave two commanding performances in The Insider and Any Given Sunday .
In the 2000s, Pacino starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen , but his choice in television roles (the vicious Roy Cohn in HBO's miniseries Angels in America and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television movie You Don't Know Jack ) are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie.
In his personal life, Pacino is one of Hollywood's most enduring and notorious bachelors, having never been married. He has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a new set of twins with longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo . His romantic history includes a long-time romance with "Godfather" co-star Diane Keaton . With his intense and gritty performances, Pacino was an original in the acting profession. His Method approach would become the process of many actors throughout time, and his unbeatable number of classic roles has already made him a legend among film buffs and all aspiring actors and directors. His commitment to acting as a profession and his constant screen dominance has established him as one of the movies' true legends.
Pacino has never abandoned his love for the theater, and Shakespeare in particular, having directed the Shakespeare adaptation Looking for Richard and played Shylock in The Merchant of Venice .
Donnie Yen
Martial artist and Hong Kong action star Donnie Yen was born to newspaper editor Klyster Yen and martial arts master Bow Sim Mark. At the age of four Yen started taking up martial arts from his mother, who taught him wushu and tai chi until the age of eleven when his family emigrated to Boston, MA. From there he continued mastering wushi and tai chi. But after developing a huge interest in martial arts he eventually began getting into various others martial art styles, such as taekwondo, kick-boxing, boxing, karate etc. When Yen was sixteen his parents sent him to Beijing Wushu Academy so he could train Chinese martial arts under Master Wu Bin, well known as the coach of Jet Li . He underwent intensive training for three years.
After three years Yen was about to leave back to the US but made a side trip to Hong Kong. There he was accidentally introduced to famous Hong Kong action film-maker Woo-Ping Yuen , who was responsible for bringing Jackie Chan to super stardom and was looking for someone new to star in his films. Yen was offered a screen test - which he passed - and thereafter a 4-picture deal. Yen started out with stunt doubling duty on the magical martial arts film The Miracle Fighters . From there he starred in his first film, Drunken Tai Chi at the age of 19. He continued his early film career working independently with Woo-Ping Yuen and also applied for acting lessons as well as roles in TV series at TVB to gain more acting experience. He started getting a bit of attention in the late 1980s and mid 1990s, after he was offered a contract by D&B Films Co's Dickson Poon . Poon gave Yen major roles in the action films Tiger Cage , In the Line of Duty 4 and Tiger Cage 2 , which became cult classics after their initial releases. These films eventually spread outside the Hong Kong film circuit and gave Yen a good reputation as a formidable onscreen action performer. But after a while, the company did not do well and in the end went bankrupt. This left Yen with no choice but to go back to TVB as well as venture into low-budget film-making making films, such as Crystal Hunt and Revenge of the Cheetah .
But the misfortune didn't last long. Famous director Hark Tsui had just made a successful attempt to revive the kung fu genre with Once Upon a Time in China which starred Jet Li . For the sequel Once Upon a Time in China II Hark was looking for someone to play the new nemesis. Through Yen's early films and his rep as one of the most effective pound-for-pound on-screen fighters in Hong Kong, Hark became fascinated and decided to approach, discuss, and eventually cast him in the role of General Lan. The film became a turning point in Yen's career and his two fight scenes with Jet Li revolutionized the standards of Hong Kong martial arts choreography at the time, and are still regarded as among the best fight scenes ever created in Hong Kong film history. Another acclaim by critics and movie goers was Yen's acting performance. It was so outstanding that he was nominated for "Best Supporting Actor" at the 1992 Hong Kong Film Awards.
After the excellent showcase, Yen starred in other successful and classic films, such as Dragon Inn for director Raymond Lee and Butterfly and Sword by Michael Mak . But he still continued to work with Woo-Ping Yuen on films including Heroes Among Heroes , Iron Monkey and Wing Chun . But after creative differences between them became apparent, both of them decided it was best to work on their own so they ended up going separate ways and haven't collaborated with each other ever since.
During this period Yen got into TV and worked on a couple of series for ATV as actor and action director. The first was The Kung Fu Master which depicted the life of martial arts legend Hung Hei-Kwan. The TV series was a big success and Yen continued the success by action directing and starring in the second successful series; Fist of Fury . It retold the story of Chen Zhen, the character made famous by Bruce Lee in the original 1972 film classic with the same title. Aside the TV work, he was offered roles by prolific director/producer Jing Wong in films such as The Saint of Gamblers and got other offers which includes Circus Kids where he co-starred with action star Biao Yuen , and Asian Cop: High Voltage which was shot in the Philippines.
In 1996 - after fulfilling his contract deal with Wong Jing and returning deposit money to refuse making more films for him - Yen signed with the independent film company My Way Film Co. This became another turning point in his career in that he started learning directing and experimenting with film cameras. In 1997, he finally made his directorial debut with Legend of the Wolf and had created a different style of martial arts choreography. The film made a huge impact within fan communities around the world for its' daring, braving, and fresh attempt of accomplishing something new for the then dying martial arts action genre in Hong Kong. There was and still is a mixture of people both admiring and looking down on this particular style. Yen continued to work as lead actor/director/action director on films such as Ballistic Kiss , Shanghai Affairs . In 1999, he decided to try something different and ended up flying to Germany to work on the local TV film Der Puma - Kämpfer mit Herz and its' TV series counterpart.
In 2000, things took a turn for Yen once again when US-based film company Dimension Films called and offered him a major role in Highlander: Endgame as the immortal Jin Ke, making it his US debut. But sadly the film didn't perform well at the box-office and many fans consider it to be a part of its' own franchise. Nevertheless, Yen's fan-base consider his action scenes to be highlights of the film; especially his duel with Adrian Paul . To Dimension Films' credit though, offers followed shortly afterward. Yen was invited to work behind the camera on The Princess Blade for Japanese director Shinsuke Sato and Blade II by Guillermo del Toro , the latter of which he also appeared in as the mute vampire Snowman.
In 2002 and 2003 respectively, Yen's career further progressed after he took on two memorable roles. Firstly, highly acclaimed Chinese director Yimou Zhang offered Yen the part of assassin Sky in Hero starring Jet Li and resulted in one of the most anticipated Chinese films of 2002 which eventually became a mega hit around Asia. Secondly, director David Dobkin casted him alongside Jackie Chan as the traitorous Wu Chow in Shanghai Knights , the sequel to Shanghai Noon . This film marked the first time Yen worked with Chan in his career. Both of these collaborations gave Yen more recognition in the US and in Hong Kong, which in turn gave him more opportunities as an actor and action director.
In the same year Yen decided to put hold of pursuing a career in Hollywood and flew back to Hong Kong to find quality work. Through his good friend and Hong Kong cinema expert Bey Logan he signed up as action director for Vampire Effect , produced by Emperor Multimedia Group Co. (EMG) and starring the pop stars Gillian Chung and Charlene Choi with in a cameo appearance by Jackie Chan . The film earned him a nomination for "Best Action Design" at the 2003 Hong Kong Film Awards as well as the 2003 Golden Horse Awards, both of which he won prices for. He continued to work on few films after that, including Black Rose Academy as director and action director, and The Twins Effect II as actor where he once again worked with Jackie Chan on an anticipated fight scene which was satisfying enough for fans to see.
Later on in 2004 Yen's career took a totally different turn when Hark Tsui offered him a leading role in Seven Swords which was an adaptation of a lengthy novel written by Liang Yu-Sheng about seven warriors and their mystical swords. Despite the disappointing box-office reception when it was released locally, the film was nonetheless a great showcase for Yen as an actor and action performer unlike anything he did previously in his career. Around the same time, Yen also teamed up with acclaimed Hong Kong director Wilson Yip and together they made the highly anticipated crime drama SPL: Kill Zone . The film was remarkable in that it successfully combined strong acting and unique storytelling/visuals with groundbreaking martial arts action. This concept went on to become favored by action film fans and Hong Kong Cinema fans in general after its' release. Yen's way of shooting martial arts action - which was nothing like people had already seen - earned him a nomination and a price at the 2005 Hong Kong Film Awards for "Best Action Design". The movie also led to a trend of similar Hong Kong action films where storytelling/visuals along with hard-hitting action scenes were to be highlighted as much as possible.
After the success, Yen and Yip teamed up immediately for more projects which includes the comic book adaptation Dragon Tiger Gate and the hard-hitting action drama Flash Point , both of which were very successful at the box-office and within fan communities globally. These accomplishments made people regard Yen as the new pinnacle of Hong Kong martial arts/action films. Yen both earned the "Best Action Design" nomination at the 2006 Hong Kong Film Awards as well as the "Best Action Direction" nomination at 2006 Golden Bauhinia Awards for Dragon Tiger Gate . He won a price for the latter while he was awarded for his action design on Flash Point at both the 2007 Golden Bauhinia Awards and the 2007 Hong Kong Film Awards.
From there on Yen continued to work as a lead actor and also developed an interest in improving his acting skills. He got a leading role in the battle epic An Empress and the Warriors , directed by acclaimed Hong Kong action director Siu-Tung Ching , which was a big success in Mainland China. He continued work starring in the supernatural romance film Painted Skin by Gordon Chan . Then he starred in the martial arts biopic Ip Man helmed by Wilson Yip . This film was based on the life of one of Bruce Lee's wing chun teachers, Yip Man. The film became a sensational mega success all over Asia and people within the Hong Kong film industry started taking note after Wilson Yip's matured style of film-making, Sammo Hung's fresh martial arts choreography which many action film fans consider to be a redefinition of Hung's career as action director. But most impressive about the film for the audiences and critics was Yen's acting performance. During production, people had been very skeptical about Yen being the choice for the Yip Man role. But when the film was released, all pressure from the cast and crew were gone and people eventually went on to praise Yen for his portrayal of Yip Man. The success of the film also led to other successful directors and producers approaching Yen and giving him offers to work in front of the camera.
Through his progression in the Hong Kong film industry from the start - when he was just like other action performers in Hong Kong trying to make a name for themselves - to nowadays as arguably among the most offering leading Hong Kong actors and the most promising action director, as long as Donnie Yen is still active in film-making (whether working in front of or behind the camera), he will almost certainly break new grounds and create more innovative concepts of action choreography for the martial arts action genre.
Steven Spielberg
Undoubtedly one of the most influential film personalities in the history of film, Steven Spielberg is perhaps Hollywood's best known director and one of the wealthiest filmmakers in the world. Spielberg has countless big-grossing, critically acclaimed credits to his name, as producer, director and writer.
Steven Allan Spielberg was born in 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Leah Frances (Posner), a concert pianist and restaurateur, and Arnold Spielberg , an electrical engineer who worked in computer development. His parents were both born to Russian Jewish immigrant families. Steven spent his younger years in Haddon Township, New Jersey, Phoenix, Arizona, and later Saratoga, California. He went to California State University Long Beach, but dropped out to pursue his entertainment career. He gained notoriety as an uncredited assistant editor on the classic western Wagon Train . Among his early directing efforts were Battle Squad (1961), which combined World War II footage with footage of an airplane on the ground that he makes you believe is moving. He also directed Escape to Nowhere , which featured children as World War Two soldiers, including his sister Anne Spielberg , and The Last Gun , a western. All of these were short films. The next couple of years, Spielberg directed a couple of movies that would portend his future career in movies. In 1964, he directed Firelight , a movie about aliens invading a small town. In 1967, he directed Slipstream , which was unfinished. However, in 1968, he directed Amblin' , which featured the desert prominently, and not the first of his movies in which the desert would feature so prominently. Amblin' also became the name of his production company, which turned out such classics as E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Spielberg had a unique and classic early directing project, Duel , with Dennis Weaver . In the early 1970s, Spielberg was working on TV, directing among others such series as Rod Serling 's Night Gallery , Marcus Welby, M.D. and Murder by the Book . All of his work in television and short films, as well as his directing projects, were just a hint of the wellspring of talent that would dazzle audiences all over the world.
Spielberg's first major directorial effort was The Sugarland Express , with Goldie Hawn , a film that marked him as a rising star. It was his next effort, however, that made him an international superstar among directors: Jaws . This classic shark attack tale started the tradition of the summer blockbuster or, at least, he was credited with starting the tradition. His next film was the classic Close Encounters of the Third Kind , a unique and original UFO story that remains a classic. In 1978, Spielberg produced his first film, the forgettable I Wanna Hold Your Hand , and followed that effort with Used Cars , a critically acclaimed, but mostly forgotten, Kurt Russell \\ Jack Warden comedy about devious used-car dealers. Spielberg hit gold yet one more time with Raiders of the Lost Ark , with Harrison Ford taking the part of Indiana Jones. Spielberg produced and directed two films in 1982. The first was Poltergeist , but the highest-grossing movie of all time up to that point was the alien story E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Spielberg also helped pioneer the practice of product placement. The concept, while not uncommon, was still relatively low-key when Spielberg raised the practice to almost an art form with his famous (or infamous) placement of Reece's Pieces in "E.T." Spielberg was also one of the pioneers of the big-grossing special-effects movies, like "E.T." and "Close Encounters", where a very strong emphasis on special effects was placed for the first time on such a huge scale. In 1984, Spielberg followed up "Raiders" with Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , which was a commercial success but did not receive the critical acclaim of its predecessor. As a producer, Spielberg took on many projects in the 1980s, such as The Goonies , and was the brains behind the little monsters in Gremlins . He also produced the cartoon An American Tail , a quaint little animated classic. His biggest effort as producer in 1985, however, was the blockbuster Back to the Future , which made Michael J. Fox an instant superstar. As director, Spielberg took on the book The Color Purple , with Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey , with great success. In the latter half of the 1980s, he also directed Empire of the Sun , a mixed success for the occasionally erratic Spielberg. Success would not escape him for long, though.
The late 1980s found Spielberg's projects at the center of pop-culture yet again. In 1988, he produced the landmark animation/live-action film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . The next year proved to be another big one for Spielberg, as he produced and directed Always as well as Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , and Back to the Future Part II . All three of the films were box-office and critical successes. Also, in 1989, he produced the little known comedy-drama Dad , with Jack Lemmon and Ted Danson , which got mostly mixed results. Spielberg has also had an affinity for animation and has been a strong voice in animation in the 1990s. Aside from producing the landmark "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", he produced the animated series Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , Pinky and the Brain , Freakazoid! , Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain , Family Dog and Toonsylvania . Spielberg also produced other cartoons such as The Land Before Time , We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story , Casper (the live action version) as well as the live-action version of The Flintstones , where he was credited as "Steven Spielrock". Spielberg also produced many Roger Rabbit short cartoons, and many Pinky and the Brain, Animaniacs and Tiny Toons specials. Spielberg was very active in the early 1990s, as he directed Hook and produced such films as the cute fantasy Joe Versus the Volcano and An American Tail: Fievel Goes West . He also produced the unusual comedy thriller Arachnophobia , Back to the Future Part III and Gremlins 2: The New Batch . While these movies were big successes in their own right, they did not quite bring in the kind of box office or critical acclaim as previous efforts. In 1993, Spielberg directed Jurassic Park , which for a short time held the record as the highest grossing movie of all time, but did not have the universal appeal of his previous efforts. Big box-office spectacles were not his only concern, though. He produced and directed Schindler's List , a stirring film about the Holocaust. He won best director at the Oscars, and also got Best Picture. In the mid-90s, he helped found the production company DreamWorks, which was responsible for many box-office successes.
As a producer, he was very active in the late 90s, responsible for such films as The Mask of Zorro , Men in Black and Deep Impact . However, it was on the directing front that Spielberg was in top form. He directed and produced the epic Amistad , a spectacular film that was shorted at the Oscars and in release due to the fact that its release date was moved around so much in late 1997. The next year, however, produced what many believe was one of the best films of his career: Saving Private Ryan , a film about World War Two that is spectacular in almost every respect. It was stiffed at the Oscars, losing best picture to Shakespeare in Love .
Spielberg produced a series of films, including Evolution , The Haunting and Shrek . he also produced two sequels to Jurassic Park , which were financially but not particularly critical successes. In 2001, he produced a mini-series about World War Two that definitely *was* a financial and critical success: Band of Brothers , a tale of an infantry company from its parachuting into France during the invasion to the Battle of the Bulge. Also in that year, Spielberg was back in the director's chair for A.I. Artificial Intelligence , a movie with a message and a huge budget. It did reasonably at the box office and garnered varied reviews from critics.
Spielberg has been extremely active in films there are many other things he has done as well. He produced the short-lived TV series SeaQuest 2032 , an anthology series entitled Amazing Stories , created the video-game series "Medal of Honor" set during World War Two, and was a starting producer of ER . Spielberg, if you haven't noticed, has a great interest in World War Two. He and Tom Hanks collaborated on Shooting War , a documentary about World War II combat photographers, and he produced a documentary about the Holocaust called Eyes of the Holocaust . With all of this to Spielberg's credit, it's no wonder that he's looked at as one of the greatest ever figures in entertainment.
Zach McGowan
Zach McGowan was born and raised in New York City, where he started acting at an early age in school productions. His passion for the stage followed him through his high school and college years and landed him on the New York City stage in 2003 where he honed his craft in numerous off Broadway productions. In 2005 Zach moved to Los Angeles to work in film and Television. Zach's film work includes "Terminator Salvation" directed by McG "The Hunt For Eagle One" (Sony Screen Gems) directed by Brian Clyde, "Crash Point" (Sony Screen Gems) directed by Henry Crum, and "Seal Team Six" directed by Mark Andrews. On Television Zach Guest-starred in the premiere episode of the 5th season of "Numb3rs", and in season 7 episode 6 of "CSI Miami." Zach's short film work includes leading roles in "The 14th Morning" (LA International Short Film Festival, New Haven Film Festival, and The Method Festival), and "Sadiq" (official 2006 MTVU Student Film Maker Award Nominee, and winner "Best Short" at the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival) by Sean Mullin. Zach can also be heard in numerous advertisements, video games, and animation projects doing Voice Over work. Zach lives in Los Angeles and is a member of both SAG and AFTRA.
Sigourney Weaver
Sigourney Weaver was born Susan Alexandra Weaver in Leroy Hospital in Manhattan, New York City. Her father, TV producer Sylvester L. Weaver Jr. , originally wanted to name her Flavia, because of his passion for Roman history (he had already named her elder brother Trajan). Her mother, Elizabeth Inglis (née Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins), was an English actress who had sacrificed her career for a family. Sigourney grew up in a virtual bubble of guiltless bliss, being taken care of by nannies and maids. By 1959, the Weavers had resided in 30 different households. In 1961, Sigourney began attending the Brearley Girls Academy, but her mother moved her to another New York private school, Chapin. Sigourney was quite a bit taller than most of her other classmates (at the age of 13, she was already 5' 10"), resulting in her constantly being laughed at and picked on; in order to gain their acceptance, she took on the role of class clown.
In 1962, her family moved to San Francisco briefly, an unpleasant experience for her. Later, they moved back east to Connecticut, where she became a student at the Ethel Walker School, facing the same problems as before. In 1963, she changed her name to "Sigourney", after the character "Sigourney Howard" in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's "The Great Gatsby" (her own birth name, Susan, was in honor of her mother's best friend, explorer Susan Pretzlik). Sigourney had already starred in a school drama production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and, in 1965, she worked during the summer with a stock troupe, performing in "A Streetcar Named Desire" and "You Can't Take It With You" (she didn't star in the latter because she was taller than the lead actor!). After graduating from school in 1967, she spent some months in a kibbutz in Israel. At that time, she became engaged to reporter Aaron Latham , but they soon broke up.
In 1969, Sigourney enrolled in Stanford University, majoring in English Literature. She also participated in school plays, especially Japanese Noh plays. By that time she was living in a tree house, alongside a male friend, dressed in elf-like clothes! After completing her studies in 1971, she applied for the Yale School of Drama in New Haven. Despite appearing at the audition reading a Bertolt Brecht speech and wearing a rope-like belt, she was accepted by the school but her professors rejected her, because of her height, and kept typecasting her as prostitutes and old women (whereas classmate Meryl Streep was treated almost reverently). However, in 1973, while making her theatrical debut with "Watergate Classics", she met up with a team of playwrights and actors and began hanging around with them, resulting in long-term friendships with Christopher Durang , Kate McGregor-Stewart and Albert Innaurato .
In 1974, she starred in such plays as Aristophanes ' "Frogs" and Durang's "The Nature and Purpose of the Universe" and "Daryl and Carol and Kenny and Jenny", as "Jenny". After finishing her studies that year, she began seriously pursuing a stage career, but her height kept being a hindrance. However, she continued working on stage with Durang (in "Titanic" [1975]) and Innaurato (in "Gemini" [1976]). Other 1970s stage works included "Marco Polo Sing a Song", "The Animal Kingdom", "A Flea in Her Ear", "The Constant Husband", "Conjuring an Event" and others. However, the one that really got her noticed was "Das Lusitania Songspiel", a play she co-wrote with Durang and in which she starred for two seasons, from 1979 to 1981. She was also up for a Drama Desk Award for it. During the mid-70s, she appeared in several TV spots and even starred as "Avis Ryan" in the soap opera Somerset .
In 1977, she was cast in the role Shelley Duvall finally played in Annie Hall , after rejecting the part due to prior stage commitments. In the end, however, Woody Allen offered her a part in the film that, while short (she was on-screen for six seconds), made many people sit up and take notice. She later appeared in Madman and, of course, Alien . The role of the tough, uncompromising "Ripley" made Sigourney an "overnight" star and brought her a British Award Nomination. She next appeared in Eyewitness and The Year of Living Dangerously , the latter being a great success in Australia that won an Oscar and brought Sigourney and co-star Mel Gibson to Cannes in 1983. The same year she delivered an honorary Emmy award to her father, a few months before her uncle, actor Doodles Weaver , committed suicide. That year also brought her a romance with Jim Simpson , her first since having broken up two years previously with James M. McClure . She and Simpson were married on 1 October 1984. Sigourney had, meanwhile, played in the poorly received Deal of the Century and the mega-hit Ghostbusters . She was also nominated for a Tony Award for her tour-de-force performance in the play "Hurly Burly". Then followed One Woman or Two , Half Moon Street and Aliens . The latter was a huge success, and Sigourney was nominated for both a Golden Globe and an Oscar.
She then entered her most productive career period and snatched Academy Award nominations, in both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress categories, for her intense portrayal of Dian Fossey in Gorillas in the Mist and her delicious performance as a double-crossing, power-hungry corporate executive in Working Girl . She ended up losing in both, but made up for it to a degree by winning both Golden Globes. After appearing in a documentary about fashion photographer Helmut Newton , Helmut Newton: Frames from the Edge , and reprising her role in the sequel Ghostbusters II , she discovered she was pregnant and retired from public life for a while. She gave birth to her daughter, Charlotte Simpson , on 13 April 1990, and returned to the movies as a (now skinhead) Ripley in Alien³ and a gorgeous "Queen Isabella of Spain" in 1492: Conquest of Paradise , her second film with director Ridley Scott . She starred in the political comedy Dave alongside Kevin Kline , and then a Roman Polanski thriller, Death and the Maiden .
In 1995, she was seen in Jeffrey and Copycat . The next year, she "trod the boards" in "Sex and Longing", yet another Durang play. She hadn't performed in the theater in many years before that play, her last stage performances occurring in the 1980s in "As You Like It" (1981), "Beyond Therapy" (1981), "The Marriage of 'Bette and Boo'" (1985) and "The Merchant of Venice" (1986). In 1997, she was the protagonist in Grimm's Snow White: A Tale of Terror , The Ice Storm and Alien: Resurrection . Her performance in The Ice Storm got her a BAFTA prize and another Golden Globe nod. She also gave excellent performances in A Map of the World and the sci-fi spoof Galaxy Quest . Her next comedy, Company Man , wasn't quite so warmly welcomed critically and financially, however. She next played a sexy con artist in Heartbreakers and had a voice role in Big Bad Love . Her father died at the age of 93. Sigourney herself has recently starred in Tadpole and is planning a cinematic version of The Guys , the enthralling September 11th one-act drama she played on stage on late 2001. At age 60, she played a crucial role in Avatar , which became the top box-office hit of all time. The film reunited her with her Aliens director James Cameron . Her beauty, talent, and hard-work keeps the ageless actress going, and she has continued to win respect from her fans and directors.
Maureen O'Hara
In America, the early performing arts accomplishments of young Maureen FitzSimons (who we know as Maureen O'Hara) would definitely have put her in the child prodigy category. However, for a child of Irish heritage surrounded by gifted parents and family, these were very natural traits. Maureen made her entrance into this caring haven on August 17, 1920, in Ranelagh (a suburb of Dublin), Ireland. Her mother, Marguerita Lilburn FitzSimons, was an accomplished contralto. Her father, Charles FitzSimons, managed a business in Dublin and also owned part of the renowned Irish soccer team "The Shamrock Rovers". Maureen was the second of six FitzSimons children - Peggy, Florrie, Charles F. FitzSimons , Margot Fitzsimons and James O'Hara completed this beautiful family.
Maureen loved playing rough athletic games as a child and excelled in sports. She combined this interest with an equally natural gift for performing. This was demonstrated by her winning pretty much every Feis award for drama and theatrical performing her country offered. By age 14 she was accepted to the prestigious Abbey Theater and pursued her dream of classical theater and operatic singing. This course was to be altered, however, when Charles Laughton , after seeing a screen test of Maureen, became mesmerized by her hauntingly beautiful eyes. Before casting her to star in Jamaica Inn , Laughton and his partner, Erich Pommer , changed her name from Maureen FitzSimons to "Maureen O'Hara" - a bit shorter last name for the marquee.
Under contract to Laughton, Maureen's next picture was to be filmed in America ( The Hunchback of Notre Dame ) at RKO Pictures. The epic film was an extraordinary success and Maureen's contract was eventually bought from Laughton by RKO. At 19, Maureen had already starred in two major motion pictures with Laughton. Unlike most stars of her era, she started at the top, and remained there - with her skills and talents only getting better and better with the passing years.
Maureen has an enviable string of all-time classics to her credit that include the aforementioned "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", How Green Was My Valley , Miracle on 34th Street , Sitting Pretty , The Quiet Man , The Parent Trap and McLintock! . Add to this the distinction of being voted one of the five most beautiful women in the world and you have a film star who was as gorgeous as she was talented.
Although at times early in her career Hollywood didn't seem to notice, there was much more to Maureen O'Hara than her dynamic beauty. She not only had a wonderful lyric soprano voice, but she could use her inherent athletic ability to perform physical feats that most actresses couldn't begin to attempt, from fencing to fisticuffs. She was a natural athlete.
Paul Newman
Screen legend, superstar, and the man with the most famous blue eyes in movie history, Paul Leonard Newman was born in January 1925, in Cleveland, Ohio, the second son of Theresa (Fetsko) and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Paul's father was Jewish, the son of immigrants from Poland and Hungary; he owned a successful sporting goods store. Paul's mother, a practicing Christian Scientist of Slovak decent, and his uncle Joe, had an interest in creative arts, and it rubbed off on him. He acted in grade school and high school plays. The Newmans were a well-to-do family, and Paul grew up in a nice home in Shaker Heights.
By 1950, the 25 year-old Newman had been kicked out of Ohio University for unruly behavior, served three years in the Navy during World War II as a radio operator, graduated from Ohio's Kenyon College, married his first wife, Jackie, and had his first child, Scott. 1950 was also the year that Paul's father died. When he became successful in later years, Newman said if he had any regrets it would be that his father wasn't around to see it. He brought Jackie back to Shaker Heights and he ran his father's store for a short period. Then, knowing that wasn't the career path he wanted to take, he moved Jackie and Scott to New Haven, Connecticut, where he attended Yale University's School of Drama. While doing a play there, Paul was spotted by two agents, who invited him to come to New York City to pursue a career as a professional actor. After moving to New York, Paul acted in guest spots for various television shows and in 1953 came a big break. He got the part of understudy of the lead role in the successful Broadway play Picnic. Through this play, he met actress Joanne Woodward, who was also an understudy in the play. While they got on very well and there was a strong attraction, Paul was married and his second child, Susan, was born that year. During this time, Newman was also accepted into the much admired and popular New York Actors Studio, although he wasn't technically auditioning. In 1954, a film Paul was very reluctant to do was released, The Silver Chalice . He considered his performance in this costume epic to be so bad that he took out a full-page ad in a trade paper apologizing for it to anyone who might have seen it. He had always been embarrassed about the film and reveled in making fun of it. He immediately wanted to return to the stage, and performed in The Desperate Hours. In 1956, Newman got the chance to redeem himself in the film world by portraying boxer Rocky Graziano in Somebody Up There Likes Me , and critics praised his performance. In 1957, with a handful of films to his credit, he was cast in The Long, Hot Summer , co-starring none other than Joanne Woodward . During the shooting of this film, they realized they were meant to be together and by now, so did Paul's wife Jackie. After Jackie gave Paul a divorce, he and Joanne married in Las Vegas in January of 1958. They went on to have three daughters together and raised them in Westport, Connecticut. In 1959, Paul received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof . The 1960s would bring Paul Newman into superstar status, as he became one of the most popular actors of the decade, and garnered three more Best Actor Oscar nominations, for The Hustler , Hud and Cool Hand Luke . In 1968, his debut directorial effort Rachel, Rachel was given good marks, and although the film and Joanne Woodward were nominated for Oscars, Newman was not nominated for Best Director. He did, however, win a Golden Globe for his direction. 1969 brought the popular screen duo Paul Newman and Robert Redford together for the first time when Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid was released. It was a box office smash. Throughout the 1970s, Newman had hits and misses from such popular films as The Sting and The Towering Inferno to lesser known films as The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean to a now cult classic Slap Shot . After the death of his only son, Scott, in 1978, Newman's personal life and film choices moved in a different direction. His acting work in the 1980s and on is what is often most praised by critics today. He became more at ease with himself and it was evident in The Verdict for which he received his 6th Best Actor Oscar nomination and in 1987 finally received his first Oscar for The Color of Money . Friend and director of Somebody Up There Likes Me , Robert Wise accepted the award on Newman's behalf as he did not attend the ceremony. Films were not the only thing on his mind during this period. A passionate race car driver since the early 1970s, Newman became co-owner of Newman-Haas racing in 1982, and also founded "Newman's Own", a successful line of food products that has earned in excess of $100 million, every penny of which Newman donated to charity. He also started The Hole in the Wall Gang Camps, an organization for terminally ill children. He was as well known for his philanthropic ways and highly successful business ventures as he was for his legendary actor status. Newman enjoyed a 50-year marriage to Joanne in Connecticut, their main residence since moving away from the bright lights of Hollywood in 1960. Renowned for his sense of humor, in 1998 he quipped that he was a little embarrassed to see his salad dressing grossing more than his movies. During his later years, he still attended races, was much involved in his charitable organizations, and in 2006, he opened a restaurant called Dressing Room, which helps out the Westport Country Playhouse, a place that Paul took great pride in. In 2007, he made some headlines when he said that he was losing his invention and confidence in his acting abilities and that acting is "pretty much a closed book for me." He died the next year. Whether he was on the screen or not, Paul Newman remained synonymous with the anti-heroism of the 1960s and 1970s cinema, and with the rebellious nature his characters so often embodied.
Madeline Zima
Madeline Zima began her acting career at the age of seven and has developed into a seasoned and diverse actress. Equally skilled at comedy and drama, she has worked continuously for several decades, in critically-acclaimed projects. She was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to parents Dennis and Marie, and is the sister of actresses Vanessa Zima and Yvonne Zima . "Zima", a Polish surname, is her mother's maiden name; Madeline's maternal grandfather was of Polish descent, while her other ancestry is Italian, German, and Irish. She grew up in Pennsylvania and, early on, had a New York agent for modeling and commercials.
She and her sister Vanessa were discovered by Woody Allen for his movie, Alice . She actually quit show business, the week when she was urged to come in for her sixth call back for The Hand That Rocks the Cradle . She came back for one more audition and booked the role of "Emma". She booked the movie and has never stopped working since. It was both Madeline and Julianne Moore 's first film and was directed by Academy Award-winning director and writer, Curtis Hanson . Madeline won critical notice for her first film role.
Madeline followed that dramatic thriller with a short film that Daryl Hannah directed. It was a Sundance favorite called The Last Supper , where Madeline, as a tiny wily child, scared away her mother's abusive boyfriend by convincing him that she and her mother were cannibals. She followed that with the comedies, Mr. Nanny , Our Song, a pilot with George Hamilton , and finally The Nanny . On The Nanny , where writing changed daily, Madeline honed her comic timing on the six-year CBS comic hit that is now a linchpin of the Lifetime daily programming. By this time, the pilot of The Nanny was picked up and Madeline moved from New York to L.A., when The Nanny became a hit show.
She has starred in TV films: The Secret Path . Her sister, Yvonne Zima played the seven-year-old counterpart to her characters. She played the daughter of the late John Ritter and Marg Helgenberger on Lethal Vows . The Sandy Bottom Orchestra was a starring role where she learned virtuoso violin pieces, which were so impressively played, even the music consultant on the movie, thought Madeline was a professional violinist.
After a worldwide search in all English-speaking countries, Madeline was the choice to play Lucille Ball as a teenager, in the CBS mini-series, Lucy (aka "Redhead"). She followed that up playing the wicked stepsister of Hilary Duff in A Cinderella Story . Madeline took up sketch comedy-writing with hopes of one day being on SNL.
In the pilot, 3 lbs. , produced by Peter Ocko , she plays a violinist again, this time with a brain tumor. Reviews in Entertainment Weekly said her performance was the only reason to watch the show.
In a return to television, she agreed to play the mysterious and destructive character "Mia" on the hit Showtime series, Californication .
When not working on movies, Madeline sings and plays guitar, writes songs, screenplays. She loves to snowboard, paint, dance and spends lots of time with her sisters, who are also actresses and writers, Vanessa Zima and Yvonne Zima .
Steve Lund
Steve is an actor born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He attended the Vancouver Film School acting program, before moving to Toronto where he was cast in TV shows like Blue Mountain State (2010), Hemlock Grove (2013) and Haven (2010). He is known for his role as Nick Sorrentino in the TV series "Bitten" (2014).
Laura Mennell
Laura Mennell's a Canadian actress who grew up in Mission, British Columbia. Over the past decade, she's built a successful and busy career and is best known for her work on shows like Syfy's Alphas and Haven, A&E's Emmy Nominated Flight 93, as well as Warner Brothers blockbuster Watchmen. She's also had reoccurring and guest starring roles in shows like Motive, Fringe, Supernatural, Smallville, When Calls The Heart, among others. Another highlight in her career included working with The Electric Company and The Arts Club Theatre's Tear The Curtain! in Vancouver in 2011, and remounting the production at Toronto's Canadian Stage in 2012. For her performance in Tear The Curtain! she was nominated for a Jessie Richardson Theatre Award for best performance by a female lead. Additionally, she was also nominated for a Leo Award for best performance by a leading lady for Alphas. Along with Ms. Mennell's love of performing, she's also fluent in French-having attended French Immersion schools throughout elementary and high school.
Stockard Channing
One of Broadway and Hollywood's cleverer talents who tends to shine a smart, cynical light on her surroundings, Stockard Channing was born Susan Williams Antonia Stockard on February 13, 1944, in New York City, to a Catholic family, with English and Irish ancestry. The daughter of Lester Napier Stockard, a well-to-do shipping executive, and Mary Alice (née English) Stockard, her father died when she was 16 and left her a sizable estate. She grew up in Brooklyn and attended the prolific Chapin School in NYC, then later attended the Madeira School, a Virginia boarding school for girls. She studied at Radcliffe College where she majored in both literature and history before graduating summa cum laude in 1965. In 1964, at the age of 20, she married the first of four husbands, Walter Channing Jr., a businessman whose last name she kept as part of her own stage moniker after their divorce four years later.
Stockard made her stage debut in a production of "The Investigation" at the experimental Theatre Company of Boston in 1966. She went on to play a number of offbeat roles with the company. She eventually migrated to New York where she took her first Broadway bow as a chorus member and understudy in the musical version of "Two Gentlemen of Verona" in 1971. Two years later she would take over the prime role of Julia in the L.A. national company. Other theater roles during this time included "Adaptation/Next" (1970) "Arsenic and Old Lace" (1970), "Play Strindberg" (1971) and "No Hard Feelings" (1973).
Somewhat plaintive yet unique-looking, the dark-haired actress began first appearing in pictures with small parts in the dark comedy The Hospital and the edgy Barbra Streisand fantasy-drama Up the Sandbox . Taking on the top female lead as an heiress and potential victim of shysters Jack Nicholson and Warren Beatty in Mike Nichols ' comedy The Fortune , the film, despite its male star power, would not become the star-making hit for Channing as initially hoped and Channing. Her next two films ( The Big Bus and Sweet Revenge ) faded away even quicker. Earlier, however, she hit a home with the TV-movie The Girl Most Likely to... , a clever black comedy written by Joan Rivers wherein Stockard played a former ugly duckling-turned-beauty (à la plastic surgery) who knocks off the men who formerly mistreated her. This was Channing at her smart and cynical best, traits that would carry her far in Hollywood.
At the age of 33(!), she was handed the feisty role of high school teen Betty Rizzo in the box-office film version of the hit musical Grease starring Olivia Newton-John and John Travolta . While long in the tooth for such a role (as were others), Stockard's sly performance earned her the People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress. This popular film clinched her place as a top-ranking contender.
As a result, she was handed two sitcom vehicles within a year on CBS: Stockard Channing in Just Friends , as a newly-separated wife starting life anew in another city (L.A.), and The Stockard Channing Show , which again cast her as a divorced lady trying to find herself again in L.A. Neither made her a TV star. Both failed to catch on and lasted but a few months. Stalled at a critical juncture in her career, Stockard decided to return to her first love -- the theater. With "Vanities", "Absurd Person Singular" and "As You Like It" (as Rosalind) already on her resume, she earned fine notices on Broadway with the musical "They're Playing Our Song" replacing Lucie Arnaz in 1980, then garnered rave reviews in the part of the mother of a developmentally disabled child in the New Haven production of Peter Nichols ' "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg" in 1982. She repeated her role on Broadway a few years later (the title now shortened to "Joe Egg") and copped the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Subsequent Tony nominations came her way for her offbeat work in "The House of Blue Leaves" (1986); "Six Degrees of Separation" (1991) (for which she also won an Off-Broadway Obie), "Four Baboons Adoring the Sun" (1992); and for her Eleanor of Aquitaine in "The Lion in Winter" in 1999.
Award-worthy projects came her way on TV as well. Nominated for an Emmy for the CBS miniseries Echoes in the Darkness , she also won a CableACE Award for her work in Tidy Endings . In film, she received Oscar and Golden Globe nominations when her stage triumph, Six Degrees of Separation , was turned into a film and also received the London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress in the film _Business of Strangers, The (2001).
In 1999, Stockard became a recurring member of the cast of The West Wing as First Lady Abigail Bartlet. Audiences were so drawn to her shrewd, classy character that producers wisely started featuring her regularly into the third season. In 2002 she won both Emmy and SAG awards for this role, as well as a second Emmy that same year for her supporting turn as Judy Sheppard in The Matthew Shepard Story , a docudrama about the gay-bashing murder of young Matthew Shepard. Stockard thought she finally found sitcom success with the series Out of Practice and was even Emmy-nominated for her role as a sharp-tongued but caring doctor. As luck would have it, she again couldn't find a core audience and the show lasted but a mere season.
Stockard continues to excel in sly, worldly roles that combine a dark wit with an even darker cynical edge. True to form, she recently completed a picture aptly titled Multiple Sarcasms . Divorced four times, including one to writer/producer David Debin , she has no children. She has been in a long-term relationship with cinematographer Daniel Gillham since 1988. A sister, Lesly Stockard Smith, became mayor of Palm Beach in 2000.
Josh Duhamel
Joshua David Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonny L., is a retired high school teacher and the current Executive Director of Minot's Downtown Business & Profession Association, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertisement salesman. Josh has three younger sisters: Ashlee, McKenzee and Kassidy. His heritage includes French-Canadian (from his great-great-grandfather; his last name is a very common last name among Francophones in the world), Norwegian, German, Irish, and English. Before his acting career, the football player studied biology and earned his Bachelor's degree at Minot State University with the intention of pursuing dentistry.
When Josh was 26 years old, he worked in the construction business and it was by chance that he got into the entertainment business. Modeling eventually gave way to acting as Josh was asked to audition for the title character in The Picture of Dorian Gray, from the novel by Oscar Wilde.
Duhamel can currently be seen in Vince Gilligan and David Shore's CBS series, "Battle Creek." He is currently in production on four films: "Lost In The Sun," "Bravetown," "The Wrong Stuff," and "Beyond Deceit."
Most recently, Duhamel starred alongside Hillary Swank and Emmy Rossum in the George C. Wolfe directed drama, "You're Not You." Duhamel also starred opposite Julianne Hough in Lasse Hallstrom's "Safe Haven," a drama based on the best-selling novel by Nicholas Sparks and the thriller "Scenic Route," which tells the story of two friends stranded in the desert. In addition, Duhamel was seen in the star-studded, ensemble comedy "Movie 43" alongside Emma Stone, Hugh Jackman, Halle Berry, Kate Winslet, Richard Gere among many others. Co-directed by Peter Farrelly and Patrik Forsberg, the film features various intertwining, raunchy tales.
Other projects include Garry Marshall's "New Year's Eve" alongside Michelle Pfeiffer, Robert DeNiro, Halle Berry, and Hilary Swank and Michael Bay's "Transformers: Dark of the Moon," where he reprised his role of Captain William Lennox for the third installment of the franchise. Additional film credits include the romantic comedy "Life as We Know It" alongside Katherine Heigl, "Ramona and Beezus," "When in Rome" and "The Romantics." On television, Josh is best known for his role as Danny McCoy on the NBC crime drama "Las Vegas." Additionally, he lent his voice to Nickelodeon's Emmy Award-winning animated series "Fanboy & Chum Chum" and starred in several seasons of the long-running ABC soap opera "All My Children," in which he received three consecutive Daytime Emmy nominations. On January 10 2009, Josh married Fergie Duhamel, better known as Fergie from The Black Eyed Peas. They have one child together, Axl Jack Duhamel.
Josh, Fergie and their son reside in Los Angeles.
Paul Giamatti
Paul Giamatti is an American actor who has worked steadily and prominently for over twenty years, and is best known for leading roles in the films American Splendor , Sideways , and Barney's Version (for which he won a Golden Globe), and supporting roles in the films Cinderella Man , The Illusionist , and San Andreas .
Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti was born June 6, 1967 in New Haven, Connecticut, and is the youngest of three children. His mother, the former Toni Marilyn Smith, was an actress before marrying. His father, Bart Giamatti (Angelo Bartlett Giamatti), was a professor of Renaissance Literature at Yale University, and went on to become the university's youngest president (in 1986, Bart was appointed president of baseball's National League. He became Commissioner of Baseball on April 1, 1989 and served for five months until his untimely death on September 1, 1989. He was commissioner at the time Pete Rose was banned from the game). Paul's father also wrote six books. Paul's older brother, Marcus Giamatti , is also an actor. His sister, Elena, designs jewelry. His ancestry is Italian (from his paternal grandfather), German, English, Dutch, Scottish, and Irish.
Paul graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall prep school, majored in English at Yale, and obtained his Master's Degree in Fine Arts, with his major in drama from the Yale University School of Drama. His acting roots are in theatre, from his college days at Yale, to regional productions (Seattle, San Diego and Williamstown, Massachusetts), to Broadway.
Titus Welliver
Titus Welliver was born on March 12, 1961 in New Haven, Connecticut. His father was a famous landscape painter, Neil Welliver. His mother was a fashion illustrator, Norma Cripps. He has three brothers, one was killed overseas. He was raised in Philadelphia and New York City, surrounded by poets and painters. He credits them for his creativity. Originally wanting to be a painter like his father, he later decided to pursue acting. Titus moved to New York in 1980 to learn his craft. He enrolled in classes at New York's HB Acting Studios while attending New York University. To support himself, Titus did a variety of jobs including bartender and construction worker.
His first paid acting job was in Navy Seals with Charlie Sheen , playing a redneck in the bar." He soon began to appear in movies, including JFK and The Doors . While appearing in movies, he continued to work in live theatre. He appeared in stage productions of Riff Raff, American Buffalo, Naked at the Coast, and Shakespeare's Henry IV Parts I and II. During the 1990s, he guest starred on many TV shows like Matlock , L.A. Law , The X-Files , and The Commish , and appeared in many TV Movies including An American Story and Mind Prey . He had recurring roles on Murder One and High Incident .
Then he got a regular part on Steven Bochco 's Brooklyn South as Officer Jack Lowery and played a recurring character on Bochco's and David Milch 's NYPD Blue . He also had starring roles on Big Apple and the second season of That's Life playing Dr. Eric Hackett opposite Paul Sorvino and Ellen Burstyn . In 2004, he got a semi-regular role on David Milch's critically acclaimed HBO drama Deadwood as Silas Adams. After "Deadwood" ended, he mostly guest starred on TV shows including Law & Order , Jericho and NCIS , but also appeared in movies including in Ben Affleck 's feature film directorial debut Gone Baby Gone . He has appeared in Affleck's The Town and Argo .
Miranda Richardson
Miranda Richardson was born in Southport, Lancashire, England on March 3, 1958, to Marian Georgina (Townsend) and William Alan Richardson, a marketing executive. She has one sister, eight years her senior. Her parents and sister are not involved in the performing arts. At an early age she performed in school plays, having shown a talent and desire to "turn herself into" other people. She has referred to it as "an emotional fusion; you think yourself into them". This mimicry could be of school friends or film stars. She left school (Southport High School for Girls) at the age of 17, and originally intended becoming a vet. She also considered studying English literature in college, but decided to concentrate on drama and enrolled at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School (as did many well-known British actors). After three years she graduated and moved into repertory theatre. She became affiliated with the Library Theatre in Manchester in 1979, where she became an assistant stage manager. She obtained her Equity card, and after several regional productions, first appeared on the London stage (Moving at Queens Theatre) in 1981. British television roles soon followed, and then film. Since then, Miranda has moved into the international arena, and has made films in America, France and Spain. Television work (on both sides of the Atlantic) continues, as does some stage work. Her roles are diverse, but powerful and engaging. She has been quoted as stating "what I basically like is doing things I haven't done before" and this continually comes through in the variety of roles she has played in her career. She is also selective in the roles she takes, being uninterested in performing in the standard Hollywood fare, and preferring more offbeat roles. She was approached to play the Glenn Close role in Fatal Attraction , but found it "regressive in its attitudes". Her attitude is summed up by a quote from an interview that appeared in the New York Times (Dec 27 1992): "I would rather do many small roles on TV, stage or film than one blockbuster that made me rich but had no acting. And if that's the choice I have to make, I think I've already made it". According to "1994 Current Biography Yearbook", she resides in South London with her two Siamese cats, Otis and Waldo. She has now moved to West London. Her hobbies include drawing, walking, gardening, fashion, falconry, and music. She, by her own admission, is a loner and lives rather modestly. An actor who studied with Ms Richardson at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre in the late 1970s described her as "a strong minded, specially gifted, rather pretty young woman who enjoys wearing jewelry. She wore toe rings, which in the late 1970s and especially in England, were a rarity and considered rather racy." He also remarked on her drive, even then, to be an actress of the highest caliber.
Lisa Whelchel
Lisa Whelchel was born in Littlefield, Texas, USA. She is the daughter of James "Jimmy" and Virginia "Genny" Whelchel. Her parents divorced in 1981, as she was in her upper teens, then her mother married Roy Coleman in 1983. Whelchel is the eldest sister of James (Cody) Whelchel and half-brother, Casey Coleman. She was raised for most of her childhood in Fort Worth, Texas, USA. She is an American actress, singer-songwriter, author and speaker. Whelchel discovered acting at the age of eight and proceeded to perform in musical theater for the next four years. She became a born-again Christian and devoted her life to her Christian faith at age ten. When Lisa was twelve years old, she wrote to the Disney Studios asking for an audition as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club . Lisa moved to California the next year and appeared in syndication from 1977-1978. In 1979, she played the leading student role of preppy and wealthiest girl, "Blair Warner" on The Facts of Life . The show lasted nine years and she filmed the last regular episode, Big Apple Blues televised on Saturday, March 19th, 1988. Six & seven weeks later, there were two specials, with larger cast, as it was in progress of closing. Their title links: The Beginning of the End , televised on Saturday, April 30th, 1988 & then the series ending finale, The Beginning of the Beginning televised on Saturday, May 7th, 1988. On Saturday, July 9th, 1988, she married Steven Cauble, who was an associate pastor at "The Church On the Way" in Van Nuys, California, where Whelchel attended at the time. She became a mother, after giving birth on Saturday, January 17th, 1990 to a son, Tucker Stephenson Cauble, her first child. She gave birth on Thursday, September 26th, 1991 to a daughter, Haven Katherine Hill Cauble, her second child. Her third child, and second daughter, she named Clancy Elizabeth Cauble (aka Clancy Cauble ), was born on Thursday, November 12th, 1992. She released a Christian pop album called "All Because of You" in 1984. The next year, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance. She has written many books including "Creative Correction", "So You're Thinking About Homeschooling", "The Facts of Life (and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me)", "Friendships for Grown-Ups", "Taking Care of the Me in Mommy" and "Speaking Mom-Ese". In 2001, she reprized her role of "Blair Warner" for the made-for-television movie, The Facts of Life Reunion , on the ABC Network. On Sunday, March 7th, 2004, she and Charlotte Rae performed "The Facts of Life" theme song at the 2nd Annual TV Land Awards. On Thursday, April 10th, 2011, Whelchel and the cast of The Facts of Life , including Charlotte Rae , Nancy McKeon , Mindy Cohn , Kim Fields , Geri Jewell & Cloris Leachman were honored with the Pop Culture Award at the 9th Annual TV Land Awards at the Javits Center in New York City. She officially divorced her husband, Steven Cauble, on Thursday, March 1st, 2012, after 23 years of marriage. She appeared on the 25th season of Survivor , located in the Philippine Islands, as part of the Tandang tribe. The first episode aired on Wednesday, September 19th, 2012. She appeared on the CBS talk show, The Talk , to promote her appearance on "Survivor" on Wednesday, September 19th, 2012. Whelchel appeared on "The Jeff Probst Show" (2012) on Monday, October 29th, 2012, on the episode, "Teen Star Lisa Whelchel: Surviving 'Survivor' and Divorce". She also appeared on a second episode titled "Survivor Finalists" along with fellow 'Survivor: Philippines' contestants, Abi-Maria Gomes, Michael Skupin, Denise Stapley and Malcolm Freberg for being in the final five. On Wednesday, December 16th, 2012, during the 25th Season Reunion Show on CBS, "America's Sweetheart" won the fan-voted Sprint Player of the Season by 0.7% over Malcolm which is the closest margin of victory in Survivor history. The prize money that Lisa Whelchel won was $100,000 U.S. Lisa began to co-host on The Jeff Probst Show with filming, that started televising in January of 2013.
Henry Gibson
Henry Gibson was born on 21 September 1935 in Germantown, Pennsylvnia. Before appearing in films and television series, he was a child star on the stage during the 1940s and during the late 1950s he was an intelligence officer in the U.S. Air Force. His screen debut came in 1963 when he was cast in the Jerry Lewis film The Nutty Professor . He made two other small film appearances in the early 1960s in Kiss Me, Stupid and The Outlaws Is Coming , in which he played a rather hip Indian named Charlie Horse. His breakthrough came in 1968 when he was cast as a member of the regular cast of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In . He stayed with the show until 1971, when he left and continued his career as a character actor. His best known film role was probably his performance in Nashville . He played Haven Hamilton, a smarmy Country and Western singer. For this role he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and was awarded the National Film Critics Award for best supporting actor. Gibson's career carried on through the 1980s and 1990s when he appeared in many films, such as The Incredible Shrinking Woman and The 'Burbs . He also provided voice-overs for many children's animated series like The Smurfs , Wuzzles and Galaxy High School . His most recent appearance have been in the Paul Thomas Anderson drama Magnolia and the independent film The Year That Trembled .
Mpho Koaho
Mpho Koaho is a series regular on Falling Skies for TNT. Other television credits include the Canadian miniseries Soul, for which he won a Gemini Award in 2009, and a critically acclaimed guest lead performance on the CBS series Flashpoint, for which he was also nominated for a Gemini Award.
Koaho began his career when Maya Angelou cast him as the young lead in her film Down in the Delta for Mira...max, and he has continued to work steadily ever since. D.J. Caruso next cast Koaho in The Salton Sea opposite Val Kilmer and he has gone on to co-star in Four Brothers for John Singleton and Paramount, Get Rich or Die Tryin' for Jim Sheridan and Paramount, and Blindness for Fernando Meirelles and Focus Features. Other film credits include: Saw III, Haven and It's A Boy Girl Thing.
Koaho resides in Toronto.
Ernest Borgnine
Ernest Borgnine was born Ermes Effron Borgnino on January 24, 1917 in Hamden, Connecticut. His parents were Anna (Boselli), who had emigrated from Carpi (MO), Italy, and Camillo Borgnino, who had emigrated from Ottiglio (AL), Italy. As an only child, Ernest enjoyed most sports, especially boxing, but took no real interest in acting. At age 18, after graduating from high school in New Haven, and undecided about his future career, he joined the United States Navy, where he stayed for ten years until leaving in 1945. After a few factory jobs, his mother suggested that his forceful personality could make him suitable for a career in acting, and Borgnine promptly enrolled at the Randall School of Drama in Hartford. After completing the course, he joined Robert Porterfield 's famous Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, staying there for four years, undertaking odd jobs and playing every type of role imaginable. His big break came in 1949, when he made his acting debut on Broadway playing a male nurse in "Harvey".
In 1951, Borgnine moved to Los Angeles to pursue a movie career, and made his film debut as Bill Street in The Whistle at Eaton Falls . His career took off in 1953 when he was cast in the role of Sergeant "Fatso" Judson in From Here to Eternity . This memorable performance led to numerous supporting roles as "heavies" in a steady string of dramas and westerns. He played against type in 1955 by securing the lead role of Marty Piletti, a shy and sensitive butcher, in Marty . He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, despite strong competition from Spencer Tracy , Frank Sinatra , James Dean and James Cagney . Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Borgnine performed memorably in such films as The Catered Affair , Ice Station Zebra and Emperor of the North . Between 1962 and 1966, he played Lt. Commander Quinton McHale in the popular television series McHale's Navy . In early 1984, he returned to television as Dominic Santini in the action series Airwolf co-starring Jan-Michael Vincent , and in 1995, he was cast in the comedy series The Single Guy as doorman Manny Cordoba. He also appeared in several made-for-TV movies.
Ernest Borgnine has often stated that acting is his greatest passion, and he is still working today. His amazing 61-year career (1951 - 2012 and continuing) includes appearances in well over 100 feature films and as a regular in three television series, as well as voiceovers in animated films such as All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 , Small Soldiers , and a continued role in the series SpongeBob SquarePants . Between 1973 until his death, Ernest was married to Tova Traesnaes, who heads her own cosmetics company. They lived in Beverly Hills, California, where Ernest assisted his wife between film projects. When not acting, Ernest actively supported numerous charities and spoke tirelessly at benefits throughout the country. He has been awarded several honorary doctorates from colleges across the United States as well as numerous Lifetime Achievement Awards. In 1996, Ernest purchased a bus and traveled across the United States to see the country and meet his many fans. On December 17, 1999, he presented the University of North Alabama with a collection of scripts from his film and television career, due to his long friendship with North Alabama alumnus and actor George Lindsey (died May 6, 2012), who was an artist in residence at North Alabama.
Ernest Borgnine passed away aged 95 on July 8, 2012, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, of renal failure. He is survived by his wife Tova, their children and his younger sister Evelyn (1926-2013)
Hal Holbrook
Hal Holbrook is an Emmy- and Tony-Award winning actor who is one of the great craftsman of stage and screen. He is best known for his performance as Mark Twain , for which he won a Tony and the first of his ten Emmy Award nominations. Aside from the stage, Holbrook made his reputation primarily on television, and was memorable as Abraham Lincoln , as Senator Hays Stowe on The Bold Ones: The Senator and as Capt. Lloyd Bucher on Pueblo . All of these roles brought him Emmy Awards, with Pueblo bringing him two, as Best Lead Actor in a Drama and Actor of the Year - Special. On January 22, 2008, he became the oldest male performer ever nominated for a an Academy Award, for his supporting turn in Into the Wild He was born Harold Rowe Holbrook, Jr. on February 17, 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Eileen (Davenport), a vaudeville dancer, and Harold Rowe Holbrook, Sr. Raised primarily in South Weymouth, Mass., Holbrook attended the Culver Academies. During World War II, Holbrook served in the Army in Newfoundland. After the war, he attended Denison University, graduating in 1948. While at Denison, Holbrook's senior honors project concerned Mark Twain. He'd later develop "Mark Twain Tonight", the one-man show in which he impersonates the great American writer Mark Twain , a.k.a. Samuel Clemens. Holbrook learned his craft on the boards and by appearing in the TV soap opera The Brighter Day . He first played Mark Twain as a solo act in 1954, at Lock Haven State Teachers College in Pennsylvania. The show was a success that created a buzz. After seeing the performance, Ed Sullivan , the host of TV's premier variety show, featured him on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 12, 1956. This lead to an international tour sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, which included appearances in Iron Curtain countries. Holbrook brought the show to Off-Broadway in 1959. He even played Mark Twain for President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The 1966 "Mark Twain Tonight" Broadway production brought Holbrook even more acclaim, and the Tony Award. The show was taped and Holbrook won an Emmy nomination. He reprised the show on Broadway in 1977 and in 2005. By that time, he had played Samuel Clemens on stage over 2,000 times. Among Holbrook's more famous roles was "The Major" in the original Broadway production of Arthur Miller 's "Incident at Vichy", as Martin Sheen 's significant other in the controversial and acclaimed TV movie That Certain Summer , the first TV movie to sympathetically portray homosexuality, and as Abraham Lincoln in a TV special based on Carl Sandburg 's acclaimed biography of the 16th President. He also is known for his portrayal of the enigmatic "Deep Throat" in All the President's Men , one of the major cinema events of the mid-'70s. In the 1990s, he had a regular supporting role in the TV series Evening Shade , playing 'Burt Reynolds''s father-in-law.
Lydia Hearst
Actress and Supermodel Lydia Hearst is the great-granddaughter of publishing scion William Randolph Hearst. Lydia is currently residing between Los Angeles and New York City working full time in both film and fashion. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Lydia has also lived and worked in London and Paris.
As a child she spent time on the set of John Waters' films with her mother, Patricia Hearst. This inspired Lydia in her decision to pursue a career in entertainment. She began to write at a young age, which has in turn lead her to launch and write a successful fashion/lifestyle blog in late 2013 LoveLydiaHearst.com
After graduating from Wilton High School, she enrolled in Sacred Heart University where she majored in Communications and Technology until being discovered by fashion photographer Steven Meisel in 2003 and put on the cover of Vogue Italia in April 2004.
Hearst has covered countless fashion magazines in Italy, France, Korea, Japan, Latin America and the United States. She has worked with the greatest photographers in the world including Steven Meisel, Patrick DeMarchelier, Ellen Von Unwerth, Mario Testino, Paulo Roversi, Inez van Lamsweerde & Vinoodh Matadin, Bettina Rheims, Mark Abrams, Peter Lindbergh and Terry Richardson.
At the 2008 Michael Awards, Lydia was recognized as "Supermodel of the Year," as well as acknowledged and given the award for Best International Supermodel at the Madrid Glamour Awards on November 12, 2008.
At present, Lydia is seriously focusing on her acting and becoming a rising star in Hollywood. Her 5'7" stature and doll like face has made her the perfect match for on-screen roles and print-work alike. Since stepping into the limelight, she has set runways, editorials, magazine covers, advertisements and film sets ablaze with a sophisticated, style and a dedicated no-nonsense attitude.
Hearst can be seen in supporting roles in Gossip Girl (2009), Two Jacks (2011), Mistresses (2013), Cabin Fever: Patient Zero (2014) with Sean Astin, Desire (2014) with Johnny Knoxville, #Horror (2015) with Natashia Lyonne and Balthazar Getty premiering November 18, 2015 at the MoMA, and Two For One (2016) with Jonny Abrahams and Jason Biggs, and starring in recent films such as Automobile Waltz (2014) with Anton Yelchin, Condemned (2015) with Dylan Penn premiering at ScreamFest October 18, 2015, Guys Reading Poems (2015) with Alexander Dreymon, Downside of Bliss (2015) with Jillian Murray and Judd Nelson and Stealing Chanel (2015) with Carol Alt and Adam LaVorgna premiering on LMN fall 2015. Lydia can also be seen regularly guest-starring in the new network series from Eli Roth and Blumhouse premiering November 27, 2015, South of Hell.
John Rubinstein
John Rubinstein is an actor, director, composer, singer, and teacher. He was born in Los Angeles, California in 1946, the same year his father, the renowned Polish-born concert pianist Artur Rubinstein , became an American citizen. He is the youngest of four children. His sister, Eva, danced and acted on Broadway, creating the role of "Margo" in the original production of "The Diary of Anne Frank"; she later became an internationally known photographer. His brother, Paul, recently retired from his career as a stockbroker in New York; his sister, Alina, is a psychiatrist in Manhattan. John attended St. Bernard's School and Collegiate School in New York City, and then returned to Los Angeles in 1964 to study theater at UCLA. During his college years, he began his professional career as an actor, appearing in 1965 with Howard Keel in Lerner and Loewe's "Camelot" in San Carlos and Anaheim; playing a role in the Civil War film, Journey to Shiloh ; and starting his long list of television appearances in shows, such as The Virginian , Dragnet 1967 and Room 222 . It was also at UCLA that he began composing and orchestrating music: incidental music for theatrical plays, and a musical, "The Short and Turbulent Reign of Roger Ginzburg", with book and lyrics by David Colloff , that won the 1967 BMI Varsity Musical Award as Best Musical.
Rubinstein made his Broadway acting debut in 1972, and received a Theater World Award, for creating the title role in the musical "Pippin", directed by Bob Fosse . In 1980, he won the Tony, Drama Desk, Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle, and Drama-Logue Awards for his portrayal of "James Leeds" in Mark Medoff 's "Children Of A Lesser God", directed by Gordon Davidson . Other Broadway appearances were in Neil Simon 's "Fools", and David Rabe 's "Hurlyburly", both directed by Mike Nichols ; Herman Wouk 's "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial", which earned him another Drama Desk nomination; David Henry Hwang 's "M. Butterfly"; "Getting Away With Murder", by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth , directed by Jack O'Brien, and the musical "Ragtime", directed by Frank Galati . In 2014, he joined the Broadway cast of the hit revival of "Pippin," directed by Diane Paulus, this time playing Pippin's father, Charlemagne. He repeated this role on the national tour throughout the United States, Japan, and Europe in 2014-2016. In 1987, he made his off-Broadway debut at the Roundabout Theater as "Guildenstern" in Tom Stoppard 's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", with Stephen Lang and John Wood , and subsequently performed in "Urban Blight" and "Cabaret Verboten". In 2005, he received the Lucille Lortel Award for Best Lead Actor in a Play, as well as nominations for both the Outer Critics' and Drama League Awards, for his portrayal of "George Simon" in Elmer Rice 's "Counselor-at-Law", directed by Dan Wackerman, at the Pecadillo Theatre.
His appearances in regional theaters include the musicals "Camelot" (at various times as "Tom of Warwick", "Mordred" and "King Arthur") and "South Pacific"; the role of "Billy" in David Rabe 's "Streamers", "Ariel" in "The Tempest", "Marchbanks" in Shaw's "Candida", both Sergius and Bluntschli (alternating nights with Richard Thomas) in Shaw's "Arms And The Man", several roles in Arnold Weinstein's "Metamorphoses", directed by Paul Sills at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, "Sight Unseen" at L.A.'s Odyssey Theatre, "The Torch-Bearers" and "Our Town" at the Williamstown Theater Festival, Arthur Miller's "Broken Glass" at Monterey Peninsula College, and Warren Smith in "On A Clear Day You Can See Forever" (in a 160-city National Tour). In 1985 He starred in "Merrily We Roll Along" at the La Jolla Playhouse, in a version newly re-written by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth, directed by James Lapine. He was the original Andrew Ladd III in A.R. Gurney's "Love Letters" at the Long Wharf Theater in New Haven, opened the play in New York off-Broadway, and later performed it on Broadway, in San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles and Washington D.C. He created the role of Molina in "Kiss Of The Spider Woman", the musical by Terrence McNally, John Kander, and Fred Ebb, directed by Harold Prince, and the role of Kenneth Hoyle in Jon Robin Baitz's "Three Hotels". In 1997, he played Tateh in the American premiere run of the musical "Ragtime", by Terrence McNally, Stephen Flaherty, and Lynn Ahrens, directed by Frank Galati, at the Shubert Theater in Los Angeles, receiving both an L. A. Drama Critics Circle nomination and a Drama-Logue Award as Best Actor in a Musical, and continued in the show both in Vancouver and on Broadway. He appeared opposite Donald Sutherland in Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt's "Enigmatic Variations" at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, and at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End; played the Wizard of Oz in the hit musical "Wicked", by Winnie Holzman and Stephen Schwartz, directed by Joe Mantello, at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles for 18 months; and starred with John Schuck and Ken Page in the world premiere of a musical version of "Grumpy Old Men" in Winnipeg at the Manitoba Theatre Centre.
His 24 feature films include Atlas Shrugged Part II; Hello, I Must Be Going, which opened the 2012 Sundance Festival; 21 Grams; Red Dragon; Mercy; Another Stakeout; Someone To Watch Over Me; Daniel; The Boys From Brazil; Rome and Jewel; Choose Connor; Sublime; Jekyll; Kid Cop; Getting Straight; Zachariah; The Trouble with Girls; Journey To Shiloh; and The Car. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Jeff Maitland III in the ABC series "Family", a role he played for five years; and he starred for two years with Jack Warden in the CBS series "Crazy Like A Fox". He has acted in over 200 television films and series episodes, including Arthur Miller's "The American Clock" (CableAce Award Nomination), "Feud!", "When We Rise", "Mrs. Harris", "Perfect Murder, Perfect Town", "Norma And Marilyn", "The Sleepwalker", "Working Miracles", "In My Daughter's Name", "Perry Mason", "Voices Within: The Lives Of Truddi Chase", "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles", "Skokie", "Movieola", "Roots: The Next Generations", and "A Howling In The Woods". He has played recurring parts on "This Is Us", "The Fosters", "Perception", "The Mentalist", "Desperate Housewives", "Parenthood", "No Ordinary Family", "Greek", "The Wizards of Waverly Place", "Dirty Sexy Money", "Day Break", "Angel", "The Guardian", "The Practice", "Star Trek: Enterprise", "Girlfriends", "Robocop: the Series", "The Young and the Restless", and "Barbershop."
Mr. Rubinstein has composed, orchestrated, and conducted the musical scores for five feature films, including Jeremiah Johnson (directed by Sidney Pollack) and The Candidate, (directed by Michael Ritchie), both starring Robert Redford; Paddy (with Milo O'Shea); The Killer Inside Me (with Stacy Keach); and Kid Blue (with Dennis Hopper); and for over 50 television films, among them the Peabody Award-winning "Amber Waves", "The Dollmaker" (starring Jane Fonda), "A Walton Wedding", "The Ordeal Of Patty Hearst", "Choices Of The Heart", and "Emily, Emily", as well as the weekly themes for "Family" and "China Beach".
He spent six years as host for the radio program "Carnegie Hall Tonight", broadcast on l80 stations in the United States and Canada, and two years as the keyboard player for the jazz-rock group Funzone. He has recorded over 100 audio books, including 25 of the best-selling Alex Delaware novels by Jonathan Kellerman, the Pulitzer Prize-winning "Independence Day" by Richard Ford, Tom Clancy's "Debt Of Honor" and "Op Center", and E. L. Doctorow's "City of God", "World's Fair", and "All The Time In The World".
In 1987, Rubinstein made his directorial debut at the Williamstown Theater Festival, staging Aphra Behn's "The Rover", with Christopher Reeve and Kate Burton; the following season he directed the first American-cast production of Christopher Hampton's "Les Liaisons Dangereuses", with Dwight Schultz and Dianne Wiest. Off-Broadway, he directed the New York premieres of "Phantasie", by Sybille Pearson, and "Nightingale", by Elizabeth Diggs; and the world premiere of A. R. Gurney's "The Old Boy", with Stephen Collins. At the Cape Playhouse in Massachusetts, he staged "Wait Until Dark", with Hayley Mills and William Atherton. For NYU, he directed productions of "The Three Sisters" and "Macbeth"; for UCLA, "Company"; and for USC, "Brigadoon", "Into The Woods", "On The Town", "City of Angels", and "The Most Happy Fella". In Los Angeles, at Interact Theatre Company, of which he has been a member since 1992, he co-directed and starred in the revival of Elmer Rice's Counsellor-At-Law, winning Drama-Logue Awards and L.A. Drama Critics Circle Awards in both categories, as well as Ovation Awards for Ensemble Acting and Sound Design; the production itself won 22 awards; he also directed and acted in Sondheim and Lapine's "Into The Woods" and "A Little Night Music", and Meredith Willson's "The Music Man", and also directed Sheridan's "The Rivals" and Frank Loesser's "Guys and Dolls". For television, he directed the CBS Schoolbreak Special "A Matter Of Conscience", which won the Emmy Award for Best Children's Special in 1990, an episode of the CBS series "Nash Bridges", the ABC AfterSchool Special miniseries "Summer Stories", and three episodes of the TV series "High Tide".
In 2011, Rubinstein provided commentary for the online web-casting of the XIVth International Tchaikovsky Competition, a classical music competition held in Moscow. He teaches courses in musical theater audition and acting for the camera, and directs the annual spring musical, at the University of Southern California.
He is married to Bonnie Burgess, and has five children: Jessica, Michael (the actor Michael Weston), Peter, Jacob, and Max.
Loretta Walsh
Born in Australia, Loretta Walsh is a classically trained actress who is known for playing the recurring role of 'Florence Blakeley' in 'When Calls the Heart' for the Hallmark Channel. Other select television credits include 'Bates Motel', 'Psych', 'Chaos', 'The Troop', 'Life Unexpected' and '7 Things to do Before I'm 30'. Film credits include 'Master Cleanse', 'Focus', 'Down River' and the award winning short film 'OMG'. Loretta also teaches acting at Haven Studio in Vancouver and is the Artistic Producer of the theatre company 'Kindred Entertainment'.
Adam Copeland
Adam Copeland, formerly known as WWE Superstar Edge, is an actor and retired professional wrestler, who is currently starring as one of the leads in the fifth season of the popular television series HAVEN for Syfy. Canadian born, Copeland's life in wrestling spanned two decades, and through his long and decorated career as "Edge", Copeland entertained millions of fans internationally while winning 31 championships overall in WWE - the most by any wrestler ever - including 11 world heavyweight championships. Copeland became the youngest wrestler ever inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in March 2012. As an actor, Copeland appeared in an instalment of the popular film franchise Highlander: Endgame, and also starred in the WWE produced, Bending the Rules opposite Jamie Kennedy. Copeland's television appearances include a recurring guest arc on Sanctuary, and numerous appearances as Edge in shows such as Clash Time, the Weakest link, Mind of Mencia, Deal Or No Deal, and MADtv to name a few. Copeland's autobiography, Adam Copeland on Edge, was a New York Times bestseller, and he is currently in the process of writing a second book. Copeland has a massive and dedicated international fan base, with a twitter following of over 750K, and growing daily. He lives in the mountains of Asheville, NC, where he spends his time hiking, biking, cuddling with his family.
August Wilson
August Wilson once dropped out of school, disillusioned after having been unjustly accused of plagiarism by a racist instructor who could not fathom the artistic and intellectual genius of a then young Black male writer. Wilson was not disillusioned forever. Having now completed a decade by decade cycle of seven plays that illustrate the complexity, problems, and beauty of Black American life, Wilson sits at the pinnacle of American playwrights who have achieved world-renown. He first became involved in theatre in the late 1960s when he co-founded the Black Horizons Theater which was a community theatre located in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His first professional production was "Black Bart and the Sacred Hills" which was based on an earlier series of poems. "Black Bart..." was produced at St. Paul's Penumbra Theatre in 1981. Wilson's breakthrough occurred when Lloyd Richards --then Dean and Artistic Director of the Yale Repertory Theatre--brought Wilson to the Eugene O'Neill National Playwrights Conference and premiered his plays at the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Richards, the only Black American at Yale to have a Department Chair named for him, was a major influence on and expert collaborator with Wilson, who used Yale as a workshop for developing many of his productions. To date, his plays have been staged on Broadway and at regional theatres across the United States. He has won Pulitzer Prizes for "Fences" (1987) and "The Piano Lesson" (1990) and New York Drama Critics Circle Awards for "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", "Fences", "Joe Turner's Come and Gone", "The Piano Lesson", "Two Trains Running", and "Seven Guitars". His most recent works include "Jitney" and "King Hedley II". He has been honored with Rockefeller and Guggenheim Fellowships in Playwrighting; is an Alumnus of New Dramatists and a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, further demonstrating an artistic, intellectual, and literary profundity that has assured him a permanent and prominent place in the history of American Theatre.
Gloria DeHaven
Vaudeville headliners Carter and Flora DeHaven made sure their daughter would be educated at the very best private schools. They also indulged her ambition to be in show business by packing her off to the Mar-Ken Professional School in Hollywood (1940-42). Diminutive of stature and dark-haired, budding musical star Gloria (her nickname then was "Glo") enjoyed collecting perfume, reading (her favorite book being Daphne Du Maurier ) and listening to the big bands (particularly Tommy Dorsey ). With her father's help (who was assistant director and a friend of Charles Chaplin ), she finagled her first movie appearance -- an uncredited bit part in Modern Times . Her first visible role was in the George Cukor -directed Susan and God . A contemporary newspaper article quipped that the winsome lass was "a backstage baby, never a child star".
In the first place, Gloria concentrated on her singing career. Over the years she developed her own nightclub act and also enjoyed considerable success as a solo vocalist with the orchestras of Bob Crosby , Jan Savitt and Muzzy Marcellino . It was her singing which prompted Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to sign her under contract in 1940. During the following decade, she made decent strides as a soubrette and was regularly featured as second lead in cheerful light musicals. The pick of the bunch were Thousands Cheer , Step Lively (on loan to RKO, giving Frank Sinatra his first screen kiss), Two Girls and a Sailor , Summer Stock (a typical role, as sister to the nominal star, in this case Judy Garland ) and Three Little Words (in which she played her own mother, Flora Parker DeHaven , singing the Ruby & Kalmar standard "Who's Sorry Now?"). New York Times critic Bosley Crowther commented in in June 1944: "It's a toss-up between June Allyson and Gloria DeHaven as to which is the lovelier girl. Both sing and dance with springtime crispness and have such form and grace as are divine". Always a popular pin-up with American servicemen in World War II, Gloria was featured on the cover of 'Yank' magazine that very same month.
Gloria never quite managed to get first tier assignments and her career waned as musicals ceased to be a bankable commodity. In the early 50's, she attempted stronger dramatic roles but with only moderate success. By 1955 she had wisely turned to the stage for occasional appearances on Broadway. As late as 1989, she sang in cabaret at the Rainbow & Stars in New York. There was also a screen comeback of sorts with recurring roles in the TV soaps Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and Ryan's Hope . Add to this frequent guest spots across diverse genres, from Gunsmoke and Mannix to Murder, She Wrote .
Gloria Mildred DeHaven was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. One of her four husbands (from 1944 to 1951) was the actor John Payne .
Tamara Duarte
Tamara Mello Duarte was born in Toronto Canada. She caught the acting bug at a very young age by watching, and later starring in, Folklore plays at the Vitoria Setubal Community Club of Toronto. Booking her first job in a hair commercial at 14 then later pursuing acting professionally at 18 While obtaining a Business-Marketing degree at Guelph Humber university.
Tamara is perhaps best known for her recurring role as Charlie Lima in the hit television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (Nickelodeon). You may know her as Haley Colton on Stephen King's HAVEN s5 (SyFy) as well as Mandy in LONGMIRE s4 on Netflix. She is currently shooting the third season of Hard Rock Medical.
Tamara has loomed into the Indie world with her thought provoking and gritty portrayals in up coming films like Bottom of The World with Jena Malone and Doug Smith, starring in Badsville with Emilio Rivera and having her debut at TIFF in The F-Word staring Daniel Radcliffe.
Tamara has the freedom of working through her EU & Canadian citizenship or US Green Card which allows her to live, work, and play in many parts of the world.
She was Associate Producer of her first film behind the camera, Verona, directed by Laurie Lynd. The short film ran the festival circuit in the US and won "Viewers Choice Award" at the Palm Springs International Film Festival.
When Tamara isn't busy working in film or TV in all capacities she spends her time practicing yoga. (This past January, she traveled to Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam to work with underprivileged children through Krama Yoga.) Also writing, learning the guitar and singing.
Boris Karloff
Along with fellow actors Lon Chaney , Bela Lugosi and Vincent Price , Boris Karloff is recognized as one of the true icons of horror cinema, and the actor most closely identified with the general public's perception of the "monster" from the classic Mary Shelley book, "Frankenstein". William Henry Pratt was born on November 23, 1887, in Camberwell, London, England, the son of Edward John Pratt Jr., the Deputy Commissioner of Customs Salt and Opium, Northern Division, Indian Salt Revenue Service, and his third wife, Eliza Sarah Millard.
He was educated at London University in anticipation that he would pursue a diplomatic career; however, he emigrated to Canada in 1909 and joined a touring company based out of Ontario and adopted the stage name of "Boris Karloff." He toured back and forth across the USA for over ten years in a variety of low-budget theater shows and eventually ended up in Hollywood with very little money to his name. Needing cash to support himself, Karloff secured occasional acting work in the fledgling silent film industry in such pictures as The Deadlier Sex , Omar the Tentmaker , Dynamite Dan and Tarzan and the Golden Lion , in addition to a handful of serials (the majority of which sadly haven't survived). Karloff supplemented his meager film income by working as a truck driver in Los Angeles, which allowed him enough time off to continue to pursue acting roles.
His big break came in 1931 when he was cast as "the monster" in the Universal production of Frankenstein , directed by James Whale , one of the studio's few remaining auteur directors. The aura of mystery surrounding Karloff was highlighted in the opening credits, as he was listed as simply "?." The film was a commercial and critical success for Universal, and Karloff was instantly established as a hot property in Hollywood. He quickly appeared in several other sinister roles, including Scarface (filmed before Frankenstein ), the black-humored The Old Dark House , as the namesake Oriental villain of the Sax Rohmer novels in The Mask of Fu Manchu , as undead Im-Ho-Tep in The Mummy and the misguided Prof. Morlant in The Ghoul . He thoroughly enjoyed his role as a religious fanatic in John Ford 's The Lost Patrol , although contemporary critics described it as a textbook example of overacting.
He donned the signature make-up, neck bolts and asphalt spreader's boots again to play Frankenstein's monster in the sensational Bride of Frankenstein and the less thrilling Son of Frankenstein . Karloff, on loan to Fox, appeared in one of the best of the Warner Oland Chan entries, Charlie Chan at the Opera , before beginning his own short-lived Mr. Wong detective series. He was a wrongly condemned doctor in Devil's Island , shaven-headed executioner "Mord the Merciless" in Tower of London , another misguided scientist in The Ape , a crazed scientist surrounded by monsters, vampires and werewolves in House of Frankenstein , a murderous cabman in The Body Snatcher and a Greek general fighting vampirism in the superb atmospheric Val Lewton thriller Isle of the Dead .
While Karloff continued appearing in a plethora of films, many of them were not up to the standards of his previous efforts, including appearances in two of the hokey Bud Abbott and Lou Costello monster movies (he had appeared with them in an earlier superior effort, Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff , which theater owners often added his name to the marquee), the low point of the Universal-International horror movie cycle. During the 1950s he was a regular guest on many high-profile TV shows including Texaco Star Theatre , Tales of Tomorrow , The Veil , The Donald O'Connor Show , The Red Skelton Hour and The Dinah Shore Chevy Show , to name but a few, and he appeared in a mixed bag of films including Sabaka and Voodoo Island . On Broadway he appeared as the murderous Brewster brother in the hit, "Arsenic and Old Lace" (his role, or the absence of him in it, was amusingly parodied in the film version) and a decade later he enjoyed a long run in "Peter Pan," perfectly cast as "Captain Hook."
His career experienced something of a revival in the 1960s thanks to hosting the TV anthology series Thriller and indie director Roger Corman , with Karloff contributing wonderful performances in The Raven , The Terror , the ultra-eerie Black Sabbath and the H.P. Lovecraft -inspired Die, Monster, Die! . Karloff's last great role was as an aging horror movie star confronting a modern-day sniper in the Peter Bogdanovich film Targets . His TV career was capped off by achieving Christmas immortality as the narrator of Chuck Jones 's perennial animated favorite, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! . Three low-budget Mexican-produced horror films starring an ailing Karloff were released in the two years after his death; however, they do no justice to this great actor. In retrospect, he never took himself too seriously as an actor and had a tendency to downplay his acting accomplishments. Renowned as a refined, kind and warm-hearted gentleman, with a sincere affection for children and their welfare, Karloff passed away on February 2, 1969 from emphysema. He was cremated at Guildford Crematorium, Godalming, Surrey, England, where he is commemorated by a plaque in Plot 2 of the Garden of Remembrance.
Roberts Blossom
Roberts Blossom was a marvelously quirky, talented, and versatile character actor who was especially adept at portraying cantankerous old oddballs. Born in 1924 in New Haven, Connecticutt, Blossom graduated from the prestigious Asheville School in 1941 and attended Harvard. Roberts initially planned on being a therapist, but eventually changed his mind and decided to become an actor instead. He made his film debut in the bizarre and little seen independent feature "The Sin of Jesus" (1961). It wasn't until he was in his late forties and early fifties that Blossom really hit his stride acting in motion pictures. Roberts gave a truly remarkable and unforgettable performance as demented middle-aged backwoods lunatic Ezra Cobb in the creepy horror cult favorite "Deranged" (1974). Other memorable film roles include an ill-fated elderly patient in "The Hospital" (1971), a sickly soldier in "Slaughterhouse Five" (1972), Paul Le Mat's ornery father in "Citizen's Band" (1977), a farmer who saw Bigfoot once in "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977), a venerable old felon in "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979), a kindly next door neighbor in "Home Alone" (1990), and a grumpy small town judge in "Doc Hollywood" (1991). Blossom did guest spots on such TV shows as "Northern Exposure," "The Twilight Zone," "The Equalizer," "Moonlighting," "Amazing Stories," and "Naked City." Moreover, Blossom was also a poet (he released some of his dramatic poems on video) and a playwright who won four Obies and a Show Business Award. After retiring from acting, Roberts settled in Berkeley, California and wrote poetry. He died at age 87 in Santa Monica, California on July 8, 2011.
Millie Wynn
Millie Wynn was born on March 29, 1984 at Yale Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. Her father was an engineer. Her mother owned a travel agency and later became a secretary for the church.
Millie began modeling at the age of 21 and became a regular bikini model on the hit Hispanic TV show Estudio 2 .
In 2009 she landed her first lead film role in Tina Randolph McCulloch 's The Virgin Murders. (2009). Her role as the young victim earned her rave reviews. Shortly after she landed roles in bigger projects, such as Cinemax's Life On Top (2009), It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia (2010) alongside Danny DeVito , Hollywood Sex Wars (2011) and Paranormal Whacktivity (2013).
Millie also appeared on Al Extremo (2009), 12 Corazones (2009-2010) and Playboy TV's Foursome (2010).
Norman Lear
Norman Lear is a World War II veteran, actor, writer, producer, director, and creator of such legendary sitcoms like All In The Family, Good Times, Sanford And Son, The Jeffersons, Maude, and many other sitcoms that defined and revolutionized American television.
Norman Milton Lear was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Enie/Jeanette (Sokolovsky) and Hyman "Herman" Lear, a traveling salesman. His grandparents were all Russian Jewish immigrants. Jeanette was the inspiration for the character Edith Bunker, and Herman was the all-time inspiration to Norman creating the character Archie Bunker. Lear has often described his father as a "bigot" and someone who was into "get rich quick schemes." Norman was a victim of the depression and saw his family, as he has described it, go "belly-up". Norman was inspired by his press agent uncle Jack, who visited the family and always flipped Norman a quarter. Norman wanted to be the person who could flip someone a quarter.
Lear at this time never really thought of becoming a big Hollywood writer. He won a one year-scholarship to Emerson College in a national high-school writing contest, and went off there with all tuition paid by the government for one year. Norman figured he had struck a gold-mine, and during the depression this was the only way he could get into college. Norman attended Emerson College but dropped out when news struck that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor. At that point, Norman has stated, all chaos broke lose, and along with many others he decided to enroll in the United States Army. He was nineteen. In the army, Norman was a radio operator. He was discharged in 1945.
