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Which year saw the death of Josef Stalin and the first televised Academy Awards Ceremony? | Joseph Stalin dies - Mar 05, 1953 - HISTORY.com
Joseph Stalin dies
A+E Networks
On this day, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union since 1924, dies in Moscow.
Like his right-wing counterpart, Hitler, who was born in Austria, Joseph Stalin was not a native of the country he ruled with an iron fist. Isoeb Dzhugashvili was born in 1889 in Georgia, then part of the old Russian empire. The son of a drunk who beat him mercilessly and a pious washerwoman mother, Stalin learned Russian, which he spoke with a heavy accent all his life, in an Orthodox Church-run school. While studying to be a priest at Tiflis Theological Seminary, he began secretly reading Karl Marx and other left-wing revolutionary thinkers. The “official” communist story is that he was expelled from the seminary for this intellectual rebellion; in reality, it may have been because of poor health.
In 1900, Stalin became active in revolutionary political activism, taking part in labor demonstrations and strikes. Stalin joined the more militant wing of the Marxist Social Democratic movement, the Bolsheviks, and became a student of its leader, Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Stalin was arrested seven times between 1902 and 1913, and subjected to prison and exile.
Stalin’s first big break came in 1912, when Lenin, in exile in Switzerland, named him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party—now a separate entity from the Social Democrats. The following year, Stalin (finally dropping Dzugashvili and taking the new name Stalin, from the Russian word for “steel”) published a signal article on the role of Marxism in the destiny of Russia. In 1917, escaping from an exile in Siberia, he linked up with Lenin and his coup against the middle-class democratic government that had supplanted the czar’s rule. Stalin continued to move up the party ladder, from commissar for nationalities to secretary general of the Central Committee—a role that would provide the center of his dictatorial takeover and control of the party and the new USSR.
In fact, upon Lenin’s death in 1924, Stalin began the consolidation of his power base, conducting show trials to purge enemies and rivals, even having Leon Trotsky assassinated during his exile in Mexico. Stalin also abandoned Lenin’s New Economic Policy, which would have meant some decentralization of industry. Stalin demanded—and got—absolute state control of the economy, as well as greater swaths of Soviet life, until his totalitarian grip on the new Russian empire was absolute.
The outbreak of World War II saw Stalin attempt an alliance with Adolf Hitler for purely self-interested reasons, and despite the political fallout of a communist signing an alliance with a fascist, they signed a nonaggression pact that allowed each dictator free reign in their respective spheres of influence. Stalin then proceeded to annex parts of Poland, Romania, and Finland, and occupy Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In May 1941, he made himself chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars; he was now the official head of the government and no longer merely head of the party. One month later, Germany invaded the USSR, making significant early inroads. As German troops approached, Stalin remained in the capital, directing a scorched-earth defensive policy and exercising personal control over the strategies of the Red Army.
As the war progressed, Stalin sat in on the major Allied conferences, including those in Tehran (1943) and Yalta (1945). His iron will and deft political skills enabled him to play the loyal ally while never abandoning his vision of an expanded postwar Soviet Empire. In fact, after Germany’s surrender in April 1945, Stalin oversaw the continued occupation and domination of much of Eastern Europe, despite “promises” of free elections in those countries.
Stalin did not mellow with age; he prosecuted a reign of terror, purges, executions, exiles to the Gulag Archipelago (a system of forced-labor camps in the frozen north), and persecution in the postwar USSR, suppressing all dissent and anything that smacked of foreign, especially Western European, influence. To the great relief of many, he died of a massive heart attack on March 5, 1953. He is remembered to this day as the man who helped save his nation from Nazi domination—and as the mass murderer of the century, having overseen the deaths of between 8 million and 10 million of his own people.
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| one thousand nine hundred and fifty three |
Which 13th century philosopher and theologian was known as 'Doctor Angelicus'? | William Holden - Biography - IMDb
William Holden
Biography
Showing all 90 items
Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (60) | Personal Quotes (13) | Salary (7)
Overview (5)
5' 11" (1.8 m)
Mini Bio (1)
William Holden was born William Franklin Beedle, Jr. in O'Fallon, Illinois, to Mary Blanche (Ball), a schoolteacher, and William Franklin Beedle, Sr., an industrial chemist. He came from a wealthy family (the Beedles) that moved to Pasadena, California, when he was three. In 1937, while studying chemistry at Pasadena Junior College, he was signed to a film contract by Paramount. His first starring role was as a young man torn between the violin and boxing in Golden Boy (1939). From then on he was typecast as the boy-next-door.
After returning from World War II military service, he got two very important roles: Joe Gillis, the gigolo, in Sunset Boulevard (1950), and the tutor in Born Yesterday (1950). These were followed by his Oscar-winning role as the cynical sergeant in Stalag 17 (1953). He stayed popular through the 1950s, appearing in such films as Picnic (1955). He spent much of his later time as co-owner of the Mount Kenya Safari Club, dividing his time between Africa and Switzerland.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan <[email protected]>
Spouse (1)
( 12 July 1941 - 1971) (divorced) (2 children)
Trade Mark (3)
Often infused his parts, even the more serious ones, with sardonic humor
Dimpled chin
Trivia (60)
Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#57). [1995]
Was the best man at Ronald Reagan 's and Nancy Reagan ' wedding in 1952.
He suffered a laceration to his forehead and bled to death, after he slipped on a throw rug and hit his head on a table. Claims that he was intoxicated at the time are disputed.
Adopted his stepdaughter, Virginia Holden (Virginia Gaines), from Ardis Ankerson's ( Brenda Marshall 's) first marriage. He and Marshall had two sons together, Peter Westfield "West" Holden, born November 17, 1943, and Scott Holden (Scott Porter Holden, born May 2, 1946.
Not to be confused with the character actor William Holden .
Brian Donlevy was his best man when Holden married Brenda Marshall in 1941. A Congregationalist Church service was planned in Las Vegas. Since William and Brian were still filming The Remarkable Andrew (1942), there were delays and it was 3am before they arrived for the ceremony. By that time the minister had long gone to bed. It was 4pm Sunday before another preacher could be found to perform the wedding. After they were married, they had a champagne breakfast and hopped a plane back to Los Angeles so he and Brian could wrap up shooting, and Brenda was off to Canada to film some location footage that she was still working on. It would be three more months before they would have a real honeymoon (one mishap after another postponed it ... including the TWO of them having to undergo emergency appendectomies)!
He was very instrumental in animal preservation in Africa. In the 1970s he purchased a large acreage of land with his own money and began an animal sanctuary. His love of the wild animal was shared with his then companion Stefanie Powers (from Hart to Hart (1979)). He would appear on talk shows to promote the saving of animals and to spread the word of anti-poaching and illegal animal trade.
A hygiene fanatic, he reportedly showered up to four times daily.
Ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean.
Family: Mother: Mary Beedle (nee Ball). Father: William Franklin Beedle, born 1892. Brother: Robert Westfield Beedle, born 1921; died January 1, 1944. Brother: Richard P. Beedle , born 1925.
Immortalized in [Canadian band], Blue Rodeo's song "Floating" with the lyric: "I need love and it's you, And I feel like William Holden floating in a pool" - Greg Keelor , the writer of the song, said this: "That sort of quiet desperation at the end of a relationship when nothing's really making sense and I sort of had the image of William Holden at the beginning of Sunset Boulevard (1950) in my head, and I'd always sort of related to that character floating in that pool. I was always hoping for the opportunity to play the gigolo for some wealthy woman. This is a song about identifying with that sort of compromised existence."
Although it is thought by some that J.D. Salinger got the name for his hero Holden Caulfield in "The Catcher in the Rye" when he saw a marquee for Dear Ruth (1947), starring William Holden and Joan Caulfield , Salinger's first Holden Caulfield story, "I'm Crazy," appeared in Collier's on December 22, 1945, a year and a half before this movie came out.
Won Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 (1953). When accepting his statue at the Acadamy Awards, simply stated, "Thank you" and walked off.
Holden said that, at some point, he lost his passion for acting and that it eventually just became a job so that he could support himself.
He was voted the 63rd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
Considered himself to be a moderate Republican, although he was never involved in any political campaigns and never endorsed a candidate. In 1947 he joined the Committee for the First Amendment to oppose blacklisting in Hollywood, and was later very upset by the blacklisting of his close friends Dalton Trumbo and Larry Parks .
Was named #25 Actor on the 50 Greatest Screen Legends by the AFI
Is portrayed by Gabriel Macht in The Audrey Hepburn Story (2000)
In the song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega , the lyrics "I open up the paper / there's a story of an actor / who died while he was drinking / he was no one I had heard of" refer to Holden, whose death was indeed reported in the New York Post on November 18, 1981, when the song was written. Vega has subsequently expressed embarrassment at these lyrics.
Made two films with Audrey Hepburn : Sabrina (1954) and Paris When It Sizzles (1964).
His younger brother, Robert Beedle, was actually a Navy fighter pilot who was killed in action in World War II, and after The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954) was released, he was remembered by his squadron-mates as having been very much like Holden's character of Lt. Harry Brubaker in that movie.