Norman eventually landed a press agent job, paying forty dollars a week. Due to hard times, he was not being paid well and decided to pursue another career. In 1954, he was a writer for the CBS sitcom, Honestly, Celeste! This series was canceled after eight episodes. Lear then became the producer of NBC's The Martha Raye Show, after director Nat Hiken left the series. In 1959, Lear created his first television series, The Deputy, on the NBC network and starring Henry Fonda. Lear created this series alongside Roland Kibbee. The show ran for two successful seasons and ended in 1961.
Lear then started his comedic writing career in 1967. He wrote and produced the 1967 film, Divorce American Style, and directed the film, Cold Turkey, starring Dick Van Dyke. All In The Family came about when Norman read a British column on a show called "Til Death Do Us Part", about a father and a son-in-law who fought constantly about everything politically. As soon as he read that, he immediately knew it was just like him and his father's relationship. Lear tried to sell a "blue" collar sitcom to the ABC network, and two pilots were filmed and rejected. A third pilot was filmed, and CBS picked up the show. It premiered on January 12,1971 to disappointing ratings. Each pilot being shot by different entertainers than the original. Only Caroll O' Connor and Jean Stapleton remained as the original cast, as different people played the brother-in-law and daughter. Lear put Sally Struthers and Rob Reiner in the sitcom only after being accepted by CBS.
When it was aired on television for the first time, a big warning appeared on the screen stating none of the content being presented should be taken seriously and should only be seen for the purpose of hilarity. Norman stated that the sitcom became successful later on, because people knew Archie Bunker: to many people Archie Bunker was their own father. What came next for Norman was the successful sitcom Sanford And Son, along with creator Bud Yorkin, in 1972. This sitcom was inspired by British sitcom Steptoe and Son. Redd Foxx and Demond Wilson played the main roles. In All In The Family, a guest-star named Bea Arthur appeared in an episode and the first spin-off was formed from All In The Family called Maude in 1972, starring Arthur. Ratings soared through the roof, and much more quickly than All In The Family. A memorable episode from Maude which struck a degree of controversy was the abortion episode. A spin-off came from Maude called Good Times with the maid character played by Esther Rolle (Florida Evans). Good Times premiered in 1974, and dealt with controversial issues such as poverty, crime, and welfare, but most of all depicted life in a low-income housing area for African-Americans. It was created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans. This series featured entertainers John Amos, Ester Rolle, Bern Nadette Stanis, Jimmie Walker, Ralph Carter, Ja'net Dubois, and many others. It wasn't the only sitcom to depict life for African-Americans: what later followed in 1975 was The Jeffersons, another spin-off from All In The Family. Many people hadn't realized that African Americans could actually move away from the ghetto and become successful like George and Louise did. To many people across America it was seen as hilarious comedic genius; no other show ever called someone a "honky" or slammed doors in people's faces and still showed controversial issues to a large degree. In several episodes the show dealt with drugs, violence, and racism. The characters George and Louise Jefferson were created by Eric Monte.
All In The Family received multiple Emmy awards. Good Times ran for five successful season and ended in 1979, with multiple Golden Globe nominations. Maude ran for six seasons, ending in 1978 and receiving multiple Emmy and Golden Globe wins and nominations. Sanford and Son ended in 1977 with a Golden Globe win and several Emmy nominations. All In The Family ended its long run in 1979, with nine successful seasons. What came next for Norman was a spin-off of the show called Archie Bunker's Place, with Caroll O'Connor and Danielle Brisebois. The show was especially memorable as Edith Bunker was killed off, due to Jean Stapleton wanting to leave the show to pursue her acting career further. Norman stated that killing off Edith Bunker was one of the toughest decisions he had to make throughout his entertainment career. Archie Bunker's Place ended in 1983, and was his last successful television show.
Norman attempted to make a comeback in 1990 with several short-lived shows, including Sunday Dinner and 704 Hauser, which featured former co-star of Good Times, John Amos.
Bud Spencer
Bud Spencer, the popular Italian actor who starred in innumerable spaghetti Westerns and action-packed potboilers during the 1960s and 1970s, was born Carlo Pedersoli on October 31, 1929, in Naples. The first Italian to swim the 100-meter freestyle in less than a minute, Spencer competed as a swimmer on the Italian National Team at the Olympic Summer games in both Helsinki, Finland, in 1952 and Melbourne, Australia, in 1956. He was also an Olympic-class water polo player.
Educated as an attorney, he was bitten by the acting bug and appeared as a member of the Praetorian Guard in his first movie, MGM's epic Quo Vadis (which was shot in Italy) in 1951. During the 1950s and first half of the 1960s he appeared in films made for the Italian market, but his career was strictly minor league until the late 1960s. He changed his screen name to "Bud Spencer" in 1967, as an homage to Spencer Tracy and to the American beer Budweiser. Spencer allegedly thought it was funny to call himself "Bud" in light of his huge frame.
After the name change, Spencer achieved his greatest success in spaghetti Westerns lensed for a global audience. Teaming up with fellow Italian Terence Hill , the two made such international hits as Ace High and They Call Me Trinity ("They Call Me Trinity"). Their dual outings made both stars famous, particularly in Europe. In all, Spencer made 18 movies with Hill.
He became a jet airplane and helicopter pilot after appearing in All the Way Boys and owned an air transportation company, Mistral Air, which he founded in 1984. However, he terminated his business interest in Mistral and entered the children's clothing industry. After 1983 Spencer's movie career slowed down, though he did have a big success in the early 1990s with the TV action-drama series "Extralarge". A man of many talents, Spencer wrote screenplays and texts for some of his movies. He also has registered several patents.
Spencer married Maria Amato in 1960 and they have three children, Giuseppe (born 1961), Christine (1962) and Diamante (1972).
In 2005 Spencer entered politics, standing as regional councillor in Lazio for the center-right Forza Italia party. He became a politician specifically at the bequest of then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . According to Spencer, "In my life, I've done everything. There are only three things I haven't been - a ballet dancer, a jockey and a politician. Given that the first two jobs are out of the question, I'll throw myself into politics."
Berlusconi, who was a media tycoon in the vein of Rupert Murdoch before he entered politics, recruited Spencer as he was "still a major draw for the viewer, alias the voter." Critics of Berlusconi--who tried to retain power by launching a campaign to portray his allies as the embodiment of "good" and the leftists of the opposition as "evil"--was derided as an example of "politica spettacolo" ("showbiz politics").
Spencer announced his new career at a "Felliniesque" press conference at a Rome hotel, at which he hardly moved and had little to say except homilies about upholding family values. Spencer sat between two Forza Italia handlers, and according to one major Italian newspaper, "From one moment to the next, you expected this mountain of a man to grab the heads of the two presenters and smack them together in his usual style, as he has been seen doing countless times on the big screen and television." The audition proved to be a flop: Spencer lost the seat, and Berlusconi's party was swept from power in 2006.
Joseph Cotten
Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Jr. was born in Petersburg, Virginia, into a well-to-do Southern family. He was the eldest of three sons born to Sally Whitworth (Willson) and Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Sr., an assistant postmaster.
Jo (as he was known) and his brothers Whit and Sam spent their summers at their aunt and uncle's home at Virginia Beach. And there and at an early age he discovered a passion for story-telling, reciting, and performing acts for his family. Cotten studied acting at the Hickman School of Expression in Washington, D.C. and worked as an advertising agent afterward. But by 1924 tried to enter acting in New York. His money opportunities were limited to shipping clerk, and after a year of attempting stage work, he left with friends, heading for Miami. There he found a variety of jobs: lifeguard, salesman, a stint as entrepreneur -- making and selling 'Tip Top Potato Salad' - but more significantly, drama critic for the Miami Herald. That evidently led to appearance in plays at the Miami Civic Theater. Through a connection at the Miami Herald he managed to land an assistant stage manager job in New York. In 1929 he was engaged for a season at the Copley Theatre in Boston, and there he was able to expand his acting experience, appearing in 30 plays in a wide variety of parts. By 1930 he made his Broadway debut. In 1931 Cotten married Lenore La Mont (usually known as Kipp), a pianist, divorced with a two-year-old daughter.
To augment his income as an actor in the mid-30s, Cotten took on radio shows in addition to his theatre work. At one audition he met an ambitious, budding actor/writer/director/producer with a mission to make his name- Orson Welles . Cotten was 10 years his senior, but the two found a kindred spirit in one another. For Cotten, Welles association would completely redirect his serious acting life. Their early co-acting attempts boded ill for employment in formal acting vehicles. At a rehearsal for CBS radio the two destroyed a scene taking place on a rubber tree plantation. One or the other was supposed to say the line: "Barrels and barrels of pith...." They could not overcome uncontrolled laughter at each attempt. The director berated them as acting like 'school-children' and 'unprofessional', and thereafter both were considered unreliable. Welles's ambition put that quickly behind them when he formed The Mercury Theatre Players. Coming on board were later Hollywood stalwarts: Everett Sloane , Agnes Moorehead , Ruth Warrick , and Ray Collins . In 1937, Cotten starred in Welles's Mercury productions of "Julius Caesar" and "Shoemaker's Holiday". And he made his film debut in the Welles-directed short Too Much Johnson , a comedy based on William Gillette's 1890 play. The short was occasionally screened before or after Mercury productions, but never received an official release. Cotten returned to Broadway in 1939, starring as C.K. Dexter Haven in the original production of Philip Barry's "The Philadelphia Story". The uproar over Welles's "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast, was rewarded with an impressive contract from RKO Pictures. The two-picture deal promised full creative control for the young director, and Welles brought his Mercury players on-board in feature roles in what he chose to bring to the screen. But after a year, nothing had germinated until Welles met with writer Herman J. Mankiewicz , resulting in the Citizen Kane idea - early 1940. The story of a slightly veiled William Randolph Hearst with Welles as Kane and Cotten, in his Hollywood debut, as his college friend turned confidant and theater critic, Jed Leland, would become film history, but at the time it caused little more than a ripple. Hearst owned the majority of the country's press outlets and so forbade advertisements for the film. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1942 but was largely ignored by the Academy, only winning for Best Screenplay for Welles and Mankiewicz.
The following year Cotten and Welles collaborated again in The Magnificent Ambersons , acclaimed but again ignored at Oscar time, and the next year's Nazi thriller Journey Into Fear . Cotten, along with some Welles ideas, wrote the screenplay. Welles with his notorious overrunning of budgeting was duly dropped by RKO thereafter. Later in 1943 Cotten's exposure and acquaintance with young producer David O. Selznick resulted in a movie contract and the launching of his mainstream and very successful movie career as a romantic leading man. Thereafter he appeared with some of the most leading of Hollywood leading ladies - a favorite being Jennifer Jones , Selznick's wife with the two of them being his most intimate friends. Cotten got the opportunity to play a good range of roles through the 1940s - the darkest being the blue beard-like killer in Alfred Hitchcock thriller Shadow of a Doubt with Teresa Wright . Perhaps the most fun was The Farmer's Daughter with a vivacious Loretta Young . Cotten starred with Jennifer Jones in four films: the wartime domestic drama Since You Went Away , the romantic drama Love Letters , the western Duel in the Sun , and later in the critically acclaimed Portrait of Jennie , from the haunting Robert Nathan book. Cotten is thoroughly convincing as a second-rate, unmotivated artist who finds inspiration from a chance acquaintance budding into love with an incarnation of a girl who died years before. Welles and Cotten did not work again until The Third Man , directed by Carol Reed . For Cotten, the role as the hapless boyhood friend and second-rate novel writer Holly Martins would be a defining moment in a part both comedic and bittersweet, its range making it one of his best performances. Unfortunately, he was again overlooked for an Oscar.
Cotten was kept in relative demand into his mature acting years. Into the 1950s, he reunited with "Shadow Of A Doubt" co star Thereas Wright, to do the memorable bank caper "The Steel Trap"(1952).He co stared with Jean Peters in "Blueprint For A Murder"(1953). For the most part, the movie roles were becoming more B than A. He had a brief role as a member of the Roman Senate, reuniting with lifelong friend Welles in his Othello . There were a few film-noir outings along with the usual fare of the older actor with fewer roles. However, he was much more successful in returning to theater roles in the new television playhouse format. He also did some episodic TV and some series ventures, as with On Trial, which was later called The Joseph Cotten Show. He had a memorable role in an Alfred Hitchcock Presents, "Breakdown", where he was a man in a lone and isolated car accident, trapped and unable to speak. He voices over and shows his great acting skill simply through facial expressions. His one last stint with Welles was uncredited and sort of Jed Leland-revisited as the hokey coroner early in Welles's over-the-top Touch of Evil . Of his association with Welles, Cotten said: "Exasperating, yes. Sometimes eruptive, unreasonable, ferocious, yes. Eloquent, penetrating, exciting, and always - never failingly even at the sacrifice of accuracy and at times his own vanity - witty. Never, never, never dull."
With the passing of his first wife in 1960 Cotten met and married British actress Patricia Medina . The 1960s found him equally busy in TV and film. He made the circuit of the most popular detective and cowboy series of the period. By 1964 he returned to film with the money making old-Hollywood-dame- horror-movie genre hit Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte with other vintage Hollywood legends Bette Davis , Olivia de Havilland , and Agnes Moorehead . His other films of that decade were of the quick entertainment variety along with some foreign productions, and TV movies. There were also more TV series and guests appearances, especially The Ed Sullivan Show, a popular stop during its long run. In the 1970s Cotten was still in demand-for even more of the curiosity-appeal of the populace for an older star. Along with the new assortment of TV series, he anchored himself at Universal with small parts in forgettable movies, the sluggish Universal epic dud Tora! Tora! Tora! for instance, and the steady diet of TV series being cranked out there. Though older actors have laughed in public about their descent into cheap horror movies, one can only wonder at the impetus to do them -- by such greats, as Claude Rains -- besides a can't-pass-up alluring salary.
Cotten did the campy The Abominable Dr. Phibes with Vincent Price and about that time two second rate Italian horror outings where he was Baron Blood and Baron Frankenstein. Then again there was better exposure in the Universal minor sci-fi classic Soylent Green . And in yet another Universal sequel, where the profit-logic was to gather a cast of veterans from the Hollywood spectrum in any situation spelling disaster and watch the ticket sales skyrocket, Cotten joined the all-star cast of Airport '77 . He rounded out the decade with the ever faddish Fantasy Island and more Universal TV rounds. This contributor met and worked with Joseph Cotten during this latter evolution of one of Hollywood's greats. He wore his own double-breasted blue blazer and tan slacks in several roles - no need for wardrobe. His pride and joy was a blue 1939 Jaguar SS, something of a fixture on the Universal lot.
Cotten was not ready to turn his back on Hollywood until the beginning of the 1980s when he managed to appear in the epic flop Heaven's Gate . After a Love Boat episode (1981), Cotten joined his wife and his love of gardening and entertaining friends in retirement. He also had the time to write an engaging autobiography Vanity Will Get You Somewhere (1987). Cotten's somewhat matter-of-fact and seemingly gruff acting voice served him well. Certainly his command of varied roles deserved more than the snub of never being nominated for an Academy Award. He was not the only actor to suffer being underrated, but that is largely forgotten in those memorable roles that speak for him. And for what it is worth, the Europeans had the very good sense to award him the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actor for Portrait of Jennie, one of his favorite roles.
Emma Bunton
Emma Lee Bunton was born on the 21st January 1976 in Finchley, North London to parents Pauline, a karate instructor, and Trevor, a milkman. They split up when Emma was 11, and she stayed with her mum. She also has a younger brother, P.J. (Paul) who she is very close to. Emma's career began at an early age when she started doing modeling work for such things as Mothercare, Mentadent P toothpaste and Polly Pocket. She attended the famous Sylvia Young Drama School in London, during which time she auditioned for several TV parts including that of "Bianca" in EastEnders , but none of them really panned out. She can be seen briefly in both EastEnders and The Bill , but only in minor parts. It wasn't long after she left Sylvia Young 's that she joined the Spice Girls (after the original 5th Spice Girl, Michelle Stephenson, left). 2 albums, 8 No. 1 singles and a film later and the Spice Girls are still going strong. Emma is due to appear in the BBC musical drama Sleeping Beauty , which is filming at the moment and will be out by the end of the year. The Spice Girls ' 3rd album, "Forever", was released in November 2000 and reached the #2 spot on the UK charts. It also features the Spice Girls ' 9th #1 single, "Holler/Let Love Lead The Way". Since then, the Spice Girls haven't worked together again. In April 2001, Emma released her first solo album, "A Girl Like Me", which featured her 1999 cover of Edie Brickell 's "What I Am" and Emma's own #1 hit "What Took You So Long". In 2003, Emma released her second solo album, "Free Me", which includes her four hits "Free Me", "Maybe", "I'll Be There" and "Crickets Sing For Anamaria". Her promo tour lead her to the US in early 2005, where a remix of "Free Me" was a popular club track.
Stevie Wonder
Born Stevland Hardaway Judkins in Saginaw, Michigan, United States, to Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway. Due to being born six weeks premature, Stevie Wonder was born with a condition called retinopathy of prematurity, which made him blind. Stevie Wonder, even with this disability, made his landmark to be a pioneer and innovator in the music industry.
Stevie Wonder's mother, Lula Mae Hardaway left her husband and moved herself and her children to Detroit. Due to her leaving Lula Hardaway Judkins changed her name to Lula Hardaway and changed Stevie's surname to Stevland Morris. Stevland Morris growing up played various instruments such as the piano, harmonica, drums, and bass. Stevland Morris never played a lot of outdoor activities due to his protective mother. Stevland Morris due to his musical talent was also strongly apart of the church choir. Stevland Morris was originally discovered by Gerald White who often persuaded his brother, soul singer Ronnie White to visit the talented Stevland Morris. Ronnie White after seeing Stevland Morris brought Stevland and his mother to MoTown Records to visit Berry Gordy. Berry Gordy stated he was not impressed by Stevland's singing,or drumming,bongo skills and then he played the harmonica, which astounded Berry Gordy and Stevland Morris in 1961 at the age of eleven signed onto MoTown Records with the stage name, Little Stevie Wonder. The reason why Stevie Wonder had gotten that stage name was because many people were astounded by his ability to play numerous instruments and his ability to sing doing both at the same time, and people called Stevie "A Little Wonder".
Stevie Wonder released his first album called,The Jazz Soul Of Little Stevie at the age of twelve followed by an additional album, Tribute To Uncle Ray dedicated to Ray Charles.
In 1963, Stevie Wonder released a hit-song called, Fingertips Pt(2). The song reached number one on the Billboard Pop Charts. Stevie Wonder became the first singer to have a number one album and single simultaneously. In the song were several percussion instruments played by Stevie Wonder and this song was added to the album,Recorded Live: The Twelve Year Old Genius. Stevie Wonder was then referred to as the child prodigy. Stevie Wonder in 1964 made in film debut in the movie, Muscle Beach Party as well as the sequel Bikini Beach both directed by William Asher. In this movie Stevie Wonder shows off his musical talent singing the songs, Happy Street and Happy Feeling (Dance And Shout).
Stevie Wonder also dropped "Little" from this stage name as his voice started to change and he could no longer sing songs which Clarence Paul had written for him, as they were all written in a higher pitched note. Stevie Wonder then started focusing more on songwriting and came out with genuine hits like Uptight (Everything's Alright),With A Child's Heart, Blowing In The Wind, and a song which he wrote for Smokey Robinson and The Miracles, Tears Of A Clown. Several other songs which were smashing hits in the 60's and 70's were I Was Made To Love Her, Signed Sealed And Delivered I'm Yours, which Stevie stated was an idea he had gotten from his mother,and For Once In My Life.
In 1970 Stevie Wonder left MoTown and recorded two independent albums by himself. Berry Gordy was shocked to hear this by Stevie Wonder and Berry Gord agreed to Stevie Wonder's demand of more independence and full creative control and rights to all his songs. In 1972 Stevie Wonder returned to MoTown records and signed a thirteen million dollar contract with MoTown Records. This entitled Stevie Wonder to a higher royalty rate and more full creative control and the rights to his own songs, which few artists had gotten at that time period. This contract unleashed Wonder's songs to now talk about controversial issues such as poverty,war,drugs, and politics.Stevie is known for writing and performing political songs such as, You Haven't Done Nothing, which took a political stab at Richard Nixon. The first album he had released with his new agreement with MoTown was, Music Of My Mind in 1972. In late 1972 Stevie Wonder released an album which today is known as a historic piece in music,Talking Book. Which included the number one hit-song, Superstition. This song featured the clavinet which Stevie Wonder was credited pioneer of, he later used the electric amplified keyboard instrument in many of his other albums along with the synthesizer. The song Superstition was seen as a significant contribution to the Funk genre. Talking Book also featured, You Are The Sunshine Of My Life which also peaked at number one. Stevie Wonder also toured with The Rolling Stones in 1972 which contributed to his album's success. Stevie Wonder struck a controversial issue with the album, Innervisions in 1973 with singles such as Living For The City which talked about poverty and was credited to African Americans.The album also included singles such as Golden Lady, and All Love Is Fair.
On August,6, 1973 Stevie Wonder was in a car accident. The twenty-three year old Stevie Wonder was in the passenger seat of a 1948 Dodge Flatbed Truck,he was sleeping and had his headphones on, the driver distracted by something, and failed to notice the truck ahead of them and crashed. This sent Stevie Wonder into a coma for several days. In a biography entitled, The Miraculous Journey Of Lula Mae Hardaway she retells the story, "There was a great, grinding screech as metal hit metal and, then, impossibly, as if in some lavishly produced Hollywood action movie, one of the great logs disencumbered itself of the truck and came crashing through the windshield, spearing Stevie square in the forehead." Wonder was sent to a hospital immediately after the accident, and was placed under intensive care, with what they described a "bruise on the head" Wonder then made a successful recovery and in 1974 released Fullfillingness' First Finale and which song topped number one on the Billboard Pop Charts was the political song, You Haven't Done Nothing. By the age of twenty-five he was a multiple Grammy-Award winner, winning Grammies for albums such as Talking Book, Inner Vision, and Fullfillingness' First Finale and at the age of twenty-five with several talent musicians he was on the verge of making what came to be one of this most admirable masterpieces, an album called, Songs In The Key Of Life.
The double-album, Songs In The Key Of Life was released in 1976 and the album became the first of an American artist to debut straight at number one where it remained for fourteen consecutive weeks. The album contained two tracks which rose to number one on the Billboard Charts,I Wish and Sir Duke. The album also contained an extraordinary sentimental song about his daughter Aisha Morris called,Isn't She Lovely". It also contained the song which focused strongly on poverty called, Village Ghetto Land. Rolling Stones listed the album as the 56th Greatest Album Of All Time out of 500.
In 1979, Wonder released a soundtrack album called Journey Through The Secret Life Of Plants. It was featured in the film The Secret Life Of Plants. Wonder also wrote the song,Let's Get Serious for Jermaine Jackson who left The Jacksons and was starting his own solo career. The song was ranked by Billboard to be the number one rhythm and blues song of 1980.
In 1980, Stevie Wonder released the album called Hotter Than July. On this album was a song called Happy Birthday. That song was dedicated to Martin Luther King Jr, and Stevie Wonder was one of the pioneers to getting Martin Luther King Jr a national holiday. Stevie Wonder in 1985 received an Academy Award for his song, I Just Called To Say I Love in the film, The Woman In Red. In 1986, Stevie Wonder made a guest appearance on the hit-show The Cosby Show. It was during this episode in which people were astounded toward what the synthesizer could really do. In 1987 Stevie Wonder made a duet with Michael Jackson on his Bad album with the single, Just Good Friends. In the same year Michael Jackson did a duet on Stevie Wonder's characters album. In 1991, Stevie Wonder recorded a soundtrack album for Spike Lee in his new movie, Jungle Fever. The album was entitled, Jungle Fever and the hit-song on it was entitled Jungle Fever. Other singles that came from this album were Gotta Have You,Feeding Off The Love Of The Land,and These Three Words. Stevie Wonder continued releasing new material throughout the 90's such as Natural Wonder, and Conversation Piece. In 1996 Stevie Wonder's A Song In The Key Of Life album became a documentary subject, and several of the musicians who contributed to the success of the album had a reunion. In 1997 Stevie Wonder collaborated with Babyface on the single, How Come How Long.
In 2000 Stevie Wonder contributed to two sound track songs for Spike Lee's film Bamboozled. The two soundtrack songs were Misrepresented People and Some Years Ago. In 2006, Stevie Wonder's inspiration of his life, his mother, Lula Mae Hardaway died on May,31,2006. Stevie Wonder then in 2007 announced his tour, A Wonder's Summer Night 13 concert tour- this was his first in over ten years, and he states, he wants to take all the sadness he feels,turn it around and celebrate. Stevie Wonder in 2008 was very involved in the Presidential Campaign, and why he thinks Obama will be a great president for America. Stevie Wonder talked at several press conferences about Obama and why America should vote for him. Stevie Wonder in 2009 was named the United Nations Messenger Of Peace.On February 23,2009 Stevie Wonder received the Gershwin Prize For Pop Music awarded to Stevie Wonder by Barack Obama. On June,25,2009 one of his best friends,Michael Jackson had died. Stevie Wonder attended the memorial and performed the song, Never Dreamed You'd Leave In Summer at the Staple's Center. Stevie Wonder recently in 2011 can be heard playing harmonica on Drake Graham's album Take Care.
Stevie Wonder's songs have been sampled by artists such as Jon Gibson,Red Hot Chilli Peppers,Mary J Blige and several other artists were inspired by Stevie's musical talent. Stevie Wonder will forever be known as a pioneer in music a philanthropist, and a messenger of peace addressing controversies in music which very few artists did at that time. Stevie Wonder has touched the hearts of millions through his music and his philanthropic generosity.
Crystal Allen
Crystal Allen was born in California where she now resides, however she was raised in Camrose in Alberta Canada.
With dual Canadian/American citizenship, she has landed many leading roles. "Crooked Arrows'"opposite Brandon Routh and "Ghost Storm" with Carlos Bernard, both to be released in spring of 2012.
Allen has also starred in the latest two sequels to their already hit films Anaconda which have just been released. In Anaconda 3 & 4, Allen stars in the lead role of Dr Amanda Hayes, a scientist having to fight for what she believes in while holding firm to her integrity in these action packed sequels.
She is also know for her portrayal of the "Orion Slave Girl D'nesh" on Startrek Enterprise and as "Navigator Yara" in the popular independent film. "Of Gods and Men".
Allen's additional notable performances were on hit TV shows such as Haven, Prison Break, Desperate Housewives, Boston Legal, Enterprise, Navy NCIS, Modern Men, Sex and the City, Sopranos, ED, and the feature film Maid in Manhattan. Allen was also well received as the lead in the Hallmark movie "Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door. One may also affectionately remember Allen as the Tic Tac spokes woman a few years back. Previous to making her mark on screen, Allen studied dance for many years in NYC which then brought her to Japan and Monte Carlo. Her modeling career took her to Greece, London, Germany, and South Africa before ending back in NYC where she studied acting at the Lee Strasberg Institute. It's her love and commitment to the roles she plays which keeps Allen focused and successful which is evident in her short film festival hits "Comic Con" and "Lake Arrowhead". Then there are the Crystal Allen's dinner parties where she shines in her passion for cooking up elaborate meals to host a wonderful evening with the most interesting group of friends from all over the world.
Frank Finlay
One of Britain's finest products of the stage, film and TV, actor Frank Finlay, he with the dark and handsomely serious-to-mordant looks, was born on August 6, 1926, in Farnworth, England, the son of Josiah, a butcher, and Margaret Finlay. Of English, Irish and Scottish descent, Frank attended St. Gregory the Great School and then was actually training to follow in his father's footsteps as a butcher himself when his side interest in acting eventually won out. He became a member of the Farnworth Little Theatre and met his future wife, Doreen Shepherd, a fellow member at the same time. They married in 1954, had three children (two sons, one daughter) and were married for over 50 years until her death in 2005.
Finlay began his professional career on the repertory stage with roles in The Guilford Theatre Company's 1957 productions of "Jessica" and "The Telescope". Graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), he built up a strong and sturdy theatrical reputation at the Royal Court Theatre between 1958 and 1960 where he was seen to good advantage in such plays as "Chicken Soup and Barley", "Sugar in the Morning", "Sergeant Musgrave's Dance", "Roots", "I'm Talking About Jerusalem", "The Happy Haven" and "Platonov". Making his Broadway debut in "The Epitaph of George Dillon" in 1959, he also sparked a noteworthy professional association with Laurence Olivier at the National Theatre, the highlight being his intense but subtle portrayal of "Iago" to Olivier's "Othello" in 1964.
Marking his film debut in a bit role in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner , Finlay sandwiched in a steady stream of British film parts (including Private Potter , Doctor in Distress , Agent 8 3/4 , The Comedy Man , A Study in Terror (as "Jack the Ripper" Inspector Lestrade), The Jokers , The Deadly Bees and Robbery ) in between theatre assignments. His greatest film opportunity occurred when he was given the right by Olivier to recreate his Iago role opposite the legendary actor in the masterful film adaptation of Othello . Finlay, Maggie Smith (as "Desdemona") and Joyce Redman (as "Emilia") all received Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for their illustrious "supporting" work of Olivier (who was also Oscar nominated). Frank went on to nab a "Most Promising Newcomer" nomination from the BAFTA committee as well. To date, this has been the actor's only Oscar recognition.
Josh Fadem
Josh Fadem is an actor and comedian based in Los Angeles. He is from Tulsa, Oklahoma. He trained at venues including The Upright Citizens Brigade LA and The Groundlings. He is a regular in the LA comedy scene, has written for Adult Swim, and is a frequent contributor to Funny or Die. As a stand-up, he can be seen at many venues in Los Angeles and New York, and hosts a bi-monthly show at LA's premier archival video store and haven for film-lovers, Cinefile Video.
Josh was named one of Daily Variety's "10 Comics to Watch" for 2011.
Some of his television credits include NBC's 30 Rock as Liz Lemon's agent, Simon Barrons, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and Adult Swim's Eagleheart with Chris Elliott.
Connor Price
Connor Price's career began at the young age of six years old. Price accumulated an impressive number of credits during his youth, known to audiences worldwide for his portrayal of "Jay Braddock," the eldest son of Russell Crowe and Renee Zellweger in the Ron Howard Academy Award Nominated feature Cinderella Man. Most recently, he portrayed the lead role of "Harry James" in two seasons of CBC's World War II spy Drama X Company. He also appeared as "Kenny," the leader of the Boston vampire clan for two seasons of SyFy's Being Human. Recurring and guest star roles include Supernatural, Alphas starring David Strathairn, Saving Hope, Flashpoint, The Haunting Hour, and Haven to name a few.
Stephen King's fans will recognize Price for his role of "J.J. Bannerman" in the last season of Dead Zone for the USA Network opposite Anthony Michael Hall in which Price won a Young Artists Award for Best Recurring Young Actor. Other credits include the feature films Carrie starring Chloë Moretz and Julianne Moore, Good Luck Chuck as a young Dane Cook, David Cronenberg's A History of Violence starring Viggo Mortensen, and the screen adaptation of The Stone Angel starring Ellen Burnstyn and Ellen Page.
Price has also lent his voice to numerous characters in a variety of animated series over the years.
A native of Toronto, ON, Price now resides in Los Angeles.
Connor Price is a dual citizen of Canada & USA.
Dondre Whitfield
Veteran TV actor Dondré T. Whitfield has been called up to the majors during his summer hiatus, taking a swing at the baseball film, Mr 3000 , starring Bernie Mac and Angela Bassett . A former semi-pro baseball player, Dondré portrays one of Mac's teammates in the movie. Dondré wasted no time in preparing for his role. Less than 48 hours after closing his deal with Disney, Dondré knocked two in the stands at Dodger Stadium, while taking batting practice with the visiting Pittsburgh Pirates. Once in production, Dondré continued to show his love for the game, requesting his character wear uniform #1 -- in honor of his all-time favorite shortstop, Hall of Famer Ozzie Smith . Dondré also paid homage to another shortstop sensation -- Yankee Derek Jeter - by shagging one of his signature baseball gloves to use during filming.
A three-time Emmy nominee, Dondré is also among the country's hottest celebrity couples. He and his wife, Salli Richardson-Whitfield , have been named one of Ebony magazine's "10 Hottest Couples", in a cover story that also declared their recent nuptials among the "Top Weddings of the Year". Dondré's recent credits include the NBC comedies, Hidden Hills and Inside Schwartz . His first professional acting job was on The Cosby Show , the most-watched sitcom in television history. Dondré's prime-time résumé also includes a multi-episode arc on the hit series, Girlfriends . Dondré also starred in Secret Agent Man , a retro spy series produced by Barry Sonnenfeld and Barry Josephson . Dondré saved the world from alien attack in the made-for-television sci-fi thriller, Alien Fury: Countdown to Invasion . He also starred in the popular comedy, Between Brothers , which aired on both Fox and UPN. In addition to his series regular role on the Fox sitcoms, Living in Captivity and The Crew , Dondré has also guest-starred on NYPD Blue , The X-Files , Nash Bridges , Martin and The Jamie Foxx Show . On the feature front, Dondré gave a scene-stealing performance in Two Can Play That Game , starring Vivica A. Fox and also appeared in Happy Birthday , directed by Oscar-nominated actress Helen Mirren . Dondré's daytime credits include All My Children , where he was a three-time Emmy nominee and earned two nominations for the NAACP Image Award. On stage, Dondré has appeared at the prestigious Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, in "Ceremonies in Dark Old Men". A Brooklyn, New York, native, Dondré received formal training at Performing Arts High in New York City. An avid golfer and motorcyclist, Dondré and his wife live in Los Angeles.
Lara Parker
Lara Parker was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Memphis. She attended Central High School in Memphis and won a scholarship to Vassar College, where she began a major in Philosophy, which she completed at Southwestern at Memphis, now called Rhodes College, receiving her BA. She attended graduate school at the University of Iowa and completed all course work on a Masters in Speech and Drama. The summer Lara was to write her thesis, she acted at the Millbrook Playhouse in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, where she did five leading roles in six weeks. Rather than return to Iowa, she decided to try her luck in New York City, and, the second week she was there, she was cast as Angelique the witch in the daytime horror serial Dark Shadows , a job she held for five years, culminating in the film, Night of Dark Shadows . While she was in New York, she appeared in a Broadway play, "Woman is My Idea", and two off-Broadway Plays: "Lulu" and "A Gun Play". Lara moved to Los Angeles in 1972 and began working in film and nighttime television, performing many guest roles and occasionally returning to daytime television. After acting, she has been a high school teacher, has written several screenplays and has completed her first novel (see book section below). As of 1999, she lives in California with her husband, Jimmy Hawkins , and daughter.
Karen Carpenter
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Karen Carpenter moved with her family to Downey, California, in 1963. Karen's older brother, Richard Carpenter , decided to put together an instrumental trio with him on the piano, Karen on the drums and their friend Wes Jacobs on the bass and tuba. In a battle of the bands at the Hollywood Bowl in 1966, the group won first place and landed a contract with RCA Records. However, RCA did not see a future in jazz tuba, and the contract was short-lived.
Karen and Richard formed another band, Spectrum, with four other fellow students from California State University at Long Beach that played several gigs before disbanding. In 1969, Karen and Richard made several demo music tapes and shopped them around to different record companies; they were eventually offered a contract with A&M Records. Their first hit was a reworking of The Beatles hit "Ticket to Ride", followed by a re-recorded version of Burt Bacharach 's "Close to You", which sold a million copies.
Soon Richard and Karen became one of the most successful groups of the early 1970s, with Karen on the drums and lead vocals and Richard on the piano with backup vocals. They won three Grammy Awards, embarked on a world tour, and landed their own TV variety series in 1971, titled Make Your Own Kind of Music! .
In 1975 the story came out when The Carpenters were forced to cancel a European tour because the gaunt Karen was too weak to perform. Nobody knew that Karen was at the time suffering from anorexia nervosa, a mental illness characterized by obsessive dieting to a point of starvation. In 1976 she moved out of her parents' house to a condo of her own.
While her brother Richard was recovering from his Quaalude addiction, Karen decided to record a solo album in New York City in 1979 with producer Phil Ramone. Encouraged by the positive reaction to it in New York, Karen was eager to show it to Richard and the record company in California, who were nonplussed. The album was shelved.
In 1980, she married real estate developer Thomas J. Burris. However, the unhappy marriage really only lasted a year before they separated. (Karen was to sign the divorce papers the day she died).
Shortly afterward, she and brother Richard were back in the recording studio, where they recorded their hit single "Touch Me When We're Dancing". However, Karen was unable to shake her depression as well as her eating disorder, and after realizing she needed help, she spent most of 1982 in New York City undergoing treatment. By 1983, Karen was starting to take control of her life and planning to return to the recording studio and to make public appearances again. In February of 1983, she went to her parents' house to sort through some old clothes she kept there when she collapsed in a walk-in closet from cardiac arrest. She was only 32. Doctors revealed that her long battle with anorexia nervosa had stressed her heart to the breaking point.
Eva Bartok
Eva Bartok was both a beautiful lady and a talented actor whose roots were in classical theater. Her first and only film in Hungary, Mezei próféta ("Prophet of the Fields"), was banned by communist censorship. Actually her life up to that point had been marked by confusion and tragedy. Her father,a Jew who had married a Catholic lady, disappeared without a trace during the rise of Nazism in Europe and Eva, herself, was forced to marry a Nazi officer at age 15 in order to avoid being sent to a concentration camp.
Having survived the horrors of Nazism and World War II, she found her vocation in acting but was soon threatened and persecuted by the new Communist regime. Hollywood-based producer Alexander Paal helped her escape from Hungary by marrying her and taking her to England, where she made her screen debut in Paal's production of A Tale of Five Women , filmed in 1948 but shelved for several years due to financial difficulties. After divorcing Paal, Eva received valuable support from film mogul and fellow Hungarian expatriate, Alexander Korda , who was then president of MGM-England. He placed her under contract to London Films which provided a small salary, an English language coach and the opportunity to audition for developing film projects at the studio.
In spite of this, Eva spent months without finding real work and was becoming quite desperate. William Wordsworth, a public relations man who became her third husband, suggested that she attend as many premieres and theater opening nights as possible in order to bring attention to herself. Unable to buy the proper wardrobe and accessories to make a decent showing at these social events, Eva began designing and making her own gowns and hats from pieces of cheap materials. Soon the media took notice of this beautiful brunette dressed in weird costumes and Eva Bartok became a local celebrity most notable for her hats.
The publicity caught the eye of an Italian promoter who offered Eva a contract to perform in a vaudeville show. With Korda's permission, Eva flew to Italy and had great success reciting monologues on the stages of Milan, Florence and Rome. Meanwhile, in England, the film, A Tale of Five Women had finally reached movie houses and was seen by producer-actor Burt Lancaster , who was looking for a leading lady for his next film, The Crimson Pirate . Impressed by Eva's beauty and talent, he wired her in Italy and she accepted promptly, sensing the importance of the project.
Thanks to the publicity and worldwide distribution of this film, Eva was perceived as a real movie queen but her next vehicles were not what you would expect from a rising superstar. It is understandable that Eva was a young woman marked by the horrendous experiences of her early years which might explain that, over time, she would become more concerned with spirituality than with the quality of the projects she took on all over Europe. Somehow, she became more famous for her off-camera antics than for her screen work. Eva's long lasting affair with David Michael Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven and related to the Royal Family, made headlines everywhere especially when David's wife, the Machioness, filed for divorce and named Eva Bartok as the culprit in her failed marriage. For a long time, the actress seemed to be divided between her image as a glamorous carefree playgirl among the European rich and a real human in desperate need to find the meaning of her own existence.
Her filmography in the 1950s is prolific both in England and in West Germany but it includes lots of low-budget turkeys (now "cult classics"), some decent vehicles and a few top productions. She also made a series of films that paired her with popular actor-director, Curd Jürgens , who became her fourth husband. Besides her work in movies, she appeared on London stages and on television in the UK and in the US. After turning down a Hollywood contract in 1956, Miss Bartok faced a serious health crisis when she was diagnosed with an ovarian tumor and was found pregnant at the same time. An Indonesian mystic helped her out of this predicament with a new spirituality called Subud. Eva reported later that she had been healed and was successful in giving birth to a "miraculous" baby girl in 1957. (see 'Deana Jürgens').
From then on, she was totally committed to Subud although she made half a dozen more films before retiring from movies altogether in 1967 at age 40. In later years, she revealed that daughter Deana had been fathered by Frank Sinatra but the claim went ignored by Sinatra and family. She continued her Subud activities during residencies in Indonesia, Hawaii, San Francisco, Los Angeles and London where she died quietly in 1998.
Jack Webb
John Randolph Webb was born in Santa Monica, California, to Margaret (Smith) and Samuel Chester Webb. His father left home before he was born; Webb would never know him. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother in dire poverty that preceded the Depression. Making things worse, Webb suffered from acute asthma from age six until adulthood, somewhat surprising for a man whose cigarette intake reached three packs a day at its peak. Webb's great love was movies, and his dream was to direct them. He began in radio, first as a disc jockey then as host of a comedy show (Believe It or Not!), finally as "Pat Novak, Private Eye", his first true success. A small role in the film nor classic He Walked by Night led to the creation of "Dragnet". During production, Webb befriended a LAPD police consultant assigned to the film and became fascinated with the cases he heard told. He successfully pitched the idea of a radio series to NBC using stories drawn from actual LAPD files. "Dragnet" first aired over NBC radio on June 3, 1949, and came to TV ( Dragnet ) on December 16, 1951. The show was one of the monster hits of early TV and was honored with satirizations by comics and even Bugs Bunny (!) during it's run, which lasted until September, 1959. The series' popularity could have ensured its continuation indefinitely but, by then, Webb had become a film director and would helm (and star in) five features: Dragnet , Pete Kelly's Blues , The D.I. , -30- and The Last Time I Saw Archie . The last two were box office flops, and Webb returned to TV in 1962. In February, 1963, he became Head of Production for Warner Bros. Television, a job he was fired from that December when his revision of 77 Sunset Strip sent its ratings into a death spiral. After two years of unemployment, a new opportunity arose, the made-for-TV film, of which Universal was then sole supplier. Coincidentally, they owned the rights to Dragnet and invited Webb to do a new "Dragnet" as a TV movie. It turned out so well in industry previews (oddly not broadcast until 1969) that NBC and Universal persuaded him to do a new Dragnet 1967 TV series, which lasted three-and-a-half seasons and went on to smash success in syndicated reruns. This later incarnation (co-starring Harry Morgan as "Officer Bill Gannon") is probably what Webb is best known for and unlike the 50's version, it was produced in color and increasingly focused on his personal conservative social agenda. Over the next five seasons, he regularly blasted marijuana, LSD (which was legal at the time of the revamped series debut), hippies, juvenile delinquency and disrespect for law enforcement. To be fair, the series was equally intolerant of police corruption and went to great lengths to show LAPD's self-disciplinary process as it was at the time. Webb was known as an extremely economical TV producer: his Mark VII productions routinely used minimal sets, even more minimal wardrobes (Friday and Gannon seem to wear the same suits over entire seasons, which minimized continuity issues) and maintained a relatively tight-knit stock company that consisted of scale-paid regulars who routinely appeared as irate crime victims, policewomen, miscreants and clueless parents of misguided youth. While the passing decades haven't been kind to all of the episodes--- several now seem camp, the manpower expended investigating some seemingly minor crimes is laughable and the outcome of many of the trials would be vastly different today--- they remain entertaining while representing somewhat fictionalized docudramas 1960's police operations. With renewed wealth and industry status, Webb was also determined not to repeat his past debacle as a producer/studio boss. He parlayed Dragnet's renewed popularity into a second hit series, Adam-12 , and scored an even bigger hit with Emergency! (casting his ex-wife, Julie London and her husband Bobby Troup ), a show that inspired thousands of kids to become EMT/paramedics for generations, perhaps Webb's greatest legacy. During the production of Dragnet 1967 , he maintained a rigorous daily work schedule while ignoring his health. He loved chili dogs and cigarettes, enjoyed late nights playing cards and drinking with cast members who were amazed to find him fully alert at 7a.m. the next day, expecting the same from them. The combined effect of this lifestyle made him appear older than he actually was by the late 60's. Unbeknownst to fans, he possessed a healthy sense of humor (his 1968 "Copper Clapper" appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson remains a classic) and he was a jazz fanatic, amassing one of the world's greatest collections. Webb's sense of humor didn't extend to his self-image, however. In 1977, director John Landis approached him with an offer to appear as "Dean Wormer" in Animal House and recalled Webb sitting stone-faced and unimpressed at the offer. Sadly, he rejected it as being too counter to his public persona. Webb managed to keep his company solvent until his untimely, yet not unexpected, death from a massive heart attack on December 23, 1982 at age 62. Webb was married four times: to Julie London (1947-54), Dorothy Towne (1955-1957), Jackie Loughery (1958-64), and to Opal Wright (1980-death). He had two daughters by London: 'Stacey Webb' (1950-96) and 'Lisa Webb' (born 1952).
Jill Eikenberry
The couple who plays together stays together. While this old and familiar adage probably would not work for a number of the happily married, high-profiled Hollywood star couples still thriving around town, it certainly has done wonders for one of Hollywood's more popular pairs -- actress Jill Eikenberry and her actor/husband, Michael Tucker . Broaching on a four-decade union, the couple has enjoyed a highly productive personal, as well as professional, pairing. Balancing strong solo careers as well, they have appeared together in all three mediums at one time or another, and one of their more recent projects was a cabaret act aptly titled, "Life Is a Duet", which came alive in 2007.
Born in New Haven, Connecticut on January 21, 1947, Jill was raised in Madison, Wisconsin, before moving to Missouri. She began her college studies taking up anthropology at Barnard College in New York. In her second year, however, she auditioned for and was accepted into the Yale School of Drama in New Haven, Connecticut.
She met Tucker while the two of them were performing at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C.. Appearing in "The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail" (1970), they were later cast in the play, "Moonchildren" (1971), which eventually took them to Broadway in 1972. Jill and Michael married the following year and decided to settle in New York City. Together, they have a son, Max Tucker , a sometime actor, and Jill has a stepdaughter, actress Alison Tucker , from Michael's first marriage.
Throughout the early-to-mid 1970s, Jill focused on the theater, building up a strong reputation, with roles in "The Beggar's Opera" (1972), "Lotta" (1973), "All Over Town" (1974) (her Broadway debut), "Summer Brave" (1975) and "Saints" (1976). Films began to come her way, with Rush It (her debut) and Between the Lines . In 1978, she and Michael earned small roles in both Lina Wertmüller 's A Night Full of Rain [also "The End of the World in Our Usual Bed in a Night full of Rain"] and in the social drama, An Unmarried Woman , starring Oscar nominee Jill Clayburgh . Jill finished the decade with sterling theater performances as "Alma Winemiller" in the play, "Eccentricities of a Nightingale", and in Wendy Wasserstein 's "Uncommon Women and Others", which was taped for the small screen. The entire cast got to recreate their roles except for Glenn Close , who was replaced by Meryl Streep , for the TV presentation of Uncommon Women... and Others . Jill also began to gain some ground on the largeer screen, with roles in Butch and Sundance: The Early Days , Rich Kids and Hide in Plain Sight . Making a formidable dent in TV-movies as well, she appeared in the PBS mini-series, The Best of Families , and the TV-movies, The Deadliest Season , Orphan Train , and Swan Song .
A gentle, effortless sweet nature befits the lovely Jill but it also can belie some of the stronger-willed, resourceful, even neurotic character that have played figuratively into her versatile career. This was never displayed better on film than with her breakthrough role as dipsomaniac Dudley Moore 's ever-patient but extremely passive-aggressive fiancée, "Susan", in the classic comedy film, Arthur . This success helped put her on the map in Hollywood.
Following a 1985 off-Broadway Obie Award win for her work in both "Lemon Sky" and "Life Under Water", she and husband Michael were cast in the acclaimed TV law series, L.A. Law . Produced by Steven Bochco , who had remembered them after using the duo in two episodes of his established series, Hill Street Blues , the couple not only enjoyed the steady employment but the richness in the writing of the show. While both went on to receive multiple Emmy nominations, neither won. Jill did pick up, however, a Golden Globe statuette for her excellent work on the series. The taller blonde (5'8") and her shorter husband (5'5") soon became instantly identifiable as a TV couple. Art imitated life, as well, when their characters, lawyer "Ann Kelsey" and tax specialist "Stuart Markowitz", wound up marrying on the series.
Just before the beginning of the run of the law series, Jill was diagnosed with breast cancer. The cancer eventually went into remission but, as a result of her ordeal, she became committed to her new cause and co-produced a 1989 documentary for NBC called "Destined to Live", which featured interviews with other cancer survivors, including former actress Nancy Reagan [aka Nancy Reagan]. To this day, Jill remains an ardent activist for breast cancer research and early detection. Her efforts have been recognized with awards and commendations and both she and Michael have been official spokespersons for the Susan G. Komen Foundation. She has since been inducted into the Cancer Survivors' Hall of Fame.
Jill and Michael went on to parlay their TV success into acting projects for themselves, creating a number of mini-movies as vehicles, including the social/domestic comedies, Assault and Matrimony and The Secret Life of Archie's Wife and the more dramatic A Town Torn Apart and Gone in a Heartbeat . They also appeared together in A Family Again in 1988 and reunited with their former series' cast members for the TV-movie, L.A. Law: The Movie .
On stage, the couple appeared in productions of "Love Letters", "Emma's Child" (1997) and "The Last Schwartz" (2004). Jill's more recent solo efforts in film have included Manna from Heaven , the short The Happiest Day of His Life (with Michael), and Suburban Girl .
Axl Rose
Born and raised in Lafayette, Indiana, W. Axl Rose is the pure embodiment of decadent late 1980s rockerdom. Brash, slightly misogynistic and notoriously wild, Rose grew up in a maniacally dysfunctional household - molested by his own father at age two; beaten by his abusive stepfather.
When Axl was 17 he fled Indiana on a Greyhound bus destined for Los Angeles (the haven for all that embodies sinnin' and grinnin'). After auditioning for a lion's share of punk bands (many of which he was turned down for because of his uncanny vocal resemblance to Robert Plant ) he joined the seminal rock band L.A. Guns before ultimately forming Guns N' Roses. After Guns N' Roses met with the unprecedented success of their debut album "Appetite For Destruction", massive stadium tours soon became a reality, and Axl's status as a bona fide sex symbol was officially cemented. However, internal troubles with the band members and the heavy drug use among them eventually rendered Guns N' Roses obsolete until only recently. Comeback? We'll see.
Tim Griffin
Chicago native Tim Griffin, often known as, "the actor who is in everything," has amassed a dizzying list of credits, and over the years has solidified his reputation as one of Hollywood's nicest, most charming and versatile actors.
The son of a pediatric cardiologist, he first discovered acting after being cast as Oliver Twist in a school performance of the musical "Oliver!" As a teen Griffin would star in numerous theatrical productions for "The Body Politic" and "New Haven Playhouse," as well local movies and commercials. After graduating from Francis Parker High School (among classmates Paul Adelstein, Anne Heche, and novelist Brad Thor), Griffin made the choice to put acting on the back-burner to enroll in the University of Vermont (UVM) where he graduated with a double major in political philosophy and English literature.
Griffin performed as a regular member of the UVM Players (as Claudio in "Much Ado About Nothing" and Riff in "West Side Story"). Fate intervened his sophomore year while driving back to Chicago when his car broke down outside New York City. While waiting for it to be repaired, his agents asked him to audition for a TV movie called "Taking A Stand." He was cast in the leading role of the all-star production (Betty Buckley, Jane Adams, Michael Beach). The show went on to win a Daytime Emmy for "Outstanding Children's Special."
Following this success, Griffin turned down a scholarship to study abroad at the University of Kent in England, and went to Hollywood. Giving himself the extreme grand total of one year to make or break his career, he enrolled in classes at UCLA and signed with Writers and Artists. He quickly went on to star in high-profile TV shows and movies of the week, including "China Beach," "In The Heat of the Night," and Michael Zinberg's autobiographical, coming-of-age drama "For The Very First Time."
Rejecting the advice of his agents, he elected to return to the University of Vermont to finish up his Bachelor's Degree. He considered attending graduate school for political philosophy, but his academic mentor convinced him to return to the West Coast and continue to pursue his acting career, noting that the scholarly life would always be there to fall back on if "things didn't pan out."
Unsure whether working as a "teen actor" came with an expiration date, he picked up right where he left off, landing recurring stints on "General Hospital," the critically acclaimed "Against The Grain" (co-starring "Southland's" Mike Cudlitz, and Ben Affleck), and a near-unrecognizable turn as the autistic Richie Grayson on "Party of Five." His reputation as a multi-talented actor began to grow, and in 1996, director John Singleton gave Griffin his first break into features, casting him in "Higher Learning" (Jennifer Connelly, Lawrence Fishburne) as the orientation announcer at a pep rally whose booming message was "How many people came here to change the world?!"
In his hilarious recurring role as T.R. Knight's brother, Ronny O'Malley," on "Grey's Anatomy," Griffin is best know for shooting his own dad in the butt. He became even more recognizable in 2004 when he was cast in "The Bourne Supremacy," the second installment of the legendary franchise. As "Nevins", a hapless CIA agent who interrogates the eerily silent Bourne (Matt Damon), he's repeatedly stonewalled and smugly says "You're going to play ball one way or another..." During filming, Damon (by pure accident) really cracked Griffin across the bridge of his nose, giving him a deviated septum.
Griffin's blockbuster streak continues with credits that include Jon Favreau's "Iron Man," and more than a few projects for the brilliant J.J. Abrams, such as "Cloverfield," "Star Trek"(where Abrams directed him as the doomed UFSS Kelvin's Chief Engineer in the opening sequence) and in the upcoming "Super 8"(Elle Fanning).
Being handpicked to star alongside and be directed by George Clooney in the 1920's football romp, "Leatherheads" (also starring Renee Zellweger) was a huge thrill. He re-teamed with Clooney again in the comedy "The Men Who Stare at Goats" (featuring Academy Award winners Kevin Spacey and Jeff Bridges). Griffin earned critical praise for his work in Doug Liman's true-life spy drama "Fair Game" as Paul, the lead CIA analyst charged with the unenviable task of taking on Scooter Libby (David Andrews) over the now infamous "yellow cake uranium." Starring Academy Award winner Sean Penn and Naomi Watts, "Fair Game" was awarded screen writing honors by the Writer's Guild of America, and a New York Film Critics award.
In addition to multiple recognizable commercial campaigns and television spots, Griffin has had numerous high profile projects in the past few years, including roles in feature films such as Chris Weitz's "A Better Life," John Singleton's "Abduction" starring Taylor Lautner and Clint Eastwood's "American Sniper."
On television, Griffin has starred in the Peter Berg produced NBC primetime drama "Prime Suspect," with Maria Bello and Aidan Quinn and had a major arc on the hit USA drama "Covert Affairs" opposite Kari Matchett. Up next, Griffin will play Special Agent "Adam Hassler" in the Fox event series "Wayward Pines" from M. Night Shyamalan.
Griffin lives with his wife and their two children in L.A. With his wife, he has built and remodeled several homes. He's a proud Irish-American ridiculously devoted to the Chicago Cubs.
Mimi Kirkland
Mimi Kirkland is a film and television actress. Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, Kirkland always had a love for acting and entertaining audiences. Soon after finishing pre-school, she began booking commercials left and right, including spots for Food Lion, Biltmore Estate, and the North Carolina State Fair. During her taping of the Biltmore commercial, Kirkland's mom saw her daughter embrace being on camera, and she worked well with the director and crew. The director noted after the taping that he felt she had the demeanor and creativity to be in movies, and was confident that she would be successful. Shortly after that taping Kirkland auditioned for the role of Lexie in Safe Haven. After two callbacks, and nearly missing her last day of school, she landed the career-changing role.
In 2013 Kirkland made her big screen debut, appearing in the film adaptation of Nicholas Sparks' "Safe Haven." Starring opposite Josh Duhamel and Julianne Hough, Kirkland was a scene-stealer as Lexie - Alex Wheatley's [played by Duhamel] daughter who helps to bring innocence and love back into the lives of her father and his newfound love, Katie [played by Hough]. Cobie Smulders also stars in this Relativity feature, directed by Lasse Hallstrom.
In 2015, Kirkland can be seen recurring on Disney Channel's hit series, "Austin & Ally" as Lily, a spunky and energetic fan who begins taking music lessons from Ally so she can hang out with the star. Aside from "Austin & Ally" Kirkland can also be seen in the TNT drama series, "Murder in the First" which was recently picked up for its third season. Set in San Francisco, "Murder in the First" follows homicide detectives Terry English [Taye Diggs] and Hildy Mulligan [Kathleen Robertson] as they investigate two seemingly unrelated murders. Kirkland can be seen as Louise Mulligan, Hildy's precocious daughter.
When not working, Kirkland loves to spend time with her family and enjoys participating in outdoor activities - such as bike riding, swimming, and playing tag with her sisters. Kirkland currently splits her time between Raleigh, North Carolina and Los Angeles, and lives with her mom, dad, sisters Coley and Kate.
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In which year of the 1930’s did Fred Perry first win the Wimbledon men’s singles title? | History - 1930s - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
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1931: Sidney Wood
The 1931 Men’s Championship final has a sad place in Wimbledon’s distinguished history in being the only one never to have taken place. In what was to have been an all-American affair between Davis Cup team-mates and good friends Sidney Wood and Frank Shields, the 19-year-old Wood was handed the trophy without having to swing a racket when Shields was forced to withdraw from what should have been his great day after damaging a knee in his semi-final victory over Jean Borotra.
Wood had made his Wimbledon debut as a 15-year-old in 1927, gathering a mere five games in losing his first-round match against Rene Lacoste and 1931 was his first Wimbledon since that miserable occasion.
Seeded seventh, he dropped only two sets in reaching the semi-finals, where he saw off the challenge of a bright English 22-year-old called Fred Perry in four sets. It was to be, in effect, the match which won him the title.
1933: Jack Crawford v Ellsworth Vines
Having won the 1932 Wimbledon men’s crown on debut at 21, the tall Californian Ellsworth Vines was a hot favourite to repeat that success at the 1933 Championships.
With his centre-parted hair, long-sleeved shirts buttoned at the wrists and old-fashioned square-headed racket, his opponent in the final, Jack Crawford, was a throwback to the more leisurely, elegant days of tennis, but there was nothing old-fashioned about his game, or his tactics.
Battered by the Vines serve, which produced 11 winning games to love, Crawford clung on grimly. The Australian edged through in the second 11-9 and won the third easily, only to drop the fourth. In the fifth set, Crawford abandoned his defensive tactics, began rushing the net and won the title 4-6, 11-9, 6-2, 2-6, 6-4 by breaking the Vines serve to love. It has deservedly taken its place as one of the finest ever Wimbledon finals, and proved a popular victory for the first Australian champion since Gerald Patterson 11 years earlier.
1935: Helen Wills Moody v Jacobs
The dazzling 1920s achievements of Suzanne Lenglen at Wimbledon were soon matched, and then exceeded, by Helen Wills Moody, a Californian the media nicknamed “Miss Poker Face”, whose eight Wimbledon singles titles remained a women’s record until Martina Navratilova hove into sight in the 1990s.
It was the misfortune of another Californian, Helen Jacobs, to have a career which ran parallel to the world’s greatest. Jacobs was the victim in four of Wills Moody’s last five Wimbledon finals, but none could have been more disappointing than the 1935 final. Wills Moody was short of practice and seeded only fourth when she arrived in search of her seventh Wimbledon.
Having dropped the second set Wills Moody was rattled and went match point down at 2-5 in the deciding set, saving it when Jacobs netted a wind-affected smash. Inevitably from there, Wills Moody surged home 6-3, 3-6, 7-5. The following year provided consolation of sorts for Jacobs. With Wills Moody absent, she won her only Wimbledon.
1936: Fred Perry’s third title
Fred Perry’s achievement in winning Wimbledon in three successive years still shines beacon-bright. When he pulled off the first hat-trick of titles it marked a quarter of a century since Britain’s previous men’s winner, Arthur Gore in 1909 (the year Fred was born), and since then 75 years have passed without a British men’s champion.
The fact all three of Perry’s victories were achieved in straight sets was testimony to a fitness regime, which included training with the Arsenal football team, and the first was possibly the most impressive when in the 1934 final he overcame the defending champion Jack Crawford 6-3, 6-0, 7-5.
Gottfried von Cramm, the first German to reach a Wimbledon men’s final, was Perry’s 6-2, 6-4, 6-4 victim in the 1935 final, but there was concern when von Cramm defeated Perry in the 1936 French Open final. Aided by the knowledge that the German was carrying a leg injury, though, Perry swept home 6-1, 6-1, 6-0. And after winning the US title two months later, Perry was lost to the professional game.
1937: The first television coverage
It had been less than a year since the famous Movietone News commentator Leslie Mitchell presented the first ever BBC television programme to the British public with the words: “It is with great pleasure that I introduce you to the magic of television.” Those words were spoken on 26 August 1936.
By the following spring the BBC broadcast their epoch-making first live sports coverage, with The Championships being honoured to introduce sport to a television audience, albeit of only a few thousand within a 40-mile radius of the BBC’s transmitters in north London.
With two cameras on Centre Court, the daily transmission time limited to 30 minutes, and the Corporation’s top announcer Freddie Grisewood doing the commentating, the first round match on 21 June 1937 between the fourth seed Bunny Austin and George Rogers of Ireland was screened. The next day The Daily Telegraph reported, “You could observe every movement of the players and even the passage of the marks of the lawnmower over the grass were distinctly visible”.
1937: Dorothy Round
Britain’s tennis reputation - and morale - which was given such a boost by Fred Perry’s successes was further lifted in the years preceding World War II by the achievements on the women’s side of Dorothy Round.
Round, whose religious principles caused a stir in Paris when she refused to play on a Sunday at the French Open, had teamed up with Perry for a British double in 1934 by overcoming the top-seeded Helen Jacobs in a three-set final, and three years later she became champion for the second time.
It was an altogether more arduous task in 1937. As seventh seed, Round had to repel Helen Jacobs in the quarter-finals and then France’s leading player, Simone Mathieu, in the semis before bravely coming through against the strong Polish fourth seed, Jadwiga Jerdrzejowska, 7-5 in the deciding set.
Round’s Wimbledon triumphs, which included back-to-back mixed doubles titles with Fred Perry in 1935-36, were achieved in the era of Helen Wills Moody’s greatness, and were the last by a British woman until Angela Mortimer in 1961.
1937: Singles, Doubles and Mixed
After the exhilarating hat-trick of Wimbledon wins by Fred Perry, it was the turn of the United States, spearheaded by the great Don Budge, to take over domination of the men’s singles championship - and the tall, red-headed American did it in some style by also winning the men’s doubles and mixed doubles crowns - and then repeating that astonishing achievement the following year, when he also became the first to win the Grand Slam of all four major singles titles.
As top seed, Budge dropped only one set in the 1937 singles (to fellow American Frank Parker in the semi-finals), and he crushed Gottfried von Cramm for the loss of just nine games in the final. Budge’s success in the 1937 men’s doubles, with Gene Mako, was notable as the American pair were winners in four sets against the British Davis Cup combination of Pat Hughes and Charles Tuckey. The mixed doubles, where he teamed up with Alice Marble, was an easier affair, a 6-4 6-1 stroll against the French couple, Yvon Petra and Simone Mathieu.
1937: Donald Budge v Gottfried Von Cramm
One of the finest men’s contests in the history of Centre Court took place not in The Championships but the Davis Cup, when Germany faced the United States in the 1937 Inter-Zone play-off for the right to challenge the defending champions, Great Britain, in the final.
The tie, agonisingly poised at 2-2 on the third and final day, hung on the last singles in which the newly crowned Wimbledon champion, Don Budge, faced Gottfried von Cramm, the man he had beaten to capture the title.
Before going on court Von Cramm took a phone call from Adolf Hitler urging him to win for the Fatherland. He won the first two marathon sets 8-6 and then 7-5. The next two sets went to the American but in the fifth von Cramm, playing the tennis of his life, opened up a 4-1 lead. Budge told his non-playing captain Walter Pate, “Don’t worry Cap, I’ll win this if it kills me”. And he did, breaking serve at 6-6 to win 8-6 against an opponent who saved five match points in an unforgettable contest, which ended in semi-darkness.
1938: Bunny Austin
Bunny Austin started to come to prominence in the ‘20s while an undergraduate at Cambridge but it was in the next decade that he made even more of an impact with two appearances in the men's singles final at Wimbledon in 1932 and 1938. Not since 1938, when he was beaten by the Grand Slam winner Don Budge, has a British player reached the final.
Austin was overshadowed by Fred Perry who won the Wimbledon title three times but he was a considerable force in the Davis Cup team, which won the trophy four times in the ‘30s. He was far from a disappointment at Wimbledon as he first secured a place in the singles final in 1932 when he was beaten by Ellsworth Vines of California who was recorded as having won the last point with a service which nobody saw, apart from a cloud of dust.
Austin did leave his mark on Wimbledon — in 1934 he was the first player to wear shorts there — and he was a quarter-finalist or better 10 times.
1938: Donald Budge
Don Budge of the USA started to make an impact when he first played at Wimbledon in 1935 and three years later became the first Grand Slam winner, including taking the Wimbledon title without losing a set. Three times Budge was taken as close as 7-5 but in no round did he concede more than eight games.
His final against Bunny Austin of Great Britain was his best performance that year, winning by 6-1, 6-0, 6-3. Budge won the doubles and mixed doubles as well, just as he had in 1937, and was the undoubted No.1 player in the world, a position he maintained for five years. Budge was a genuine giant of a player and his rolled backhand was widely praised as his most defining stroke.
It was a weapon that gave his game a significant foundation. During World War II he tore a shoulder muscle that affected him later in his career, which was largely spent in the professional ranks dealing with players such as Bobby Riggs, who was the last pre-war champion at Wimbledon, and Frank Sedgman.
1938: Helen Wills Moody’s Eighth
Helen Wills was beaten in the first Wimbledon final she played - against the British player Kitty Godfree in 1924--but the rest of her appearances at Wimbledon simply allowed her to demonstrate her astonishing skills on grass and the command she built and sustained over the championships. As an example, she lost a set in the first round of the 1927 championships but did not lose another until six years later, not just at Wimbledon but in any other tournament as well.
Her nickname "Little Miss Poker Face," because of her intense concentration, was well earned. In 1938 she came to play at Wimbledon for the last time, winning once more at the age of 32. It was at Wimbledon where she made the greatest impact and one of her contemporaries, Don Budge, said many years later that in his view no woman hit the ball harder until Steffi Graf came along. Wills Moody always practised with men players. It was Martina Navratilova who finally overhauled Wills Moody in 1990 when she won her ninth Wimbledon title.
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Detective Richard Poole until his death, and following that detective Humphrey Goodman, have both been the main protagonists in which BBC drama series? | Fred Perry, father of British tennis, dies | The Independent
Sport
Fred Perry, father of British tennis, dies
`He was a superlative ambassador for sport throughout the world. He was a great character, big-hearted, and a true champion'
Friday 3 February 1995 00:02 BST
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The Independent Online
The great Fred Perry has died, aged 85. Britain's last link with the Wimbledon men's singles title passed away last evening at a hospital in Melbourne, where he had been cared for since falling in a hotel bath and breaking four ribs.
Perry, who always kept in close touch with the sport, had gone to Australia to watch the tennis championships, which ended last Sunday. His fourth wife, Barbara, known to all as "Bobby", was with him, and his daughter, Penny, was on her way to Melbourne when he died.
In the 1930s, Perry became the first player in history to have his name inscribed on the world's four major singles trophies, those of Wimbledon, France, the United States and Australia, though he did not accomplish this in the same calendar year, a featwhich came to be known as the Grand Slam.
It was at Wimbledon that Perry achieved his greatest glory. In 1936 he won a third consecutive singles title, the first Briton to win three in a row since Laurie Doherty in 1903. Afterwards, Perry went to America and turned professional, leaving British tennis with a void it has been unable to fill. He became a United States citizen in 1939.
Millions in Wimbledon profits have been spent by the Lawn Tennis Association in an attempt to create a system to produce players capable at least of making a challenge on the professional circuits, let alone of emulating Perry and Virginia Wade, the lastBriton to win the women's singles title at the All England Club, in 1977.
In 1984, the 50th anniverary of Perry's first Wimbledon triumph, a statue was erected in the Wimbledon grounds, and the gates at the Somerset Road entrance were dedicated in his honour. The belated tributes were in stark contrast to the manner in which he was treated by the tennis establishment during his amateur career.
This was encapsulated after his initial Wimbledon victory against "Gentleman" Jack Crawford in 1934. Perry, soaking in the bath, overheard a member of the All England Club's committee tell his Australian opponent, "This was one day when the best man did not win." Crawford was presented with a bottle of champagne and Perry's honorary member's tie was left draped over the back of his chair.
Born in Stockport, Cheshire, the son of a cotton spinner who became a Labour MP, the forthright Perry was a fiercely determined competitor who could not abide snobbishness. The qualities that made him a magnificent champion, both as an individual and also as a member of victorious Davis Cup teams, were not always appreciated by the LTA. He was regarded as a rebel, and worse after he turned professional.
Perry and his fellow pros were virtual outlaws, discouraged from playing on any tennis court at any tennis club attached to any tennis federation. They had make do with improvised arenas, once playing at the Kop end of the Liverpool football ground at Anfield.
Versatile as a sportsman - he won the world table tennis title before turning to tennis - Perry was popular with the Hollywood set after turning professional and later the flanelled hero made a name in the sportswear industry.
John Curry, the All England Club's chairman, summarised the man well in paying tribute last night. "Fred Perry was a superlative ambassador for our sport throughout the world," Curry said. "He was a great character, big-hearted, and a true champion in every sense. He won the affection and admiration of all those involved in tennis: the players, the fans, the media, and officials. Fred was one of those rare individuals. He was at ease with all, from the youngest fans to royalty."
Christine Janes, a former Wimbledon singles finalist and co-commentator with Perry on BBC Radio, said on Five Live: "Fred was one of those indestructible people who one hoped would go on forever. He was unique. He was always optimistic and, although he was much older than many of those people he was mixing with, always seemed to stay very young at heart and be involved with people of all ages. You can't really replace him."
Also speaking on Radio Five Live was "Bunny" Austin, a Davis Cup team-mate of Perry's in the 1930s. He said: "I have the recollection of a magnificent athlete who was a sort of genius.
"He was the table tennis champion of London, Middlesex and the world. He went to a park one day and saw a game which he found out was called lawn tennis. He said `I like that game', got himself a racket and went on to play tennis exactly the same way he'd played table tennis.
"I think that if he had been trained they probably would have ruined him. He was a kind of genius. He did everything wrong, but he won. I think he was a first-class sportsman."
Chris Bailey, the recently retired British player remembered for a stirring performance against Goran Ivanisevic on the Centre Court, said: "It's a shame no one has been able to emulate what he achieved. He was a great man and a great character. He came to a few Davis Cup matches and used to support the British players - however badly we played."
David Lloyd, Britain's Davis Cup captain elect, said Perry "had an aura, something special that all great people have, and you couldn't but respect him."
Your correspondent's last conversation with our Fred was by telephone last Monday, inquiring about his health at the Epworth hospital before leaving Melbourne. We discussed the previous day's Australian Open men's singles final, in which Andre Agassi haddefeated his American compatriot, Pete Sampras.
Perry, who had watched the match on television, expressed concerned about Sampras's feet, which had blistered during the tournament. "In my day," he said, "we used to put moleskin on the soles of our feet to protect them from blisters. You could bathe and shower with it on, and when the tournament was finished, the moleskin would peel away without any trouble."
Was it still available? "Yes," he said, "I've got some with me."
Obituary, page 16
THE PERRY CREDO `Play the game on and off the court learn to accept defeat gracefully and be ever ready to appreciate your conqueror's success. Never sacrifice your strokes for the sake of winning a match. Take the long view. Let the young player adopt athree year plan of development. Practise taking the ball early. Speed is essential in modern tennis. Remember that attack is the best form of defence. Never play for safety! The courageous policy will pay in the long run. Play to the umpire. Do not insult him by throwing away points after a doubtful decision in your favour.'
l From Fred Perry's 1934 autobiography: `My Story'.
FRED PERRY 1909 Born Stockport, 18 May.
1929 Won world table-tennis championship.
1931 Reached Wimbledon semi-final, losing to the eventual champion, Sidney Woods. First played for Britain in Davis Cup, and reached challenge round, in which they lost 3-2 to France.
1932 Won mixed doubles at French Championships with Betty Nuthall. Runners-up in men's doubles at Wimbledon with Pat Hughes. Won mixed doubles at US Championships with Sarah Palfrey.
1933 Won men's doubles at French Championships with Hughes and runner-up in mixed doubles with Nuthall. Won US Championship, his first major singles title. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for first time since 1912.
1934 Won singles and doubles, with Hughes, in Australian Championships. Won Wimbledon singles for first time. Won US Championship for second time. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for second successive year.
1935 Runner-up in singles and doubles, with Hughes, at Australian Championships. Won French Championship singles, and became first player in game's history to win all four major titles. Won Wimbledon singles for second time, and mixed doubles with Dorothy Round. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for third time running.
1936 Runner-up in French Championship singles. Won Wimbledon singles for third year running, and mixed doubles for second time with Round. Won US Championship singles for third time. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for fourth successive year, having won in career 34 of 38 Cup singles and 11 of 14 doubles. Turned professional.
1939 Became US citizen.
1948 Won Slazenger Professional tournament at Eastbourne.
1950 Won Slazenger Tournament for second time.
1951 Won Slazenger Tournament for third time.
1984 Had Wimbledon statue erected in All England Club grounds, and had Somerset Road gates named after him.
1995 Died 2 February, Melbourne.
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Which legendary rock band was formed in 1973 by brothers Angus and Malcolm Young? | AC/DC guitarist Malcolm Young sick, band may have to call it quits, reports say | Fox News
AC/DC guitarist Malcolm Young sick, band may have to call it quits, reports say
Published April 15, 2014
AC/DC lead vocalist Brian Johnson (L) and Angus Young perform at the O2 Millennium Dome stadium in London April 14, 2009. REUTERS/Luke MacGregor (BRITAIN ENTERTAINMENT) - RTXDZMR
Is AC/DC going to have to call it quits?
The Sydney Morning Herald reports that founding member, Malcolm Young, 61, has returned to Australia with his family.
"He is believed to be unable to continue playing, although there has not been any explanation why," the Herald reports.
Lead singer Brian Johnson told a Florida radio station earlier this year: "One of our boys was pretty ill, so we didn't like to say anything, and we're very private about things like this, so we didn't wanna say anything. And he's a very proud man."
Australian radio personality Peter Ford reportedly said “we may not hear them perform or record ever again,” and their record label has not been answering calls or emails.
But Johnson also said this year that the band was recording new material and could go on tour to celebrate their 40th anniversary. They had reportedly booked studio time in Vancouver in May. And a source close to the band told Billboard magazine that for now, the reports of the legendary rock band's demise are just rumors.
AC/DC was formed by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young in 1973. Their hits included "Highway to Hell," "Back in Black," and "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)."
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The Kingdom of Navarre is the setting for which one of Shakespeare’s plays? | 89
4184
The Australian rock band, AC/DC, has been cranking out rock music since all the way back in 1973.
Brothers, Angus and Malcolm Young, formed the band after finding a crazy lead singer named Ronald Belford Bon Scott. The band put out seven records prior to releasing Highway to Hell in 1979. But, Bon Scott was not going to be on that ride with his friends. He was found dead a few short weeks after the Highway to Hell tour.
Malcolm and Angus Young, added drummer Phil Rudd to wild-man and notoriously hard-drinking front man Bon Scott for what finally completed AC/DC. Through the early seventies the band recorded seven albums, performing across Australia and the UK. AC/DC was widely regarded to be a hard rock band that was steadily on it’s rise.
The release of Highway to Hell and the accompanying tour had also proved to be a huge success.
On Jan. 27, 1980, the final show of the Highway to Hell tour took place at the Gaumont Theatre in Southampton, U.K. This would also prove to be Scott’s last show.
On Feb. 19, 1980, Bon Scott was found dead. The legendary AC/DC front man had been out drinking with friends, but Scott passed out in his car, and ultimately choked to death on his own vomit. He was only 33 years old.
Alistair Kinnear, a friend who had been out with Scott, discovered the body. Kinnear said,
“I left him in the car and rang his doorbell,”
“I was unable to wake Bon, so I rang Silver Smith (Bon’s ex-girlfriend). She said he passed out quite frequently and that it was best just to leave him to sleep it off.” Kinnear claims that he put the seat back, so Scott could lie flat.
The next morning, Kinnear says he discovered that his friend was still in the car, but not breathing.
Kinnear rushed him to King’s College Hospital, but Scott was pronounced dead on arrival. The details that occurred that night remain unclear.
Friend’s and family of the late singer still believe that some type of foul-play occurred in the death of Bon Scott. Several people that were with Scott that night maintain to this day that Scott was not drunk when he left the apartment. Speculation as to who could have been involved is also a topic of controversy.
Following the death of friend and lead singer, Bon Scott, AC/DC had a very tough decision to make in regards to the future of their band. Angus Young said in regards to the death of Scott “for us, it was like losing a member of your family, it’s very, very difficult to go through something like that. Not only is it your friend, it’s also somebody you’ve been working with all that time,” dailymailuk .
A short time later Brian Johnson was hired to take over lead vocals for AC/DC. Their next album, Back in Black, would be dedicated as a tribute to their late friend Bon Scott. The opening bells in “Hells Bells” are for the wild man that brought them to the door of greatness. Back in Black made AC/DC one of the biggest rock and roll acts in the world. The album remains one of the highest selling in the history of rock.
Chris McDonald
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What are measured and classified on the Saffir-Simpson scale? | Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Climatology | Names | Wind Scale | Extremes | Models | Breakpoints
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed. This scale estimates potential property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however, and require preventative measures. In the western North Pacific, the term "super typhoon" is used for tropical cyclones with sustained winds exceeding 150 mph.
Category
Types of Damage Due to Hurricane Winds
1
64-82 kt
119-153 km/h
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Well-constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days.
2
83-95 kt
154-177 km/h
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage: Well-constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks.
3
| Tropical cyclone |
Which Spanish confectionary company’s logo was designed in 1969 by artist Salvador Dalí? | Greenfieldgeography - Measuring Disasters
Measuring Disasters
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Measuring Disasters
Most hazard events are measured on some kind of scale to give them a quantifiable outcome. Some scales measure only one variable and are extremely objective e.g. the Richter Scale which measures the amount of seismic energy released in an earthquake, while others measure several variables e.g. the Saffir-Simpson scale which looks at both wind speed and height of storm surge and others have a more subjective nature e.g. the volcanic explosivity index which includes visual observations. Below is a summary of some of the most common scales for measuring disasters:
The Richter Magnitude Scale
The Richter scale was developed by Charles Richter in partnership with Beno Gutenberg in 1935. Both worked at the California Institute for Technology and designed to measure differences in local earthquakes. The Richter Scale is base 10 logarithmic scale e.g. a 5.0 magnitude earthquake is ten times larger than a 4.0 magnitude earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is calculated the amplitude of waves. This is measured on a seismograph.
The largest earthquake ever recorded was a 9.5 in 1960 in Chile. The devastating earthquake that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was a 9.2 and the recent earthquake (2011) that caused the Japanese tsunami was a 9.0. The USGS records the magnitude and location of most of the world's earthquakes.
The Mercalli Intensity Scale
The Mercalli Scale was based on the Rossi-Forel Scale. It was developed by the vulcanologist Giuseppie Mercalli who updated the Rossi-Forel Scale in 1884 and 1906. It differs from the magnitude of the Richter Scale because it measure the intensity of an earthquake in terms of its impacts and recognises that magnitude is not the only factor in determining this. It also considers other factors like depth of earthquake, terrain and population density.
Because the Mercalli Scale looks at a numbers of variables a weaker earthquake on the Richter Scale might have a higher Mercalli Scale than a stronger earthquake on the Richter scale. For example:
Japan Tohoku earthquake of 2011 (deaths = 18,500 - including deaths from subsequent tsunami)
Richter Scale = 9.0
Doctors per 1000 of population: 2.3
Healthcare expenditure per capita: $6,096.2
Infant mortality: 6.81
Aid
Government initially declined aid. First aid flights arrived on 7th May but rescuers found it hard to obtain visas. UK biggest single donor with about $33.5 million. The UN requested a total of $841 million in aid to help victims, but only about $190 million was ever collected from donor countries.
US also delayed asking for international help. Officially they asked the EU for help one week after the disaster. Most relief is in the form of assistance e.g. tents, food, blankets and not money. Cuba did offer to send over 1,500 doctors, but this offer was declined. In total it is estimated $854 million in aid was offered, but up to half was never taken.
N.B. All data comes from www.nationmaster.com , www.wikipedia.com or http://unstats.un.org . For the US I have used the nearest available data to 2005 and for Myanmar the nearest available data to 2008.
In terms of magnitude Hurricane Katrina (category 5) was actually slightly stronger than Cyclone Nargis (category 4). However, in terms of deaths and damage Cyclone Nargis was actually far more devastating. The information in the table is statistical evidence that helps support some of the reasons below of why Nargis was more devastating than Katrina:
Education: Even though levels of primary enrollment are the same in the US and Myanmar, the overall literacy rates are much higher in the US. It is not only important to be able to read and write so that you can understand the risks posed by hazards and how to minimise the risks, but it is also important that as a population you are educated about hazards by the government. The US local and national government is good at educating its citizens about how to prepare and react to natural disasters. They education people in terms of evacuation plans and also educate rescuers on how to save lives and rescue people.
Transport: Car ownership is much high in the US than Myanmar (over 100 times higher). The US also has a much more extensive road network. In fact in the Irrawaddy Delta where Nargis hit there are virtually no roads and the main form of transport is by boat. The US also has a much bigger air network with established airlines like United, Delta, Continental and American. This means that people in the US were much better able to evacuate the oncoming hurricane and also rescue teams were more easily able to reach victims, thus reducing the overall number of casualties. It also allows water, food, tents, medical supplies to reach affected areas. In times of flooding helicopters are also important - the US who spends more money on its army than any other country in the world has an abundance of helicopters.
Communications: Internet and phone usage is extremely low is Myanmar, where they are both over 70% in the US. Good communications are vital in reducing casualties because it allows people to receive warnings and updates of approaching hazards as well as call for help if they have been impacted by hazards. Again the Irrawaddy Delta is very remote and will probably have even lower internet and phone ownership than the rest of Myanmar.
Healthcare: The US spends a lot more money on its healthcare than Myanmar and has significantly more doctors per person than Myanmar. Therefore it is in a much better position to treat victims of natural disasters and in a better position to reduce many of the secondary hazards like disease common with natural disasters like Nargis and Katrina.
Level of Development: The US is an MEDC and has the largest economy in the world. Myanmar is considered by most to still to be an LEDC. Because of the US's level of development it has much more money to prepare for natural hazards and a lot of money to recover from them. Countries like Myanmar often become reliant on aid in times of natural disasters - something that they were actually slow to accept.
Aid: Both countries were slow to accept aid and the US even declined aid including the offer of over 1500 doctors from Cuba. However, Myanmar's delay in accepting aid and actually declining visas to maid aid workers was much more significant because they were much less able to help themselves. By not accepting aid more victims would have died because of their initial injuries and more people would have suffered from secondary hazards like exposure and disease.
Building Design: Most people living in the Irrawaddy Delta are poor farmers and fishermen who nearly all live in temporary structures made out of things like plastic, wood and reeds which are unable to withstand the strong winds and rain associated with cyclones. On the other hand the US has strict guidelines about building regulations and although many buildings did flood in New Orleans most stood up to the winds associated with Katrina.
Defences: Even though many of the levees protecting New Orleans failed and caused significant flooding, there were actually many other levees and coastal defences that held and reduced the impact of the hurricane. In the flat Irrawaddy Delta there were virtually no defences and even many of the regions natural defences like mangroves had been removed making the region more vulnerable and increasing the number of victims.
Insurance: Most people and businesses will have insurance in the US. This means that they can afford to live in temporary accommodation if their house has been damaged and afford for totally to be repaired. Businesses can also claim for lost income and repair any damage. This means that people are able to recover much quicker and are less likely to suffer from secondary hazards and future primary hazards. In the Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar most people would never of heard of insurance, let alone have it, meaning that they have to rebuild their houses from temporary materials and will lose significant income which may lead to secondary hazards like famine, exposure and disease.
So even though the Hurricane Katrina was one of the US's worst ever natural disasters, its impacts were not as great as Cyclone Nargis because of peoples education and the country's transport, communications and healthcare networks as well as the US's higher level of development and more stringent building regulations and defences.
Cyclone Nargis - Special Reports - BBC
Temporal Changes that have affected the impact of hazards
As well as spatial variations (i.e. between countries and regions) in the impact of hazards, there are also factors that have changed overtime (temporal). Some of these factors have increased the impacts of hazards, while others have reduced the impact. Below is a summary of the temporal changes that have changed the impact of hazards:
Growing population: The world's growing population (now $7 billion) means that there is a greater risk of drought and famine because of demand on resources, It also means diseases can spread more easily and more people live in hazardous areas e.g. near volcanoes, by rivers or on the coast.
Frequency and magnitude of hazards: The number of hazards are increasing because more people live in hazardous areas, but the frequency of hazards are also increasing because of things like climate change, deforestation and urbanisation. Things like climate change are also increasing the magnitude of hazards like drought, floods and hurricanes.
Urbanisation: More and more people are moving from rural areas to urban areas. This can mean people have better access to healthcare and education which can reduce the impacts of hazards, but it can also increase the impact of hazards because people are living in higher population densities which can aid the spread of disease and mean more people are affected by earthquakes and hurricanes that strike urban areas.
Building design: Generally building design has steadily improved and become more resistant to earthquakes, hurricanes etc. This means that less people are impacted by some hazards. However, building design can also create false security. People might believe there building is safe, bur in reality building codes have not been followed and it is still vulnerable e.g. buildings in Vam during recent Turkey earthquake.
Education: With improvements in education people are now more aware of hazards and know how to prevent them. For example, they know how to improve personal diet and hygiene to reduce disease and also how to make buildings safe against hurricanes and what to do if a tsunami is approaching
Healthcare: Ongoing improvements in healthcare have not only met less people are impacted by diseases, they have also meant more people can survive injuries caused by hazards e.g. broken limbs, infections, etc.
Hazard prediction: Organisations are now getting much better at predicting the location and or/track of hazards. Therefore organisations can give countries and communities greater warning to either evacuate and prepare. In years gone by, people may have no idea that a hurricane or flood is approaching.
Transport and communication: With improvements in communications people now hear about approaching hazards, but also hear about how to prepare and make themselves safe. They can also alert family or rescue services if they have been affected by7 a hazard. In addition im proved transport means that people can escape hazards more easily and also rescue attempts can be made e.g. helicopters can rescue flood victims.
Preparedness: Countries and communities now tend to be a lot more prepared, not only in terms of building design and hazard mapping, but also in terms of evacuation drills, medical training, rescue teams, warning sirens, etc.
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Which principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi dynasty since 1419ad? | Monaco - Grimaldi Family / History / About Monaco / Site officiel de Monaco
Grimaldi Family
Grimaldi Family
In 1997, the Principality of Monaco celebrated the 700 year reign of the Grimaldi dynasty. It all began on January 8, 1297 when the Guelf François Grimaldi dressed as a Franciscan monk, seized the fortress protecting the famous rock of Monaco and the port of Hercules.
Surmounting the trials and tribulations of history and throughout the dark periods of foreign domination, the Principality has managed to affirm its identity and preserve its independence throughout the centuries due to the wise guidance of its Princes.
The Grimaldi dynasty has bequeathed Lords and then Princes to the Principality, illustrious in their many domains, who wrote the most enticing pages in the history of Monaco. To cite but a few: Rainier I, General Admiral of France; Honore II, the first Prince of Monaco at the origins of the most important treaties with France; Louis I, Ambassador to the Holy See under Louis XIV; Antoine I, grand patron of the arts; Charles III, founder of Monte-Carlo; Albert I, renowned as the father of oceanography; Louis II, the soldier Prince; and Rainier III, the builder Prince.
Since 2005, H.S.H. Prince Albert II – already known as the green Prince for his interest in the environment – has been leading the Principality into the 21st century with the support of His sisters H.R.H. The Princess of Hanover and H.S.H. Princess Stephanie.
In 2010, Prince Albert announced his engagement to Ms. Charlene Wittstock.The wedding will be celebrated in Monaco in July 2011.
To learn more about the Grimaldi Family, please visit www.monaco-consulate.com
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Welcome to Monaco. A Riviera gem. An international cultural center for ballet, opera, music, theater and exhibitions. A place where great minds meet for business at the Grimaldi Forum Monaco. Experience heart-stopping sports action at Monaco's F1 Grand Prix and Tennis Masters and at the tables of the Casino de Monte-Carlo... or retreat to our luxurious spas (Les Thermes Marin, ESPA, Les Cinq Mondes, Willow Stream). World-class hotels (including the Hotel de Paris, Hotel Metropole Monte-Carlo, Fairmont Monte Carlo, Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel, Le Meridien Beach Plaza, Monte-Carlo Beach Hotel, Port Palace Monaco and the Hotel Hermitage) host the world's most discerning guests.
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| Monaco |
"Which French Post-Impressionist painter produced the works ""Surprised!"", ""In a Tropical Forest"", ""Combat of a Tiger and a Buffalo"" and ""The Football Players""?" | Monaco: casino, car-racing and 700 years of Grimaldis | The Independent
Monaco: casino, car-racing and 700 years of Grimaldis
Saturday 25 June 2011 23:00 BST
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The Independent Travel
The principality of Monaco consists of less than two square kilometres (0.75 square miles) of steep and rocky real estate carved out of France's Mediterranean coast.
Known today as a playground for the rich, replete with a casino and an annual car race that roars through its narrow streets, Monaco has been ruled almost continuously by the Grimaldi dynasty since 1297.
The current monarch, Prince Albert II, is due on July 1 to marry the Zimbabwean-born swimming champion Charlene Wittstock in a lavish ceremony.
Some key facts about Monaco:
In 1861 Monaco was recognised as an independent state under a treaty with France, with which it has closely been associated ever since.
After World War I France agreed to protect Monaco's independence, in return for which the principality aligned its domestic and foreign policy with Paris.
Monaco's Minister of State - the head of the government who is appointed by the sovereign - must be a French citizen.
In 1856 the Monte Carlo casino was built, triggering the principality's transformation into a playground for the rich and famous.
Over the last 50 years buildings have come to cover virtually the whole of the territory, which is now a thriving tourism and banking centre.
Motor racing has been closely associated with Monaco since 1911, when the Monte Carlo rally was launched. The first Monaco Grand Prix was held in 1929.
Monte Carlo is the name given to the mainly residential area to the north of the port. The old town of Monaco, including the royal palace, is on a promontory known as the Rock.
Monaco, with its current population of 32,000, is not a member of the European Union, but has a customs union with France and shares its currency, the euro. It does not levy income tax, which has encouraged many celebrities and wealthy businessmen to settle there.
In 2000 a report by two French Socialist parliamentarians alleged that the principality had become a haven for money-laundering, but this was fiercely rejected by the authorities there.
Monaco became a full member of the United Nations in 1993. It is the most densely populated state in the world, and the second smallest after the Vatican.
Until 2002 the death of a ruling prince without a male heir could have led to the principality reverting to France. But under a constitutional change it is now possible for the title to pass through the female line.
Prince Albert II ascended to the throne in 2005 on the death of his father Prince Rainier.
His wedding festivities are due to last two days, on July 1-2.
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The city of London in Ontario, Canada stands on which river? | London, Ontario - Western University
London, Ontario
London, Ontario
Credit: Story Box Productions
Since 1878, the fortunes of Western University and the City of London have been indelibly linked.
Western has grown into London's fourth largest employer, home to 4,000 full-time faculty and staff, 35,000 students and 306,000 alumni around the world who are forever connected to the City. The university's teaching, research and service missions encompass a wide range of activities that are an integral part of the London community.
Our commitment to London has been steadfast for more than 130 years, and will be absolute for the next 130 years and beyond. Be sure and explore our city.
The City
Explore London Set in the heart of Southwestern Ontario, London is the region’s economic, entertainment and cultural hub. With a population of more than 366,000, London is Canada’s 11th largest city and an ideal environment to work, play and live. Big enough for the ‘big city’ experience, but still far more affordable in comparison with many other Canadian cities, London boasts an extensive educational and health care community, while providing the safe and clean atmosphere of a small community. Visit the City of London website.
Seasons
We may be in Canada, but we experience four distinct seasons, ranging from hot, breezy summers to colourful autumns to crisp, snowy winters to refreshing springs. Each brings with it its own beauty and opportunities to enjoy the outdoors. No matter, pick a time of year and you’ll discover London is always busy – be it skiing on Boler Mountain, skating on local outdoor ice rinks or taking a quick trip to nearby beaches including Grand Bend and Port Stanley.
Cultural Vitality
See What's On Now
From Museum London to the main stage of The Grand Theatre , the arts thrive in nearly every corner of the city. London put down its creative roots early, over the years nurturing a heart and soul that has produced some great Canadian talent in both the visual and performing arts. Revolutionary artists like Jack Chambers and Greg Curnoe; performers like actors Kate Nelligan, Ryan Gosling and Oscar-winning screenwriter and director Paul Haggis; dancer Evelyn Hart and musician Guy Lombardo. Today, a new generation of musicians, artists and entertainers of all sorts fuel the city’s tradition of artistic excellence.
After Hours
Downtown London
Shopping. Movies. Theatre. Dancing. London always has something going on. Year-round, London has numerous festivals and cultural events, including Snowfest, Sunfest, Rock the Park, London Film Festival and World Beat and Jazz weekends. Considered a sporting hub, London has hosted the Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Summer Paralympics and the World Lacrosse Championships. Richmond Row, one of the city’s most interesting shopping districts, features more than 200 businesses catering to your every need. Richmond Row is also home to a lively nightlife scene, including night club entertainment, live theatre and jazz as well as casual and fine dining.
Sports and Concerts
What's on Today
Budweiser Gardens is a 10,000-seat, multi-purpose facility focused on major touring acts and sports. Headliners have included Kings of Leon, Sarah McLachlan, The Black Keys, and Kid Rock. It is also home to the London Knights, Ontario Hockey League and Memorial Cup champions.
Family Life
Things to Do With Kids
From Storybook Gardens and the London Regional Children’s Museum to East Park and Fanshawe Pioneer Village , opportunity abounds to keep the family entertained. With several family-friendly services including a variety of schools, health care facilities, after-school and special needs programs, children's camps and community centres, London provides parents, both current and expecting, a safe and desirable community to raise a family.
Forest City
Blaze Your Trail
London manages more than 200 parks. They range from major urban city-wide parks such as the 140-hectare Springbank Park to more intimate neighbourhood green spaces that may be just a small oasis of native species plantings. There are also specialty parks for skateboarding and dogs to go off leash. Affectionately known as the Forest City, London sports numerous treed areas and public parks. There is an extensive trail system that runs along the Thames River, right onto Western’s campus, for walking, running, biking or inline skating.
Travel
Explore Our Region
Located in the centre of southwestern Ontario, London is approximately two hours driving distance from Toronto and Detroit. The London International Airport offers direct flights to Toronto, Chicago, Ottawa and Calgary, as well as many other connections to several Canadian destinations. If you want to travel to warmer climates or exotic places, the London International Airport has flights to Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica and several locations in Europe.
| River Thames |
Who wrote the novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra? | London travel guide - Wikitravel
London [1] is a medium-sized city in Ontario , Canada . It is located west of Toronto , between Lake Huron and Lake Erie at the fork of the Thames River (not to be confused with the River Thames in London , England).
Snow in Victoria Park
Understand[ edit ]
Thames River near the fork of the Thames, Blackfriars Street Bridge in the distance
London, pop. 378,000, is a major manufacturing centre for southwestern Ontario, founded in 1793. Nicknamed the "Forest City," London has an abundance of urban parks and woodlands. In the pioneer times, travellers would find London as a cleared area in the middle of a huge forest which had to be travelled through to reach the town. Visitors today will perceive London as a treed area in the middle of cleared land, it's surrounded by farming now. Early in its history it was considered as a potential site for the capital city of Upper Canada, but that title eventually went to York (later Toronto). The city is roughly rectangular in shape, approximately 16 km (10 miles) from east to west, and 13 km (8 miles) from north to south.
Many cities, towns, counties, and rivers in this area of Southwestern Ontario take their names from their counterparts in England, and London is no exception. London features landmarks such as Picadilly Street, the Covent Garden Market and the Thames.
In the 1920s London-born Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians hit the U.S. music scene and went on to achieve legendary fame. London's Wonderland Gardens later became a big-band hotspot in 1935 - being situated on the Thames river where Guy Lombardo developed his love for speedboat racing by racing his father's small motorized boat on the Thames River behind the Labatt Brewing Company.
With 2 major hospitals, London is a regional medical center, treating patients from up to 200km away. London also has the region's only university (The University of Western Ontario) which has all the typical professional schools (business, law, medicine, engineering) as well as sciences and the arts. Since the city is also home to Fanshawe College, students comprise a significant percentage of London's population during the school year.
Visitor informations centers are located at:
Dundas Street (Downtown) Information Centre, 267 Dundas Street. Hours: M-F 8:30AM-4:30PM, Sa-Su 10AM-5PM.
London Tourist Information Centre, 696 Wellington Road South. Hours: M-Su 8:30AM-8PM.
By plane[ edit ]
The London International Airport [2] is serviced by a small handful of airlines. Air Canada and Westjet offer service from most major cities in Canada while United Express offers service to Chicago. City bus route 36 (Airport Industrial) connects to the airport. Aboutown AirbusExpress [3] and, RobertQ Airbus [4] have regular routes to London from Detroit and Toronto airports and some other Southwestern Ontario cities.
By train[ edit ]
VIA Rail [5] operates train service to and from London. The train station (888-842-7245) is located downtown at 205 York St. London is in the middle of VIA's busiest route, the Windsor-Montreal corridor, and train service runs multiple times daily, beginning as early as 5:00AM.
By car[ edit ]
London is most readily accessed from Highway 401 which runs along the southern edge of the city and connects London with Toronto (200 km to the north east) and Windsor (200 km to the Southwest). Highway 402 runs due west from it's connection to the 401 in south-west London and ends about 100 km to the west at the Ontario-Michigan boarder in Sarnia. The speed limit on the 401 in most parts is 100 km/h, but expect most people to be travelling at ~120 km/h in good conditions. The easiest exit off the 401 to London is #186, Wellington Road North. This will put you right into a busy shopping district and pointed in the right direction to get to the downtown core. There are no highways running through the city, so getting around by car necessitates travel on 2 or 4-lane roadways with speed limits ranging from 50 to 70 km/h.
London is fairly easy to navigate, as its streets are based on a grid system. Oxford Street, Dundas Street and Commissioners Road are the main east-west arteries. Fanshawe Park Road runs east-west across the northern part of the city. Southdale and Exeter Roads are the main arteries which run east-west through the southern half of the city. The main north-south arterial roads are Wonderland Road in the west, Wellington Road/Richmond Street and Adelaide Street in the centre, Highbury Ave and Clark roads in the east.
By bus[ edit ]
The Greyhound bus station, [6] , 519 434-3245, is located downtown at 101 York Street. Various other bus terminals are mostly located in downtown London.
Aboutown's NorthLink [7] connects communities from Owen Sound through to London along Highway 21, Bruce County Roads 6 and 1, Huron County Roads 20 and 22 and Highways 86 and 4. Arrival and departure from the Greyhound terminal.
By transit[ edit ]
The London Transit Commission [8] (LTC) operates within the city at a $2.75 cash fare, ticket strips are available at a reduced price at most convenience stores, and monthly passes are available. Buses vary from every 5 minutes downtown, to every 15 to 60 minutes in various other areas. The LTC doesn't operate past midnight on major routes, so expect to travel by taxi after that time.
By bike[ edit ]
The city has an extensive bicycle path network. A map can be found here (warning - large PDF)
Museum London
Museum London, 421 Ridout Street North, 519 661-0333, [10] . Contains art and historical exhibits.
Eldon House, 481 Ridout Street North, 519 661-0333, [11] . London's oldest surviving residence, containing heirlooms and furniture reflecting life in early 19th century London.
Banting House National Historic Site, 442 Adelaide St. North (at the corner of Queens Avenue and Adelaide Street), 519 673-1752, [12] . Tu-Sa: Noon-4PM. Chronicles the life and achievements of Canadian Sir Frederick Grant Banting, the discoverer of insulin. Adults $5, students and seniors $4, children under 5 free.
Blackfriars Street Bridge, across the Thames River connecting the north end of Ridout Street with Blackfriars Street. A rare example of a bowstring truss bridge. Built in 1875 and spanning 65.8m, it is the longest working span of its kind in North America.
Wortley Village [13] , Wortley Road between Askin Street and Tecumseh Ave, was voted one of Canada's coolest neighbourhoods in 2002 by enRoute magazine. Filled with eclectic, locally-owned merchants and cafes.
Royal Canadian Regiment Museum, 701 Oxford Street East (South side, one block east of Adelaide St., in an enclosed fence area.), ☎ (519) 660‑5275 ext. 5015, [14] . Tues, Wed, Fri 10 am to 4 pm; Thurs. 10am to 8 pm; Sat-Sun noon to 4 pm. This military museum is on the site of Wolseley Barracks, formerly known as Canadian Forces Base London. It used to house a regular army unit (the 1st Battalion) of the Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR), and currently houses the reserve unit (the 4th Battalion) of the RCR. The museum has displays of Canadian uniforms and equipment going back to the 1800s. Call ahead to confirm hours and that it's not closed for renovations.
There are lots of parks in downtown London. They include:
Springbank Park. A charming destination west of downtown complete with green space, picnic areas & facilities, formal gardens, wading pool, playgrounds, small family train track, merry-go-round and Storybook Gardens. Its paved trails are part of a 30-km system for walkers, cyclists, runners and roller-bladers.
Victoria Park, [15] . According to the City's website this 15-acre park is one of the most important designed landscapes of the 19th century and has been a hub of social and recreational activities since 1874. Many festivals and events take place here throughout the year. Bring nuts to feed the squirrels.
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Storybook Gardens, Springbank Park, [16] . Hours vary throughout the year. A family attraction open all year round - animals, rides, games, play areas, a splash area in the summer, skating in the winter, and beautiful gardens. Check website for admission prices.
Labatt Brewery Tours, Simcoe Street Brewery at 150 Simcoe St, 519 850-TOUR(8687), [17] , [18] . Guided tours of the brewery where Labatt founder John Kinder Labatt started brewing beer over 160 years ago. The brewery now produces more than 1 billion bottles of beer annually.
Walk or hike part of the Thames Valley Trail, a 109-km hiking trail which follows the Thames and North Thames Rivers along most of the route. Group hikes for the weekend and following week are listed each Thursday in the London Free Press Thursday Ticket section. The trail is paved for an easy walk in Gibbons, Harris, and Springbank parks.
East Park Golf Gardens and Wally World, 1275 Hamilton Road (between Highbury Avenue and Clarke Sideroad on Hamilton Road East), 519 451-2950, [19] . 18-hole golf course, driving range, mini golf, waterslides.
Forest City Velodrome, 4380 Wellington Road South, 519 878-7849, [20] . Check out the race calendar or find out more about riding on the track. Bike rentals available.
Forest City Velodrome
Original Kids Theatre Company, Spriet Family Theatre, Covent Garden Market, 130 King Street. [www.oktc.ca] One of the world's biggest and most popular youth theatre companies. Very high production quality, highly recommended.
The Grand Theatre, 471 Richmond Street, [21] . Live plays and performances. The mainstage season runs from September to May.
Budweiser Gardens, 99 Dundas Street (across the street from the Covent Garden Market), [22] . Check out what attractions are coming to town. You can catch the London Knights - the local Ontario Hockey League team - in action from late August to March.
Labatt Memorial Park, 25 Wilson Ave, is the Guinness-recognized oldest baseball park in the world, having been continuously used since 1877. The semi-pro London Majors play from April through August.
Delaware Speedway, 1640 Gideon Drive, Delaware, ON, 519-652-5068, [23] . Located just west of London, Delaware Speedway is Canada's oldest paved automobile racetrack, open since 1952. It is one of only two tracks in Canada running NASCAR late models. Racing runs on the 1/2 mile egg-shaped oval every Friday night from April through September, weather permitting, with occasional bigger races on weekends. Check the schedule for details.
Centennial Hall, 550 Wellington Street, 519 672-1967, [24] . Concerts and events - check the event schedule to see what's on.
Western Fair, [25] . The fair takes place the first two weeks of September. The site is also home to the Western Raceway, for harness racing and 750 slot machines.
Sunfest, in Victoria Park, [26] . Takes place in July and features top professional world music & dance and jazz ensembles from Canada and abroad. Free admission.
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
According to London Tourism, London has "more shopping per capita than anywhere else in North America."
CityLights bookstore, 356 Richmond Street (between King and York streets), 519 679-8420, is one of the best used bookstores to be found anywhere and a city landmark. A huge selection with a particularly good science fiction section.
Grooves Records, 353 Clarence St., ☎ (519)640-6714, [32] . London's last downtown independent record store, specializes in new/used vinyl and hard-to-find CDs.
Masonville Shopping Centre, Fanshawe Park Road & Richmond St., is one of London's two major malls and anchors the major retail development in the north end. Try also the Hyde Park big-box development, two miles west on Fanshawe Park Road.
PT Campbell BookDealer, 388 Richmond St (between King and Dundas on the east side), ☎ 519-640-5333. (Closed Holidays and Sundays): Monday - Thurday 10AM - 6:30PM ; Friday 10AM - 8PM ; Saturday 10AM - 6PM. London's family friendly used book store with over 35,000 titles to choose from. Specializing in out-of-print and antique books.
Speed City Records, 299 Springbank Drive, ☎ 519-858-2680, [33] . Specializes in punk and metal, with a gigantic, unorganized dollar vinyl section. Surly clerks are right out of Central Casting.
White Oaks Mall, 1105 Wellington Road, 519-681-0434, [34] . Over 175 stores and services, anchoring a larger big-box retail development stretching up and down Wellington Road between Southdale Road and just south of the 401.
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
Most of the Canadian and North American chain restaurants are represented in London, including The Keg, Kelsey's, Red Lobster, Tony Roma's, Milestones, Swiss Chalet and East Side Mario's. Tim Hortons, the Canadian coffee and doughnut chain, has about 30 locations within the city.
Prince Albert's Diner in London, Ontario
Downtown[ edit ]
Barakat Restaurant, 551 Richmond Street, 519 850-8080, [35] . Middle Eastern food including fantastic shawarma and falafel. Meals $5-15.
Ben Thanh , 57 York Street, at Ridout, 519 438-4888, [36] . Very popular Vietnamese/Thai restaurant with many vegetarian options and reasonable prices. Ben Thanh has recently opened a second location at Wellington Rd and Bradley Ave in the south end of the city.
Bertoldi's Trattoria , 650 Richmond St at Pall Mall, 519 438-4343, [37] . Traditional Italian family-run trattoria. Noted for wood-oven pizzas and one of the best Italian wine selections in London. Great service.
Billy's Deli, downtown on Dundas Street, just west of Richmond. Great for breakfast, Mennonite-inspired food and good portion sizes. Seasonal desserts are not to be missed and sell out quickly, particularly during strawberry season. Closed on Sundays.
The Black Trumpet, 523 Richmond St., 519-850-1500. If money is no object, the Black Trumpet is the place to go. Widely considered the top fine dining restaurant in London as of 2010.
Covent Garden Market , 130 King Street, 519 439-3921, [38] . Great place to get food downtown - over 30 vendors offer food that caters to a wide variety of tastes.
Armouries Grille, 325 Dundas Street, 519 679-6111. Hotel restaurant well known for having "London's Best Sunday Brunch," including waffles, omelettes, and a sauteed shrimp station. Reservations recommended. Breakfast, lunch and Dinner http://www.armouriesgrille.ca/
Dragonfly Bistro, 715 Richmond Street (South of Oxford, north of the tracks on Richmond), ☎ 519-432-2191, [39] . Open M-Sa for lunch and dinner. Intimate bistro, good food, reasonable prices. Indonesian Cuisine served on Monday evenings.
Jambalaya, 119 Dundas Street, 519 858-2000, [40] . Cajun, Caribbean and Thai in a cozy atmosphere.
Joe Kool's, 595 Richmond St., 519-663-5665 [41] . Offical slogan "Minutes from all Major Hospitals" belies the excellent bar and grill-style food. Great value for money. A local institution.
Manna Grill, 276 Wharncliffe Road North, 519 439-5770. Authentic Korean Dishes and Japanese Fare.
Marienbad Restaurant, 122 Carling St., 519-679-9940 [42] . Open since 1974, the Marienbad serves German and Eastern European food in a cozy, old-world atmosphere. Be sure to check out Chaucer's Pub next door as well for London's best selection of beer.
Michael's on the Thames, 1 York St., 519-672-0111 [43] . Essentially unchanged since the day it opened in 1983, Michael's is a classical fine dining experience popular with an older crowd.
On the Fork, 421 Ridout Street North (at Museum London), 519 850-FORK, [44] . Open for lunch, brunch and dinner, closed Mo-Tu. Casual fine dining with a lovely view overlooking the forks of the Thames. Menu changes seasonally. Dinner mains $12-16.
Prince Albert's Diner, 565 Richmond St., (519) 432-2835. Locally famous greasy spoon popular with students and the after-bar crowd. The menu is standard (but good) diner fare, but the milkshakes are terrific.
Raja Fine Dining, 428 Clarence St, [45] . London's best Indian restaurant.
Si Senor, 394 Waterloo St., 519-936-3186. The only truly authentic Mexican restaurant in London.
Spageddy Eddy's, 428 Richmond Street, 519 645-3002. Inexpensive pasta bar popular with students.
Stobie's Pizza, 484 Richmond Street, 519 432-2228. A local favourite with great tasting, gigantic slices of pizza. Usually open past 3AM.
Trü, 45 King St., 519-672-4333 [46] . Pricy, but high quality New American-style cuisine.
Veg Out, 646 Richmond St, ☎ 519-850-8688, [47] . Tuesday through Thursday 11:30 am - 9:00 pm, Friday and Saturday 11:30 am - 11:00 pm, Sunday 11:30 am - 4:00 pm (Brunch!) Closed Monday. Vegan restaurant with a full menu. They emphasize organic, local and fair trade ingredients and have gluten-free and raw options. Comfortable, stylish and homey with indoor and outdoor seating. The food is good enough to take even non-vegans about $40 for two people.
South[ edit ]
Cedar Cafe, 561 Southdale Rd E, ☎ 519-681-5969, [48] . Great place for Lebanese cuisine. Excellent Shawarma and Falafel sandwichs starting at $3.50. They also offer plates from $5 to $9. Dine in or take out. They also offer Herbal Shisha/Hookah to customers in a wide variety of flavors for $9. Very affordable for great quality healthy food.
Shiki Japanese Restaurant , 715 Wellington Road South, near Southdale, 519 668-7407, [49] . This popular place serves fresh and delicious authentic Japanese fare. A rare find and a perfect place for a friendly lunch meeting or romantic dinner date.
East[ edit ]
East Village Coffeehouse , 785 Dundas Street, 519 266-7584. London's only deco-inspired gallery/cafe selling up-scale locally-made foods, espresso and specialty drinks - an eco-friendly choice just steps west of London's historic Aeolian Hall. Eclectic yet cozy atmosphere reminiscent of Toronto's Queen St. West.
Vietnam Restaurant, 1074 Dundas St. E, ☎ 519-457-0762, [50] . Don't let the dive atmosphere or the industrial neighbourhood fool you - Vietnam Restaurant has authentic and excellent Vietnamese cuisine.
North[ edit ]
Crave and Next Door, 1737 Richmond St. N., 519-645-8886, [51] . Wolfgang Puck-esque upscale bar food, Crave and Next Door share a kitchen. Crave is famous for their commitment to local, seasonal food, while Next Door in particular represents excellent value-for-money.
The Waltzing Weasel, 1324 Adelaide St. N., 519-663-9194 [52] . Authentic English pub food and a wide selection of ales.
Milestones Bar and Grill, 1680 Richmond St. North, (519) 850-5116 [53] . A warm, cozy atmosphere and homestyle cuisine.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Generally, the locals head to the bars and clubs around 10-11PM and stay until closing time at 2:30AM (last call is at 2AM). Cover charges are minimal ($5-10) or nil, while drink prices are relatively reasonable.
Barney's, 671 Richmond Street, ☎ (519) 432-1425. A very entertaining bar with good crowds, reasonable drink prices, and pleasant staff. The patio is extremely popular in summer, expect long lines.
Call the Office, York & Clarence, ☎ 519-432-BAND, [54] . Live rock music five nights a week, CTO is the anchor of London's independent music scene. Retro night on Sundays is extremely popular.
The Ceeps, 671 Richmond St., [55] . Officially the CPR Hotel, the Ceeps has been in existence since 1890 and has never stopped being one of the most popular UWO bars. The local joke is "your grandfather drank here, your father drank here, and your son someday will too".
Chaucer's Pub, 122 Carling St., ☎ (519) 679-9940, [56] . London's largest selection of beer, specializing in Eastern European lagers and ales. The old-world atmosphere is unique in the city, featuring a gigantic stone fireplace, no TV's, and music provided only by a piano.
The Bungalow, 910 Waterloo St, ☎ 519-434-8797. 11:30 AM - 12:00 AM. Friendly Neibourhood Hub featuring Build-Your-Own-Burgers, affordable wine and draught beer selection in the heart of London's historic Old North neighbourhood. $10 - $15.
Lavish, 238 Dundas Street. London's only LGBT club. Can be fun but monotonous at times.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Staybridge Suites, 824 Exeter Road, +1 519 649-4500, ' [57] . Located near highway 401 on the south edge of town. All suite hotel. Full kitchens (including dishwasher), jacuzzi, breakfast and dinner buffet is included for around $100. Excellent value. London's #1 rated hotel on TripAdvisor.
Hampton Inn London Ontario, 840 Exeter Road, +1 519 649-6500, [58] . Located near highway 401 on the south edge of town.
Country Inn & Suites, 774 Baseline Rd E, +1 519 430-1150, [59] . Located directly across from Victoria hospital and therefore usually quite quiet. Rooms typically start around $70.
Splurge[ edit ]
Delta London Armouries, 325 Dundas Street, +1 519 679-6111, [60] . Located downtown. Converted from an armoury originally built in 1905. Indoor pool, whirlpool and children's splash pool, plus saunas and a fitness room. Excellent Sunday brunch ($25pp, reservations recommended). Pet-friendly. Rooms start at $180 per night.
Hilton London Ontario, 300 King Street, +1 519 439-1661, [61] . Located downtown. Fitness room and pool. Rooms start at $140 per night.
Stay safe[ edit ]
London is a very safe city for the most part. The downtown area is very safe apart from around the time when the bars let out around 2 AM on weekends.
Contact[ edit ]
Central London Public Library, 251 Dundas St., 519 661-4600. Closed Sunday. All London library branches (there are 16 throughout the city) offer free computer/internet access for 30 minutes a day. Free WiFi is available at most locations, including the Central branch.
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In which British city is the Royal Northern College of Music? | Royal Northern College of Music Concert at Sheremetev Palace | British Council
Royal Northern College of Music Concert at Sheremetev Palace
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Monday 31 March 2014 - 00:00 Sheremetev Palace, St.Petersburg
On Monday 31 March Mikhail and Elena Nemtsovi present a celebratory concert on behalf of the Royal Northern College of Music (RNCM) at Sheremetev Palace.
Cellist Mikhail and pianist Elena, known collectively as the Nemtsov Duo, will perform works by British composer Benjamin Britten and Russia’s Dmitry Shostakovich The special concert is offered as a gift from Manchester (home of the RNCM) to its twin city of St. Petersburg.
PROGRAMME
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First Impressions was the original title of which Jane Austen novel? | Study Here - Royal Northern College of Music
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In the world of technology how is Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer 3 better known? | MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)
MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)
Other facets: unitary, binary, symbolic
Last significant FDD update: 2012-03-02
Draft status: Full
Identification and description
Full name
MP3 (common name). MPEG Layer III audio encoding is defined in two ISO/IEC specification families (MPEG-1: 11172-3 and MPEG-2: 13818-3).
Description
MP3 compression employs perceptual coding, an approach based on psychoacoustic models that permit the codec to discard or reduce the precision of audio components that are less audible to human hearing. The three classes of audio compression associated with MPEG-1 and -2 specifications are known as Layers I, II, and III; MP3 is shorthand for Layer III. Each higher level designation increases the trade-off between increased syntax and coding complexity and improved coding efficiency. An MP3 file created with a bitrate of 128 kbit/s by about 1/11 the size of an uncompressed LPCM file at compact disk levels of quality (44.1 kHz, 16 bits deep). An MP3 file can also be recorded at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.See Notes for more information.
Production phase
Other file or wrapper formats, not documented at this time
Local use
LC experience or existing holdings
MP3_ENC in MP3_FF , used extensively as a service format for American Memory. Used as the accepted format for electronic registration of sound recordings by the U.S. Copyright Office in the CORDS online registration support system (late 1990s, early 2000s), and likely to be used in successor copyright-related systems.
LC preference
General preference for preservation-oriented recorded sound is WAVE_LCPM . For compressed sound, MP3 is acceptable, especially at data rates of 128 Kb/s (mono) or 256 Kb/s (stereo) or higher.
Sustainability factors
Disclosure
Open standard. Developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
Documentation
(1) MPEG-1: ISO/IEC 11172-3. Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s -- Part 3: Audio. (2) MPEG-2: ISO/IEC 13818-3. Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information -- Part 3: Audio.
These specifications describe the syntax and semantics for three classes of compression methods known as Layers I, II, and III. MP3 is Layer III. See list of ISO documents in Format specifications below; see also MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 .
Adoption
Widely adopted for World Wide Web dissemination and playback on specialized devices. Many software tools exist for encoding and decoding.
Licensing and patents
Various authorities cite a number of patent claims associated with MP3; see for example A Big List of MP3 Patents (and supposed expiration dates) (consulted in March 2008). The practical impact of these claims is not clear to the compiler of this document.
Transparency
History
The following was paraphrased from the Wikipedia article (consulted February 28, 2012): MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in MPEG-2 standard. The first MPEG audio subgroup included engineers from Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalized in 1992, and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).
Format specifications
ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993. Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s -- Part 3: Audio. Describes syntax and semantics for three classes of compression methods known as Layers I, II, and III.
ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993/Cor 1:1996
ISO/IEC 13818-3 (Second edition, 1998). Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures and associated audio information -- Part 3: Audio. Describes syntax and semantics for three classes of compression methods known as Layers I, II, and III.
Useful references
| MP3 |
In Norse mythology who was the god of beauty, innocence, peace, and rebirth? | What is MPEG standards (Moving Picture Experts Group)? - Definition from WhatIs.com
The MPEG standards are an evolving set of standards for video and audio compression and for multimedia delivery developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group ( MPEG ).
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MPEG-1 was designed for coding progressive video at a transmission rate of about 1.5 million bits per second. It was designed specifically for Video-CD and CD-i media. MPEG-1 audio layer-3 ( MP3 ) has also evolved from early MPEG work.
MPEG-2 was designed for coding interlaced images at transmission rates above 4 million bits per second. MPEG-2 is used for digital TV broadcast and DVD . An MPEG-2 player can handle MPEG-1 data as well.
MPEG-1 and -2 define techniques for compressing digital video by factors varying from 25:1 to 50:1. The compression is achieved using five different compression techniques:
The use of a frequency-based transform called Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT).
Quantization, a technique for losing selective information (sometimes known as lossy compression) that can be acceptably lost from visual information.
Huffman coding, a technique of lossless compression that uses code tables based on statistics about the encoded data.
Motion compensated predictive coding, in which the differences in what has changed between an image and its preceding image are calculated and only the differences are encoded.
Bi-directional prediction, in which some images are predicted from the pictures immediately preceding and following the image.
The first three techniques are also used in JPEG file compression.
A proposed MPEG-3 standard, intended for High Definition TV ( HDTV ), was merged with the MPEG-2 standard when it became apparent that the MPEG-2 standard met the HDTV requirements.
MPEG-4 is a much more ambitious standard and addresses speech and video synthesis, fractal geometry, computer visualization , and an artificial intelligence ( AI ) approach to reconstructing images. MPEG-4 addresses a standard way for authors to create and define the media objects in a multimedia presentation, how these can be synchronized and related to each other in transmission, and how users are to be able to interact with the media objects.
MPEG-21 provides a larger, architectural framework for the creation and delivery of multimedia. It defines seven key elements:
Digital item identification and declaration
Content handling and usage
Intellectual property management and protection
Terminals and networks
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The U.S. horseracing Triple Crown is a title awarded to a three-year-old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and which other race? | Triple Crown | American horse racing | Britannica.com
American horse racing
Sir Barton
Triple Crown, in American horse racing , championship attributed to a three-year-old Thoroughbred that in a single season wins the Kentucky Derby , the Preakness Stakes , and the Belmont Stakes . It had long been considered one of the most coveted and celebrated achievements in all of sports , but with the sharp decline of horse racing’s popularity by the beginning of the 21st century, the Triple Crown became less prestigious in the eyes of the general sporting public. However, it is still an elusive achievement: since 1875, the first year in which all three races were in existence simultaneously, only 11 horses have accomplished the feat.
Rachel Alexandra (right), ridden by Calvin Borel, clearing the pack to win the 2009 Preakness …
Nick Wass/AP
Efforts to cluster races along the lines of the British Triple Crown began after the American Civil War . In 1875 Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr. —the founder of Churchill Downs, home of the Kentucky Derby—tried to promote a Triple Crown centred around his Derby . At the turn of the 20th century, race organizers in New York focused on three contests that took place in that state. These efforts failed owing to provincialism among the racing entities, with each one insisting that its own events were preeminent. In fact, it was a long time before the socialites of the Eastern states, who largely controlled the sport, would even allow their horses to run in the “West” at Churchill Downs. It was this stubborn attitude, along with a belief that the Derby was raced too early in the year—before young three-year-old horses had fully matured—that impelled owner Samuel Riddle to keep the great Man o’ War out of the Kentucky Derby in 1920, thereby denying him a probable Triple Crown.
The concept of an American Triple Crown was popularized in great part through the writings of Charles Hatton, a columnist for the Daily Racing Form. He frequently used the term triple crown in reference to the three races in the 1930s, and as the term caught on, more and more owners and trainers began to prepare specifically for these contests. By the 1940s, newspapers were routinely using the term. The Triple Crown title was formally proclaimed in December 1950 at the annual awards dinner of the Thoroughbred Racing Associations in New York and retroactively awarded to Sir Barton , the first horse to win all three races (1919). The title was then given to subsequent pre-1950 winners at following annual dinners of the organization.
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| Belmont Stakes |
Kampala is the capital city of which country? | Kentucky Derby History | 2017 Kentucky Derby & Oaks | May 5 and 6, 2017 | Tickets, Events, News
Derby History Derby Traditions Moments Fashion through the Decades
Kentucky Derby History
There are few American sporting events with the history and popularity of the Kentucky Derby. It’s rich traditions – sipping a mint julep, donning a beautiful hat, and joining fellow race fans in singing “My Old Kentucky Home” – transcend the Kentucky Derby from just a sporting event, making it a celebration of southern culture and a true icon of Americana. The Kentucky Derby is the longest running sporting event in the United States, dating back to 1875. The race is often referred to as "The Run for the Roses®" and has continuously produced “the most exciting two minutes in sports”; uninterrupted, even when coinciding with profound historical events like The Great Depression and World Wars I & II.
The Kentucky Derby’s long history began in 1872, when Meriwether Lewis Clark, the grandson of William Clark – of the famed pair Lewis and Clark – traveled to Europe. While there, Clark attended the Epsom Derby in England, a well-known horse race run since 1780, and also fraternized with the French Jockey Club, a group that developed another popular horse race, the Grand Prix de Paris Longchamps. Clark was inspired by his travels and experiences, and, upon his return, was determined to create a spectacle horse racing event in the States. With the help of his uncle’s John & Henry Churchill, who gifted Clark the necessary land to develop a racetrack, and by formally organizing a group of local race fans to be named the Louisville Jockey Club, Clark and his new club raised funds to build a permanent racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky. On May 17th, 1875, the racetrack opened its gates and the Louisville Jockey Club sponsored the very first Kentucky Derby. A total of fifteen three-year-old Thoroughbred horses raced one and a half miles in front of a cheering crowd of approximately 10,000 spectators. Aristides was the first winner of the Kentucky Derby.
As with any major event, the Kentucky Derby has undergone various changes over the course of three centuries. From shortening the distance of the race, the introduction of traditions like draping the winning horse in a garland of roses, to the growing size of Derby crowds, the Kentucky Derby has embraced the change of time, while honoring the integrity of the spectacle race set forth by Meriwether Lewis Clark. Follow the timeline below to see just how far the Kentucky Derby has come since 1875. You’ll learn about special events in the history of the Kentucky Derby, like legendary horse performances, record-setting race facts and significant changes in the celebration of the Kentucky Derby.
1874 – Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark forms the Louisville Jockey Club and acquires land for racetrack from his uncles John & Henry Churchill.
1875 – The first Kentucky Derby race takes place on May 17th. Aristides races 1.5 miles to win, in a field of fifteen horses, in front of a crowd of 10,000 spectators.
1883 – Leonatus wins the Derby, and the name “Churchill Downs” is first used to landmark the racetrack that is the home of the Kentucky Derby.
1889 – Bookmakers demand that Colonel Clark remove pari-mutuel betting machines, because they are cutting into the bookmakers profits. Spokane wins the Derby.
1894 – Due to the growing crowd size, a 285-foot grandstand is constructed to accommodate race fans. Chant wins the Derby.
1895 – The famed Twin Spires greet the Kentucky Derby crowd, on May 6th. Halma wins the Derby.
1896 – It is thought that the distance of the Derby race is too long for three year old Thoroughbreds that early in the spring, so the distance of the Derby race is shortened from one and a half miles to one and a quarter miles. Ben Brush wins the Derby, and he receives a floral arrangement of white and pink roses.
1899 – Founder of the Kentucky Derby, Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark, commits suicide on April 22, 1899, just twelve days before the 25th running of the Kentucky Derby, where Manuel wins.
1903 – Now under the leadership of Colonel Matt J. Winn, the racetrack celebrates its first profit after the Kentucky Derby on May 2nd where Judge Himes wins the race.
1904 – The red rose becomes the official flower of the Kentucky Derby and Elwood wins the race.
1908 – The use of pari-mutuel wagering machines is restored, and bookmakers are outlawed. The Derby day crowd bets a total of $67,570 of which $18,300 is placed on the Derby race alone. Stone Street wins the Derby.
1911 – The minimum bet is reduced from $5 to $2, and a betting booth is introduced. Two men are stationed in a booth to receive fans’ bets – one sells the wagering ticket, and the other operates a clicker to account for the number of tickets sold. Meridian wins the Derby.
1913 – The fees to enter a horse in the Derby and the Derby winning prize money are restructured. The new charges are $25 to nominate a horse for the Kentucky Derby and $100 for the horse to actually run in the race. With those collected fees, plus Churchill Downs adding $5,000 to the purse, the winning horse receives $5,475. Donerail wins the Derby, and becomes the longest shot to win. He pays $184.90 to win bets, $41.20 to place bets, and $13.20 to show bets.
1914 – Old Rosebud wins the Derby and sets a new track record, finishing the race in 2:03:04 and eight lengths ahead of the second place finisher.
1915 – For the third consecutive year, the Kentucky Derby splashes the news, as the first filly, Regret, wins the race. This publicity establishes the Kentucky Derby as a premier sporting event in America, after its 41st running.
1919 – Sir Barton wins the Derby and is also the first winner of what would become the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. In the span of just 32 days, Sir Barton won the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, the Withers Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes.
1922 – Mor Vich wins the Derby and, in addition to the winning purse, he receives a gold buffet service piece including a cup and candlesticks. The prize is valued at $7,000 and is the first Derby presentation of its kind. 1924 – Black Gold wins the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby, and he receives a trophy, exactly like the one presented today.
1925 – The first network radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby takes place on May 16th, with about 5 to 6 million listeners tuning in to hear Flying Ebony win the Derby. Also, notable in the year, the phrase “Run for the Roses®” is coined by Bill Corum, a sports columnist for the New York Evening Journal and the New York Journal - American.
1930 – Gallant Fox wins the Derby, and the term Triple Crown is officially used by the New York Times to describe his combined wins in the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes.
1931 – The Kentucky Derby is permanently scheduled for the first Saturday in May, as opposed to an undetermined date in mid-May. The move was largely due to the popularity of the idea of a Triple Crown winner, and allowed for a consistent racing schedule for horses that would participate in the three races – The Kentucky Derby, followed by the Preakness Stakes, followed by the Belmont Stakes.
1932 – Despite the Great Depression, the Kentucky Derby race continues to take place and has much to celebrate. The race is internationally broadcast, reaching England’s British Broadcasting Company, and the winner, Burgoo King, is the first Kentucky Derby winner to be draped in a garland of red roses.
1938 – A tunnel is constructed under the racetrack that connects the grandstand, spectator seats to the field inside the racetrack, called the “infield”. Admission is 50 cents to enjoy the Derby from the infield. Lawrin wins the Derby and he is the first to take to a stand built in the infield for the official presentation to the Kentucky Derby winning horse.
1943 – Regardless of the war-time travel restrictions from World War II and no out-of-town tickets sold to the Kentucky Derby, 65,000 fans gather at Churchill Downs to see Count Fleet easily defeat the field at 2-5 odds.
1949 – The 75th Kentucky Derby is locally telecast for the first time, and Ponder wins the Derby.
1952 – The public exposure of the Kentucky Derby is expanded with the first national live television coverage in its history. An estimated 10 to 15 million viewers tune in to watch Hill Gale win the Derby.
1954 – The Kentucky Derby winning purse exceeds $100,000, and Determine is the horse to cash in.
1966 – The famed “Millionaires Row” dining room is introduced, and Kauai King wins the Derby.
1968 – Dancer’s Image is the first Derby winner to be disqualified. Following the race, Dancer’s Image tested positive for an illegal medication, so the purse is taken from him, and awarded to the second-place finisher Forward Pass, who is declared the winner.
1970 – Diane Crump is the first female jockey to ride in the Kentucky Derby race. Crump finished 15th out of 18 horses in the field; and even though her Derby race wasn’t a win, she brought women to the forefront of horse racing. Dust Commander wins the Derby.
1973 – In the 99th running of the Kentucky Derby, Secretariat wins with the fastest finishing time to date. Secretariat completed the race in 1:59:40, and went on to win the Triple Crown, for the first time in 25 years.
1974 – The second largest crowd in the history of U.S. Thoroughbred racing watches Cannonade win the 100th Derby. There were a total of 163,628 fans at Churchill Downs to watch the race, which also had a record large field size of 23 horses.
1977 – Seattle Slew wins the Kentucky Derby and goes on to win the Triple Crown. He is the 10th Triple Crown winner, and the only horse to take that title while also undefeated.
1978 – Affirmed wins the Kentucky Derby and goes on to win the Triple Crown.
1984 – The Kentucky Derby is simulcast at 24 racetracks across the nation, allowing those racetracks to live wager on the Kentucky Derby race. A North American record is set for wagering on a single race, at $18,941,933. Swale wins the Derby.
1985 – The Kentucky Derby Museum is opened on the grounds of Churchill Downs Racetrack just one week before the Kentucky Derby is run. The museum’s mission was, and still is, to continue to preserve the history and to share the fun of the Kentucky Derby experience. Spend A Buck wins the Derby.
1986 – The home of the Kentucky Derby race, Churchill Downs Racetrack, is formally placed on the register of National Historic Landmarks. Ferdinand wins the Derby.
1988 – Winning Colors wins the Derby, she is only the third filly in racing history to capture the Kentucky Derby win.
1995 – Thunder Gulch wins the Derby, when the purse is increased to $1 million.
1996 – The Kentucky Derby general admission price is raised to $30; it was only 50 cents when it was first opened in 1938. Grindstone wins the Derby.
1999 – The Kentucky Derby celebrates its 125 running, and Charismatic wins the race. This is the first year Kentucky Derby fans are able to place Future Wagers. The Future Wager allows fans to bet on contenders leading up to the Derby race, when the odds are higher and there is an opportunity to win more money if the contender wins.
2000 – This year marked the third century in which the Kentucky Derby was run; Fusaichi Pegasus wins the Kentucky Derby.
2004 – The Kentucky Derby winner is Smarty Jones, and he is later featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated.
2006 – Barbaro wins the Kentucky Derby, by six and a half lengths; the largest victory since 1946. Barbaro was injured just weeks later in the Preakness Stakes, and passed away after complications of that injury. He was a Kentucky Derby fan favorite, and a bronze statue is placed above his remains at the entrance of Churchill Downs Racetrack.
2012 – The 138th Kentucky Derby was a record-setting year. I’ll Have Another wins the race in front of the highest attended Kentucky Derby of 165,307 fans. Wagering also set a record, with $133.1 million wagered on the Kentucky Derby race across all-sources.
2015 – American Pharoah wins the Kentucky Derby and goes on to win the Triple Crown. He is the last horse to date to win the Triple Crown.
Learn more about the Kentucky Derby and its history:
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Which book features the battle of the cowshed? | SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Chapter IV
Animal Farm
Chapter V
Summary
By late summer, news of Animal Farm has spread across half the county. Mr. Jones lives ignominiously in Willingdon, drinking and complaining about his misfortune. Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, who own the adjoining farms, fear that disenchantment will spread among their own animals. Their rivalry with each other, however, prevents them from working together against Animal Farm. They merely spread rumors about the farm’s inefficiency and moral reprehensibility. Meanwhile, animals everywhere begin singing “Beasts of England,” which they have learned from flocks of pigeons sent by Snowball, and many begin to behave rebelliously.
At last, in early October, a flight of pigeons alerts Animal Farm that Mr. Jones has begun marching on the farm with some of Pilkington’s and Frederick’s men. Snowball, who has studied books about the battle campaigns of the renowned Roman general Julius Caesar, prepares a defense and leads the animals in an ambush on the men. Boxer fights courageously, as does Snowball, and the humans suffer a quick defeat. The animals’ losses amount only to a single sheep, whom they give a hero’s burial. Boxer, who believes that he has unintentionally killed a stable boy in the chaos, expresses his regret at taking a life, even though it is a human one. Snowball tells him not to feel guilty, asserting that “the only good human being is a dead one.” Mollie, as is her custom, has avoided any risk to herself by hiding during the battle. Snowball and Boxer each receive medals with the inscription “Animal Hero, First Class.” The animals discover Mr. Jones’s gun where he dropped it in the mud. They place it at the base of the flagstaff, agreeing to fire it twice a year: on October 12th, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed—as they have dubbed their victory—and on Midsummer’s Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.
Analysis
This chapter extends the allegory of the Russian Revolution to Russia’s interwar period. The spread of Animalism to surrounding farms evokes the attempts by Leon Trotsky to establish communism as an international movement. Trotsky believed, as did Karl Marx, that communism could only achieve its goals if implemented on a global scale, and he devoted much of his formidable intelligence and eloquence to setting off what Western leaders later called the “Domino Effect.” The Domino Effect, or Domino Theory, posited that the conversion or “fall” of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of other noncommunist governments in nearby states. Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this theory to justify their military involvement in Greece, Turkey, and Vietnam—countries they hoped to “save” from the spread of communism. In Animal Farm, the proprietors of the neighboring farms fear a similar contagion, which we might term the “Snowball Effect.” Just as the West tried to discredit Russian communism, so do Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick spread disparaging rumors about Animal Farm. Just as diplomatic skirmishes between the West and Russia ended up bolstering Trotsky and his allies, the armed skirmish between humans and animals ends up strengthening the animals’ hold on the farm.
In this chapter, Orwell makes masterful use of irony, an important component of satirical writing, to illustrate the gap between what the animals are fighting for and what they believe they are fighting for. All of the animals—except Mollie—fight their hardest in the Battle of the Cowshed, but as Chapter III demonstrates, they do not fully understand the ideals for which they fight, the principles that they defend. In putting all of their energies toward expelling the humans, the animals believe that they are protecting themselves from oppression. In reality, however, they are simply and unwittingly consolidating the pigs’ power by muting the primary threat to the pigs’ regime—the human menace. Moreover, though the animals are prepared to give their lives in defense of Animal Farm, they appear unprepared to deal with the consequences of their fight: Boxer is horrified when he thinks that he has killed the stable boy.
Snowball’s emphatic declaration after the battle of the need for all animals “to be ready to die for Animal Farm” sets up Orwell’s scrutiny of the motivations behind mass violence and manipulative leadership. Many readers have assumed that Animal Farm, in its critique of totalitarian communism, advocates the Western capitalist way of life as an alternative. Yet a closer reading suggests that Orwell may take a more complicated stance. For if the animals represent the Russian communists and the farmers represent noncommunist leaders, we see that Orwell denounces the communists, but also portrays the noncommunists in a very harsh light. Mr. Jones proves an irresponsible and neglectful farm owner, and neither Mr. Pilkington nor Mr. Frederick hesitates to quash violently any animal uprisings that threaten his own supremacy. There is nothing noble in the men’s unprovoked attack on Animal Farm—they undertake this crusade merely out of self-interest.
| Animal Farm |
"""An Agony in Eight Fits"" is the subtitle of which literary work, first published in 1876, it was written by Lewis Carroll?" | How does Snowball direct the Battle of the Cowshed? | Animal Farm Questions | Q & A | GradeSaver
How does Snowball direct the Battle of the Cowshed?
This takes place in chapter 4 of Animal Farm I believe.
Asked by dani s #221909
on 12/26/2011 6:40 PM
Last updated by daniella w #333984
on 8/21/2013 11:51 PM
Answered by Aslan
on 12/26/2011 6:45 PM
Snowball is the battle plan organizer. He reads many famous books about war and strategy like Julius Caesar. Snowball anticipates Farmer Jones's return and carries out his battle plan. He organizes the animals’ attack and defence. Snowball even charges farmer Jones himself and takes a bullet.
Answered by jill d #170087
on 12/26/2011 6:59 PM
Snowball had studied a book of Julius Caesar's campaigns. Having planned multiple attacks, Snowball first sent in the pigeons, who were followed closely by the geese. Then came the second attack, which included Muriel, Benjamin, the sheep, all led by Snowball. They lashed at the men with hooves, but then soon had to retreat as the men were beating them with sticks and 'hobnailed" boots.
The men thought they'd won the battle and gave a shout of triumph; they thought the animals were running away and they followed them without any order. This was the men's mistake, Snowball had planned what was happening and led them into an ambush. They cornered the men inside the yard and blocked any places where they could escape. Then Snowball signaled the charge, running straight for Jones himself. Jones shot at him but only skimmed his back with the bullets, although a sheep fell dead on the ground.
Snowball kept up the attack, and Jones ended up in a pile of dung where he dropped his gun while falling. Boxer then began to attack like a stallion; he killed Foxwood's stable boy. The animals continued to attack unmercifully; trampling, biting, and goring any man in their path. Even the cat jumped in........ off the roof, claws bared. As soon as the coast was clear and an opening presented itself, the men ran away. The animals had won the Battle of the Cowshed, and the only man left behind was simply a boy; the stable hand.
Source(s)
Answered by jill d #170087
on 12/26/2011 7:03 PM
Hobnailed Boots (I thought you might find this interesting)
In footwear, a hobnail is a short nail with a thick head used to increase the durability of boot soles.
They are known in Scotland as "tackety boots," usually have an iron horseshoe-shaped insert, called a heel iron, and an iron toe-piece. The hobnails stick out below the sole and provide traction on soft or rocky ground, ice, and snow, but they tend to slide on smooth hard surfaces.
Source(s)
Answered by daniella w #333984
on 8/21/2013 11:51 PM
Snowball assigns the positions of all the animals.
he sends the pigeons in first, swiftly followed by the geese.
the other animals then follow suite, with Napoleon however not being present.
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"Who was known as ""The Father of Antiseptic Surgery""?" | Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
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Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
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Joseph Lister is the surgeon who introduced new principles of cleanliness which transformed surgical practice in the late 1800s. We take it for granted that a surgeon will guard a patient's safety by using aseptic methods. But this was not always the case, and until Lister introduced sterile surgery, a patient could undergo a procedure successfully only to die from a postoperative infection known as ‘ward fever’.
Born in Essex, Lister was interested in surgery from an early stage - he was present at the first surgical procedure carried out under anaesthetic in 1846. Lister continued his studies in London and passed his examinations, becoming a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1852. He was recommended to visit Professor of Clinical Surgery James Syme (1799-1870) in Edinburgh and became his dresser, then house surgeon and then his son-in-law.
Lister moved to Glasgow in 1860 and became a Professor of Surgery. He read Pasteur's work on micro-organisms and decided to experiment with using one of Pasteur's proposed techniques, that of exposing the wound to chemicals. He chose dressings soaked with carbolic acid (phenol) to cover the wound and the rate of infection was vastly reduced. Lister then experimented with hand-washing, sterilising instruments and spraying carbolic in the theatre while operating, in order to limit infection. His lowered infection rate was very good and Listerian principles were adopted throughout many countries by a number of surgeons. Lister is now known as the ‘father of antiseptic surgery’.
| Joseph Lister |
Who wrote The Charlie Chan detective novels? | Abstracts: Lord Joseph Lister the “Father of antiseptic surgery”
Lord Joseph Lister the “Father of antiseptic surgery”
Abstract: 1051
Date & Time: May 21, 2012 01:00 PM
Session Title: History Forum
Sources of Funding: None
Introduction and Objectives
The year 2012 marks the centenary of his death. His lifetime work is discussed, which was central to the surgical revolution of the 19th century.
Methods
Information is based on original research from the archives at King’s, the Royal Society of Medicine, the Royal College of Surgeons, the Wellcome Library, Lister Institute and BBC sound recordings.
Results
In the pre-Listererian era, in the middle of the 19th century abdominal surgery carried such a high risk of mortality due to infection that it was banned. Lister’s antiseptic techniques made it possible to perform surgery in the vital areas as the chest, abdomen and brain._x000D_ _x000D_ The antiseptic properties of carbolic acid led to his antiseptic regime. He used carbolic acid to clean the wound and the surgeon’s hands; the wound was covered with carbolic acid covered lint. He practiced preparing the operating theatre with a carbolic spray and soaking the instruments and surgical towels in carbolic solution._x000D_ _x000D_ Lister’s career progressed from University College, where he trained, to Edinburgh, Glasgow, and finally Kings. Although his ideas had been accepted in Scotland and much of Europe it was not widely understood in England. Lister therefore felt he had to come to London to prove and promote the success of his regime. He came with his team as Professor of Clinical Surgery in 1877 to Kings. His antiseptic practice was dramatically tested when Lister performed an open procedure on a transverse fracture of the patella which was against the principles of pre-Listerian surgery. London watched. The case was successful; his reputation was made and led to the rapid increase in the use of antisepsis. The mortality of his patients dropped dramatically indicating the ability to perform open surgery safely had now been achieved. Open surgery for bladder calculi was now possible._x000D_ _x000D_ He tied broken bones with silver wire and showed that suitably sterilized materials could be left inside patients. He discovered catgut and introduced the use of surgical drains.
Conclusions
Lister was given many honours including the first medical peerage and order of merit. Lord Moynihan stated, “Lord Lister was the greatest material benefactor the world has ever known. He saved more lives than all the wars and all the ages have thrown away”.
Authors
Nandasena, Aruna (London, United Kingdom); Thompson, Peter
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| i don't know |
Which traditional books of the Bible are no longer in the modern versions? | FAQ-Misc
I have an article on my web site at
http://bible-truth.org/Apocrypha.html titled "The Apocryphal Books - Are they lost books of the Bible?" This explains in some detail why no Bible believing church or Christians accept the Apocryphal books as inspired of God.
Answer: I have not heard of the HCSB so I did a little research. What I found is that this translation is based on the same Greek text (NT) as all the modern translations. Holman makes the following statement.
"The textual base for the New Testament [NT] is the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th edition, and the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 4th corrected edition. The text for the Old Testament [OT] is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 5th edition." (http://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Holman-Christian-Standard-Bible-HCSB/ )
It is not then based on the TR and the Majority text, but on the corrupt mss of Alpeh, A, B and a handful of other Eastern mss, which are clearly corrupted. I would think that if someone did a careful comparison the same problems as with the NIV, etc would be present. If you want a accurate and trustworthy text...the KJV is still the translation to use.
| Biblical apocrypha |
Who was the architect of the Albert Memorial in Kensington gardens? | FAQ-Misc
I have an article on my web site at
http://bible-truth.org/Apocrypha.html titled "The Apocryphal Books - Are they lost books of the Bible?" This explains in some detail why no Bible believing church or Christians accept the Apocryphal books as inspired of God.
Answer: I have not heard of the HCSB so I did a little research. What I found is that this translation is based on the same Greek text (NT) as all the modern translations. Holman makes the following statement.
"The textual base for the New Testament [NT] is the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th edition, and the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 4th corrected edition. The text for the Old Testament [OT] is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 5th edition." (http://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Holman-Christian-Standard-Bible-HCSB/ )
It is not then based on the TR and the Majority text, but on the corrupt mss of Alpeh, A, B and a handful of other Eastern mss, which are clearly corrupted. I would think that if someone did a careful comparison the same problems as with the NIV, etc would be present. If you want a accurate and trustworthy text...the KJV is still the translation to use.
| i don't know |
Name the year: Britain joins the Common Market, the Cod war begins and Red Rum wins his 1st Grand National. | Today in History - AccuWeather.com Forums
Today in History
Historic events on August 3
8 - Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
435 - Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, was exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
881 - Battle at Saucourt: French King Louis III beats the Vikings
1108 - Louis VI, "the Fat One," King of France, crowned
1312 - Power of Luik Patriarch murders over 200
1492 - All Jews are expelled from Spain
1492 - Columbus sets sail from Palos, Spain for "Indies"
1527 - First known letter was sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.
1529 - "Ladies' Peace" (treaty of Cambrai)-emperor Charles V & King French I
1557 - Dutch States-General meet at Valenciennes
1596 - David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira (1st variable star)
1635 - The third of the Tokugawa shoguns, Iemitsu, establishes the system of alternate attendance (sankin kotai) by which the feudal daimyō are required to spend one year at Edo Castle in Tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor, while their families remained in Tokyo as virtual political hostages. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 21, 1635).
1640 - 2,000 men VOC-army surrounds the city of Malakka
1640 - Zorilla's "Bire el Ojo," premieres in Toledo
1645 - Battle of Allersheim: French defeat Bavarians
1650 - Viceroy Willem II & Amsterdam reach accord about standing army
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon publishes "Declaration of People of Virginia"
1678 - Robert LaSalle builds 1st ship in America, Griffon
1692 - Battle at Steenkerke: French beat English/Dutch army
1704 - English/Dutch fleet under Rooke/Callenburgh occupy Gibraltar
1708 - Battle at Trencs�n: Austria beats Hungarian rebellion army
1745 - Bonnie Prince Charlie lands on Eriskay, Hebrides
1778 - Teatro alla Scala opens in Milan
1797 - Emperor Francis I permits Jews who served in military in "Countries of Bohemian Crown" to marry non Jews
1829 - Gioacchino Rossini's "William Tell," premieres in Paris
1833 - HMS Beagle reaches river mouth of Rio Negro
1852 - 1st intercollegiate rowing race, Harvard beats Yale by 4 lengths
1855 - Rotterdam-Gouda railway opens
1860 - American Canoe Association founded at Lake George NY
1860 - The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.
1861 - Federal fleet bombs Galveston Texas
1863 - Governor Seymour asks Lincoln to suspend draft in NY
1863 - Saratoga Racetrack (NY) opens
1864 - Battle of Mobile AL
1881 - Boers signs Convention of Pretoria: Transvaal semi-autonomous
1881 - US Nation Lawn Tennis Association removes "Nation" from name
1882 - Congress passes 1st law restricting immigration
1897 - John McNally's musical "Good Mr Best," premieres in NYC
1900 - Firestone Tire & Rubber Company founded.
1904 - British journalist Francis Younghusband visits forbidden city Lhasa
1906 - Wash Natl's pitcher Tom Hughes hits HR to win his own game 1-0 in 10th
1913 - Wheatland Hop Riot
1914 - 1st seaworthy ship through Panama Canal
1914 - Belgium rejects demand to allow free crossing for German army
1914 - French fleet sails to North-Africa
1914 - German battle cruiser Goeben leaves Messina
1914 - Germany invades Belgium & declares war on France in WW I
1914 - Great Britain declares war on Germany
1914 - Turkey signs military pact with Germany
1914 - World Alliance for Promoting Intl Friendship through Churches forms
1914 - Yankee catcher Nunamaker throws out 3 would be stealers in 1 inning
1921 - 1st aerial cropdusting (Troy Ohio to kill caterpillars)
1921 - Due to a technicality, 8 Chicago White Sox accused in Black Sox scandal are acquited, however Landis throws them out of baseball
1923 - Baseball games cancelled following the death of President Harding
30th US President Calvin Coolidge 1923 - VP Calvin Coolidge becomes 30th president
1924 - Cyclist Piet Moeskops regains world sprint championist
1925 - Last US troops leave Nicaragua (there since 1912)
1926 - Traffic lights installed on Piccadilly Circus
1928 - Ray Barbuti saves US team from defeat in Amsterdam Olympics track events by winning 400 m (47.8 sec)
1930 - 2nd time in 1930, Chuck Klein of Phillies hits in 26 straight games
1933 - Yanks are shut out for 1st time after 308 games (since Aug 2, 1931)
1939 - Jean Genets "Ondine," premieres in Paris
1940 - German occupiers forbid ritual slaughters & English & French movies
1940 - Italian troops invade British Somalia
1940 - Lithuanian SSR is accepted into USSR
1940 - Seaplane Clare makes 1st British passagiersvlucht to the US
1941 - Benzine sales limited in US
1941 - Gas sales limited in US
1941 - German troops conquer Roslavl USSR
1941 - Browns pitcher Johnny Niggling gets Joe DiMaggio in 4 at bats to stop DiMaggio's streak of 74 games in reaching base
1943 - Gen Patton slaps a US GI in the hospital accusing him of cowardice
1943 - Nazi occupiers attack city Orel, leave it in fire
1944 - Allied troops conquer Myitkyina Burma
1944 - Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp gases 4,000 gypsies
1944 - General Montgomery visits general Dempsey's headquarter
1944 - Lt-Gen Stilwells troops occupy Myitkyina Burma
1944 - Tommy Brown, just 16 years & 8 months old, plays shortstop for Dodgers
1946 - Belgian government of Huysmans, forms
1948 - Cleveland's Satchel Paige make his 1st start & goes 7 innings
1948 - FDR advisor Alger Hiss accused to be a "communist"
1949 - Republic Indonesia proclaims cease fire
1949 - Basketball Association of America & National Basketball League merge to form National Basketball Association
1951 - William H Jackson, ends term as deputy director of CIA
1952 - 15th Olympic games close in Helsinki Finland
1953 - Frank Blair becomes news anchor of Today Show
1954 - 1st VTOL (Vertical Take-off & Land) flown
1955 - Automobile Association of America ends support of auto racing
1955 - Hurricane Connie begins pounding US for 11 days
1955 - Roger Moens runs world record 800 m (1:45.7)
1956 - Willie Williams of US sets 100 meter record at 10.1
1957 - British offensive against imam Galeb Ben Ali of Oman
1958 - USS Nautilus begins 1st crossing of Arctic Ocean under icecap
1958 - The Billboard Hot 100 is founded
1959 - 27th All Star Baseball Game: AL wins 5-3 at Memorial Coliseum, LA
1959 - 50 killed in uprising in Guinea-Bissau
1959 - AL beats NL 5-3 in 27th All Star Game (Dodger Stadium)
1960 - Niger gains independence from France
1962 - 29th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Green Bay 42, All-Stars 20 (65,000)
1962 - NY Met Frank Thomas hits his 6th HR in 3 games
1963 - "No Strings" closes at 84th St Theater NYC after 580 performances
1963 - Allan Sherman releases "Hello Mudda, Hello Fadda"
1963 - Beatles final performance at Cavern Club in Liverpool
1966 - South African government bans Beatle records
1967 - 45,000 US soldiers sent to Vietnam
1967 - James Law rides entire NYC subway in 22 hrs 12 minutes
1968 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1969 - Reds beats Phillies 19-17
1969 - Sandra Spuzich wins LPGA Buckeye Savings Golf Invitational
1970 - 4 day NFL strike ends
1970 - Christopher Hampton's "Philanthropist," premieres in London
1970 - Hurricane "Celia" becomes most expensive Gulf storm in history
1970 - Mairiam Hargrave of Yorkshire, passes her driving test on 40th try
Pop Singer & Beatle Paul McCartney 1971 - Paul McCartney announces formation of his group Wings
1972 - British premier Heath proclaims emergency crisis due to harbor strike
1972 - Chozen-ji/Intl Zen Dojo founded by Omori Sogen Roshi, in Hawaii
1972 - U.S. Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
1973 - Flash fire kills 51 at amusement park (Isle of Man, UK)
1973 - National People's party wins Dutch Antilles National elections
1974 - "Little Night Music" closes at Shubert Theater NYC after 601 perfs
1974 - "Words & Music" closes at John Golden Theater NYC after 127 perfs
1974 - Guitarist Jeff Baxter quits Steely Dan & joins Doobie Brothers
1975 - 500 drown when 2 river boats collide & sink in China's West River
1975 - Louisiana Superdome is dedicated
1975 - Poland & West germany reach accord about returning ethnic Germans
1975 - Susie Berning wins LPGA Lady Keystone Golf Open
1977 - Radio Shack issues a press release introducing TRS-80 computer 25 existed, within weeks thousands were ordered
1977 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.
1979 - Fastest jai-alai shot (188 mph), Jose Arieto at Newport Jai Alai, RI
1979 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1980 - 22nd Olympic games close at Moscow, USSR
1980 - Kaline, Snider, Klein, & Tom Yawkey inducted into Hall of Fame
1980 - Sandra Post wins West Virginia LPGA Golf Classic
1981 - 13,000 Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) begin their strike
1981 - France performs nuclear test
1981 - Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launch the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.
1982 - Clyde King replaces Gene Michaels as NY Yankee manager
1983 - John Sain of South Bend, Ind builds 3.91 m house of cards
1983 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1984 - 365.7 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange
1984 - Bomb attack on Madras India airport, 32 killed
1985 - "Nihilator" set harness pacing mile (1:49.6) in East Rutherford, NJ
1985 - Train crash at Flaujac, France: 35 killed
1986 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA National Golf Pro-Am
1986 - Willie McCovey, Bobby Doerr, & Ernie Lombardi inducted in Hall of Fame
1987 - Chicago Bears beat Dallas Cowboys 17-6 in London, England (NFL expo)
1987 - Discovery in Orbital Processing Facility is powered up for STS-26
1987 - Jack Morris ties AL record with 5 wild pitches in a 4-2 lose
1987 - Twins Joe Niekro is caught with a file on the mound & is ejected
1988 - Skip Storch swims 246 km of Hudson River from Albany to NYC
1989 - 5th jockey to win 6,000 races (Jorge Valesquez)
1989 - Lawrence Delisle drives his 4 kids into river
1989 - Rickey Henderson sets AL mark of 50 steals in 9 seasons
1989 - Cin Reds send record 20 men to bat with a record 16 hits in 1 inning as they score 14 runs in 1st inning
1990 - "Little Night Music" opens at New York State Theater NYC for 11 perfs
1990 - 98.8�F (37.1�C) in Cheltenham, Glos. (UK record)
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Mass sets record with 10th HR in 1st 72 at bats
1990 - Radio Kuwait resigns air, due to Iraqi invasion
1990 - US announces commitment of Naval forces to Gulf regions
1990 - For 3rd time in 1990 a no-hitter is broken up with 2 outs in 8th inning. Doug Drabek of Pitts still beats Phila 11-0
1991 - Giant Victory, driven by Jack Moiseyev, wins Hambletonian
1991 - Pan Am games open in Havana
1992 - Dodgers win 3,000th game since moving to Los Angeles (3,000-2,531)
1992 - Paramount inaugurates New York Street on TV/movie lot
1994 - 102.4�F (39.1�C) in Tokyo Japan: record
1994 - 1st Jordanian plane to fly over Israeli airspace (King Hussein pilot)
1995 - CNN en Espanol premieres
1996 - General William F. Garrison accepted responsibility for the outcome of the 1993 raid in Somalia, and he retired from military service.
1997 - 25th du Maurier Golf Classic: Colleen Walker wins
1997 - BankBoston Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Garth Brooks performs a free concert in Central Park NY for HBO
1997 - Phil Mickelson wins golf's Sprint International
1997 - Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.
2001 - The Real IRA detonate a car bomb in Ealing, London, U.K injuring seven people. (See 3 August 2001 Ealing bombing).
2004 - The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty reopens after being closed since the September 11, 2001 attacks.
2005 - President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.
Music history on August 3
1963 - The Beatles made their final appearance at the Cavern Club in Liverpool. They had performed nearly 300 shows at the club since 1961.
1963 - The Beach Boys released "Surfer Girl."
1963 - Allan Sherman released "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadda."
1966 - The Rolling Stones recorded "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby."
1968 - The first Newport Pop Festival opened in Costa Mesa.
1969 - Carl Wilson (Beach Boys) was indicted for failure to report for civilian duty in lieu of serving two years in the army.
1971 - Paul McCartney announced the formation of his new band Wings.
1974 - Jeff Baxter quit Steely Dan and joined the Doobie Brothers.
1987 - Def Leppard released their album "Hysteria."
1997 - Diamond Rio hosted a 30th anniversary party at the Kennedy Space Center at the request of NASA.
1999 - Patsy Cline received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2010 - Dave Mustaine's (Megadeth) autobiography "Mustaine: A Heavy Metal Memoir" was released in the U.S.
Famous birthdays on August 3
Ernie Pyle 1900
Charlie Shavers (John Kirby Sextet) 1917
Les Elgart 1918
Gordon Stoker 1924 - Musician (The Jordanaires)
Tony Bennett 1926
Beverly Lee 1941 - Musician (The Shirelles)
B.B. Dickerson 1949 - Musician (War)
John Landis 1950
Johnny Graham 1951 - Musician (Earth, Wind & Fire)
John C. McGinley 1959
James Hetfield 1963 - Musician (Metallica)
Metallica music - Metallica Merchandise
Ed Roland 1963 - Musician (Collective Soul)
Dean Sams 1966 - Musician (Lonestar)
Shirly Manson 1966 - (Garbage)
Evangeline Lilly 1979 - Actress ("Lost") - Lost Merchandise
Holly Artnstein (Dream) 1985
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 3 2012, 05:48 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
1914 - 1st seaworthy ship through Panama Canal
Are they attempting to say that a ship that wasn't seaworthy preceeded it?
--------------------
Never too old to have a happy childhood!
..........
Don't put an age limit on your dreams!
Historic events on August 4
1181 - Supernova seen in Cassiopia
1265 - Battle at Evesham: English prince Edward beats Simon de Montfort
1347 - English troops conquer Ft Calais
1351 - Sea battle at Zwartewaal: Willem V beats Hoeksen & English
1558 - 1st printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah)
1578 - Battle of Alcazarquivir, Moroccans defeat Portuguese, 10,000 killed
1598 - London's head office of Hanze closed
1636 - Johan Mauritius appointed governor of Dutch Brazil
1666 - Hurricane hits Guadeloupe, Martinique & St Christopher; thousands die
1666 - Sea battle between Netherlands & England
1693 - Dom Perignon invents champagne
1693 - Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of Champagne.
1695 - French garrison of surrenders to Willem III
1704 - War of Spanish Succession, English & Dutch troops occupy Gibraltar
1730 - Crown prince Frederik of Prussia escapes to England
1735 - Jury acquits John Zenger (NY Weekly Journal) charged with seditious libel by royal governor of NY (victory for Freedom of press)
1753 - George Washington becomes a master mason
1760 - Battle at Leignitz: Prussia beats Austria & Russia
1777 - Retired British cavalry officer Philip Astley establishes 1st circus
First US President George Washington 1789 - French National Meeting ending feudal system
1790 - US Coast Guard founded as Revenue Cutter Service
1791 - Austria & Turkey sign Peace of Sistova
1791 - The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman-Habsburg wars.
1821 - 1st edition of Saturday Evening Post (publishes until 1969)
1824 - Battle of Kos is fought between Turks and Greeks.
1830 - Plans for city of Chicago laid out
1854 - The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships.
1855 - John Bartlett publishes "Familiar Quotations"
1862 - US government collects its 1st income tax
1864 - Land & naval action new Brazos Santiago, Texas
1870 - British Red Cross Society forms
1873 - Indian Wars: whilst protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux (near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed).
1879 - Pope Leo XIII publishes encyclical Aeterni Patris
1881 - 122�F (50�C), Seville, Spain (European record)
1886 - Colombia adopts constitution
1892 - Queen Wilhelmina & Emma open Merwede Canal between Amsterdam-Rhine
1892 - Sunday school teacher Lizzie Borden arrested in Fall River, Mass
1897 - Henry A Rucker appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for Georgia
1902 - The Greenwich foot tunnel under the River Thames opens.
1903 - Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto of Venice elected Pope Pius X
1909 - Ump Tim Hurst instigates a riot by spitting at A's 2nd baseman Eddie Collins, who had questioned a call, this leads to Hurst's banishment
1910 - A's Jack Coombs & White Sox Ed Walsh pitch a 16 inn scoreless tie
1914 - German army shoots Belgian priests/burns down village of Battice
1914 - German fleet under admiral Souchon fire on Algerian coast
1914 - Germany declares war on Belgium; Britain declares war on Germany
1914 - King Albert I becomes supreme commander of Belgian army
1914 - Lord Kitchener becomes British minister of War
1914 - US declares neutrality in WW I
1916 - Denmark cedes Danish West Indies, including the Virgin Islands, to the US for $25 million
1917 - Pravda calls for killing all capitalists, priests & officers
1922 - Female 1st baseman Lizzie Murphy plays on AL all-star team
1925 - 1st Dutch Colijn government forms
1925 - US marines leave Nicaragua after 13-year occupation
1927 - Peace Bridge between US & Canada opens
1929 - 60,000 SA'ers/SS'ers march by Munich
1929 - Indians, in 9th with 2 outs score 9 to beat Yanks 14-6
1929 - Jones Beach in NY opens
1930 - Child labor laws estralished in Belgium
1934 - NY Giants Mel Ott sets record of 6 runs in game & beats Phillies 21-4
1936 - Ioannis Metaxas names himself dictator of Greece
1941 - Dodger Mickey Owens is 1st to catch 3 foul flies in an inning (3rd)
1941 - Winston Churchill departs on Prince of Wales to US
1942 - 1st train with Jews departs Mechelen Belgium to Auschwitz
1942 - British premier Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo
1942 - Col-gen Jeremenko arrives in Stalingrad/welcomed by Nikita Khrushchev
1942 - German occupier orders all Dutch homing pigeons killed
1943 - British premier Churchill travels on the Queen Mary to Canada
1943 - Russian units reach suburbs of Orel
1943 - USAF bombs Germans in Troina
1944 - Anne Frank arrested in Amsterdam by German Security Police (Gr�ne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified
1944 - British 8th army reaches suburbs of Florence Italy
1945 - Golfer Byron Nelson records most tournament wins (18) in a season
1945 - Red Sox Tom McBride is 3rd to get 6 RBIs in an inning (4th)
1946 - 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake: an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 hits northern Dominican Republic. 100 are killed and 20,000 are left homeless.
1947 - The Supreme Court of Japan is established.
1948 - 5 day Southern States filibuster succeeds in maintaining America's poll tax
1949 - NBL & NBAA merge into National Basketball Association
1953 - Black families move into Trumbull Park housing project in Chicago
1953 - Vic Raschi sets pitcher record by driving in 7 runs & wins 15-0
1954 - Boscombe Down 1st flight of supersonic P-1 Lightning
1954 - The Government of Pakistan approves the National Anthem, written by Hafeez Jullundhry and composed by Ahmed G. Chagla.
1955 - Eisenhower authorizes $46 million for construction of CIA headquarters
1956 - 1st motorcycle rode over 200 mph (Wilhelm Herz-210 mph/338 kph)
1956 - Elvis Presley releases "Hound Dog"
1956 - Indonesia says it will not pay debts to the Netherlands
1958 - Dumont TV Network crumbles
1959 - "Billy Barnes Revue" opens at John Golden Theater NYC for 87 perfs
1960 - Rocket propelled USAAF research aircraft sets record at 2,150 MPH
1961 - 108�F, Spokane, WA
1961 - 28th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Philadelphia 28, All-Stars 14 (66,000)
1962 - Nelson Mandela captured by South African police
1963 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Milwaukee Jaycee Golf Open
1964 - Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman & James E Chaney, bodies discovered in an earthen Mississippi dam
1964 - North Vietnamese torpedos US ships Gulf of Tonkin
1965 - Cook Islands enters into free association with New Zealand
1967 - 34th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Green Bay 27, All-Stars 0 (70,934)
1967 - British pirate radio station Radio 355 resigns air
1967 - Shortwave group ANARC's 1st convention (Chicago)
1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1967 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1968 - 100,000 attend Newport Pop Festival, Costa Mesa, Calif
1968 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Gino Paoli Golf Open
1968 - WXTV TV channel 41 in New York-Paterson, NY (UNI) begins broadcasting
1969 - Willie Stargell is 1st to hit a HR outside of Dodger Stadium
1970 - Jim Morrison arrested for drunkenness
1971 - US launches 1st satellite into lunar orbit from manned spacecraft
1972 - Arthur Bremer jailed for 63 years for shooting Alabama Gov Wallace
1974 - Crawford-Butler Act allows Puerto Ricans to elect own governor
1974 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA George Washington Golf Classic
1975 - Robert Plant is involved in a car crash in Rhodes
1976 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1977 - Pres Carter establishes Dept of Energy
1977 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1979 - Italian government of Cossiga begins
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - -11] Hurricane Aline, kills 272 in Texas & Caribbean
1980 - John & Yoko begin recording "Double Fantasy"
1980 - Seattle Mariners replace manager Darrell Johnson with Maury Wills
1981 - Columbia mated with SRBs & external tank for STS-2 mission
1981 - Oliver North is assigned to White House duty
1982 - NY Met Joel Youngblood singles in Chicago day game, he is traded, then singles for Expos in Philadelphia night game
1983 - Bettino Craxi sworn in as premier of Italy
1983 - France performs nuclear test
1983 - Revolution in Burkina Faso
1983 - While warming up before 5th inning Yankee Dave Winfield accidentally kills a seagull
1984 - Carl Lewis wins gold medal in 100-meter dash at LA Summer Olympics
1984 - Cliff Johnson sets a record with his 19th pinch hit HR
1984 - Prince's "Purple Rain," album goes to #1 & stays #1 for 24 weeks
1984 - Republic of Upper Volta becomes Bourkina Faso (National Day)
1985 - "Dreamgirls" closes at Imperial Theater NYC after 1522 performances
1985 - California Angel Rod Carew gets his 3,000th hit
1985 - Penny Hammel wins LPGA Jamie Farr Toledo Golf Classic
1985 - Phil Rizzuto Day, Yanks retire #10
1985 - Rod Carew, is 16th to get 3,000 hits
1985 - White Sox Tom Seaver is 17th to win #300, beating Yankees
1986 - OPEC lowers oil production 20%
1987 - At the Kingdome, Ruppert Jones hits a foul ball that sticks in speaker
1987 - FCC vote 4-0 to rescind fairness doctrine for broadcasters
1988 - Kevin Bacon marries Kyra Sedgwick
1988 - Congress votes $20,000 to each Japanese-American interned in WW II
1988 - Hertz car rental will pay out $23 million in consumer fraud case
1989 - Blue Jays Dave Steib's perfect game broken up in 9th with 2 outs by NY Yankee Roberto Kelly
1990 - 95.5�F (35.3�C) in De Bilt Neth (highest Aug temp in Neth)
1990 - European community proposes a boycott of Iraq
1991 - 1st time Seattle Mariners are 9 games over .500
1991 - Deb Richard wins LPGA Phar-Mor in Youngstown Golf Tournament
1991 - The Greek cruise ship Oceanos sinks off the Wild Coast of South Africa.
1993 - Angolese air force bombs Huambo
1993 - Rwandian Hutu's & Tutsi's sign peace treaty in Arusha
1993 - Tony Gwynn gets 6 hits, 4th time in 1993 a Padre gets 5 or more hits
1994 - Dwingeloo 1, near milky way system, discovered
1994 - Howard Stern drops out of NY gubernatorial race
1994 - Truck carrying millions of bees overturns on NY parkway
1995 - Darryl Strawberry joins the NY Yankees
1995 - Operation Storm begins in Croatia.
1996 - 24th du Maurier Golf Classic: Laura Davies
1996 - 26th Olympic games close at Atlanta, Georgia (sched)
1996 - J Bunning, E Weaver, B Foster, & N Hanlon inducted in Hall of Fame
1997 - "Keenan Ivory Wayan Show," premieres on Fox TV
1997 - 185,000 Teamsters union United Parcel Service drivers walk off the job.
2002 - Soham murders: 10 year old school girls Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells go missing from the town of Soham, Cambridgeshire.
2005 - Prime Minister Paul Martin announces that Micha�lle Jean will be Canada's 27th � and first black � Governor General.
2006 - Dame Silvia Cartwright steps down as the Governor-General of New Zealand and is replaced by The Honourable Anand Satyanand, who is sworn in on 23 August.
2007 - NASA's Phoenix spaceship is launched.
2010 - California's Proposition 8, the ballot initiative prohibiting same-sex marriage passed by the state's voters in 2008, was overturned by Judge Vaughn Walker in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger.
Music history on August 4
1927 - Jimmy Rodgers recorded "Sleep Baby Sleep" and "Soldier's Sweetheart."
1956 - Elvis Presley's song "Hound Dog" were released.
1957 - The Everly Brothers made their second appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show and introduced their upcoming single, "Wake Up Little Susie" and the song "Bye Bye Love."