Was an avid art collector. His private collection at his exclusive hilltop home in Palm Springs featured antique Asian art. Upon his death, the priceless collection was donated to the Palm Springs Museum of Art, where it is proudly displayed today.
He was of mostly English, with more distant Irish and French, ancestry.
Was involved in a serious road accident in Italy in July 1966.
Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 391-397. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998.
Turned down Henry Fonda 's role in Mister Roberts (1955).
He enjoyed firework displays.
Turned down The Guns of Navarone (1961) because producer Carl Foreman wouldn't meet his fee of $750,000 + 20% of the gross.
Holden was cast as Pike Bishop in The Wild Bunch (1969) after the role had been turned down by Lee Marvin , Burt Lancaster , James Stewart , Charlton Heston , Gregory Peck , Sterling Hayden , Richard Boone and Robert Mitchum . Marvin actually accepted the role but pulled out after he was offered a larger pay deal to star in Paint Your Wagon (1969).
He was so grateful to Barbara Stanwyck for her insistence on casting him in Golden Boy (1939), his first big role, that he reportedly sent her flowers every year on the anniversary of the first day of the filming.
Starred alongside Gloria Swanson in Sunset Boulevard (1950) and Judy Holliday in Born Yesterday (1950). Both actresses were nominated for the Best Actress Oscar for their performances in these films. Holliday won.
Starred alongside Grace Kelly in The Country Girl (1954) and Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954). Both actresses were nominated for the Best Actress Oscar for their performances in these films. Kelly won.
He had a daughter, Arlene, in 1937 with actress Eva May Hoffman. Arlene was raised by her mother and her stepfather, composer Emil Newman .
Moved to Switzerland for tax reasons in 1959, and did not return to live in Hollywood until 1967.
He appeared among the top ten box office stars six times, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual poll of movie exhibitors, The Top Ten Money-Making Stars, the definitive list of movie stars' pull at the box office. He actually topped the list in 1956, two years after entering it at #7 in 1954, the year he won the Best Actor Oscar with his performance in Stalag 17 (1953). In 1955, he was ranked #4, then hit #1 for the first and only time in 1956, and then dropped to #7 in 1957 before rebounding slightly to #6 in 1958. After five straight years in the Top 10, he dropped off the list in 1959 and 1960, but reappeared in the Top Ten in 1961, ranked in eighth place. His 1961 appearance among the Top Ten Box Office stars was his last.
Was the Top Box Office Star of 1956, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual poll of movie exhibitors, The Top Ten Money-Making Stars, the definitive list of movie stars' pull at the box office.
Father of Scott Holden , Arlene Holden and Peter Holden.
For The Horse Soldiers (1959) both Holden and John Wayne received $775,000, plus twenty per cent of the overall profits, an unheard-of sum for that time. The final contract, heralded as marking the beginning of mega-deals for Hollywood stars, involved six companies and numbered twice the pages of the movie's script. The film, however, was a critical and commercial failure, with no profits to be shared in the end.
Turned down Marlon Brando 's role in Sayonara (1957) in order to make The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).
Died one day before his eldest son Peter's 38th birthday.
A Japanophile, someone preoccupied with Japanese culture, he befriended actor Toshirô Mifune on a visit to Japan in 1954. After seeing the film Mifune was working on at that time, Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954), Holden offered to distribute the film in America. The producers agreed to let Holden record a narration to explain the film when it was released in America. This addition led American critics to wrongly think that Holden had recut the film for American distribution.
Held a press conference in late 1980 to deny newspaper reports that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer.
Although married to Brenda Marshall for over 30 years, they were actually separated for most of their marriage. At the time of his death, he was the companion of Stefanie Powers .
In the last years of his life he increasingly suffered from emphysema.
Was originally cast for the lead in The Rainmaker (1956), role eventually played by Burt Lancaster .
Was considered for the role of "Maurice Novak" in Career (1959).
Felt he didn't deserve the Academy Award for Best Actor for Stalag 17 (1953), and that the award should have gone to Burt Lancaster for From Here to Eternity (1953). His wife also felt that the honor was just a belated apology for snubbing his nomination for Sunset Boulevard (1950).
Toward the Unknown (1956) was the only movie made by his production company, "Toluca Productions".
Holden acted with wife Brenda Marshall professionally for the only time in a "Theater Guild on the Air" production of "The Lost Weekend.".
Holden was vice-president of the Screen Actors Guild and Parks Commissioner for Los Angeles.
Holden did not legally change his name from Beedle until he joined the USAF in 1942.
He was a favorite actor of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy but disappointed her immensely when she discovered he was a Republican.
Was a Boy Scout.
For a time in 1943, Holden shared an apartment in Ft. Worth, Texas with baseball superstar Hank Greenberg while both of them were serving stateside in WWII.
Billy Wilder on Holden's death: "If someone had said to me, 'Holden's dead,' I would have assumed that he had been gored by a water buffalo in Kenya, that he had died in a plane crash approaching Hong Kong, that a crazed, jealous woman had shot him, and he drowned in a swimming pool. But to be killed by a bottle of vodka and a night table - what a lousy fade-out of a great guy!".
"Hollwood Reporter" reported that Holden had signed to play the coach in That Championship Season (1982), but his death precluded that, and he was replaced by Robert Mitchum . Holden had also agreed to co-star with old friend Glenn Ford in "Dime Novel Sunset", which was never made.
Holden bequeathed $250,000 to girlfriend Stefanie Powers , $50,000 to former co-star Capucine , and $50,000 to socialite friend Patricia Stauffer. The bulk of his estate was divided between ex-wife Brenda Marshall , their two actor sons, his step-daughter, his sister, and his mother.
Owned the "Mount Kenya Safari Club" with his business partners oil billionaire Ray Ryan and Swiss financier Carl Hirschmann. The most elite private members' club in the world. Membership was by invitation only and members included Bing Crosby , David Lean , Charles Chaplin , Steve McQueen , Conrad Hilton , Winston Churchill and His Highness the Maharajah of Jaipur . Stefanie Powers and John Hurt still keep houses adjoining the club.
Personal Quotes (13)
For me, acting is not an all-consuming thing, except for the moment when I am actually doing it.
Take any picture you can. One out of four will be good, one out of ten will be very good, and one out of 15 will get you an Academy Award.
Movie acting may not have a certain kind of glory as true art, but it is damn hard work.
I don't really know why, but danger has always been an important thing in my life - to see how far I could lean without falling, how fast I could go without cracking up.
I'm a whore, all actors are whores. We sell our bodies to the highest bidder.
[on Barbara Stanwyck ] Thirty-nine years ago this month, we were working in a film together called Golden Boy (1939). It wasn't going so well and I was going to be replaced. But due to this lovely human being and her encouragement and above all her generosity, I'm here tonight.
[on working with Clint Eastwood on Breezy (1973)] He's even-tempered -- a personality trait not much in evidence among directors. The crew is totally behind him and that really helps things go smoothly.
[on Humphrey Bogart ] I hated that bastard.
I found the jungle a beautiful and fascinating place to be, I like to come here because I want to stay away from the jungle as much as I can.
I made Toward the Unknown (1956) as an actor by day and, by night, a caster, a cuter, and a producer. I'll never do anything like that again.
[on Toni Helfer and Ralph Helfer ] Years after our initial meeting in Africa, I visited Ralph and Toni at Africa U.S.A. in Sangus, California, and there I was even more amazed at the rapport the two of them had with their wildlife. Toni is an absolutely fearless human being who is totally loved by every animal she has ever touched. She is undaunted by any endeavor or undertaking. A remarkable painter, naturalist, zoologist, conservationist, and now author. Toni Helfer has the courage and the curiosity we all should have. For the sake of the world I wish Ralph and Toni a long, rich, and productive life.
The other day I drove into the garage of my Palm Springs house with some groceries. Suddenly one of those tour buses pulled up and a voice said, "This is William Holden's house, and I think I just saw him pull in." I flattened myself against the garage wall - the garage was separate from the house - and tried to hide. But the bags got heavy so I finally thought to hell with it, and walked out. And the voice said, "There he is, folks, I told you he'd come out sooner or later."
Let's face it, it's pretty difficult to kiss someone who is a stranger. I don't think anyone in movies enjoys playing a love scene. Kissing someone is an intimate act, and when you have to do it in front of other people it's not easy.
Salary (7)
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Which year saw Yuri Gagarin become the first man in space and the erection of the 'Berlin Wall'? | Nikita Khrushchev - Cold War - HISTORY.com
Nikita Khrushchev
A+E Networks
Introduction
Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1964. Though he largely pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, he instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by placing nuclear weapons 90 miles from Florida. At home, he initiated a process of “de-Stalinization” that made Soviet society less repressive. Yet Khrushchev could be authoritarian in his own right, crushing a revolt in Hungary and approving the construction of the Berlin Wall. Known for his colorful speeches, he once took off and brandished his shoe at the United Nations.
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Nikita Khrushchev: The Early Years
Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894, in Kalinovka, a small Russian village near the Ukrainian border. At age 14 he moved with his family to the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka, where he apprenticed as a metalworker and performed other odd jobs. Despite his religious upbringing, Khrushchev joined the communist Bolsheviks in 1918, more than a year after they had seized power in the Russian Revolution . During the subsequent Russian Civil War, Khrushchev’s first wife, with whom he had two children, died of typhus. He later remarried and had four more children.