1958 - Billboard Magazine introduced its "Hot 100" chart, which was part popularity and a barometer of the movement of potential hits. The first number one song was Ricky Nelson's "Poor Little Fool."
1966 - A ban of the broadcast of any and all Beatles records on most U.S. radio stations went into effect. The ban was in response to John Lennon stating that the band was now more popular than Jesus Christ.
1974 - Paul Simon's "Love Me Like A Rock" was released.
1975 - Robert Plant and his family were suffered injuries in a car accident on the Mediterranean island of Rhodes.
1980 - John Lennon and Yoko Ono began recording their album "Double Fantasy."
1984 - Phil Collins and Jill Tavelman were married.
1987 - The soundtrack "Dirty Dancing" was released.
1998 - MTV switched off its channel feed to 500,000 homes in Amsterdam after network provider A2000 demanded that MTV share its previously separate channel with two other operators and pay for distribution.
2005 - Yahoo Inc. announced that it was beginning a test of a new search engine feature that would search through millions of songs offered on popular Internet music services.
2005 - The iTunes Music Store in Japan officially opened with one million songs available.
2009 - The iTunes Music Store was officially launched in Mexico.
Famous birthdays on August 4
Joseph Scaliger 1540 - French religious leader and scholar
Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792 - Poet
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon 1900 - Known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Louis Armstrong 1901 - Musician, singer
Glenn Cunningham 1909 - Olympic runner
William Howard Shumam 1910 - Composer
Raoul Wallenberg 1912 - Sweedish humanitarian during World War II
Wesley Addy 1913 - Actor
Dallas Green 1934 - Singer, songwriter
Joe Leonard 1934 - Motorcycle racer and racecar driver
Elsbeary Hobbs 1936 - Musician (The Drifters)
Frankie Ford 1939 - Musician, singer
Timi Yuro 1940 - Singer
Richard Belzer 1944 - Actor, comedian ("Law and Order: Special Victims Unit")
Klaus Schultze 1947 - Musician (Tangerine Dream)
John Riggins 1949 - Football player
Kristoffer Tabori 1952 - Actor
Maire Ni Bhraaonion 1952 - Musician (Clannad)
Billy Bob Thornton 1955 - Actor
Mary Slaney (Mary Teresa Decker) 1958 - Runner
Kym Karath 1958 - Actress ("The Sound of Music")
Ian Broudie 1958 - Musician (Lightning Seeds)
Allison Adelle Hedge Coke - Poet, author (books)
Robbin Crosby 1959 - Musician (RATT)
Barack Hussein Obama 1961 - 44th President of the United States
Roger Clemens 1962 - Baseball player
Paul Reynolds 1962 - Musician (A Flock of Seagulls)
Dennis Lehane 1965 - Author
Rob Cieka 1968 - Musician (Boo Radleys)
Daniel Dae Kim 1968 - Actor ("Lost") - Lost Merchandise
Michael DeLuise 1969 - Actor
Jeff Gordon 1971 - Race car driver, Jeff Gordon Merchandise
Marques Houston 1981 - Musician (Immature)
Dylan Sprouse 1992 - Actor
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 4 2012, 05:39 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 5
135 - Betar last outpost of Bar Kochba falls to Rome
642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia.
910 - The last major Viking army to raid England is defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall by the allied forces of Mercia and Wessex, led by King Edward and Earl Aethelred.
1071 - Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes captured/Islam advances through Europe
1100 - Henry I is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
1264 - Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt Germany
1305 - William Wallace, who led Scottish resistance to England, is captured by the English near Glasgow and transported to London for trial and execution.
1388 - Battle of Otterburn, a border skirmish between the Scottish and the English in Northern England.
1391 - Castilian sailors fire attack Jewish ghetto of Barcelona, 100's killed
1391 - Jews are massacred in Toledo & Barcelona Spain
1399 - Battle at Worskla: Tataren beat Russians & Litouwers
1420 - Duke John VI of Bavaria visits "Christ's bride"/virgin Liduina
1435 - Battle at Ponza: king Alfonso V of Aragon captured by Genuezen
1543 - French & Turkish troops occupy Nice
1583 - Gilbert claims Newfoundland (1st English colony in North America)
1587 - Spanish troops conquer Lock
1654 - French troops occupy Stenay
1666 - English fleet beats Dutch under Michiel the Ruyter
1667 - State of Holland obtain Eternal Edict
1689 - 1,500 Iroquois attack the village of Lachine, in New France.
1716 - Battle at Peterwardein: Eugenius van Savoye beats Turks
1716 - The Battle of Petrovaradin takes place.
1745 - Skirmish at Laggan: Glengarry beats Royal Scots
1763 - Pontiac's War: Battle of Bushy Run - British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run.
1772 - 1st partition of Poland, between Austria, Prussia & Russia
1775 - 1st Spanish ship, San Carlos, enters SF Bay
1781 - Battle at Doggers Bank: Dutch fleet vs English fleet
1812 - War of 1812: Tecumseh's Native American force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.
1837 - 1st ascent of Mt Marcy (5,344') highest in Adirondack, NY
1846 - Oregon country divided between US & Britain at 49th parallel
1858 - Cyrus W Field completes 1st transatlantic telegraph cable
1860 - Carl IV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
1861 - Enlistment increases from 3 months to 2 years
1861 - Naval Engagement at Fernandina, FL-USS Vincennes ends rebel blockade
1861 - US Army abolishes flogging
1861 - US levies its 1st Income Tax (3% of incomes over $800)
1862 - Battle of Baton Rouge, LA
1864 - Battle of Mobile Bay Al-Farragut is given rank of vice-admiral
1864 - Spectrum of a comet observed for 1st time, by Giovanni Donati
1874 - Japan launches its postal savings system, modeled after a similar system in England.
1877 - Henry Morton Stanley's letter in order to aid reaches Boma at Congo
1882 - Martial law is imposed in Japan.
1882 - Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.
1884 - Cornerstone for Statue of Liberty laid on Bedloe's Island (NYC)
1890 - British & French accord to divide African colonization
1891 - 1st travelers checks issued (American Express)
1901 - Peter O'Connor of Ireland, sets then long jump record at 24' 11 3/4"
1912 - Japan's first taxicab service begins in Ginza, Tokyo.
1914 - 1st traffic light installed (Euclid Ave & E 105th St, Cleveland)
1914 - Cuba, Uruguay, Mexico & Argentina proclaim neutrality in WW I
1914 - Dutch Cort Van de Linden government issues silver bonds as money
1914 - Massive German assault on forts around Luik
1914 - Montenegro declares war against Austria-Hungary in World War I
1914 - US beats Australia, 3-2, to win Davis Cup
1914 - US, Nicaragua sign treaty granting canal rights to US
1914 - Westerschelde leaves due to German invasion in Belgium
1915 - German troops over run Warsaw
1915 - Warsaw, evacuated by the Russians, is occupied by Germans
1917 - British troops attack canal of Ypres in Boesinghe Belgium
1921 - 1st radio baseball broadcast Pirates-8, Phillies-0 (KDKA, Pitts)
1921 - Treaty of Berlin: US & Germany sign separate peace treaty
1923 - 1st American to swim English Channel (Henry Sullivan)
1924 - Comic strip "Little Orphan Annie," by Harold Gray, debuts
1925 - Plaid Cymru is formed with the aim of disseminating knowledge of the Welsh language, which is in danger of dying out.
1926 - 1st talkie movie "Don Juan" at Warner Theatre, NY
1926 - French & German trade agreement signed
1926 - Houdini stays in a coffin under water for 1� hrs before escaping
1927 - Phillies Cy Williams hits for cycle in just 4 at bats
1931 - Det Tiger Tommy Bridges perfect game is broken up with 2 outs in 9th
1936 - At Berlin Olympics, Jesse Owens wins his 3rd Olympic medal
1937 - Ranger (US) beats Endeavour II (England) in 17th America's Cup
1938 - 33rd Davis Cup: USA beats Australia in Philadelphia (3-2)
1940 - "Acquaintance" blows-up Zandvoortse synagouge
1940 - St Louis Brown John Whitehead no-hits Detroit Tigers, 4-0 in 6 innings
1942 - British government cancels agreement of Munich
1942 - German troops cross Kuban River
1943 - Sicily: 3 US A-36's bomb British headquarter
1943 - Soviet forces reconquer Orel & Bjelgorod
1943 - World War II: at around 11 A.M during the Battle of Troina, Mount Etna erupts sending ash and lava miles into the sky.
1944 - US 79th/90th division occupy Laval/Mayenne
1944 - US troops occupy Vannes Bretagne
1945 - Atom Bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Aug 6th in Japan)
1947 - Netherlands ceases political action in Indonesia, due to UN pressure
1948 - Cleveland Indians set club record for most double plays in a game (6)
1949 - 6.75 Earthquake hits Quito; about 6000 die
1950 - Ezzard Charles KOs Freddie Beshore to retain HW boxing title
1951 - Armed uprising in Ambonezen Camp Middelburg
1953 - Operation "Big Switch" Korean War prisoner exchanged at Panmunjom
1954 - Boxing Hall of Fame's 1st election selects 24 modern & 15 pioneers
1954 - Patty Berg wins LPGA World Golf Championshio
1955 - After playing 274 straight games at 2nd base, Nellie Fox is given a day off he comes back next 798 consecutive games
1956 - KUAM TV channel 8 in Agana, GU (CBS/ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting
1956 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA All American Golf Open
1956 - WCYB TV channel 5 in Bristol-Kingsport, VA (NBC) begins broadcasting
1957 - "American Bandstand," begins network TV (ABC)
1957 - Comic strip "Andy Capp" made its debut
1957 - WJZ-TV in Baltimore MD begins radio transmissions
1957 - Bkln Sports Authority gets an engineering report on 50,000-seat stadium in downtown area for estimated $207 million
1958 - Atomic sub USS Nautilus completes 1st trip under North Pole
1958 - Philip Kapleau, Zen teacher, 1st awakening under Yasutani Roshi
1959 - 42.4 cm rainfall in Decatur Co, Iowa (state record)
1959 - Chic Cardinals (NFL) beat Toronto Argonauts (CFL) 55-26 in Toronto
1960 - Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) declares independence from France
1960 - Detroit trades mgr Jimmy Dykes for Cleve's mgr Joe Gordon
1961 - 118�F (48�C), Ice Harbor Dam, Washington (state record)
1961 - Chic Bears (NFL) beat Mont Alouettes (CFL) 34-16 in Montreal
1962 - 1st quasar located by radio
1962 - Marilynn Smith wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open
1962 - Nelson Mandela arrested for incitement & illeagally leaving S Afr
1962 - UN command forbids flights to Katangese airports
1963 - Britain, US & USSR sign nuclear test ban treaty
1963 - Craig Breedlove sets world auto speed record at 407.45 MPH
1963 - US, USSR & Great Britain agree to discuss banning nuclear testing
1964 - Actress Anne Bancroft & comedian Mel Brooks wed
1964 - Beatles record "Leave My Kitten Alone"
1964 - Congo rebellion: Christopher Gbenye/Pierre Mulele conquer Stanleyville
1964 - Ford Frick says he will not run for another term as commissioner
1964 - US begins bombing North Vietnam
1965 - Dave Marr wins PGA title
1966 - 33rd NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Green Bay 38, All-Stars 0 (72,000)
1966 - Beatle John Lennon says Beatles are more popular than Jesus
1966 - Jose Torres beats Eddie Cotton to retain light-HW boxing title
1966 - Martin Luther King Jr stoned during Chicago march
1966 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1966 - Beatles release "Revolver" album in US
1966 - Beatles release "Yellow Submarine" & "Eleanor Rigby" in UK
1967 - 1st time an AFL team beats an NFL team, Broncos beats Detroit 13-7
1967 - Bobby Gentry releases her only hit "Ode to Billy Joe"
1967 - Pirate Radio Station 333 (Radio Britain) & Radio London close down
1968 - WMCV (now WZTV) TV channel 17 in Nashville, TN (IND) 1st broadcast
1969 - Mariner 7 flies past Mars
1969 - Pirate Willie Stargell is 1st to hit a ball out of Dodger Stadium
1970 - Robert Morley's "How the Other Half Loves," premieres in London
1970 - US Black Panther leader Huey Newton let out of jail
1971 - WNPE TV channel 16 in Watertown, NY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1972 - Moody Blues release "Nights in White Satin"
1972 - Uganda president Idi Amin throws out all 80,000 Asians
1972 - Detroit shortstop Ed Brinkman errors ends record streak of 72 games & 331 total chances without a miscue
1973 - Arab terrorists open fire at Athens airport, kills 3 injures 55
1973 - Atlanta Braves Phil Niekro no-hits SD Padres, 9-0
1973 - Judy Rankin wins LPGA Pabst Ladies Golf Classic
1973 - USSR launches Mars 6
1974 - Joan Jett forms her rock group Runaways
1974 - Pres Nixon admits he withheld information about Watergate break-in
1975 - Phillies 1st 8 batters get hits for a record, beat Cubs 13-5
1975 - Stevie Wonder signs $13M contract with Motown
1978 - New Orlean Saints beat Phil Eagles 14-7 in Mexico City (NFL expo)
1979 - "But Never Jam Today" closes at Longacre Theater NYC after 7 perfs
1979 - Government of Mauretania signs peace treaty with Polisario
1979 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Colgate European Golf Open
1979 - Phillies Pete Rose collects NL record 2,427th career single
1979 - Varetta Shankle (Miss), crowned 12th Miss Black America
1979 - Willie Mays, Warren Giles, & Hack Wilson inducted in Hall of Fame
1980 - Expos Dick Williams wins his 1,000th career game as a manager
1980 - NY Met Doug Flynn ties record of 3 triples in a game
1981 - Federal government began firing striking air traffic controllers
1981 - Pres Regan fires 11,500 air traffic controllers who struck 2 days ago
1981 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1982 - Stephabue Hix, of Alabama, 18, crowned Miss National Teen-Ager
1982 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1984 - Alice Miller wins West Virginia LPGA Golf Classic
1984 - Joan Benoit (US) wins 1st Olympic marathon for women (2:24:52)
1984 - Lou Pinella Day at Yankee Stadium
1984 - Toronto's Cliff Johnson hits record 19th career pinch HR
1985 - Baseball players go on strike for 2 days
1985 - Establishment of a Rock & Roll Hall of Fame is announced
1985 - Flexible-wing glider altitude record (214,250') set by Larry Tudor
1986 - Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway sets 5k woman's record (14:37.33)
1986 - Steve Carlton is 2nd to pitch 4,000 strikeout
1986 - US Senate votes for SDI-project (Star Wars)
1986 - It's revealed Andrew Wyeth had, secretly created 240 drawings & paintings of his neighbor Helga Testorf, in Chadds Ford, Pa
1988 - Mario Biaggi (Rep-D-NY) convicted of racketeering resigns seat
1989 - General elections are held in Nicaragua with the Sandinista Front winning a majority.
1990 - Barb Mucha wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1990 - Jim Palmer & Joe Morgan inducted into hall of fame
1991 - Sergei Bubka of USSR sets pole vault world record (6.10m) in Malm� Sweden
1992 - 4 cops in Rodney King beating case indicted on civil rights charge
1994 - Antonov-12 crash down at Boda, East-Siberia, 47 killed
1994 - Rocker Billy Idol admitted to the hospital after drug overdose
1995 - The city of Knin, a significant Serb stronghold, is captured by Croatian forces during Operation Storm. The date is celebrated as the day of victory (Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day) in Croatia.
1996 - Dallas Cowboys play KC Chiefs in Monterrey Mexico
1997 - Korean Air 747 with 331 aboard crashes in Guam, 29 survive
1997 - Ramzi Yousef, mastermind of world trade center bombing goes on trial
1997 - Soyuz TM-26 crew of Anatoly Solovyov & Pavel Vinogradov, launched
2003 - A car bomb explodes in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta outside the Marriott Hotel killing 12 and injuring 150.
2011 - Svalbard Polar Bear Attack (2011) - a rogue Polar Bear attacks and kills a British schoolboy.
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 6
258 - St Sixtus II ends his reign as Catholic Pope
523 - St Hormisdas ends his reign as Catholic Pope
768 - [Constantine] ends his reign as Catholic Pope
939 - Battle at Simancas-Spain beats Moors
1181 - Supernova observed by Chinese & Japanese astronomers
1497 - John Cabot returns to Bristol from North-America
1538 - Bogot�, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jim�nez de Quesada.
1588 - Spanish Armada under Medina Sidonia anchors
1600 - Henry IV of France invades Savoy after negotiations break down over Saluzzo, controlled by Savoy since 1588
1601 - Spanish garrison of Meurs surrender to earl Mauritius
1623 - Maffeo Barberini elected Pope Urban VIII
1625 - Earl Earnest Casimir appointed as viceroy of Groningen
1661 - Holland sells Brazil to Portugal for 8 million guilders
1661 - The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic.
1675 - Russian Czar Aleksei bans foreign hairs cut
1726 - Emperor Karel VI & tsarina Catharina the Great sign military treaty
1774 - Founder of the Shaker Movement, Mother Ann Lee, arrives in NY
1787 - Constitutional Convention in Phila begans debate
1806 - Holy Roman Empire ends; it was neither holy, Roman, nor an empire
1815 - US flotilla ends piracy by Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli
1819 - Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.
1821 - 1st edition of "Courrier of Pays-Bas" newspaper published in Brussels
1824 - Battle at Junan - Simon Bol�vars army beats Spanish
1825 - Bolivia gains independence from Peru (National Day)
1845 - The Russian Geographical Society is founded in Saint Petersburg.
1854 - Congress passes Confiscation Act
1861 - Lexington KY-Union milt camp forms in neutral state
1861 - The British annex Lagos, Nigeria.
1862 - Confederate Army ironclad "Arkansas" is badly damaged in Union attack
1864 - Rebels evacuate Ft Powell, Mobile Bayd
1870 - Battle at Spicheren: Prussia beats France
1870 - White conservatives suppresed black vote & captured Tenn legislature
1890 - Cy Young pitches & wins 1st game
1890 - Denton True "Cy" Young pitched his 1st major league baseball game
1890 - At Auburn Prison in New York murderer William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed by electric chair.
1896 - France annexes Madagascar
1901 - Kiowa land in Oklahoma is opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation.
1905 - 26.7 cm rainfall at Princeton, Indiana (state record)
1908 - St Louis Card John Lush's 2nd no-hitter, beats Dodgers, 2-0 in 6 inn
1909 - Alice Ramsey and three friends become the first women to complete a transcontinental auto trip.
1910 - NYC Mayor Wm J Gaynor seriously wounded during assassination attempt
1914 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia & Serbia
1914 - French cavalry enter Belgium
1914 - German Zeppelin bombs Liege City, 9 killed
1914 - Serbia declares war against Germany
1914 - Denis Patrick Dowd Jr. enlists in the French Foreign Legion, becoming the first American to fight in World War I.
1917 - World War I: Battle of Mărăşeşti between the Romanian and German armies begins.
1918 - Ferdinand Foch becomes marshal of France
1918 - In WW I 2nd battle of the Marne ends
1919 - 1st air flight over a major body of water in Australia (Harry Butler)
1919 - Romanian forces destroys Bela Kun Republic in Budapest
1921 - Clason Point, Bronx to College Point, Queens muni ferry system begins
1926 - NY's Gertrude Ederle becomes 1st woman to swim English Channel
1926 - Warner Bros premieres Vitaphone sound-on-disc movie system (NY)
1926 - Don Juan with John Barrymore shown
1930 - Supreme Court Justice John Force Crater disappears in NYC
1930 - Remains of Solomon Andrees' balloon expedition to North Pole in 1897, found at Kvit oya Spitsbergen
1934 - US troops leave Haiti, which had been occupied since 1915
1936 - 1st time in 20th century, 1st 2 batters in a game-Roy Johnson & Rabbit Warstler of Boston Bees-lead off with HRs
1937 - Franco-artillery fire on Madrid
1937 - Indians overturn Yankees' 7-6 win by a protest
1937 - US & USSR sign trade treaty
1939 - 1st broadcast of "Dinah Shore Show" on NBC-radio
1940 - Estonia is annexed into Soviet empire
1941 - Detroit pitcher Al Benton is 1st to collect 2 sacrifices in an inning
1942 - -8] Riots by Dutch Jews
1942 - Assinibaine destroyer sinks U-210
1942 - Churchill fires Gen Auchinlek as Middle-East commandant
1942 - Goering proclaims occupied areas "thoroughly empty to plunder"
1943 - US 1st Infantry division occupies node Troina Sicily
1944 - All 1,200 Jewish death marchers from Lipcani Moldavia have died
1944 - Anti-German attack at Avranches fails
1944 - Deportation of 70,000 Jews from Lodz Poland to Auschwitz begins
1944 - US 20th Army corp under general Walker occupies Nantes
1945 - Hiroshima Peace Day-atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima by "Enola Gay"
1945 - Keith Miller scores 110 in the 4 Victory Test Cricket at Lord's
1946 - US officially submits to jurisdiction of World Court
1947 - 1st performance of Villa-Lobos' "Bachianas Brasilieras No 8"
1948 - Bob Mathias, US, wins decathlon at London Olympics
1948 - Dreesgovernment (KVP/Social Democratics/CHU/Liberal) forms
1948 - Fanny Blankers-Koen (Neth) is 1st women to win 3 golds at Olympics
1949 - Luke Appling record of 2,154 (en route to 2,218) games at shortstop
1951 - Typhoon floods kill 4,800 in Manchuria
1952 - Satchel Paige, 47, becomes oldest pitcher to win a complete shutout
1953 - Ted Williams returns to Red Sox from the military
1954 - WLAC (now WTVF) TV channel 5 in Nashville (CBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network makes its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena.
1958 - Glenn Davis sets record of 49.2 in 400-meter hurdles
1958 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island
1960 - Pitt Steelers (NFL) beat Toronto Argonauts (CFL) 43-16 in Toronto
1961 - Gherman S Titov, 2nd Russian in space aboard Vostok 2 (17 orbits)
1961 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open
1961 - 1st case of motion sickness in space reported
1962 - Jamaica becomes independent after 300 years of British rule
1964 - Pope Paul VI publishes encyclical Ecclesiam Suam
1964 - Prometheus, the world's oldest tree, is cut down.
1965 - 32nd NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Cleveland 24, All-Stars 16 (68,000)
1965 - Beatles release "Help" album in UK
1965 - Federal Voting Rights Act guarantees black voting rights
1965 - Indian troops invade Pakistan
1965 - LBJ signs Voting Rights Act, guaranteeing voting rights for blacks
1966 - Muhammad Ali KOs Brian London in 3 for heavyweight boxing title
1966 - Salazarbrug over Tag opens (longest suspension bridge of Europe)
1966 - US citizens demonstrate against war in Vietnam
1967 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Lady Carling Golf Open
1967 - Minn Twin Dean Chance perfect games Boston Red Sox, 2-0 in 5 innings
1967 - Oriole Brooks Robinson hits into a record 4th triple play
1967 - Pope Paul VI publishes constitution Pro comperto sane
1969 - Balt Orioles pull their 3rd triple play (5-4-3 vs KC Royals)
1970 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1972 - Garry Player wins PGA golf tournament
1972 - Hank Aaron hits 660th & 661st HRs for Braves (record for 1 team)
1972 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Knoxville Ladies Golf Classic
1973 - Roberto Clemente & Warren Spahn inducted into Hall of Fame
1973 - Stevie Wonder involved in car crash, goes into a 4 day coma
1974 - 6th time Phils get just 1 assist in game; no other team did it twice
1974 - Explosion & fire destory Great Northern RR yard in Wenatchee, Wash
1976 - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto lays the foundation stone of Port Qasim, Karachi.
1977 - Judy Rankin wins LPGA Colgate European Women's Golf Open
1978 - 60th PGA Championship: John Mahaffey shoots a 276 at Oakmont CC PA
1978 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Colgate Europea Golf Open
1979 - 61st PGA Championship: David Graham shoots a 272 at Oakland Hills Mich
1979 - Marcus Hooper, 12, is youngest person to swim English Channel
1980 - University adm declares 5 Pac-10 schools ineligible for conference titles & post-season play due to transcript & curriculum abuses
1981 - Argentina ex-president Isabel Peron freed
1981 - Due to strike, Yanks, A's, Philles & Dodgers declared 1st � champs
1981 - NASA launches Fltsatcom-5, it failed
1981 - crowned Miss National Teen-Ager
1982 - 22nd Curtis Cup: US, 14�-3�
1982 - California Doug DeCinces hits 3 HRs again in game (did it 5 days ago also)
1982 - WQXI (Atlanta) is 1st to use Harris Corp AM stereo system
1983 - Minnesota Vikings beat St Louis Cards 28-10 in London, England (NFL expo)
1983 - Supertanker Castillo de Bellvar crashes at South Africa
1984 - 203.05 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange
1984 - Carl Lewis wins 2nd (long jump) of 4 gold medals in Summer Olympics
1985 - 19th space shuttle mission (51-F), Challenger 8, lands at Edwards AFB
1985 - Major League Baseball Players Association go on strike
1985 - Players' Association stages a midseason baseball strike (lasts 1 day)
1985 - STS 51-I vehicle moves to launch pad
1986 - Orioles (Dwyer & Sheets) & Rangers (Harrah) hit record 3 grand slams
1986 - Phil Katz releases PKARC version 1.0, for IBM
1986 - Record 3 grand slams hit in game Tx vs Balt (Harrah, Sheets & Dwyer)
1988 - Oakland A's Jose Canseco becomes 11th to hit 30 HRs & steal 30 bases
1988 - Rich Gossage 300th career save (beats Phillies)
1988 - The Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City spurs reform of the NYPD, who were responsible for the melee that transpired the night of August 6-7.
1989 - "Oh! Calcutta!" closes at Edison Theater NYC after 5959 performances
1989 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA Greater Washington Golf Open
1989 - Boston Red Sox retire Carl Yastrezemski's #8
1989 - Jaime Paz Zamora inaugurated as president of Bolivia
1989 - Pilot Union tells pilots okay to cross Eastern picket lines
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Mass sets record with 11th HR in 1st 86 at bats
1990 - Pres Ghulam Ishaq Kahn dismisses premier Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan
1990 - UN Security Council votes 13-0 (2 abstensions Cuba & Yemen) to place economic sanctions against Iraq
1991 - Debbie Doom (US) pitches 2nd consecutive perfect game in women's softball at the Pan American Games, beats Nicaragua, 8-0
1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW debuts as a publicly available service on the Internet.
1992 - Harold Wilson's academy award is auctioned for $60,500
1993 - Japan Hosokawa government begins
1993 - Pope John Paul II publishes Veritatis splendor encyclical
1994 - Algerian Moslem fundamentalists threaten school/Universities
1995 - "darn Yankees" closes at Marquis Theater NYC after 510 performances
1995 - Dottie Mochrie wins McCall's LPGA Golf Classic at Stratton Mountain
1995 - Indians & Browns play in Cleveland on same day for 1st time ever both lose - Chicago 5, Indians 1; Giants 19, Browns 13 (exhibition)
1995 - Thousands of people in Hiroshima tribute on 50th anniversary of bomb
1996 - NASA announces that life may have existed on Mars (ALH84001)
1997 - Microsoft announces it will invest $150 million in Apple Computer Inc
1997 - NHL Nashville Tenn names Barry Trotz as its 1st coach
2008 - Access 31 TV stops broadcasting in Perth, Western Australia.
2008 - A military junta led by Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz stages a coup d'etat in Mauritania, overthrowing president Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
2011 - A helicopter containing members of Navy SEAL 6 is shot down in Afghanistan killing 38.
Music history on August 6
1940 - Columbia Records cut the price of its 12-inch classical records. The records were priced $1.00. RCA Victor followed two weeks later.
1960 - Chubby Checker performed "The Twist" on American TV for the first time on "American Bandstand."
1964 - Rod Stewart made his television debut on the British show "The Beat Room."
1970 - An anti-war rock festival was held at Shea Stadium in New York. Janis Joplin, Paul Simon, Steppenwolf and Johnny Winters were the acts.
1971 - Procul Harum recorded a concert with the Edmonton Symphony in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Portions would later be released as the album "Live with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra."
1973 - Stevie Wonder was seriously injured in a car accident. He permanently lost his sense of smell. He was in a coma for four days.
1982 - Pink Floyd's "The Wall" had its U.S. premiere in New York City.
1987 - The Beastie Boys sued the city of Jacksonville, FL for including the phrase "mature audience" on their concert tickets and ads.
1987 - Madonna's movie "Who's That Girl" premiered in New York.
1989 - Adam Clayton (U2) was arrested at his home in Dublin, Ireland for marijuana possession.
1995 - The first "Soul Train: Lady of Soul Awards" took place.
1996 - Vince Neil attempted to play a show at an Indiana club. The show, starting more than four hours late, ended after only three songs. Neil claimed that he wasn't feeling well, and that the audience of "rednecks" didn't appreciate his talent.
1996 - Eddie Vedder videotaped the Ramones placing their hands in cement on the Hollywood Rock Walk prior to a Ramones show at The Palace. The Ramones claimed that it was their last show ever.
1998 - The last new episode of Magic Johnson's talk show, "The Magic Hour," aired. The musical guests on the show were Boys II Men, Simply Red, Mary J. Blige and Hanson.
2000 - It was announced that Ice-T would play a detective on the TV series "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit."
Famous birthdays on August 6
Alfred Lord Tennyson 1809
Harry E. Cooper 1904 - Golfer
Helen Hull Jacobs 1908
Pat McDonald (Timbuk 3) 1953
Stephanie Kramer 1956
Peggy Lynn (The Lynns) 1964
Patsy Lynn (The Lynns) 1964
Lisa Stewart 1968
Geri Estelle Halliwell (Spice Girls) 1972
Soleil Moon Frye 1976
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 6 2012, 04:23 PM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on August 7
322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
626 - Battle at Constantinople: Slavic/Persians/Avarenvloot defeated
768 - Stephen III [IV] begins his reign as Catholic Pope
936 - Otto I the Great becomes King of Germany
1409 - Council of Pisa closes
1461 - the Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
1479 - Battle of Guinegate: Emperor Maximilian I vs King Louis XI
1485 - Henry (VII) Tudors army lands in Milford Harbor, South-Wales
1498 - Columbus arrives in Caribbean
1573 - Francis Drakes fleet returns to Plymouth
1575 - Spanish troops conquer Oudewater, almost all inhabitants died
1588 - -8] English assault on Spanish Armada
1606 - The first documented performance of Macbeth performed at the Great Hall at Hampton Court.
1620 - Kepler's mother arrested for witchcraft
1620 - Battle at Ponts-the-Ce, Poitou: French king Louis XIII beats his mother Marie de Medici
1710 - Earl van Godolphin resigns as English minister of Finance
1714 - The Battle of Gangut: the first important victory of the Russian Navy.
1750 - Slave uprising on Curacao
1760 - Ft Loudon, Tennessee surrenders to Cherokee Indians
First US President George Washington 1782 - George Washington creates Order of Purple Heart
1789 - Congress creates Dept of War & Lighthouse Service
1802 - Napoleon orders re-instatement of slavery on St Domingue (Haiti)
1814 - Pope Pius VII reinstates Jesuits
1819 - Battle of Boyac�; Bol�var defeats Spanish in Colombia
1820 - 1st potatoes planted in Hawaii
1867 - Battle of Moorefield, WV
1879 - The opening of the Poor Man's Palace in Manchester.
1882 - Hatfields of south WV & McCoys of east Ky feud, 100 wounded or die
1884 - Germany annexes Angra Pequena (Southwest-Africa)
1885 - 5 German warships anchor at Zanzibar
1888 - Theophilus Van Kannel of Phila patents revolving door
1893 - 53rd Congress (1893-95) convenes
1900 - Diamond workers in Amsterdam strike
1904 - Train derailed on bridge in Eden Colo during a flash flood, kills 96
Macedonian King and Conqueror of Persia Alexander the Great 1907 - Walter Johnson wins 1st of his 416 wins, 7-2 over Cleveland
1909 - US issues 1st Lincoln penny
1912 - Progressive (Bull Moose) Party nominates Theodore Roosevelt for pres
1914 - British Gloucester vs German Breslau/Goeben off Greece
1914 - French government awards king Albert of Belgium the Great Cross
1914 - French troops under Gen Bonneau occupy Altkitrch at Elzas
1914 - German army occupies city of Liege Belgium
1914 - Lord Kitchner says "Your country needs you," poster spreads over UK
1915 - Assault up Russell's Top at Gallipolis, 232 Australians die
1915 - St Louis 3rd base coach Miller Huggins, calls for ball Bkln rookie obliges, Huggins steps aside, & Card runner scores
1921 - Cyclist Piet Moeskops becomes world champ sprinter
1925 - League of Nation advises against Turk/Iraqi division of Mosoelgebied
1927 - Peace Bridge between US & Canada dedicated
1927 - US rum smuggler Horace Alderman kills 3
1929 - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck forms Dutch government
26th US President Theodore Roosevelt 1929 - Ruth ties record by hitting grand slams in consecutive games
1930 - 2 black guys lynched in Marion Indiana
1930 - Richard Bedford Bennet forms Canadian government
1933 - The Iraqi Government slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Sumail. The day becomes known as Assyrian Martyrs Day.
1934 - US Court of Appeals upheld lower court ruling striking down government's attempt to ban controversial James Joyce novel "Ulysses"
1935 - 60% of voters agrees to nazism in Danzig (Gdansk)
1938 - 2 die in a NYC subway accident
1938 - Leo Durocher, hits 2,000th Dodger home run
1938 - Nazi's close theologic department of Innsbruck university
1940 - Churchill recognizes De Gaulle government in exile
1940 - Largest amount paid for a stamp ($45,000 for 1 1856 British Guiana)
1940 - Alsace Lorraine is annexed by the Third Reich (Germany) during World War II
1941 - 551 Jews are shot in Kishnev ghetto in Romania
1942 - 1st American offensive in Pacific in WW2, Guadalcanal, Solomon Is
1942 - Resistance bombs Rotterdam railway
Novelist & Poet James Joyce 1942 - Transport 16 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1943 - Red Army recaptures Bogodukov
1944 - Anton de Kom arrested by Surinam resistance fighter
1944 - Canada/Polish offensive direction Falaise: Total Cooperation
1944 - German counter attack at Avranches fails
1944 - July 20th Plot trial under Roland Freis in Berlin begins
1944 - US 3rd Army reaches suburbs of Brest Brittany
1944 - IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
1946 - 1st coin bearing portrait of Negro authorized
1947 - Balsa raft Kon Tiki crashes into a Polynesian archipelago reef
1947 - The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
1948 - 1st Dutch government of Beel resigns
1948 - Delfo Cabrera wins 11th Olympic marathon (2:34:51.6)
1949 - "All after Love" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 121 perfs
1950 - Police bar white players-Lou Chirban, Stan Mierko, & Frank Dyle, from playing in Negro League
1951 - Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket reaches 1,992 kph
1951 - US viking rocket reaches 210 km height (record)
1953 - Eastern Airlines enters jet age, uses Electra prop-jet
1954 - "Golden Apple" closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 125 performances
1954 - Charles Mahoney becomes 1st US black to serve as a full UN delegate
1955 - Bar-Ilan University founded in Israel
1955 - KSTF TV channel 10 in Scottsbluff-Gering, NB (CBS/NBC) begins
1955 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering, the precursor to Sony, begins selling its first transistor radios in Japan.
1956 - Boston Red Sox fine Ted Williams $5,000 for spitting at Boston fans
1956 - British government sends 3 aircraft carriers to Egypt
1956 - Dynamite transport explodes in Colombia; about 1200 die
1957 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - Explorer 6 transmits 1st TV photo of Earth from space
1959 - The Lincoln Memorial design on the U.S. penny goes into circulation. It replaces the "sheaves of wheat" design
1960 - Ivory Coast (C�te d'Ivoire) gains independence from France
1960 - Students stage kneel-in demonstrations in Atlanta churches
1960 - Wiffi Smith wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open
1961 - Cosmonaut Gherman Titov circles Earth for a full day in Vostok 2
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev 1961 - Soviet premier Khrushchev predicts USSR economy will surpass US
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1963 - Jac Kennedy becomes 1st, 1st lady to give birth since Mrs Cleveland
1964 - 31st NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Chicago 28, All-Stars 17 (65,000)
1964 - Turkey begins air attack on Greek-Cypriots
1964 - US Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution
1966 - Race riot in Lansing Michigan
1970 - 1st computer chess tournament
1970 - Christine Perfect (McVie) joins Fleetwood Mac
1970 - WDHN TV channel 18 in Dothan, AL (ABC) begins broadcasting
1970 - 4, including presiding judge, killed in courthouse shootout in San Rafael, California (Police charge Angela Davis provided weapons)
1971 - Apollo 15 returns to Earth
1972 - Hall of Fame inducts Berra, Sandy Koufax, Lefty Gomez & Early Wynn
1974 - Actress Faye Dunaway weds Peter Wolf of J Geils Band
1974 - Philippe Petit walks tightrope strung between twin towers
Actress Faye Dunaway 1976 - Chako Higuchi wins LPGA Colgate-European Golf Open
1976 - US Viking 2 goes into Martian orbit after 11-month flight from Earth
1976 - Scientists in Pasadena, California, announce Viking I found strongest indications to date of possible life on Mars
1977 - "Shenandoah" closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 1,050 performances
1978 - Eddie Mathews, Addie Joss, & Larry MacPhail inducted to Hall of Fame
1978 - Thousands of mourners file past body of Pope Paul VI
1980 - Hurricane Allen ravages Caribisch area, about 70 killed
1981 - The Washington Star ceases all operations after 128 years of publication.
1983 - "Merlin" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 199 performances
1983 - 1st World Track & Field Championships
1983 - 65th PGA Championship: Hal Sutton shoots a 274 at Riviera CC LA
1983 - Bobby Murcer Day at Yankee Stadium
1983 - Grete Waitz of Norway, wins 1st all-women Marathon (Helsinki Fin)
1983 - Patti Rizzo wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1983 - Some 675,000 employees strike AT&T
1984 - David Rabe's "Hurlyburly," premieres in NYC
1984 - Japan beats US for olympic gold medal in baseball
1984 - Jim Deshales becomes 1,000th playing Yankee
Singer & Actress Barbra Streisand 1985 - Barbra Streisand records "Broadway Album"
1985 - Baseball players end a 2 day strike
1985 - Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts.
1986 - "Honky Tonk Nights" opens at Biltmore Theater NYC for 4 performances
1986 - Daniel Buettner, Bret Anderson, Martin Engel & Anne Knabe begin cycling journey of 15,266 miles from Prudhoe Bay Alaska to Argentina
1987 - 5 Central American presidents sign peace accord in Guatemala
1987 - Javed Miandad scores 260 v England at The Oval, 28 fours 1 six
1987 - Lynne Cox swims 4.3 km from US to USSR in 39�F (4�C) Bering Sea
1988 - Martha Nause wins Planters Pat Bradley International Golf Tournament
1988 - Writers guild end their 6 months strike
1988 - Rioting in New York City's Tompkins Square Park.
1989 - U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
1990 - Desert Shield begins - US deploys troops to Saudi Arabia
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Mass sets record with 12th HR in 1st 92 at bats & becomes 21st to hit a ball into 3rd deck of Seattle's Kingdome
1991 - Charles Austin breaks US high jump record at 7'10�"
1991 - Court rules Manuel Noriega, may access some secret US documents
1991 - Darrin Lewis hits his 1st major league HR
1991 - Manhattan Cable final day of amnesty to return illegal cable boxes
1991 - US sets 400m relay record at 37.67 seconds
1992 - Cleveland Indians turn a triple play
1992 - Tampa Bay group purchases SF Giants
1993 - "Camelot" closes at Gershwin Theater NYC after 56 performances
1993 - Tropical storm Brett ravages Venezuela, 118 killed
1994 - "Hedda Gabler" closes at Criterion Theater NYC after 33 performances
1994 - 1st telephone link between Israel & Jordan
1994 - Carolyn Hill wins McCall's LPGA Golf Classic at Stratton Mountain
1994 - Ernesto Samper sworn in as president of Colombia
1997 - STS 85 (Discovery 23) launches into orbit
1997 - Ung Huot appointed Cambodia's 1st premier
2007 - Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants breaks baseball great Hank Aaron's record by hitting his 756th home run.
2008 - Georgia launches a military offensive to surround and capture the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali, from Russian control, starting the South Ossetia War.
Music history on August 7
1868 - Composer Sir Granville Ransome Bantock was born.
1937 - Bunny Berigan and his orchestra recorded "I Can�t Get Started."
1963 - The movie "Beach Party" debuted.
1965 - The Turtles' remake of Bob Dylan's "It Ain't Me Babe" was released.
1965 - Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five) had two ribs broken when he was pulled off the stage by a fan in Chicago.
1974 - Peter Wolf (J. Geils Band) and Faye Dunaway were married. They divorced in 1979.
1987 - A Los Angeles judge threw out a lawsuit against Ozzy Osbourne. The lawsuit had been filed by the parents of a teenager who had committed suicide while listening to Ozzy's song, "Suicide Solution."
1987 - The movie "Back to the Beach" opened in the U.S.
1989 - George Clinton released "The Cinderella Theory."
1991 - Charges of assault and property damage are filed against Axl Rose (Guns 'N' Roses) in connection with a riot during a show in St. Louis, MO.
1995 - LL Cool J and Simone Johnson were married.
1997 - Garth Brooks played a free concert in New York's Central Park.
1999 - Violence erupted outside a Dave Matthews Band concert in Hartford, CT. 55 arrests were made in the parking lot of the Meadows Music Theater.
2000 - The family of Jimi Hendrix won a case at an international panel to evict the holder of the Internet address www.jimihendrix.com.
Famous birthdays on August 7
Nathaniel Greene 1742
"The Amazing" James Randi 1928
Magic Slim 1937
Bruce Dickinson (Iron Maiden) 1958
Iron Maiden Merchandise
Harold Perrineau 1963 - Actor ("Lost") - Lost Merchandise
Raul Malo (The Mavericks) 1965
Charlotte Lewis 1967
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 7 2012, 08:17 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 8
70 - Tower of Antonia destroyed by Romans
870 - Kings Charles the Bare & Louis the German divide Lutherans
936 - German king Otto I the Great, crowned
1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
1322 - Emperor Godaigo, makes Sojiji monastery. chief monastery of Soto Sect
1502 - Jacobus IV of Scotland marries Margaretha Tudor
1509 - The Emperor Krishnadeva Raya is crowned, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
1549 - France declares war on England
1567 - Duke of Alva's army enters Brussels Belgium
1570 - Peace of Saint-Germain-and-Laye, more freedom for huguenots
1579 - Cornerstone is laid for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory
1585 - Pope Sixtus excommunicates Hendrik van Navarra (Henri IV)
1585 - John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in search of the Northwest Passage.
1588 - Sea battle at Grevelingen: English fleet battles Spanish armada
1605 - The city of Oulu, Finland, is founded by Charles IX of Sweden.
1609 - Venetian senate examines Galileo Galilei's telescope
Galileo_Galilei.jpg ( 20.64K ) Number of downloads: 0
Galileo Galilei
1619 - Duke Maximilian I & Emperor Ferdinand II signs Treaty of Munchen
1647 - The Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Dungans Hill - English Parliamentary forces defeat Irish forces.
1673 - Dutch battle fleet of 23 ships demands surrender of NYC
1700 - Denmark & Sweden sign peace treaty
1709 - 1st known ascent in hot-air balloon, Bartolomeu de Gusmao (indoors)
1758 - British troops occupy & plunder Cherbourg
1786 - Congress adopts silver dollar & decimal system of money
1786 - Jacques Balmat & Michel Paccard are 1st to climb to top of Mont Blanc
1788 - King Louis XVI calls French States & Generals together
1793 - The insurrection of Lyon occurs during the French Revolution.
1794 - Joseph Whidbey and George Vancouver lead an expedition to search for the Northwest Passage near Juneau, Alaska.
1796 - Boston African Society establishes with 44 members
1809 - 70 disciples of Gaon of Vilnus, arrive in Israel (Palestine)
1810 - Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib marries Maaroof, daughter of Nawab Ilahi Baksh, and moves to Delhi.
1814 - Peace negotiations begin in Ghent, Belgium
1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte set sail for exile on St Helena
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Napoleon Bonaparte
1816 - Bavarian joins Saint Alliance
1829 - French government of De Polignac forms
1831 - Battle of Hasselt - Dutch army drives out Belgian Army
1839 - Beta Theta Pi is founded in Oxford, Ohio.
1843 - Natal (in South Africa) is made a British colony
1844 - Brigham Young chosen Mormon Church head following Joseph Smith death
1853 - Russian fleet appears at Nagasaki Japan
1854 - Smith & Wesson patents metal bullet cartridges
1860 - Queen of Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) arrives in NYC
1863 - American Civil War: Tennessee's "military" Governor Andrew Johnson frees his personal slaves. During the early 20th century, the day was celebrated by blacks in Tennessee as a holiday.
1864 - Comet C/1864 N1 (Tempel) approaches within 0.0964 AUs of Earth
1864 - Red Cross forms in Geneva
1864 - Union troops/fleet occupy Fort Gaines, Alabama
1868 - Quake destroyes Arica Chile
1870 - Magic (US) defeats Cambria (Engld) in 2nd running of America's Cup
1870 - The Republic of Ploieşti, a failed Radical-Liberal rising against Domnitor Carol of Romania.
1876 - Dan O'Leacy completes 500 mile walk in 139h32m
1876 - Thomas Edison patents mimeograph
Thomas_Edison_9284349_1_402.jpg ( 28.87K ) Number of downloads: 0
Inventor Thomas Edison
1882 - Snow falls on Lake Michigan
1900 - 1st Davis Cup tennis competition, named after Dwight Filley Davis, began at Longwood Cricket Club in Mass, & won by US 2 days later
1902 - 2nd Davis Cup: USA beats British Isles in New York (3-2)
1903 - 3rd Davis Cup: British Isles beats USA in Boston (4-1)
1903 - In 11th an old black ball is put into play against Cleve, Tigers' Nap Lajoie protests ignored, he hurls ball out of park & forfeits game
1910 - The US Army installs the first tricycle landing gear on the Army's Wright Flyer.
1911 - The millionth patent is filed in the United States Patent Office by Francis Holton for a tubeless vehicle tire.
1911 - Public Law 62-5 sets the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives at 435. The law would come into effect in 1913.
1913 - Richard Corfields "Camel Corps" opens "Mad Mullah" in Burao Somalia
1914 - 3rd pole expedition Ernest Shackleton "Endurance"
1914 - French troops under Gen Bonneau occupy Mulhouse at Elzas
1914 - Montenegro declares war on Germany
1916 - A's set AL record with 19th consecutive loss on road
1918 - Canada/Australian/British breakthrough with 600 tanks at Amiens
1918 - 6 US soldiers are surrounded by Germans in France, Alvin York is given command & shoots 20 Germans & captures 132 more
1919 - Treaty of Rawalpindi, British recognize Afghanistan's independence
1920 - Tigers beat Yanks 1-0 in shortest AL game, 73 minutes
1922 - Italian general strike broken by fascist terror
1922 - Pirates set record of 46 hits in a doubleheader (against Phillies)
1924 - British-Russian trade agreement signed
1925 - 1st national march of Ku Klux Klan (200,000) in Washington, DC
1929 - 1st airship flight around Earth flying eastward begins
1929 - German airship Graf Zeppelin begins a round-the-world flight
1929 - Salem Oregon airport dedicated
1930 - St Louis Cards are 12 games back in NL, & go on to win pennant
1931 - Wash Senator Bob Burke no-hits Boston Red Sox, 5-0
1937 - Bonneville Dam on Columbia River begins producing power
1940 - 31 German aircrafts shot down over England
1940 - Battle of Britain began as Germany launches air attacks
1940 - The "Aufbau Ost" directive is signed by Wilhelm Keitel.
1941 - 20 divisions of Russian 6th/12th Army surrender at Oeman
1942 - "Monty" appointed commandant of British 8th Army at Alamein
1942 - 6 convicted Nazi saboteurs who landed in US executed in Wash DC
1942 - Dianthus sinks U-379
1942 - Russ anti-offensive of Voronezh under marshal Timosjenko
1943 - Common Chiefs of staff meet in Quebec
1943 - US amphibians land at St Agata on North coast of Sicily
1943 - Vegetables & fruit rationed in Holland
1944 - Canada/Polish troops occupy Cramesnil/Secqueville/Cintheaux/St-Aignan
1944 - US 15th Army corp occupies Le Mans
1945 - England & Aust Services draw 4th Victory Test
1945 - Pres Harry S Truman signs UN Charter
1945 - US, USSR, England & France sign Treaty of London
1945 - USSR declares war against Japan in WW II
1945 - USSR establishes a communist government in North Korea
1946 - India agrees to give Bhutan 32 sq miles
1946 - Dreyfuss family, owners of Pittsburgh Pirates since 1900, sells club to Frank McKinney & John Galbreath for $25 million
1946 - First flight of the Convair B-36.
1947 - Pakistan's National Flag is approved.
1948 - "Hold It!" opens at National Theater NYC for 46 performances
1949 - Bhutan, land of Dragon, becomes an independent monarchy
1950 - Florence Chadwick swims English Channel (13:23)
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Swimmer Florence Chadwick
1950 - Babe Didrikson-Zaharias wins LPGA All-American Golf Open
1952 - Syngman Ree re-elected president of South-Korea
1953 - Russia's Georgi Malenkov reports possession of hydrogen bomb
1953 - US & South Korea initial a mutual security pact
1955 - Fidel Castro forms "July 26th Movement"
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Dictator Fidel Castro
1955 - Geneva conference held to discuss peaceful uses of atomic energy
1956 - Fire & explosion kill 263 miners at Marcinelle, Belgium
1956 - WDIQ (now KMCT) TV channel 2 in Dozier, AL (PBS) begins
1957 - USSR offers Syria economic/military aid
1960 - "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini" hits #1
1960 - Ivory Coast declares independence
1960 - South Kasai secedes from the Congo.
1961 - Ham Tigercats (CFL) beat Buff Bills (NFL) 38-21 in Hamilton, Ontario
1961 - Verne Gagne beats Gene Kiniski in Minneapolis, to become NWA champ
1963 - Great Train Robbery in England, �2.6 million ($7.3 million)
1963 - Kingsmen release "Louie, Louie," radio stations label it obscene
1963 - LA Dodgers F Howard & B Skowron are 3rd to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1963 - Verne Gagne beats Fritz Von Erich in Amarillo, to become NWA champ
1964 - "110 in the Shade" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 330 perfs
1964 - Dutch Opera forms in Amsterdam
1964 - Rolling Stones 1st Dutch concert
1965 - Marlene Hagge wins LPGA Milwaukee Golf Open
1965 - Singapore leaves Malaysian Federation
1966 - South Arican Broadcasting bans Beatles (Lennon's anti-Jesus remark)
1967 - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore & Thailand meet to form Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
1968 - Jarry Park is approved by Mayor Jean Drapeau for interim use by Expos
1968 - Race riot in Miami Florida
1968 - Republican convention in Miami Beach nominates Nixon for pres
1970 - NY Yankees honor Casey Stengel, retiring his number 37 (BTG was there)
1971 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1971 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Lady Pepsi Golf Open
1972 - NY Yanks sign 30-year lease to play in remodeled Yankee Stadium
1973 - VP Spiro T Agnew says reports he took kickbacks are "damned lies" from government contracts in Maryland. He vowed not to resign (Right!)
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VP Spiro T Agnew
1974 - Pres Richard M Nixon announces he'll resign his office 12PM Aug 9
1976 - Chic White Sox suit up in shorts
1977 - Maurine Stuart, ordained as Zen priest by Eido Tai Shimano Roshi
1977 - Texas Rangers turn their 1st triple play (vs A's)
1978 - Pioneer-Venus 2 with 5 atmospheric probes launched toward Venus
1979 - Iraqi president Saddam Hussein executes 22 political opponents
1980 - LBV Conference Center & Club Lake Villas open
1982 - 64th PGA Championship: Ray Floyd shoots a 272 at Southern Hills Tulsa
1982 - Sandra Palmer wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1983 - Brig Gen Efrain Rios Montt was deposed as president of Guatemela
1983 - Jury in KC, Mo, awards TV anchorwoman Christine Craft $500,000 in sex discrimination suit against KMBC-TV (later overturned)
1983 - Military coup in Guatemala, Pres Rios Montt flees
1984 - "Rink" closes at Martin Beck Theater NYC after 204 performances
1984 - Carl Lewis wins 3rd (200m) of 4 gold medals in Summer
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Gold medalist Carl Lewis
1984 - Milwaukee 10-game losing streak ends
1985 - Baseball's new agreement permits 2 new NL teams in 1993
1985 - Japan launches Planet A, a probe to Halley's comet
1986 - Record 3 grandslams in a game-(Harrah-Tex, Sheets & Dwyer-Orioles)
1986 - Altaf Hussain's address at Nishtar Park Karachi, announcing the establishment of the MQM political movement.
1987 - Brewers' Rob Deer struck-out 5 times in a game
Olympic Sprinter and Long jumper Carl Lewis 1987 - Lynne Cox became 1st to swim from US to Russia across Bering Strait
1987 - Pakistan all out 708 v England at The Oval, Botham 3-217
1988 - -11] Army in Rangoon shoots on students, 5-10,000 killed
1988 - 9th US Seniors Golf Open: Gary Player
1988 - Angola, Cuba & South Africa sign cease fire treaty
1988 - Discovery of most distant galaxy (15 * 10 ^ 12 light yrs) announced
1988 - Duchess of York gives birth to 6 lb 12 oz baby girl
1988 - Goose Gossage registers career save #300
1988 - Jennifer Levin's parents file $25M suit against Dorrian Red Hand Bar
1988 - Jose Canseco becomes 11th to get 30 HRs & 30 steals in a season
1988 - Matt Biondi swims US record 200m freestyle (1:47.72)
1988 - Minnesota Twins pull 2nd triple-play of year & beat Cleve 6-2
1988 - Renovated Central Park Zoo reopens after 4 years
1988 - Russian troops begin pull out of Afghanistan after 9 year war
1988 - Sec of State Shultz narrowly escapes assassin attempt in Bolivia
1988 - South Africa declares cease-fire in Angola
1988 - Temperature hits high of 88 on 8/8/88 in NYC
1988 - Cubs & Phillies attempt to play 1st night game ever at Wrigley Field but are rained out in 4th inning with Chicago leading, 3-1
1988 - The "8888 Uprising" occurs in Burma.
1989 - US space shuttle STS-28 launched
1990 - Balt Orioles pull their 10th triple play (1-6-3 vs Oakland)
1990 - Carlton Fisk ties Johnny Bench hitting 327 HRs as a catcher
1990 - Iraq annexes Kuwait as its 19th province
1990 - Pete Rose begins 5-ms prison term at Marion (IL) Federal prison camp
1991 - Billy Preston charged with exhibiting porno to a minor
1991 - Carlos Santana pleads no contest to marijuana possession charge
1991 - Gary Oldman, actor (State of Grace), arrested for drunk driving
1991 - Shite Moslems release British hostage John McCarthy
1991 - With two months left, White Sox set new home attendance (2,150,951)
1991 - The Warsaw radio mast, at one time the tallest construction ever built, collapses.
1992 - Actress Barbara Hershey weds artist Stephen Douglas
1992 - Lou Whitaker hits his 200th career HR
1993 - California state senator Tom Hayden (54) weds actress Barbara Williams (40)
1993 - Dana Lofland wins McCall's LPGA Golf Classic Dormann at Stratton Mt
1993 - Tropical storm Bret ravages Venezuela, about 100 killed
1995 - Jeff King of Pirates is 16th NL player to HR twice in one inning
1997 - Mariners Randy Johnson strikes out 19 Chic White Sox
2000 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
2007 - An EF2 tornado touches down in Kings County and Richmond County, New York State, the most powerful tornado in New York to date and the first in Brooklyn since 1889.
2008 - Georgian invasion into South Ossetia. Begin of five-day war between Georgia and Russia.
Music history on August 8
1857 - Composer Cecile Chaminade was born.
1923 - Benny Goodman, at the age of 14, took a job as a clarinet player on a Chicago-based excursion boat on Lake Michigan.
1960 - 25,000 copies of "Tell Laura I Love Her" were destroyed by Decca Records. It was said that the song was "too tasteless and vulgar for English sensibility."
1970 - CCR's "Looking Out My Back Door" was released.
1970 - Janis Joplin bought a headstone for the grave of blues singer Bessie Smith. Smith was one of Joplin's idols.
1975 - Hank Williams, Jr. fell 500 feet down a mountain in Montana. After, two years of surgeries he returned to music.
1982 - Mickey Thompson (Jefferson Starship) married Sara Kendrick.
1986 - David Crosby (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) was released from prison after serving a sentence for drug and weapons possession.
1989 - Danny Elfman's musical score "Batman: Motion Picture Score" was released.
1992 - James Hetfield (Metallica) was injured by a stage explosion at a concert in Montreal. A riot occurred at the same show when Axl Rose cut Guns 'N' Roses' set short because of a sore throat.
2000 - In Portugal, Oasis walked off stage for the second time in two weeks when drummer Alan White was hit by a rock.
2000 - Attorney generals in 28 states filed a lawsuit that alleged that record companies forced discount stores to raise CD prices in 1995.
2006 - Travis Barker (Blink-182) filed for a divorce from ex-beauty queen Shanna Moakler.
Famous birthdays on August 8
Matthew Henson 1866 - Explorer, along with Robert Peary and their Eskimo guide, were the first people to reach the North Pole
Fredric March 1897
Phil Balsley (The Statler Brothers) 1939
John David (Dr. Hook) 1942
Peter Weir 1944
Airrion Love (The Stylistics) 1949
Jamie O'Hara 1950
Ali Score (A Flock of Seagulls) 1956
Dennis Drew (10,000 Maniacs) 1957
Harry Crosby 1958
Rikki Rockett (Poison) 1961 - Poison Merchandise
"The Edge" David Evans (U2) 1961
U2 Merchandise
Scott Alan Stapp 1973 - Singer (Creed)
Tom Linton (Jimmy Eat World) 1975
JC Chasez ('N Sync) 1976
Drew Lachey (98 Degrees) 1976
Marsha Ambrosius (Floetry) 1977
Odie (from Garfield comic) 1978
Beatrice Elizabeth Mary 1988
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 8 2012, 11:07 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on August 9
48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
378 - Battle of Adrianople, Visigoth Calvary defeats Roman Army
681 - Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube, after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.
1173 - Construction of the Tower of Pisa begins, and it takes two centuries to complete.
1329 - Quilon the first Indian Diocese was erected by Pope John XXII and Jordanus was appointed the first Bishop
1378 - Cardinals declare pope Urbanus VI lawless (anti christian/devil)
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Pope Unbanus Vl
1483 - Opening of the Sistine Chapel
1559 - Willem of Orange becomes viceroy of Holland/Zealand/Utrecht
1596 - Henry van Cuyk becomes bishop of Roermond
1638 - Jonas Bronck of Holland becomes 1st European settler in Bronx
1655 - Lord Protector Cromwell divides England into 11 districts
1666 - Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships in the Vlie estuary, and pillaging the town of West-Terschelling, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
1673 - Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recaptures NY
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Admiral Cornelis Evertsen
1673 - Dutch recapture NY from English; regained by English in 1674
1726 - Netherlands signs Covenant of Hannover
1757 - English Ft William Henry, NY, surrenders to French & Indians troops
1778 - Captain Cook reaches Cape Prince of Wales, Bering straits
1790 - Columbia returns to Boston after 3 year journey, 1st ship to carry US flag around the world
1803 - 1st horses arrive in Hawaii
1810 - Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire.
1829 - "Stourbridge Lion" locomotive goes into service
1830 - Louis-Philippe formally accepts crown of France, following abdication of Charles X
1831 - 1st US steam engine train run (Albany to Schenectady, NY)
1832 - King Leopold I of Belgium marries Louisa Maria
1841 - Erie boat in Buffalo NY catches fire; 242 die
1842 - US-Canada border defined by Webster-Ashburton Treaty
1848 - Austria & Sardinia sign cease fire
1848 - Barnburners (anti-slavery) party merges with Free Soil Party nominateing Martin Van Buren for president
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Martin Van Buren
1849 - Hungarian Republic crushed by Austria & Russia
1854 - Henry David Thoreau publishes "Walden"
1855 - Battle of Acapulco during Mexican Liberal uprising
1859 - Elevator patented
1862 - Battle of Cedar Mountain VA (Slaughter Mountain, Southwest Mountain)
1862 - Berlioz' opera "Beatrice et Benedict," premieres in Baden-Baden
1862 - Prelude to 2nd Manassas, Jackson is victorious at Battle of Cedar Mt, however Gen Charles S Winder is killed
1864 - Battle of Ft Morgan AL
1890 - 1st 44 Javans arrive in Suriname, to work 5 year on sugar plantations
1893 - 1st US bowling magazine, Gut Holz, published in NY
1901 - 34-35�N/98-99�W open for US colonization
1902 - Edward VII of England crowned after death of his mother Victoria
1905 - Mistaking her husband for a burglar, Ty Cobb's mother kills him
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Ty Cobb
1907 - The first Boy Scout encampment concludes at Brownsea Island in Southern England.
1910 - Alva Fisher patents electric washing machine
1914 - German submarine U-15 sinks British cruiser
1915 - British attack at Chanak Bair at Gallipolis
1918 - Reds manager Christy Mathewson suspects Hal Chase of taking bribes to fix games, & suspends him "for indifferent play"
1920 - Bulgarian & allied Peace of Neuilly-sur-Seine goes into effect
1923 - NY State Golf Association formed
1925 - Only time Babe Ruth pinch-hit for, Bobby Veach flies out
1930 - 113�F (45�C) at Perryville, Tennessee (state record)
1930 - Betty Boop debuts in Max Fleischer's animated cartoon Dizzy Dishes
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1930 - Percy Williams runs world record 100m (10.3 sec)
1936 - Jesse Owens wins 4th gold medal at Berlin Olympics
1941 - Winston Churchill reaches Newfoundland for 1st talk with FDR
1942 - 200 Jews escape Mir Ghetto in Poland
1942 - Dmitri Shostakovitch's 7th Symphony performed in Leningrad
1942 - Vice-Adm Mikawa lands at Guadalcanal, Solomon Island
1942 - Mahatma Gandhi & 50 others arrested in Bombay after passing of a "quit India" campaign by the All-India Congress
1943 - Bertolt Brecht's "Leben des Galilei," premieres in Zurich
1944 - 12 workers of Dutch illegal paper "Trouw," executed at Camp Vught
1944 - Smokey Bear debuts as spokeman for fire prevention
1944 - US 79th/90th division enter Le Mans
1945 - US drops 2nd atomic bomb "Fat Man" on Japan destroys part of Nagasaki
1946 - 1st time all major-league baseball games (8) are played at night
1950 - Lusty Song wins Hambletonian
1951 - Dutch Korea volunteers win US Collective Unit Citation
1952 - General strike against overtime conscription in Belgium
1953 - Premier Mohammed Abdullah of Kashmir, fired
1956 - 1st state-wide, state-supported educational TV network, Alabama
1956 - South African women demonstrate against pass laws
1957 - 24th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: NY Giants 22, All-Stars 12 (75,000)
1960 - Race riot in Jacksonville Florida
1961 - James B Parsons is 1st black appointed to Federal District Court
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James B Parsons
1963 - Britains rock TV show, Ready Steady Go, premieres
1963 - NY Met Roger Craig's NL record-tying 18-game losing streak ends
1964 - 1st Rolling Stones concert in Netherlands
1964 - Shirley Englehorn wins LPGA Waterloo Women's Golf Open Invitational
1964 - Bunning continues pitching perfectly to NY Mets until 2 outs in 5th, when Joe Christopher beats out a bunt. He totals 15 innings
1965 - Fire in Titan II silo in Searcy Arkansas, 53 die
1965 - Singapore gains independence from Malaysia (National Day)
1967 - Biafran offensive against Nigerian army
1967 - KYAY TV channel 39 in West Monroe, LA (IND) begins broadcasting
1968 - Yugoslav president Tito visits Prague
1969 - "Zorba" closes at Imperial Theater NYC after 305 performances
1969 - Manson family commits Tate-LaBianca murders
1970 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Lady Carling Golf Open
1970 - Peruvian Airlines jet carrying 45 US exchange students explodes
1971 - Le Roy (Satchel) Paige inducted into baseball's Hall of Fame
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1972 - Rockwell receives NASA contract to construct Space Shuttle
1973 - Henry McCullough & Denny Seiwell quit Wings
1973 - USSR launches Mars 7
1974 - Richard Nixon resigns presidency, VP Gerald Ford becomes 38th pres
1975 - 1st NFL game in Louisiana Superdome, Houston beats Saints 13-7
1975 - Dodger Davey Lopes steals record 32nd consec base without being caught
1975 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA Colgate European Ladies Golf Open
1976 - Clive Lloyd scores double-ton in 120 mins, WI v Glamorgan
1976 - Pitt Pirate John Candelaria no-hits LA Dodgers, 2-0
1976 - USSR launches Luna 24, last Lunar flight to date from Earth
1977 - Chris Old completes a century in 37 mins, Yorks v Warwicks
1977 - NHL refuses merger of 6 WHA clubs
1977 - The military-controlled Government of Uruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in 1981 for a President and Congress.
1978 - USSR performs (underground) nuclear test
1978 - Yanks score 5 in bottom of 9th beat Brewers 8-7
1979 - English seaside resort Brighton gets 1st British nude beach
1980 - Belgian constitution revised
1981 - 52nd All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 5-4 at Municipal Stadium, Cleve
1981 - 6 English lifeguards set relay swim record English Channel (7:17)
1981 - 63rd PGA Championship: Larry Nelson shoots a 273 at Atlanta AC Ga
1981 - All star MVP: Gary Carter (Mont Expos)
1981 - Hollis Stacy wins LPGA West Virginia Bank Golf Classic
1981 - NL beats AL 5-4 in 52nd All Star Game (Cleveland Stadium)
1984 - Daley Thomas of Britain sets decathalon record (8,847) in LA Cal
1984 - STS 41-D vehicle again moves out to launch pad
1986 - "Honky Tonk Nights" closes at Biltmore Theater NYC after 4 perfs
1987 - "Les Miserables," opens at Cameri Theatre, Tel Aviv
1987 - 69th PGA Championship: Larry Nelson shoots 287 at PGA Natl Palm Beach
1987 - LA Rams beat Dallas Cowboys 28-27 in London, England (NFL expo)
1987 - Mary Beth wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1988 - Cubs beat Mets 6-4 in their 1st official night game at Wrigley Field
1988 - Edmonton Oilers trade Wayne Gretzky to LA Kings for $15-$20 millions
1988 - Just 1 day after 8/8/88 NY's daily number is 888
1990 - 12 Arab leaders agree to send pan-Arab forces to protect Saudi Arabia
1990 - Soyuz TM-10 lands
1992 - "Streetcar Named Desire" closes at Ethel Barrymore NYC after 137 perf
1992 - 25th Olympic Summer games closes in Barcelona, Spain
1992 - Florence Descampe wins McCall's LPGA Golf Classic at Stratton Mt
1992 - Last day of Test Cricket for David Gower
1992 - Record temperature in Berlin-Dahlem 99.3�F (37.4�C)
1993 - King Albert II of Belgium, crowned
1994 - Phil Rizzuto Hall of Fame Night
1994 - Stanley Betrian put in charge of Curacao
1997 - Security guard Abner Louima, attacked by NYC police
1997 - Yanks break Minnesota Twins Brad Radke's string of 12 straight wins
1999 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
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Russian President Boris Yeltsin
1999 - The Diet of Japan enacts a law establishing the Hinomaru and Kimi Ga Yo as the official national flag and national anthem.
2001 - US President George W. Bush announces his support for federal funding of limited research on embryonic stem cells.
Music history on August 9
1686 - Composer Benedetto Marcello was born.
1874 - Composer Reynaldo Hahn was born.
1932 - Helen Morgan joined the Victor Young orchestra to record "Bill," from Broadway�s "Showboat."
1963 - The TV program "Ready, Set!, Go!" premiered on the BBC in London, England.
1964 - Bob Dylan and Joan Baez performed on stage together for the first time.
1969 - "Hot Fun in The Summertime," by Sly and the Family Stone, and "Easy to Be Hard" (from the Broadway production "Hair") were released.
1978 - Muddy Waters performed at a White House picnic for U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
1991 - Rick James pled innocent to charges that he imprisoned, tortured and sexually assaulted a woman in his California home.
Sports history on August 9
1893 - "Gut Holz" was published. It was America's first bowling magazine.
1936 - Jesse Owens won his fourth gold medal at the Berlin Olympics. He was the first American to win four medals in one Olympics.
1975 - The New Orleans Superdome as officially opened when the Saints played the Houston Oilers in exhibition football. The new Superdome cost $163 million to build.
1981 - Major league baseball teams resumed play at the conclusion of the first mid-season players� strike.
1984 - Daley Thompson, of Britain, won his second successive Olympic decathlon.
1988 - Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers was traded to the Los Angeles Kings. The trade was at Gretzky's request. He was sent to the Kings with Mike Krushelnyski and Marty McSorley. Edmonton received Jimmy Carson, Martin Gelina, three first-round draft picks and cash.
1990 - The NHL approved the sale of the Minnesota North Stars by George and Gordon Gund. The Gunds were granted the rights to a Bay Area team that could begin play in October 1991. The team was the San Jose Sharks.
2000 - Former Dallas Cowboy Michael Irvin was arrested on a Class B misdemeanor of possession of less than 2 ounces of marijuana.
Famous birthdays on August 9
Isaac Walton 1593
Billy Henderson (The Spinners) 1939
Jack DeJohnette 1942
Rinus Gerritsen (Golden Earring) 1946
Barbara Mason 1947
Benjamin Orr (The Cars) 1955
Melanie Griffith 1957
Arion Salazar (Third Blind Eye) 1972
Audrey Tautou 1978
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 9 2012, 08:35 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 10
612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire. Destruction of Nineveh.
70 - "2nd Temple" of Jews is set aflame (approx)
610 - In Islam, the traditional date of the Laylat al-Qadr, when Muhammad began to receive the Qur'an.
654 - Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I
843 - Treaty of Verdun: Brothers Lotharius I, Louis the German & Charles the Bare divide France
955 - Battle at Lech: German king Otto I beats Hungarians
955 - Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
991 - Battle of Maldon: English, led by Bryhtnoth, confront a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon in Essex. The English are defeated and the story is immortalised in a well-known poem.
1304 - -11] Battle at Zierik Sea: Dutch & French fleet beat Flemish fleet
1316 - Second Battle of Athenry
1461 - Alfonso ed Espina, bishop of Osma urges for an Inquistion in Spain
1497 - John Cabot tells King Henry VII of his trip to "Asia"
1500 - Portuguese sea captain Diego Diaz is first European to sight Madagascar
1511 - Portugese troops occupy parts of Malakka
1512 - Battle at Brest: English fleet beats France
1519 - Magellan's 5 ship set sail to circumnavigate Earth
1557 - Battle at St Quentin: Lamoraal of Egmont & Philibert beat France
1566 - Iconoclasm begins
1585 - English Queen Elizabeth I signs Treaty of Nonsuch: Aid for Neth
1622 - County Maine appended on John Mason/Fernandino Gorges
1627 - Cardinal Richelieu begins siege of La Rochelle
1628 - Wasa sinks at Stockholm, 50 killed
1653 - Sea battle at Heijde, English fleet beats Dutch
1664 - Austria/Turkey signs Peace of V�sv�r
1675 - King Charles II lays foundation stone of Royal Observatory, Greenwich
1675 - Portuguese-Jewish synagogue opens in Amsterdam
1678 - Netherlands & France signs peace treaty in Nijmegen
1680 - In N Mex, Pop� leads rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spaniads
1680 - The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico.
1743 - Earliest recorded prize fighting rules formulated
1759 - Carlos III becomes king of Spain
1774 - 1st Surinam newspaper (1st Wednesday Suriname) begins publishing
1776 - American Revolutionary War: word of the United States Declaration of Independence reaches London.
1787 - Mozart completes his "Eine small Nachtmusik"
1787 - Turkey declares war on Russia
1790 - Robert Gray's Columbia, completes 1st American around world voyage
1792 - Mobs in Paris attack palace of Louis XVI
1809 - Ecuador declares independence from Spain (National Day)
1821 - Missouri admitted as 24th US state
1822 - Antioch Syria, hit by Earthquake; about 20,000 die
1827 - Race riots in Cincinnati (1,000 blacks leave for Canada)
1831 - Former slave Nat Turner leads uprising against slavery
1831 - Hurricane hits Barbados; about 1,500 die
1833 - Chicago incorporates as a village of about 200
1835 - Mob of whites & oxen pulled black school to a swamp out of Canaan NH
1846 - Congress charters "nation's attic," Smithsonian Institution
1856 - Hurricane washes away 2-300 revelers at Last Island, Louisiana
1861 - Battle of Wilson's Creek MO (Springfield, Oak Hills)-Gen Lyon killed
1862 - Battle of Nueces River TX
1866 - Transatlantic cable laid-Pres Buchanan spoke to Queen Victoria
1869 - O B Brown patents moving picture projector
1876 - 1st phone call between Brantford & Paris, Canada
1877 - Big Hole River: Col John Gibbon murders Nez-Perce indians
1877 - Phillies & Expos play a doubleheader that ends at 3:23 AM
1885 - Leo Daft opens America's 1st coml operated electric streetcar (Balt)
1887 - Excursion train crashes killing 101. (Chatsworth, Illinois)
1888 - NY Giant pitcher Tim Keefe sets a 19 game win streak record
1889 - Dan Rylands patents screw cap
1893 - Chinese deported from SF under Exclusion Act
1895 - 1st Queen's Hall Promenade Concerto (Wagners "Rienzi")
1897 - Automobile Club of Great Britain established (now: Royal Auto Club)
1900 - 1st Davis Cup: USA beats British Isles in Boston (3-0)
1901 - Chic White Sox Frank Isbell strands record 11 teammate base runners
1904 - Angelo G Roncalli (Pope John XXIII) becomes a priest
1904 - Dutch newspaper Volk fires gay journalist Jacob de *bleep*
1904 - Japanese fleet defeat Russians off Port Arthur
1904 - Yankees Jack Chesbro ends string of 30 consecutive complete games
1906 - Pope Pius X bans Associations cults
1907 - Prince Scipone Borchesi wins Beijing to Paris, 7,500 mile auto rally
1909 - Algemeene Netherland Toonkunstenars Ver (ANTV) begins
1911 - Parliament Act reduces power of House of Lords
1913 - 2nd Balkan War ends, Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria loses
1914 - At Luik, German 12"/16.5" guns reach Belgian boundary
1914 - German battle cruiser Goeben reaches Dardanellen/Turkey joins Germany
1914 - German troops reconquer Mulhouse in Elzas
1914 - Royal Nationally Steuncomite forms
1916 - Turks annex Persian city Hamadan from Russia
1919 - Ukrainian National Army massacres 25 Jews in Podolia Ukraine
1920 - Allies recognize Poland, Czechoslovakia & Romania
1920 - Treaty of S�vres (Allies & Turkey)
1920 - Turkish government renounces its claim to Israel, recognizes British mandate
1921 - FDR stricken with polio at summer home on Canadian Is of Campobello
1925 - Hurricane strikes Borculo, 4 die
1926 - Italian-Spanish peace treaty signed
1929 - Grover Alexander beats Phils 7-1 for his 373rd & last NL win
1932 - A 5.1-kg (11.2-pound) chondrite-type meteorite breaks into at least seven pieces and lands near the town of Archie in Cass County, Missouri.
1934 - Babe Ruth announces this is his final season as full time player
1936 - 114�F (46�C) at Plain Dealing, Louisiana (state record)
1936 - 120�F (49�C) at Ozark, Arkansas (state record)
1938 - 119�F (48�C), Pendleton, Oregon (state record)
1939 - 2nd Dutch De Geer government forms (1st with Social Democrats)
1940 - Prince Bernhard Fund forms
1941 - FDR & Churchill's 2nd meeting at Placentia Newfoundland
1942 - Gen B Montgomery becomes commandant British 8th leader in N Africa
1943 - Dutch submarine attacks Island Hertenbeest in NW Bali
1943 - Gen Patton calls injured soldier "cowardly"
1943 - Hitler watches lynching of allied pilots
1944 - Braves Red Barrett throws only 58 pitches to shut out Cin Reds 2-0
1944 - Race riots in Athens Alabama
1944 - US recaptures Guam from Japanese
1944 - US/French offensive at Alencon
1945 - Japan announces willingness to surrender to Allies provided status of Emperor Hirohito remained unchanged
1948 - ABC enters network TV at 7 PM (WJZ, NY)
1948 - Allen Funt's "Candid Camera" TV debut on ABC
1948 - Bradman scores 133* Aust v Lancashire, 216 mins, 17 fours
1948 - WABC TV channel 7 in New York, NY (ABC) begins broadcasting
1949 - Ezzard Charles TKOs Gus Lesnevich in 8 for heavyweight boxing title
1949 - Natl Military Establishment renamed Dept of Defense
1952 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA All American Women Golf Tournament
1954 - Neth Indonesian Union breaks up
1954 - Sir Gordon Richards retires as a jockey with record 4,870 wins
1954 - At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the St. Lawrence Seaway is held.
1956 - 23rd NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Cleveland 26, All-Stars 0 (75,000)
1957 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - Mary Lena Faulk wins LPGA Macktown Golf Open
1960 - Discoverer 13 launched into orbit; returned 1st object from space
1960 - Nicolaas Jouwe forms PANA in New-Guinea
1961 - England applies for membership in European Common Market
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1964 - WJSP TV channel 28 in Columbus, GA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1965 - Joe Engle in X-15 reaches 82 km
1966 - 1st lunar orbiter launched by US
1966 - Daylight meteor seen from Utah to Canada. Only known case of a meteor entering Earth's atmosphere & leaving it again
1968 - Race riot in Miami, Chicago & Little Rock
1968 - Shirley Englehorn wins LPGA Concord Golf Open
1969 - Don Sutton breaks his 13-game losing streak to Cubs with a 4-2 win
1969 - Marlene Hagge wins LPGA Stroh's-WBLY Golf Open
1970 - Jim Morrison is tried in Miami on "lewd & lascivious behavior"
1971 - 16 baseball researchers form Society for American Baseball Research
1971 - Twins' Harmon Killebrew is 10th to amass 500 HRs, & adds his 501st
1972 - 1 million kg heavy meteorite grazes atmosphere above Canada
1972 - Paul & Linda McCartney are arrested in Sweden on drug possession
1973 - 1st BART train travels thru transbay tube to Montgomery St Station
1974 - Judy Rankin wins LPGA Colgate-European American Golf Open
1975 - 57th PGA Championship: Jack Nicklaus shoots a 276 at Firestone Akron
1975 - David Frost purchases exclusive rights to interview Nixon
1977 - US & Panamana sign Panama Canal Zone accord
1977 - USSR performs (underground) nuclear test
1977 - Postal employee David Berkowitz arrested in Yonkers NY, accused of being "Son of Sam" 44 caliber killer
1978 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1979 - Ecuador adopts its constitution
1979 - Wings release "Getting Closer" & "Baby's Request"
1980 - 62nd PGA Championship: Jack Nicklaus shoots a 274 at Oak Hill NY
1980 - 8th du Maurier Golf Classic (Peter Jackson Classic): Pat Bradley
1980 - Allen, most powerful hurricane in Caribbean hits Brownsville, Tx
1981 - Coca-Cola Bottling Co agrees to pump $34 million into black business
1981 - Pete Rose, 3,631 career hit, breaks Stan Musial's NL hit record
1981 - Richard Nixon Museum in San Clemente closes
1984 - Mary Decker trips on heel of Zola Budd during 3,000m Olympic run
1985 - Oakland A's Dave Kingman is 21st to hit 400 HRs (off Matt Young at Seattle)
1985 - Michael Jackson buys ATV Music (every Beatle song) for $47 million
1985 - Uno Lindstron of Sweden, juggles a soccer ball 13.11 miles
1986 - "Me & My Girl" opens at Marquis Theater NYC for 1420 performances
1986 - Betsy King wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1986 - Billy Martin Day, his uniform number 1 retired
1986 - Marquis Theater opens at 1535 Broadway NYC
1986 - Pitcher Bob Forsch grand slams to lead Cards to a 5-4 win over Pirates
1987 - Flight Readiness Firing of Discovery's main engines is successfully
1987 - Kevin Gross is 2nd pitcher in 8 days to be ejected for scuffing ball
1988 - Matt Biondi swims world record 100m free style (48.42 sec)
1988 - Rodrigo Borja installed as president of Ecuador
1988 - UN estimates Asia's population hits 3 billion
1989 - A's bat out of order against White Sox in 3rd inning
1989 - Australia 0-301 at end of day one, 5th Test Cricket at Trent Bridge
1990 - US's Magellan spacecraft lands on Venus
1990 - The Massacre of more than 127 Muslims in North East Sri Lanka by paramilitaries.
1991 - "Little Night Music" closes at New York State NYC after 7 perfs
1991 - NFL sportscaster Paul Maquire suffers a heart attack at 53
1992 - Satellite TOPEX/Poseidon launched
1992 - Soyuz TM-15 lands
1993 - Charlotte Anne Lopez, 16, of Vermont, crowned 11th Miss Teen USA
1993 - An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter Scale hits the South Island of New Zealand.
1994 - Last British troops leave Hong Kong (been there since Sept 1841)
1995 - Dodgers leading 2-1 in 9th forfeit game to Cards, fans become unruly
1996 - Bob Dole picks Jack Kemp as his Republican VP running mate
1996 - Dare & Go ends Cigars record tying victory streak at 16
1996 - Parlisha Williams (Louisiana) crowned Ms Black USA Metroplex
1996 - Yanks lose ending 3rd best home series victory streak at 24
1997 - 36th Walker Cup: US, 18-6
1997 - Anaheim Angels Tony Phillips arrested for purchasing cocaine
1997 - Atlanta Braves sign Greg Maddux to record 5 year, $575 Million deal
1997 - Deb Richard wins LPGA Friendly's Classic
1997 - Northville Long Island Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Vijay Singh of Fiji wins Buick Open at the Warwick Hills Golf
1998 - The Royal Proclamation of HRH Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah as the Crown Prince of Brunei.
2003 - The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK - 38.5�C (101.3�F) in Kent . It is the first time the UK has recorded a temperature over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
2003 - Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko becomes the first person to marry in space.
2006 - Scotland Yard disrupts major terrorist plot to destroy aircraft travelling from the United Kingdom to the United States. All toiletries are banned from commercial airplanes.
Music history on August 10
1865 - Composer Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov was born.
1954 - Elvis Presley made an appearance in Memphis where he debuted "That's All Right (Mama)."
1959 - The four male members of the Platters are arrested and charged with aiding and abetting prostitution, lewdness and assignation. They were acquitted on December 10, 1959.
1968 - The Who's "Magic Bus" was released.
1970 - Jim Morrison's trial for allegedly exposing himself onstage in Miami, FL, began.
1972 - Paul and Linda McCartney were arrested for drug possession after a concert in Gothenburg Sweden. Paul was fined $1,000 and Linda $200.
1975 - "Manhattan Transfer," the summer variety show, premiered on CBS-TV.
1982 - Johnny Lyon (Asbury Jukes) married Jill Glasner.
1985 - Madonna's "Like A Virgin" became the first album by a female to be certified for 5 million sales.
1995 - Jimmy Buffett led a birthday celebration for U.S. President Clinton's birthday at the White House.
1999 - It was announced that Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs was leaving Oasis.
2004 - The iTunes Music Store became the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs.
Sports history on August 10
1947 - William Odom completed an around-the-world flight. He set the solo record by completing the flight in 73 hours and 5 minutes.
1971 - Harmon Kilebrew became the 10th major league player to hit 500 career home runs.
1973 - Arnold Palmer did not make the cut for the final two rounds of the PGA Golf Championship. It was the first time in his career.
1981 - Pete Rose hit a single and broke the National League all-time hit record with his 3,630 hit.
Famous birthdays on August 10
Herbert Clark Hoover 1874
Al Alberts (Four Aces) 1922
Rhonda Fleming 1923
Bobby Hatfield (The Righteous Brothers) 1940
Ronnie Spector 1947
Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) 1947
Patti Austin 1948
Gene Johnson (Diamond Rio) 1949
Daniel Hugh Kelly 1952
Lorraine Pearson (Five Star) 1967
Todd Nichols (Toad The Wet Sprocket) 1967
Michael Bivins 1968
And a quotation or two for those persistant souls who have made it this far:
Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth
- Lou Gehrig
July 4, 1939
- On my US tour maybe three out of 30 shows there was an Elvis impersonator in the crowd but that's it. I usually get younger fans, and those that come that are of an older generation end up walking out because it's too loud.
- Lisa Marie Presley
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 10 2012, 07:05 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on August 11
3114 BC - The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Colombian Mesoamerican civilations, notably the Mayans, begins.
2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation.
2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation.
480 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Artemisium - the Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae.
355 - Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.
1253 - Clara van Assisi leads rules of life in order of Clarissen
1304 - Sea battle of Zierikzee
1492 - Rodrigo de Borja becomes Pope Alexander VI
1522 - Uprising of adel/burgerij in Austria fails
1597 - Germany throws out English sales people
1611 - Emperor Rudolf forces out king of Bohemia
1674 - 1st Battle of at Seneffe (Louis II Cond� vs Willem III)
1695 - English & Dutch fleet capture Dunkerk
1718 - Battle at Cape Passaro: English fleet destroys Spanish
1772 - Explosive eruption blows 4,000' off Papandayan Java, kills 3,000
1780 - Barbados hurricane begins
1786 - Captain Francis Light establishes the British colony of Penang in Malaysia
1804 - Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria
1835 - George B Airy begins 46-year reign as England's Astronomer Royal
1858 - First ascent of the Eiger.
1860 - Nation's 1st successful silver mill (Virginia City, Nev)
1863 - Cambodia becomes French protectorate
1866 - World's 1st roller rink opens (Newport RI)
1874 - Harry S Parmelee patents sprinkler head
1877 - Asaph Hall discovers Mars's moon Deimos
1884 - 1st double-century stand in Test cricket, McDonnell/Murdoch 207 Aust
1885 - $100,000 raised in US for pedestal for Statue of Liberty
1888 - California Theatre closed (now a Pac Tel Phone Store)
1896 - Harvey Hubbell patents electric light bulb socket with a pull chain
1904 - German-ltalian General Von Trotha defeats Herero in SW Africa
1907 - St Louis Card Ed Karger pitches perfect game vs Braves, 4-0 in 7 inn
1909 - Liner "Arapahoe" is 1st ship to use SOS distress call
1909 - SOS 1st used by an American ship, Arapahoe, off Cape Hatteras, NC
1909 - Warren Bardsley (136 & 130) 1st to get twin tons in a Test
1914 - France declares war on Austria-Hungary
1914 - Jews are expelled from Mitchenick Poland
1914 - John Wray patents animation
1914 - Mitchenick Poland, expels Jews
1918 - Battle of Amiens ends in WW I, Allieds beat Germans
1919 - Green Bay Packers football club founded
1919 - Weimar Republic begins in Germany
1920 - 1st peace of Riga-Soviet Union recognizes Independence of Latvia
1923 - Dutch Premier de Geer resigns
1924 - 1st newsreel pictures of presidential candidates were taken
1924 - US presidential candidates make 1st film for bio-scoop news
1926 - Cleve Indian Tris Speaker hits his 700th double
1928 - Carl Hubbell's 1st major league victory is a 4-0 shutout of Phils
1928 - Georges Ronsse becomes world champion cyclists
1929 - Babe Ruth becomes 1st to hit 500 homers (off Willis Hudlin of Cleve)
1929 - Persia & Iraq sign friendship treaty
1929 - Russian-Chinese border fights
1933 - Temp reaches 136�F (57.8�C) at San Luis Potosi, Mex (world record)
1934 - 1st federal prisoners arrive at Alcatraz in SF Bay
1935 - Nazi mass demonstration against German Jews
1936 - Chaing Kai-shek's troops conquers Kanton
1939 - Sergei Rachmaninovs last appearance in Europe
1940 - 38 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - German air raid on British harbors Portland/Weymouth
1942 - - Sept 30] SS begins exterminating 3,500 Jews in Zelov Lodz Poland
1942 - 999 Jews are taken from Mechelen transit camp in Belgium
1942 - British aircraft carrier Eagle torpedoed & sinks
1942 - Lt-gen Montgomery makes landing on Gibraltar
1943 - Red Army recaptures Tchukujev, at Kharkov
1943 - Richard Strauss' 2nd Horn Concert, premieres
1943 - US amphibians land at Brolo on north coast of Sicily
1944 - British premier Winston Churchill arrives in Italy
1944 - French 5th Armour division recaptures S�es
1944 - Klaus Barbie, Gestapo head of Lyon France leaves for Auschwitz
1944 - US air raid on Palembang
1945 - Allies refuse Japan's surrender offer to retain Emperor Hirohito
1948 - Summer Olympics opens in London
1949 - 1st Naples-Capri swim, 17 miles (27 km) (Giovanni Gambi)
1949 - Gaston Eyskens forms Belgiangovernment
1950 - 17th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: All-Stars 17, Philadelphia 7 (88,885)
1950 - Boston Brave Vern Bickford no-hits Bkln Dodger, 7-0
1950 - Hitting just .279, Yank great Joe DiMaggio is benched for 1st time
1950 - King Boudouin I takes oath as royal prince of Belgium
1951 - 100,000 acres flooded from Mississippi R in Ks, Oklahoma, Mo & Ill
1951 - 1st color baseball game (Braves vs Dodgers) telecast (WCBS-NYC)
1951 - NY Giants (NFL) beat Ottawa Roughriders (CFL) 38-6 in Ottawa
1951 - NY Giants lose to go 13� games behind Bkln Dodgers, later win pennant
1952 - Hussein Ibn Talal I, proclaimed King of Jordan
1954 - BC Lions plays its 1st CF game, they lose to Montreal Alouettes, 22-0
1954 - Formal peace takes place, ending 7+ yrs of fighting in Indochina between French & Communist Vietminh
1955 - Indonesia government of Harahap forms
1956 - 1st flight 4-motor Cessna 620
1956 - Elvis Presley releases "Don't Be Cruel"
1957 - Patty Berg wins LPGA All-American Golf Open
1957 - Paul Hindemith' opera "Harmonie der Welt," premieres in Munich
1960 - Chad declares Independence from France
1960 - French colony of Chad became independent
1961 - Warren Spahn records victory #300, beats Cubs 2-1
1962 - Andrian G Nikolayev, becomes 3rd Russian in space aboard Vostok 3
1962 - Beach Boys release "Surfin' Safari"
1962 - Bolotnikov runs world record 10km (28:18.2)
1962 - Dodgers protest wetting down of Candlestick to slow Maury Wills down
1963 - Kingston Trio are mystery guest on "What's My Line?"
1963 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Waterloo Women's Golf Open Invitational
1964 - Beatles' "A Hard Days Night" opens in NYC
1964 - Race riot in Paterson NJ
1965 - 6 day insurrection starts in Watts section of Los Angeles
1965 - Beatles movie "Help" opens in NYC
1965 - Watts riots begin in Southeast LA, lasts 6 days
1966 - Last Beatle concert tour of US begins
1967 - Al Downing becomes 12th to strike-out side on 9 pitches
1968 - Beatles launch "Apple Records" label
1968 - Satchel Paige, 62, & needing 158 days on a major league payroll to qualify for a pension, is signed by Braves
1968 - The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Rail steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and returns to Liverpool before having their fires dropped for the last time - this working was known as the Fifteen Guinea Special.
1969 - Don Drysdale retires because of damage to his right shoulder
1969 - Pittsburgh Steelers beat NY Giants 17-13 in Montreal (NFL expo)
1970 - Jim Bunning becomes 2nd (Cy Young) to win 100 games in both leagues
1970 - Tony Perez becomes 1st to hit a HR in red seats at Riverfront
1971 - Construction begins on Louisiana Superdome
1971 - Harmon Killebrew hits HRs #500 & 501
1972 - "Cheech & Chong Day" in San Antonio Texas
1974 - 56th PGA Championship: Lee Trevino shoots a 276 at Tanglewood NC
1974 - Coup in East-Timor under UDT
1974 - Head-on collision between two buses kills 21 (Ankara, Turkey)
1975 - Expos' Jose Mangual struck out 5 times in a game
1975 - US vetoes proposed admission of North & South Vietnam to UN
1976 - Keith Moon, drummer for Who, collapses & is hospitalized in Miami
1976 - Race riot in Cape Town, South Africa; 17 die
1977 - Geoff Boycott scores his 100th FC hundred, v Aust at Headingley
1978 - Funeral of Pope Paul VI
1978 - Legionnaire's disease bacteria isolated in Atlanta
1979 - 28�F in Embarrass Minnesota
1979 - Phillies Tug McGraw gives up record 4th grand slam of year
1980 - Angola revises its constitution
1980 - Mohammed Ali Radjai appointed premier of Iran
1980 - Yanks Reggie Jackson hits his 400th HR off Chicago's Britt Burns
1982 - Twins Terry Felton loses & runs career to 0-14 (en route to 0-16)
1982 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1984 - 101,799 fans at soccer match Brazil vs France
1984 - Carl Lewis duplicates Jesse Owens' 1936 feat, wins 4 Olym track golds
1984 - Cincinnati Reds retire Johnny Bench's #5 uniform
1984 - During a radio voice test Pres Reagan joked he "signed legislation that would outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in 5 minutes"
1984 - Men's choir Maranatha Netherlands forms
1984 - USSR performs (underground) nuclear test
1985 - "Tap Dance Kid" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 669 perfs
1985 - 67th PGA Championship: Hubert Green shoots 278 at Cherry Hills Denver
1985 - Challenger flies to Kennedy Space Center via Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz
1985 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1985 - Rudolf Povarnitsin of USSR sets new high jump world record (7'10"12)
1986 - 68th PGA Championship: Bob Tway shoots a 276 at Inverness Club Toledo
1987 - France & Great-Britain send minesweepers to Persian Gulf
1988 - 225 at bats after #299, Met Gary Carter is 59th to hit 300th HR
1988 - Charlotte Colisieum in Charlotte NC opens
1988 - Meir Kahane renounced US citizenship to stay in Israeli Parliament
1988 - Al-Qaeda formed
1989 - "Nightmare on Elm Street 5: Dream Child" premieres
1989 - Geoff Marsh & Mark Taylor complete 329 opening stand v England
1989 - Voyager 2 discovers 2 partial rings of Neptune
1990 - Egypt & Morocco troops land in Saudi Arabia to prevent Iraqi invasion
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Maas is fastest to get 13 HRs (110 at bats)
1991 - 400,000 demonstrate for democracy in Madagascar, 31 killed
1991 - 73rd PGA Championship: John Daly shoots a 276 at Crooked Stick Ind
1991 - Melissa Mcnamara wins Stratton Mountain LPGA Golf Classic
1991 - Shite Moslems release US hostage Edward Tracy
1991 - Space shuttle STS 43 (Atlantis 9) lands
1991 - Wilson Alvarez hurls a no-hitter in his 1st big league start
1992 - Oakland A's rip Jose Canseco for leaving stadium before end of game
1993 - Director Oliver Stone files for divorce from Elizabeth
1993 - NY Islander Brian Mullen, 31, suffers a mild stroke
1993 - Pope John Paul II visits Mexico
1993 - Red Sox Roger Clemens pitches 2,000th strike out (Danny Tartabul-NY)
1994 - Joao B "Nino" Vieira elected pres of Guinee-Bissau
1996 - "Thousand Clowns," closes at Criterion Theater NYC after 32 performs
1996 - 78th PGA Championship: Mark Brooks shoots a 277 at Vallhalla GC KY
1996 - Emilee Klein wins LPGA Ping Welch's Golf Championship
1997 - Benin legalizes Jan 10th as a voodoo holiday
1999 - Total solar eclipse in India-North -France (2m23s)
1999 - The Salt Lake City Tornado tears through the downtown district of the city, killing one.
2003 - Jemaah Islamiyah leader Riduan Isamuddin, better known as Hambali, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
2003 - A heat wave in Paris results in temperatures rising to 112�F (44� C), leaving about 144 people dead.
2003 - NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
Music history on August 11
1941 - Glenn Miller and his Orchestra recorded "Elmer�s Tune."
1952 - Hank Williams was fired from the Grand Ole Opry and told not to return until he was sober.
1962 - Booker T. and the MG's instrumental song, "Green Onions," was released.
1965 - The Beatles' movie "Help!" premiered in the New York.
1966 - The Beatles arrived at Chicago's O'Hare Airport to start their last tour of the U.S.
1968 - The first Beatles single on their own Apple Records was released. The single was "Hey Jude" b/w "Revolution."
1969 - Diana Ross invited 350 guests to a Beverly Hills club to see the newest Motown act, The Jackson 5.
1972 - Elvis and Pricilla Presley filed for divorce. They had married in May of 1967.
1973 - After seeing KISS play at a New York hotel, producer Bill Aucion offered to become their manager and promised a record deal.
1973 - The Edgar Winter Group's "Free Ride" was released.
1982 - The self-titled album "Vanity 6" was released.
1985 - Simon LeBon's (Duran Duran) boat capsized off the English coast during a race. The Royal Navy rescued him after he spent 40 minutes trapped in an underwater air pocket.
1999 - KISS received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Sports history on August 11
1929 - Babe Ruth hit his 500th career home run.
1951 - The first major league baseball game to be televised in color was broadcast. The Brooklyn Dodgers defeated the Boston Braves 8-1.
1971 - Harmon Killebrew of the Minnesota Twins got his 500th and 501st home runs of his major league baseball career.
1984 - Carl Lewis won his fourth gold medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
1984 - The Cincinnati Reds honored major league All-Star and Hall of Fame catcher Johnny Bench by retiring his uniform (#5).
Famous birthdays on August 11
Robert Ingersoll 1833
Jim Kale (The Guess Who) 1943
John Conlee 1946
Eric Braun (Iron Butterfly) 1950
Terry "Hulk Hogan" Bollea 1953
Joe Jackson 1955
Richard Reinhardt (The Ramones) 1957
Diana Woei 1965
Chris Dave (Mint Condition) 1968
Ali Shaheed Muhammad 1970
Chris Kelly (Kriss Kross) 1978
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 11 2012, 06:21 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on August 12
30 BC - Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last ruler of the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, commits suicide allegedly by means of an asp bite.
3 - Venus-Jupiter in conjunction-Star of Bethlehem
1071 - Alp Arslan beat Byzantines, emperor Romanos IV Diogenes
1099 - Battle at Ascalon: Godfried of Broth beats Egyptians
1099 - Crusaders are victorious at Battle of Ascalon
1121 - Battle of Didgori: the Georgian army under King David the Builder wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi.
1164 - Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch.
1323 - Treaty of N�teborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) regulates the border for the first time.
1332 - Battle of Dupplin Moor; Scottish dynastic battle
1336 - English King Edward III endswool export to Flanders
1480 - Battle of Otranto - Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam.
1492 - Christopher Columbus discovers Canary Islands
1499 - First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
1508 - Juan Ponce de Leon arrives in Puerto Rico
1530 - Florence surrenders for emperor Karel I
1549 - French troops occupy Ambleteuse England
1553 - Pope Julius III orders confiscation & burning of Jewish Talmud
1588 - Medemblik surrenders to Spanish army
1658 - 1st US police corps forms (New Amsterdam)
1665 - English fleet beat Dutch fleet
1676 - 1st war between American colonists & Indians ends in New England
1687 - Charles of Lotharingen defeats Turkish leaders
1687 - Ottoman invaders of Hungary routed at Battle of Mohacs
1759 - Battle of Kunersdorf - Russian-Austrian army overpowers Prussians
1793 - The Rh�ne d�partment is created when the former d�partement of Rh�ne-et-Loire was split into two: Rh�ne and Loire (L�re).
1812 - Duke of Wellington's troops enter Madrid
1831 - Dutch troops conquer Leuven
1831 - Netherlands & Belgium sign peace treaty
1833 - Chicago is founded.
1851 - 1st America's Cup-US schooner America beats British yacht Aurora
1851 - Isaac Singer patents sewing machine
1856 - Anthony Fass patents accordion
1861 - Skirmish at Texas-rebels are attacked by Apache Indians
1862 - Gen John Hunt Morgan & his raiders capture Gallatin, TX
1863 - 1st cargo of lumber leaves Burrard Inlet (Vancouver, BC area)
1865 - Joseph Lister performs 1st antiseptic surgery
1867 - Pres A Johnson defies Congress suspending Sec of War Edwin Stanton
1876 - Madeline (US) beats Countess Dufferin (Canada) in 4th America's Cup
1877 - Thomas Edison invents Edisonphone, a sound recording device
1879 - 1st National Archery Association tournament (Chicago)
1883 - The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.
1884 - Bill Murdoch scores 1st Test Cricket double-century, 211 at The Oval
1886 - W G Grace made his highest Test Cricket score, v Aust, The Oval
1888 - Bertha, wife of inventor Karl Benz, makes 1st motor tour
1896 - Gold discovered at Klondike River at Dawson
1896 - Willem II soccer team forms in Tilburg
1898 - Hawaii formally annexed to US
1898 - Peace protocol ends Spanish-American War, signed
1901 - Boer general Kritzinger driven out of Cape colony
1905 - King Leopold II opens Central Station Antwerp
1908 - Ford builds the first Model T.
1914 - Cavalery battle at Halen, Belgium ("Battle der Zilveren Helmen")
1914 - German 16.5"/12" guns fires on forts round Luik
1914 - Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary
1914 - Russian troops take East-Prussia & occupy Marggrabowa
1915 - "Of Human Bondage," by William Somerset Maugham, published
1916 - Picasso, Max Jacob, Kisling, Ortiz & Paquerette photographed in Paris
1920 - Battle of Warsaw (Vistula) between Poland and Russia begins
1922 - Dedication of Frederick Douglas' home in Wash DC as national shrine
1923 - Dutch AR-leader Coair replaces De Geer as minister of finances
1923 - Enrico Tiraboschi is 1st to swim English Channel westward
1925 - KMA-AM in Shenandoah IA begins radio transmissions
1925 - The first cast of Alpha Psi Omega, drawn from The Masquers of Fairmont College, West Virginia, is initiated.
1927 - "Wings," the only silent film to win an Oscar for best picture, opens
1928 - 9th Olympic Games close in Amsterdam
1931 - Yangtzee River floods after heavy rain crumbles dikes in China
1933 - Cuban dictator Machado y Morales flees after military coup
1935 - Babe Ruth's final game at Fenway Park, 41,766 on hand
1936 - 120�F (49�C), Seymour, Texas (state record)
1936 - Demo baseball game at 1936 Olympics in Berlin, world beats US, 6-5
1936 - Diver Marjorie Gestring is youngest Olympic gold medalist (13y 268d)
1940 - Luftwaffe bombs British radar stations, loses 31 aircrafts
1940 - Netherlands starts rationing textile
1941 - French Marshal Henri Petain gave full support to Nazi Germany
1942 - British premier Churchill arrives in Moscow, meets Stalin
1942 - German 1st tank leader captures Elista, Kalmukkensteppe
1942 - Lt-gen Montgomery arrives in Cairo
1943 - Alleged date of the first Philadelphia Experiment test on United States Navy ship USS Eldridge.
1944 - Churchill & Tito meet in Naples
1944 - Pipeline under ocean (Pluto) begins operating
1944 - Waffen SS troops massacre 560 people in Sant'Anna di Stazzema.
1948 - Cleveland Indians get 29 hits in a 9 inning game
1948 - Court of justice sentences Gen Fr Christiansen to 12 years
1949 - 16th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Philadelphia 38, All-Stars 0 (93,780)
1950 - NY Giants (NFL) beat Ottawa Roughriders (CFL) 20-6 in Ottawa
1950 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Humani generis
1951 - Babe Didrikson-Zaharias wins LPGA World Golf Championship
1952 - Hussain ibn Talal proclaimed King of Jordan
1953 - Ann Davison arrives in Miami, becoming the 1st woman to sail solo across the Atlantic
1953 - Heavy earthquake strikes the Ionian islands, 435 killed
1953 - Soviet Union conducts secret test of its 1st hydrogen bomb
1954 - Senator Eddie Yost draws his 100th walk for 5th year in a row
1955 - 22nd NFL Chicago All-Star Game: All-Stars 30, Cleveland 27 (75,000)
1955 - Pres Eisenhower raises minimum wage from 75 cents to $1 an hour
1955 - WPBT TV channel 2 in Miami, FL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - Canadain actor William Shatner (Star Trek) marries Gloria Brink
1956 - KOTI TV channel 2 in Klamath Falls, OR (NBC/CBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - Marlene Bauer Hagge wins LPGA World Golf Championship
1956 - William Shatner marries Gloria Rand
1959 - 1st ship firing of a Polaris missile, Observation Island
1959 - Progressive Party under John Steytler forms in South Africa
1960 - 27th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Baltimore 32, All-Stars 7 (70,000)
1960 - Echo 1, 1st communications satellite, is launched
1960 - Ralph Boston of US, sets then long jump record at 8.21m
1960 - USAF Major Robert M White takes X-15 to 41,600 m
1962 - 1st time 2 people in space
1962 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Heart of America Golf Tournament
1962 - Russia launches Vostok 4, Pavel Popovich, who lands safely Aug 15
1963 - Portuguese dictator Salazar firm on African colonization
1963 - Stan Musial announces he will retire at end of year
1964 - 10th time Mantle switch-hits HR in a game, one goes 502 feet
1964 - Mickey Mantle switch-hits HR record 10th & final time in a game
1964 - Race riot in Elizabeth NJ
1965 - Elizabeth Lane becomes 1st female British supreme court justice
1965 - Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club, Inc applies for a NL franchise
1965 - Race riot in West Side of Chicago
1967 - New Orleans Saints 1st pre-season victory, beat St Louis 23-14
1969 - Boston Celtics sold for an NBA record $6 million
1970 - Curt Flood loses his $41 million antitrust suit against baseball
1971 - Syriam Pres Assad drops diplomatic relations with Jordan
1972 - "Funny Thing Happened..." closes at Lunt-Fontanne NYC after 156 perfs
1972 - "Oh! Calcutta!" closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 1316 performances
1972 - Ian & Greg Chappell both scores centuries in same Test Cricket innings
1972 - Last American combat ground troops leave Vietnam
1973 - 55th PGA Championship: Jack Nicklaus shoots a 277 at Canterbury Cleve
1973 - Betty Burfeindt wins LPGA Child & Family Service Golf Opens
1973 - WPBA National Championship won by Betty Morris
1974 - Nolan Ryan strikes out 19 & walks only 2 as Angels top Red Sox, 4-2
1974 - Yankees Mickey Mantle & Whitey Ford become 1st teammates elected to hall of fame on same day
1976 - 1st approach & lands test (ALT) of orbiter Enterprise
1976 - Christian militia conquer Palestinian camp Tell al-Za'tar, 2000 killed
1977 - For 2nd straight day, Oakland's Manny Sanguillen foils a no-hit bid
1977 - High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 launched into Earth orbit
1977 - Space shuttle Enterprise makes 1st atmospheric flight
1978 - Arron Marshall completes a record shower of 336 hours
1978 - China & Japan sign peace treaty
1978 - ICE is launched
1979 - "Whoopee!" closes at ANTA Theater NYC after 204 performances
1979 - Iran press censors start massive book burnings
1979 - Judy wins LPGA WUI Golf Classic Rankin
1980 - Signature of the Montevideo Treaty establishing the Latin American Integration Association.
1981 - IBM introduces PC & PC-DOS version 1.0
1981 - Jon Erikson (US) becomes 1st to triple cross English Channel (38:27)
1981 - The IBM Personal Computer is released.
1983 - General Manuel A Noriega becomes commander of Panamanian army
1984 - 23rd Olympic games close at Los Angeles, Calif
1984 - Braves beat Padres 5-3, features 2 brawls & 19 ejections
1984 - Harmon Killebrew, Rick Ferrell, Don Drysdale, Pee Wee Reese, & Luis Aparicio inducted into Hall of Fame
1984 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1985 - 7th Emmy Sports Award presentation
1985 - Balt Orioles W Gross & L Sheets are 6th to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1985 - Japanese Boeing 747SR crashes, 520 die (worst in-flight toll)
1986 - Don Baylor gets hits by a pitch for a record 25th time in a season
1986 - Red Sox pitcher Tim Lollar gets a pinch-hit single
1987 - Charles Cole climbs 870'Tyrolean Traverse from top of Elephant Rock
1988 - Boston Red Sox set AL consecutive home victories at 23
1988 - Movie "Last Temptation of Christ" is released
1988 - Nelson Mandela is treated for tuberculosis at hospital
1988 - Red Sox beat Tigers 9-4 for AL record 23rd consecutive win at home
1988 - Richard Thornburgh becomes US Attorney General
1990 - 12th annual Macy's Tap-o-mania
1990 - 72nd PGA Championship: Wayne Grady shoots a 282 at Shoal Creek Ala
1990 - Cathy Gerring wins Stratton Mountain LPGA Golf Classic
1990 - Iraq President Saddam Hussein says he is ready to resolve Gulf crisis if Israel withdraws from occupied territories
1991 - Creditors vote to support Greyhound Bus reorganization plan
1991 - Last day in Test Cricket for Viv Richards, Dujon & Marshall
1992 - Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1993 - Pope John Paul II begins visit of US
1994 - 1st NFL game on Fox network (exhibition - SF vs Denver)
1994 - Members of the Major League Baseball Players Association strike
1994 - Panic in church of Brazzaville: 142 killed
1994 - Stephen G Breyer, sworn in as Supreme Court Justice
1995 - Lara completes 6th Test Cricket century, 152 at Trent Bridge
1996 - "Breakfast on Fox" premieres
2000 - The Oscar class submarine K-141 Kursk of the Russian Navy explodes and sinks in the Barents Sea during a military exercise.
2004 - New Jersey Gov. James McGreevey comes out publicly as a gay man.
2005 - Sri Lanka's foreign minister, Lakshman Kadirgamar, is fatally shot by an LTTE sniper at his home.
2005 - An F2 tornado strikes the coal mining town of Wright, Wyoming, destroying nearly 100 homes and killing two people.
2005 - Civil unrest provoked in the Maldives
2005 - An F1 tornado strikes Glen Cove, New York, a rare event on Long Island
2007 - Bulk carrier M/V New Flame collides with oil tanker Torm Gertrud at the southernmost tip of Gibraltar, ending up partially submerged.
Music history on August 12
1644 - Composer Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber was born.
1696 - Composer Maurice Greene was born.
1877 - Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and made the first sound recording.
1940 - Will Bradley and his trio recorded "Down the Road Apiece."
1960 - The Silver Beetles recruited drummer Pete Best.
1966 - John Lennon apologized at a news conference in Chicago, IL, for his remark that "the Beatles are more popular than Jesus."
1967 - Fleetwood Mac made their stage debut in Great Britain at the Windsor Jazz & Blues Festival.
1970 - A Woody Guthrie memorial concert held at the Hollywood Bowl.
1972 - The Festival of Hope was the first rock festival to raise funds for an established charity.
1993 - The Red Hot Chili Peppers replaced guitarist Arik Marshall with Jesse Tobias. Tobias was replaced by Dave Navarro three months later.
1994 - Woodstock '94 opened in Saugerties, NY. The opening was on the 25th anniversary of the Woodstock Music and Art Fair.
1997 - MTV debuted the Fleetwood Mac reunion concert. The special was taken from two performances at a Warner Brothers soundstage a few months earlier.
1998 - Scott Weiland (Stone Temple Pilots) pled guilty to felony heroin possession and was sentenced to three months in a drug treatment facility.
Sports history on August 12
1879 - The first National Archery Association tournament took place in Chicago, IL.
1964 - Mickey Mantle set a major league baseball record when he hit home runs from both the left and ride sides of the plate in the same game.
1969 - The Boston Celtics were sold for $6 million. To date it was the highest price paid for a pro basketball team.
1973 - Jack Nicklaus won his 14th major golf title. The win broke the record that had been held by Bobby Jones for 50 years.
1986 - Rod Carew became the first player in the history of the California Angels franchise to have his uniform (#29) retired.
1994 - Major league baseball players went on strike rather than allow team owners to limit their salaries. The strike lasted for 232 days. As a result, the World Series was wiped out for the first time in 90 years.
Famous birthdays on August 12
Thomas Bewick 1753
Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits) 1949
Kid Creole 1950
Danny Shirley (Confederate Railroad) 1956
Suzanne Vega 1959
Roy Hay (Culture Club) 1961
Sir Mix-A-Lot 1963
Bill Uechi (Save Ferris) 1975
Dominique Swain 1980
The English may not like music, but they absolutely love the noise it makes.
- Sir Thomas Beecham
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 12 2012, 04:40 PM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 13
523 - St John I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1099 - Raniero elected as Pope Paschal II
1326 - Aradia de Toscano, according to legend/folklore, is initiated into a Dianic witchcraft cult and subsequently founds the tradition of Stregheria, later known as the Malandanti.
1415 - King Henry V of England army lands on mouth of Seine River
1516 - Kings Charles I & Francois I signs Treaty of Noyons
1516 - The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognises Francis's claim to Milan.
1521 - Spanish conquerors Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) from Aztecs
1536 - Buddhist monks from Kyōto's Enryaku Temple set fire to 21 Nichiren temples throughout Kyoto in the Tenbun Hokke Disturbance. (Traditional Japanese date: July 27, 1536).
1553 - Michael Servetus is arrested by John Calvin in Geneva as a heretic.
1578 - Duke French van Anjou recognized as protector of Netherlands
1608 - John Smith's story of Jamestown's 1st days submitted for publication
1624 - Cardinal Richelieu appointed Chief Minister of France by Louis XIII
1630 - Ferdinand II fires supreme commander Albrecht von Wallenstein
1642 - Christiaan Huygens discovers Martian south polar cap
1645 - Sweden & Denmark sign Peace of Br�msebro
1651 - Litchfield, CT founded
1695 - -15] French troops under Villeroi shoot in Brussels
1696 - State of Drenthe accredits Willem III as mayor
1704 - French & Bavarian forces were routed by a combined British, German & Dutch army at Blenheim, Germany
1713 - King Frederik Willem declares war on Brandenburg-Prussia
1732 - Voltaire's "Zaire," premieres in Paris
1740 - Hunger strike in Rotterdam
1784 - English parliament accept India Act
1788 - Prussia joins Anglo-Dutch alliance to form Triple Alliance to prevent spread of Russo-Swedish War of 1788-90
1792 - Revolutionaries imprison French royals including Marie Antoinette
1799 - English fleet under lord Seymour overthrows Suriname
1814 - Cape of Good Hope formally ceded to British by the Dutch
1814 - Treaty of London-Netherland stops transporting slaves
1864 - Battle of Deep Bottom VA (Strawberry Plains) & Fussell's Mill VA
1868 - Earthquakes kill 25,000 & causes $300 million damages (Peru & Ecuador)
1876 - Reciprocity Treaty between US & Hawaii ratified
1876 - Wagner's "Of the Ring," premieres
1881 - Henry Morton Stanley signs contract with Congolese monarch
1889 - William Gray patents coin-operated telephone
1892 - US black newspaper "Afro-American" begins publishing from Baltimore
1898 - US forces under George Dewey captures Manila during Spanish-Amer war
1902 - England beat Australia by one wicket at The Oval Famous victory
1906 - Black soldiers raid Brownsville Texas
1906 - Cub's Pitcher Jack Taylor ends a string of completing 202 games (187 complete, 15 relief) by Dodgers in 3rd inning
1907 - 1st taxicab (NYC)
1908 - Cy Young Day in Boston, he pitches briefly against an All-Star team
1910 - Dodgers & Pirates play to 8-8 tie, both have 38 at bats, 13 hits, 12 assists, 2 errors, 5 strikeouts, 3 walks, 1 pass ball & 1 hit by pitch
1913 - Otto Witte, an acrobat, is purportedly crowned King of Albania.
1913 - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley.
1914 - -14] German army occupies forts at Luik
1914 - Carl Wickman begins Greyhound, the 1st US bus line, in Minnesota
1914 - France declares war on Austria-Hungary, leading to WW I
1917 - Phillies steal 5 bases in an inning against Braves
1918 - Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) established as a public company in Germany.
1919 - British troops fire on Amritsar India demonstrators; killing 350
1919 - Man o'War's only defeat (Upset wins at Saratoga)
1920 - 24th US Golf Open: Ted Ray shoots a 295 at Inverness Club in Ohio
1921 - Simon Kaufman & Marc Connelly's "Dulcy," premieres in NYC
1923 - Germany: Gustav Stresemann becomes premier of coalition government
1923 - Turkish National Congress selects Moestafa Kemal Pasja as president
1923 - US Steel Corp initiates 8th-hour work day
1928 - Soviet Union Spartacan Games begins
1931 - Cin Red Tony Cuccinello goes 6 for 6
1932 - Hitler refuses Von Hindenburg's proposal to become vice-chancellor
1932 - Yankee pitcher Red Ruffing homers & wins game 1-0 in 10 tying
1933 - 16th PGA Championship: Gene Sarazen at Blue Mound CC Milwaukee
1933 - Jacques van Egmond becomes world champion amateur cyclist
1935 - Transcontinental Roller Derby begins (Chicago Coliseum)
1937 - Japanese attack Shanghai
1937 - Battle of Shanghai begins.
1939 - Yankees set AL shutout margin with 21-0 victory over A's
1939 - Sabotage suspected in crash of 'City of San Francisco'
1940 - Germany air attack on South England (Battle of Britain begins)
1940 - Goering's "Adler Tag" 45-48 German aircrafts shotdown over South-Engld
1941 - Red army evacuates Smolensk
1943 - Red army recaptures Spas-Demensk
1944 - British 8th army occupies Florence
1944 - Generals Montgomery/Dempsey/Bradley discuss naderende breakthrough
1944 - Jackie Gleason-Les Tremayne show premieres on NBC radio
1945 - 35 Jews sacrifice their lives to blow up Nazi rubber plant in Silesia
1946 - Britain transfers illegal immigrants bound to Palestine, to Cyprus
1948 - Satchel Paige at 42, pitches his 1st major league complete game
1950 - Babe Didrikson-Zaharias wins LPGA World Golf Championship
1950 - Pres Harry Truman gives military aid to Vietnamese regime Bao-Dai
1951 - Great-Britain & Iraq sign new oil contract
1953 - 4-5 million French go on strike against economizations
1953 - Pres Eisenhower establishes Government Contract Compliance Committee
1953 - US Gen Omar Bradley's becomes chief of staff
1954 - 21st NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Detroit 31, All-Stars 6 (93,470)
1955 - Larry Doby's ends AL record of 167 errorless games in outfield
1956 - WBIR TV channel 10 in Knoxville, TN (CBS) begins broadcasting
1958 - Indians' right fielder Rocky Colavito makes his pitching debut, hurling 3 hitless innings, Detroit 3, Cleveland 2
1959 - Milt satellite Discoverer 5 launched (into polar orbit)
1960 - Central African Republic & Chad proclaim independence from France
1960 - USSR draws adviseors out of China
1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall begins in East Germany
1961 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA Kansas City Golf Open
1962 - Bert Campaneris of Daytona Beach (FSL) pitches ambidextrously
1963 - Custom agents confiscate 21 gold coins from Witte Museum
1963 - Warren Spahn sets left-hander strike out mark at 2,382
1964 - 1st broadcast by Trans World Radio on Bonaire
1967 - WQLN TV channel 54 in Erie, PA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1969 - Balt Oriole Jim Palmer no-hits Oakland A's, 8-0
1969 - Temp Commissioner Bowie Kuhn elected for 7-year term by unanimous vote
1971 - Paul & Linda McCartney release "Back Seat of My Car"
1972 - Dutch KRO-TV transmits 440th & last "Bonanza"
1972 - Marilynn Smith wins LPGA Pabst Ladies Golf Classic
1975 - Viv Richards out for 291 v England at Cricket Oval
1977 - 1st test glide of shuttle
1977 - Randy Bachman quits BTO, they disband
1978 - Bomb attack in Beirut, 175 killed
1978 - Judy wins LPGA WUI Golf Classic Rankin
1978 - Yanks score 5 runs in top of 7th. but rain causes game to be halted & thus score goes back to previous inning, Balt wins 3-0
1979 - Lou Brock, is 14th to get 3,000 hits
1980 - Suriname president Johan Ferrier ousted
1980 - Tatyana Kazankina of USSR sets 1.5k woman's record (3:52.47) in USSR
1981 - Last broadcast of "Waltons" on CBS-TV
1981 - Mary Terstegge Meagher swims world record 200m butterfly (2:05.96)
1984 - Morocco & Libya sign "Arabic-African Union" treaty
1986 - KRE-AM in Berkeley CA changes call letters to KBLX (now KBFN)
1987 - Cards outfield sets record of no putouts in a 4-2 in 13 inning
1987 - Jackie Joyner-Kersee ties world record with 24'5�" jump
1988 - Boston Red Sox win AL record 24 straight home games
1988 - Palace of Auburn Hills in Detroit Opens
1988 - US beats Jamacia 5-1, in 2nd round of 1990 world soccer cup
1988 - Ronald J Dossenbach sets world record for pedaling across Canada from Vancouver, BC to Halifax, NS in 13 days, 15 hr, 4 min
1989 - 2 hot-air balloon crash at Alice Springs Australia, 13 killed
1989 - 71st PGA Championship: Payne Stewart shoots 276 at Kemper Lakes GC Ill
1989 - US space shuttle STS-28 lands
1991 - Michael Ray Barrowman swims world record 200m breaststroke (2:10.60)
1991 - Test Cricket debut of Mike Whitney versus England at Old Trafford
1991 - VP Quayle makes a speech attacking lawyers
1993 - Blue Jay Rickey Henderson pays Turner Ward $25,000 for his #24
1993 - Hotel in Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand, collapses, 114 killed
1993 - US Court of Appeals rules congress must save all E-Mail
1994 - Train crash in Tbilisi Georgia, 24 killed
1995 - 77th PGA Championship: Steve Elkington shoots a 267 at Riviera Calif
1995 - Beth Daniels wins LPGA PING Welch's Golf Championship
1996 - Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 3.0
1997 - Boston Red Sox trade Mike Stanley back to the NY Yankees
1997 - SD Padres trade Rickey Henderson to Anaheim Angels
1997 - South Park's first episode is aired.
2004 - 156 Congolese Tutsi refugees massacred at the Gatumba refugee camp in Burundi.
2004 - Black Friday crackdown by NSS on a peaceful protest in the capital city of Maldives, Mal�.
2004 - Hurricane Charley, a Category 4 storm, strikes Punta Gorda, Florida and devastates the surrounding area.
Music history on August 13
1879 - Composer John Ireland was born.
1924 - "The Prisoner's Song" by Vernon Dalhart became the first country music record to sell one million copies.
1930 - Guy Lombardo and his orchestra recorded "Go Home and Tell Your Mother".
1938 - Robert Johnson played a show at a roadhouse outside Greenwood, MS. It speculated that Johnson was poisoned by the bar owner. Johnson died several days later.
1952 - The original version of "Hound Dog" was recorded by Willie Mae (Big Mama) Thornton.
1965 - The Jefferson Airplane made its stage debut at the Matrix Club in San Francisco, CA.
1965 - The Beatles album "Help!" was released in the United States.
1966 - The Supremes' "You Can't Hurry Love" was released.
1967 - The Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow Joan Baez to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, DC. because of her opposition to the Vietnam War.
1971 - King Curtis, at the age of 37, was stabbed to death outside his New York home.
1980 - Todd Rundgren's home in Woodstock, New York was invaded by four masked men. Rundgren, his girlfriend and three houseguests were bound and gagged while the masked men strip the house of valuables.
1990 - Curtis Mayfield was paralyzed after a light rack fell on him before a concert in Brooklyn, NY.
1995 - Michael Stipe (R.E.M.) has surgery for a hernia.
1999 - The movie "Detroit Rock City" opened.
Sports history on August 13
1986 - United States Football League standout Herschel Walker signed to play with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League.
1990 - Magic Johnson announced the indefinite postponement of his wedding to fianc� Earletha Kelly.
Famous birthdays on August 13
William Caxton 1422
Cliff Fish (Paper Lace) 1949
Dan Fogelberg 1951
Andy Griggs 1973
A quote for today:
I think it was inevitable. Record companies have been stealing for a long time - you reap what you sow.
- Prince, when asked "how do you feel about Napster?"
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 13 2012, 05:56 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 15
778 - Battle at Roncevalles: Basques beat Charles the Great
778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed.
927 - The Saracens conquer and destroy Taranto.
1040 - King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland.
1057 - King Macbeth is killed at the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of M�el Coluim mac Donnchada.
1185 - The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
1308 - Johannieter knights conquer Rhodos on the Greece
1457 - Earliest dated book, "Mainz Psalter," completed
1461 - The Empire of Trebizond surrenders to the forces of Sultan Mehmet II. This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire. Emperor David is exiled and later murdered.
1517 - Seven Portuguese armed vessels led by Fern�o Pires de Andrade meet Chinese officials at the Pearl River estuary.
1519 - Panama City founded
1534 - Ignatius of Loyola forms society of Jesus/Jesuits
1537 - Asunci�n, Paraguay, is founded.
1540 - Arequipa, Peru, is founded.
1548 - Mary queen of Scotland (6) arrives in France
1549 - Portuguese missionaries Franciscus Xaverius lands in Kagoshima Japan
1549 - Jesuit priest Saint Francis Xavier comes ashore at Kagoshima (Traditional Japanese date: July 22, 1549).
1599 - Nine Years War: Battle of Curlew Pass - Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, sent to relieve Collooney Castle.
1620 - Mayflower sets sail from Southampton with 102 Pilgrims
1635 - 1st recorded US hurricane hit the Plymouth Colony
1653 - -16] Dutch ship "Sperwer" stranded at Tsjedzjoe Korea
1658 - France/Sweden/Bavarian/Brunswick/Munster/Hessen-Kassel form Rijnbond
1684 - Spain & Germany sign cease fire with France
1741 - French troops attack the Rhine
1748 - United Lutheran Church of US organized
1760 - Battle at Leignitz: Prussia beats Austria & Russia
1785 - French cardinal De Rohan arrested
1795 - Joseph Haydn leaves England forever
1824 - Freed American slaves forms country of Liberia
1832 - Gregory XVI encyclical On liberalism & religious indifferentism
1843 - National black convention meets (Buffalo NY)
1843 - Tivoli Park in Copenhagen opens
1848 - M Waldo Hanchett patents dental chair
1858 - Regular mail to Pacific coast begins
1861 - Lincoln directs reinforcements to be sent to MO
1863 - Submarine "HL Hunley" arrives in Charleston on railroad cars
1863 - The Anglo-Satsuma War begins between the Satsuma Domain of Japan and the United Kingdom (Traditional Japanese date: July 2, 1863).
1864 - Off New England coast, CSS Tallahassee captures 6 yankee schooners
1867 - 2nd Reform Bill extends suffrage in England
1869 - The Meiji government in Japan establishes six new ministries, including one for Shinto.
1870 - Transcontinental Railway actually completed in Colorado
1876 - US law removes Indians from Black Hills after gold find
1886 - Guy Hecker scores 7 runs in 1 game
1891 - San Sebastian Church in Manila, the first all-steel church in Asia, is officially inaugurated and blessed.
1892 - 4th & last British government of Gladstone forms
1893 - US no longer allowed exclusive rights in Bering Sea
1899 - Louisville's Henry Dowling struck out 5 times in a game
1901 - Arch Rock, danger to Bay shipping, blasted with 30 tons of nitro
1905 - Phila A's Rube Waddell no-hits St Louis Browns, 2-0 in 5 innings
1906 - 1st freight delivery tunnel system begins, underneath Chicago
1911 - Procter & Gamble unveils its Crisco shortening
1912 - Yankee Guy Zinn sets record by stealing home twice in a game
1914 - 13th Davis Cup: Australasia beats USA in New York (3-2)
1914 - Dinant Belgium destroyed by German bombs
1914 - German assault at Dinant: Lt Charles de Gaulle (24), injured
1914 - Japan joins side of allies
1914 - Panama Canal opens (under cost)
1914 - A male servant of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright sets fire to the living quarters of the architect's Wisconsin home, Taliesin, murders seven people and burns the living quarters to the ground.
1915 - Journalist Albert Siegfried Bettelheim, convicted of murder in Georgia
1918 - 1st full length cartoon (Sinking of Lusitania)
1918 - Russia severs diplomatic ties with US
1923 - Eamon de Valera arrested in Irish Free State
1923 - Mexico & US reaches accord over oil concession of 1917
1925 - Norway annexes Spitsbergen
1925 - White Sox Dickie Kerr, 1st appearance since winning 2 world series games in 1919
1931 - Ernest Lassy completes longest canoe journey without port (6,102 mi)
1931 - Roy Wilkins joined NAACP as asst secretary
1931 - Spakenburg soccer team forms
1939 - "Wizard of Oz" premieres at Grauman's Chinese Theater, Hollywood
1939 - In 1st night game at Comiskey Park, Sox beat Browns 5-2
1939 - 13 Stukas dive into the ground during a disastrous air-practice at Neuhammer. No survivors.
1940 - 1st edition of Jewish Weekly newspaper in Amsterdam (under Nazi)
1940 - Heavy dogfights above England: 75 German aircrafts damaged
1941 - Kovono Lithuanian Jews are herded into Slobodka ghetto
1942 - 5 hostages executed by Nazis in St-Michielsgestel
1943 - Allies land on Kiska Aleutians
1944 - Allied air raid on train in North Netherlands, 32 killed
1944 - German field marshal von Kluge vanishes for one day
1944 - Operation Anvil: Allies land on French Mediterranean sea coast
1944 - Operation Dragoon: Allied troops land in Provence
1944 - US 12 Army corp enters Le Mans through Orleans
1944 - US 7th Armour division reaches Chartres
1945 - A riot ensued in SF while the city was celebrating the end of WW II
1945 - South Korea liberated from Japanese rule
1945 - US wartime rationing of gasoline & fuel oil ends
1945 - Chandler sells World Series radio rights for $150,000 to Gillette, Ford had been World Series sponsor since 1934, pay $100,000 annually
1945 - World War II: Korean Liberation Day.
1947 - India declares independence from UK, Islamic part becomes Pakistan
1947 - Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan) declares independence from UK
1948 - 3rd US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Babe Didrikson-Zaharias
1948 - Republic of Korea (South Korea) proclaimed (National Day)
1949 - WOTV TV channel 8 in Grand Rapids, MI (NBC) begins broadcasting
1950 - 8.6 earthquake in India kills 20,000 to 30,000
1950 - Ezzard Charles TKOs Freddie Beshore in 14 for heavyweight boxing title
1950 - Indians make their 1st triple play at Cleveland Stadium
1950 - Indies Constitution goes into effect
1950 - Joseph Pholien becomes Belgian premier
1950 - Pres Sukarno proclaims unity of Indonesia
1950 - Rotterdam harbor strike begins
1950 - Srikakulam district is formed in Andhra Pradesh, India.
1952 - 19th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Los Angeles 10, All-Stars 7 (88,316)
1952 - 9" of rain fall creates a 20' wave in Lynmouth, England killing 34
1954 - Alfredo Stroessner names himself president of Paraguay
1954 - WCHS TV channel 8 in Charleston-Huntington, WV (ABC) begins
1955 - WXEX TV channel 8 in Richmond-Petersburg, VA (ABC) begins
1955 - Hurricane Connie dissipates after killing 43 in NC, SC, Virginia & Maryland
1957 - David Simons reaches 30,942 m in Man High 2 balloon
1957 - USAF Capt Joe B Jordan reaches 31,513 m in F-104 jet fighter
1958 - 25th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: All-Stars 35, Detroit 19 (70,000)
1958 - Buddy Holly weds Maria Santiago
1958 - Marshal Boelganin resigns as director of Staatsbank
1958 - Soviet Marshal Bulganin resigns as director of State Bank
1960 - CFL's Calgary Stampeders move into McMahon Stadium
1960 - Chic Bears beat NY Giants 16-7 in Toronto (NFL expo)
1960 - Congo (formerly Congo/Brazzaville) declares Independence from France
1960 - Mil Brave Lew Burdette no-hits Philadelphia Phillies, 1-0
1960 - UFO is sighted by 3 California patrolmen
1961 - Keiyo Road is specified as the first driveway in Japan.
1962 - Netherlands & Indonesia signs accord about New Guinea
1962 - Shady Grove Baptist Church burned in Leesburg Georgia
1963 - Fulbert Youlou, resigns as Pres of Congo-Brazzaville
1964 - Fred Trueman takes 300th Test Cricket wicket (Neil Hawke)
1964 - Mayor Daley declares "Ernie Banks Day" in Chicago
1964 - Phillies triple-play NY Mets
1964 - Race riot in Dixmoor (Chicago suburb) Ill
1964 - Ralph Boston of US, sets then long jump record at 27' 3�"
1965 - 47th PGA Championship: Dave Marr shoots a 280 at Laurel Valley GC PA
1965 - Beatles play to 55,000 at Shea Stadium
1965 - Mary Mills wins LPGA St Louis Golf Open
1965 - Japanese community of SF holds Masanori Murakami Day at Candlestick Park to honor 1st Japanese player to play in major leagues
1966 - Radio Free Asia (South Korea) begins radio transmission
1967 - Pope Paul VI publishes constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae
1967 - England's Marine Offense Bill makies pirate radio stations a crime goes into effect, pirate station Radio 355 closes down
1968 - Pirate Radio Free London, begins transmitting
1968 - Romanian president Ceausescu visits Prague
1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan USSR
1969 - Woodstock Music & Art Fair opens in NY State (Max Yasgur's Dairy Farm)
1970 - Patricia Palinkas becomes 1st woman pro football player (Orlando)
1971 - Bahrain gains independence from Britain
1971 - Charles Lismont wins Helsinki marathon (2:13:09.0)
1971 - KVRL (now KRIV) TV ch 26 in Shreveport-Texarkana, LA (NBC) begins
1971 - Pres Nixon announces 90-day freeze on wages, prices & rents
1971 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Len Immke Buick Golf Open
1973 - Black September kills 3 wounds 55 Athens
1973 - David Storey's "Cromwell," premieres in London
1973 - USSR performs nuclear test
1974 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1974 - Hurricane/floods ravage Bangladesh, 4,000 killed
1974 - Longest team (6) trampoline bouncing marathon (1,248 hours (52 days))
1974 - South Korean President Park Chung-Hee escapes assassination
1975 - Bangladesh military coup under Khondakar Moustaque Ahmed
1975 - Joanne Little acquitted of murder charges
1975 - Miki Takeo makes the first official pilgrimage to Yasukuni Shrine by an incumbent prime minister on the anniversary of the end of World War II.
1976 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Wheeling Golf Classic
1977 - England regain cricket Ashes by taking a 3-0 series lead over Aust
1977 - SS chief Kappler escapes from prison hospital in Rome
1978 - House of Reps approves (233-169), 39-month extension for ERA
1979 - Andrew Young resigns as UN ambassador
1981 - Botham scores a century in 86 balls v Australia at Old Trafford
1981 - Robin Leamy of US swims record 7.98 kph for 50 m
1982 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA WUI Golf Classic
1982 - Equatorial Guinea adopts constitution
1983 - Ramones guitarist Joey Ramone, beaten in fight-undergoes brain surgery
1984 - The PKK in Turkey starts a campaign of armed attacks upon the Turkish military
1985 - Anti-apartheid lawyer Bulelani Ngcuka marries in South Africa
1985 - Iraqi air raid on Iran oil-island Kharg
1986 - Pres Reagan decides to support a replacement for Challenger
1987 - US beats Cuba in Pan-Am baseball
1987 - At Pan Am games in Indianapolis, USA & Cuba are tied with 2 outs in 9th, Ty Griffin HR, Cuba 1st loss in 20 years of Pan Am competition
1988 - "Ain't Misbehavin'" opens at Ambassador Theater NYC for 176 perfs
1988 - At 4PM LILCO consumers used a record 3,813 megawatts
1988 - NYC begins $70 million program to rebuild 900 Bronx apartments
1989 - Cancer sufferer/SF Giant pitcher Dave Dravecky breaks arm on mound
1989 - Frederik de Klerk becomes president of South Africa
1989 - Giorgio Lamberti swims world record 200m free style (1:46.69)
1989 - US Venus probe Magellan launched from Space shuttle
1989 - In 2nd start since after cancer treatment, Giants Dave Dravecky breaks his pitching arm while throwing to Tim Raines
1990 - 51st PGA Seniors Golf Championship: Gary Player
1990 - Mark McGwire is 1st to hit 30 HRs in each of his 1st 4 seasons
1990 - Phils Terry Mulholland no-hits Giants 6-0 (8th no hitter of 1990)
1991 - 750,000 attend Paul Simon's free concert in Central Park
1991 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1992 - Actress Susan Anton marries actor Jeff Lester
1992 - Colombo '92 closes in Genoa Italy
1993 - "Goodbye Girl" closes at Marquis Theater NYC after 188 performances
1993 - 75th PGA Championship: Paul Azinger shoots a 272 at Inverness Club Oh
1993 - Cindy Schreyer wins LPGA Sun-Time Challenge Golf Tournament
1993 - NYC radio (WFAN) personality Don Imus' lung collapes for 2nd time
1993 - Nolan Ryan, 324th & final victory, Rangers 4, Indians 1
1993 - Televangelist Robert Tilton announces he is divorcing Marte
1994 - South African President Nelson Mandela receives Anne Frank Penning
1994 - Terrorist Carlos the Jackal, captured in Khartoum Sudan
1995 - Keylee Sue Sanders, 18, of Kansas, crowned 13th Miss Teen USA
1997 - Dan Wilson hits Seattle Mariners 3,000th HR
1997 - Dow Jones drops 247.37 pts
1997 - LA Dodgers retire Tommy Lasorda's #2
1998 - Omagh bomb in Northern Ireland, the worst terrorist incident of The Troubles
1999 - Beni Ounif massacre in Algeria; some 29 people are killed at a false roadblock near the Moroccan border, leading to temporary tensions with Morocco.
2004 - Bay of Plenty win Rugby Union's Ranfurly shield for the first time in the shield's 102 year history and after 28 unsuccessful challenges. They defeated Auckland. 33-26
2007 - An 8.0-magnitude earthquake off the Pacific coast devastates Ica and various regions of Peru killing 514 and injuring 1,090.
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 15 2012, 05:44 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
I apologize for posting out of order....History for the 15th is before this one.
Historic events on August 14
554 - Ravenna becomes seat of Byzantines milt governor in Italy
1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan. (Traditional Japanese date: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of Juei).
1248 - Construction of Cologne Cathedral begun
1281 - Kublai Khans invading fleet disappears in typhoon near Japan
1385 - Portuguese defeat Castilians at Aljubarrota, retain independence
1395 - Utrecht bishop Frederik of Blankenheim occupies Coevorden
1457 - Oldest known exactly dated printed book (c 3 years after Gutenberg)
1498 - Columbus landed at the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela
1551 - Turkish fleet under Dragut occupies Tripoli
1559 - Spanish explorer de Luna lands in Pensacola Bay,Fla
1585 - Queen Elizabeth I refuses sovereignty of Netherlands
1597 - Cornelis de Houtmans fleet is 1st Dutch visit to Java
1624 - Dutch fleet ceases Callao the Lima in Peru
1636 - Spanish troops occupy Corbie at Amiens
1642 - Able Tasmans ships Heemskerck/Zeehaen depart out of Batavia
1678 - Battle of Mons-French repulse William of Orange
1743 - Prussian army occupies Saksen, beginning 2nd Silezian War
1756 - French capture Fort Oswego, NY
1758 - Battle at Zorndorf: Prussia beat Russia, 1000s killed
1762 - English fleet occupies Havana
1765 - Mass colonists challenge British rule by an Elm (Liberty Tree)
1782 - Suriname forbids selling slave mothers without their babies
1790 - Sweden & Russia sign Peace of Verela
1813 - British warship Pelican attacks & captures US war brigantine Argus
1816 - Great Britain annexes Tristan da Cunha
1820 - 1st US eye hospital, the NY Eye Infirmary, opens in NYC
1824 - General Lafayette returns to US
1825 - Dutch King Willem I throws foreign students out
1842 - Seminole War ends; Indians removed from Florida to Oklahoma
1846 - Henry David Thoreau jailed for tax resistance
1846 - The Cape Girardeau meteorite, a 2.3 kg chondrite-type meteorite strikes near the town of Cape Girardeau in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri.
1848 - Oregon Territory created
1861 - 79th NY troops mutinies
1861 - Martial Law is declared at St Louis, Missouri due to pro-secession sentiment which surged throughout Missouri after the Battle of Wilson's Creek
1862 - Lincoln receives 1st group of blacks to confer with US president
1864 - -16] Confederate General Joe Wheeler besieges Dalton, Georgia
1864 - 2nd day of battle at Deep Bottom Run Virginia: Federal assault
1873 - "Field & Stream" begins publishing
1875 - Society of Regte Afrikaanders establishes in Paarl
1876 - Prairie View State University forms
1880 - Construction of Cologne Cathedral completed (began in 1248)
1882 - Queen Victoria recieves Zulu chief Cetewayo
1885 - Japan's first patent is issued to the inventor of a rust-proof paint.
1890 - Cecil Rhodes' colonies reach Mashonaland (Fort Victoria)
1893 - France issues 1st driving licenses, included required test
1893 - France introduces motor vehicle registration.
1897 - The town of Anosimena is captured by French troops from Menabe defenders in Madagascar.
1900 - 1st electric tram in Netherland (Leidseplein-Brouwersgracht)
1900 - 2,000 marines land to capture Beijing, ending Boxer rebellion
1901 - SS Islander hits iceberg near Alaska & sinks killing 70
1901 - The first claimed powered flight, by Gustave Whitehead in his Number 21.
1903 - James J Jeffries KOs James J Corbett in 10 for heavyweight boxing title
1905 - Ngindo-rebellion killed 5 RC German clergymen in East-Africa
1907 - "Ha-Tikva" adopted as official Zionist hymn
1908 - Race riot in Springfield Illinois
1908 - The first beauty contest is held in Folkestone, England.
1910 - 6th International Congress of Esperantists held in Washington, DC
1911 - General Leconte appointed temporary pres of Haiti
1911 - United States Senate leaders agree to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the Senate among leading candidates to fill the vacancy left by William P. Frye's death.
1912 - 2,500 US marines invade Nicaragua; US remains until 1925
1914 - British field marshal John French & Gen Wilson land in France
1915 - British transport Royal Edward sank by German U boat kills 1000
1917 - China declares war on Germany & Austria at start of WW I
1917 - Leeuwen soccer team forms
1919 - White Sox Happy Felsch ties record of 4 outfield assists in a game
1919 - Yankee Muddy Ruel hits into a triple-play
1920 - Little Entente formed by Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia
1920 - Olympic Games open in Antwerp
1921 - Tannu Tuva, later Tuvinian People's Republic is established as a completely independent country (which is supported by Russia).
1922 - 1st "old time" musicians broadcasted on radio (Jenkins-WSB Atlanta)
1925 - Mount Rushmore 1st proposed
1925 - The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.
1928 - Ben Hecht & Charles MacArthur's "Front Page," premieres in NYC
1929 - Jewish Agency for Palestine forms
1932 - 10th Olympic Games at Los Angeles closes
1932 - Dodger John Quinn, 49, is oldest pitcher to win a major league game
1932 - Philips makes 1 millionth radio
1933 - Jimmie Foxx hits for cycle & sets AL record with 9 RBIs
1935 - Social Security Act becomes law
1936 - 1st Olympic basketball game (Berlin)
1936 - Rainey Bethea is hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky in the last public execution in the United States.
1937 - China declares war on Japan
1937 - Detroit Tigers score 36 runs in double header vs St Louis Browns
1938 - BBC's 1st feature film on TV (Student of Prague)
1939 - 1st night games at Comiskey Park (White Sox 5, Browns 2)
1940 - Dutch Premier De Geer vacations in Switzerland
1941 - US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill issue the joint declaration that later becomes known as the Atlantic Charter
1942 - Dwight D Eisenhower named commander for invasion of North Africa
1943 - -Aug 24th: Quadrant conference over strike in Pacific Ocean
1943 - 1st allied air raid on Borneo
1943 - US 45th Division occupies Falcone 40 km outside of Messina
1944 - British premier Winston Churchill arrives at Corsica
1944 - Operation Tractable: new Canadian offensive
1944 - Russian offensive at Weichsel
1945 - V-J Day; Japan surrenders unconditionally to end WW II (also August 15 depending on time zone)
1947 - India granted independence within British Commonwealth
1947 - Mildred Babe Didrikson Zaharias gives up amateur status for $300,000
1947 - Pakistan gains independence from Britain
1948 - 14th Olympic games close at London, Great Britain
1948 - Bradman's last Test Cricket innings
1948 - England all out for 52 v Australia at Cricket Oval
1949 - Military coup under colonel Sami Hinnawi in Syria
1952 - M�ty�s R�kosi appointed premier of Hungary
1953 - 20th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Detroit 24, All-Stars 10 (93,818)
1953 - KXLF TV channel 4 in Butte, MT (CBS/ABC) begins broadcasting
1954 - WGR TV (now WGRZ) TV channel 2 in Buffalo, NY (NBC) begins
1958 - Canadian Football League plays 1st game (Winnipeg 29, Edmonton 21)
1958 - Cleve Indian, Vic Power steals home twice in 1 game
1958 - KLM Superconstellation crashes west of Ireland, killing 99
1959 - 26th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Baltimore 29, All-Stars 0 (70,000)
1959 - AFL organized with NY, Dallas, LA, Minneapolis, Denver & Houston
1961 - Philadelphia Phillies lose 17th straight game
1962 - French & Italian workers break through at Mount Blanc Vehicular Tunnel
1962 - NASA civilian test pilot Joseph A Walker takes X-15 to 60,000 m
1962 - US mail truck in Plymouth, Mass robbed of more than $1.5 million
1964 - Bo Belinsky is suspended after attacking sportswriter Braven Dyer
1964 - Egypt/Iraq/Jordan/Kuwait/Syria form common market
1965 - Beatles tape an appearance for Ed Sullivan Show
1965 - Continental Football League plays 1st games
1965 - Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe" hits #1
1966 - 1st US lunar orbiter begins orbiting Moon
1966 - Cleveland Stadium's 1st rock concert is held, featuring Beatles
1966 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Lady Carling Golf Open
1967 - Belgian embassy in Kinshasa, Congo, plundered
1967 - Pirate radio stations Radio 270, Radio London, Radio Ireland
1967 - Radio Scotland & Radio Swinging Holland go off the air
1968 - Jimmy Ellis beats Floyd Patterson in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1968 - Montreal Expos officially become a member of NL
1969 - British troops intervene militarily in Northern Ireland
1969 - NY Mets fall 9� games back, later to win pennant
1970 - City University of NY inaugurates open admissions
1970 - Steven Stills arrested for drug possession
1971 - Bahrain proclaims independence after 110 years of British rule
1971 - British begin internment without trial in Northern Ireland
1971 - Cards Bob Gibson, 35, no-hits Pirates, 11-0
1971 - France performs nuclear test
1972 - Bloody Sunday: British soldiers fire into crowd, kill 13
1972 - East German Aeroflot Illyushin 62 crashes near Moscow, killing 156
1973 - Johnny Unitas files $725,000 suit against Balt Colts
1973 - US ends secret bombing of Cambodia
1974 - Congress authorizes US citizens to own gold
1974 - Turkish army attacks Nicosia Cyprus
1974 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1974 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1975 - -15] Pakistani military coup against president Mujib ur-Rahman
1975 - Dmitri Shotakovitch, buried at the Novodevitshi-convent
1975 - Norwegian King Olav V opens Longyearbyen Airport on Spitsbergen
1976 - 10,000 Northern Ireland women demonstrate for peace in Belfast
1977 - 59th PGA Championship: Lanny Wadkins shoots a 282 at Pebble Beach Cal
1977 - 77,691 see NY Cosmos beat Fort Lauderdale Strikers 8-3 at Giant Stad
1977 - Debbie Austin wins LPGA Long Island Charity Golf Classic
1978 - French TV announced a rating of "0" for a program about an Armenian's woman's 40th birthday, (comp: Napoleanic drama-67%, Knockout-33%)
1979 - Rainbow seen in Northern Wales for a 3 hours duration
1980 - 17,000 workers strike in Gdansk, Poland
1980 - Democratic Convention in NYC nominates Jimmy Carter & Walter Mondale
1980 - In Lenin Shipyard Gdansk Poland, 17,000 workers go on strike
1981 - George Foster hits his 8th HR into red seats at Riverfront
1981 - Phils Mike Schmidt hits his 300th career HR off NY Met Mike Scott
1982 - Atlanta snaps an 11-game losing streak with a 6-5 win over Padres
1982 - Iran "Ramadan-offensive" in Iraq
1982 - Pete Rose (Phillies) 12,365 at bat sets record (passes Aaron)
1983 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1983 - Robert de Castella wins Helsinki marathon (2:10:03
1984 - IBM releases PC DOS version 3.0
1984 - West Indies complete 5-0 series annihilation of England
1986 - Pakistani opposition leader Benazir Bhutto arrested
1986 - Phillies & Pirates play a 6 game series in 4 days
1987 - "Les Miserables," opens at Rock Theatre, Szeged Hungary
1987 - Oakland's Mark McGwire sets rookie HR record at 39, en route to 49
1988 - 70th PGA Championship: Jeff Sluman shoots a 272 at Oak Tree GC Edmond
1988 - Detroit beats Sox, 18-6, at Fenway, ends Boston winning streak at 24
1989 - President Pieter W Botha of South Africa, resigns
1990 - Angel's Louis Palonia is 74th to hit an inside park grandslam
1990 - Denver vote for a 1% sales tax to pay for a baseball franchise
1991 - Comedian Jackie Mason marries his manager Jyll Rosenfeld (37)
1991 - Twins Dave Winfield is 23rd to hit 400 HR
1993 - Dr William Masters (78) weds college sweetheart Geraldine Oliver (76)
1993 - Nigerian presidential election
1993 - Reggie Jackson Day - NY Yanks retire 13th # (#44)
1993 - Shari Beadley weds Christopher Martin (Kid 'n Play)
1993 - St Louis reliever Lee Smith is fastest to get 40 saves
1994 - 76th PGA Championship: Nick Price shoots a 269 at Southern Hills Tulsa
1994 - Doc Gooden leaves Betty Ford Center
1994 - Liselotte Neumann wins LPGA Weetabix Women's British Golf Open
1994 - Maggie Will wins Children's Medical Center LPGA Golf Classic
1994 - Space telescope Hubble photographs Uranus with rings
1994 - Terrorist "Carlos" arrested in Khartoum Sudan
1995 - Shannon Faulkner becomes 1st woman to attend the Citadel
1997 - "1776," opens at Criterion Theater NYC
1997 - Convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh formally sentenced to death
1997 - Karrie Webb wins LPGA Weetabix Women's British Open
1997 - Oklahoma Court of Appeals upholds death sentence of Timothy McVeigh
1997 - Soyuz TM-25 lands
2003 - Widescale power blackout in the northeast United States and Canada.
2007 - The 2007 Kahtaniya bombings kills at least 400 people.
2010 - 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games, first ever Youth Olympics, officially starts in Singapore.
2126 - Comet Swift-Tuttle approaches close to Earth
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historical events on August 16
1290 - Charles van Valois weds Margaretha van Anjou
1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong, hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting over them�a case considered equal to the act of destroying stamped government documents, which by law necessitated one hundred floggings by a bamboo rod. However, the Hongwu Emperor decided to pardon them, seeing as how their intention was not to tear up the money.
1477 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, weds Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy in Ghent, Belgium
1513 - Battle at Eguinegatte/Guinegate: Maximilian & Henry VIII beat France
1570 - King Janos Sigismund Zapolyai signs secret treaty with Maximilian II
1625 - Earnest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz appointed viceroy of Drenthe
1691 - Yorktown Va founded
1717 - Prince Eugenius of Savoye occupies Belgrade
1743 - Earliest boxing code of rules formulated in England (Jack Broughton)
1745 - Skirmish at Laggan: Glengarry beats Royal Scots
1748 - "Geldermalsen" sails to East-Indies
1777 - Americans defeat British in Battle of Bennington, Vt
1780 - British decisively defeat Americans in Battle of Camden, SC
1794 - Hungarian revolutionary Ign�c Martinovics arrested in Vienna
1797 - Comet C/1797 P1 (Bouvard-Herschel) approaches 0.0879 AUs of Earth
1812 - Gen Hull surrenders Detroit & Michigan territory to England
1819 - Manchester Massacre: English police charge unemployed demonstrators
1829 - Siamese twins Chang & Eng Bunker arrive in Boston to be exhibited
1834 - Charles Darwin climbs Mt Campana in Chile
1846 - Gioacchino Rossini marries Olympe P�lissier in Paris
1858 - Britain's Queen Victoria telegraphs President James Buchanan
1861 - Pres Lincoln prohibits Union states from trading with Confederacy
1861 - Skirmishes at Fredericktown/Kirkville, Missouri
1863 - Chickamauga campaign GA
1864 - 4th day of battle at Deep Bottom Run Virginia, Federal assault
1864 - Palace for People's industry official opens in Amsterdam
1865 - Restoration Day in the Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic regains its independence after 4 years of fighting against the Spanish Annexation.
1869 - Battle of Acosta �u: A Paraguay battalion made up of children is massacred by the Brazilian Army during the War of the Triple Alliance.
1870 - Fred Goldsmith demonstrates curve ball isn't an optical illusion
1876 - Opera "Siegfried" premieres in Bayreuth
1882 - British under General Wolseley land in Alexandria
1890 - Alexander Clark, journalist/lawyer, named minister to Liberia
1894 - Indian chiefs from the Sioux & Onondaga tribes met to urge their people to renounce Christianity & return to their old Indian faith
1896 - Gold discovered in Klondike, found at Bonanza Creek, Ala
1898 - Edwin Prescott patents roller coaster
1903 - Tigers play a home game in Toledo Ohio, Yanks win 12-8
1904 - NYC begins building Grand Central Station
1905 - Mbunga-rebellion occupy German post Ifakara East-Africa
1906 - -17] 8.6 earthquake destroys Valparaiso Chile, fire kills 20,000
1907 - Abd al-Hafid proclaims himself sultan of Morocco
1913 - Tōhoku Imperial University of Japan (modern day Tōhoku University) admits its first female students.
1914 - German army occupies last fort at Luik, Belgian general Leman caught
1914 - Zapata & Pancho Villa over run Mexico
1914 - World War I: Battle of Cer begins.
1915 - KC's Alex Main no-hits Buffalo (Federal League), 5-0
1918 - US troops overthrows Archangelsk
1920 - Ray Chapman, of Indians is hit in head by Yanks' Carl Mays pitch; he dies next day, only major league fatality
1922 - AT&T radio station WBAY becomes WEAF (NYC)
1924 - 38th US Womens Tennis: Helen Wills Moody beats Molla B Mallory (61 63)
1924 - Conference about German recovery payments opens in London
1924 - Dutch-Turkish peace treaty signed
1927 - 1st HR hit out of Comiskey Park Chicago (NY Yankee Babe Ruth)
1930 - The first color sound cartoon, called Fiddlesticks, is made by Ub Iwerks.
1934 - US ends occupation of Haiti (been there since 1915)
1934 - US explorer William Beebe descends 3,028' (923 m) in Bathysphere
1936 - 11th Olympic games closes in Berlin
1940 - 45 German aircrafts shot down over England
1941 - HMS Mercury, Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School opens at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England.
1942 - Premier Churchill travels back to Cairo from Moscow
1943 - 1st Long Tom bombs on Italian mainland (from Sicily)
1943 - Bulgarian czar Boris III visits Adolf Hitler
1944 - 2nd Canadian Division occupies Falaise Normandy
1944 - Chartres freed
1944 - Dutch begin diplomatic contact with Vatican in London
1944 - US 15th Army corp reaches Eure, surrounds Dreux
1944 - First flight of the Junkers Ju 287.
1945 - Puyi, the last Chinese emperor and ruler of Manchukuo, was captured by Soviet troops.
1946 - Great Calcutta blood bath - Moslem/Hindu riot (3-4,000 die)
1947 - Ralph Kiner becomes 1st Pirate to hit 3 consecutive HRs
1948 - Arabs blow up Latrun pumping station in Jerusalem
1948 - Israeli pound becomes legal tender
1950 - West Indies complete historic 3-1 series win against England
1953 - KTAL TV channel 6 in Shreveport-Texarkana, LA (NBC) begins
1953 - Shah of Persia & princess Soraya flee to Baghdad & Rome
1954 - "Sports Illustrated" magazine begins publishing
1954 - 200 pilgrims drown in Farahzad Iran rain storm flood
1955 - Fiat Motors orders 1st private atomic reactor
1956 - Adlai E Stevenson nominated as Democratic presidential candidate
1956 - Indians' Rocky Colavito hits his 1st grand slam, Cleveland 5, Tigers 4
1959 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Seattle Golf Open
1959 - USSR introduces installment buying
1960 - Britain grants independence to crown colony of Cyprus
1960 - Joseph Kittinger parachutes from balloon at 31,330 m (84,700')
1960 - Republic of Congo (Zaire, Dem Rep of Congo) forms
1961 - 250,000 West Berliners demonstrate against East Berlin
1961 - Martin L King protests for black voting right in Miami
Beatles Drummer Ringo Starr 1962 - Ringo Starr replaces Pete Best as Beatle drummer
1963 - Independence is restored to Dominican Republic
1964 - Ruth Jessen wins LPGA Omaha Jaycee Golf Open Invitational
1964 - St Louis Card Curt Flood gets 8 straight hits in a doubleheader
1965 - AFL awards its 1st expansion franchise (Miami Dolphins)
1967 - Cin Red Jim Maloney retires 19 Pirates, then gets injured & leaves
1967 - WFIQ TV channel 36 in Florence, AL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1969 - WATL TV channel 36 in Atlanta, GA begins broadcasting
1969 - Woodstock rock festival begins in NY
1970 - 52nd PGA Championship: Dave Stockton shoots 279 at Southern Hills OK
1970 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Cincinnati Golf Open
1972 - 54th PGA Championship: Gary Player shoots a 281 at Oakland Hills Mich
1972 - Morocco King Hassan II's B727 shot at
1972 - Philip Potter appointed sect-gen of World council of Churches
1972 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1974 - Ramones concert debut (NY's CBGBs)
1975 - "Rodgers & Hart" closes at Helen Hayes Theater NYC after 108 perfs
1975 - Peter Gabriel quits Genesis
1976 - 58th PGA Championship: Dave Stockton shoots a 281 at Congressional MD
1976 - St Louis Cards beat San Diego Chargers 20-10 in Tokyo (NFL expo)
1977 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1977 - Yanks blow 9-4 lead in 9th but beat Chicago 11-10 in bottom of 9th
1980 - Bill Ward quits Black Sabbath
1980 - Cozy Powell quits Rainbow
1980 - Jools Holland quits Squeeze
1981 - Highest score in World Cup soccer match (New Zealand-13, Fiji-0)
1981 - Jan Stephenson wins LPGA Mary Kay Golf Classic
1981 - Mary Terstegge Meagher swims world record 100m butterfly (57.93)
1983 - Paul Simon weds Carrie Fisher
1984 - Andrea Doria's safe opened
1984 - LA federal jury acquits auto maker John Z DeLorean on cocaine charges
1984 - Largest harness racing purse ($2,161,000-Nihilator wins $1,080,500)
1984 - NASA launches Ampte
1985 - Madonna weds Sean Penn on her 27th birthday
1986 - Sudan rebels shoot a Fokker's F-27 down, 57 killed
1986 - "Papa Don't Preach," goes #1 for 2 weeks
1986 - Madonna's "True Blue," album goes #1 for 5 weeks & her single
1987 - Astrological Harmonic Convergence-Dawn of New Age
1987 - NY Mets beat Chicago Cubs, 23-9
1987 - Northwest Airlines 255 plane crashes in Detroit, 156 die (1 lives)
1987 - Val Skinner wins LPGA MasterCard International Golf Pro-Am
1988 - Butch Reynolds runs world record 400 m (43.29)
1988 - IBM introduces software for artificial intelligence
1988 - Jailed black nationalist Nelson Mandela struck with tuberculosis
1988 - Mayor Koch says he plans to wipe out street-corner windshield washers
1989 - Roger Kingdom of USA sets 110m hurdle record (12.92) in Zurich
1989 - A solar flare from the Sun creates a geomagnetic storm that affects micro chips, leading to a halt of all trading on Toronto's stock market.
1990 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1990 - Iraq orders 4000 Britons & 2500 Americans in Kuwait to Iraq
1991 - Belgium census is 10,000,963 inhabitants
1991 - Pres Bush declares recession is near an end
1992 - 20th du Maurier Golf Classic: Sherri Steinhaur
1992 - 74th PGA Championship: Nick Price shoots a 278 at Bellerive St Louis
1992 - Moses Kiptanui runs world record 3k (7:28.96)
1993 - The Debian distribution was first announced by Ian Murdock, then a student at Purdue University. Murdock initially called his system the "Debian Linux Release"
1994 - Chandrika Kumaratungo's party wins Sri Lanka elections
1994 - Shauna Gambill, 17, of California, crowned 12th Miss Teen USA
1997 - For only 2nd time Stanley Cup leaves North America (heads to Russia)
1998 - 80th PGA Championship at Sahalee CC, Seattle WA
1998 - Weetabix Women's British Golf Open
2003 - U.S. Representative from South Dakota Bill Janklow hits and kills a motorcyclist with his car at a rural intersection near Trent, South Dakota; he will eventually be convicted of manslaughter and will resign from Congress.
2005 - West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 crashes near Machiques, Venezuela, killing the 160 aboard.
2008 - Usain Bolt sets a new 100 metres dash world record of 9.69 seconds at the Beijing 2008 summer olympics.
2011 - Beginning of World Youth Day 2011 in Madrid
Music history on August 16
1795 - Composer Heinrich August Marschner was born.
1863 - Composer Henri-Constant-Gabriel Pierne was born.
1940 - Frankie Masters and his orchestra recorded "Marching Along Together."
1962 - Ringo Starr was picked to replace Pete Best as the drummer for the Beatles. Best had been with the group for about 2 1/2 years.
1966 - The Monkees' first single, "Last Train to Clarksville," was released.
1974 - The Ramones played their first concert at New York's CBGB.
1975 - Peter Gabriel announced that he was leaving the group Genesis. Phil Collins would be the new lead singer after the group auditioned more than 400 potential musicians.
1977 - Elvis Presley died at the age of 42 in Memphis, TN. He died of coronary arrhythmia.
1983 - Paul Simon and Carrie Fisher were married. They divorced in 1985.
1984 - RCA Victor Records released the Elvis Presley single "Baby, Let's Play House."
Today in Elvis History
1985 - Madonna and Sean Penn were married in Malibu, CA. They were divorced in 1989.
2003 - A U.S. postage stamp featuring Henry Mancini was unveiled. The design showed Mancini conducting while titles of his works scroll past on a screen behind him.
2005 - "Tommy Lee Goes to College" debuted on NBC-TV. The classes were taken at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
2005 - At her home outside London, Madonna suffered serveral broken bones in a horse riding accident. She was treated and released after cracking three ribs and breaking her collarbone and hand.
Sports history on August 16
1920 - The only fatality to occur in a major league baseball game happened. Ray Chapman (Cleveland Indians) was hit in the head with a fastball from Carl Mays of the New York Yankees.
1948 - Babe Ruth died at the age of 53.
1954 - Sports Illustrated was published for the first time. It was claimed that 250,000 subscriptions had been sold before the first issue came off of the presses.
1981 - Cal Ripken Jr. got his first major league hit.
1996 - In Monterrey, Mexico, the New York Mets played the San Diego Padres. The Padres won the game 15-10. It was the first-ever regular season major league game to be played outside the United States and Canada.
2002 - The major league baseball players union announced that they would begin a strike on August 30th.
2002 - Curt Shilling (Arizona Diamondbacks) won his 20th game of the year.
2003 - The Canadian Football League announced that it had taken control of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats franchise until new ownership agreements were in place.
2003 - Jimmy Smith (Jacksonville Jaguars) was suspended four games by the NFL for violating the league's substance abuse policy.
2003 - Michael Vick (Atlanta Falcons) suffered a fractured right fibula in a 13-10 preseason loss to the Baltimore Ravens.
Famous birthdays on August 16
Amos Alonzo Stagg 1862
Robert Lester (The Chi-Lites) 1942
Bob Balaban 1945
James J.T. Taylor (Kool and The Gang) 1953
Kevin Rowland (Dexy's Midnight Runners) 1953
James Cameron 1954
Madonna Louise Ciccone 1958 - Madonna Merchandise
Belinda Carlisle (Go-Go's) 1958
Maria McKee (Lone Justice) 1964
Donovan Leitch, Jr. 1968 - Actor, son of Donovan (the singer)
Emily Robinson (The Dixie Chicks) 1972
Vanessa Carlton 1980
Wagner's music is better than it sounds.
- Bill Nye
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 16 2012, 01:10 PM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historical events on August 17
682 - St Leo II begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1180 - Yoritomo Minamoto leads uprising against Kiyomori Taira who installed his grandson, Emperor Antoku, to the throne
1498 - Cardinal Borgia renounced his vows & office to marry a French princess
1544 - Imperial/English armies occupy Saint-Dizier France
1563 - King Charles IX of France (13) declared an adult
1577 - Peace of Bergerac: Political rights for Huguenots
1579 - Francois van Anjou visits English queen Elizabeth I
1585 - Antwerp surrenders after 8 months siege by duke of Parma
1590 - John White returns to Roanoke, Virginia to find no trace of colonist's he had left there 3 yrs earlier [or Aug 18, 1591]
1648 - -20] Battle at Preston, Lancashire: Henry Ireton beats Scottish
1717 - France, Russia & Prussia sign agreement
1743 - Sweden & Russia sign peace treaty
1787 - Jews are granted permission in Budapest Hungary to pray in groups
1788 - Losantville, OH (now Cincinnati) founded
1795 - Slave revolt at Knip plantation, Curacao
1796 - English beat Bataafs navy in Saldanha Bay
1807 - Robert Fulton's steamboat Clermont begins 1st trip up Hudson River
1808 - Napoleon asks King Louis for Holland brigade towards Spain
1827 - Dutch King Willem I/Pope Leo XII sign concord
1834 - Charles Darwins reaches top of Campana Chile
1835 - Solymon Merrick patents wrench
1836 - British parliament accept registration of birth/marriage/death
1836 - HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin leave South-America for last time
1846 - US fleet officer Robert F Stockton annexes California
1858 - 1st bank in Hawaii opens
1859 - 1st air mail (in a balloon) took off from Lafayette Ind
1862 - Confederate troops under Kirby Smith enter Kentucky
1863 - Federal batteries & ships attacked Fort Sumter in SC
1863 - Skirmish at Calfkiller Creek (Sparta), Tennessee
1866 - Bathe & Prussia signs peace treaty
1869 - 1st international boat race (Thames River, Oxford beats Harvard)
1870 - 1st ascent of Mt Rainier, Washington
1870 - Mrs Esther Morris becomes 1st woman magistrate (South Pass, Wyoming)
1877 - Asaph Hall discovers Mars' moon Phobos
1877 - Phobos (Martian satellite) discovered (A Hall)
1879 - Ferdinand de Lesseps forms French Panama Canal Company
1883 - The first public performance of the Dominican Republic's national anthem, Himno Nacional.
1891 - 1st public bathhouse with showers opens in NYC (People's Bath)
1891 - Electric self-starter for automobile patented
1892 - Russian/French generals Obruchev/Boisdeffre signs Duple Alliance
1894 - Phils get 36 hits, Sam Thompson hits for cycle beating Louisville 29-4
1896 - George Washington Carmack discoveres gold in Klondike region of Yukon
1897 - W B Purvis patents electric railway switch
1903 - Joe Pulitzer donated $1 million to Columbia U & begins Pulitzer Prizes
1904 - Boston's Jesse Tannehell no-hits Chic White Sox, 6-0
1905 - Dutch government of De Master begins
1907 - Bishop forbids Christian membership in Dutch Textile Union
1908 - B Tarkington & HL Wilson's "Man from Home," premieres in NYC
1908 - Bank of Italy opens new HQ at Clay & Montgomery
1908 - Projection in Paris of the very first cartoon, Fantasmagorie realized by �mile Cohl.
1914 - French troops under gen de Castelnau occupy Chateau Salins
1914 - Lithuiana surrenders to Germans
1915 - German troops over run Kovno Lithuiana
1915 - Hurricane strikes Galveston, TX (275 killed)
1915 - Mob lynches Jewish businessman Leo Frank in Cobb County, Ga after death sentence for murder of 13-year-old girl commuted to life
1916 - Bulgarian offensive in Macedonia
1917 - Italy declares war on Germany & Turkey
1918 - British troops attack Baku Azerbaijan
1918 - Samuel Riddle buys Man o'War for $5,000
1918 - Turkish troops overthrow Caukasus
1918 - Bolshevik revolutionary leader Moisei Uritsky is assassinated.