Did You Know?
During the “kitchen debate” of 1959, so named because it took place in a model kitchen set up for a trade exhibition in Moscow, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev told U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon, “Let’s compete. Who can produce the most goods for the people, that system is better and it will win.”
In 1929 Khrushchev moved to Moscow, where he steadily rose through the Communist Party ranks. Eventually he entered the inner circle of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin , who by that time had consolidated control over the country and instituted a bloody purge of perceived enemies. Millions of people were killed or imprisoned in Gulag labor camps, and millions more died in famines brought on by the forced collectivization of agriculture.
Khrushchev Takes Over for Stalin
During World War II , Khrushchev mobilized troops to fight Nazi Germany in the Ukraine and at Stalingrad. After the war, he helped to rebuild the devastated countryside while simultaneously stifling Ukrainian nationalist dissent. By the time Stalin died in March 1953, Khrushchev had positioned himself as a possible successor. Six months later, he became head of the Communist Party and one of the most powerful people in the USSR.
At first, Khrushchev and other high-ranking officials ruled through a form of collective leadership. But in 1955 he organized the ouster of Premier Georgi Malenkov and replaced him with an ally, Nikolai Bulganin. Khrushchev foiled a Malenkov-led coup attempt in June 1957 and took over the premiership the following March.
Khrushchev Begins the De-Stalinization Process
Once a loyal Stalinist, Khrushchev gave a long speech in February 1956 that criticized Stalin for arresting and deporting opponents, for elevating himself above the party and for incompetent wartime leadership, among other things. This withering, albeit incomplete, indictment of Stalin was supposed to remain secret. By that June, however, the U.S. State Department had published the complete text. Starting in 1957, Khrushchev made some minor attempts to rehabilitate Stalin’s image. But he switched course once again in 1961, when the city of Stalingrad was renamed and Stalin’s remains were removed from Lenin’s mausoleum in Moscow’s Red Square .
Emboldened by Khrushchev’s so-called “secret speech,” protestors took to the streets in the Soviet satellites of Poland and Hungary. The Polish revolt was resolved fairly peacefully, but the Hungarian revolt was violently suppressed with troops and tanks. In all, at least 2,500 Hungarians were killed in late 1956, and about 13,000 were wounded. Many more fled to the West, and others were arrested or deported.
On the domestic front, Khrushchev worked—not always successfully—to increase agricultural production and raise living standards. He also reduced the power of the Soviet Union’s feared secret police, released many political prisoners, relaxed artistic censorship, opened up more of the country to foreign visitors and inaugurated the space age in 1957 with the launch of the satellite Sputnik. Two years later, a Soviet rocket hit the moon, and in 1961 Soviet astronaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first man in space.
Khrushchev’s Relationship With Foreign Leaders
Khrushchev had a complicated relationship with the West. A fervent believer in communism, he nonetheless preferred peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries. Unlike Stalin, he even visited the United States. Relations between the two superpowers deteriorated somewhat in 1960 when the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane deep inside their territory. The following year, Khrushchev approved the construction of the Berlin Wall in order to stop East Germans from fleeing to capitalist West Germany.
Cold War tensions reached a high point in October 1962 when the United States discovered Soviet nuclear missiles stationed in Cuba. The world appeared to be on the brink of nuclear conflict, but, after a 13-day standoff, Khrushchev agreed to remove the weapons. In return, U.S. President John F. Kennedy , who one year earlier had authorized the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, publicly consented not to attack Cuba. Kennedy also privately agreed to take American nuclear weapons out of Turkey. In July 1963, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union negotiated a partial nuclear test ban.
One of the sharpest thorns in Khrushchev’s side was fellow communist Mao Zedong , the leader of China. Starting around 1960, the two sides engaged in an increasingly vindictive war of words, with Khrushchev calling Mao a “left revisionist” who failed to comprehend modern warfare. The Chinese, meanwhile, criticized Khrushchev as a “psalm-singing buffoon” who underestimated the nature of Western imperialism.
Khrushchev’s Fall From Power
The break with China and food shortages in the USSR eroded Khrushchev’s legitimacy in the eyes of other high-ranking Soviet officials, who were already bothered by what they saw as his erratic tendency to undercut their authority. In October 1964 Khrushchev was called back from a vacation in Pitsunda, Georgia , and forced to resign as both premier and head of the Communist Party. Khrushchev wrote his memoirs and quietly lived out the remainder of his days before dying of a heart attack in September 1971. Nonetheless, his spirit of reform lived on during the perestroika era of the 1980s.
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| one thousand nine hundred and sixty one |
In poetry, which word, deriving from the Greek for 'carrying back', is given to the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image or a concept? | Key Moments of the Cold War - Houston Chronicle
Key Moments of the Cold War
By Dylan Baddour
on September 22, 2015 9:49 AM
Photo: STF, Getty Images
The End of WWII
May 7 1945
In the later years of WWII, the Americans led the trek to Berlin from the West while the Soviets fought in from the East. The first allied boots in Berlin were the Soviets, soon followed by the Americans. But the two superpowers soon ended their allegiance. The subsequent division of conquered European territory laid important groundwork for the Cold War.
PICTURED: REIMS, FRANCE: German General Alfred Jodl (3rd R), flanked by Admiral Von Friedeburg (2nd R), signs 07 May 1945 the German surrender document at the Allied headquarters in Reims, eastern France. The date that World War II finally came to an end in Europe is still a matter for debate. For the British and Americans it ended on May 7, 1945 with the signing of the German surrender in Reims. For the Russians, it was the signature of the unconditional surrender in Berlin on May 9 and for the French it remains May 8, the day the fighting actually came to a halt. AFP PHOTO FILES less
The End of WWII
May 7 1945
In the later years of WWII, the Americans led the trek to Berlin from the West while the Soviets fought in from the East. The first allied boots in Berlin were the Soviets, soon
Photo: STF, Getty Images
The End of WWII May 7 1945 In the later years of WWII, the... Photo-8672685.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 2 of 26
The Berlin Airlift
April 1948-May 1949
Widely seen as the first major escalation of the Cold War, America and it's Western allies subverted a Soviet blockade. Moscow wanted the United States out of occupied Berlin, and halted in train and truck traffic in. In response, the United States and allies flew over 200,000 flights to deliver supplies to residents of West Berlin, asserting the Americans' firm claim to the conquered European territories.
Pictured: US C-47 cargo plane flying over locals amid ruins, approaching Tempelhof Airport with food & other relief supplies in Berlin Airlift OP to break blockade of overland routes imposed by surrounding Soviets. less
The Berlin Airlift
April 1948-May 1949
Widely seen as the first major escalation of the Cold War, America and it's Western allies subverted a Soviet blockade. Moscow wanted the United States out of occupied
Photo: Walter Sanders, Getty Images
The Berlin Airlift April 1948-May 1949 Widely seen as the... Photo-8672675.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 3 of 26
Rosenberg spies steal nuclear secrets
1950
American citizens Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were indicted in August 1950 on charges of espionage for giving American nuclear secretes to the Soviet Union. They were credited with helping the Soviets build their first atomic bomb, and said they believed that the weapon was too powerful for only one nation to possess. They were executed by electric chair in 1953.
Rosenberg spies steal nuclear secrets
1950
American citizens Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were indicted in August 1950 on charges of espionage for giving American nuclear secretes to the Soviet Union. They were
Rosenberg spies steal nuclear secrets 1950 American... Photo-8673074.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 4 of 26
First thermo-nuclear explosion
November 1, 1952
During the Cold War, the world lived in fear of a plausible nuclear exchange, accentuated by ever-larger nuclear tests by the superpowers. In 1952, the United States detonated the first ever thermo-nuclear bomb, a high-tech variant of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 that produced an explosion tens to hundreds of times larger. Subsequent tests were famously conducted at the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
First thermo-nuclear explosion
November 1, 1952
During the Cold War, the world lived in fear of a plausible nuclear exchange, accentuated by ever-larger nuclear tests by the superpowers. In 1952, the United
Photo: Galerie Bilderwelt, Getty Images
First thermo-nuclear explosion November 1, 1952 During... Photo-8672692.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 5 of 26
The Korean War
1950-1953
Before WWII, Japan ruled Korea. Afterwards the peninsula was divided between American and Soviet occupations, and two Korean governments claimed legitimacy. Soon they fought for control. China and the Soviets backed the northern communists, while thousands of American troops fought with the South Korean forces. No victory was ever declared. A 1953 armistice agreement set up a demilitarized zone dividing the two Koreas.
PICTURED: An elderly woman and her grandchild wander among the debris of
their wrecked home in the aftermath of an air raid by U.S. planes over Pyongyang, the Communist capital of North Korea.
The Korean War
1950-1953
Before WWII, Japan ruled Korea. Afterwards the peninsula was divided between American and Soviet occupations, and two Korean governments claimed legitimacy. Soon they fought for control.