1920 - In memory of Ray Chapman (died Aug 16), Yanks cancel game with Indians
1924 - French-German trade agreement signed
1926 - Greek-Serbian/Croatian/Slavs peace treaty signed
1933 - Lou Gehrig breaks record by playing in his 1,308th straight game
1933 - Lou Gehrig plays record 1,308th consecutive game
1933 - Soviet Union test GIRD-R1 rocket ("Object 09")
1938 - 1st aircraft owned by Forest Service in service (Oakland)
1938 - Henry Armstrong won his 3rd concurrent boxing championship
1939 - "Wizard of Oz" opens at Loew's Capitol Theater in NY
1940 - FDR & Canadian PM William M King agree to joint defense commission
1940 - Greece mobilizes
1940 - Hitler orders total blockade of Great-Britain
1941 - German raider attacks Dutch SS Kota Nopan
1942 - 1st European bombing run undertaken by US forces
1942 - 1st US/8th Air Force bombs Europe
1942 - Task Force 17 leaves Pearl Harbor under adm George Murray on Hornet
1942 - Transport nr 20 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1942 - US bombers staged 1st independent raid on Europe attack Rouen, France
1943 - 498 British bombers attack Peenemunde
1943 - Gen Patton enters Messina, completing conquest of Sicily by Allies
1943 - US 8th Air Force loses 60 B-17O at attack on Regensburg/Schweinfurt
1944 - 4th Canadian Armour division occupiers Trun Normandy
1944 - Canadian 2nd division conquerors Falaise Normandy
1944 - German fieldmarshal Model replaces von Kluge in Normandy
1944 - Russian troops arrive at Austria-Prussia border
1944 - US 12 Army corp occupies Orleans
1944 - US 320th regiment infantry occupies Ch�teaudun
1944 - Yanks Johnny Lindell ties record with 4 consecutive doubles in a game
1945 - Indonesia (Dutch E Indies) declares independence from Netherlands
1945 - Koreas divided on 38th parallel with US occupying the southern area
1945 - Indonesian Declaration of Independence.
1946 - Arthur Honegger's 3rd Symphony "Liturgique," premieres
1947 - The Radcliffe Line, the border between Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan is revealed.
1948 - Alger Hiss denies ever being a Communist agent
1948 - Phillies commit 8 errors in a game
1948 - Tom Henrich hits his then record tying 4th grand slam of season
1950 - Indonesia gains independence from Netherlands
1950 - Pee Wee Reese (Dodgers) & Sam Calderone (Giants) hit inside park HRs
1951 - 18th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Cleveland 33, All-Stars 0 (92,180)
1951 - Hurricane winds drive 6 ships ashore, Kingston, Jamaica
1952 - "Fallout" 1st used (NY Times)
1952 - Betty Jameson wins LPGA World Golf Championship
1953 - Addiction: First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous in Southern California.
1955 - Hurricane Diane, following hurricane Connie floods Connecticut River killing 190 & doing $1.8 billion damage
1956 - Bundesverfassungsgericht bans KPD in West Germany
1957 - Richie Ashburn, fouls hit fan Alice Roth twice in same at bat 1st one breaks her nose, 2nd one hits her while she is on the stretcher
1958 - Bonnie Hoffman wins LPGA Kansas City Golf Open
1958 - World's 1st Moon probe, US's Thor-Able, explodes at T +77 sec
1959 - 7.1 quake strikes Yellowstone National Park
1959 - USSR & Iraq signs contract for building Iraqi nuclear reactor
1960 - Francis Gary Powers U-2 spy trial opens in Moscow
1960 - Gabon gains independence from France (National Day)
1960 - Indonesia drops diplomatic relations with Netherlands
1961 - Kennedy administration establishes Alliance for Progress
1962 - Beatles replaces Pete Best with Ringo Starr
1962 - E German border guards shot & kill Peter Fechter, 18, attempting to cross Berlin Wall into western sector
1963 - Jim Hickman becomes 1st NY Met to hit for cycle
1963 - Oriole's Dick Hall retires his 28th consecutive player in relief
1964 - Boycott scores his 1st Test Cricket century, 113 v Aust at the Oval
1966 - Pioneer 7 launched into solar orbit
1966 - Willie Mays takes 2nd place on all-time HR list
1968 - Dick Beyers (Dr X) beats Verne Gagne, to become NWA champ
1969 - -18] Hurricane Camille, kills 256 in Miss & Louisiana
1969 - 51st PGA Championship: Ray Floyd shoots a 276 at NCR GC Dayton Ohio
1969 - Carol Mann wins LPGA Southgate Ladies' Golf Open
1969 - NY Jets beat NY Giants 37-14 in their 1st meeting (pre season)
1970 - Venera 7 (US), 1st softlanding on Venus, launched
1972 - Phillies Steve Carlton wins his 15th straight game
1973 - Lee Trevino's 1st hole-in-one
1973 - Willie Mays hits 660th & last HR (off Don Gullett of Cincinnati)
1975 - Jo Ann Washam wins LPGA Patty Berg Golf Classic
1976 - An earthquake & tidal wave in the Philippines kills up to 8,000
1976 - Big win for WI at The Oval Michael Holding 14-149 for match
1977 - Russian nuclear sub "Artika" is 1st to North Pole
1977 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1977 - Thomas Wessinghage/Harald Hudak/Michael Lederer/Karl Fleschen walk world record 4x1500m (14:38.8)
1978 - 1st successful crossing of the Atlantic by balloon (3 Americans)
1979 - 2 Russian passenger planes collide above Ukraine, 173 killed
1979 - Monty Python's "Life of Brian" premieres
1980 - "Blackstone" closes at Majestic Theater NYC after 104 performances
1980 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA Patty Berg Golf Classic
1980 - George Brett goes 4-for-4, raising his batting average to .401
1980 - Azaria Chamberlain disappears, likely taken by a dingo, leading to what was then the most publicised trial in Australian history
1982 - LA Dodgers beat Chicago Cubs, 6-5, in 21 innings (game completed 8/18)
1982 - South Bend, Ind jury acquits self-avowed racist Joseph Paul Franklin
1982 - The first Compact Discs (CDs) were released to the public in Germany.
1983 - -19] Hurricane Alicia, kills 17 in Texas
1984 - Pete Rose returns to Cin Reds as player-manager (gets 2 hits)
1985 - 1,400 meatpackers walk off the job at a Geo A Hormel & Co plant
1985 - Rajiv Gandhi announces Punjab state elections in India
1985 - Sara Trollinger forms House of Hope in Orlando
1986 - Bronze pig statue unveiled at Seattle's Pike Place Market
1986 - Cindy Mackey wins LPGA MasterCard International Golf Pro-Am
1986 - Pat Bradley wins LPGA Nestle World Golf Championship
1986 - Rioting at DMC concert, 40 injured
1986 - Red Sox trade shortstop Rey Quinones & pitcher Mike Trujillo to Mariners for shortstop Spike Owen & outfielder Dave Henderson
1987 - Bunt single gives Paul Molitor longest hit streak of 1980s at 32 games
1987 - Dow Jones Industrial Avg closes above 2,700 for 1st time (2,700.57)
1987 - Mohammad Ali elected to "Ring" magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame
1988 - Butch Reynolds runs world record 400m (43.29)
1988 - LIRR says Penn station will get air conditioning in 1991
1988 - NYC 1st case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (9 year old Bronx boy)
1988 - Republicans nominate George Bush for president
1988 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1988 - Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel are killed in a plane crash.
1989 - 32nd Walker Cup: Britain-Ireland, 12�-11�
1989 - Orioles shortstop Cal Ripken moves into 3rd place (1,208th cons game)
1990 - "Exorcist 3" premieres
1990 - Carlton Fisk hits White Sox record 187th HR
1990 - Phyllis Polander sues Mike Tyson for sexual harassment
1991 - Royals Warren Cromartie's 1st major league HR since 1983
1992 - Kevin Gross of Dodgers tosses only 9-inning no-hitter of season, a 2-0
1994 - Lesotho king Letsie II fires premier Ntsu Mokhehle
1994 - NY Central park reservior officially named after Jackie Kennedy Onasis
1995 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1996 - Soyuz TM-24, launched into orbit
1997 - 79th PGA Championship: Davis Love III shoots a 269 at Winged Foot GC
1997 - First of America Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Macy's Tap-o-mania
1997 - Weetabix Women's British LPGA Open
1998 - Monica Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony that he had an "improper physical relationship" with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. On the same day he admits before the nation that he "misled people" about his relationship.
1999 - A 7.4-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit, Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000.
2004 - MD5 collision found by Chinese researchers.
2004 - The National Assembly of Serbia unanimously adopts new state symbols for Serbia: Boze Pravde becomes the new anthem and the coat of arms is adopted for the whole country.
2005 - The first forced evacuation of settlers, as part of the Israel unilateral disengagement plan, starts.
Music history on August 17
1686 - Composer Nicola Antonio Porpora was born.
1838 - 138 singing teachers traveled to Boston, MA, to attend the first music convention.
1960 - The Beatles began their first engagement away from England.
1964 - The Kinks "You Really Got Me" was released.
1968 - Deep Purple's "Hush" was released.
1969 - After three days, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in New York came to an end.
1970 - Christine McVie joined Fleetwood Mac as the group's first female member.
1973 - Paul Williams (Temptations) was found dead by police. It was ruled a suicide.
1974 - Patrick Moraz replaced Rick Wakeman in Yes.
1974 - Bad Company's "Can't Get Enough" was released.
1977 - Florists Transworld Delivery (FTD) reported that in one day the number of orders for flowers to be delivered to Graceland had surpassed the number for any other event in the company's history.
1977 - The Police played their first gig without original guitarist Henri Padovani at Rebecca's Club in Birmingham, England.
1983 - Prince's song "Delirious" was released.
1984 - The first night of his Breaking Hearts Tour, Elton John announced that he was retiring from touring.
1984 - Motley Crue gave its performance debut at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington, England.
1986 - Rick Allen (Def Leppard) played his first concert with his band since losing his left arm in a car accident.
1986 - 42 people were beaten or stabbed at a Run D.M.C. concert in Long Beach, CA.
1995 - Dave Gahan (Depeche Mode) attempted suicide by slashing his wrists at a Sunset Strip hotel. He was hospitalized and recovered.
1995 - Security guards carried Courtney Love offstage after she began fighting with Hole fans because they weren't cheering loud enough during the last night of the Lollapalooza tour in Mountain View, CA.
1998 - Eddie Serrano, a former member of Cannibal and the Headhunters, was injured in a hit-and-run accident. Serrano was on a bicycle or a motorcycle when a car hit him.
1998 - Carlos Santana received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Sports history on August 17
1894 - John Wadsworth of Louisville set a major league record when he gave up 28 base hits in a single game.
1973 - Lee Trevino got the first hole in one of his career at the U.S.I. Golf Classic, in Sutton, MA.
1986 - Pete Rose (Cincinnati Reds) was struck out for his last at bat by San Diego Padres relief pitcher Rich "Goose" Gossage.
Famous birthdays on August 17
Davy Crockett 1786
Kevin Rowland (Dexy's Midnight Runners) 1953
Kevin Welch 1955
Gilby Clark (Guns N' Roses) 1962
Maria McKee 1964
Steve Gorman (The Black Crowes) 1965
Jill Cunniff (Luscious Jackson) 1966
David Conrad 1967
Donnie Wahlberg (New Kids on the Block) 1969
Jim Courier 1970
"Anything that is too stupid to be spoken is sung."
- Voltaire
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 17 2012, 11:25 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on August 18
293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded, starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
410 - King Alarik I's Visigoten occupies & plunders Rome
1201 - The city of Riga is founded.
1289 - Pope Nicolaus IV publishes degree "Supra montem"
1541 - A Portuguese ship drifts ashore in the ancient Japanese province of Higo (modern day Kumamoto Prefecture). (Traditional Japanese date: July 27, 1541)
1564 - Spanish king Philip II joins Council of Trente
1572 - King Navarra Henri de Bourbon marries Margaretha van Valois
1587 - Saul Wahl is elected King of Poland, according to legend.
1591 - Governor of Roanoke Island colony returns from England & found everyone in the colony had disappeared [or Aug 17, 1590]
1605 - Spanish army under of general Spinola conquerors Lingen
1634 - Urbain Grandier, accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive in Loudun, France.
1636 - The Covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts is first signed.
1674 - Jean Racine's "Iphig�nie," premieres in Versailles
1686 - Cassini reports seeing a satellite orbiting Venus
1698 - Russian czar Peter the Great arrives in Zaandam
1700 - Swedish, English & Dutch army lands on Seeland, Denmark
1735 - Evening Post begins publishing (Boston Mass)
1759 - -19] 2nd sea battle of Lagos: England vs France
1769 - Gunpowder in Brescia Italy church explodes, killing 3,000
1795 - Curacao governor De Veer sends miltia to stop rebellious slaves
1817 - Gloucester, Mass, newspapers tells of wild sea serpent seen offshore
1834 - Mt Vesuvius erupts
1835 - Last Pottawatomie Indians leave Chicago
1838 - 1st US marine expedition
1840 - Organization of American Society of Dental Surgeons founded (NY)
1846 - Gen Stephen W Kearney's US forces captures Santa Fe NM
1848 - Camila O'Gorman and Ladislao Gutierrez are executed on the orders of Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas.
1858 - Netherlands & Japan sign trade agreement
1862 - General Lee's adjutant major Stuart captured
1862 - Sioux Indians begin uprising in Minnesota (it is later crushed)
1864 - 6th day of battle at Deep Bottom Run, Virginia: Confederate assault
1864 - Petersburg Campaign-Battle of Weldon Railroad day 1 of 3 days
1868 - Pierre Janssan discovers helium in solar spectrum during eclipse
1870 - Battle at Gravelotte Privat: Prussia beat France, 32,000 casualties
1872 - 1st mail-order catalog issued by A M Ward
1873 - 1st ascent of Mount Whitney, California (14,494')
1886 - Carr Baker Neel & Samuel Neel win US Lawn Tennis Association doubles
1891 - Hurricane hits Martinique, about 700 die
1894 - Congress creates Bureau of Immigration
1896 - Adolph Ochs (39) buys NY Times
1904 - Chris Watson resigns as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by George Reid.
1909 - Mayor of Tokyo Yukio Ozaki presents Washington, D.C. with 2,000 cherry trees, which President Taft decides to plant near the Potomac River.
1914 - Oscar Egg sets new cycling hour record (44,247 km)
1914 - -20] Belgian army withdraws to Antwerp
1914 - French troops under general Dubail occupy Sarrebourg
1914 - Pres Wilson issues "Proclamation of Neutrality"
1915 - Braves Field opens in Boston to see Braves beat Cards 3-1
1917 - Dutch Naval Air Force forms (MLD)
1917 - A Great Fire in Thessaloniki, Greece destroys 32% of the city leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
1919 - Anti-Cigarette League of America forms in Chicago Illinois
1920 - 1st class debut of Walter Hammond
1920 - 19th Amendment on women's suffrage ratified
1923 - 37th US Womens Tennis: Helen Wills Moody beats Molla B Mallory (62 61)
1924 - France begins retracting troops out of Ruhrgebied
1925 - Belgian & US sign treaty about war debts
1925 - Cardinal Mercier warns Belgians against socialism/liberalism
1926 - England regain Ashes with 5th Test Cricket win, to take series 1-0
1926 - Weather map televised for 1st time
1930 - Eastern Airlines begins passenger service
1931 - Lou Gehrig hitless in Detroit, his 1,000th consecutively played game
1932 - Auguste Piccard/Max Cosijns reach 16,201m in a balloon
1932 - Englishman James Mollisson is 1st to fly east to west over Atlantic
1934 - 48th US Womens Tennis: Helen Jacobs beats Sarah H Cooke (61 64)
1934 - Bradman scores 244 in 5th Test Cricket, 316 mins, 32 fours 1 six
1934 - Ponsford & Bradman make 451 partnership in 316 minutes v Eng
1936 - 106.5�F-Hottest afternoon ever in Iowa
1937 - 1st FM radio construction permit issued (W1X0J (WGTR) in Boston MA)
1938 - FDR dedicates Thousand Islands Bridge connecting US & Canada
1940 - 71 German aircrafts shot down above England
1941 - German concentration camp Amersfoort opens
1941 - Phillies commit 8 errors in a game
1942 - Carlson's Raiders land on Makin, Gilbert islands, kill 350 Japs
1943 - Carl Hubbell wins his 253rd & final game, all with Giants
1943 - Final convoy of Jews from Salonika Greece arrive at Auschwitz
1943 - Otto Skorzeny's Heinkel-111 shot down at Sardinia
1944 - Paris railroad workers strike against nazi occupiers
1944 - US 15th Army corp reaches Mantes-Gassicourt near Paris
1944 - US 20th Army corp conquers Chartres
1945 - Scheduled demonstrations at Polo Grounds & Ebbets Field to end segregation in organized baseball are called off
1946 - Golf Writers Associaton of America forms
1947 - Naval torpedo & mine factory explodes at Cadiz, Spain killing 300
1949 - Hungary adopts constitution
1949 - Ralph Flanagan & his orchestra records "You're Breaking My Heart"
1950 - Julien Lahaut, the chairman of the Communist Party of Belgium is assassinated by far-right elements.
1951 - Cricket 1st-class debut of Raymond Illingworth
1954 - James E Wilkins is 1st black to attend a US cabinet meeting
1955 - -19] Hurricane Diane, kills 400 in US
1955 - 46.1 cm rainfall at Westfield, Massachusetts (state record)
1955 - Sjukri al-Quwatli re-elected president of Syria
1956 - Cin Reds (8) & Cubs (2) combine to hit 10 HRs in a 9 inning game
1956 - Elvis Presley's "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" reaches #1
1957 - Amelia Wershoven sets record of female throwing a baseball (252'4�")
1957 - Betty Dodd wins LPGA Colonial Golf Open
1957 - Juan-Manuel Fangio, wins his last auto World Championship at 46
1957 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - "Lolita," by Vladimir Nabokov, published
1958 - Betsy Palmer joins Today Show panel
1958 - Fidel Castro makes a speech on Cuban pirate radio Rebelde
1958 - Floyd Patterson TKOs Roy Harris in 13 for heavyweight boxing title
1958 - Great Britain issues regional stamps (N Ireland, Scotland & Wales)
1958 - Perez Prado "Mambo King," receives one of the 1st gold records
1958 - TV game show scandal investigation starts
1958 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Enwetak
1958 - Verne Gagne beats Edouard Carpentier in Omaha, to become NWA champ
1959 - Branch Rickey resigns as Pirates' CEO to be pres of Continental League
1960 - 1st commercial oral contraceptive, Enovid 10 debuts in Skokie Ill
1960 - 1st photograph bounced off a satellite, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1960 - Beatles give their 1st public performance (Kaiserkeller in Hamburg)
1960 - Lew Burdette pitches to just 27 for a 1-0 no-hitter against Phillies
1962 - Peter, Paul & Mary release their 1st hit "If I Had a Hammer"
1963 - James Meredith becomes 1st black graduate from U of Mississippi
1963 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Albuquerque Swing Parade Golf Tournament
1964 - Beatles arrive in SF, 2nd US visit
1964 - Charles Helu elected president of Lebanon
1964 - South Africa banned from Olympic Games because of apartheid policies
1964 - USSR launch 3 Kosmos satellites
1965 - Hank Aaron loses a HR, because he hit it out of batter's box
1965 - Orioles' Brooks Robinson hits into his record tying (George Sisler)
1967 - Red Sox Tony Conigliaro is beaned by Angels Jack Hamilton
1967 - Rolling Stones release "We Love You"
1967 - WCBS radio in NYC goes all-news
1968 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Holiday Inn Golf Classic
1969 - Mick Jagger accidentally shot while filming "Ned Kelly"
1972 - Police fine Paul & Linda McCartney ś800 in Sweden cannabis possession
1973 - Gene Krupa, drummer, plays for final time with Benny Goodman Quartet
1973 - Hank Aaron's record 1,378 extra base hit surpasses Stan Musial record
1974 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA St Paul Keller Golf Open
1976 - USSR's Luna 24 soft-lands on Moon
1976 - In the Korean Demilitarized Zone at Panmunjeom, the Axe Murder Incident results in the death of two US soldiers.
1977 - 2 girls are killed by a runaway car outside of Graceland
1977 - Dodgers pitcher Don Sutton throws his NL record tying 5th one-hitter
1978 - Memphis Tenn settles with striking police officers & firefighters
1979 - Iran Ayatollah Khomeini demands Saint War against Kurds
1979 - Nick Lowe marries singer Carlene Carter
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - KC Royals' George Brett, batting avg reach .400
1981 - "My Fair Lady" opens at Uris Theater NYC for 119 performances
1981 - Jerry Lewis appears on "Donahue" to defend Telethons
1981 - Football running back, Herschel Walker, of U of Georgia, takes out a Lloyd's of London insurance policy for $1 million
1982 - 1st time NYSE tops 100 M figure, 132.69 M shares traded
1982 - LA Dodgers beat Chicago Cubs, 6-5, in 21 innings (game started 8/17)
1982 - NYSE sets trading record of 132,690,000 shares traded
1982 - Pete Rose sets record with his 13,941st plate appearance
1982 - Longest baseball game at Wrigley Field in Chicago IL, ends after 22 innings - before LA Dodgers beat Cubs 2-1 (game started Aug 17th)
1982 - Japanese election law is amended to allow for proportional representation.
1983 - Hurricane Alicia battered Houston & Galveston, Texas
1983 - Samantha Druce, age 12y 119d is youngest woman to swim English Channel
1983 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1983 - Royals defeat Yanks, 5-4, completing "pine-tar" game (12 minutes). Hal McRae strikes out & Dan Quisenberry retires Yankees in order
1984 - Triangle Oil Corp, above-ground storage tank at Jacksonville Fla, spills 2.5 m gallons of oil burned after lightning sparked a fire
1985 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Nestle World Championship of Women's Golf
1985 - Muffin Spencer-Devlin wins MasterCard International Pro-Am Golf Tourn
1985 - Suisei Launch (Halley's Comet Flyby)
1986 - Crockett's Tavern opens in Fort Wilderness
1986 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Philadelphia PA on WYSP 94.1 FM
1986 - Jim Kelly signs with NFL Buffalo Bills ($75 million for 5 years)
1986 - John Tesh's 1st appearance on Entertainment Tonight
1986 - WYSP-FM Philadelphia begins simulcasting Howard Stern Show
1987 - Houston Oiler Earl Campbell, retires from NFL
1987 - Ohio nurse Donald Harvey sentence to triple life (poisoned 24)
1987 - Philip Rush of NZ, set record for triple crossing English Channel his time 28:21, 10 hours faster than 1st man to do it
1987 - Straatsburg: Manuela Stellmach/Astrid Strauss/Anke Mohring/ Heike Friedrich swims female world record 4x200m freestyle (7:55.47)
1988 - FDA approves Minoxidil as a hair loss treatment
1988 - Largest house (130 rooms) on Long Island sold for $22 million
1988 - Republican Convention in New Orleans select Bush-Quayle ticket
1989 - Arturo Barrios of Mexico sets 10K record (27:08.23) in Berlin
1989 - Bucky Dent replaces Dallas Green as NY Yankee manager
1989 - Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Gal�n is assassinated near Bogot� in Colombia.
1991 - Cindy Rarick wins LPGA Northgate Computer Golf Classic
1991 - Hurricane Bob hits NC with 115 MPH wind
1991 - Pan Am games closes in Havana
1992 - "Real Inspector Hound" opens at Criterion NYC for 61 perfs
1993 - Historical Kapelbrug in Luzern Switz, destroyed by fire
1994 - 5.6 earthquake in Algeria, kills 171
1995 - Cards reliever Tom Henke earns his 300th career save
1996 - Emilee Klein wins LPGA Weetabix Women's British Golf Open
1996 - Record 6,654 tap at Macy's Tap-o-mania in NYC
2000 - A Federal jury finds the US EPA guilty of discrimination against Dr. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, later inspiring passage of the No FEAR Act.
2005 - Dennis Rader is sentenced to 175 years in prison for the BTK serial killings.
2005 - Massive power blackout hits the Indonesian island of Java, affecting almost 100 million people.
2008 - President Of Pakistan Pervez Musharaf resigned due to pressure from opposition.
2011 - The West Memphis Three are released from prison after 18 years in imprisonment
Music history on August 18
1750 - Composer Antonio Salieri was born.
1849 - Composer Benjamin Louis Paul Godard was born.
1949 - Ralph Flanagan and his orchestra recorded "You�re Breaking My Heart."
1956 - The original version of "Hound Dog," by Big Mama Thornton, was released.
1962 - Ringo Starr made his first appearance as a Beatle at a Cavern Club show.
1962 - Peter, Paul & Mary's "If I Had A Hammer" was released.
1973 - Gene Krupa played for the final time with the original Benny Goodman Quartet.
1973 - The Doobie Brothers' "China Grove" was released.
1977 - Funeral services for Elvis Presley were held at Graceland.
1977 - The Police performed as a trio for the first time after guitarist Henri Padovani left the band.
1979 - Nick Lowe and Carlene Carter were married in Los Angeles, CA.
1986 - Bon Jovi released their "Slippery When Wet" album.
1991 - Billy Preston was arrested in Los Angeles, CA after a 16 year old boy reported being sexually attacked.
1992 - Kurt Cobain (Nirvana) and Courtney Love (Hole) became parents to daughter Frances Bean.
Sports history on August 18
1915 - Braves Field was inaugurated with Boston defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 3-1.
1956 - The Cincinnati Reds and Milwaukee Braves combined for a National League record of 10 home runs. The Reds won 13-4. Bob Thurman (Cincinnati Reds) hit three of the home runs.
1960 - Lew Burdette threw a no-hitter against the Philadelphia Phillies. The final score was 1-0.
1973 - Hank Aaron set a major league record with his 1,378th extra base.
1980 - George Brett of the Kansas City Royals had his batting average reach the .400 mark.
1981 - Herschel Walker of the University of Georgia took out an insurance policy with Lloyd�s of London. The all-American was insured for one million dollars.
1982 - The longest baseball game played at Wrigley Field in Chicago, IL, went 21 innings before the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Cubs 2-1.
1987 - Earl Campbell announced his retirement from the National Football League (NFL).
1992 - Larry Bird, after 13 years with the Boston Celtics, announced his retirement.
1995 - Tom Henke (St. Louis) became only the seventh major league player to record 300 saves.
1996 - Frank Thomas (Chicago White Sox) became the fourth player to reach 100 RBIs in each of his first six seasons.
1996 - Wade Boggs became the 41st major league player to get 2,000 career singles.
Famous birthdays on August 18
Merriwether Lewis 1774
Carl Wayne (The Move) 1944
Nona Hendryx 1945
Ron Strykert (Men at Work) 1957
Madeleine Stowe 1958
Zac Maloy (The Nixons) 1968
Everlast 1969
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter.
- John Keats
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 18 2012, 07:54 AM
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If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on August 19
43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
440 - St Sixtus III ends his reign as Catholic Pope
1071 - Battle at Manzikert: Seldjuken sultan Alp Arslan beats Byzantine King
1099 - Crusaders beat Saracens in Battle of Ascalon
1263 - King James I of Argon censors Hebrew writing
1399 - King Richard II of England surrenders to his cousin Henry
1458 - Aenea Silvio Piccolomini chosen Pope Pius II
1477 - Burgundy & acquires Burgundian possessions in the Netherlands & France
1493 - Maximilian I of Austria becomes Roman Catholic German emperor
1504 - Battle of Knockdoe.
1524 - Emperor Charles V's troops besiege Marseille, Italy
1561 - Mary Queen of Scots arrives in Leith Scotland to assume throne after spending 13 years in France
1587 - Sigismund III becomes king of Poland
1591 - French king Henri IV occupies Rouen
1627 - Prince Frederik Henry conquerors fort Groenlo
1691 - Battle at Szalankemen: Austrians beat Turks
1692 - 5 women executed for witchcraft in Salem Mass
1698 - Russian czar Peter the Great begins term
1702 - -24] Battle at Santa Marta Venz: English fleet beat French
1757 - Battle at Gross Jagerndorf: Russian army beats Prussia [NS=Aug 30]
1768 - Saint Isaac's Cathedral is founded in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
1772 - Gustav III seizes effective control of Swedish government & restores full power of monarchy, which had been subordinate to parliament since 1720
1787 - W Herschel discovers Enceladus, a moon of Saturn
1791 - Benjamin Banneker published his 1st Almanac
1796 - Spain & France sign anti-English alliance
1812 - US warship Constitution defeats British warship Guerriere
1813 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's second triumvirate.
1816 - Java again in Dutch hands
1821 - Failed liberal coup against French King Louis XVIII
1826 - Canada Co chartered to colonize Upper Canada (Ontario)
1836 - HMS Beagle anchors at Angra Azores
1839 - Details of Louis Daguerre's 1st practical photographic process are released in Paris
1849 - NY Herald reports gold discovery in California
1861 - Confederacy Congress allies with government of MO
1864 - 2nd day of battle at Globe Tavern, Virginia
1888 - 1st beauty contest (Spa, Belgium), 18 yr old West Indian wins
1891 - William Huggins describes astronomical application of spectrum
1895 - American frontier murderer and outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, is killed by an off-duty policeman in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.
1897 - 1st electric taxi's drive in London
1900 - Start of the one & only olympic cricket match, in Paris
1903 - Phillies suffer record 9th straight posponed game
1905 - Russian tsar installs "Imperial Duma," without legislative powers
1909 - Indianapolis 500 race track opens
1911 - NY Giant Christy Mathewson loses after beating Reds 22 straight times
1912 - Percy Aldridge Grainger's "Shepherd's Key," premieres
1913 - Frenchman P�goud makes 1st parachute jump in Europe
1914 - Elmer Rice' "On Trial," premieres in NYC
1914 - German army executed 150 Belgians by firing squad
1914 - German fleet bombs English coast
1914 - Harris Theater (Candler, Coan & Harris) opens at 226 W 42nd St NYC
1915 - Rationing laws go into effect in Netherlands
1915 - World War I: the Battle of Van begins
1917 - Sunday benefit baseball game at Polo Grounds results in John McGraw & Christy Mathewson's arrest for violating Blue laws
1918 - Irving Berlin's musical "Yip Yip Yaphank," premieres in NYC
1919 - Afghanistan declares independence from UK
1921 - Ty Cobb, is 4th to get 3,000 hits
1922 - 36th US Womens Tennis: Molla B Mallory beats Helen Wills Moody (63 61)
1927 - Metropolitan Sergius proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet state.
1931 - Lefty Grove wins AL record tying 16th consecutive game
1932 - 46th US Womens Tennis: Helen Jacobs beats Carolin A Babcock (62 62)
1933 - 47th US Womens Tennis: Helen Jacobs beats Helen Moody (86 36 30 ret)
1934 - 48th US Womens Tennis: Helen Jacobs beats Sarah H P Fabyan (61 64)
1934 - Paul Runyan wins PGA golf tournament
1934 - The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
1936 - Trial against Ljev Kamenev & Grigori Zinovjev because of "Trotskyism" opens in Moscow
1939 - 37.6 cm rainfall at Tuckerton, NJ (state record)
1941 - Ump Jocko Conlan ejects Pirate manager Frankie Frisch for coming out on field holding an umbrella to get a rainout
1942 - -20] Churchill visits Montgomery's headquarter in Burg-al-Arab
1942 - Over 4,000 Canadian & British soldiers killed, wounded or captured raiding Dieppe, France
1942 - Gen Paulus orders German 6th Army to conquer Stalingrad
1943 - Belgian church excommunicates nazi Leon Degrelle
1943 - US air raid on German bases at Gilze-Rijen/Vlissingen
1944 - Allied air raid on Maastricht, 80+ killed
1944 - Gen Bradley visits Montgomery
1944 - Last Japanese troops driven out of India
1944 - Nazi's give parts of Paris to Resistance
1944 - Paris police strike against nazi occupiers
1944 - Polish 1st Division occupies Hill 262 (Mont Ormel), Normandy
1944 - US 15th Army corp occupies Mantes-Gassicourt at Paris
1944 - US 90th/Polish 1st Division occupy Chambois Normandy
1945 - Phillies Jimmie Foxx, 37, pitches 1st 7 innings vs Reds & wins
1947 - J Arens & D van Dorpen synthetise vitamin A
1950 - ABC begins Saturday morning kid shows (Animal Clinic & Acrobat Ranch)
1951 - Bill Veeck (Cleveland Indians) sends Eddie Gaedel, a 3'7" midget, to pinch-hit
1953 - England regained cricket Ashes after winning series 1-0
1954 - Ralph J Bunche named undersecretary of UN
1955 - 32.4 cm precipitation at Burlington, Connecticut (state record)
1955 - Hurricane Diane kills 200 & 1st billion $ damage storm (N.E. US)
1955 - US raises import duty on bicycles 50%
1955 - WINS radio, announces it will not play "copy" white cover versions of R&B (DJs must play Fats Domino's "Ain't It A Shame," not Pat Boone's)
1956 - Fay Crocker wins LPGA St Louis Golf Open
1957 - NY Giants vote 8-1 to move their franchise to SF in 1958
1957 - US Major David Simons reaches 30,933m in a balloon
1958 - NAACP Youth Council begin sit-ins at Oklahoma City Lunch counters
1959 - Doctor X beats Wilber Snyder in Omaha, to become NWA wrestling champ
1959 - Honolulu seeks a franchise in Continental League
1959 - Satellite Discoverer 6 launched into polar orbit
1960 - Francis Gary Powers convicted of spying by USSR (U-2 incident)
1960 - Sputnik 5 carries 2 dogs, 3 mice into orbit (later recovered alive)
36th US President Lyndon B Johnson 1961 - US vice-president Lyndon B Johnson visits West Berlin
1962 - Homer Blancos plays finest round in golf, shooting a 55
1962 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Albuquerque Swing Parade Golf Tournament
1963 - NAACP Youth Council begins sit-ins at lunch counters, Oklahoma City
1964 - Communication satellite Syncom 3 launched
1965 - Auschwitz trials end with 6 life sentences
1965 - Cincinnati Red Jim Maloney 2nd no-hitter of year beats Chicago Cubs, 1-0
1966 - Earthquake strikes Varko Turkey: 2,400 killed
1967 - Beatles' "All You Need is Love," single goes #1
1969 - Chicago Cub Ken Holtzman no-hits Atlanta Braves, 3-0
1973 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1973 - Kris Kristofferson weds Rita Coolidge
1973 - Pirate World Music Radio (Holland) closes down after 10 years
1973 - Sandra Palmer wins LPGA St Paul Golf Open
1975 - Astros hire Bill Virdon to replace Preston Gomez as manager
1976 - Pres Gerald R Ford won Republican pres nomination at KC convention
1977 - USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan USSR
1978 - 422 die in an arson fire at a movie theater in Iran
1979 - "My Sharonna" by the Knack hits #1 (stays for 42 days)
1979 - Crew of Soyuz 32 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 34 aft 175 d flight
1979 - Sally wins LPGA Barth Golf Classic Little
1979 - Soviet Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakov & Valery Ryumin returned to Earth aboard Soyuz 34 after a record 175 days in space
1980 - George Brett ends hitting streak at 30
1980 - Saudi Arabian Lockhead Tristar crashes on landing at Riyadh, 301 die
1980 - Willy Russell's "Educating Rita," premieres in London
1981 - 2 US Navy F-14 jet fighters shoot down 2 Soviet-built Libyan SU-22
1982 - Renaldo Nehemiah of US sets record for 110 m hurdles, 12.93 sec
1982 - Soyuz T-7 launched, Svetlana Savtiskaya 2nd woman in space
1983 - LSU footballer Billy Cannon sentenced to 5 yrs for counterfeiting
1983 - Dodgers trade Dave Stewart & Ricky Wright to Texas for Rick Honeycut
1984 - 66th PGA Championship: Lee Trevino shoots a 273 at Shoal Creek Ala
1984 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Chevrolet World Championship of Women's Golf
1984 - Republican convention in Houston nominates Ronald Reagan for pres
1984 - Sally Quinlan wins LPGA MasterCard Golf International Pro-Am
1985 - Japan launches its 2nd probe of Halley's Comet, Suisei
1986 - Car bomb kills 20 in Tehran Iran
1987 - Hungerford Massacre: in the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with an assault rifle and then commits suicide.
1988 - Iran-Iraq begin a cease-fire in their 8-year-old war (11 PM EDT)
1988 - Muang Muang succeeds Gen Sein Lwin as pres of Burma
1988 - NY Rangers sign ex-Canadien great Guy LaFluer
1989 - Tadeusz Mazowiecki, elected 1st non-communist president of Poland
1990 - Betsy King wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1990 - Dodger Jose Offerman hits HR in his 1st at bat
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Mass is quickest to reach 14 HRs (approx 128 at bat)
1991 - -20] Hurricane Bob hits US
1991 - Janajev & KGB coup in Russia deposes Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 - Janel Bishop, 17, of New Hampshire, crowned 9th Miss Teen USA
1992 - Romesh Kaluwitharana scores 132 on Test Cricket debut (SL v Australia)
1992 - Sri Lanka make their highest cricket score ever 8-547 v Australia
1993 - 34th Walker Cup: US, 19-5
1993 - Actress Kim Basinger weds actor Alec Baldwin
1993 - Dow Jones hits record high of 3612.13
1993 - George Tiller, abortion doctor, shot in his arms by Rachelle Shannon
1993 - Mattel & Fisher Price toys merge
1993 - Sally Gunnell runs lady world record 400m hurdles (52.74")
1995 - After 5 days Shannon Faulkner quits as 1st woman at the Citadel
1995 - Bruce Seldon TKOs Joe Hipp in 10 for heavyweight boxing title
1995 - Mike Tyson returns to the ring & DQs Peter McNeeley in 38 seconds
1997 - NY Yank 3rd baseman Wade Boggs pitches a scoreless inning vs Anaheim
1997 - STS 85 (Discovery 23) lands
1999 - In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milo�ević.
2002 - A Russian Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside of Grozny, killing 118 soldiers.
2003 - A Hamas planned suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem kills 23 Israelis, 7 of them children in the Jerusalem bus 2 massacre.
2003 - A car-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.
2005 - The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins.
2005 - A series of strong storms lashes Southern Ontario spawning several tornadoes as well as creating extreme flash flooding within the city of Toronto and its surrounding communities. In Toronto, it is also dubbed as the Toronto Supercell.
2009 - A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others.
2010 - Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait.
Music history on August 19
1881 - Composer Georges Enesco was born.
1918 - Irving Berlin's musical "Yip Yip Yaphank" opened in New York City at the Century Theater.
1939 - The Dick Jurgens Orchestra recorded, "Day Dreams Come True at Night."
1964 - The first American tour by the Beatles began in San Francisco, CA. The tour would cover 26 cities.
1972 - NBC-TV presented "The Midnight Special" for the first time with John Denver as the first host.
1973 - Rita Coolidge and Kris Kristofferson were married.
1980 - 1,400 people riot in Toronto when Alice Cooper cancelled a show due to illness.
1997 - Fleetwood Mac's reunion album "The Dance" was released.
2001 - Former Metallica bassist Jason Newsted made his first live appearance with EchoBrain.
2008 - Lady Gaga's album "The Fame" was released.
Sports history on August 19
1909 - The first car race to be run on brick occurred at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
1909 - The Philadelphia Phillies were rained out a major-league record 10th consecutive day.
1917 - Team managers John McGraw and Christy Matthewson were arrested for breaking New York City's blue laws. The crime was their teams were playing baseball on Sunday.
1921 - Ty Cobb (Detroit Tigers) recorded his 3,000 career hit.
1951 - The St. Louis Browns sent a midget to the plate against the Detroit Tigers. Eddie Gaedel, wearing the number 1/8 and standing only 3 feet, 7 inches tall, walked on four consecutive pitches and was then replaced by a pinch-runner.
1957 - The New York Giants Board of Directors voted to move the team to San Francisco in 1958.
1962 - Homero Blancas shot a 55 at the Premier Invitational Golf Tournament held in Longview, TX. It was the lowest score in U.S. competitive golf history.
1981 - In Zurich, Switzerland, Renaldo Nehemia set a new world record with 110 hurdles in 12.93 seconds.
1995 - Bobby Thigpen (Chicago White Sox) got his 40th save of season and became the eighth and fastest to record 40 saves in a season.
1995 - Mike Tyson knocked out Peter McNeeley after just 89 seconds.
1996 - Paul Molitor (Minnesota Twins) tied Lou Gherig by hitting his 534th career double.
2002 - John Madden debuted on "Monday Night Football."
2004 - Baseball commissioner Bud Selig received a contract extension through 2009.
Famous birthdays on August 19
Bernard Baruch 1870
Ginger Baker (Cream, Blind Faith) 1939
Johnny Nash 1940
Billy J. Kramer (The Dakotas) 1943
Eddy Raven 1944
Ian Gillan (Deep Purple) 1945
Bill (William Jefferson) Clinton (U.S.) 1946
Tipper Gore 1948
Deana (Dina) Martin 1948 - Singer, actor, daughter of Dean Martin
John Deacon (Queen) 1951
Matthew Perry 1969 - Actor ("Friends")
Fat Joe 1970
Lil' Romeo 1989
Today's quote:
Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and instead of bleeding he sings.
- Edward Gardner
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Aug 19 2012, 08:18 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Forgot I didn't post yesterday's!
Historic events on August 20
2 - Venus-Jupiter in conjunction-Star of Bethlehem
573 - Gregory of Tours selected bishop of Tours
636 - Battle at Yarmuk: Moslems beat Byzantines [or August 15]
917 - Battle at Anchialus: Bulgaria army counter attacks Byzantines
1000 - The foundation of the Hungarian state, Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary.
1191 - Crusader King Richard I kills 3,000 muslim prisoners in Akko
1391 - Konrad von Wallenrode becomes the 24th Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order.
1534 - Turkish admiral Chaireddin"Barbarossa" occupies Tunis
1566 - Iconoclasm reaches Antwerp Belgium
1585 - English queen Elizabeth I signs Treaty of Nonsuch: aid to Netherland
1597 - 1st Dutch East India Company ships returned from Far East
1604 - Spanish garrison of Sluis surrenders to count Maurice
1619 - 1st Black slaves brought by Dutch to colony of Jamestown Virginia
1641 - Britain & Scotland sign Treaty of Pacification
1648 - Battle of Lens: French duke d'Enghien defeats Spaniards
1672 - Former Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis are brutally murdered by an angry mob in The Hague.
1741 - Alaska discovered by Danish explorer Vitus Bering
1745 - Bonnie Prince Charlie reaches Blair Castle Scotland
1781 - George Washington begins to move his troops south to fight Cornwallis
1791 - Danish navigator Vitus Jonas Bering discovers Alaska
1794 - Gen Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at Fallen Timbers Ohio
1795 - Joseph Haydn returns to Vienna from England
1828 - Gioacchino Rossini's opera "Le Comte Ory," premieres in Paris
1852 - Steamer "Atlantic" collided with fishing boat, sinks with 250 aboard
1856 - Wilberforce University forms in Ohio
1861 - Skirmish at Jonesboro MO
1864 - 8th/last day of battle at Deep Bottom Run Va (about 3900 casualties)
1865 - Pres Johnson proclaims an end to "insurrection" in Tx
1866 - Pres Andrew Johnson formally declares Civil War over
1879 - Government Kappeijne of Coppello resigns
1882 - Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" opens in Moscow
1888 - Longest US men's single tournament match Palmer Presbrey defeats T S Tailer, 19-21, 8-6, 6-1, 6-4, an 80-game 1st-round contest
1893 - Shechita (ritual slaughtering) prohibited in Switzerland
1895 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Norwood Builder" (BG)
1896 - Dial telephone patented
1900 - Great Britain beats France in cricket in Olympic Games
1900 - Japan's primary school law is amended to provide for four years of mandatory schooling.
1901 - Fawcett committee visits Mafeking concentration camp in Cape Colony
1908 - Congo Free State becomes Belgian Congo
1910 - US supported opposition brings down Madriz in Nicaragua
1912 - Plant Quarantine Act goes into effect
1912 - Wash Senator Carl Cushion no-hits Cleve Indians, 2-0 in 6 innings
1913 - 1st pilot to parachute from an aircraft (Adolphe P�goud-France)
1913 - Piotr Nesterow 1st flight (Kiev Ukraine)
1914 - German General von Bulow executes 211 Belgians
1914 - -24] Battle of Bounderies: Lorraine, Ardennen, Sambre & Meuse, Mons
1914 - Battle at Gumbinnen, East-Prussia: Russian beat Germans
1914 - Battle at Morhange: German troops chase French, killing 1000s
1914 - Bavarian troops kill 50 inhabitants of Nomeny France
1914 - German army captured Brussels as the Belgian army retreated to Antwerp
1915 - White Sox obtain Joe Jackson from Cleve in exchange for Robert Roth, Larry Chappell, Ed Klepfer, & $31,500
1918 - Britain opens offensive on Western front during WW I
1919 - Wichita outfielder Joe Wilhoit (Western League) fails to get a hit, ending a 69-game streak (155 hits in 299 at bats for a .505 avg)
1920 - 1st US commercial radio station, 8MK (WWJ), Detroit begins daily broadcasting
1920 - Allen Woodring wins Oympic 200 m dash wearing borrowed shoes
1920 - Israel publishes it's 1st medical journal "Ha-Refuah"
1920 - Preliminary meeting in Akron to form American Pro Football League
1920 - Red Sox-Indians game postponed in Boston to allow Indian players to attend Ray Chapman's funeral in Cleveland
1921 - 35th US Womens Tennis: Molla B Mallory beats M Browne (46 64 62)
1922 - 1st world championship athletics for women, held in Paris
1923 - London harbor strike ends
1925 - WJR-AM in Detroit MI begins radio transmissions
1926 - Uprising against Reza Shah Pahlawi in Persia
1926 - Japan's public broadcasting company, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai(NHK) is established.
1929 - 1st airship flight around Earth flying eastward completed
1930 - Bradman scores 232 in 5th Test Cricket at The Oval
1930 - Dumont's 1st TV broadcast for home reception (NYC)
1931 - 45th US Womens Tennis: Helen Moody beats Eileen Whitingstall (64 61)
1934 - Ponsford out for 266 in his final Test Cricket match
1935 - Milt coup by General Pons & president Ibarra in Ecuador
1938 - Lou Gehrig hits record 23rd & last grand slam
1939 - 1st black bowling league formed (National Bowling Assoc)
1939 - Russian offensive under General Zjoekov against Japanese invasion in Mongolia
1940 - 1st Polish squadrons fight along in the Battle of Britain
1940 - British PM Churchill says of Royal Air Force, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few"
1941 - Police raid 11th district of Paris, takes 4,000+ Jewish males
1942 - Dim-out regulations implemented in SF
1944 - "Anna Lucasta," opens on Broadway
1944 - 26th PGA Championship: Bob Hamilton at Manito G & CC Spokane Wash
1944 - Gen de Gaulle returns to France
1944 - Russian offensive at Jassy & Kisjinev
1944 - US & British forces destroy German 7th Army at Falaise-Argentan Gap
1945 - Dodgers Tommy Brown, 17, is youngest player to hit a HR
1945 - Robert Hamilton wins PGA golf tournament
1945 - Russian troops occupy Harbin & Mukden
1945 - Tommy Brown, Bkln Dodger becomes youngest HR hitter (17)
1947 - Boston Braves hit a million attendance for 1st time
1947 - Turner Caldwell in D-558-I sets aircraft speed record, 1131 kph
1948 - 15th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Chi Cards 28, All-Stars 0 (101,220)
1948 - US expels Soviet Consul General in New York, Jacob Lomakin
1949 - 78,382 watch White Sox play Indians at Cleveland
1949 - Hungary (Magyar People's Republic) accepts constitution
1952 - Stalin meets Chou Enlai
1953 - General Fazlollah Zahedi arrests premier Mossadeq of Persia
1953 - Russia publicly acknowledges hydrogen bomb test detonation
1955 - 1st airplane to exceed 1800 mph (2897 kph)-HA Hanes, Palmdale Ca
1955 - Hundreds killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco & Algeria
1956 - Republicans convene at Cow Palace
1957 - "Simply Heavenly" opens at Playhouse Theater NYC for 62 performances
1957 - Chic White Sox Bob Keegan no-hits Wash Senators, 6-0
1957 - USAAF balloon breaks an altitude record at 102,000' (310,896 m)
1957 - White Sox Bob Keegan no-hits Senators 6-0
1958 - Cubs use 1st baseman Dale Long as their 1st lefty catcher since 1906
1958 - Dale Long becomes 1st major league lefty catcher in 52 years
1958 - Detroit Tiger Jim Bunning no-hits Boston Red Sox, 3-0
1959 - Belgium shortens conscription to 12 months
1960 - Senegal breaks from Mali federation, declaring independence
1960 - USSR recovers 2 dogs, 1st living organisms to return from space
1961 - Phillies set then dubious record of 23 straight loses, beat Braves
1961 - East Germany begins erecting 5' high wall along the border with the west to replace the barbed wire put up Aug 13
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1964 - LBJ signs anti-poverty measure totaling nearly $1 billion
1964 - President Johnson signs Economic Opportunity Act
1964 - Rex Sellers bowls 5-1-17-0 v India in only Test Cricket innings
1964 - Yankee Phil Linz plays harmonica on bus despite Yogi Berra's orders
1965 - Rolling Stones release "Satisfaction" (their 1st #1 US hit)
1965 - Eddie Mathews & Hank Aaron (1954-65) pass Babe Ruth-Lou Gehrig hitting 772 HRs while playing together on the same team
1966 - Beatles pelted with rotten fruit during Memphis concert
1967 - Alvin Dark (52-69) is fired, rehired, & fired again as manager of A's
1967 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Women's Western Golf Open
1968 - 650,000 Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia
1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1969 - 69 cm rainfall in Nelson Co., Virginia (state record)
1970 - -21] Hurricane Dorothy, kills 42 in Martinique
1971 - FBI begins covert investigation of journalist Daniel Schorr
1972 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Southgate Ladies Golf Open
1972 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1974 - Brooklyn pitcher Dan Bankhead is 1st black to homer in his 1st at bat
1974 - Nelson Rockefeller becomes VP
1974 - Nolan Ryan pitch measured at record 161.6 kph (100.4 mph)
1974 - Pres Gerald Ford, assumes office after Richard Nixon's resignation
1975 - Il-62 crashes south of Damascus, Syria, killing 126
1975 - Viking 1 launched to orbit around Mars, soft landing
1977 - NASA launches Voyager 2 towards Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune
1978 - Gunmen open fire on an Israeli El Al Airline bus in London
1978 - Mark Vinchesi of Amherst Mass keeps a frisbee aloft 15.2 seconds
1978 - Sandra Post wins LPGA Lady Stroh's Golf Open
1978 - Tatyana Providokhina runs female world record 1k (2:30.6)
1979 - India premier Charan Singh resigns
1979 - Singer Vikki Carr & Michael Nilsson wed
1979 - The East Coast Main Line rail route between England and Scotland is restored when the Penmanshiel Diversion opens.
1980 - Mt Everest climbed by Italian Reinhold Messner, alone
1980 - NY Yankee Bob Watson hits Seattle Kingdome speaker, 2nd straight day
1980 - Pitts Omar Moreno steals record 70 bases for 3rd consecutive season
1980 - Reinhold Messner of Italy is 1st to solo ascent Mt Everest
1980 - Cleve Dan Spillner, 545 ERA, is 2 outs from a no-hitter when White Sox rookie Leo Sutherland singles
1980 - UN Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jersualem is it's capital
1982 - Don Lever becomes 1st captain of NJ Devils
1982 - US marines land in Beirut Lebanon
1983 - Miss National Teen-Ager
1985 - 1st NL pitcher to strike out 200+ in 1st 2 seasons (Dwight Gooden)
1985 - Israel ships 96 TOWs to Iran on behalf of US
1985 - Libya throws out 1000s Tunisian/Egyptian gas workers
1985 - Met Dwight Gooden strikes out 16 on way to his 13th consecutive win
1985 - Hanspeter Beck of South Australia, finishes a 3,875 mile, 51 day trip from Western Australia to Melbourne on a unicycle
1986 - Mail carrier Patrick Sherrill, Edmond Ok, shot 14 fellow workers dead
1986 - Phils Don Carmen perfect game bid is broken in 9th
1988 - 6.5 earthquake strikes India/Nepal, 1,000s killed
1988 - Yordanka Donkova of Bulgaria sets 100m hurdle woman's record (12.21)
1988 - "Black Saturday" of the Yellowstone fire in Yellowstone National Park
1988 - Peru becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1989 - Aak crashes into pleasure boat The Margin on the Thames, 51 killed
1989 - Howard Johnson joins B Bonds & W Mays to hit 30 HRs & steal 30 bases
1989 - Janet B Evans swims female world record 800m freestyle (8:16.22)
1989 - Said Aouita runs world record 3000 m (7:29.45)
1990 - Gene Michael names NY Yankee VP/GM replacing Harding Peterson
1990 - George Steinbrenner steps down as NY Yankee owner
1990 - Iraq moves Western hostages to military installations (human shields)
1990 - NY Yankee Kevin Mass is quickest to reach 15 HRs (approx 132 at bat)
1991 - After the attempted coup in the Soviet Union, Estonia declares
1991 - Norbert Rosza swims world record 100m breast stroke (1:01.29)
1991 - Dolphin Dan Marino surpasses Joe Montana as the highest paid NFL player with a 5-year extension for $25 million
1991 - Estonia declares it's independence from USSR itself independent
1992 - England get 7-363 in 55 overs vs Pakistan, then world ODI record
1992 - Rocker Sting weds Trudie Styler
1993 - Colin Jackson runs world record 110m hurdles (12.91)
1993 - Howard Stern is fired from WLUP-AM, Chicago
1993 - Mother Teresa hospitalized with malaria
1993 - After rounds of secret negotiations in Norway, the Oslo Peace Accords are signed, followed by a public ceremony in Washington, D.C. the following month.
1994 - 109.8�F (43.2�C) in Cordoba Spain
1994 - Archbishop Quarracino wants all homosexuals to leave Argentina
1994 - Ferry boat sinks at Chandpur Bangladesh, 300-350 killed
1995 - "Play's the Thing" closes at Criterion Theater NYC after 75 perfs
1995 - Indians' Jose Mesa sets record with his 37th consecutive save
1995 - Kerrie Webb wins LPGA Weetabix Women's British Golf Open
1996 - India defeat Pakistan in Under-15 World Challenge Final at Lord's
1997 - Shelly Moore, 18, of Tenn, crowned 15th Miss Teen USA
1997 - Souhane massacre in Algeria; over 60 people are killed and 15 kidnapped.
1998 - The Supreme Court of Canada rules that Quebec cannot legally secede from Canada without the federal government's approval.
1998 - U.S. embassy bombings: the United States military launches cruise missile attacks against alleged al-Qaida camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical plant in Sudan in retaliation for the August 7 bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum is destroyed in the attack.
2002 - A group of Iraqis opposed to the regime of Saddam Hussein take over the Iraqi Embassy in Berlin for five hours before releasing their hostages and surrendering.
2008 - Spanair Flight 5022, from Madrid to Gran Canaria, skids off the runway and crashes at Barajas Airport. 146 people are killed in the crash, 8 more die afterwards. Only 18 people survive.
2011 - Socialite and model Kim Kardashian weds basketball player Kris Humphries at a private estate in Montecito, California
Famous birthdays on August 20
1517 - Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, cardinal/viceroy of Naples (1571-75)
1526 - Peter Opmeer, church historian/humanist (Historia Martyrum)
1561 - Jacopo Peri, composer
1625 - Thomas Corneille, French playwright
1632 - Louis Bourdaloue, French Jesuit preacher (d. 1704)
1637 - Cornelis Van Aerssen, Dutch governor/co-owner of Surinam
1665 - Bernardus Smijtegelt, vicar (Gekrookte Reed)
1666 - Alphonse d' Eve, composer
1702 - Stepan F graaf Apraksin, Russian general-fieldmarshal
1710 - Thomas Simpson, English mathematician (rules of Simpson)
1719 - Charles-Fran�ois de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1791)
1719 - Christian Mayer, Czech astronomer (d. 1783)
1720 - Bernard de Bury, composer
1756 - Bernardo Bittoni, composer
1764 - Charles F Bentinck, Dutch minister of Colonies
1776 - Bernardo O'Higgins, South American revolutionary (d. 1842)
1778 - Bernardo O'Higgins, won independence for Chile
1779 - J�ns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (d. 1848)
1785 - Oliver Hazard Perry, US Naval hero ("We have met the enemy")
1788 - Jose Bernardo Alcedo, composer
1799 - Heinrich WA Freiherr von Gagern, German liberal politician
1802 - Cadwalader Ringgold, Commander (Union Navy), died in 1867
1811 - Gilman Marston, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1890
1820 - Adolfe Louis Eugene Fetis, composer
1824 - Absalom Baird, Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1905
1832 - Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe, inventor, died in 1913
1833 - Benjamin Harrison, North Bend Ohio, � 23rd Pres (1889-1893)
1842 - Juliaan de Vriendt, Flemish painter
1845 - St. Albert Chmielowski, Polish Catholic Saint (d. 1916)
1847 - Bolesław Prus, Polish writer (d. 1912)
1847 - Andrew Greenwood, England cricketer (d. 1889)
1856 - Innokenti F Annenski, Russian poet/interpreter (Laodania) [NS Sept 1]
1856 - Jakub Bart-Ći�inski, Sorbian writer (d. 1909)
1860 - Raymond Poincar�, France, president/PM (1912)
1865 - Bernard Tancred, South African cricketer (d. 1911)
1868 - Ellen Roosevelt, American tennis player (d. 1954)
1873 - Eliel Saarinen, Finland, architect (GM Tech Institute, Mich)
1873 - William Henry Bell, composer
1881 - Edgar Albert Guest, Detroit Mich, poet/newspaperman
1881 - Nikolay Yakovlevich Myaskovsky, composer
1885 - Dino Campana, Italian poet (Canti orfici)
1886 - Paul Tillich, German/US theologist (Die sozial Entscheidung)
1888 - George Sklavos, composer
1890 - H P Lovecraft, US, Gothic novelist (At the Mountains of Madness)
1890 - Howard Phillips Lovecraft, US horror writer (Weird Tales)
1897 - Tarjei Vesaas, Norwegian author (Det Store Spelet)
1898 - G Kraus, director Santpoort (Insanity in Netherlands)
1898 - Leopold Infeld, Polish nuclear physicist (Whom the God's Love)
1898 - Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish author and historian (d. 1973)
1899 - Hanns Lilje, German Lutherian bishop/antifascist (Church und Welt)
1900 - Edward J "Murt" O'Donoghue, snooker player, 1st witnessed 147 break
1901 - Salvatore Quasimodo, Naples Italy, poet/critic/translator (Nobel 1959), (d. 1968)
1902 - Ernest Charles Melvin Patrick Ekundio Marke, club owner
1904 - Jaap [Jacob AW] Burger, chairman (PvdA)
1905 - Duncan Macrae, Glasgow Scotland, actor (Casino Royale, Kidnapped)
1905 - Jack [Weldon J] Teagarden, US trombonist/actor (Meet Band Leaders)
1905 - Jean Gebser, German-born author, linguist, and poet (d. 1973)
1907 - Alan Reed, NYC, actor (Mr Adams & Eve)/voice (Fred Flintstone), (d. 1977)
1907 - Anatole Fistoulari, conductor
1908 - Alfonso Lopez, baseball player (AL Manager of the year 1959)
1908 - Jeanne Stern, writer
1908 - John Reginald Bevins, politician
1908 - Kingsley Davis, sociologist/demographer, coined (population explosion)
1909 - Albert Roberts, cricketer (NZ pace bowler in 5 Tests 1932-37)
1909 - Andre Morell, London England, actor (Hound of the Baskervilles)
1910 - Eero Saarinen, Finnish/US architect (IBM Building, MIT Chapel)
1911 - Ronald Udell, England, production designer (Pinewood Studios)
1912 - Philip Kapleau, founder (Rochester Zen Center in New Haven)
1913 - Conrad Hermann Hubertius Maria Apollinaris Josten, jazz guitarist
1914 - Kitei Sohn, Korean marathon runner/coach (Olympic-gold-1936)
1916 - Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian-German chess player (d. 1984)
1918 - Jacqueline Susann, Phila Pa, author (Valley of the Dolls), (d. 1974)
1921 - Jack Wilson, cricket slow left-armer (Test for Australia 1956)
1924 - Jim Reeves, US country singer/actor (Gun Fury, Kimberley Jim)
1926 - Nobby Wirkowski, American and Canadian football player and coach
1927 - Geriatric1927, English video blogger
1927 - Yootha Joyce, English actress (d. 1980)
1929 - Norma Connolly, Boston, Mass, actress (Ruby Anderson-General Hospital)
1930 - Mario Bernardi, Canadian conductor
1931 - Bernhard Becher, photographer (industrialist builder 19th/20th)
1931 - Don King, boxing promoter best known for his association with Mike Tyson and for his unusual hairstyles
1932 - Anthony Ainley, British actor (d. 2004)
1932 - Vasily Aksyonov, Russian novelist
1933 - Don Fuqua, (Rep-D-FL, 1963-86)
1933 - George John Mitchell, (Sen-D-ME, 1980-94/Senate Whip 1989- )
1933 - Larry Robideaux, horse trainer
1934 - Armi Kuusela, Finnish beauty queen
1935 - Charles Shere, composer
1935 - J J Malone, US soul singer (It's a shame)
1935 - Justin Tubb, San Antonio Tx, country singer (Grand Ole Opry)
1935 - Ron Paul, US Congressman, 1988 and 2008 presidential candidate
1936 - Carla Fracci, Milan Italy, ballerina
1936 - Hideki Shirakawa, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1937 - Corrie E Moret-de Jong, Dutch MP (CDA)
1937 - George Thoma, German FR, cross country ski jumper (Olympic-gold-1960)
1937 - Jim Bowen, English comedian
1937 - El Fary, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2007)
1938 - Jean-Loup Jaques Marie Chretien, France, cosmonaut (T-6, TM-7, STS 86)
1938 - Alain Vivien, French politician
1939 - Fernando Poe Jr., Filipino actor and politician (d. 2004)
1940 - John Lantree, rocker
1940 - Rex Sellers, Aust cricketer leg-spinner (bowled 5 overs in Tests)
1940 - Sam Melville, Utah, actor (Mike Danko-Rookies, Roughnecks)
1940 - Rub�n Hinojosa, American politician
1941 - Slobodan Milocevic, premier Serbia
1941 - William H Gray III, Baton Rouge La, (Rep-D-PA, 1978- )
1941 - Dave Brock, British musician and founder of Hawkwind
1941 - Rich Brooks, American football coach
1941 - Robin Oakley, British journalist
1941 - Jo Ramirez, Mexican motor racing team manager and author
1942 - Hans-Joachim Klein, German FR, 100m swimmer (Olympic-bronze-1964)
1942 - Isaac Hayes, Covington TN, composer (Shaft)
1942 - Fred Norman, American baseball player
1943 - Sylvester McCoy, Scottish actor
1944 - Graig Nettles, 3rd baseman (NY Yankees, SD Padres, Cleve Indians)
1944 - John Povey, rocker
1944 - Rajiv Gandhi, PM of India (1984-89)
1946 - Connie Chung, TV news anchor (NBC, CBS)
1946 - Ralf H�tter, German musician (Kraftwerk)
1946 - N.R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman
1947 - James Pankow, Chicago IL, rocker (Chicago)
1948 - Robert Plant, West Bromwich England, rock vocalist (Led Zeppelin-Whole Lotta Love)
1948 - John Noble, Australian actor
1949 - Nikolas Asimos, Greek composer and singer (d. 1988)
1949 - Norman Featherstone, South African cricketer
1949 - Alan Hardwick, English TV presenter
1949 - Phil Lynott, Irish musician (d. 1986)
1951 - Greg[ory Dale] Bear, US, sci-fi author (2 Hugos, Eon, Eternity)
1951 - Phil Lynott, Dublin Ireland, rock bassist (Thin Lizzy)
1951 - Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko, Russia, cosmonaut
1952 - John Emburey, England cricket off-spinner (1978-95, captain 1988)
1952 - John Hiatt, US singer/songwriter (Have a Little Faith in Me)
1952 - Rudy Gatlin, Olney Tx, country singer (Gatlin Bros-Broken Lady)
1953 - Peter Horton, Bellevue Wash, actor (Gary-30 Something)
1954 - Al Roker, Queens NY, weatherman (NBC, Today)
1954 - Theresa Saldana, Bkln NY, actress (Rachel Scali-Commish)
1954 - William Quinn Buckner, Phoenix Ill, basketballer (Olympic-gold-1976)
1954 - Tawn Mastrey, American disc jockey (d. 2007)
1954 - Don Stark, American actor
1955 - Jay Acovone, Mahopac NY, actor (Det Rado-Hollywood Beat)
1955 - Ned Overend, Taipei Taiwan, cyclist (Olympics-96)
1955 - Rob Wiedijk, Dutch rock vocalist (Bob Color)
1956 - Alvin Greenidge, cricketer (WI opener, no relation to Gordon or Geoff)
1956 - Joan Allen, Ill, actress (Peggy Sue Got Married, Tucker, In Country)
1956 - Rick Olsen, rock guitarist (Berlin-Take My Breath Away)
1957 - Cindy Nicholas, Canada, swimmer (swam English Channel 19 times)
1957 - Doug Fleger, rocker
1957 - Jim "Bullseye" Bowen, British TV game show host
1957 - Mike Dodd, Manhattan Beach CA beach volleyballer (Olympics-silver-96)
1957 - Scott Ayakatubby, beach volleyball champ
1958 - Lenny Henry, British comedian (3 of a Kind)
1958 - Patricia Rozema, Canadian film director and screenwriter
1959 - Missie McGeorge, Pueblo CO, LPGA golfer (1994 PING-Cellular One)
1959 - Richard DeStasio, horse trainer
1960 - Elizabeth Alda, daughter of Alan Alda, actress (Beth-Four Seasons)
1960 - Mark Langston, San Diego CA, pitcher (California Angels)
1960 - Troy Young, horse trainer
1961 - Linda Mantz, NYC, actress (Frankie-Dorothy)
1961 - Rick Rael, heavy metal rocker
1961 - Greg Egan, Australian author
1961 - Joe Pasquale, English comedian
1962 - Duffy James Joseph Waldorf Jr, LA CA, PGA golfer (1995 LaCantera Tx)
1962 - Loretta Alderete, LA CA, LPGA golfer (1992 Oldsmobile-14th)
1962 - Robert Meyer, Sacramento Cal, Canadian Tour golfer (1994 Morningstar)
1962 - James Marsters, American actor
1962 - Dong-Wook Song, South Korean tennis player
1963 - Bruce Hick, Australian rower (Olympics-96)
1964 - Giuseppe Giannini, Rome Italy, soccer player (Rome A Team)
1965 - Joe Durigon, jockey
1966 - Courtney Gibbs, Miss USA (1988)/actress (Baywatch)
1966 - Greg Jackson, NFL strong safety (Philadelphia Eagles, San Diego Chargers)
1966 - Steven Finn, Laval, NHL defenseman (LA Kings)
1966 - Dimebag Darrell, heavy metal guitarist (Pantera)
1967 - Andy Benes, Evansville IN, pitcher (St Louis Cardinals)
1967 - Michael "Sean" Hall, Williamsburg Va, rower (Olympics-1996)
1967 - Colin Cunningham, American actor
1967 - Terri Poch, American yogini and former professional wrestler
1968 - Sandy Brondello, Australian basketball guard (Olympics-bronze-96)
1968 - Klas Ingesson, Swedish footballer
1968 - Yuri Shiratori, Japanese voice actress and singer
1969 - Bart Spark, soccer player (Veendam, SC Heerenveen)
1969 - Francisco Torres, jockey
Historic events on August 21
959 - Erachus becomes bishop of Luik
1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: July 12, 1192)
1321 - 160 Jews of Chincon France, burned at stake
1560 - Tycho Brahe becomes interested in astronomy
1598 - -22] Deed of Transfers proclaims Netherlands independence
1673 - Sea battle at Kijkduin: De Ruyter defeats English & French fleet
1680 - Pueblo Indians takes possession of Santa F� from Spanish
1689 - The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.
1703 - Turkish army removes sultan Mustafa II
1718 - Emperor Karel VI, Turkey & Venice sign peace treaty
1760 - The church (later cathedral) of "Our Lady of Candlemas of Mayag�ez (Puerto Rico)" is founded, establishing the basis for the founding of the city.
1772 - King Gustav III completes his coup d'etat by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
1808 - Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.
1810 - Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.
1821 - Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the ship, Eliza Frances.
1831 - Nat Turner slave revolt kills 55 (Southampton County, Virginia)
1841 - John Hampton patents venetian blind
1842 - The city of Hobart, Tasmania, is founded.
1852 - Tlingit Indians destroy Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territory.
1856 - America's first consul to Japan, Townsend Harris, arrives in Shimoda. (Traditional Japanese date: July 21, 1856)
1858 - 1st Lincoln-Douglas debate (Illinois)
1862 - The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.
1863 - Raid at Lawrence KS by William Quantrill
1864 - BBT Charleston, SC [->DEC 31]
1864 - Battle at Globe Tavern, Virginia, ends after 2500 casualties
1864 - Battle of Grubbs Crossroads, KY
1864 - Battle of Summit Point, VA
1864 - Gen-major Nathan B Forrests assault on Memphis, Tennessee
1878 - American Bar Association organizes at Sarasota, NY
1878 - Edward Pooley completes record 8 stumpings in a cricket match
1879 - The Virgin Mary, along with St. Joseph and St. John the Evangelist, reportedly appears to the people of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland.
1883 - Providence shuts out Phillies 28-0
1887 - Mighty (Dan) Casey struck-out in a game with NY Giants!
1888 - William Seward Burroughs patents adding machine
1891 - Dutch Mackay government resigns
1897 - Oldsmobile begins operation as a General Motors Corp division
1901 - 21st US Mens Tennis: William Larned beats Beals C Wright (62 68 64 64)
1901 - Joe McGinnity, suspended from NL for punching & spitting on an ump
1912 - Mr Carter-Cotton chosen 1st chancellor of Univ of British Columbia
1914 - 20th US Golf Open: Walter Hagen shoots a 290 at Midlothian CC Ill
1914 - Belgium: German troops occupy Tamines
1914 - French offensive in the Ardennen/Sambre
1915 - Italy declares war on Turkey in World War One
1920 - 3rd PGA Championship: Jock Hutchison at Flossmoor CC Flossmoor Ill
1922 - Curly Lambeau & Green Bay Football Club granted NFL franchise
1925 - BV Emmen soccer team forms
1926 - -22] Uprising against Greek president/dictator Pangalos
1926 - White Sox Ted Lyons no hits Red Sox 6-0 in just 67 minutes at Fenway
1927 - 4th Pan-African Congress meets (NYC)
1929 - Chicago Cardinals become 1st pro football team to train out of town
1930 - Prohibition of Wieringermeer finished
1931 - Babe Ruth hits his 600th HR, off George Blaeholder of Browns
1932 - Wes Ferrell is 1st to win 20 games in each of his 1st 4 seasons
1933 - Ruth's homer leads AL to a 4-2 win in 1st All Star Game
1936 - Red Sox Wes Ferrell, walks off mound when he feels he did no get good feilding, Sox suspend him
1938 - Italy bars all Jewish teachers in Public & High School
1942 - Alpine hunters plant German flag on Elbroezgebergte, Kaukasus
1942 - Transport nr 22 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1942 - World War II: a Nazi flag is installed atop the Mount Elbrus.
1943 - Gromyko named USSR-ambassador in Washington
1943 - Japan leaves Aleutian Islands
1944 - Germans storm up Hill 262 (Mont Ormel) Normandy
1944 - Grieg/Work/Forest's musical "Song of Norway," premieres in NYC
1944 - Raid on Jewish childrens house in Secr�tan/St-Mand�
1944 - US 12nd Army corp occupies Sens
1945 - Pres Harry Truman ends Lend-Lease program
1947 - 1st Little League World Series Maynard Midgets of Williamsport PA win
1948 - Indians 47-inning scoreless streak broken by White Sox Aaron Robinson
1949 - Phila fans cause A's to forfeit game when they riot over a trapped line drive by Rich Ashburn, Giants leading 4-2 in 9th declared winners
1953 - Baseball player reps Ralph Kiner (NL) & Allie Reynolds (AL) hire John Norman Lewis at $15,000 to give legal advice to players in negotiation
1953 - Marion Carl in Douglas Skyrocket reaches record 25,370 m
1953 - Sultan Sidi Mohammed Am Joessoef V of Morocco deposed
1956 - WTVW TV channel 7 in Evansville, IN (ABC) begins broadcasting
1957 - 1st launching in Baikonur, Kazachstan (R7 "Semiorka"-rocket)
1958 - KUT-FM in Austin Texas begins radio transmissions
1959 - Hawaii becomes 50th US state
1961 - Jomo Kenyatta freed in Kenya
1962 - Verne Gagne beats Mister M (doctor X) in Minn, to become NWA champ
1963 - Jerry Lynch's record 15th pinch-hit HR gives Pirates a 7-6 win
1963 - Martial law declared in S Vietnam, following raids on Buddhist pagodas
1965 - Gemini 5 launched into Earth orbit (2 astronauts)
1965 - Romania adopts constitution
1965 - The Crusher beats Mad Dog Vachon in St Paul, to become NWA champ
1966 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Women's Western Golf Open
1967 - China reports downing of 2 US bombers
1967 - Ken Harrelson becomes baseball's 1st free agent
1967 - Liquid gas tanker explodes in Martelange Belgium, 22 killed
1967 - Mikis Theodorakis arrested in Greece
1968 - After 5 years Russia once again jams Voice of America radio
1968 - Democratic Convention opens in Chicago
1968 - Marine James Anderson Jr is 1st black Medal of Honor winner
1968 - Radio Prague (Czech) at 12:50 AM announces a soviet led invasion
1968 - Warsaw Pact forces enter Czechoslovakia to end reform movement
1968 - William Dana reaches 80 km (last high-altitude X-15 flight)
1969 - Fire in Al-Aksa-mosque in Jerusalem
1972 - 1st hot air balloon flight over Alps
1972 - British harbor strike ends
1972 - Grace Slick maced by police when a band official called cops, pigs
1972 - Republican convention opens in Miami Beach
1972 - US orbiting astronomy observatory Copernicus launched
1975 - 3 truck pile up kills 10, injures 26 on French highway
1975 - Rick & Paul Reuschel become 1st brothers to pitch a combined shut out
1975 - US lightens trade embargo against Cuba
1976 - Al Bumbry hits 17th inside-the-park HR in Oriole history
1976 - Battle East Sussex: Mary Langdon becomes 1st British firewoman
1976 - Operation Paul Bunyan at Panmunjeom, Korea.
1977 - Debbie Austin wins LPGA Wheeling Golf Classic
1977 - Donna Patterson Brice sets high speed water skiing rec (111.11 mph)
1978 - 1st gay theme telefilm - Matlovich vs US Air Force
1979 - Mets win a protested game against Astros, 5-0
1980 - Linda Ronstadt opens in "Pirates of Penzance" on Broadway
1982 - Palestinian terrorists are dispersed from Beirut
1982 - Rollie Fingers (Brewers) becomes 1st pitcher to get save #300
1983 - "La Cage aux Folles" opens at Palace Theater NYC for 1761 performances
1983 - 110�F (43�C) at Fayetteville, North Carolina (state record)
1983 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Chevrolet World Championship of Women's Golf
1985 - Mary Decker Slaney runs mile in world record 4:16.71
1985 - NY Lotto pays $41 million to three winner (#s are 14-17-22-23-30-47)
1986 - "Rags" opens at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC for 4 performances
1986 - Ian Botham takes world-record 356th Test Cricket wkt (v NZ, The Oval)
1986 - Lake Nios Volcano in Cameroon kills 1,746
1986 - Red Sox Spike Owens scores 6 runs in a 24-5 rout of Cleve Indians
1986 - Surinames Ronnie Brunswijks Jungle commandos kill 2 government officials
1986 - Volcanic eruption in Cameroon releases poison gas, killing 2,000
1986 - With 2 outs in 6th inning, Red Sox score 11 runs
1987 - "Mack Lobell" set harness racing's trotting mil (1:52)
1987 - Clayton Lonetree, 1st marine court-martialed for spying, convicted
1987 - Silke Horneer swims female world record 100m breaststroke (1:07.91)
1988 - Cease fire between Iran & Iraq takes effect after 8 years of war
1988 - Juli Inkster wins LPGA Atlantic City Golf Classic
1989 - Voyager 2 begins a flyby of planet Neptune
1991 - Communist coup is crushed in USSR in 2 days
1991 - Latvia declares it's independence from USSR
1993 - Lyricist Bernie Taupin weds Strephanie Haymes
1993 - NASA loses contact with Mars Observer
1994 - -23] Typhoon Fred ravages Chinese county Zhejiang, 700+ killed
1994 - Ernesto Zedillo wins Mexican presidential election
1994 - Jane Geddes wins LPGA Chicago Golf Challenge
1994 - Royal Air Maroc ATR-42 crash down at Agadir, 44 killed
1995 - US marshals move in on Randy Weaver's cabin in Idaho
1996 - "Hughie," opens at Circle in Sq Theater NYC
1996 - Christie Lee Woods, 18, of Texas, crowned 14th Miss Teen USA
1996 - Netscape Browser 3.0 is released
1997 - Typhoon Winnie kills 140, injures 3,000 in East China
1997 - US government forces closure of Hudson Foods due to E Coli break out
2000 - Tiger Woods wins golf's PGA Championship to become the first golfer since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win 3 majors in a calendar year. He ties the to-par record for the PGA (-18) with Bob May, and wins in a playoff
2001 - NATO decides to send a peace-keeping force to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
2001 - The Red Cross announces that a famine is striking Tajikistan, and calls for international financial aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
2007 - Hurricane Dean makes its first landfall in Costa Maya, Mexico with winds at 165 mph. Dean is the first storm since Hurricane Andrew to make landfall as a Category 5.
2017 - Next total solar eclipse visible from North America
Famous birthdays on August 21
1165 - Philip II Augustus, 1st great Capetian king of France (1179-1223)
1535 - Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
1567 - Francois de Sales, French bishop of Geneva/writer/saint
1597 - Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (d. 1672)
1642 - Johann Friedrich Treiber, composer
1643 - Afonso VI, king of Portugal (1656-67) (mentally ill)
1660 - Hubert Gautier, engineer, wrote 1st book on bridge building
1665 - Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (d. 1729)
1670 - James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French military leader (d. 1734)
1689 - Jose Pradas Gallen, composer
1721 - Lucretia W van Winter-van Merken, Dutch poet
1725 - Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter
1751 - Johann Georg Witthauer, composer
1754 - William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (d. 1839)
1754 - Banastre Tarleton, British soldier and politician (d. 1833)
1765 - William IV, king of England (1830-37)
1765 - William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
1780 - Jernej Kopitar, Slovenian censor (Slovenian Grammar)
1789 - Augustin-Louis, Baron Cauchy, French mathematician
1798 - Jules Michelet, French historian (History of France, L'Amour)
1800 - Hiram Walden, American politician (d. 1880)
1801 - Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, WW II Dutch statesman/historian
1806 - Johannes Frederick Frohlich, composer
1809 - Francesco Schira, composer
1810 - Thomas Jefferson McKean, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers)
1813 - Jean Stas, Belgian chemist (d. 1891)
1816 - Charles Fr�d�ric Gerhardt, French chemist (d. 1856)
1821 - William Barksdale, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1863
1824 - John Sanford Mason, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1897
1825 - Kate Fanny Loder, composer
1826 - Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist (d. 1903)
1829 - Otto Goldschmidt, composer
1847 - Arthur T Verhaegen, Belgian worker's union leader
1852 - Benedetto Junck, composer
1871 - Leonid N Andrejev, Russian journalist/writer (Red Laugh)
1872 - Aubrey Beardsley, England, artist (Salome)
1874 - Herman A van Karnebeek, Dutch minister of Foreign affairs (1918-27)
1875 - Maurice Lippens, Belgian earl/minister/governor of Congo
1879 - Henry Ainley, Leeds England, actor (As You Like It)
1880 - Johan H Westerveld, Dutch WW II resistance fighter/leader (OD)
1891 - Emiliano Mercado del Toro, World's oldest living man 2004-2007 (d. 2007)
1892 - Charles Vanel, Rennes France, actor (Wages of Fear)
1893 - Juliette Marie Olga Lili Boulanger, composer
1893 - Lili Boulanger, composer
1896 - Blossom Rock, actress, (Grandmamma-Addams Family)
1896 - Raymond Herreman, Flemish writer (Rose of Jericho)
1896 - Roark Bradford, writer/humorist (Ol' Man Adan an' His Chillun)
1900 - Eileen Percy, Belfast Ireland, silent film actress (Let's Go)
1902 - Renato Fasano, composer
1904 - [William] Count Basie, Red Bank NJ, jazz musician (Blazing Saddles)
1905 - Isadore I Friz Freleng, KC MO, animator (Warner Bros cartoons)
1906 - Joachim Homs, composer
1906 - Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet, advertising magnate
1907 - Miguel Torga, [Adolfo Correia da Rocha], Portuguese author
1907 - Roy K Marshall, Glen Carbon Ill, TV scientist (Nature of Things)
1908 - David Farrar, Forest Gate England, actor (Beat Girl, I Accuse)
1908 - M. M. Kaye, British writer (d. 2004)
1908 - Oversight (nom de plume), American philosopher
1909 - C Dillon Douglas, Geneva Switz, US Secretary of Treasury (1961-65)
1909 - Jon William Jr Haussermann, composer
1909 - Nikolay Bogolyubov, Russian mathematician (d. 1992)
1912 - Bruce Trent, singer
1912 - Toe Blake, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1995)
1913 - Cornelius Johnson, LA California, high jumper (Olympic-gold-1936)
1913 - Diana Churchill, actress (Spider, Sally Bishop, Housemaster)
1913 - Victor Rosow, writer
1914 - Doug Wright, cricketer (England's leg-spinning genius of 30's & 40's)
1915 - Jack Weston, [Morris Weinstein], Cleveland, actor (4 Seasons, Rad)
1915 - Raquel Rastenni, Danish singer (d. 1998)
1916 - William John Raff Hooper, cartoonist
1918 - Billy Reay, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2004)
1920 - Christopher R Milne, son of Alan A Milne (Winnie the Pooh)
1923 - Chris Schenkel, Biuppus Ind, sportscaster (Monday Night Fights)
1924 - Gerald D Lascelles, son of English princess Mary
1924 - Jack Buck, American sports announcer (d. 2002)
1924 - Jack Weston, American actor (d. 1996)
1925 - Judy Grable, American professional wrestler (d. 2008)
1925 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
1925 - Jorge Rafael Videla, ex-dictator of Argentina
1926 - Ben-Zion Orgad, composer
1927 - Wilhelm Jr Killmayer, composer
1927 - Thomas S. Monson, 16th president of the (Mormon) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1928 - Gillian Sheen, England, foils (Olympic-gold-1956)
1928 - Zdenek Lukas, composer
1928 - Art Farmer, American trumpet player (d. 1999)
1929 - Ahmed "Kathy" Kathrada, leader of S Afr Communist Party
1929 - X. J. Kennedy, American poet
1930 - Frank Perry, film director
1930 - Margaret Rose, princess of Engl (Sister of Queen Elizabeth) [or 4/21]
1931 - Gregg Smith, composer
| one thousand nine hundred and seventy three |
Pegasus airlines are based in which country? | Published: 01 May 1996
Last Updated: 31 Aug 2010
Since it first hit the newsstands, Management Today has seen the anachronism that was British industry gain far more credibility. We chart that progress - and review in detail global events and trends of the period.
'The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there,' wrote the novelist LP Hartley. Thirty years ago, when Management Today first appeared, they did things differently in British business. The second world war had long since ended and the celebrations were an increasingly hazy memory, but the hangover would not go away. London and its newly liberated youth might be swinging, as Time magazine declared, but much of the rest of Britain spent its days tending antiquated machinery in dingy factories where the wind whistled through broken panes that had needed replacing even before the war.
Industry was also largely unchanged since the 1930s. Certain 'commanding heights', such as coal, steel, power and a lot of transport, had been taken into public ownership, but the landscape was much as it had been.
In the mid-'60s, and for some time after, Britain survived (just) by manufacturing and trading in traditional manufactures - and by financing both stages.
A disproportionate number of Europe's biggest businesses were British.
Indeed, in a European context, the country could provide leading players in engineering (including motors, electricals, electronics, aircraft, shipbuilding), in chemicals and textiles - as well as in oil, shipping, insurance, banking.
The problem was that, in most of these industries, Britain was fast losing ground. The big companies were failing to keep up with foreign rivals, and their position worsened with every swing at Westminster. 'Stop-go' economic policies discouraged investment, risk-taking, and growth. It became axiomatic that no genuine innovation could succeed if launched on the conservative UK market. On rare occasions when managers put their shirts on a major development, they looked to the US - witness Rolls-Royce aero engines or the EMI body scanner - and still they lost their shirts.
Low growth meant low expectations meant loss of confidence. At least managers could console themselves with their place in the pecking order. Organised labour, meanwhile, drew its satisfaction from warring with employers and, if possible, winning leapfrogging pay rises that proved of benefit to nobody. Some managements struggled to stay in control. Others abdicated: productivity was appalling, strikes multiplied, product quality deteriorated and delivery promises counted for nothing.
In an attempt to break from the downward spiral, Harold Wilson's Labour government opted for gigantism. If British companies were declining compared with overseas rivals, size (and international competitiveness) could be restored by creating industry-wide groupings. Hence more nationalisation, of shipbuilders and airframe manufacturers. And moves towards similar concentration in other industries, like motors. Which helped to ensure that all might go down the tubes together.