The Korean War 1950-1953 Before WWII, Japan ruled Korea.... Photo-8672677.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 6 of 26
Sputnik
October 4, 1957
The first major stride in the space race, the Soviets launched the first orbiting satellite in 1957, scaring the United States with the unprecedented feat. Sputnik was a two-foot-wide metal ball that transmitted little more than its location back to Moscow, but it largely kicked off the heightened effort to dominate the final frontier.
Sputnik
October 4, 1957
The first major stride in the space race, the Soviets launched the first orbiting satellite in 1957, scaring the United States with the unprecedented feat. Sputnik was a two-foot-wide
Sputnik October 4, 1957 The first major stride in the... Photo-8672676.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 7 of 26
The Kitchen Debate
July 24, 1959
As tensions mounted, the two super rivals agreed to hold cultural exhibitions in each other's country--in Moscow and New York City. Then-Vice President Richard Nixon met Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at a modeled suburban American household, stocked with all mechanized conveniences of modern capitalist living, in the Russian capital. The debate between the two was later televised in both countries.
The Kitchen Debate
July 24, 1959
As tensions mounted, the two super rivals agreed to hold cultural exhibitions in each other's country--in Moscow and New York City. Then-Vice President Richard Nixon met Soviet
The Kitchen Debate July 24, 1959 As tensions mounted, the... Photo-8672686.117351 - Houston Chronicle
Image 8 of 26
Soviet Premier Visits an Iowa Farm
September 23, 1959
Iowa farmer Bob Garst sold his hybrid corn seeds to the Soviet Union in 1955, boosting communication between the two rival empires. Years later he got a visit from Soviet Nikita Khrushchev, which was seen as a major boost for U.S.-Soviet diplomacy and relations.
PICTURED: Farmer Roswell Garst (R), w. Russian Nikita S. Khrushchev during his visit at Garst's farm. less
Soviet Premier Visits an Iowa Farm
September 23, 1959
Iowa farmer Bob Garst sold his hybrid corn seeds to the Soviet Union in 1955, boosting communication between the two rival empires. Years later he got a
Photo: Michael Rougier, Getty Images
Soviet Premier Visits an Iowa Farm September 23, 1959... Photo-8672679.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The Cuban Revolution
1953-1959
Fidel Castro and his guerilla militia waged a years-long battle in the Cuban backwoods before taking Havana and overthrowing U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959. The Communist revolutionaries opened cordial relations with Moscow, giving the Soviet Union a close ally just 90 miles off the American coast.
The Cuban Revolution
1953-1959
Fidel Castro and his guerilla militia waged a years-long battle in the Cuban backwoods before taking Havana and overthrowing U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista on January 1,
The Cuban Revolution 1953-1959 Fidel Castro and his guerilla... Photo-8672694.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960
CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down as he flew a U-2 spy plane over the USSR. The United States was forced to admit spying on Soviet military bases, a major blow to diplomatic relations. Powers was captured and sentenced to prison and labor was released in 1962 in a prisoner exchange.
U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960
CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down as he flew a U-2 spy plane over the USSR. The United States was forced to admit spying on Soviet military bases, a major blow to diplomatic
Photo: Time Life Pictures, Getty Images
U-2 Incident May 1, 1960 CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers... Photo-8672674.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The First Man in Space
April 12, 1961
Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space and a national hero of the USSR, which was gaining significant ground in the space race against the Americans. Gagarin completed a single orbit of Earth in a Vostok spacecraft, and described the zero-gravity and view from outer space to a captivated world.
The First Man in Space
April 12, 1961
Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space and a national hero of the USSR, which was gaining significant ground in the space race against the Americans.
Photo: Rolls Press/Popperfoto, Getty Images
The First Man in Space April 12, 1961 Russian cosmonaut... Photo-8672678.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion
April 17, 1961
After the Cuban Revolution, the United States sought to remove the communist government from its near neighbor. But it's first attempt proved disastrous. American planes bombed Cuban air fields to make way for 1,400 militants trained by the CIA in Guatemala, most of whom were gunned down by Cuban forces as they landed at the beach. It was a major embarrassment for the United States and further stoked Cold War tensions.
PICTURED: Cuban militiamen and members of the Revolutionary Army celebrating their victory over US mercenaries at Playa Giron, in what became known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion. They are gathered in a launch belonging to the captured mercenaries. less
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
April 17, 1961
After the Cuban Revolution, the United States sought to remove the communist government from its near neighbor. But it's first attempt proved disastrous. American planes
The Bay of Pigs Invasion April 17, 1961 After the Cuban... Photo-8672680.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Construction of the Berlin Wall
August 13, 1961
The Soviets billed the Berlin Wall as an "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart" to protect Soviet East Berlin from the American-, British- and French-controlled sectors of West Berlin. It ran 96 miles through the German capital and on between East and West German. It became seen as a symbol of Soviet oppression of Eastern Europe, where people were not free to migrate to the Western nations.
PICTURED: GERMANY: On August 13th 1961, building commandos of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic started the erection of the 3.50 mtrs high wall which separated the East sector from the other parts of the city. less
Construction of the Berlin Wall
August 13, 1961
The Soviets billed the Berlin Wall as an "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart" to protect Soviet East Berlin from the American-, British- and French-controlled sectors
Construction of the Berlin Wall August 13, 1961 The... Photo-8672681.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Tsar Bomba
October 30, 1961
The detonation of the Soviet bomb remains the most powerful man made explosion ever to rock Planet Earth, and came after more than a decade of competitive nuclear tests by the USA and USSR, widely seen as saber rattling. The Tsar Bomba produced an explosion equal to 50 million tons of TNT.
Tsar Bomba
October 30, 1961
The detonation of the Soviet bomb remains the most powerful man made explosion ever to rock Planet Earth, and came after more than a decade of competitive nuclear tests by the USA and
Tsar Bomba October 30, 1961 The detonation of the Soviet... Photo-8672691.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962
In response to deployment of American nukes in Turkey, and the failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba, Moscow installed nuclear launch facilities in Cuba, just 90 miles from the U.S. mainland. A 13-day standoff and U.S. blockade of Cuban ports followed, with the country captivated as the world edged as close to nuclear war as it had ever been.
PICTURED: People watching President John F. Kennedy's TV announcement of Cuban blockade during the missile crisis in a department store. less
The Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962
In response to deployment of American nukes in Turkey, and the failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba, Moscow installed nuclear launch facilities in Cuba, just 90 miles from
Photo: Ralph Crane, Getty Images
The Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 In response to... Photo-8672693.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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"Ich bin ein Berliner"
June 26, 1963
Less than two years after the Berlin Wall went up, U.S. President John Kennedy declared his support for West Berlin in a public speech. At the time, U.S.-administered West Berlin was embedded in Soviet East Germany, and many feared a Soviet invasion. JFK's speech, considered among his best, was seen as a bold publicity move declaring American resolve to support the German capital.
PICTURED: American President John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963) delivers a speech (the so-called 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech) to a massive crowd Berlin, Germany, June 26, 1963. less
"Ich bin ein Berliner"
June 26, 1963
Less than two years after the Berlin Wall went up, U.S. President John Kennedy declared his support for West Berlin in a public speech. At the time, U.S.-administered West
"Ich bin ein Berliner" June 26, 1963 Less than... Photo-8672682.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The Vietnam War
~1955-April 30, 1975
During the Cold War, the American policy of "containment" advised that any leftist uprisings should be immediately destroyed in order to prevent the spread of communism to other areas. The growing strength of a Soviet-backed Northern Vietnamese communist revolution drew increasing concern from the United States, until an American police effort escalated to all-out war in the mid-1960s. By the time the Americans retreated, almost 60,000 U.S. soldiers and three million Vietnamese were killed.
PICTURED: US Army soldiers burn straw huts during the Operation Pegasus phase of the Battle of Khe Sanh, Vietnam, April 1968. Pegasus was an attempt to lift the siege from the US Marine base that had been under attack single January. less
The Vietnam War
~1955-April 30, 1975
During the Cold War, the American policy of "containment" advised that any leftist uprisings should be immediately destroyed in order to prevent the spread of communism to
Photo: Larry Burrows, Getty Images
The Vietnam War ~1955-April 30, 1975 During the Cold War,... Photo-8672683.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed
October 7, 1963
After hundreds of nuclear bombs had been experimentally detonated on land, underwater and in the upper atmosphere, world leaders grew concerned about accumulation of nuclear fallout in Earth's air. And the persistent tests seems only to stoke international tensions. In 1963, the United States, United Kingdom and the USSR signed a treaty to limit all further nuclear tests to underground facilities.
President Kennedy (1917 - 1963) signs the nuclear test ban treaty for the United States watched by a committee of senators, Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908 - 1973) and Foreign secretary, Dean Rusk. less
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed
October 7, 1963
After hundreds of nuclear bombs had been experimentally detonated on land, underwater and in the upper atmosphere, world leaders grew concerned about accumulation
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed October 7, 1963 After... Photo-8672687.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia
August 21, 1968
When Czech leadership behind the iron curtain pushed forward a series of liberal reforms that contrast with Soviet policy, an allied force of Warsaw Pact nations invaded to quell dissent. That night, the U.S. and its allies requested an emergency meeting of the U.N. Security Council, but to little effect. The Soviet effort successfully bolstered the conservative wing of the Czech government and silenced the reform movement.