The then government proposed institutional solutions, creating intermediaries and talking shops that would point industry in the paths of righteousness: the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation, Prices and Incomes Board, Monopolies Commission (whose early findings were often inconsistent), National Economic Development Council (aptly reduced to Neddy) and many more. But depression only deepened as, one after another, tripartite working parties reported that their own sectors of industry had no hope of matching international competition.
The economy began falling apart. Inflation had taken off. In the early 1970s, the miners brought down Edward Heath's Conservative government, and their 35% pay claim was conceded the day Wilson returned to power.
Yet strikes and stoppages continued. The 1979 'winter of discontent' was pure British understatement. Then came Margaret Thatcher, and, at the next encounter, Arthur Scargill's army was utterly routed. But, having identified inflation as the dragon they had to slay, the Tories laid waste vast tracts of the manufacturing economy. A ruthless act, it was also probably for the best. At least a new start - of a kind - could be made.
On emerging from recession in the early 1980s, the Tories ran straight into another, more devastating, one at the decade's end. Naturally, the survivors were wary of investing in anything. There's not much sign of a new dawn yet, but at least the climate for business is more favourable than elsewhere in western Europe. And, while being lean and fit in a sclerotic Europe may not take Britain to the top in the new world order, a good part of British business at last understands what it means to compete, and knows the goals at which it must aim.
1966 - 1970.
1966
The World Leonid Brezhnev is clear winner in Soviet power games. Race riots flare up in US cities. Mao Tse-Tung proclaims Cultural Revolution in China. South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd assassinated.
Britain State of emergency declared to protect essential supplies during seamen's strike; Government later freezes prices and incomes in effort to beat inflation. Repeated gas finds in North Sea. Barclaycard is first British credit card. England beats Germany in World Cup final. Shifting slag heap at Aberfan, South Wales, kills 130.
Politics Labour wins general election with 96 majority - 'a clear mandate,' says prime minister Harold Wilson. Ex-union boss Frank Cousins later resigns as technology secretary over Government's incomes policy; successor is Antony Wedgwood Benn.
People Leslie O'Brien succeeds Lord Cromer as governor of Bank of England.
Ian Brady and Myra Hindley are convicted of Moors murders following a telephone call to the police by a witness.
Business British Motor Corporation and Jaguar to merge as British Motor Holdings. Lord Thomson buys The Times.
1967
The World Chinese president Liu Shao-chi accused of leading coup attempt.
China explodes its first H-bomb. Prime minister Indira Gandhi re-elected in India. Israeli army crushes Egypt in six-day war. Dr Christiaan Barnard carries out first human heart transplant.
Britain Tanker Torrey Canyon goes aground off Cornwall, spilling cargo.
Francis Chichester completes epic solo circumnavigation. Barclays introduces first cash dispenser. BBC begins regular colour broadcasts. Queen Elizabeth II launched on Clydebank. Britain bans meat imports from countries with foot-and-mouth disease.
Politics Jeremy Thorpe is leader of Liberals after Jo Grimond resigns.
French president Charles de Gaulle vetoes Britain's second attempt to join Common Market. Roy Jenkins becomes chancellor; James Callaghan moves to Home Office.
People Donald Campbell killed attempting new speed record on Coniston Water. William Rees-Mogg becomes editor of The Times, Harold Evans of The Sunday Times.
Stalin's daughter Svetlana defects to West. Former prime minister Clement Attlee dies.
1968
The World Reformer Alexander Dubcek comes to power in Czechoslovakia; later Russian tanks enter Prague. Tet offensive brings Vietnam war into Saigon; President Lyndon Johnson says he will not stand for re-election.
Martin Luther King's assassination causes riots in US. Senator Robert Kennedy also assassinated. Students and police fight street battles in France. Gaullists win election by a landslide. So does premier Pierre Trudeau in Canada. John Gorton becomes prime minister in Australia. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed by 36 countries.
Britain A dozen countries promise $2 billion credit to support pound.
First decimal coins introduced, also two-tier post, Booker Prize, Jaguar XJ6 saloon.
Politics George Brown resigns as foreign secretary. Arguing in favour of strict immigration policy, Enoch Powell predicts rivers running with blood.
People Jackie Kennedy marries Aristotle Onassis.
Business Year of mergers: BMC and Leyland form British Leyland Motor Corporation; National Provincial and Westminster create NatWest; Barclays merges with Martins Bank; GEC with English Electric. Rolls-Royce wins Britain's biggest aerospace order from Lockheed, for RB-211 engine.
1969
The World Richard Nixon is US president. Astronaut Neil Armstrong's 'moonwalk' is 'a giant leap for mankind'. De Gaulle resigns; Georges Pompidou is France's new president. Social Democrat Willi Brandt becomes chancellor of West Germany. Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel. Moamar al Gaddafi seizes power in Libya.
Britain Sectarian violence flares up in Northern Ireland. Many women workers at Ford win equal pay with male employees. Parliament votes to abolish death penalty.
People Former US president Dwight D Eisenhower dies. Gangland leaders Ronald and Reginald Kray get life sentences for murder.
Business Rupert Murdoch beats Robert Maxwell to win News of the World; Murdoch goes on to bid for the Sun.
1970
The World US National Guard soldiers shoot four student demonstrators at Kent State University, Ohio. Tidal wave in East Pakistan kills 150,000.
Palestinian terrorists blow up British, American and Swiss airliners in Jordan. Anwar Sadat is president of United Arab Republic. Salvador Allende becomes president of Chile.
Britain Golfer Tony Jacklin becomes first Briton in 50 years to win US Open Championship.
Politics Tories back in power under Edward Heath. Sir Alec Douglas-Home becomes foreign secretary, Reginald Maudling goes to Home Office. Roy Jenkins becomes Labour's deputy leader.
People De Gaulle; Earl Russell, mathematician, philosopher, nuclear campaigner; and paperback publishing pioneer Sir Allen Lane, founder of Penguin, die.
New peers this year include Sir Laurence Olivier and George Brown.
Business BP makes major oil find in UK sector of North Sea. Rover reveals multi-purpose, four-wheel drive Range Rover.
1971 - 1975.
1971
The World Major-general Idi Amin seizes power in Uganda, promotes himself to general and declares himself president. Civil war in East Pakistan follows declaration of independent Bangladesh; India recognises new state and trounces Pakistan in short, sharp war.
Britain Parliament approves UK entry to EEC. First British soldier killed in Northern Ireland since army arrived in 1969. New law makes 'irretrievable breakdown' sole grounds for divorce. Decimal currency introduced; purchase tax is cut and hire-purchase controls are ended.
People Prime minister Edward Heath leads British team to victory in the Admiral's Cup. Joe Gormley becomes president of the NUM. Russian composer Igor Stravinsky dies in the US. Former Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev dies.
Business Rolls-Royce goes into receivership. The Daily Sketch ceases publication after 62 years.
1972
The World President Nixon makes triumphant visit to China, first by a western leader; he later overwhelms George McGovern in the US elections.
Britain recognises Bangladesh, and sends an ambassador to Communist China.
Willi Brandt's SDP returns to power in Germany. Labour wins in Australia.
Britain Bloody Sunday: 13 die as paras fire on demonstrators in Londonderry.
Seven civilians killed when IRA bombs Parachute Brigade HQ in Aldershot.
Government introduces direct rule of Northern Ireland from Whitehall.
Army clashes for first time with Protestant Ulster Defence Association.
Cod war breaks out when Icelandic gunboats fire on British trawlers. Government imposes 90-day freeze on prices and incomes. Race Relations Act bans discrimination on grounds of colour.
People John Betjeman becomes poet laureate. Bobby Fischer beats Boris Spassky to become first world chess champion. Former US president Harry S Truman dies; also Duke of Windsor, who was briefly King Edward VIII.
Business Distillers Company offers over £11 million compensation to the thalidomide victims.
1973
The World Arab producers announce successive hikes in oil price. Watergate affair blows up in US. President Nixon admits cover-up; aides Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman resign. Israel triumphs over Egypt in Yom Kippur war.
President Allende of Chile is killed in coup. In Argentina, Juan Peron is re-elected 18 years after being ejected by a coup.
Britain UK officially becomes member of EEC, along with Ireland and Denmark.
IRA bombs explode outside Old Bailey and in Whitehall. VAT introduced.
Open University awards its first degrees. Fire at Summerland entertainment centre, Isle of Man; 30 die. Government gives the green light to Channel Tunnel, and introduces 50mph speed limit to save fuel.
Politics Denis Healey announces that Labour will tax the rich 'until the pips squeak'.
People Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey.
Eamonn de Valera resigns as head of state in Ireland. Pablo Picasso, Noel Coward, JRR Tolkien and WH Auden die.
Business Prime minister Heath condemns Lonrho dealings as 'the unacceptable face of capitalism'.
1974
The World Threatened with impeachment, President Nixon resigns; vice-president Gerald Ford succeeds. Chancellor Willi Brandt resigns over East German spy link, Helmut Schmidt succeeds. French president Georges Pompidou dies; Valery Giscard d'Estaing is elected. Following Juan Peron's death, power is transferred to wife Isabel. In Spain, General Franco dies; Juan Carlos is king. In Portugal, Marcello Caetano is toppled by a military coup. Pierre Trudeau returns to power in Canada.
Britain With trouble in pits and power stations coming on top of the oil crisis, the Government introduces three-day working week. Labour under Harold Wilson wins general election. Workers get massive wage increases, inflation soars, but five-day week is restored. Second election gives Labour majority of three. Museums and art galleries begin charging for admission. An explosion in the Flixborough chemical plant kills 29.
Business Court Line, the owner of tour operators Clarksons and Horizon, goes to the wall.
1975
The World Fall of Saigon marks end of Vietnam war. Portugal holds first free elections for half a century: Socialists, under Mario Soares, storm to power. Liberals win in Australia.
Britain Inflation surges to 25%. In a plebiscite, voters show firm support for EEC membership. Thirty-five people die in Moorgate Tube disaster; Balcombe Street seige, of four IRA gunmen in London flat, ends without bloodshed. Sex Discrimination Act and Equal Pay Act come into force.
Politics Margaret Thatcher unseats Edward Heath as leader of the Conservative Party.
People Dissident Soviet nuclear scientist Andrei Sakharov is awarded Nobel Peace Prize. Chinese nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek dies, also Eamonn de Valera.
Business The Bank of England rescues Burmah Oil. British Leyland passes into public ownership. Aston Martin is acquired by International Semiconductor of the US.
1976 - 1980.
1976
The World Israeli commandos free hostages in daring raid on Entebbe.
In Argentina, Isabel Peron is deposed in bloodless coup. In Japan, ex-prime minister Kakuei Tanaka is indicted for accepting bribes from Lockheed.
Britain Government seeks £2.3 billion from International Monetary Fund.
Days of drought and wide-spread water rationing; prime minister Callaghan appoints Denis Howell to coordinate relief measures. The women's peace movement launched in Northern Ireland.
Politics Harold Wilson resigns suddenly; James Callaghan becomes prime minister; Anthony Crosland is foreign secretary. David Steel elected leader of Liberal Party.
People Broadcaster Ian Trethowan is appointed director-general of the BBC. Mao Tse-tung dies, also artist LS Lowry, also composer Benjamin Britten.
Business Secondary banking problems: Slater Walker Securities reports £42 million loss.
1977
The World Jimmy Carter becomes president of the US. Leonid Brezhnev takes over as Soviet president as Nikolai Podgorny is sacked. Morarji Desai's Janata party crushes Indira Gandhi in Indian elections. Menachem Begin's Likud beats Shimon Peres's Labour party in Israel. Jack Lynch's Fianna Fail wins in Ireland, Adolfo Suarez in Spain. General Zia ousts Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Pakistan. In Madeira two jumbo jets collide killing over 570, the worst disaster in aviation history.
Britain Government abandons social contract as wage claims soar. Freddie Laker's cut-price Skytrain also takes to the air.
Politics Dr David Owen becomes foreign secretary on death of Tony Crosland.
People Roy Jenkins becomes the president of the European Commission. Michael Edwardes is appointed head of British Leyland. EF Schumacher, author of Small is Beautiful, dies; so does Sir Charles Chaplin.
1978
The World White leader Ian Smith promises to end minority rule in Rhodesia.
Aldo Moro, five times prime minister of Italy, is murdered by Red Brigade terrorists. Poland's Cardinal Wojtyla is elected Pope, takes name John Paul II. Ayatollah Khomeini is granted asylum in France. Super-tanker Amoco Cadiz breaks up off Brittany, spilling over 200,000 tons of crude.
Sweden bans CFC sprays.
Britain The world's first test-tube baby is born in Manchester.
People Princess Margaret is seeking a divorce. Jomo Kenyatta, who led Kenya to independence, dies; so does former Israeli prime minister Golda Meir.
1979
The World The Shah flees Tehran and goes into exile; Khomeini returns to Iran; US embassy staff taken hostage. Idi Amin flees Kampala. Whites vote to accept black rule in Rhodesia. Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin sign peace treaty in Washington. Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT 2 arms limitation agreement in Vienna. Pope John Paul II given hero's welcome in Poland. Ex-prime minister Bhutto hanged in Pakistan. Chinese invade Vietnam, and retire again. Russians enter Afghanistan in strength, and look as if they mean to stay. Indian fanatics take US embassy staff hostage in Tehran. Nuclear disaster narrowly averted at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania.
Britain Winter of discontent: rubbish piles up, bodies remain unburied.
Scots are marginally in favour of home rule and Welsh positively against it.
Politics General election: Margaret Thatcher rules OK; Lord Carrington goes to Foreign Office, Sir Geoffrey Howe becomes chancellor, Willie Whitelaw is home secretary.
People Art historian Sir Anthony Blunt admits spying for Russians. Former Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe is found not guilty of murder. Earl Mountbatten is assassinated by IRA.
1980
The World President Carter's prestige collapses after bungled attempt to rescue Iran hostages. Ronald Reagan wins US presidential election, Republicans control Senate again after more than 25 years. Indira Gandhi is back in power in India after 33 months, then son Sanjay is killed in air crash. Robert Mugabe becomes prime minister of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia.
Solidarity trade union is established in Poland. Year of disasters: US volcano Mt St Helens erupts, killing eight; terrorist bomb in Bologna, Italy, killing 84; North Sea platform capsizes, killing 100; Algerian earthquake kills thousands; famine in Africa threatens death to millions.
Britain Steelworkers go on strike. Thatcher threatens to slash strikers' benefits, wins concessions on Britain's budget contribution to EEC, creates enterprise zones, axes quangos. TUC holds Day of Action. SAS storms Libyan embassy. Government agrees to deployment of cruise missiles at Greenham Common.
Politics Thatcher tells Conservative Party Conference that she's not for turning on economic policy. James Callaghan resigns; Michael Foot becomes Labour leader.
People Ian MacGregor headhunted as chairman of British Steel. The existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre dies, also Alfred Hitchcock, also Sir Billy Butlin, also fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley. Ex-Beatle John Lennon is shot dead in New York.
1981 - 1985.
1981
The World Francois Mitterrand becomes president of France at third attempt.
Egypt also has a new president: Hosni Mubarak succeeds the murdered Anwar Sadat. Maiden flight of space shuttle Columbia.
Britain Privatisation programme takes shape with announcement that 50% of British Aerospace is to be sold. Britain's towns rocked by worst riots of century. South Wales miners stop work because of threatened pit closures.
British Leyland workers also strike, over pay.
Politics The Gang of Four break with Labour and form own political party which, mid-year, joins forces with Liberals to create SDP-Liberal Alliance; Shirley Williams triumphs in Crosby by-election. Norman Tebbit tells Tory Party conference how his father tackled unemployment: he got on his bike.
People Prince Charles marries Lady Diana Spencer. Arthur Scargill becomes president of NUM.
Business Newspapers are under spotlight as Rupert Murdoch buys The Times and Tiny Rowland the Observer. Stock market experiences second worst fall in its history. British Leyland closes three plants but planned link-up with Honda offers hope for future.
1982
The World Israeli forces invade Lebanon. Germany gets new head of government when minority Free Democrat party transfers support from Social Democrats to Christian Democrats: out goes chancellor Helmut Schmidt, in comes chancellor Helmut Kohl. New face in Soviet Union, too, where Leonid Brezhnev dies and is succeeded as leader by Yuri Andropov.
Britain Stirring times: the Falklands war dominates the news. Invasion in the spring almost immediately followed by departure of Task Force.
It's all over by mid-summer. War flares up nearer home when IRA terrorists bomb Horseguards Parade. In Hollywood, Chariots of Fire carries away Oscar for best picture.
People A son is born to Princess of Wales: William, second in line to the throne. A Pope of Rome visits Britain for first time in 450 years.
Business Laker Airways collapses. Likewise De Lorean Motors. Positive developments in communications, however: satellite television gets the green light and Mercury gets its licence to compete with British Telecom.
1983
The World President Reagan launches Star Wars programme. Rare show of unanimity at OPEC as all 13 members agree cut in prices. Chancellor Kohl retains power in German elections and prime minister Bob Hawke is re-elected in Australia.
Britain Seat belts made compulsory for front-seat occupants. Also in are £1 coins; wheel clamps; women peace campaigners - inside Greenham Common base. Out and away: 134 IRA prisoners from the Maze; gold bars worth £25 million, stolen in Britain's biggest-ever robbery at Heathrow.
Politics Margaret Thatcher returned to power at mid-year with increased majority. Michael Foot resigns - Neil Kinnock is the new Labour leader.
Roy Jenkins steps down at SDP.
1984
The World US astronaut takes space walk from Challenger - untethered.
Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies after only 15 months, and is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. President Reagan overwhelms Walter Mondale. Indian troops storm Golden Temple in Amritsar. Indira Gandhi assassinated; son Rajiv wins by landslide. British and Chinese sign treaty for return of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
Britain Miners' strike begins in March and continues for the rest of the year. NUM president Arthur Scargill arrested in May after 40 police and nearly 30 miners hurt in South Yorkshire. In Brighton an IRA bomb at Grand Hotel leaves four dead at the Tory Party Conference.
Business Robert Maxwell buys Mirror Group for £113.4 million. Johnson Matthey Bankers, which has £150 million loan losses, is bought by Bank of England. Government floats 51% of British Telecom and announces TSB also to be privatised.
1985
The World Spain ends its blockade of Gibraltar after 16 years. French agents sink Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland. In Russia, Chernenko dies; Mikhail Gorbachev is the country's new leader. Anglo-Irish Agreement is signed. Anglo-French summit agrees to build cross-Channel link.
Britain As more and more miners return to work, the NUM calls off the strike after just under 12 months. The home secretary Leon Brittan announces new police powers to combat mob violence. Thirty-eight die in the Heysel tragedy: UEFA bans English clubs from playing in Europe. Over 40 people die in a fire at Bradford City, and 54 in a Manchester air disaster. There are riots in Brixton and Toxteth.
Politics Big gains for SDP-Liberal Alliance in council elections. Opinion polls put Alliance ahead of Labour, Tories third.
Business Sir Clive Sinclair launches C5 electric tricycle; nine months later his crisis-ridden company, TPD, calls in the receiver. Al-Fayed brothers win control of House of Fraser, including Harrods. Habitat and BhS to merge in £1.5 billion deal. Amstrad launches PCW 8256. Nissan agrees a single-union deal with AUEW for its Washington, Tyne and Wear, plant.
Murdoch prepares to move his newspaper operation to Wapping.
1986 - 1990.
1986
The World Space shuttle Challenger explodes, killing seven. Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated. In an unprecedented move, Mikhail Gorbachev denounces his predecessors. Cory Aquino ousts President Marcos in the Philippines. US bombs Libya. Reactor explodes at Chernobyl, sending radioactive cloud across Europe. Poison gas from Cameroon lake kills 1,500.
Star Wars puts paid to Reykjavik summit. John Poindexter quits and Oliver North is dismissed over 'Irangate'.
Britain Margaret Thatcher and Francois Mitterrand sign Channel Tunnel Treaty. GLC is abolished. Queen becomes first British monarch to visit China. Sculptor Henry Moore and Harold Macmillan (Earl of Stockton) die.
Halley's Comet is a damp squib.
Politics Michael Heseltine and Leon Brittan resign over Westland. Edwina Currie becomes health minister. Nigel Lawson announces a £4.6 billion increase in public spending and the Government cracks down on insider dealing.
Business Guinness wins takeover battle for Distillers. GM, Esso and Barclays pull out of South Africa. Four million apply for both TSB and British Gas shares.
1987
The World Terry Waite is kidnapped in Beirut. Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes off Zeebrugge. Over 70 nations sign Montreal Protocol to save ozone layer. Van Gogh's Irises sells for record $53.9 million. Over 300 are convicted in biggest ever Mafia trial. Reagan and Gorbachev sign first missile reduction treaty.
Britain Michael Ryan guns down 16 in Hungerford. Hurricane causes damage costing billions. Worst ever stock-market crash comes after five-year bull run. Thirty die in King's Cross Tube fire.
Politics Tories win with large majority. Government says poll tax will replace rates in 1990.
People Libya frees alleged British spy Robert Maxwell on Gaddafi's orders.
Andy Warhol dies.
Business Heads roll at Guinness over Distillers takeover probe. British Airways buys British Caledonian for £237 million and Ford announces it will buy Aston Martin.
1988
The World Mikhail Gorbachev announces Soviet willingness to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. Oliver North and John Poindexter are indicted over Irangate. US shoots down Iranian airbus, killing nearly 300. Turin shroud declared a fake. Bush wins US election convincingly. Armenian earthquake; 70,000 feared dead.
Britain Security forces shoot dead three IRA members in Gibraltar. The Last Emperor takes nine Oscars. Piper Alpha oil rig disaster kills 167; Pan Am jet is blown up by terrorists over Lockerbie, killing over 200.
Politics Liberals vote to merge with SDP.
People Margaret Thatcher becomes longest-serving prime minister this century. Edwina Currie gets egg on her face over her remark about salmonella.
Business BP takes over Britoil. Rowntree accepts £2.5 billion bid by Nestle. Lord Young announces privatisation of British Steel.
1989
The World Soviet Union holds its first multi-candidate elections. Exxon Valdez spills 11 million tons of oil into Alaskan waters. Over 150,000 Chinese demonstrate in Tiananmen Square; 2,600 are later shot. Solidarity win Poland's first free elections since second world war. Iron Curtain falls as Berlin Wall is breached. US invades Panama, offering $1 million bounty for capture of General 'Pineapple' Noriega.
Britain Sky TV launched. Inflation is highest in Europe. Energy worries end briefly as Southampton University researchers claim to have achieved fusion in a test tube. Hillsborough stadium disaster kills 95, and 51 die when pleasure cruiser Marchioness collides with dredger on Thames.
'Guildford Four' are released.
People Ayatollah Khomeini dies, but not before issuing fatwa against Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses. Dalai Lama wins Nobel Peace Prize.
Politics Nigel Lawson resigns. John Major is promoted to chancellor.
Business Honda announces £300 million plant for Swindon. Interest rates rise and trade deficit worsens. Eurotunnel says it needs another £1.5 billion. Ford bids £1.6 billion for Jaguar.
1990
The World Soviet Central Committee votes to end Communist monopoly on power. Lithuania declares independence from Soviet Union; Latvia and Estonia follow. Boris Yeltsin resigns from Communist party. Iraq invades Kuwait.
Germany is reunited. Nelson Mandela is released.
Britain Police arrest 341 anti-poll tax demonstrators. Inmates seize Strangeways jail. Customs officials intercept Iraq-bound supergun components.
Britain's highest ever temperature is recorded: 37.1C. Unemployment rises to 1.7 million. British and French engineers shake hands as Chunnel breakthrough is made.
Politics SDP is disbanded. Nicholas Ridley resigns after saying Germans 'aim to take over the whole of Europe'. Heseltine and Thatcher in leadership battle: they lose. John Major becomes prime minister.
People Mikhail Gorbachev wins Nobel Peace Prize.
Business Sock Shop loses nearly £4 million. Perrier recalls bottled water after contamination scare. Satellite broadcasters Sky and BSB merge. Electricity privatisation is 10 times oversubscribed.
1991 - 1995.
1991
The World War in Gulf: Iraq torches hundreds of oil wells before leaving Kuwait. Boris Yeltsin is elected Russian president. Ukraine votes for independence and CIS is formed, ending Soviet Union. Yugoslav president Broislav Jorvic resigns. Croatia and Slovenia declare independence; Dubrovnik is later shelled.
Britain IRA fires mortar at 10 Downing Street. Helen Sharman becomes first Briton in space. Education reforms turn polytechnics into universities.
John Major launches Citizens' Charter. Jobless total rises to 2.4 million.
Terry Waite is released.
Politics Michael Heseltine announces a new council tax to replace the unpopular poll tax. Norman Lamont raises VAT to 17.5%. European leaders agree Maastricht Treaty.
People Norway's King Olav dies, also Robert Maxwell and Freddie Mercury.
Stormin' Norman Schwarzkopf gets knighthood.
Business Gerald Ratner describes his merchandise as 'crap'. BCCI is shut down. Fraud investigation begins into Maxwell pension funds. Daily Mirror is put up for sale.
1992
The World George Bush is sick in Japanese premier's lap. Billionaire Ross Perot gets 19% of vote. LA riots flare after acquittal of police accused of beating Rodney King. US, Canada and Mexico sign NAFTA. UN imposes sanctions on Serbia. Czech Republic and Slovakia agree to 'velvet divorce'.
Britain Windsor Safari Park goes bust. Tories beat Labour in general election, confounding expectations. Betty Boothroyd is first female Speaker.
Ian and Kevin Maxwell are arrested. David Mellor's affair with Antonia de Sancha exposed. The pound drops out of ERM.
Politics Norman Lamont announces tax cuts for low earners, while shadow chancellor John Smith announces rises for high earners, and succeeds Neil Kinnock as Labour leader.
People Prince Charles and Princess Diana separate. Margaret Thatcher becomes life peeress, Jeffrey Archer life peer.
Business Cadbury Committee proposes corporate governance reforms. Hongkong & Shanghai Bank wins control of Midland. Co-operative Bank says no to unethical customers. Daily Telegraph flotation flops. BP and IBM plan job cuts, 11,500 and 25,000 respectively. Olympia and York, owner of Canary Wharf, calls in receiver.
1993
The World Western Europe is a single market - official. Clinton becomes 42nd US president. Waco siege ends; 87 dead. Yeltsin dismisses Russian parliament and seizes power. Sydney outbids Manchester for 2000 Olympics.
Britain Tanker Braer runs aground off Shetland, threatening wildlife.
James Bulger's murder shocks the nation. Grand National is declared void after two false starts. The City is 'ringed with steel' against terrorist threats. Parliament votes for limited Sunday trading.
People Rudolph Nureyev dies, also Bobby Moore. Queen agrees to pay income tax. Nelson Mandela and FW de Klerk share Nobel Peace Prize.
Politics The Maastricht Treaty is ratified after a humiliating defeat for the Government. VAT put on fuel causes backbench revolt. Kenneth Clarke replaces Norman Lamont as chancellor. The British National Party wins a council seat in Millwall.
Business Richard Branson wins £610,000 damages against BA for libel.
IBM loses £3.3 billion, a world record. Interest rates are lowest since 1977. The Guardian takes over the Observer. Ferranti calls in receiver.
1994
The World Bosnia's troubles continue: Sarajevo mortar attack kills 66.
Israeli settler shoots dead over 40 Palestinians. Plane carrying presidents of Rwanda and Burundi is shot down, sparking conflict that will kill over a million. In South Africa, 22 million register to vote in first non-racist elections; Mandela wins. Gerry Adams granted US visa. OJ Simpson is accused of murdering his wife; televised car chase leading to his capture is watched by estimated 95 million.
Britain Sleaze is in: Tim Yeo has one love child, then another. 'Back to basics' is quietly buried. Fred and Rose West are charged with 12 murders.
Queen and president Mitterrand declare Channel Tunnel open. John Smith dies; Tony Blair is Labour leader. IRA announces ceasefire. National Lottery enters national psyche.
Politics The Conservatives lose heavily in local and Euro elections.
People Racing driver Ayrton Senna, Dennis Potter and Nixon die.
Business Cedric Brown kicks off 'fat cat' row with 75% pay rise, while British Gas employees are asked to take cuts.
1995
The World Kobe earthquake kills over 5,000. Gas attack on Tokyo underground.
Clinton receives Gerry Adams. Right-wing bombers kill 168 in Oklahoma City. Jacques Chirac is French president. Outrage as French test nuclear weapons in Pacific. Genocide in Rwanda. Yitzhak Rabin assassinated. Fighting stops in ex-Yugoslavia.
Britain Fred West hangs himself. Maxwell brothers trial begins. Drought reveals privatised Yorkshire Water's shortcomings. Leah Betts dies after taking Ecstasy. Headmaster Philip Lawrence is killed.
People Lord Wilson dies. Hugh Grant is arrested for lewd conduct in LA, where OJ Simpson is acquitted of murder.
Politics Annus horribilis for Tories: sleaze, defections and humiliation in local elections. Blair's star continues to rise.
Business Barings collapses; Nick Leeson is jailed. Shell does U-turn over disposal of Brent Spar. Microsoft launches Windows '95.
Exchange Rates
Since floating in the late '60s, sterling has fared badly against most major currencies, devaluing by nearly 50% against the dollar and 80% against the Deutschmark and yen. Though oil prices, currency speculation and the exit from the ERM have all had a hand in sterling's fortunes, the underlying trend has been ever downwards, to today's levels, which befit a currency that is no longer a major global player.
Interest Rates
Intimately connected with inflation
Interest rates are inextricably linked to inflation. It's worth noting, however, that, in the mid-'70s and early-'80s, real rates were negative, ie below inflation. That said, since the early-'80s, the defence of sterling mid-decade excepted, rates have followed inflation closely, with a typical premium of 2-3%. As with inflation, interest rates are now happily low and appear to be stable - a boon to those with mortgages.
Unemployment
Long dole queues become the norm
Unemployment has risen over fivefold since 1966. The oil crisis ended what had been a golden age, and the lengthening dole queues during the '70s were but a precursor to the high unemployment of the '80s. The late-'80s boom provided a brief respite but the jobless figures rose again with the recession.
Unemployment is now falling slowly but there is little likelihood of a return to the 'good old days'.
Inflation
Prices show strain of boom and bust bust
Inflation writ large is a creature of the past 30 years, hitting an all-time high point during the '70s oil crisis. A further peak in the early Thatcher years - the short, sharp shock cure - was followed by low levels until the '80s boom. Recession saw a sharp fall, and recovery, thus far, has seen little growth. The challenge for whichever party governs next is maintaining this level as the economy picks up.
Wages
Gap widens between rich and poor
Real wages have risen considerably since 1966 - by around 50% on average. Two distinct periods are visible: pre-1979, the salaries of the rich and poor converged; afterwards they diverged sharply. Overall, although everyone has certainly got richer, the rich have got richer quicker. Earners at the top decile receive 3.3 times the salary of those at the bottom decile; the equivalent figure for 1966 was 2.7.
GDP Growth
Swinging up and up ever since the '60s
Since 1966, real GDP has almost doubled. The general picture has been one of growth, especially apparent during the period before the oil crisis in the '70s and in the rapid, though unsustainable, spurt of the '80s boom. The worldwide economic slump of the early '80s saw a dip as did the recent recession but the moderate, steady growth we are currently experiencing is the kind that will hopefully endure of the day.
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| i don't know |
Tony Gallagher is the editor of which Daily Newspaper? | Tony Gallagher | News UK
Tony Gallagher
Editor in Chief, The Sun
Tony Gallagher became Editor in Chief of The Sun in September 2015.
Born in London Tony attended Finchley Catholic High School, read English at Bristol, then took the newspaper journalism course at City University in London. He trained at the Southern Evening Echo in Southampton before joining the leading agency South West News Service in Bristol.
A highly regarded reporter, Tony is a former news editor of the Daily Mail, and was instrumental in the launch of the Mail Online. He left in 2006 to join The Daily Telegraph as head of news. In 2009, as deputy editor, he helped lead the infamous MPs’ expenses scandal coverage and later that year was made editor.
Tony joins The Sun from the Daily Mail where he has been Deputy Editor since 2014.
A West Ham fan and amateur cook, Tony is married with three children.
| Sun |
Which Premier League football team has a red hart on its club badge (it looks like a moose)? | Former kitchen porter appointed editor of The Sun
Former kitchen porter appointed editor of The Sun
September 2, 2015 16:40 BST
Tony Gallagher at Moro restaurant, Exmouth Market, LondonBen Cawthra/REX Shutterstock
Tony Gallagher, the deputy editor of the Daily Mail, has been appointed editor-in-chief of The Sun, Britain's biggest selling daily newspaper. The 51-year-old, who becomes the first person to edit a broadsheet newspaper and a tabloid, hit the headlines in 2014 when he took a job as a kitchen junior after he left the Daily Telegraph.
Only weeks after being brutally ejected from the editor's chair at the right-wing paper, Gallagher began work at Moro – a fashionable restaurant in Islington, north London – slightly lower down the career ladder than he had been accustomed to.
When a newspaper contacted the restaurant, a staff member confirmed Gallagher was carting trays of vegetables to the kitchen and helping prepare North African and Spanish dishes. His short stint in the kitchen soon came to end when he was recalled to the Daily Mail, where he was previously head of news.
Gallagher, who helmed the Daily Telegraph's mega-expose of the MPs' expenses scandal in 2009, is highly respected as the consummate journalist with "ink in his veins". He also has a fearsome reputation for no-nonsense management style.
"It is my great pleasure and honour to be taking charge at the Sun," he said. "It's a job I couldn't possibly turn down and I'm looking forward to working closely with Rebekah, David and the rest of the team at The Sun. I can't wait to get started."
More about News UK
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Who was die leader of the gunpowder plot? | BBC - History - The Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot
By Bruce Robinson
Last updated 2011-03-29
The failed plot to assassinate James I and the ruling Protestant elite would, however unfairly, taint all English Catholics with treason for centuries to come. Who were the conspirators and what did they hope to achieve?
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Disillusionment
Spying and shoot-outs, treachery and torture, not to mention gruesome deaths. The Gunpowder Plot has it all. Why were Catholics so bitter, and what did they hope to achieve?
The year 1603 marked the end of an era. After 45 years on the English throne, Elizabeth I was dying. All signs suggested her successor would be James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary Queen of Scots - the queen who had been executed in 1587 on Elizabeth's orders.
English Catholics were very excited. They had suffered severe persecution since 1570, when the Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth, releasing her subjects from their allegiance to her. The Spanish Armada of 1588 had made matters worse. To the Tudor State, all Catholics were potential traitors. They were forbidden to hear Mass, forced instead to attend Anglican services, with steep fines for those recusants who persistently refused.
Yet rumours suggested James was more warmly disposed to Catholics than the dying Queen Elizabeth. His wife, Queen Anne of Denmark, was a Catholic, and James himself was making sympathetic noises. The crypto-Catholic Earl of Northumberland sent one of his staff, Thomas Percy, to act as his agent in Scotland. Percy's reports back optimistically suggested that Catholics might enjoy protection in James' England.
The early signs were encouraging. Upon his accession as James I of England (VI of Scotland), the new king ended recusancy fines and awarded important posts to the Earl of Northumberland and Henry Howard, another Catholic sympathiser. This relaxation led to considerable growth in the number of visible Catholics.
Trying to juggle different religious demands, James was displeased at their increasing strength. The discovery in July 1603 of two small Catholic plots did not help. Although most Catholics were horrified, all were tainted by the threat of treason.
Yet rumours suggested James was more warmly disposed to Catholics than the dying Queen Elizabeth.
The situation deteriorated further at the Hampton Court Conference of January 1604. Trying to accommodate as many views as possible, James I expressed hostility against the Catholics in order to satisfy the Puritans, whose demands he could not wholly satisfy. In February he publicly announced his 'utter detestation' of Catholicism; within days all priests and Jesuits had been expelled and recusancy fines reintroduced.
Although bitterly disappointed, most English Catholics prepared to swallow the imposition of the fines, and live their double lives as best they could. But this passive approach did not suit all.
Robert Catesby was a devout Catholic and familiar with the price of faith. His father had been imprisoned for harbouring a priest, and he himself had had to leave university without a degree, to avoid taking the Protestant Oath of Supremacy. Yet he possessed immense personal magnetism, crucial in recruiting and leading his small band of conspirators.
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The plotters
The lower ground floor vault of the House of Lords where the gunpowder was stored © Their first meeting was on 20 May 1604. Catesby was joined by his friends Thomas Wintour, Jack Wright and Thomas Percy at the Duck and Drake, in the Strand. The fifth person was Guy Fawkes. Originally from York, he had been recruited in Flanders, where he had been serving in the Spanish Army. They discussed their plan to blow up Parliament House, and shortly afterwards leased a small house in the heart of Westminster, installing Fawkes as caretaker, under the alias of John Johnson.
With Parliament successively postponed to 5 November 1605, over the following year the number of plotters gradually increased to ten. Robert Keyes, Robert Wintour, John Grant and Kit Wright were all relatives, by blood or marriage, to one or more of the original five conspirators. As one of Catesby's servants, Thomas Bates' loyalty was equally firm.
Fawkes was to light the fuse and escape to continental Europe.
In March 1605 the group took out a lease on a ground-floor cellar close by the house they had rented from John Whynniard. The cellar lay directly underneath the House of Lords, and over the following months 36 barrels of gunpowder were moved in, enough to blow everything and everyone in the vicinity sky high, if ignited.
Still hoping for foreign support, Fawkes travelled back to Flanders. Unsuccessful, he was also spotted by English spies. They reported back to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, James' first minister, and made the link between Fawkes and Catesby.
Over the next two months Catesby recruited Ambrose Rookwood, as well as Francis Tresham and Sir Everard Digby. Both Rookwood and Digby were wealthy and owned large numbers of horses, essential for the planned uprising. Tresham was Catesby's cousin through marriage, and was brother-in-law to two Catholic peers, Lords Stourton and Monteagle.
Back in London in October, with only weeks to go, the final details were planned. Fawkes was to light the fuse and escape to continental Europe. To coincide with the explosion, Digby would lead a rising in the Midlands and kidnap King James's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ready to install her as a puppet queen. In Europe, Fawkes would be arguing the plotters' case to continental governments, to secure their passive acceptance, even support.
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Discovery
Copy of the 'anonymous' letter delivered to Lord Monteagle © Everything seemed ready. But on the night of 26 October, an anonymous letter was delivered to Lord Monteagle, warning him to avoid the opening of Parliament. He took the letter - generally thought to have come from Tresham - to Salisbury, who decided the best results would be achieved by striking at the last minute.
Thomas Ward, one of Monteagle's servants, had warned the plotters of the letter. Undaunted, they returned to London, and on 4 November Percy visited his patron, Northumberland, to sniff out any potential danger. Smelling nothing, they pressed on with the plan, and Catesby, Wright and Bates set off for the Midlands. All seemed well.
It wasn't. The waiting over, Salisbury ordered Westminster to be searched. The first search spotted a suspiciously large amount of firewood in a certain cellar. The second, at around midnight, found Fawkes. Immediately arrested, he gave only his alias, but Percy's name had already been linked with the cellar and house, and a warrant for his arrest was immediately issued.
The plotters escaped from London for the Midlands. Rookwood was the fastest, covering 30 miles in two hours on a single horse, a considerable achievement that enabled him to catch up with, and warn, his co-conspirators.
...his silence had prompted James I to give permission to use torture, gradually 'proceeding to the worst'.
These six plotters - Catesby, Rookwood, the Wright brothers, Percy and Bates - rode on towards Warwickshire. As the first bonfires of thanksgiving for the discovery of the plot were being lit in London, 'John Johnson' was being interrogated.
By 6 November his silence had prompted James I to give permission to use torture, gradually 'proceeding to the worst'. Even this, however, failed to extract any useful information for two more days.
In the Midlands, the plotters raided Warwick Castle. By now they were wanted men and, with their stolen horses, they rode to Holbeche House in Staffordshire, which they thought would be more easily defended. On arrival, they discovered that their gunpowder was soaked, and laid it in front of the fire to dry. They should have known better: the ensuing explosion blinded John Grant, rendering him useless for the inevitable confrontation.
This came quickly, in the form of 200 men led by Sir Richard Walsh, the High Sheriff of Worcestershire. They arrived at Holbeche House in the morning of 8 November. The battle was short. Catesby, the Wrights and Percy died from their wounds; Thomas Wintour, Rookwood and Grant were captured. Five others remained at large.
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High treason
Guy Fawkes being interrogated by King James VI of Scotland and I of England © Not for long, however. By December, only Robert Wintour was still free. Furthermore, under interrogation Bates had admitted confessing the details of the plot to the Jesuit priest Father Tesimond. With the Jesuits now implicated in the 'Powder Treason', the government set about finding them, ransacking scores of Catholic homes in the process.
To further capitalise on the widespread sense of shock, the 'King's Book' - containing James's own account of what had happened, as well as the confessions of Fawkes and Thomas Wintour - was rushed through, appearing in late November.
Francis Tresham died of illness in the Tower in December, and Robert Wintour was captured in the New Year. On 27 January 1606 the trials began. Westminster Hall was crowded as spectators listened to Sir Edward Coke's speech. Under instructions from Salisbury, the Attorney General lay principal responsibility on the Jesuits, before describing the traditional punishment for traitors: hanging, drawing and quartering. They would be hanged until half-dead, upon which their genitals would be cut off and burned in front of them. Still alive, their bowels and heart would be removed. Finally they would be decapitated and dismembered; their body parts would be publicly displayed, eaten by the birds as they decomposed.
...before describing the traditional punishment for traitors: hanging, drawing and quartering.
Only Digby pleaded guilty, and his trial followed that of the other seven. All were found guilty of high treason. Digby, Robert Wintour, Bates and Grant were executed on 30 January, with Thomas Wintour, Rookwood, Keyes and Fawkes dying the next day.
Yet the repercussions rumbled on. Some small fry were tortured in the Tower and, tainted by Percy, the Earl of Northumberland was imprisoned there until 1621. However, Monteagle's letter - now kept in the Public Records Office - rewarded him with an annuity of around £700 per year.
It was ordinary Catholics, however, who suffered the longest as a result of the Gunpowder Plot. New laws were passed preventing them from practising law, serving as officers in the Army or Navy, or voting in local or Parliamentary elections. Furthermore, as a community they would be blackened for the rest of the century, blamed for the Great Fire of London and unfairly fingered in the Popish Plot of 1678. Thirteen plotters certainly proved an unlucky number for British Catholics: stigmatised for centuries, it was not until 1829 that they were again allowed to vote.
| Robert Catesby |
What flavour is the liqueur Kahlua? | Guy Fawkes and Bonfire Night
In 1605, thirteen young men planned to blow up
the Houses of Parliament. Among them was
Guy Fawkes, Britain's most notorious traitor.
After Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, English Catholics who had been persecuted under her rule had hoped that her successor, James I, would be more tolerant of their religion. James I had, after all, had a Catholic mother. Unfortunately, James did not turn out to be more tolerant than Elizabeth and a number of young men, 13 to be exact, decided that violent action was the answer.
A small group took shape, under the leadership of Robert Catesby. Catesby felt that violent action was warranted. Indeed, the thing to do was to blow up the Houses of Parliament. In doing so, they would kill the King, maybe even the Prince of Wales, and the Members of Parliament who were making life difficult for the Catholics. Today these conspirators would be known as extremists, or terrorists.
To carry out their plan, the conspirators got hold of 36 barrels of gunpowder - and stored them in a cellar, just under the House of Lords.
But as the group worked on the plot , it became clear that innocent people would be hurt or killed in the attack, including some people who even fought for more rights for Catholics. Some of the plotters started having second thoughts. One of the group members even sent an anonymous letter warning his friend, Lord Monteagle, to stay away from the Parliament on November 5th. Was the letter real?
The warning letter reached the King, and the King's forces made plans to stop the conspirators.
Guy Fawkes , who was in the cellar of the parliament with the 36 barrels of gunpowder when the authorities stormed it in the early hours of November 5th, was caught, tortured and executed.
It's unclear if the conspirators would ever have been able to pull off their plan to blow up the Parliament even if they had not been betrayed. Some have suggested that the gunpowder itself was so old as to be useless. Since Guy Fawkes and the other conspirators got caught before trying to ignite the powder, we'll never know for certain.
Even for the period which was notoriously unstable, the Gunpowder Plot struck a very profound chord for the people of England. In fact, even today, the reigning monarch only enters the Parliament once a year, on what is called "the State Opening of Parliament". Prior to the Opening, and according to custom, the Yeomen of the Guard search the cellars of the Palace of Westminster. Nowadays, the Queen and Parliament still observe this tradition .
On the very night that the Gunpowder Plot was foiled, on November 5th, 1605, bonfires were set alight to celebrate the safety of the King. Since then, November 5th has become known as Bonfire Night . The event is commemorated every year with fireworks and burning effigies of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire.
Some of the English have been known to wonder, in a tongue in cheek kind of way, whether they are celebrating Fawkes' execution or honoring his attempt to do away with the government.
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"Which chemical element has a name meaning ""Devil's Copper"" in German?" | Nickel, Chemical Element - water, uses, elements, metal, gas, number, name, symbol
PRONUNCIATION
NI-kul
Nickel is classified as a transition metal. Transition metals are elements between Groups 2 (metals) and 13 (non-metals) in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to one another. Nickel is closely related to iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc. These metals are close to nickel in the periodic table.
Discovery and naming
The study of metals was difficult for early chemists. Many metals looked very similar. They also acted very much like each other chemically. Nickel was one of the metals about which there was much confusion.
Copper miners were confused about nickel and copper because they both occurred in ores with a green tint. But copper ores reacted differently to heat than did nickel ores. This confusion led to the choice for nickel's name.
But cobalt miners were confused too. Some ores of nickel also look like cobalt ores. But these ores did not react chemically in the same way either. Cobalt mine owners called the "misbehaving" ores of nickel "cobalt which had lost its soul."
Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-65) was the first person to realize that nickel was a new element. In 1751, he was given a new mineral from a cobalt mine near the town of Hälgsingland, Sweden. While Cronstedt thought the ore might contain cobalt or copper, his tests produced a surprising result. He found something in the mineral that did not act like cobalt, copper, or any other known element. Cronstedt announced that he had found a new element. He used a shortened version of Kupfernickel for the name of the new element. He called it nickel.
Physical properties
Nickel is a silvery-white metal. It has the shiny surface common to most metals and is both ductile and malleable. Ductile means capable of being drawn into thin wires. Malleable means capable of being hammered into thin sheets. Its melting point is 1,555°C (2,831°F) and its boiling point is about 2,835°C (5,135°F). The density of nickel is 8.90 grams per cubic centimeter.
Nickel is only one of three naturally occurring elements that is strongly magnetic. The other two are iron and cobalt. But nickel is less magnetic than either iron or cobalt.
Chemical properties
Nickel is a relatively unreactive element. At room temperature, it does not combine with oxygen or water or dissolve in most
Nickel samples.
acids. At higher temperatures, it becomes more active. For example, nickel burns in oxygen to form nickel oxide (NiO):
It also reacts with steam to give nickel oxide and hydrogen gas:
Occurrence in nature
Nickel makes up about 0.01 to 0.02 percent of the Earth's crust. It ranks about 22nd among the chemical elements in terms of abundance in the Earth's crust. Nickel is thought to be much more abundant in the Earth's core. In fact, many experts believe that the core consists almost entirely of iron and nickel.
One argument for this belief is the presence of nickel in meteorites. Meteorites are pieces of rock or metal from space that fall to the Earth's surface. Meteorites often contain a high percentage of nickel.
The most common ores of nickel include pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and garnierite. The element also occurs as an impurity in ores of iron, copper, cobalt, and other metals.
The United States' only nickel mine is located in Riddle, Oregon. In 1996, the mine produced 15,070 tons of nickel. By comparison, Russia produced 230,000 tons of nickel in the same year. Russia is the world's largest producer of nickel Other major nickel producers are Canada (183,059 tons in 1996), New Caledonia (142,200 tons), Australia (113,134 tons), and Indonesia (90,000 tons).
The largest single deposit of nickel is located at Sudbury Basin, Ontario, Canada. The deposit was discovered in 1883. It covers an area 27 kilometers (17 miles) wide and 59 kilometers (37 miles) long. Some experts believe the deposit was created when a meteorite struck the earth at Sudbury Basin.
Isotopes
There are five naturally occurring isotopes of nickel: nickel-58, nickel-60, nickel-61, nickel-62, and nickel-64. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.
Seven radioactive isotopes of nickel are known also. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive.
One radioactive isotope of nickel has limited use in industry, nickel-63. This isotope has two uses: for the detection of explosives, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them.
Extraction
The method used for making pure nickel metal is a common one in metallurgy. Metallurgy is the art and science of working with metals. Most nickel ores contain nickel sulfide (NiS). These ores are "roasted" (heated in air). Roasting converts the nickel sulfide to nickel oxide:
Ocean Song, by John T. Scott. This sculpture, located in New Orleans, Louisiana, is an example of an artistic use of stainless steel.
The nickel oxide is then treated with a chemical that will remove the oxygen from the nickel. For example:
A large amount of nickel is now recycled from scrap metal. Scrap metal comes from old cars, demolition of buildings, appliances like washing machines and stoves, and landfills. The task in recycling scrap metal is to find a way to separate
Nickel-cadmium batteries are used in laptop computers.
the nickel from other metals in the scrap. This can be done by taking advantage of special properties of nickel. For example, a magnet will remove nickel from scrap, leaving copper behind.
Uses
The most important use of nickel is in making alloys. About 80 percent of all nickel produced in the United States in 1996 was used to make alloys. About two-thirds of that amount went into stainless steel. Stainless steel is common to household appliances (like coffee makers, toasters, and pots and pans), kitchen sink tops and stoves, and medical equipment (X-ray machines, for example). It is also used to make heavy machinery and large containers in which large-scale chemical reactions are carried out. Artists sometimes use stainless steel in sculpture because it does not rust easily. Stainless steel is important to the food and beverage, petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical (drug), pulp and paper, and textile industries.
Nickel is also used to make the superalloys used in jet engine parts and gas turbines. Superalloys are made primarily of iron, cobalt, or nickel. They also include small amounts of other metals, such as chromium, tungsten, aluminum, and titanium. Superalloys are resistant to corrosion (rusting) and retain their properties at high temperatures.
Nickel is also very popular in the manufacture of batteries. Nickel-cadmium (nicad) and nickel-metal hydride batteries are the most popular of these batteries. They are used in a great variety of appliances, including hand-held power tools, compact disc players, pocket recorders, camcorders, cordless and cellular telephones, scanner radios, and laptop computers.
Nickel is also used in electroplating, a process by which a thin layer of one metal is laid down on top of a second metal.
Electroplating with nickel
N ickel is commonly used in electroplating. Electroplating is the process by which a thin layer of one metal is laid down on top of a second metal. Here is how electroplating is done.
First, the nickel compound to be laid down is dissolved in water. The solution may be nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ), or some other nickel compound.
Second, a sheet of the metal to be electroplated is placed into the solution. Suppose the metal is steel. The steel sheet is suspended in the nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, or other nickel solution.
Third, an electric current is passed through the solution. The current causes nickel to come out of the solution. The nickel is then deposited on the surface of the steel. The longer the current runs, the more nickel is laid down. The thickness of the nickel layer can be controlled by the time the electric current runs through the solution.
Electroplating is used to make metal products with very specific qualities. Steel is strong but tends to corrode easily. Nickel does not corrode as fast as steel. A thin layer of nickel on top of steel protects the steel from corrosion.
Compounds
Some nickel compounds have important uses also. Many of these compounds are used in electroplating. Some are used to make alloys of nickel. Other nickel compounds are used as coloring agents. For example, the compound nickel dimethylglyoxime (C 8 H 14 N 4 NiO 4 ) is used as a coloring agent in paints, cosmetics, and certain kinds of plastics.
Other nickel compounds have somewhat more unusual uses. For example, the compound nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate (Ni[CS 2 N(C 4 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 ) is used as an antioxidant in tires. The rubber in tires reacts with oxygen in the air. When it does so, the rubber gets hard and stiff. The tires begin to break down. An additive like nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate can reduce the rate at which this process occurs. The life of tires is extended.
Health effects
Nickel can pose a health hazard to certain individuals. The most common health problem is called nickel allergy. Some people are more likely to develop nickel allergy than are others. People who are sensitive to nickel may develop a skin rash somewhat like poison ivy. The rash becomes itchy and may form watery blisters. Once a person gets nickel allergy, it remains with him or her forever.
Nickel is present in dozens of products. So it is easy for sensitive people to develop nickel allergy. Perhaps the most common cause of nickel allergy is body piercing. Some people have their ears pierced for earrings, while others have their lips, nose, or other body parts pierced. Inexpensive jewelry placed into these piercings is frequently made of stainless steel. Stainless steel contains nickel. The presence of nickel in a piercing can cause nickel allergy to develop.
Nickel can cause more serious health problems too. For example, people who are exposed to nickel fumes (dust and gas) breathe in nickel on a regular basis. Long term nickel exposure may cause serious health problems, including cancer.
Also read article about Nickel from Wikipedia
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Where in Paris would you find The Richelieu Wing, The Sully Wing and The Napoleon Hall? | nickel - Wiktionary
nickel
Etymology[ edit ]
Borrowing from Swedish nickel , an abbreviation of German Kupfernickel (“a mineral containing copper and nickel”), from Kupfer (“copper”) + Nikolaus (“the devil”) due to the deceptive silver colour of the relatively valueless ore. Compare cobalt as related to kobolds .
( US slang , by extension) Five dollars.
( US slang , by extension) Five hundred dollars.
( US slang , sometimes the nickel or the hot nickel) Interstate 5, a highway that runs along the west coast of the United States.
( US slang ) A five-year prison sentence.
(American football) A defensive formation with five defensive backs , one of whom is a nickelback , instead of the more common four.
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Which city is situated at the confluence of the Eden and Caldew rivers? | The City Of Carlisle - ROBLOX
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The City Of Carlisle
■■★☆★▬▬ The City Of Carisle▬▬★☆★■ Carisle is a city and the county town of Cumbria. Historically in Cumberland, it is also the administrative centre of the City of Carlisle borough in North West England. Carlisle is located at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril, 10 miles (16 km) south of the Scottish border. Founded by Lord Somersby (James Somersby)the city stands tall today. ■▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬■ [Current Year] 1804 AD [Controlled by] the Empire of Great Britain [Current Governor] LegoRaf223 (Lord Somersby) [Builders] LegoRaf22(More Coming) [Founders] LegoRaf223 [King of Great Britain] King George III ■▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬■ [NOTE] The Deputy Acting Governor Is Only Granted Power When The Governor And The Deputy Governor Are Away.
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What is the better known name of the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories? | Carlisle, Cumbria – Heyevent.uk
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Carlisle is a city and the county town of Cumbria. Historically in Cumberland, it is also the administrative centre of the City of Carlisle district in North West England. Carlisle is located at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril, 10mi south of the Scottish border. It is the largest settlement in the county of Cumbria, and serves as the administrative centre for both Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council. At the time of the 2001 census, the population of Carlisle was 71,773, with 100,734 living in the wider city. Ten years later, at the 2011 census, the city's population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the wider city.The early history of Carlisle is marked by its status as a Roman settlement, established to serve the forts on Hadrian's Wall. During the Middle Ages, because of its proximity to the Kingdom of Scotland, Carlisle became an important military stronghold; Carlisle Castle, still relatively intact, was built in 1092 by William Rufus, and once served as a prison for Mary, Queen of Scots. The castle now houses the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, Henry I allowed the foundation of a priory in Carlisle. The town gained the status of a city when its diocese was formed in 1133, and the priory became Carlisle Cathedral.
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In the human body, what is the 'Trachea more commonly known as? | The Trachea (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Conditions, and More
Human Anatomy
Picture of the Trachea
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The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi: one bronchus for each lung.
The trachea is composed of about 20 rings of tough cartilage. The back part of each ring is made of muscle and connective tissue. Moist, smooth tissue called mucosa lines the inside of the trachea. The trachea widens and lengthens slightly with each breath in, returning to its resting size with each breath out.
Trachea Conditions
Tracheal stenosis: Inflammation in the trachea can lead to scarring and narrowing of the windpipe. Surgery or endoscopy may be needed to correct the narrowing (stenosis), if severe.
Tracheoesophageal fistula : An abnormal channel forms to connect the trachea and the esophagus. Passage of swallowed food from the esophagus into the trachea causes serious lung problems.
Tracheal foreign body: An object is inhaled (aspirated) and lodges in the trachea or one of its branches. A procedure called bronchoscopy is usually needed to remove a foreign body from the trachea.
Tracheal cancer: Cancer of the trachea is quite rare. Symptoms can include coughing or difficulty breathing.
Tracheomalacia: The trachea is soft and floppy rather than rigid, usually due to a birth defect. In adults, tracheomalacia is generally caused by injury or by smoking.
Tracheal obstruction: A tumor or other growth can compress and narrow the trachea, causing difficulty breathing. A stent or surgery is needed to open the trachea and improve breathing.
Trachea Tests
Flexible bronchoscopy : An endoscope (flexible tube with a lighted camera on its end) is passed through the nose or mouth into the trachea. Using bronchoscopy, a doctor can examine the trachea and its branches.
Rigid bronchoscopy : A rigid metal tube is introduced through the mouth into the trachea. Rigid bronchoscopy is often more effective than flexible bronchoscopy, but it requires deep anesthesia.
Computed tomography ( CT scan ): A CT scanner takes a series of X-rays, and a computer creates detailed images of the trachea and nearby structures.
Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI scan ): An MRI scanner uses radio waves in a magnetic field to create images of the trachea and nearby structures.
Chest X-ray : A plain X-ray can tell if the trachea is deviated to either side of the chest. An X-ray might also identify masses or foreign bodies.
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Who had a number one hit in 1961 with Runaway? | Fawne Hansen
Anatomy Of The Respiratory System
The respiratory system (also referred to as the ventilator system) is a complex biological system comprised of several organs that facilitate the inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms (or, in other words, breathing).
For all air-breathing vertebrates, respiration is handled by the lungs, but these are far from the only components of the respiratory system. In fact, the system is composed of the following biological structures: nose and nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs and the muscles of respiration. (1)
A properly functioning respiratory system is a vital part of our good health. Respiratory infections can be acute and sometimes life threatening. They can also be chronic, in which case they place tremendous long term stress on the immune system, endocrine system, HPA axis , and much more.
Anatomical Components
An image of the respiratory system, showing all the major components, is shown above.
1. Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nose and nasal cavity constitute the main external opening of the respiratory system. They represent the entryway to the respiratory tract – a passage through the body which air uses for travel in order to reach the lungs. The nose is made out of bone, muscle, cartilage and skin, while the nasal cavity is, more or less, hollow space. Although the nose is typically credited as being the main external breathing apparatus, its role is actually to provide support and protection to the nasal cavity. The cavity is lined with mucus membranes and little hairs that can filter the air before it goes into the respiratory tract. They can trap all harmful particles such as dust, mold and pollen and prevent them from reaching any of the internal components. At the same time, the cold outside air is warmed up and moisturized before going through the respiratory tract. During exhalation, the warm air that is eliminated returns the heat and moisture back to the nasal cavity, so this forms a continuous process.
2. Oral cavity
The oral cavity, more commonly referred to as the mouth, is the only other external component that is part of the respiratory system. In truth, it does not perform any additional functions compared to the nasal cavity, but it can supplement the air inhaled through the nose or act as an alternative when breathing through the nasal cavity is not possible or exceedingly difficult. Normally, breathing through nose is preferable to breathing through the mouth. Not only does the mouth not possess the ability to warm and moisturize the air coming in, but it also lacks the hairs and mucus membranes to filter out unwanted contaminants. On the plus side, the pathway leading from the mouth is shorter and the diameter is wider, which means that more air can enter the body at the same speed.
3. Pharynx
The pharynx is the next component of the respiratory tract, even though most people refer to it simply as the throat. It resembles a funnel made out of muscles that acts as an intermediary between the nasal cavity and the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three separate sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the upper region of the structure, which begins at the posterior of the nasal cavity and simply allows air to travel through it and reach the lower sections. The oropharynx does something similar, except it is located at the posterior of the oral cavity. Once the air reaches the laryngopharynx, something called the epiglottis will divert it to the larynx. The epiglottis is a flap that performs a vital task, by switching access between the esophagus and trachea. This ensures that air will travel through the trachea, but that food which is swallowed and travels through the pharynx is diverted to the esophagus.
4. Larynx
The larynx is the next component, but represents only a small section of the respiratory tract that connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea. It is commonly referred to as the voice box, and it is located near the anterior section of the neck, just below the hyoid bone. The aforementioned epiglottis is part of the larynx, as are the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the vocal folds. Both cartilages offer support and protection to other components, such as the vocal folds and the larynx itself. The thyroid cartilage also goes by a more common name – the Adam’s apple – although, contrary to popular belief, it is present in both men and women. It is typically more pronounced in adult males. The vocal folds are mucous membranes that tense up and vibrate in order to create sound, hence the term voice box. The pitch and volume of these sounds can be controlled by modifying the tension and speed of the vocal folds.
5. Trachea
The trachea is a longer section of the respiratory tract, shaped like a tube and approximately 5 inches in length. It has several C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings which are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. (2) Those rings keep the trachea open for air all the time. They are C-shaped in order to allow the open end to face the esophagus. This allows the esophagus to expand into the area normally occupied by the trachea in order to permit larger chunks of food to pass through. The trachea, more commonly referred to as the windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi and also has the role of filtering the air prior to it entering the lungs. The epithelium which lines the cartilage rings produces mucus which traps harmful particles. The cilia then move the mucus upward towards the pharynx, where it is redirected towards the gastrointestinal tract in order for it to be digested.
6. Bronchi
The lower end of the trachea splits the respiratory tract into two branches that are named the primary bronchi. These first run into each of the lungs before further branching off into smaller bronchi. These secondary bronchi continue carrying the air to the lobes of the lungs, then further split into tertiary bronchi. The tertiary bronchi then split into even smaller sections that are spread out throughout the lungs called bronchioles. Each one of these bronchioles continues to split into even smaller parts called terminal bronchioles. At this stage, these tiny bronchioles number in the millions, are less than a millimeter in length, and work to conduct the air to the lungs’ alveoli. The larger bronchi contain C-shaped cartilage rings similar to the ones used in the trachea to keep the airway open. As the bronchi get smaller, so do the rings that become progressively more widely spaced. The tiny bronchioles do not have any kind of cartilage and instead rely on muscles and elastin.
This system creates a tree-like pattern, with smaller branches growing from the bigger ones. At the same time, it also ensures that air from the trachea reaches all the regions of the lungs. Besides simply carrying the air, the bronchi and bronchioles also possess mucus and cilia that further refine the air and get rid of any leftover environmental contaminants. The walls of the bronchi and bronchioles are also lined with muscle tissue, which can control the flow of air going into the lungs. In certain instances, such as during physical activity, the muscles relax and allow more air to go into the lungs.
7. Lungs
The lungs are two organs located inside the thorax on the left and right sides. They are surrounded by a membrane that provides them with enough space to expand when they fill up with air. Because the left lung is located lateral to the heart, the organs are not identical: the left lung is smaller and has only 2 lobes while the right lung has 3. Inside, the lungs resemble a sponge made of millions and millions of small sacs that are named alveoli. These alveoli are found at the ends of terminal bronchioles and are surrounded by capillaries through which blood passes. Thanks to an epithelium layer covering the alveoli, the air that goes inside them is free to exchange gasses with the blood that goes through the capillaries.
8. Muscles of Respiration
The last component of the respiratory system is a muscle structure known as the muscles of respiration. These muscles surround the lungs and allow the inhalation and exhalation of air. The main muscle in this system is known as the diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle that constitutes the bottom of the thorax. It pulls in air into the lungs by contracting several inches with each breath. In addition to the diaphragm, multiple intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and they also help compress and expand the lungs.
Physiology of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system has a complex physiology and is responsible for multiple functions. There are multiple roles performed by the respiratory system: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, transportation of gases and homeostatic control of respiration. (3) Here is a brief description of each of those functions.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation is the main process by which air flows in and out of the lungs. This is done through the contraction of muscles, as well as through a negative pressure system that is accomplished by the pleural membrane covering the lungs. When the lungs are completely sealed in this membrane, they remain at a pressure that is slightly lower than the pressure of the lungs at rest. As a result of this, the air passively fills the lungs until there is no more pressure difference. At this point, if necessary, additional air can be inhaled by contracting the diaphragm as well as the surrounding intercostal muscles. During exhalation, the muscles relax and this reverses the pressure dynamic, increasing the pressure on the outside of the lungs and forcing air to escape them until both pressures equalize again. Thanks to the elastic nature of the lungs, they revert back to their state at rest and the entire process repeats itself.
External Respiration
External respiration is a process that allows an exchange of gases to take place between the air located in the alveoli and the blood that is traveling through the capillaries. This is possible through a difference in pressure between the oxygen and carbon dioxide located in the air, and the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. As a result of this, oxygen from the air is transferred to the blood while carbon dioxide from the blood goes into the air. The useful oxygen is then carried out throughout the body while the carbon dioxide is dispelled through exhalation.
Internal Respiration
Internal respiration is a similar process except it involves gas exchange between the blood in the capillaries and body tissue. Again, a difference in pressure allows oxygen to leave the blood and enter the tissue while carbon dioxide does the opposite.
Transportation of Gases
This function of the respiratory system enables oxygen and carbon dioxide to travel throughout the body to wherever they are needed. Most of the gases are carried through blood attached to transport molecules such as hemoglobin, although blood plasma will also have a minimal content of gas. Almost 99% of the entire oxygen found in the human body is transported by hemoglobin. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported from all areas of the body back to the lungs by plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions. This is created from a catalytic reaction (caused by a carbonic anhydrase enzyme) between water and carbon dioxide, which combine to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then splits into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, with the latter eventually being transformed into carbon dioxide again, taken to the lungs and exhaled.
Homeostatic Control of Respiration
The last physiological role of the respiratory system is the homeostatic control of respiration or, in other words, the body’s ability to maintain a steady breathing rate. This is termed eupnea. This state should remain constant until the body has a demand for increased oxygen and carbon dioxide levels due to increased exertion, most likely caused by physical activity. When this happens, chemoreceptors will pick up on the increased partial pressure of the oxygen and carbon dioxide and send triggers to the brain. The brain will then signal the respiratory center to make adjustments to the breathing rate and depth in order to face the increased demands.
References & Further Reading
(2) – InnerBody.com, “Respiratory System”, http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/respiratory#full-description .
(3) – University of California, San Diego, “Lectures in Respiratory Physiology”, http://meded.ucsd.edu/ifp/jwest/resp_phys/ .
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Turkish Van, Ragamuffin and Devon Rex are all breeds of which animal? | Ragamuffin | Cats 101 | Animal Planet
Ragamuffin
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The Ragamuffin is a breed of domestic cat that is notable for their friendly personalities and thick, rabbit-like fur.
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What was the name of Americas answer to Alf Garnett? | Turkish Van cats & kittens for Adoption - Search & Adopt Turkish Vans
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Did you know that most cats in shelters and rescues are healthy and well-behaved, and are in the shelter through no fault of their own? Animal shelters and rescue groups are full of lovable, active and healthy adoptable cats and kittens just waiting for someone to take them home. Many people go to a pet store or a Turkish Van cat breeder looking to purchase a cat or kitten, but don't realize that they might find a Turkish Van or similar looking cat right in their local shelter. Many cats are given up when their prior owner can no longer afford the financial requirements to keep them. Other times cats are given up to shelters due to a divorce, death in the family, or new housing situation. Most cats and kittens in shelters are simply in need of a new home – they just want a safe, loving, and happy place to live!
Turkish Van Cat and Kitten Adoption Makes a Friend Forever
Ask anybody who has ever adopted a pet, and they'll swear to you that the bond they have with their rescued animal is as deep as they come. When you open your heart and home to an adopted cat who needs help, that cat will show appreciation for the rest of his/her life! Cats who have been uprooted from their homes or have had a difficult start at life are likely to bond deeply and be completely loyal to their new human caretakers. After all, when you adopt you become their hero! This is true no matter the breed of mix of the cat. So no matter what circumstances brought a kitten or cat to be homeless, Turkish Van cats and kittens for adoption are still loving and lovely pets, extremely affectionate and attentive, making wonderful companions.
Plus, when you adopt a Turkish Van cat or adopt a Turkish Van kitten from an animal shelter or from a rescue group, you're saving more than just one life. That's right! If you take home a cat or kitten from a pet rescue or animal shelter, you're allowing that organization to then have space for another cat. Therefore, by adopting one, there is a domino affect and you give other pets a second chance, too! Adoption is truly a continuous life-saving cycle.
A Smarter Option than Buying from a Pet Store:
Many pet stores get their cats from large breeding operations called kitten mills. What's a kitten mill? It's basically a factory farm for pets. The cats are kept in small cages and forced to breed at unhealthy rates. Female cats in kitten mills are made to have several litters per year, which is extremely dangerous, unnatural, and cruel. Kitten mills also pay little attention to the health and temperament issues related to overbreeding, issues which often cause lifetime problems in the cats. In the kitten mill business, mass-producing animals for profit is the name of the game. Remember, adoption is the most humane option!
The Benefits of Adopting an Adult Turkish Van Cat
If you're considering a Turkish Van for adoption, you probably have a good idea of what you want. You likely have lifestyle requirements and personality wishes for your Turkish Van cat. For instance, maybe you need to find a Turkish Van who loves dogs, or one who likes to be around other cats. This is where adopting an adult pet is such a benefit! When you adopt an adult cat from a rescue group or animal shelter, what you see is what you get. Adult cat personalities are already formed, and you'll be able to spot the characteristics you're looking for much easier than if you buy a Turkish Van kitten. Rescue organizations, and some shelters that provide pet adoption counseling are able to assess the personality of each cat, and will carefully match you up with the right cat to fit your needs. Adult pets are a known quantity.
Cat Adoption is More Affordable, Cats Are Trained, Socialized & Healthy
Even though living in a cat rescue situation isn't ideal, most rescues (and some animal shelters) try to make the cats more adjustable and adoptable. Sometimes they will expose the animals in their care to other animals in order to help socialize them, making them more playful and able to live with all types of pets. Also, many rescue organizations use foster homes. Foster homes are terrific because adoptable pets get to be socialized with children and other pets while in their temporary foster home, giving them essential experience and training before they go to their new adopted homes. This makes the transition to your home easier and smoother for both the adopted pet and you, the guardian. Whether in a foster home, a boarding situation, or a shelter, many cats available for adoption are already housebroken, litterbox trained and ready to go! This is one of the most positive aspects of pet adoption. Foster parents, have dedicated their time and energy to making pets more adoptable. Remember, you can find so many different kinds of cats in shelters, that it is worth starting there when you are looking for a Turkish Van.
We want to spread the word!
If you have contact info for a shelter in one of these places that does not have pets posted with us, please e-mail us and we'll contact them.
California Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, San Francisco, Irvine, San Bernardino, Riverside, Fresno, Oakland, Sacramento, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Bakersfield, Ontario, Walnut Creek, Santa Cruz, Northern, Southern, Central, Concord, Hanford, Los Angeles County, Long Beach, Santa Ana, Riverside County, Mission Viejo, Yolo, San Bernardino County, San Francisco, San Jose, San Rafael, Novato Santa Clara County, San Fernando Valley, Simi Valley, San Gabriel Valley
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New York New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Long Island, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Albany, Niagara Falls, Kings County, Queens County, Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island
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Quebec Montreal, Quebec City
Washington Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Everett, Kirkland, Bellingham, Vancouver, King County, Bremerton
Tennessee Nashville, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, Clarksville, Jackson, Davidson
Missouri St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, Jefferson City, Muskegon, Holland
Wisconsin Milwaukee, Madison, Green Bay, Oshkosh, Kenosha, Wisconsin, Racine
Maryland Baltimore, Annapolis, Bethesda, Gaithersburg
Arizona Flagstaff, Phoenix, Mesa, Yuma, Tucson, Maricopa County, Casa Grande
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Louisiana New Orleans, Lafayette, Baton Rouge
Alabama Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile, Huntsville, Tuscaloosa, Decatur
Colorado Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Grand Junction, Fort Collins, Aurora, Greeley
Kentucky Louisville, Lexington, Bowling Green
South CarolinaColumbia, Charleston, Greenville
Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Muskogee
Oregon Portland, Eugene, Ashland, Klamath Falls, Salem
Connecticut Hartford, Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury, Stamford
Iowa Des Moines, Sioux City
Mississippi Jackson, Gulfport
Kansas Topeka, Wichita, Kansas City, Dodge City
Alberta Edmonton, Calgary
Utah Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo, Cedar City, Moab
Nevada Reno, Las Vegas, Henderson, Carson City
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West Virginia Charleston, Clarksburg
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Maine Portland, Kennebunk, Augusta
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Rhode Island Providence, Newport, Portsmouth, Warwick
British Columbia Victoria, Vancouver, Prince George
Montana Billings, Great Falls, Bozeman, Missoula, Helena
Nova Scotia Halifax
South Dakota Rapid City, Pierre, Sioux Falls
Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's
North Dakota Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks
Alaska Fairbanks, Anchorage, Juneau
Vermont Burlington, Montpelier, Newport, Bennington
District of Columbia Washington DC
Wyoming Cheyenne, Jackson
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Which car manufacturer makes models called Up, Jetta and Phaeton? | About Volkswagen
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Volkswagen is an automaker based in Germany. Its products typically command a higher price than those of competing models, but the return is a more upscale driving and ownership experience.
Read more Volkswagen history
Volkswagen is an automaker based in Germany. Its products typically command a higher price than those of competing models, but the return is a more upscale driving and ownership experience.
In 1934, Ferdinand Porsche was commissioned to build a small, inexpensive car at the request of Adolph Hitler. His answer -- a beetle-shaped sedan that was called a Volkswagen (German for "people's car") -- debuted two years later. Hitler had a town built near the plant for factory workers; he named it Kraft durch Freude Stadt (derived from the Nazi party's motto, "Joy through Strength"), and soon decided that Porsche's creation should be named the KdF-wagen (short for the "Joy through Strength" car). This upset Porsche, who was not political.
World War II delayed production of the vehicle; the factory suffered extensive damage during combat, and was ultimately taken over by the British Army. The company was renamed Volkswagen, and the town at the factory was renamed Wolfsburg (after Werner von Schulenberg of Wolfsburg, who had been forced to surrender his land for the construction of the town and factory). By the end of the 1940s, mass production of the Volkswagen Beetle had begun. The model made its first appearance on U.S. shores in 1949.
The 1950s saw Volkswagen broadening its product range, adding the Bus (Type 2) to its lineup. The Bus, especially, proved quite popular due to its versatility. And the Beetle, which went on to become the best-selling car of all time, quickly showed signs of being an enduring favorite, with more than 1 million models produced at the Wolfsburg factory by 1955. This decade also saw the debut of the Karmann Ghia sports car, which featured a sleek, Italian-designed two-seater body atop a Beetle platform.
Volkswagen's star rose during the 1960s, its success fueled largely by the breakout success of the Beetle. The car benefited from an effective advertising campaign and from an appearance in a popular Disney movie. By the close of the decade, Volkswagen's yearly output of Beetles topped the 1 million mark.
In 1972, with more than 15 million units assembled, the Beetle topped the world production record set by Ford's Model T. Mid-decade saw the launch of a new era of Volkswagens that had front-mounted, water-cooled engines driving the front wheels. The Passat (Dasher in the U.S.) was the first of the new breed and was built using standardized components that could be used interchangeably among other models in the manufacturer's lineup. The Passat was soon joined by the Golf (Rabbit in the U.S.), which met with immediate success. By the end of the decade, the manufacturer's lineup had grown to include the Scirocco sport coupe and the performance-oriented Golf/Rabbit GTI. The Beetle, however, was discontinued for the U.S. market.
The Golf grew in popularity during the '80s, becoming Volkswagen's most popular model. When a second generation of the car was built in 1983, it was crafted in a mostly automated process using robots -- marking the first time robots had been used in vehicle manufacture. By the mid-'80s, the U.S. version traded the Rabbit name for "Golf." The higher-performance Golf GTI helped the manufacturer make waves on the rally circuit. In 1986, Volkswagen Motorsport nabbed the title of Group A World Rally Champions.
Volkswagen saw its sales in the North American market tumble during the early '90s, but by the end of the decade, refocused marketing efforts and an increased emphasis on new products had brought about a turnaround in the company's fortunes. The popular New Beetle helped put the company back on the radar in the United States (though it fared less successfully in European markets). The body style was based on the classic Beetle, and it struck a chord with consumers who still had a place in their hearts for the iconic, cheerful-looking "love bug."
The new millennium saw Volkswagen moving into the luxury segment with the launch of the pricey Phaeton sedan and Touareg SUV. Though well-designed and executed, the Phaeton was a disappointment sales-wise, perhaps signaling unwillingness on the part of consumers to shell out premium dollars for a brand that lacks the cachet of established upscale names like BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
Luckily, Volkswagen has seen success with other vehicles in its lineup, which currently includes everything from family-oriented sedans to roomy SUVs. Today, the automaker enjoys a reputation for crafting vehicles that offer refined handling and upscale accommodations.
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| Volkswagen |
Which chemist discovered Nitrous Oxide in 1772? | Models < Volkswagen International
Models
*) Technical details, equipment specs and colours of the model presented here may vary from country to country. For more detailed information select your country's local Volkswagen website.
The figures are not related to a single, individual vehicle and do not constitute part of the offer. Rather, they are given solely for the purpose of comparison between different vehicle models.
**) The figures stated were calculated in accordance with the legally stipulated measuring methods. The figures are not related to a single, individual vehicle and do not constitute part of the offer. Rather, they are given solely for the purpose of comparison between different vehicle models. The fuel consumption / power consumption and CO2 emissions of a vehicle do not just depend on the efficient utilisation of fuel / of the battery's energy content by the vehicle, but are also influenced by driving style and other non-technical factors (e.g. ambient conditions).
Additional items of equipment and accessories (add-on parts, tyres, etc.) may alter relevant vehicle parameters such as e.g. weight, rolling resistance and aerodynamics, and affect the fuel consumption / power consumption and performance figures in the same way that weather and traffic conditions can.
Note in accordance with Directive 1999/94/EC in its currently applicable version: Further information on official fuel consumption figures and the official specific CO2 emissions of new passenger cars can be found in the EU guide "Information on the fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and energy consumption of new cars", which is available free of charge at all sales dealerships, from DAT Deutsche Automobil Treuhand GmbH, Hellmuth-Hirth-Straße 1, D-73760 Ostfildern, Germany and at www.dat.de.
Efficiency ratings are awarded to vehicles based on their CO2 emissions, while also taking into account the vehicle's unladen weight. Vehicles with average efficiency are rated D. Vehicles which are better than the current average are rated A+, A, B or C. And vehicles which are poorer than average are classified E, F or G.
The fuel consumption figures refer to the model offered for sale in Germany. Equipment features and fuel consumption / power consumption may vary from country to country. Please contact your Volkswagen dealer for further information.
© Volkswagen 2016
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Airbaltic is an airline of which country? | Official airBaltic Website | Cheap Flights to the Baltics, Russia, Europe
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Destinations
Aberdeen , Amsterdam , Athens , Baku , Barcelona , Berlin , Billund , Brussels , Budapest , Catania , Copenhagen , Dubrovnik , Dusseldorf , Frankfurt , Geneva , Gothenburg , Hamburg , Helsinki , Kiev , Larnaca , London , Madrid , Malta , Milan , Minsk , Moscow , Munich , Nice , Odessa , Olbia , Oslo , Palanga , Palma de Mallorca , Paris , Poprad , Prague , Reykjavik , Rhodes , Riga , Rijeka , Rome , Salzburg , Stavanger , Stockholm , St. Petersburg , Tallinn , Tampere , Tbilisi , Tel Aviv , Thessaloniki , Turku , Venice , Verona , Vienna , Vilnius , Warsaw , Zurich
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Riga – Berlin , Riga – Paris , Riga – Copenhagen , Tallinn – Riga , Tallinn – Amsterdam , Tallinn – Berlin , Tallinn – Paris , Tallinn – Vienna , Tallinn – Vilnius , Vilnius – Amsterdam , Vilnius – Berlin , Vilnius – Stockholm , Vilnius – Tallinn , Paris – Riga , Paris – Tallinn , Berlin – Riga , Berlin – Tallinn , Berlin – Vilnius , Stockholm – Riga , Stockholm – Vilnius , Amsterdam – Riga , Amsterdam – Tallinn , Amsterdam – Vilnius
The World's Most Punctual Airline
airBaltic is the national Latvian airline that offers cheap flights to over 50 destinations in Europe and beyond from Riga , Vilnius and Tallinn . Its convenient flight schedule is great for both business and leisure travel, and frequent online deals at low prices provide the option to book holidays well in advance or grab a last-minute flight. Tickets are available for booking online on airBaltic.com, at travel agencies or via airBaltic call centre .
| Latvia |
In which bond film did Britt Ekland play Mary Goodnight | Airbaltic (BT) : Find Airbaltic Flights and Deals – CheapOair
Airbaltic Route Map
Book Airbaltic Tickets with CheapOair
For cheap airfares you can book the AirBaltic flights on CheapOair. The national carrier of Latvia, AirBaltic offers more than 60 direct flights from Riga and also maintains a healthy network of direct flights from Vilnius, Oulu and Tallinn. The destination network of AirBaltic comprises of Europe, Middle East, Scandinavia & Finland, Central Asia and Middle East.
In-Flight Amenities
Be it business or Leisure, AirBaltic is known for providing top-notch services. It helps in making your journey pleasant. Business class passengers of this airline receive full meal service and newspapers. Those who are travelling by economy class, they have to purchase beverages, meals and gift's from the AirBaltic menu. Take advantage of the AirBaltic 's frequent flyer program and earn points. These points can be spent on upgrade, free flights and plenty of other benefits. With CheapOair you can save big on the AirBaltic tickets.
Web Check-In
AirBaltic saves you both time and effort by offering web check-in facility. All you need is an internet connection and you can select the seat of your choice from your laptop, at the press of a click. Online check-in time starts from 12 o'clock (local time - mid day), a day before the departure and ends two hours before the flight's scheduled departure time.
Get there on time, every time! Check your flight status here.
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In which country is the Tower of Hercules, the oldest roman lighthouse still in use today? | Tower of Hercules – Spain | Atlas Obscura
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Built around the 2nd century and originally known as the “Farum Brigantium” or “Brigantia Lighthouse” the structure looks as though it could have been built just decades ago. The beacon is located atop a small hill promontory that was likely chosen by its ancient Roman builders not only for its view of the sea, but the spot may also have been a sacred space dedicated to the demigod Hercules.
As part of one of the mythic Twelve Labors of Hercules, the super strong son of Zeus is said to have killed the giant Gerylon with an arrow dipped in Hydra’s blood. Then in a gesture that is more Celtic than Roman, the legend says that Hercules buried the giant with his weapons and ordered a city built atop the burial site. While the area where the tower is built was rather barren when it was originally built, the surrounding city of Corunna has sprung up around it across the millennia. While there are not actually titanic bones beneath the tower, the legend is so pervasive that an image of the tower atop a skull and bones is the centerpiece of the city’s coat of arms.
Today the Tower of Hercules is still used as a lighthouse. It was refurbished in the 18th century which accounts for its well preserved condition in the present.
| Spain |
Which British Prime Minister declared war on Russia on the 28th March 1854? | Tower of Hercules - A Roman Lighthouse in Spain | don Quijote
Read the Spanish version
Since the dawn of humanity our fear of the dark has been present in all known cultures. Our devotion to the sun which gives us warmth and light and the moon which illuminates the night as well as that magical element, fire, is well known to all. Darkness produces fear in us, raises suspicions and is disorienting especially to sailors and pilots. When people began to navigate, first by sailing along the coast and later going out into the tempestuous seas, there has always been present in one strategic spot or another along the coast, lights that warn sailors of nearby rocks. Lighthouses have formed a part of our history and have shed light, literally and metaphorically, on our heritage.
We only need to remember the Colossus of Rhodes, that fabulous lighthouse shaped like the god Helios flanking the entrance to the Greek port of Rhodes in the 3rd century BCE. We shouldn't forget the lighthouse of Alexandria that was built around the same time as the Colossus. This lighthouse guided sailors into the port of this Egyptian city. Unfortunately, both have disappeared and today we only have their memory.
But in Galicia, in the city of La Coruña, located on a hill above the water and surrounded by a park (which is also home to an outdoor sculpture garden) we find a lighthouse that is the pride and joy of the people of La Coruña (Coruñeses) and whose name evokes mythical origins: The Tower of Hercules.
A Roman Lighthouse Still Working Today
This is the only working Roman lighthouse remaining today—quite a feat to be the oldest lighthouse in the world and still working as such to this day. Built between the first and second centuries CE, this monument was built on what was then known as finis terrae (the end of the Earth). The tower is located on a rocky hilltop, Punto Eiras, 200 feet (60 m) above the water. When you consider that the tower is 165 ft (50 m) high and combining that with height of the cliff, with a total height reaching 365 ft above the water, the light emitted would have been visible from a long distance away.