PICTURED: Prague residents surround Soviet tanks in Prague on 21 August 1968 as the Soviet-led invasion by the Warsaw Pact armies crushed the so called Prague Spring reform in former Czechoslovakia. less
Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia
August 21, 1968
When Czech leadership behind the iron curtain pushed forward a series of liberal reforms that contrast with Soviet policy, an allied force of Warsaw Pact
Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia August 21, 1968... Photo-8672688.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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The first moon landing
July 20, 1969
Two American astronauts set foot on the moon, just seven years after U.S. President John Kennedy declared the Americans would would win the space race and reach the moon by the decade's end.
The first moon landing
July 20, 1969
Two American astronauts set foot on the moon, just seven years after U.S. President John Kennedy declared the Americans would would win the space race and reach the moon by
The first moon landing July 20, 1969 Two American astronauts... Photo-6577532.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Overthrow of Chile's Communist Government
September 11, 1973
When the Chilean people elected openly communist President Salvador Allende, U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger urgently advocated Allende's removal in order to stop the spread of communist ideology in the Americas. The United States backed Chilean General Augusto Pinochet in 1 973 coup that saw the Chilean army bomb its own capital city, killing Allende in his presidential palace.
PICTURED: SANTIAGO, CHILE: This 11 September, 1973, file photo shows Chilean Army troops firing on the La Moneda Palace in Santiago, during a cup led by Gen. Augusto Pinochet against President Salvador Allende, who died in the attack on the palace. Pinochet is currently under house arrest in London awaiting an extradition hearing set for 27 September, 1999. Pinochet has been accused of human rights abuses by several countries in Europe. AFP PHOTO/FILES less
Overthrow of Chile's Communist Government
September 11, 1973
When the Chilean people elected openly communist President Salvador Allende, U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger urgently advocated
Overthrow of Chile's Communist Government September 11,... Photo-8672684.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Miracle on Ice
February 22, 1980
In the 1980 Winter Olympics, the United States men's hockey team defeated the six-time gold medal champion team of the USSR, and went on to win a gold medal in the event. Sports Illustrated dubbed the victory the "Miracle on Ice," and it was a major boon to American spirits in their long-standing rivalry with the Soviet Union.
Miracle on Ice
February 22, 1980
In the 1980 Winter Olympics, the United States men's hockey team defeated the six-time gold medal champion team of the USSR, and went on to win a gold medal in the event.
Miracle on Ice February 22, 1980 In the 1980 Winter... Photo-8673081.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
February 1989
The USSR invaded neighbor Afghanistan in 1979 for a ten-year war that decimated the impoverished Central Asian country as the Soviets struggle to fight guerillas on their home turf. The war, often called the Soviet Union's Vietnam, became a tremendous financial drain on the USSR, especially as the United States funneled hundreds of millions of dollars to arm the Afghan resistance, including Osama Bin Laden. In 1989 the Soviets withdrew having spent a lot and accomplished little.
Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
February 1989
The USSR invaded neighbor Afghanistan in 1979 for a ten-year war that decimated the impoverished Central Asian country as the Soviets struggle to fight guerillas
Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan February 1989 The USSR... Photo-8672690.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Fall of the Berlin Wall
November 9, 1989
Citizens of East and West Germany climbed atop the nearly 20-year-old Berlin wall. As Soviet Eastern Europe had fallen into severe economic depression, massive waves of refugees heading West became too much for East German or other Soviet authorities to handle. They were overwhelmed. They could do little in November as citizens began taking pick axes and sledge hammers to the wall.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
November 9, 1989
Citizens of East and West Germany climbed atop the nearly 20-year-old Berlin wall. As Soviet Eastern Europe had fallen into severe economic depression, massive waves of
Fall of the Berlin Wall November 9, 1989 Citizens of East and... Photo-7126121.117351 - Houston Chronicle
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Fall of the Soviet Union
December 26, 1991
After years of faltering economics and depression in the homeland, the Soviet leadership declared the independence of all former Soviet Republics. The red and yellow soviet flag came down at the Kremlin, replaced by the flag of Russia.
FILES- This file picture shows Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze taking part to the opening Congress of the Movement for the Democratic Reform December 14, 1991, in Moscow. Eduard Shevardnadze, who as the Soviet Union's last foreign minister was one of the key figures in the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, told AFP in advance of the November 9 anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall that he always knew it would come down. He recalled how he and then Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev had to fight against longstanding fears and prejudice to avoid bloodshed.He has spent the last six years writing his memoirs, rarely leaving his residence, and surrounded by framed photographs of his younger self shaking hands with world leaders. At 81, Shevardnadze is showing his age, his movements slow and his once lustrous hair -- which earned him the moniker the "White Fox" -- thinning. AFP PHOTO ALAIN-PIERRE HOVASSE less
Fall of the Soviet Union
December 26, 1991
After years of faltering economics and depression in the homeland, the Soviet leadership declared the independence of all former Soviet Republics. The red and yellow
| i don't know |
'The Weaver Of Raveloe' is the subtitle of which famous 19th century novel? | Silas Marner by Eliot, George
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe.
Eliot, George
Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1861. First edition. Carter's binding "A", which is the preferred and much more elaborate. With Blackwood and Carlyle ads at the rear (which only appear in some copies). Octavo, original orange cloth. In near fine condition with minor wear. "The finest of [Eliot's] studies of humble rural life" (Stanford Companion, 211). "Overwhelming are the glorious qualities which make [Eliot] a supreme novelist in an age of great novelists: her penetrating sympathy, her deep knowledge of humanity, her descriptive power, her lambent humor, the reflection of her extraordinary mind" (Kunitz and Haycraft).
Silas Marner
ELIOT, George
Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1861. First Edition, In the Original Cloth Binding ELIOT, George. Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1861. First edition. Octavo (7 3/4 x 4 13/16 inches; 197 x 122 mm.). [6], 364 pp. plus 16 pp. publisher's advertisements, [4,unnumbered ads for the third edition of "Autobiography of Dr Alexander Carlyle"] pp. Original cinnamon diagonal ripple-grain cloth (Carter A, no priority established) with covers decoratively paneled in blind and spine decoratively stamped and lettered in gilt. Top edge rough-trimmed, fore and bottom edges trimmed. Original cream-colored endpapers. Booksellers ticket "Gilbert Brothers, Gracechurch St, London" on front paste-down. Neat ink presentation dated 1861 on front free-endpaper. Minimal rubbing to corners and spine extremities. Rear inner hinge just starting, some light foxing. An excellent copy. Chemised in a quarter red morocco slip-case. The advertisements are in placing "b" (eight plus two leaves, at rear, with the advertisements for the third edition of Autobiography of Dr Alexander Carlyle following the publisher's catalogue), and the "New Works" list is in the earlier form, with pp. [1] and [2] listing three and four titles respectively (p. [1]: John Petherick's Egypt, Soudan, and Central Africa, Sir Archibald Alison's Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart ("In the press"), and the Count de Montalbert's The Monks of the West; p. [2]: George Finlay's History of the Greek Revolution ("In the press"), Rev. J. Cave-Browne's The Punjab and Delhi in 1857, David Page's The Past and Present Life of the Globe ("In the press"), and Henry Stephens' The Book of Farm Buildings ("In the press"). Baker & Ross A6.1.a. Carter, Binding Variants, pp. 111-112. Parrish, p. 15. Sadleir 819. Wolff 2063. Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, journalist, translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871-72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of them set in provincial England and known for their realism and psychological insight. She used a male pen name, she said, to ensure her works would be taken seriously. Female authors were published under their own names during Eliot's life, but she wanted to escape the stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances. She also wished to have her fiction judged separately from her already extensive and widely known work as an editor and critic. An additional factor in her use of a pen name may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years. Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by George Eliot, published in 1861. An outwardly simple tale of a linen weaver, it is notable for its strong realism and its sophisticated treatment of a variety of issues ranging from religion to industrialisation to community.
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe
Eliot, George
Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1861. Hardcover in acceptable condition. No jacket. First edition. Roger Senhouse's copy. Senhouse's notes pencilled on BEP. Boards and spine are marked and discoloured. Gilt text on spine is partially obscured. Minor paper residue on front board. Leading corners, edges and spine are worn, bumped and torn. Five centimetre tear and smaller tears on spine sides. Spine ends and leading corners are nicked. Page block and pages are tanned, marked and rought cut. Ink on front pastedown and FEP. Light creases and marginalia in pencil and crayon on a few pages. Splits on pastedown hinges and between some pages. Text remains clear. HCW. hardcover. Acceptable/No Dust Jacket. Used.