The original lighthouse is now covered in a neoclassical style façade that was built in the 18th century in an attempt to modernize the structure and its navigational apparati. This important event was used to inspect and understand exactly how the tower was functioning for so many years—and continue to do so in the future.
The construction that you see today is in the form of a square with each side almost 38 feet long (11.5 m). The original height was approximately 115 ft (35 m) and what is above that was constructed during the restoration performed in 1789. Surprisingly, even though the lighthouse was working during the Middle Ages, the building fell into disrepair. What saved the tower from ruin was the growing importance of La Coruña as a port of entry with shipping traffic coming here to load and unload goods for northern and northwestern Spain. In light of this, the Ministry of the Navy ordered its restoration.
The Romans , by choosing this location for its original lighthouse, placed it on top of a shrine for the people living here who, as commonly happens, associated these cliffs overlooking the water with deities that could be associated with the figure of Hercules.
Maybe it is due to this association that some of the legends have arisen surrounding the tower without taking into account the reality of its historic past (something legends don't need nor will ever need). One legend says that Hercules himself came to these coasts where Geryon, the mythical king of Tartessos, exercised his despotic rule. Hercules, responding to the calls of help from the people of Tartessos, killed and buried the evil Geryon. On top of his burial mound, Hercules made a giant bonfire from which the Tower of Hercules was born.
Another legend, of Celtic origin, says that Breogán (or Breoghan), who was an Irish leader, conquered the people of this area and founded the city of Brigantium (La Coruña). It is here where he built a tower of such enormous height that one could see his native island. This legend also is the reason why this lighthouse is also known as Breogán's Tower.
In 2007, the tower was recognized as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. The tower is also twinned with the Statue of Liberty in New York and the Faro de Moro in Havana, Cuba, which is the oldest lighthouse in the Americas.
This historic lighthouse occupies a place in the Spanish collective memory and even though its image may be well known, we can't avoid shuddering in awe when we find ourselves before its magical and evocative silhouette that's been lighting the way along the Galician coast for 2000 years.
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"Whose motto is ""All things, for all people, everywhere""?" | 'All things for all people, everywhere' in Harrods - Semester In London
'All things for all people, everywhere' in Harrods
Harrods is a luxury department store which is located in the district of Knightsbridge. There are seven huge levels and more than 4,000 employees work here. From 1938 to 2000, Harrods was a Royal warrant holder. This was a prestigious symbol, which gave the store an international reputation. The motto of the famous store is: ‘Omnia, omnibus, ubique’, which means ‘All things for all people, everywhere’. And this is true! Everything you want is at Harrods: luxury clothes, cosmetics, food, pets, toys, furniture, home appliances, jewellery, and I think I forget many other things...
The interior decoration of the department store is meticulously arranged. Everything is beautiful and it is said that it is even more wonderful during Christmas holiday. Salespeople are well-dressed, smiling and ask customers ‘How do you do?’ or ‘How are you?’, even if they don’t know them!
In my view, it is important to see the Food Halls. Shop signs are amazing and the atmosphere is special. You can find fish, oysters, foie-gras, sushis, meat, English biscuits, a large variety of tea...
The pet department is also unusual. It is a paradise for little dogs and Paris Hilton... Owners can buy (ridiculous) clothes and beds for their dogs! I also heard that each year Harrods organizes a fashion show for celebrities’ dogs, which is called ‘Canine Fashion Show’.
Finally, there is a memorial for Lady Diana and Dodi Fayed. Indeed, Dodi Fayed was Diana’s lover and the son of the former director of Harrods.
| Harrods |
Which character in Vladimir Nabokov's classic novel is obsessed with Lolita? | Harrods Corporate Service
Whether you’re looking to build client relations or toast to success, Corporate Service at Harrods can help you celebrate, motivate and impress the people close to your company with carefully selected gifts from our world‑famous store.
Mission Statement
To consistently provide our corporate clients with pioneering solutions to fit their needs by adopting a proactive approach towards an unprecedented level of customer service.
We aim to form and sustain a personal rapport with each client, built upon our remarkable knowledge of luxury brands, expertise in the industry and our ability to exceed the expectations of our global clientele.
All things for all people, everywhere
Harrods' motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique - all things for all people, everywhere. With access to the finest luxury brands worldwide, Corporate Service at Harrods can help you find the perfect gift for any recipient. Thank and congratulate business associates with fine wines, designer accessories, cutting‑edge technology and much more from one of our 330 departments.
Expertise in corporate gifting
Drawing on an extensive knowledge of global cultures and quality products, our award‑winning team fulfils every request with imaginative suggestions. Your dedicated Account Executive will guide you through the vast selection of goods available from Harrods, and be your point of contact.
Christmas Hampers
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The Harrods gift card
Give the gift of endless possibilities with the Harrods Gift Card. Cards can be loaded with any value from £10 to £10,000, and can be used to purchase items from across the Knightsbridge store and online at harrods.com. The Harrods Gift Card can also be packaged in a memorable presentation box and accompanied by a personal message.
For more information on bulk and cumulative Harrods Gift card discount rates please contact the Corporate Service at Harrods team by email at [email protected] or by phone
+44 (0)20 7225 5994
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American Fuzzy Lop, Jersey Wooly and British Giant are all breads of which animal? | American Fuzzy Lop Rabbit | Modern Farming Methods
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American Fuzzy Lop Rabbit
As the name suggests, the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is a fancy breed of rabbit originating in the United States of America. American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is just like the Holland Lop rabbit, but with woolly long fur. The body, head and overall size of the American Fuzzy Lops are just a bit bigger than the Holland Lops. There are many suggestions as to how this rabbit breed developed. But one thing is sure that, the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit originated from the Holland lop. One opinion about the development of this breed is that ‘this is a genetic fault in the Holland Lop where occasionally a long haired Holland Lop results’. Another opinion is that ‘an occasional long haired Holland Lop is a result of much earlier breeding attempts between the Holland Lop and the Angora rabbit which has a very gentle rollback coat’. So, some Holland Lops could be carrying the necessary gene to produce long hair. Either way, the long haired Holland Lops were bred together for creating the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit. The breed is recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association, but it’s not recognized by the British Rabbit Council. Today the breed is raised mainly as a show animal and also as pets.
Characteristics
The American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is a small sized breed. The breed resembles the Holland Lop with the exception of it’s wool. American Fuzzy Lops have a very compact body that appears very muscular. Their ears do not stand erect, rather lop along the side of the face. They have a short and flat muzzle, similar to that of a cat. Their topline shoulder start behind the head and carry back to a hindquarter of equal depth. The chest is broad, exhibiting width between the front legs when viewed from the front.
American Fuzzy Lop rabbits come in most of the recognized ARBA colors. They are revealed in two categories, derived from their color pattern. They come in a range of colors, such as Agouti which is a combination of any color with white color. Their body color will have a nose marking, eye circles and tinted ears. The pointed white colored American Fuzzy Lop rabbit has a pure white color body. And they have markings of different colors, such as either black, blue, chocolate or lilac. And they have these markings on their ears, feet, nose and tail. Average body weight of the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is between 1.4 and 1.8 kg. Photo from Wikipedia.
Uses
American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is a fancy rabbit breed. It is known as ‘The Head of the Fancy’. The breed slogan express the reason why the breed was developed. Today they are mainly raised as show rabbit and also very popular as pets. Although the breed has good course wool that is great for making in to yarn.
Special Notes
The American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is very beautiful and has a very lovable appearance. It is an active, playful and social breed of rabbit with lots of personality. The breed is the combination of a French Angora and the Holland lop. As their name indicates, they are very fuzzy and are excellent as pets. They are very friendly and are of good temperament. They enjoy the attention of their owner, as well as the companionship of other rabbits. As a playful breed, the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit also enjoy having some toys, such as a plastic ball, piece of soft wood, pine cone, stuffed sock or an old glove.
They are furry and cute and can be very loving and affectionate. Like many other lop rabbit breeds, they also love to be cuddled. Both does and bucks are sweet and they are considered to be a good first rabbit for beginners. But the does can sometimes be a bit more shy and skittish. And the does can especially be nervous with loud sound and fast movements. The average lifespan of an American Fuzzy Lop rabbit is about 5 to 8 years. But they can live longer in captivity, up to 10 years. Review full breed profile of the American Fuzzy Lop rabbit in the chart below.
American Fuzzy Lop Rabbit | Breed Profile
Breed Name
| Rabbit |
Citron Vert is French for which fruit? | Rabbits For Sale
Holland lops, Mini Lops, English lops, and lions.
Hi I am Betty Johnson I sell pet bunnies and 4h buns in MN.
I live in Wabasso MN but travel to Mankato MN for 4 bunny
delivery at $7.00 per bun (for gas money) 4 dift. customers.
My bunny prices are 45.00 and 60.00
I breed rabbits because I love to. A little piece of my
heart goes with every bunny I rehome.
507-828-2447 [email protected]
please head to www.bunniesetc.weebly.com I update daily.
Located in Michigan on two sites: North Adams, Hillsdale County and Monroe, Monroe County.
[email protected]
We have pedigrees for all our bunnies. We do not ship, sorry. CountryBunniesRabbitry specialize in Mini Lops only. We most always have bunnies for sale. Thank You!
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What colour is the Circle Line on the London Underground? | Circle Line | London Tube Map
London Tube Map
Bayswater
The London Tube's Circle Line appears on the London Tube Map as a yellow line and loops around London north of the Thames. It was originally created in 1853 when the Metropolitan Railway opened a line between Paddington and Farringdon Street.
Work on the line stalled for various reasons before its completion in 1884. Despite originally being operated using steam trains, electrification was introduced and took over completely in 1905.
Image from the Circle Line Article on Wikipedia.
The line took over from many parts of the Metropolitan line, and the success of the circular route led to the construction of further such routes within London:
Middle Circle (Aldgate to Mansion House via Kensington Olympia)
Outer Circle (Broad St to Mansion House via Willesden Junction)
Super Outer Circle (St. Pancras to Earl's Court via Cricklewood/Sth. Acton)
Despite the success of the original circle, these extra routes did not perform as well and all three were eventually ended, though other services still continue on those lines today.
| Yellow |
"Who Sculpted ""The Discus Thrower""?" | Circle Line | London Tube Map
London Tube Map
Bayswater
The London Tube's Circle Line appears on the London Tube Map as a yellow line and loops around London north of the Thames. It was originally created in 1853 when the Metropolitan Railway opened a line between Paddington and Farringdon Street.
Work on the line stalled for various reasons before its completion in 1884. Despite originally being operated using steam trains, electrification was introduced and took over completely in 1905.
Image from the Circle Line Article on Wikipedia.
The line took over from many parts of the Metropolitan line, and the success of the circular route led to the construction of further such routes within London:
Middle Circle (Aldgate to Mansion House via Kensington Olympia)
Outer Circle (Broad St to Mansion House via Willesden Junction)
Super Outer Circle (St. Pancras to Earl's Court via Cricklewood/Sth. Acton)
Despite the success of the original circle, these extra routes did not perform as well and all three were eventually ended, though other services still continue on those lines today.
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Which French General was Supreme Allied Commander at the end of World War One? | First World War.com - Primary Documents - John Pershing on Foch's Appointment as Allied Supreme Commander, 1 September 1919
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Primary Documents - John Pershing on Foch's Appointment as Allied Supreme Commander, 1 September 1919
Reproduced below is the official reaction - from his despatch of September 1919 - of U.S. Commander-in-Chief General John Pershing , to news of the decision to transfer supreme military command of Allied forces on the Western Front to Ferdinand Foch .
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The decision to transfer overall command to Foch was taken by Allied government representatives at Doullens on 26 March in the wake of the onset of the powerful German Spring Offensive which was launched five days earlier and which inflicted serious reverses upon the British Army. It was thus in a period of crisis that Foch was handed his (ultimately highly successful) leading role.
Pershing's reaction to the news was, in spite of the potential for subsequent disagreements (which actually transpired), positive. He recognised the need for a unified Allied strategy in the face of the current concerted German offensive.
Click here to read the text of his address to Foch on the matter on 28 March. Click here to read British Prime Minister David Lloyd George's official statement on the subject. Click here to read a follow-up statement by Lloyd George on the same subject dated 9 April 1918.
John Pershing on Foch's Appointment as Allied Supreme Commander
In the latter part of January, 1918, joint note No. 12, presented by the military representatives with the supreme war council, was approved by the council.
This note concluded that France would be safe during 1918 only under certain conditions, namely:
(a) That the strength of the British and French troops in France are continuously kept up to their present total strength and that they receive the expected reinforcements of not less than two American divisions per month.
The first German offensive of 1918, beginning March 21st, overran all resistance during the initial period of the attack. Within eight days the enemy had completely crossed the old Somme battlefield and had swept everything before him to a depth of some fifty-six kilometres.
For a few days the loss of the railroad centre of Amiens appeared imminent. The offensive made such inroads upon French and British reserves that defeat stared them in the face unless the new American troops should prove more immediately available than even the most optimistic had dared to hope.
On March 27th the military representatives with the supreme war council prepared their joint note No. 18. This note repeated the previously quoted statement from joint note No. 12, and continued:
The battle which is developing at the present moment in France, and which can extend to the other theatres of operations, may very quickly place the Allied armies in a serious situation from the point of view of effectives, and the military representatives are from this moment of opinion that the above-detailed condition can no longer be maintained, and they consider as a general proposition that the new situation requires new decisions.
The military representatives are of opinion that it is highly desirable that the American Government should assist the allied armies as soon as possible by permitting in principle the temporary service of American units in allied army corps and divisions. Such reinforcements must, however, be obtained from other units than those American divisions which are now operating with the French, and the units so temporarily employed must eventually be returned to the American army.
The military representatives are of the opinion that from the present time, in execution of the foregoing, and until otherwise directed by the supreme war council, only American infantry and machine-gun units, organized as that government may decide, be brought to France, and that all agreements or conventions hitherto made in conflict with this decision be modified accordingly.
The Secretary of War, who was in France at this time, General Bliss, the American military representative with the supreme war council, and I at once conferred on the terms of this note, with the result that the secretary recommended to the President that joint note No. 18 be approved in the following sense:
The purpose of the American Government is to render the fullest cooperation and aid, and therefore the recommendation of the military representatives with regard to the preferential transportation of American infantry and machine-gun units in the present emergency is approved.
Such units, when transported, will be under the direction of the commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, and will be assigned for training and use by him in his discretion.
He will use these and all other military forces of the United States under his command in such manner as to render the greatest military assistance, keeping in mind always the determination of this government to have its various military forces collected, as speedily as their training and the military situation permit, into an independent American army, acting in concert with the armies of Great Britain and France, and all arrangements made by him for their temporary training and service will be made with that end in view.
When, on March 21, 1918, the German army on the western front began its series of offensives, it was by far the most formidable force the world had ever seen.
In fighting men and guns it had a great superiority, but this was of less importance than the advantage in morale, in experience, in training for mobile warfare, and in unity of command.
Ever since the collapse of the Russian armies and the crisis on the Italian front in the fall of 1917, German armies were being assembled and trained for the great campaign which was to end the war before America's effort could be brought to bear. Germany's best troops, her most successful generals, and all the experience gained in three years of war were mobilized for the supreme effort.
The first blow fell on the right of the British armies, including the junction of the British and French forces. Only the prompt cooperation of the French and British general headquarters stemmed the tide.
The reason for this objective was obvious and strikingly illustrated the necessity for having someone with sufficient authority over all the Allied armies to meet such an emergency. The lack of complete cooperation among the Allies on the western front had been appreciated and the question of preparation to meet a crisis had already received attention by the supreme war council.
A plan had been adopted by which each of the Allies would furnish a certain number of divisions for a general reserve to be under the direction of the military representatives of the supreme war council of which General Foch was then the senior member. But when the time came to meet the German offensive in March these reserves were not found available and the plan failed.
This situation resulted in a conference for the immediate consideration of the question of having an Allied commander-in-chief. After much discussion during which my view favouring such action was clearly stated, an agreement was reached and General Foch was selected.
His appointment as such was made April 3rd and was approved for the United States by the President on April 16th. The terms of the agreement under which General Foch exercised his authority were as follows:
Beauvais, April 3, 1918
General Foch is charged by the British, French, and American Governments with the coordination of the action of the allied armies on the western front; to this end there is conferred on him all the powers necessary for its effective realization. To the same end, the British, French, and American Governments confide in General Foch the strategic direction of military operations.
The commander-in-chief of the British, French, and American armies will exercise to the fullest extent the tactical direction of their armies.
Each commander-in-chief will have the right to appeal to his government, if in his opinion his army is placed in danger by the instructions received from General Foch.
The grave crisis precipitated by the first German offensive caused me to make a hurried visit to General Foch's head-quarters at Bombon, during which all our combatant forces were placed at his disposal.
The acceptance of this offer meant the dispersion of our troops along the Allied front and a consequent delay in building up a distinctive American force in Lorraine, but the serious situation of the Allies demanded this divergence from our plans.
Source: Source Records of the Great War, Vol. VI, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923
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Saturday, 22 August, 2009 Michael Duffy
A Runner was a soldier who carried messages by hand.
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| Ferdinand Foch |
In ancient Greece whose warriors were called The Myrmidons? | Marshal Ferdinand Foch - History Learning Site
Citation: C N Trueman "Marshal Ferdinand Foch"
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 31 Mar 2015. 20 Oct 2016.
Ferdinand Foch became supreme commander of Allied forces in World War One. Foch, along with Joseph Joffre and Philippe Pétain became one of the three most prominent French military officers in the war.
Ferdinand Foch
Ferdinand Foch was born in 1851 in Tarbes in the Hautes-Pyrenees. Foch fought in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 and became an artillery specialist. In 1907, he was appointed as head of the École de Guerre, a position he held until 1911.
When war broke out in August 1914, Foch commanded the French Second Army. This army stopped the German advance on Nancy. As a result of this success, Foch was given the command of the French Ninth Army which fought at the Battle of the Marne – the battle that stopped the German advance on Paris. After this battle, he served in Flanders and became commandant of the French Army Group that fought at the Battle of the Somme.
In 1916, he retired but returned to duty in May 1917, when he was appointed chief-of-staff to Marshal Pétain. To some extent Pétain carried a degree of baggage as he had been replaced by Joffre at Verdun and replaced by Nivelle. Those in a position of power in the Allied military believed that Foch offered a more dynamic leadership potential than Pétain. In April 1918, Foch was appointed supreme generalissimo of the Allied forces on the Western Front – a position that gave him supreme command over all Allied forces on the Western Front. In July 1918, Foch put into operation a successful counter-offensive against the Germans along the Marne River. In August 1918, Foch followed this up with a series of operations which led to the Germans seeking an armistice in November 1918. For this reason, Foch was credited with masterminding the victory over Germany.
Foch then played a prominent part in the lead up to the Treaty of Versailles during which he tried to get Georges Clemenceau to impose far more harsh terms on the Germans so that the Germans could never pose another military threat to Europe again. After the signing of the treaty, Foch retired from public life.
His stature in French military history was assured. Foch is the only French military commander to have been made an honorary field-marshall in the British Army and his standing was ensured by the placing of a statue of him in central London.
Marshal Ferdinand Foch died in 1929.
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In Greek Cuisine which dish consists of vine leaves stuffed with rice and vegetables? | Greek Recipes for Stuffed Grape Leaves
Recipes for Greek Appetizers, Starters, and Mezethes
Stuffed Grape Leaves, Grape Leaf Rolls, Vine Leaves
Stuffed grape leaves (dolmades, dolmathakia) are a favorite appetizer and meze, and one of the most traditional of all Greek dishes. They can also be served as a side dish or main dish.
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| Dolma |
Which opera is set aboard HMS Indomitable in 1797 during the French Wars? | Authentic Greek Recipes: Greek Stuffed Vegetables (Gemista)
Vegetarian
Greek Stuffed Vegetables (Gemista)
This is a very popular dish in the summer. Although stuffed peppers and tomatoes are well enough known, usually we also have stuffed eggplant and zucchini. They are accompanied by potatoes and can also be accompanied by Feta cheese.
Ingredients
3 medium potatoes cut as for roast potatoes
2 large onions grated
Salt and pepper to taste
Preparation
Wash the vegetables with cold water and place them in a large oven dish.
Remove the insides of the tomatoes by cutting a hole at the top and with a sharp spoon carefully scoop out the flesh, without tearing the skin.
Do not throw away the tops that you have cut off.
Put the flesh in a separate pan.
Remove the insides of the peppers, discard the seeds and put the rest in the same pan as the tomato flesh.
Again, do not throw away the tops that you have cut off.
Cut a thin layer lengthwise from the eggplant and zucchini and scoop out the insides, and put the flesh in the other pan. If the eggplant has seeds, discard as many of them as you can.
Do not throw away the layers that you have cut off.
Put the mixture from the pan into a food processor and grate roughly.
Transfer the mixture back to the pan and add the onions, garlic and parsley.
Bring to the boil and simmer for 20 minutes.
Add the rice, seasoning and 2/3 of the olive oil, stir well and remove from the heat.
Fill the empty vegetables in the oven dish with the mixture from the pan, leaving a gap of ½ cm at the top of each.
Close the tops of all the vegetables with the tops that you originally cut off.
Dip the potatoes in the remaining 1/3 of the olive oil and add salt and pepper.
Place the potatoes in the oven dish between the vegetables.
Bake in a preheated, moderate oven for 1½ hours or until the potatoes are soft and golden.
If you've tried this recipe please rate it!
Eat and Enjoy!
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Which TV chef had a dog called Chalky? | BBC NEWS | UK | England | Cornwall | Celebrity chef Stein's dog dies
Celebrity chef Stein's dog dies
TV Stars: Rick Stein and constant companion Chalky
Celebrity Cornish chef Rick Stein's beloved dog has died, aged 17.
Chalky, the Jack Russell owned by fish chef Rick Stein, had become well-known through his appearances on Mr Stein's television series.
The chef, along with his wife Jill, paid tribute to his dog. He said his Chalky - who died on 13 January - was loved by everyone.
"It's a source of puzzlement to me that he never knew how famous he was," Mr Stein said.
'Mighty capers'
Stein said that Chalky had always been the family dog who was loved by his children, and was healthy right up until the last six months of his life.
However, he showed a more mischievous streak if there were cameras about, the chef said.
Stein said: "He got up to some mighty capers: Leaping to bite a microphone, snarling at our cameraman so fiercely that we thought twice about using the film, fearing his shocking fangs would frighten children.
"He dispatched rats and caused consternation by doing the same with a rabbit or two.
Chalky was not a big fan of the postman
"He swam and jumped on boats, he attacked crabs, ran rings round Alsatians and Border Collies being much fiercer and never backing down, ever."
Stein said also recalled that he hated the postman; and how once he scampered over a lawn owned by Prince Charles, leaving Rick worried that he might have a go at its owner.
"He petrified me that he might bite the Prince of Wales but he didn't.
"Most of all though, we knew him at home as rather an unassuming, diffident dog who was never greedy, pestered you a bit for walks but not too much and kept reasonably quiet."
| Rick Stein |
In the TV western series, who (played by Leif Erikson) owned the High Chaparral? | Chalky the dog - favourite clips - YouTube
Chalky the dog - favourite clips
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Uploaded on Mar 16, 2008
Best bits from Rick Stein's dog Chalky.
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In which sport could you win the Val Barker Trophy? | The Val Barker Trophy — The Aftermath - Boxing.com
Boxing.com
The Val Barker Trophy — The Aftermath
By Cain Bradley on June 9, 2016
Salido used all his nous as a professional to rough up Lomachenko and take the decision.
From this it can be seen that being the best boxer at an Olympic Games is not a great indicator for future success…
The Val Barker trophy is handed out at every Olympic Games. Named after the British man who would become the first honorary secretary of AIBA, it goes to the most impressive boxer at an Olympic Games, signifying the best pound-for-pound boxer. This article will look at who won the awards, how they won them, and what they went on to do after the win.
1936
The inaugural winner of the Val Barker trophy was Louis Laurie. The young American was only 18 at the time of the Olympics and surprisingly did not win a gold medal. Louis Laurie only won bronze but it was decided that his style was the most scientific and thus, the most impressive. He only had 22 amateur bouts but would make up for his lack of experience with his technical ability. He won three bouts at the Olympics, beating Rudolf Bezdek, Asbjorn Berg-Hansen and Edmund Sobkowiak. He would lose in the semi finals to the eventual silver medalist, Gavino Motta who was perhaps unlikely to come up against a home boxer. The loser from the other semifinal Alfredo Carlomango was not able to box Laurie for the bronze, so he won it by walkover. His style was so impressive that it was requested that he box an exhibition.
He would turn professional not long after the Olympics and box under Sam Barber. Joey Wells would defeat him in his debut, but he would get the win back in his next fight. With this win he would go on a streak of eight wins, the best of his career. He would also move to Chicago, to be managed by Jack Hurley. The loss to end the streak was to a debutant, Sammy Sferas. After three straight losses in 1939 he decided to give up boxing. After a year, with persuasion from Max Minnich he would return at featherweight. He would never recreate the promise he had shown at the 36 Olympics and ended with a record of 16-11-1 before fighting in the war and eventually becoming a machinist. It is incredibly difficult to find information about the boxing at the 1936 Olympics, picking a better candidate for the Val Barker Trophy is almost impossible. To make matters more difficult, none of the gold medal winners went on to have impressive professional careers.
1948
After a 12-year break it was George Hunter who won the Val Barker Trophy. The 21-year-old South African was a phenom in the light heavyweight division. He was handed a difficult draw but made his way through it, continually impressing. He beat Ray Edwards, Chuck Spieser, Harry Siljander and Mauro Cia to make the final. In the final he would take on Don Scott. The impressive Englishman was favorite giving home advantage but George Hunter won a close contest with a unanimous decision. Following the win, Hunter would turn professional.
He won his first professional bout by disqualification but would lose his second bout. He would mainly be productive on the regional scene, where in his sixth bout he won the South African Transvaal (White) championship. It was Billy Wood that he beat to win the title, with a unanimous decision. He managed to make a couple of defenses of the bout but would lose it after. He ended his career with a record of 13-6. The two gold medal winners who went on to have the most successful careers were Laszlo Papp and Pascual Perez.
1952
For the second consecutive Olympics, the winner would come from the light-heavyweight division. The American Norvel Lee won the crown. He began his career in 1947 with the military and lost out in a 1948 Olympic trial to Jay Lambert. He would win the first two AAU titles of the 1950s and the Olympic Games would be his crowning glory. He was often mistaken for Joe Louis due to his skill and stature. At the ‘52 Olympic Games he would defeat Claude Arnaiz, Tadeusz Grzelak, Harri Siljander and Antonio Pacenza in the final.
After his Olympic win there were repeated offers for him to turn professional but he refused them all. Norvel believed that his boxing style would not lend itself to the professional game plus he thought of himself as too old. He would continue to box until 1955 when he won a Silver medal in the Pan-American Games. His record ended at an impressive 100-5. In retirement he would become a member of the WBC executive board. When speaking of boxing this Olympics tends to be remembered for the performances of Floyd Patterson.
1956
The only British winner of the Val Barker award is Richard McTaggart. Born in Scotland in 1935, he was one of three brothers, all of whom were very impressive boxers. Dick, as he was known, was a boxer for the Royal Air Force. He was a right-handed southpaw making him very awkward to deal with. He had very good footwork, using small movements to control the range. Heading into the Olympics he was considered to be a rank outsider. He defeated Chandrasena Jayasuria, Andre Vairolatto and Anatoly Lagetko en route to the final. His opponent in the final was Harry Kurschat who was the European Champion. Dick would come out quickly and landed his lethal right hand early, knocking Kurschat down twice in round one. He would go on to win the decision and the Olympic gold.
Dick remained unmoved by the big money offers he received as he never wanted boxing to become his job. He went on to become a five-time ABA champion and competed at two more Olympics. Both times he would lose to the eventual winners in Kazimierz Pazdzior and Jerzy Kulej. In retirement he would go on to be a coach, leading the Scottish team into the 1990 Commonwealth Games. He finished with a record of 610-24 and Henry Carpenter described him as the greatest amateur. High praise indeed, and given his impressive performances at the Games, it is hard to list out other potential winners of the award.
1960
The winner of the award at the 1960 Olympics in Rome was the Italian Giovanni Benvenuti. He took up boxing at a young age and developed into an outstanding prospect having been inspired by Duilio Loi. He won five consecutive Italian titles between 1956 and 1960 as well as European titles in 1957 and 1959. He could box in any way necessary as an amateur and was favorite heading into the Olympics. He would defeat Jean Josselin and future World Champion Ki-Soo Kim to reach the quarterfinals. Chichman Mitzev was next, before Jimmy Lloyd and finally Yuri Radonyak were beating to give Nino the gold medal. He would turn professional not long after the Olympics having amassed a 120-1 record.
Nino would start his career with one of the more impressive winning streaks. He won 65 bouts, including defeating Sandro Mazzinghi for the WBA and WBC light middleweight titles. He would lose his title to old rival Ki-Soo Kim on a slight decision before moving up to middleweight. He shared a sensational trilogy with Emile Griffith including a bout voted the Ring Fight of the Year. He won the first and third fights to be WBA and WBC middleweight champion. He would lose to Dick Tiger and Carlos Monzon late in his career but had impressive wins over Luis Manuel Rodriguez and Don Fullmer. His professional record would finish at 82-7-1. Nino will go down as a legend and one of Europe’s best ever boxers but he may have been awarded a home town decision. One of the more impressive boxers in the Games was a young American called Cassius Clay who would go on to become a legend.
1964
Valeri Popenchenko never wanted to be his boxer. His main interest was hurdling but when he did not show the desirable skill level, he took up boxing at the age of 12. He was one of the hardest punchers in amateur boxing and used a stalking style with his hands held low. By the 1964 Olympics he had won five Soviet championships as well as the European Championships in 1963. At the Olympics he would start slowly, beating Sultan Mahumud and Joe Darkey. In the semi final he would stop Tadeusz Walasek and then Emil Schulz to win the gold.
He would continue to box into 1965 when he would win Soviet and European titles. He was shielded from the lure of professional boxing which perhaps robbed the game of a unique stylist whose power would surely translate to the professional ranks. In 1965 he would retire in order to continue his studies. He began work as the head of the physical culture department at Moscow State Technical University. A tragedy would occur when at the age of 37 he would visit a construction site and fall down three flights of stairs. The performances of Popenchenko, especially in the latter stages, probably deserved the Val Barker trophy but Joe Frazier would also have been a worthy recipient.
1968
The only African winner of this award was Philip Waruinge, the Kenyan. He would box out of the famous Nakaru gym and in 1962 at only 17 would win a bronze at the Commonwealth Games. This was despite fighting up a weight class. He would continue his rise by winning the All-Africa games in 1965 and finally winning the Commonwealth Games in 1966. He would box at featherweight in the 1968 Olympics comfortably beating Jean-Paul Anton and Mohamed Sourour. He defeated Miguel Garcia in the quarter finals to guarantee himself a medal. In the semi final he would box Antonio Roldan, the home town favorite. Waruinge looked to get the better of Roldan but Roldan was gifted a split decision victory, consigning Waruinge to a bronze medal.
He would remain as an amateur after the Olympics. Once again he would win the Commonwealth Games in 1970. In 1972 when one of the favorites he would make the final edging a decision over Clementine Rojas in the semi final. This time it was the final where Waruinge was to be robbed in a fight that he looked like he had won against Boris Kuznetsov. He had to settle for silver. With a second Olympic disappointment he chose to turn professional in 1973 at Super Bantamweight. His biggest claim to fame can be losing to Carlos Zarate as part of his 14-10-1 record. Waruinge was blighted by troubles in his left eye that still exist. The other contender for the Val Barker in 1968 was George Foreman who won all but one bout by stoppage on his way to the gold medal.
1972
Teofilo Stevenson was nine when he began boxing and his sheer size marked him out as someone to watch. After impressive results as a junior he lost in the final of the 1970 Central American Championships. Stevenson would win his first gold at 20, at the 1972 Munich Olympics. In the first round it was Ludwik Denderys who he dropped in thirty seconds. Trevor Bobick was the tournament favorite and despite being marginally behind on the scorecards he came out and stopped Bobick in the final round. Peter Hussing, also considered a contender was stopped in the second round of the semifinal. Ion Alexe was his opponent in the final but due to injuries he would not make it, handing Stevenson the gold. Stevenson was 6’5” and used his length as a counterpuncher with a flicking, long jab. He also had a booming right hand which came from a textbook guard.
One of only three men to win three Olympic gold medals, Teofilo Stevenson is often regarded as one of the greatest amateur boxers ever. He would follow this up with victories in ‘76 and ‘80 before having the chance to win a fourth taking away by the Soviet Union boycott of the 1984 Olympics. He won three of the four World Championships he entered, only losing to Francesco Damiani, a future WBO world champion who would only lose twice as a pro. Being Cuban he could not turn professional but being in the same era as Muhammad Ali led to numerous rumours. He was reportedly offer millions, but stated “What is millions of dollars, compared to the love of millions of Cubans.”
1976
Howard Davis Jr. was part of the 1976 American Olympic Dream team. He learned to box from his father having been inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali. He had won the gold medal at the inaugural 1974 World Championships and was favorite for the lightweight gold heading into the Olympics. In order to qualify for the Olympics he had to beat American teammates Aaron Pryor and Thomas Hearns. Still a young man at 20, his mother died a week before the Olympics begun. He started off by defeating Yukio Segawa and then two stoppage victories over Leonidas Asprilla and Tzvetan Tzvetkov. In the semifinal it was Ace Rusevski he defeated before a win over Simion Cutov handed him the gold.
He would turn professional soon after the Olympics having amassed a record of 125-5. He signed a huge contract which saw him earn over 100k a fight. He would win his first 13 fights before losing a close decision to World Champion Jim Watt. He would soon go on another winning streak and would challenge Edwin Rosario for his world title at 26-1. Rosario would win a split decision. His final attempt at a world title would come again Buddy McGirt who stopped Howard Davis at the beginning of the fight. He would end with a record of 36-6-1. Unable to leave combat sports alone he would become a trainer in boxing and MMA before becoming a director at American Top Team. He also was a musician and motivational speaker. Other than Davis it was a strong Olympics for Americans and both Spinks and Leonard would have held arguments for the Val Barker.
1980
Patrizio Oliva took the Val Barker trophy at the Moscow Olympics marred by a boycott. He was a bank clerk from Naples who was trained by his father Rocco and brother Mario. Two years prior to the Olympics he would win the European Junior Championships before making the final of the senior version a year later losing to Serik Konakbayev. He was 21 for the Olympics and competed in the light welterweight category. His first two opponents, Aurelien Agnan and Farez Halabi, were stopped in an impressive manner. He would beat former Olympic bronze medalist Ace Rusevski to guarantee a medal. In the semifinal he defeated the Briton, Tony Willis. The final would be against his old foe Serik Konakbayev. He dominated him taking a comfortable win and in doing so was the only boxer from a non-Communist nation to win a gold medal. His record would end at 93-3 as he turned professional.
He was another boxer to start with an impressive win streak of 44. He would beat Kirkland Laing and then Ubaldo Nestor Sacco to win the WBA light-welterweight title. He defended his title four times before being stopped by Juan Martin Coggi. He would set up a later shot against Buddy McGirt for a middleweight shot but lost by unanimous decision. His record when he retired was 57-2. This was perhaps the Olympics where the Cuban team was at its most impressive. Hernandez, Herrera, Aldama and Stevenson were all gold winners who looked incredible.
1984
Paul Gonzalez was the type of man that movies are made about. The young man grew up in the East Los Angeles projects where he was stabbed and shot by the time he was 12. Guided by a local police officer who dragged him off the streets he was the poster child for the city that hosted the Olympics. He became US amateur champion in 1983 and at 20 was considered a serious contender. His first round bout was against Kwang Sun Kim. He won comfortably but the bout had repercussions as he broke his hand. Despite an injured hand he would continue through the rounds. He defeated William Bagonza and John Lyon to make the semifinals. He won a wide decision over Marcelino Bolivar in the semifinal before his opponent in the final Salvatore Todisco pulled out because of injury. The American team was described as a second dream team but because of another boycott many of the world’s best boxers were not present.
He would turn professional in 1985 and would soon experience success in 1986 when beating Orlando Canizales. However this was not Canizales at his best and would be about as good as it got. He would fall out with his trainer and soon after his boxing would begin to decline. He would be stopped in the second round of a 1990 rematch. He still had the aggression and willingness but it never seemed to adapt to the professional ranks. At 16-4 he retired to become a car salesman. Once again quite a few of the American team could have won the trophy, especially Taylor, Whittaker, Hill or Holyfield.
1988
Roy Jones Jr. would become the only man to win this trophy despite only winning a silver medal. He was the 1986 and 1987 Golden Gloves winner and at 19 was headed to the Seoul Olympics after twice defeating Frankie Liles. His incredible amateur record would end up at 121-13. He defeated M’Tendere Makalamba, Michal Franek, Evgeni Zaytsev and Richie Woodhall en route to the final. He had not lost a single round in any of those fights, with his speed and accuracy too much to handle. In the final he would lose a split decision to home boxer Park Si-Hun. According to CompuBox he landed over double the amount of punches. The fighter and referee both apologized to Roy Jones with the judges suspended and a new scoring system introduced for the Olympics.
His record as an amateur would finish at 121-13 before turning professional and it is probably not a stretch to suggest that he was by far the most impressive Val Barker winner at the professional level. He would go 62-9 and has gone down as a legend. He campaigned from middleweight to heavyweight. Winning titles in four weights. The names on his résumé include Felix Trinidad, Antonio Tarver, Clinton Ruiz, Montell Griffin, Virgil Hill, John Ruiz, Mike McCallum, James Toney and Bernard Hopkins. Roy Jones was almost definitely the right pick, especially given the awful decision he received but Ray Mercer was impressive with all stoppage wins.
1992
The winner in 1992 was perhaps the man who is one of the biggest what ifs in amateur boxing. Roberto Balado was a Cuban super heavyweight who looked incredible when winning the 1987 World Junior Championship. By the time 1992 rolled around he was a reigning double World Champion and a three-time Cuban Champion. He entered the Olympics at the age of 23, having gone 56 bouts unbeaten. He beat Tom Glesby, Larry Donald and Brian Nielsen to make final. In the final he defeated Richard Ignineghu. Over the tournament his overall score was 54-10 showing his level of dominance over opponents.
Despite being short for a super heavyweight at 5’7 he used his speed and superb footwork to foil opponents. After winning another World Championship and two more Cuban titles, Balado looked sure to at least become a double champion. Instead in 1990 he tried to cross a rail track but was involved in a tragic accident. It was a national tragedy, prompting an outburst of mourning which teammate Ariel Hernandez found especially tough. His final record stood at 238-12 and he would surely have been favorite to be too quick for 1996 winner Wladimir Klitschko and too tough for 2000 champion Audley Harrison. Some of his teammates were close to snatching the Val Barker trophy from him, especially Felix Savon and Ariel Hernandez.
1996
The first winner from Kazakhstan, the rising star of amateur boxing, was Vassily Jirov. He begun boxing at the age of 12 and having just turned 20 he won a bronze at the 1993 World Championship. At the 1995 version he would stop his first two opponents but lose in the final to Antonio Tarver. His Olympics begin by defeat Julio Cesar Gonzalez, the future light heavyweight champion, by stoppage. Pietro Aurino and Troy Amos Ross were defeated in the way to the semifinals. He would face Antonio Tarver in the semi but ran out a comfortable winner, by six points. In the final he took on Seung-Bae Lee who was a bronze medalist from the previous Olympics but would once again dominate him, with a victory of 13 points.
Jirov was an awkward southpaw as his aggressiveness kept opponents on the back foot. Having amassed a record of 207-10 he turned professional, making his debut in January of 1997. He would win his first eleven fights in his first year by stoppage. His 21st bout was against Arthur Williams for the IBF cruiserweight title whom he stopped in the seventh round. His first defeat would come against James Toney in 2003. It was a fight that was disputed. As was his second loss which came against Michael Moorer. He retired with a record of 38-3-1. As usual the Cubans could definitely have received the trophy.
2000
The Russian, Oleg Saitov was the winner in 2000 when he became a double Olympic champion. At 19 he won his first World Championship medal, a bronze after losing to Jyri Kjall. In 1995 he would win a silver at a higher weight losing to Juan Hernandez Sierra, who he would beat when winning the 1996 Olympics. He would also win the ‘97 Olympics and with ‘99 world champion Juan Hernandez Sierra moving up a division he was considered strong favorite. He beat Francisco Calderon before narrowly edging Ruslan Khairov. In the semifinal he beat one of the other favorites in Dorel Simion and finally Sergey Dotshenko in the final.
Saitov had an intriguing style with constant movement leading to an elusiveness that many boxers dream of. He used fast point scoring punches to rack up big totals and boxed with his hands down. He would continue boxing as an amateur but in 2004 could only win a bronze. He had a career as a mechanic whilst boxing but when he retired in 2004 he would become a local politician. He has also been a trainer and involved in organizing youth sport. Saitov possibly got a bit of a lucky decision with Rigondeaux and Kindelan both having good Olympics.
2004
Bakhtiyar Artayev was the second consecutive winner of the Val Barker trophy to come from the welterweight division. At 20, he entered his first World Championships in 2003, losing in the quarterfinal. Artayev was the Kazakhstan chosen boxer over Gennady Golovkin who moved up a weight. Heading into the Olympics he was not a favorite but he beat Willy Bertrand Tankeu, Aliasker Bashirov and Viktor Polyakov with two stoppages to make it through to the semifinal. There he would face double Olympic champion Oleg Saitov. He would edge him 20-18 in order to teach the final where he met an even tougher matchup in Lorenzo Aragon. Aragon was unbeaten for over 18 months and the double World Champion. Artayev once again defeated the favorite by a score of 36-26.
Artayev is tough and strong and used that to beat all comers to his weight. He would carry on as an amateur and win two bronzes at the 2005 and 2007 World Championships losing to Erislandy Lara and Alfonso Blanco. He was considered a medal contender at the 2008 Olympics but was handed a very tough draw. He drew Matvey Korobov in the second round. He was a dominant two-time world champion who was unbeaten in five years. Artayev used his reach and got a narrow points decision over Korobov. In the next round he boxed James DeGale, the British hope, losing a close decision to the eventual gold medal winner. He retired after this and would take an interesting in being on the other side of boxing events. He currently resides on the WSB commission.
2008
Vasyl Lomachenko is widely considered to be one of the greatest amateur boxers. He was coached by his father from a young age. At only 19 he won a silver in the 2007 World Championships, losing to Albert Semilov. The two would clash in the first round of the 2008 Olympics. Despite going 5-1 down he would rally to beat Semilov. He used impressive inside work and long straight shots to frustrate Semilov. In the second round he dominated Bahodirjon Sooltonov, who had won an Olympic bronze as well as two World Championship bronzes. The quarter final saw him take on another World Championship bronze medalist and fan favorite Li Yang. Yakup Kilic also had a bronze medal and then in the final he beat Khedafi Djellhir. Against such an impressive list of boxers, Lomachenko was dominant with an overall score of 58-13 that could have been improved on as the final was stopped. This is probably the most impressive streak in Olympic boxing ever.
Lomachenko would continue his dominance in the featherweight division at the 2009 World Championship winning easily with scores of 65-7. After this he would take the move up to lightweight and win the 2011 World Championships. He would go on to win his second Olympic gold medal in London. With a reported amateur record of 396-1 he would turn professional, signing with Top Rank. He stopped a tough opponent in his first fight before taking a world title shot against Orlando Salido. Salido used all his nous as a professional boxer to rough up Lomachenko and take the decision. He would win the WBO title by beating Gary Russell Jr. in his next fight and made three defenses. He is looking forward to fighting the weight above for a title against Roman Martinez.
2012
Kazakhstan won their third Val Barker trophy in the last five Olympics with Serik Sapiyev. He twice won World Championships, in 2005 and 2007. Interesting the 2007 final saw him beat Gennady Kovalev, a mix of two of the greatest boxers in the world. He lost to defending Olympic champion Manus Boonjumnong in 2008. He moved up to Welterweight following this Olympics. He won bronze in 2009 and silver in 2011. Heading into the Olympics he was considered a favorite alongside Fred Evans. He defeated Yasuhiro Suzuki and Gabriel Maestre by wide margins. Andrey Zamkovoy who beat Sapiyev in 2009 was his semifinal opponent but Sapiyev won comfortably here. His final came against Fred Evans, the other Olympic favorite fighting in front of a home crowd. Evans seemed slightly overawed and Sapiyev was comfortable.
Sapiyev was an awkward southpaw who throws solid combinations. He is fast with an impressive workrate and a master at dictating pace. He made Errol Spence, a slick boxer, look like a slow slugger. Sapiyev was a national hero after his Olympic win and has since seen the National Training Centre named after him. After signing up for the APB he would actually retire instead of boxing again. He received numerous offers but decided upon reaching his dream it was time to retire. He studied sports management at Brunel University and has since become the manager of the WSB team, the Astana Arlans. Anthony Joshua was second in the Val Barker voting, only a point behind Sapiyev despite arguably getting a gift of a decision in the final.
From this it can be seen that being the best boxer at an Olympic Games is not a great indicator for future success. Many choose not turn professional with other Olympic winners often going on to have better professional careers. In recent times those who have gone professional have mainly seen success with the last failure probably being Paul Gonzales in 1984.
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What name is given to the speed it is necessary for a rocket to achieve in order for it to overcome the Earth's gravitational pull? | Boxing at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
Boxing at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games
Date Started: October 11, 1964
Date Finished: October 23, 1964
Events: 10
Participants: 269 (269 men and 0 women) from 56 countries
Youngest Participant:
Luiz Fabre (16 years, 233 days)
Oldest Participant:
Johnny Elliott (33 years, 128 days)
Most Medals (Athlete): 40 athletes with 1 medal
Most Medals (Country):
Soviet Union (9 medals)
Overview
The newly built Kōrakuen Hall in the Bunkyo ward of Tokyo hosted the boxing events at the 1964 Olympic Games. Whilst the medals where shared between 18 nations, Poland and the USSR were the most successful teams sharing six gold medals between them. One of the three Soviet champions, middleweight champion [Valeri Popenchenko], was awarded the Val Barker Trophy for the outstanding boxer of the Games. The most popular victory of 1964 came from the host nation’s [Takao Sakurai] whose gold medal at bantamweight was the first by a Japanese boxer in Olympic history.
The final bout of the Games saw the emergence of a boxer who would become one of the professional side of the sport’s biggest stars in years to come. A late call up to the US team after the withdrawal of Buster Mathis, [Joe Frazier] demolished his first three opponents before grinding out a points victory over [Hans Huber] of Germany to become heavyweight champion at Tokyo.
As ever there were many disputed decisions but this time protests got much uglier than usual. Spanish featherweight [Valentin Loren] vented his frustrations at being disqualified by landing a punch on referee and promptly received a life ban from the sport. The next day [José Roberto Chirino] of Argentina did exactly the same to earn a disqualification from his light-middleweight quarter-final. By contrast Korean [Jo Dong-Gi] opted for a more pacifist approach and protested his loss by sitting down in his corner and refusing to leave. His protest lasted 51 minutes.
Medalists
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Which American actor, best known for his role in the 1970's TV series 'Kung Fu', died in June 2009? | 1000+ images about Kung Fu Tv Series 70's on Pinterest | Legends, David and TVs
Kung Fu. Starring David Carradine (pictured), Radames Pera and Keye Luke ran on ABC from 1972-1975. See props from this show and more at the Television Out of the Box Exhibit.http://bit.ly/TVOTB_Pinterest
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In which English cathedral would you find the 'Mappa Mundi'? | Actor David Carradine, Star Of 'Kung Fu,' Dies : NPR
Actor David Carradine, Star Of 'Kung Fu,' Dies
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Actor David Carradine, Star Of 'Kung Fu,' Dies
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Actor David Carradine was found dead Thursday in a Bangkok, Thailand, hotel room. The actor was best known for his leading role in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. Carradine was in Thailand shooting a movie, one of well over a 100 filmed during a long, eclectic career.
ROBERT SIEGEL, host:
David Carradine has died. He was found dead in a Bangkok hotel. Local police say it appears that he committed suicide. Carradine was 72. He appeared in more than 100 films. But NPR's Felix Contreras remembers best the three years Carradine played a half-Chinese martial artist who roamed the American West in the TV show "Kung Fu."
FELIX CONTRERAS: I was 14 in 1972 when the fall television season kicked off. "All in the Family" was popular with my family. "Adam 12" was a favorite with my brothers and I. But that September, I was exposed to Eastern philosophy for the first time - or what passed for Eastern philosophy on television - by way of Kwai Chang Caine, David Carradine's character in "Kung Fu."
(Soundbite of music, "Theme from Kung Fu")
CONTRERAS: Looking back, it was a pretty bold step for ABC to feature a story about a young, mixed-race Chinese boy learning martial arts from Shaolin masters.
(Soundbite of TV show, "Kung Fu")
Mr. KEYE LUKE (Actor): (as Master Po) Quickly as you can, snatch the pebble from my hand. When you can take the pebble from my hand, it will be time for you to leave.
CONTRERAS: Pretty soon, my friends and I were trying to snatch pebbles out of each other's hands to show off our own powers of concentration. And the lessons of the show's Shaolin masters offered pearls of wisdom that appealed to me at 14.
(Soundbite of TV show, "Kung Fu")
Mr. DAVID CARRADINE (Actor): (as Kwai Chang Caine) Master, I am puzzled.
Unidentified Man #1: That is the beginning of wisdom.
CONTRERAS: The simplicity of the television lessons helped me navigate my way through impending science exams, athletic tryouts and budding romances.
(Soundbite of TV show, "Kung Fu")
Mr. CARRADINE: (as Kwai Chang Caine) We are taught discipline.
Unidentified Man #2: The purpose of discipline is to live more fully, not less.
CONTRERAS: The lessons had the flavor of Buddhism, but they were also generic enough to fit into any outlook on life. For better or worse, David Carradine had been associated mainly with this character. He was often mistaken for Asian-American, while, in fact, he was the son of veteran Hollywood actor John Carradine. As an adult, I read that he didn't really know anything about martial arts or Eastern philosophies while he was on the show. I was a bit disappointed to learn those lessons I put so much stock in as a kid were mostly another bit of Hollywood smoke and mirrors.
It's been almost 40 years since I played the pebble game with my friends, but I still incorporate many of Kwai Chang Caine's lessons in my life.
Felix Contreras, NPR News.
Copyright © 2009 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
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By what name was the American serial killer David Berkowitz, who confessed to the murder of six people in New York City in the late 1970's, better known? | 1000+ images about Son of Sam on Pinterest | Serial killers, Daily news and David
Robert Violante, who was shot by Son of Sam in 1977, will sell No. 1 jersey inscribed with name of Yankee great Billy Martin that the skipper wore during World Series-clinching win that year.
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| David Berkowitz |
The name of which chemical element, with the symbol 'TI', is derived from the Greek for 'budding twig'? | Son of Sam | Serial killers Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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David Richard Berkowitz (born June 1, 1953), also known as Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer and arsonist whose crimes had terrorized New York City for a year.
Shortly after his arrest in August 1977, Berkowitz confessed to killing six people and wounding seven others in the course of eight shootings in New York between 1976 and 1977; he has been imprisoned for these crimes since 1977. Berkowitz subsequently claimed that he was commanded to kill by a demon who possessed his neighbor's dog.
Berkowitz later amended his confession to claim he was the shooter in only two incidents, personally killing three people and wounding a fourth. The other victims were killed, Berkowitz claimed, by members of a violent Satanic cult of which he was a member. Though he remains the only person charged with or convicted of the shootings, some law enforcement authorities argue that Berkowitz's claims are credible: according to John Hockenberry formerly of MSNBC, many officials involved in the original "Son of Sam" case suspected that more than one person was committing the murders. Hockenberry also reported that the Son of Sam case was reopened in 1996 and, as of 2004 update, it was still considered open.
Berkowitz was born Richard David Falco in Brooklyn, New York. His mother, Betty Broder, was married to Anthony Falco, with whom she had a daughter before the couple separated without legally divorcing. After this, she had an affair with the married Joseph Kleinman, who fathered a son. Kleinman suggested she abort the child, but she gave birth to a boy and listed Falco as the father.
Before he was a week old, the baby was adopted by hardware store owners Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz, who reversed the order of his first and middle names in addition to giving him their own surname.
John Vincent Sanders wrote that Berkowitz's childhood was "somewhat troubled. Although of above-average intelligence, he lost interest in learning at an early age and began an infatuation with petty larceny and pyromania." Berkowitz's adoptive mother died of breast cancer when he was thirteen, and his home life became strained in later years, particularly because he disliked his adoptive father's second wife. He later claimed his new step-sister was interested in witchcraft, sparking an interest in the occult he would later pursue more actively.
In 1969, the 16-year-old Berkowitz attended the Woodstock Festival. He joined the United States Army in 1971, served on active duty until his honorable discharge in 1974. He avoided service in the Vietnam War, instead serving in both the United States and South Korea.
In 1974 Berkowitz located his birth mother, Betty Falco. After a few visits, she disclosed the details of his illegitimate conception and birth, which greatly disturbed him. They fell out of contact, but Berkowitz did stay in touch with his half-sister, Roslyn.
After leaving the Army, Berkowitz held several blue collar jobs. At the time of his arrest, he was employed by the U.S. Postal Service.
Berkowitz claims that he joined a cult in the spring of 1975. Initially, he said, the group was involved in harmless activities, such as séances and fortune telling. Gradually, however, Berkowitz claimed that the group introduced him to drug use, sadistic pornography and violent crime. They began, he claims, by killing dogs, mostly German Shepherds. Over a dozen mutilated dog corpses were discovered in Yonkers, especially near Untermeyer Park, which Berkowitz claimed was a frequent meeting place for the cult.
Berkowitz claimed that his first attacks on women occurred in late 1975, when he attacked two women with a knife on Christmas Eve. One alleged victim was never identified, but the other victim, Michelle Forman, was injured seriously enough to put her in the hospital. Not long afterward, Berkowitz moved to an apartment in Yonkers.
At about 1:10 a.m. on July 29, 1976, Mike and Rose Lauria returned to their apartment in Pelham Bay after dining out. Their daughter Donna, 18, and her friend Jody Valenti, 19, were sitting in Valenti's Oldsmobile, parked outside the apartment, discussing their evening at the Peachtree, a New Rochelle discotheque. As Valenti was about to leave, Mike Lauria agreed to his daughter's suggestion that they walk the family's dog together. Before he went inside to retrieve the poodle, Lauria noticed a man sleeping in a yellow compact car parked across the street and about sixty feet behind his own car. Neighbors would report to police that an unfamiliar yellow compact car had been cruising the area for hours before the shooting.
After her parents were inside, Donna Lauria opened the car door to depart, noticing a man quickly approaching them. Startled and angered by the man's sudden appearance, Lauria said, "Now what is this…" From the paper sack he carried, the man produced a handgun and, crouching as he aimed, fired three shots. Lauria was struck in her chest by one bullet that killed her almost instantly, Valenti took a bullet in her thigh, and the third missed both girls. The shooter turned and quickly walked away.
Valenti, who survived her injuries, said she did not recognize the killer. She described him as a white male in his 30s with a fair complexion, standing about 5'9" and weighing about 160 lb (73 kg). His hair was short, dark and curly in a "mod style." This description was echoed by Mike Lauria in his description of the man who was sitting in the yellow compact car parked behind Valenti and Lauria.
Detectives from the 8th Homicide precinct of the New York Police Department had little in the way of evidence. Most importantly, they were able to determine that the handgun used was a .44 caliber Charter Arms Bulldog. A high-power, five-shot revolver intended for use in close quarters, the .44 Bulldog was identified because the unusual manufacturing process of its barrel left distinctive marks on each slug.
Police followed two working hypotheses in the absence of further evidence: that the shooter was a spurned admirer of the popular Lauria or that the shooting was a mistaken assassination attempt of the wrong person. The neighborhood had seen recent mob activity, and police even hinted that Mike Lauria, a member of the Teamsters union, might be involved in organized crime.
Berkowitz later claimed that he shot Lauria and Valenti, and that several other cult members were involved in the crime, either by surveillance of the victims, or by acting as lookouts.
In the early morning of October 23, 1976, another shooting occurred, this time in Queens.
Carl Denaro, 25, and Rosemary Keenan, 38, were parked in a secluded residential area in Flushing, Queens. Keenan was driving her own Volkswagen Beetle, and Denaro was in the passenger seat. At about 1:30 a.m., the car's windows seemed to explode, and the duo dropped low in their seats as several bullets struck the car. Denaro and Keenan did not realize someone was shooting at them, even as Denaro was bleeding from a bullet wound to his head. They panicked and Keenan drove to Peck's, a bar about half a mile away. Keenan had only superficial injuries from the broken glass, but Denaro eventually needed a metal plate to replace a portion of his skull. Neither victim had seen whoever had made the attack.
Police determined that the slugs embedded in Keenan's car were .44 caliber bullets, but they were so damaged and deformed that they thought it was unlikely that they could ever be linked to a particular weapon. Denaro had shoulder-length hair, and police would later speculate that the shooter had mistaken him for a girl. Keenan's father was a 20-year veteran police detective of the NYPD, spurring an in-depth investigation. As with the Lauria-Valenti shooting, however, there seemed to be no motive for the shooting, and police made little progress in the case. Though many details of the Denaro-Keenan shooting were very similar to the Lauria-Valenti case, police did not initially suspect a connection, partly because the shootings occurred in different boroughs of New York City and were investigated by different local police agencies.
Berkowitz later claimed that, while he observed and helped plan the crime, an unnamed female cult member actually shot Denaro. The victims survived primarily, claimed Berkowitz, because the shooter was unfamiliar with the powerful recoil of a .44 Bulldog.
Late in the evening of November 26, 1976, Donna DeMasi, 16, and Joanne Lomino, 18, had walked home from a movie, and were chatting under a streetlight outside Lomino's home. A man approached to within about ten feet of the girls. They later described him as about 5'9", tall and slender, weighing perhaps 150 lb (68 kg) with straight, dirty blond hair and dark eyes. He wore a slim, knee-length coat reminiscent of military surplus gear.
Startled but not frightened by his sudden appearance, DeMasi and Lomino suspected the man was lost and asking directions. In a high-pitched voice he said, "Can you tell me how to get," then he produced a revolver. He shot each of the victims once, and as they fell to the ground injured, he fired several more times, striking the apartment building before running away. Having heard the gunshots, a neighbor rushed from their apartment and saw the blonde shooter rush by, gripping a pistol in his left hand.
DeMasi and Lomino were hospitalized with serious injuries: Lomino was ultimately rendered a paraplegic, but DeMasi's wounds were less serious.
Based on the testimony of DeMasi, Lomino, and their neighbor, police produced several composite sketches of the blonde shooter. Police also determined the gun was a .44, but the slugs were so deformed that linking them to a particular gun was all but ruled out.
Christine Freund and John Diel shootingThe new year brought more shootings in Queens. In the early morning of January 30, 1977, an engaged couple, Christine Freund, 26, and John Diel, 30, were sitting in Diel's Pontiac Firebird, preparing to drive to a dance hall after having seen the motion picture Rocky.
Three gunshots penetrated the car at about 12:40 a.m. In a panic, Diel drove away for help. He suffered minor superficial injuries, but Freund was shot twice. She died several hours later at the hospital. Neither victim had seen their attackers.
Police determined the shooter had again used a .44 Bulldog. Police made the first public acknowledgment that the Freund-Diel shooting was similar to the earlier cases, and that the crimes might be connected: the earlier victims had been struck with .44 caliber bullets, if not confirmed Bulldog revolvers, and the shootings targeted young women with long, dark hair and/or young couples parked in cars.
NYPD sergeant Richard Conlon stated that police were "leaning towards a connection in all these cases." Composite sketches of the black-haired Lauria-Valenti shooter and the blonde Lomino-DeMasi shooter were released, and Conlon noted that police were looking for multiple "suspects", not just one.
Berkowitz later claimed that while "at least five" cult members were at the scene of the Freund-Diel shooting, the actual shooter was a cult associate nicknamed "Manson II", who was brought in from outside New York due to a special motive of which Berkowitz claimed to know no details.
Berkowitz later claimed that while he helped plan the DeMasi-Lomino shooting, the actual perpetrator was cult member John Carr, and that a Yonkers police officer, also a cult member, was involved in the crime.
At about 7:30 p.m. on March 8, 1977, Columbia University student Virginia Voskerichian, 19, was walking home from school. She lived about a block from where Christine Freund was shot. The Voskerichian shooting differed from the other Son of Sam crimes in many respects. All the other victims were couples, and were shot on weekends in the late night or early morning.
There were no direct witnesses to the Voskerichian murder, which happened on the victim's own street. In a desperate move to defend herself, Voskerichian lifted her textbooks between herself and her killer, only to have the makeshift shield penetrated, the bullet striking her head and killing her.
Moments after the shooting, a neighborhood resident who had heard the gunshots was rounding the corner onto Voskerichian's street. He nearly collided with a person he described as a short, husky boy, 16 to 18 years old and clean-shaven, wearing a sweater and watch cap, who was sprinting away from the crime scene. The neighbor said the youth pulled the cap over his face and said, "Oh, Jesus!" as he passed by, sprinting.
Other neighbors claimed to have seen the "teenager," and another matching Berkowitz's description, loitering separately in the area for about an hour before the shooting. In the following days, the media repeated police claims that this "chubby teenager" was the suspect in the shooting.
Berkowitz later claimed that he was at the Voskerichian murder scene, but the actual shooter was a "woman from Westchester." Additionally, Berkowitz claimed the Voskerichian shooting was partly designed to confuse police by seeming to change the modus operandi established in earlier cult shootings.
In a March 10, 1977 press conference, NYPD officials and New York City Mayor Abraham Beame declared that the same .44 Bulldog revolver had fired the shots that killed Lauria and Voskerichian. Official documents would later surface, however, saying that while police strongly suspected the same .44 Bulldog had been used in the shootings, the evidence was actually inconclusive.
The same day, the Operation Omega task force made its public debut. Charged solely with investigating the .44 Caliber shootings, the task force was led by Deputy Inspector Timothy J. Dowd, composed of over 300 police officers. Police speculated that the killer had a vendetta against women, perhaps due to chronic social rejection, and also declared that the "chubby teenager" was regarded as a witness, not a suspect in the Voskerichian shooting. The police regarded the taller, black-haired male shooter in the Lauria-Valenti case as the shooter in all the .44 Caliber murders.
The crimes earned considerable mass media publicity, with television, newspapers and radio publishing every detail and speculation of the case. Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch had recently purchased the New York Post, and the paper offered perhaps the most sensational coverage of the crimes, as a result vaulting from near-bankruptcy into profitability. Mayor Beame, meanwhile, helped funnel unprecedented amounts of money to the NYPD to help solve the case.
In the early morning of April 17, 1977, Alexander Esau, 20, and Valentina Suriani, 18, were in the Bronx, only a few blocks from the scene of the Lauria-Valenti shooting. At about 3:00 a.m., they were each shot twice and killed. Suriani died at the scene, and Esau died in the hospital several hours later without being able to describe his attackers.
In the days afterwards, police repeated their theory that only one man was responsible for the .44 murders: the chubby teenager in the Voskerichian case was still regarded as a witness, while the dark-haired man who shot Lauria and Valenti was considered the suspect.
Berkowitz later claimed that he was responsible for the Esau-Suriani shootings.
In the street near the Esau-Suriani shooting, a police officer discovered a hand-written letter. Written mostly in block capital letters with some lower-case letters, it was addressed to NYPD Captain Joseph Borrelli.
In full, it read:
"I am deeply hurt by your calling me a wemon [sic] hater! I am not. But I am a monster. I am the "Son of Sam." I am a little brat. When father Sam gets drunk he gets mean. He beats his family. Sometimes he ties me up to the back of the house. Other times he locks me in the garage. Sam loves to drink blood. "Go out and kill," commands father Sam. Behind our house some rest. Mostly young — raped and slaughtered — their blood drained — just bones now. Papa Sam keeps me locked in the attic too. I can't get out but I look out the attic window and watch the world go by. I feel like an outsider. I am on a different wavelength then everybody else — programmed too [sic] kill. However, to stop me you must kill me. Attention all police: Shoot me first — shoot to kill or else keep out of my way or you will die! Papa Sam is old now. He needs some blood to preserve his youth. He has had too many heart attacks. "Ugh, me hoot, it hurts, sonny boy." I miss my pretty princess most of all. She's resting in our ladies house. But I'll see her soon. I am the "Monster" — "Beelzebub" — the chubby behemouth. I love to hunt. Prowling the streets looking for fair game — tasty meat. The wemon of Queens are prettyist of all. It must be the water they drink. I live for the hunt — my life. Blood for papa. Mr. Borrelli, sir, I don't want to kill anymore. No sur, no more but I must, 'honor thy father.' I want to make love to the world. I love people. I don't belong on earth. Return me to yahoos. To the people of Queens, I love you. And I want to wish all of you a happy Easter. May God bless you in this life and in the next. And for now I say goodbye and goodnight. Police: Let me haunt you with these words: I'll be back! I'll be back! To be interpreted as — bang bang bang, bank, bang — ugh!! Yours in murder, Mr. Monster"
Though discovery of the letter was an open secret, the contents were not made public. Only a few hints were leaked: police speculated that the letter-writer might be familiar with Scottish English. The phrase "me hoot, it hurts, sonny boy" was taken as a Scots-accented version of "my heart, it hurts, sonny boy"; and the police also hypothesized that the shooter blamed a dark-haired nurse for his father's death, due to the "too many heart attacks" phrase, and the facts that Lauria was a medical technician and Valenti was studying to be a nurse. On July 28, New York Daily News columnist Jimmy Breslin alluded to the "wemon" quirk and referred to the shooter watching the world from "his attic window."
After consulting with several psychiatrists, police released a psychological profile of their suspect on May 26, 1977. He was described as neurotic and probably suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and believed himself to be a victim of demonic possession.
Police questioned the owners of 56 .44 Bulldog revolvers legally registered in New York City, and forensically tested each weapon, ruling them out as the murder weapons. Among other unsuccessful ideas, police created traps with undercover officers posed as lovers parked in isolated areas, hoping to lure the shooter.
On May 30, 1977, columnist Jimmy Breslin of the New York Daily News received a hand-written letter from someone who claimed to be the .44 shooter. The letter was postmarked early on May 30 in Englewood, New Jersey. On the reverse of the envelope was hand-printed a precisely-centered quatrain:
Blood and Family/Darkness and Death/Absolute Depravity/.44
The letter read:
"Hello from the gutters of N.Y.C. which are filled with dog manure, vomit, stale wine, urine and blood. Hello from the sewers of N.Y.C. which swallow up these delicacies when they are washed away by the sweeper trucks. Hello from the cracks in the sidewalks of N.Y.C. and from the ants that dwell in these cracks and feed in the dried blood of the dead that has settled into the cracks. J.B., I'm just dropping you a line to let you know that I appreciate your interest in those recent and horrendous .44 killings. I also want to tell you that I read your column daily and I find it quite informative. Tell me Jim, what will you have for July twenty-ninth? You can forget about me if you like because I don't care for publicity. However you must not forget Donna Lauria and you cannot let the people forget her either. She was a very, very sweet girl but Sam's a thirsty lad and he won't let me stop killing until he gets his fill of blood. Mr. Breslin, sir, don't think that because you haven't heard from me for a while that I went to sleep. No, rather, I am still here. Like a spirit roaming the night. Thirsty, hungry, seldom stopping to rest; anxious to please Sam. I love my work. Now, the void has been filled. Perhaps we shall meet face to face someday or perhaps I will be blown away by cops with smoking .38's. Whatever, if I shall be fortunate enough to meet you I will tell you all about Sam if you like and I will introduce you to him. His name is "Sam the terrible." Not knowing the what the future holds I shall say farewell and I will see you at the next job. Or should I say you will see my handiwork at the next job? Remember Ms. Lauria. Thank you. In their blood and from the gutter "Sam's creation" .44 Here are some names to help you along. Forward them to the inspector for use by N.C.I.C: [sic] "The Duke of Death" "The Wicked King Wicker" "The Twenty Two Disciples of Hell" "John 'Wheaties' -- Rapist and Suffocator of Young Girls. PS: Please inform all the detectives working the slaying to remain. P.S: [sic] JB, Please inform all the detectives working the case that I wish them the best of luck. "Keep 'em digging, drive on, think positive, get off your butts, knock on coffins, etc." Upon my capture I promise to buy all the guys working the case a new pair of shoes if I can get up the money. Son of Sam"
Underneath the "Son of Sam" was a logo or sketch that combined several symbols. The writer's question, "What will you have for July 29?" was taken as an ominous threat: July 29 would be the anniversary of the first .44 Caliber shooting.
Breslin notified police, who thought the letter was probably from someone with knowledge of the shootings. Sophisticated in its wording and presentation, especially when compared to the crudely written first letter, police suspected the Breslin letter might have been created in an art studio or similar professional location by someone with expertise in printing, calligraphy, graphic design or architecture.
Based on the "Wicked King Wicker" reference, police arranged a private screening of The Wicker Man, a 1970s horror film.
A week later, after consulting with police and agreeing to withhold portions of the text, the Daily News published the letter, and Breslin urged the killer to turn himself over to authorities. Reportedly, over 1.1 million copies of that day's paper were sold.
The letter caused a panic in New York, and based on references in the publicized portions of the letter, police received thousands of tips, all of which proved baseless.
As all the shooting victims so far had long, dark hair, thousands of women in New York cut or dyed their hair, and beauty supply stores had trouble meeting the demand for blond wigs. Despite being one of the hottest summers on record, people stayed indoors at night, ignoring the longstanding tradition of spending sultry evenings outdoors.
On June 26, 1977, there was another shooting. Sal Lupo, 20, and Judy Placido, 17, had left the Elephas discotheque in the Bayside section of Queens. The young couple was sitting in their car at about 3:00 a.m. when Placido said, "This Son of Sam is really scary — the way that guy comes out of nowhere. You never know where he'll hit next." Moments later, three gunshots blasted through the car.
Both were struck by slugs, but their injuries were relatively minor, and both survived. Neither Lupo or Placido had seen their attackers, but witnesses reported a tall, stocky, dark-haired man sprinting from the area, and a blonde man with a mustache who drove from the neighborhood in a Chevy Nova without turning on its headlights. Police speculated the dark-haired man was the shooter, and that the blonder man had observed the crime.
Berkowitz later claimed that cult member Michael Carr shot Lupo and Placido. Additionally, Berkowitz claimed that cult members had long wanted to shoot someone at the Elephas disco, thinking the site significant in light of their interest in the work of noted 19th century occultist Eliphas Levi.
It was near the one-year anniversary of the first .44 caliber shootings, and police set up a sizable dragnet, focusing on past hunting grounds of Queens and The Bronx. However, the next .44 shooting was in Brooklyn.
Early on July 31, 1977, Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante, both 20, were in Violante's car, which was parked under a streetlight near a city park. They were kissing when a man approached to within about three feet of the passenger side of Violante's car, fired several gunshots into the car, striking both victims in the head, before running into the park. Moskowitz died several hours later in the hospital. Violante survived, though one of his eyes was destroyed and he retained only very limited vision in the other eye. With her short, curly blonde hair, Moskowitz was a departure from the other female victims. Based on telephone calls to police within seconds of the shooting, the crime occurred at 2:35 a.m.
The Moskowitz-Violante crime produced more witnesses than any of the other Son of Sam murders, notably the only direct eyewitness who was not an intended victim. During the shooting, Tommy Zaino, 19, was parked with his date in a car three car lengths ahead of Violante's. Moments before the shooting, Zaino saw a peripheral glimpse of the shooter's approach and happened to glance in his rear view mirror just in time to see the crime occur. Due to the bright street light and full moon, Zaino clearly saw the perpetrator for several seconds, later describing him as 25 to 30 years old, of average height (5'7" to 5'9") with shaggy hair that was dark blonde or light brown — "it looked like a wig", Zaino said.
About a minute after the shooting, a woman seated next to her boyfriend in his car on the other side of the city park saw a "white male [who was wearing] a light-colored, cheap nylon wig" sprint from the park and enter a "small, light-colored" auto, which drove away quickly. "He looks like he just robbed a bank," said the woman, who wrote what she could see of the car's license plate: unable to determine the first two characters, she was certain the others were either 4-GUR or 4-GVR.
Other witnesses included a woman who saw a light car speed away from the park about 20 seconds after the gunshots, and at least two witnesses who described a yellow Volkswagen driving quickly from the neighborhood with its headlights off. A neighborhood resident given the pseudonym Mary Lyons heard the gunshots and Violente's calls for help, and glancing from her apartment window, she saw a man she later positively identified as Berkowitz, who was walking casually away from the crime scene as many others were rushing towards the scene to render aid.
Shortly after 2:35 a.m., a man given the pseudonym Alan Masters was passing through an intersection a few blocks from the park. Masters was nearly struck by what he described as a yellow Volkswagen Beetle that sped through the intersection, against the red light and without headlights, with the driver holding his door shut with his arm as he drove. Angered and alarmed, Masters followed the Volkswagen at high speed for several minutes before losing sight of the vehicle. Masters described the driver as a white male in his late 20s or early 30s, with a narrow face; dark, long, stringy hair; several days growth of dark whiskers on his face; and wearing a blue jacket. Upset, Masters neglected to note the Volkswagen's license plate number, but he thought it might have been a New Jersey rather than a New York plate. Violante encountered a very similar man as he and Moskowitz were in the park shortly before the shooting, describing him as a "grubby-looking hippy" with whiskers, wiry hair over his forehead, dark eyes, and wearing a denim jacket.
Berkowitz would later claim that the shooter in the Moskowitz-Violante case was a friend of John Carr, who had arrived from North Dakota for the occasion. Additionally, Berkowitz would claim that after his Ford Galaxie, license plate 561 XLB, received a parking ticket at 2:05 a.m. for being parked too close to a fire hydrant near the city park, he tried to persuade two other cult members at the scene to postpone or relocate the crime. Berkowitz claimed his suggestion was overruled, and he was ordered to remain in the area to make sure no police were nearby.
Police didn't learn of the Moskowitz-Violente shooting until about 2:50 a.m., and Dowd didn't think it was another Son of Sam shooting until an officer at the scene reported that large-caliber shells had been used.
About an hour after the shooting, police set up a series of roadblocks, stopping hundreds of cars to question drivers and inspect vehicles. Based on extended interviews of Masters and others who described a Volkswagen speeding from the crime scene, police now suspected that the shooter owned or drove such a vehicle. In subsequent days, police determined there were over 900 Volkswagens in New York or New Jersey, and they made plans to track down each of these cars and their owners.
The evening of the Moskowitz and Violante shooting, Cacilia Davis, who lived near the crime scene, saw Berkowitz loitering in the neighborhood and glaring menacingly at passersby for several hours before removing a parking ticket from his yellow Ford Galaxie, which had been parked too close to a fire hydrant. Two days after the shooting, she contacted police.
Despite their claims to the contrary, police initially thought Berkowitz a possible witness, rather than a suspect. Not until August 9, 1977, seven days after Cacilia Davis informed police about the man with the parking ticket, did NYPD Detective James Justis telephone Yonkers police to ask them to schedule an interview with Berkowitz. The Yonkers police dispatcher who first took Justis' call was Wheat Carr, the daughter of Sam Carr and sister of Berkowitz's alleged cult confederates John and Michael Carr.
Justis asked "the [Yonkers] police for some help tracking [Berkowitz] down. Mike Novotny was a sergeant at the Yonkers Police Department. According to Novotny, the Yonkers police had their own suspicions about Berkowitz, in connection with other strange crimes in Yonkers, crimes they saw referenced in one of the Son of Sam letters. To the shock of the NYPD they told the New York City detective that Berkowitz might just be the Son of Sam."
The next day, police investigated Berkowitz's car parked on the street outside his Pine Street apartment in Yonkers. Police saw a Commando Mark III rifle in the backseat. Searching the car, police found a duffel bag filled with ammunition, maps of the crime scenes and a letter to Sgt. Dowd of the Omega task force, threatening further murders. Police decided to wait for Berkowitz to emerge from the apartment rather than risk a violent encounter in the narrow apartment hallway.
Berkowitz emerged from the building shortly before 10:00 p.m., carrying a .44 Bulldog in a paper sack. Police arrested Berkowitz as he was starting the car outside his apartment on Pine Street in Yonkers on August 10, 1977. His first words upon arrest were reported to be, "You got me. What took you so long?"
Police searched his apartment, and found it in disarray, with Satanic graffiti on the walls. They also found a diary wherein Berkowitz took credit for dozens of arsons throughout the New York area (some sources allege that this number might be as high as 1,411).
After police had brought Berkowitz into custody, Mayor Beame came out to the public and said, "The people of the City of New York can rest easy because of the fact that the police have captured a man whom they believe to be the Son of Sam."
Police were worried that, if challenged in court, their initial search of Berkowitz's vehicle might be ruled unconstitutional. Police had no search warrant, and their justification for the search of Berkowitz's car might seem flimsy. They had searched initially based on the rifle visible in the back seat, though possession of such a rifle was legal in New York State, and required no special permit.
Berkowitz quickly confessed to the shootings, however, and expressed an interest in pleading guilty in exchange for receiving life imprisonment rather than facing the death penalty. Berkowitz was questioned for about 30 minutes in the early morning of August 11, 1977, and he quickly confessed to the "Son of Sam" killings.
During questioning, Berkowitz said that the "Sam" mentioned in the first letter was Sam Carr, his former neighbor. Berkowitz claimed that Carr's labrador retriever dog, Harvey, was possessed by an ancient demon, and that it issued irresistible commands that Berkowitz must kill people. Berkowitz said he once tried to kill the dog, but was unsuccessful due to supernatural interference.
During his sentencing, Berkowitz repeatedly chanted "Stacy was a whore" at a low yet audible volume. He was referring, presumably, to Stacy Moskowitz, who died in the final .44 caliber shooting. His behavior caused an uproar, and the courtroom was adjourned. Berkowitz later claimed that his statement was a response to Moskowitz's mother, who frequently opined that Berkowitz should be executed.
On June 12, 1978, he was sentenced to six life sentences in prison for the murders, making his maximum term 365 years. He was first imprisoned at the Attica Correctional Facility.
In 1979, there was an attempt on Berkowitz's life. He refused to identify the person(s) who had attacked him with a knife, but suggested that the act was directed by the cult he once belonged to. He bears a permanent scar from the wound that took 52 stitches to close.
In 1987, Berkowitz became a born again Christian in prison. According to his personal testimony, his moment of conversion occurred after reading Psalm 34:6 from a Gideon's Pocket Testament Bible given to him by a fellow inmate. In the same testimony, he stated that his obsession with and heavy involvement in the occult played a major role in the Son of Sam murders.
In March 2002, Berkowitz sent a letter to New York Governor George Pataki asking that his parole hearing be canceled, stating: "In all honesty, I believe that I deserve to be in prison for the rest of my life. I have, with God's help, long ago come to terms with my situation and I have accepted my punishment." In June 2004, he was denied a second parole hearing after he stated that he did not want one. The parole board saw that he had a good record in the prison programs, but decided that the brutality of his crimes called for him to stay imprisoned. In July 2006, the board once again denied parole on similar grounds, with Berkowitz not in attendance at the hearing. He is very involved in prison ministry and regularly counsels troubled inmates.
In June 2005, Berkowitz sued his former attorney, Hugo Harmatz, claiming he had taken possession of Berkowitz's letters and other personal belongings in order to publish a book of his own. Berkowitz stated that he would only drop the lawsuit if the attorney signed over all money he makes to the victims' families. On October 25, 2006, Berkowitz and Harmatz settled out of court, with Harmatz agreeing to return the disputed items to Berkowitz's present attorney Mark Jay Heller, and to donate part of his book profits to the New York State Crime Victims Board.
Shortly before her death in 2006, Stacy Moskowitz's mother wrote Berkowitz a letter saying she had forgiven him for his crimes. Moskowitz lived her final days in a Miami co-op, surrounded by pictures of her daughters, whom she talked about constantly. "...she said she did forgive everyone," said her close friend and neighbor, Sharon Denaro. "She needed to relieve herself of anger to be able to move forward with her life. She would say things like, 'This kind of anger can make you sick. Don't let anger eat you up'."
Berkowitz is housed in Sullivan Correctional Facility in Fallsburg, New York. His "official" website is maintained on his behalf by a church group as he is not allowed access to a computer.
Berkowitz plans to write a memoir, entitled Son of Hope: The Prison Journals of David Berkowitz, which will be published through Morning Star Communications. Berkowitz himself will receive no money from publication, and a portion of the proceeds will go to the New York state crime victims board for distribution to the victims of his crimes.
One major side effect of Berkowitz's murder spree were the "Son of Sam laws" enacted in several states in the 1980s.
The first of these laws was enacted in New York state after rampant speculation about publishers offering Berkowitz large sums of money for his story. The new law, named for Berkowitz, authorized the state to seize all money earned from such a deal from a criminal for five years, with intentions to use the seized money to compensate victims.
Within a few weeks of his arrest, Berkowitz was hinting that others were involved in the .44 murders. In a letter to the New York Post dated September 19, 1977, Berkowitz repeated the possessed dog story, but closed out his missive with the warning, "There are other Sons out there, God help the world."
In later years, he has discussed the cult claims in greater detail, but alleges that he cannot divulge all he knows without putting his family at risk. The cult had roughly two dozen core members in New York, the "twenty-two disciples of hell" mentioned in the Breslin letter. The cult had ties across the U.S., claimed Berkowitz, and was deeply involved in drug smuggling and other illegal activities. Berkowitz reportedly invited the former priest and exorcist Malachi Martin to visit him to discuss his past Satanic cult involvement.
Hockenberry asserts that, even aside from the Satanic cult claims, many officials doubted the single-shooter theory, writing, "what most don't know about the Son of Sam case is that from the beginning, not everyone bought the idea that Berkowitz acted alone. The list of skeptics includes both the police who worked the case and the prosecutor from Queens where five of the shootings took place."
Journalist Maury Terry began investigating the Son of Sam shootings before Berkowitz was arrested. Doubtful of the single shooter theory favored by police, Terry dug deeper into the case, noting a number of unresolved questions and inconsistencies that he first publicized in a March 1978 newspaper article.
Eventually interviewing Berkowitz several times, Terry uncovered evidence that he argues strongly support the idea that a violent offshoot of the Process Church was responsible for the Son of Sam murders and many other crimes. After consulting with police and agreeing to withhold some names and other details, Terry publicized his conclusions first in a series of newspaper articles distributed by the Gannett syndicate in 1979, and later in his book The Ultimate Evil, which has been expanded several times since its 1987 publication. Queens' district attorney John Santucci, who thought the case against Berkowitz was riddled with inconsistencies and unresolved questions, was so impressed with Terry's research that, "he agreed to reopen the Son of Sam case ... But to date no-one else has ever been charged in connection with the crimes."
In October 1978 Berkowitz mailed a book about witchcraft and other occult subjects to police in North Dakota. He had underlined several passages, offering some marginal notes, including the phrase: "Arliss [sic] Perry, Hunted, Stalked and Slain. Followed to Calif. Stanford University."
Arlis Perry, a newlywed 19-year-old North Dakota native, had been killed in a chapel on the grounds of Stanford University on October 12, 1974. Her murder remains unsolved. Berkowitz mentioned the Perry murder in a few letters, suggesting that he heard details of the crime from "Manson II", the culprit. In the San Jose Mercury News, Jessie Seyfer noted that "investigators interviewed him in prison and now believe he has nothing of value to offer" regarding the Perry case.
Berkowitz claimed that brothers John and Michael Carr, the real life sons of Yonkers resident Sam Carr, were members of the same Satanic cult. John was the "John Wheaties, rapist and suffocator of young girls" mentioned in the Breslin letter.
Both Carr brothers died within two years of Berkowitz's arrest. John Carr was discovered dead in February 1978 in his girlfriend's North Dakota home; police initially viewed his death as suspicious, but it was ultimately ruled a probable suicide. Michael Carr died in a single-car traffic accident in October 1979, on Manhattan's West Side Highway.
Berkowitz claims that both Carr brothers were probably murdered by Satanic cult members because their heavy drug use marked them as untrustworthy and likely to become informants.
The 1985 CBS film Out of the Darkness, the first to deal with the Son of Sam killings, was told from the point of view of Ed Zigo, one of the detectives responsible for capturing Berkowitz by poring over parking tickets given to an illegally parked car in Brooklyn near where Stacy Moskowitz was murdered. Zigo was played by Martin Sheen, and Berkowitz was played by Robert Trebor.
The 1999 film Summer of Sam, directed by Spike Lee, depicts the tensions that develop in a Bronx neighborhood during the shootings. Berkowitz was played by Michael Badalucco.
The 2007 ESPN mini-series The Bronx is Burning features the murders as a backdrop.
Son of Sam is a 2008 Lionsgate film by Ulli Lommel focusing on Berkowitz's satanic cult connection.
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