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe
ELIOT, George (pseud Mary Ann Evans)
Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood, 1861. First Edition. Well-preserved first edition of what is arguably Eliot's most complex novel, long the bane of middle-school readers to whom it has been thoughtlessly prescribed as a moral tonic. This copy with an interesting contemporary ownership inscription dated in the month of publication. Octavo (20cm); publisher's terra-cotta cloth, decoratively blind-stamped and lettered in gilt on spine; cream yellow endpapers; 3 preliminary leaves (including half-title, but lacking the two-page advertising leaf for Carlyle's Autobiography); 364pp + 16pp publisher's ads. Early ownership signature ("J. Wharton Duff, Aston House, April 6, 1861") on tipped-in leaf between front endpaper and half-title. Slight wear to spine ends and corners; gilt a trifle dull; clean repair to rear hinge; still a tight, attractive, Very Good copy.
SILAS MARNER: THE WEAVER OF RAVELOE
GEORGE ELIOT
William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1861. First Edition. Hardcover (Full Leather). Fine Condition. Illustrator: Rockwell Kent. George Eliot's famous and her favorite work. Finely bound in chocolate brown morocco by Bumpus of London. In excellent condition. When it was bound by this binder, they did not include the advertisements with the book. Leather on turn-ins have offset stained the free end papers so those blank pages look like they have borders. Has previous owner bookplate of the noted collectors, John Whiting Friel and Helen Otillie Friel. Rockwell Kent (1882-1971) designed this bookplate for the Friels in 1953. This bookplate has been featured in AIGA's 50 Books/50 Covers of 2002 (2003, Tom Boss, publisher) and the original rests in American Institute of Graphic Artists archives. This is the first UK edition. Size: 7 3/4" x 5". 364 pages. Text body is clean, and free from previous owner annotation, underlining and highlighting. Binding is tight, covers and spine fully intact. No foxing in this copy. Previous owner's book-plate laid in. Top edge gilt in good condition. Embossed, decorative leather covers and spine. Spine has five raised bands. Publication date in gilt along spine bottom. Illustrator: Rockwell Kent. Quantity Available: 1. Shipped Weight: Under 1 kilogram. Category: Antiquarian & Rare; Fine Leather Binding; Main Picture: Spine and Covers. Picture 2: Front Cover. Picture 3: Back Cover. Picture 4: Title Page. Picture 5: Close up of Rockwell bookplate. Picture 6: Inside front cover. Pictures of this item not already displayed here available upon request. Inventory No: 003454. .
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe
Eliot, George
London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1861. First edition. Hardcover. Very good condition. Finely bound by F. Bedford in late 19th-century polished tan speckled calf, dark red morocco title label, spine with 5 raised bands and the published date 1861 at the base. Covers with triple gilt rules, gilt inner dentelles, dark marbled endpapers, top edges gilt. 8vo, 364pp, Advertisements 16pp, Advertisement for "Autobiography of Dr. Alexander Carlyle", bearing January 1861 reviews [5] pp. Bound with half title and publisher's advertisements, marbled end papers. Small chip from the lower edge of spine, o/w very good condition. First edition. Sadleir 819.
| Silas Marner |
Which American actress, perhaps best known for her role in the 1970's TV show 'Charlie's Angels', died in 2009? | Silas Marner: A Study of Transition. Literature Criticism
Home » Literature Study Guides » Silas Marner: A Study of Transition
Silas Marner: A Study of Transition
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe was first published by George Eliot in 1861. For most critics, it stands apart from her other novels in the perceived thinness of its characterizations, the arbitrariness of its plot (which often partakes of the miraculous), and the simplicity of its conclusions. Many have called it her «moral fable.» However, it is precisely because of the bare, allegorical nature of the novel that the relationships of plot, character , and symbolism can most easily be discerned. For the story is by no means a fantasy, but a compact and serious work, wherein the issues of class, industrialization, and religion are realistically addressed in the context of the author's time through a series of contradictory parallels. Through both the structure and content of the novel, Eliot' refutes the common belief of the latter 19th century (held most strenuously by many of the upper classes) that membership in the upper classes indicated moral superiority, makes the implicit argument that industrialization dehumanizes and alienates workers, and suggests a «religion of humanity» founded on community as a substitute for the failure of organized religion.
The novel's main body of action takes place at the turn of the 19th century in the English rural community of Raveloe. However, the story goes back briefly to the 1780's to fill in the reasons Silas Marner moves to the provincial, isolated community, located in the English Midlands, from an industrial town in the north. Thus, the novel is set during what Marx identified as the time of transition from a feudal system of industry, with artisan guilds, to a manufacturing system (Elster's Karl Marx Reader, pg. 226). One learns Silas is a weaver and has been since a young man. A weaver at this time is an independent artisan who either works for himself and carries his spinning wheel and supplies on his back, if traveling from town to town, or who works in conjunction with other weavers, if settled in a stable community, and works often as a combination of the two. While living in this industrial town, he was also a highly thought of member of a little Dissenting church, (the word Dissent is used to describe the many fundamentalist, Protestant groups that sprung up in the18th and 19th centuries that opposed, for various reasons, the state-sanctioned Anglican Church of England). Silas was engaged to be married to a female member of the church and thought his future happiness assured. However, due to the betrayal of a fellow parishioner, who blamed him for a theft he did not commit, Silas was expelled from the congregation and he finds out later that his former fiancee married the man who had betrayed him.
Bereft and disillusioned, Silas comes to Raveloe and settles, though for fifteen years he has as little as possible to do with the community. His lonely exclusion from any community contributes to an obsession with money, and as the years progress, he amasses a horde that is his only pleasure. However, at the commencement of the story, he is robbed by a son of Squire Cass, the town's leading land owner (though Silas doesn't know the identity of the robber), and Silas' despair precipitates him into seeking help from the villagers. This begins a slow reintegration into society for Silas that is accelerated by his finding an apparently abandoned infant girl at his door a few weeks later. The readers know, however, that the child is the unacknowledged daughter of another of the Squire's sons, who keeps his marriage a secret because the child's mother is of a lower class and is an opium addict. When Silas decides to keep the child, Godfrey Cass, the child's real father, recognizes her as his own, but does not acknowledge her because the mother's unexpected death then frees him to marry a prominent young woman of his own class.
The story then jumps to around 1815, when the girl, Eppie, is grown and about to marry. Godfrey Cass has married the girl of his choice but their marriage is childless. In the meantime, Godfrey's brother, who stole Silas' money, and who has been missing since the theft, is found dead at the bottom of a local swamp when it is drained and Silas' money is recovered. Finally, in an attempt to rectify his «moral misjudgements,» Godfrey Cass goes to Silas and Eppie and admits he is Eppie's father and offers her his home and affection, as well as the advantages of his class. Eppie, however, rejects him in favor of the father who raised her and the novel ends with Eppie's marriage to a local boy of the working class.
The most prominent structural feature of the novel is its dual story line. Silas' story, his loss of humanity and faith and his gradual recovery, is kept entirely separate from the relating of Godfrey Cass' story, i. e. his secret marriage, second marriage, etc., until the climax of the novel when Eppie must choose between the father who reared her and her biological father. Not only do the dual story lines structurally mirror class divisions, but Eppie's choice between Silas Marner and Godfrey Cass at the conclusion symbolizes a moral choice between the values purveyed by each.
Another formal device to stir sympathy for the peasantry is the fact that the gentry are not even introduced until well into the story, leading the reader to identify with Silas and those of his own class first. In addition, the working class/peasantry, the title character of Marner being the most prominent, are portrayed in a favorable light, whereas the landed gentry are unanimously cast unsympathetically. Squire Cass is shown to be typical of his class in his «extravagant habits and bad husbandry» (pg. 71), and his only comment on public affairs is that he hopes the war with France (the Napoleonic Wars) continues because he is making money due to the resultant high prices (pg. 121), indicating his concern with profits rather than with his fighting countrymen. One of his sons, Dunstan, is characterized as having a «...taste for swopping and betting» (pg. 72), as well as being unusually cruel. Of course, Dunstan is the son who steals Silas' money for gambling purposes, and though Godfrey is said to be the most upright of the Squire's sons, he is tellingly summed-up in the statement, «His natural irresolution and moral cowardice were exaggerated by a position in which dreaded consequences seemed to press equally on all sides...» (pg. 77).
The picture that emerges of this leading family of the community is one of laziness, waste, and moral bankruptcy. It is also significant that the author does not allow these characters to go unpunished. Dunstan drowns in the swamp immediately following his theft, and Godfrey pays the price of childlessness in his marriage for refusing to acknowledge Eppie as his daughter. In contrast, the portrayal of the working class is extremely sympathetic. Silas is portrayed as a quiet, unassuming man with a «loving nature» (pg. 61), and the other prominent villagers, like Dolly Winthrop and Mr. Macey, are highlighted by the charity and fellowship they extend to Silas and Eppie, and to others of the community in need. Because Silas chooses to adopt Eppie, when her own father, Godfrey, does not, Silas is rewarded by love and community support, and the recovery of his gold. Eppie's final choice to stay with Silas and marry someone of her own class is the final, ironical statement of the greater morality of the working class and is a simultaneous rejection of the bourgeous passion to rise socially. In her treatment of class in this novel, George Eliot decisively refutes the assumption that morality is related in any way to class, whether in the form of the common and long-held belief that «noble» blood meant noble character or expressed in the attempts of some to use Darwin's recently published theories in a social context to justify class distinctions. This novel makes clear that the only distinctions between classes are economic and there is no moral justification for such divisions.
The second set of parallel but opposing worlds dealt with in the novel is that between the growing industrial urban centers of the early 19th century and the relatively untouched rural, agrarian communities. Though Silas is»self-employed,» professional weaving was a product of the growing, mass industrialization of textiles as opposed to former, local production. As Marx contends, (Elster, pg. 37), the very professionalizing of an activity, the commodification of what had formerly been a craft, creates alienation. To the people of Raveloe, professional weaving was an alien way of working, producing «pallid, undersized men who, by the side of the brawny country-folk, looked like the remnants of a disinherited race» (pg. 51). The novel shows an understanding of how mechanization imposes on the worker in that Silas is described as working in his loom, not on it, which eventually turns him into a component of the machine, «so that he had the same sort of impression as a handle or crooked tube, which has no meaning standing apart» (pg. 69). The years of weaving have given his body a «bent treadmill attitude» and have ruined his eyesight. His appearance of physical deformity generates suspicion in the people of Raveloe who recognize the difference between mechanical aids and mechanized industry. The rhythms of their machinery are more natural, «the cheerful trotting of the winnowing machine and the simple rhythm of the flail,» (pg. 52), and do not impose on the worker. The machinery is their servant. This comparison clearly highlights the dehumanization of machine toil. Silas no longer looks «human» because of the kind of work he does.
The final opposition posed in the novel, which ties in with the theme of Marner's loss and recovery of a sense of human community, is that between a narrow, religious sect of town-dwelling Dissenters, and the pagan, superstitious, but more honest religion of neighborliness in Raveloe. Though Raveloe's citizens belong to the Anglican Church, they do not practice any type of dogmatic Christianity. In fact, they are shown to be ignorant of the meaning of common Church rituals and rely on old-fashioned common-sense and a community spirit to guide them in their moral decisions. Yet this basic «religion of humanity» proves to be more beneficial than the pettiness of the urban sect's dogmatic strictures. The fact that the sect wrongly convict Silas of a theft shows they are not guided by compassion, understanding, or forgiveness. The process of dehumanization begun through his alienating form of work is completed when Silas is cast out from this narrow community. In contrast, the secular neighborliness shown by the people of Raveloe is proven a truer spirituality in the end. Through Eppie, Silas is reconnected to the community because of the townspeople's committment to help him raise her «rightly.» The standard of the countryside is closely founded on a communal mentality peculiar to a rural way of life where cooperation, rather than competition, is fostered. Mutual helpfulness is necessary for survival and because of freedom from doctrine, these spontaneous expressions of community are exactly the type of atmosphere that is able to restore Silas to human society. In this juxtaposition, Eliot demonstrates the ineffectuality of organized religion in contrast to simple, human sympathy which transcends all religions.
Silas Marner focuses on 19th century England as a time of transition: political power moved from a dominant landowner class to a dominant bourgeous class, agrarian economies were replaced by urban industrialization, and Christianity became increasingly diluted and secular. All of these transitions were largely complete by the end of the century, yet many like George Eliot recognized that much was being lost. The fact that Silas must leave the city and the growing fanaticism of religious frenzy and physically return to a rural, older way of life to maintain his humanity indicates that the pace of transition, and the modes of transition, were extremely harmful for many. However, the fact that Silas is permanently deformed foretells that industrialization would be an increasingly deforming fact of life.
The novel is realistic in the Marxist sense in that it not only demonstrates the alienating effects of industrialization and urban life along with the fanatical religious groups they spawn, and points out the immorality of the petty bourgeous landowning class while asserting the value of rural, communal life that need not be religious to be virtuous, but it deals with these issues together because they did, in fact, historically work in conjunction. The formal aspects of a dual story line and juxtaposed settings serve the content by bringing these tensions into even sharper relief. Thus, the novel both highlights the major cultural transitions and contradictions of its own time and prophetically pinpoints the forces of class, capitalist industry, and Protestantism as the forces that would change the face and nature of future society. These forces dominate the cultural landscape much more intensely in the late 20th century and the effects are commensurately alienating and dehumanizing as Eliot first portrayed almost a century and a half ago. But one difference between her time and ours is that there are few if any meaningful remnants of an older way of life to return or escape to. Instead, we are forced to move forward and perhaps reimagine and recreate a society in which respect for nature and community are highly valued once again.
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Although Maple bats are becoming increasingly popular, which wood is traditionally used to make Baseball bats? | How baseball bat is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, product, Raw Materials
Baseball Bat
Background
When the game of baseball was first played, sticks were used to hit the ball. By the time the game had been officially organized as a team sport, the players either whittled their own bats or bought them from a wood turner. League specifications set in 1863 were broad: any type of wood was permissible and the bats had to be round, not more than 2.5 inches (6.5 cm) in the thickest part. There were no length restrictions. Early bats ranged in weight from 48-50 ounces (1361-1417 g) with an average handle circumference of 4.5 inches (11.4 cm). The hefty weight meant home runs were rare. By the 1960s, however, players such as Hank Aaron were using shorter, lighter bats to smash balls into the centerfield seats. Aaron's bat measured 35 inches (89 cm) long and 33 ounces (979 g) in weight.
Modern baseball rules limit bat lengths to 42 inches (107 cm) and the diameter to 2.75 inches (7 cm). There are no weight restrictions. The bats must be made of wood with no metal, cork, or other type of reinforcement inserted into the bat's center. Over the years, several major league players have tried to use a reinforced bat. A particularly colorful controversy surrounded a bat used by Albert Belle of the Cleveland Indians. Belle's bat was confiscated during a game between the Indians and the Chicago White Sox in July of 1994. The bat was stored in the umpires' locker room at Comiskey Park until it could be tested the next day. How-ever, it disappeared overnight. It was returned anonymously the next day and found to have a corked center. In spite of protests, Belle received a temporary suspension. The mystery of the bat's disappearance and reappearance has yet to be revealed.
Hillerich & Sons, a Kentucky wood-turning shop, was the first company to devote a full-time operation to the manufacturing of baseball bats. According to company lore, in 1884, John "Bud" Hillerich, the son of the company's founder, was attending a Louisville Eclipse baseball game when a player named Pete "Old Gladiator" Browning broke his bat. Bud invited Browning back to the shop where Bud custom-made a new bat from a piece of white ash. During the next day's game, Browning pounded three hits in three at-bats using the new bat. And the rest, as they say, is history. The ensuing requests for custom-made bats from other players helped Bud convince his father to add bat manufacturing to the family business. The company named its new product the "Louisville Slugg"er." (The company became Hillerich & Bradsby in 1911 when Frank Bradsby, a sporting goods magnate, joined the firm.)
Baseball players are notoriously particular about their bats, and have been so through-out the sport's history. Frank Frisch, who played in 50 World Series games for the New York Giants and the St. Louis Cardinals, cured his bats during the off-season by hanging them like sausages in a barn. Boston Red Sox slugger Ted Williams bathed his bats in alcohol to keep them cool during his many hitting streaks. Williams was also known to visit lumberyards looking for pieces of wood with narrow growth rings. The legendary Babe Ruth preferred his bats to have pin knots in the barrels.
Traditionally, forty- to fifty-year-old ash trees are used to make baseball bats because of their strength, flexibility, and light weight.
Raw Materials
Traditionally, ash trees from Pennsylvania and upstate New York are used to make baseball bats. The ash is valued for its strength, flexibility, and light weight. The best trees are those that grow in dense clusters where they are protected from the wind and forced to grow straight up towards the sunlight. Forty to fifty years of growth is required to bring an ash tree to the preferred trunk diameter of 14-16 inches (36-41 cm). Each tree yields approximately 60 bats.
When a tree has reached the proper height and width, a forester marks it with spray paint. A log cutter then uses a chain saw to bring down the tree. The top branches are removed and left in the forest. The tree trunks are sawed into 10-16-foot (3-5 m) lengths, loaded on a truck, and taken to the mill. At the mill, the logs are inspected for knots and uneven grains. Only half of what is cut in the forest is ultimately used to manufacture baseball bats. The logs that make the grade are rolled to a hydraulic wedge that cuts them into 40-inch (101 cm) splits.
The Manufacturing
Process
Turning the splits into billet
1 A mill worker places each split onto an automatic lathe that shaves the rough edges off as it turns the wood. The billets, as they are now called, are inspected again for straightness of grain. The billets are stacked and strapped together into six-sided bundles. Workers paint the ends with a protective preservative to keep the wood from fraying or rotting. The bundled billets are then trucked to the lumberyard of the bat manufacturer.
Seasoning the billets
2 The billets that arrive at the lumberyard are considered "green" wood because they still contain sap and gum. In order to strengthen the wood, the sap and gum must be removed by an air-drying process called "seasoning." To achieve the proper seasoning, the billets are simply stacked in the yard for a period of six months to two years.
The plant workers who create the final product are called bat turners. They are highly skilled artisans who have been specially trained for the intricate work. When an order is placed, the bat turner selects a billet from the storage bin and creates a replica of the desired model.
Shaping and sanding the billets
3 When the billets have dried completely, they are weighed and inspected for quality. A worker places each billet on an automatic lathe and shapes it into a rough baseball bat shape with a narrowed neck. The bat forms are sanded, inspected once more, and then sorted according to weight.
Matching the bat to the model
4 The bat manufacturer keeps a model of each bat made, typically identified by the baseball player who initially ordered it. When a player or team places an order, the order may look like this: six Johnny Bench models, ten Hank Aarons, four Mickey Mantles.
The plant workers who create the final product are called bat turners. They are highly skilled artisans who have been specially trained for the intricate work. When an order is placed, the bat turner selects a billet from the storage bin that fits the called-for weight and length. The billet is placed on a lathe. The model bat is placed on a rack above and behind the lathe.
The bat turner revolves the billet slowly on the lathe, sanding and shaving it to an exact replica of the model. Using calipers, the bat turner measures the billet every 1-2 inches (2.54-5 cm) and weighs it repeatedly until it is perfect.
Branding, staining, and varnishing the bats
5 The bat is branded with the company trademark and the signature of the player associated with the model. The trademark is placed one-quarter of a turn from the sweet spot (the ideal spot where the ball should strike the bat). If the order calls for staining, the bat is dipped into a staining vat. All of the bats are then varnished, packed into cartons, and shipped to the player or team.
Quality Control
The structural integrity of the baseball bats are monitored through repetitive impact testing. Some factories have compressed-air cannons that shoot baseballs at precise points on the bat. High-speed cameras record the impact while accelerometers measure the velocity. In other plants, robotic arms whack the balls off over-sized golf tees. Inspectors collect data on the frequency of bending and how the balls travel off the bat.
The Future
In spite of manufacturers' assurances that the supply of ash trees is not decreasing, the development of composite and aluminum bats continues. The wood composite bat typically consists of a plastic foam core surrounded by woven layers of resin-impregnated synthetic fibers. One of the newest innovations is a bat made of "lanxide," a ceramic-enforced material. Proponents of non-wood bats point to their resistance to breakage. These bats also greatly alter hitting power: a player's batting average increases markedly with an aluminum bat.
Although the composite and aluminum bats are popular with amateur and college base-ball players, they are required to use all-wood bats if they advance to the major leagues. It is doubtful that Major League Baseball will ever allow anything but pure wood for bats. The sport is steeped in tradition, and the use of aluminum or composite materials would alter the record books dramatically.
Where To Learn More
| ASH |
What was the nickname of the American serial killer John Wayne Gacy who was executed in 1994 for the rape and murder of 33 boys and young men? | Choosing Wood at www.plesums.com/wood
Choosing wood for your furniture
©2008-2011 by Charles A. Plesums, Austin, Texas, USA
Primary Furniture hardwood
Almost any type of wood can be used for furniture, but the ones listed here are the most suitable, based on strength, durability, availability, and cost. The grain and color are classics that will probably "fit in" with other furniture. Some of the cheaper, softer woods are interesting, but are less durable. Some of the more exotic woods are beautiful - like creating a work of art - but you need to consider whether you want a unique "discussion piece" or a piece that blends with other furniture in the room. Many of the exotic woods are scarce enough to only be available as veneers.
The chemistry of altering wood, as well as staining, dying, and otherwise coloring the wood, is advancing rapidly. In a recent visit to a furniture store, the walnut wood didn't have quite the right grain. The sales manager finally confessed that this company was using cherry for all their pieces this year, chemically removing all the color and recoloring it to look like whatever they wanted. I wonder what wood will be used next year for all their furniture! Factories can stain wood fairly economically, but it makes the furniture hard to repair. Although I have stained or dyed many pieces, I have gradually become opposed to the process... it adds a lot of time(cost), hides some of the natural beauty of the wood, and makes repair far more difficult. Coloring a cheap wood to look like a more expensive wood often costs more than just using the good wood in a piece of custom furniture.
In addition to the information below about the primary furniture wood, you may also be interested in Secondary Wood that is part of practically every piece of furniture. You may also want to consider decorations, the way wood is cut into lumber, and other choices .
Most of the pictures of the wood below were obtained from others. They seem to be good representations of each wood, but wood does vary, and pictures vary, as do the computers that are used to view these pictures, so they should only be used as a general guideline, not a guarantee.
The difference in the total cost of the project between the cheapest and most expensive common furniture woods may only be 10-20%. Some of the difference is the cost of the wood itself, but also the amount of waste... sometimes it is hard to find larger pieces because of knots and sapwood. If you would like one of the "more expensive" common woods, I urge you to make the slight extra investment.
Oak
Oak is popular in kitchens, floors, and other cabinets. Most oak is not stained, but the finished wood (or the clear finish used on the wood) tends to yellow slightly over time. It is very hard and durable. The tan color of oak "Arts and Crafts" furniture is from fuming white oak - exposing the bare wood to ammonia which reacts with the natural tannin in the wood - rather than from stain.
Red Oak, in the upper picture, is the most common oak, which has a slight pink tint. It is quite porous (thus is suitable for indoor use only). Traditionally the pores are not filled, and a clear finish such as lacquer or varnish is applied. If you have oak floors or staircase, and are not sure what kind of oak it is, bet on red oak. It is an excellent furniture wood, and probably the lowest cost wood for most projects.
White oak, shown as a stained or fumed wood in the lower picture, is less porous as well as less pink, and can be used for outdoor projects as well as indoor furniture. Oak barrels are always white oak - the open pores of red oak would leak.
The "medullary rays" going across the grain are present in all oak, and are especially common in quarter sawn white oak. These are one of the defining characteristics of arts and crafts furniture. Ash is very similar to oak, but without medullary rays - see below.
Ash
Ash is a very strong wood, often used for baseball bats and handles of tools. It is relatively inexpensive, sometimes even being used for residential wood trim, or for commercial "unpainted" furniture. Looks a lot like oak, with strong open grain and light color. Local availability is sometimes sporadic, but I will be glad to check if you want a project done in Ash.
Walnut
Walnut, also known as "American Walnut" or "Black Walnut" is our favorite "dark" furniture wood. The heartwood is a rich brown. Knots larger than "pin" size are normally avoided. The outer sapwood is lighter, varying from the light brown to a much lighter cream or white. Large walnut trees are becoming scarce, so the available walnut wood has more sapwood. Some people love the character that the sapwood adds. When it can't be hidden on the inside, bottom, or back of the piece, I may dye the sapwood so it isn't as obvious. Some walnut is steamed in the kiln before it is dried, which makes the sapwood turn brown, like it eventually would as the tree grew longer and the sapwood matured to heartwood.
Walnut is quite hard and durable - resistant to dings. The slightly open grain of walnut can be filled for a smooth polished finish, or walnut can left "open" so the texture of the wood projects through the finish. The natural brown color can be relatively light, like our logo at the top of the page. Some of my earlier walnut pieces were stained a darker walnut. If you are uncertain, leave the wood natural - not only does the pretty grain show better, but the furniture can be repaired more easily if that is ever required.
Walnut can be used in dishes and cutting boards - the finished wood is not toxic, although the sawdust is slightly irritating when working with it (my problem, not yours). As a side note, the sawdust prevents seeds from germinating but does not interfere with plant growth, so I save my walnut sawdust for friends to use as mulch on their rose gardens.
Cherry
Cherry is another favorite furniture wood. Initially it is a very light brown, with occasional small knots or sap pockets (larger flaws are avoided). As it is exposed to light, it gradually darkens, with obvious change in the first few weeks. In months it will become a rich light brown, and in a year or two it will be a medium brown. It will probably never become the classic "dark cherry" which was caused by old fashioned finishes darkening as much as the wood. See the separate example of how cherry darkens . The wood can be stained or dyed so that it starts darker (the more traditional furniture color), but the underlying wood will continue to darken over time. Therefore the stain that today might be a perfect color match to some previously finished wood, probably will not be an exact match in a few months. If the old and new pieces are both left unstained, the colors will gradually become similar. This picture is a piece of wood we actually prepared, with oil but no stain, about 6 months before the picture was taken.
If you want a traditional "dark cherry" look immediately, some people suggest staining or dying maple or birch (the grain patterns are similar, and the wood is less expensive) to get the cherry look with less later change in the color. If you want the look of real cherry, we recommend no stain or dye at all.
A friend with cherry bookcases noted that the less-frequently-moved books on the shelf had created a pattern in the wood - the books had prevented sunlight from darkening the shelf under the books so the outline of those books showed (but the outline gradually faded when the books were moved). The change is slow enough so that a magazine on a table is not a problem but a piece of art that is "always" in the same place may leave a lighter spot.
Cherry has great color, strength, and is relatively hard - resistant to dings. (Some people avoid using in in flooring, because it is slightly softer than other traditional floor woods, but it can be a beautiful floor wood also.) It has a beautiful even grain, and is beautiful with either an oiled finish or a hard lacquer or varnish surface. The wood is not toxic - it can be used in wooden dishes.
Maple
Maple comes in many varieties, but generally is a very hard wood, that makes beautiful durable furniture. Maple has a small, darker heart, but is prized for the very light and even sapwood - the opposite of most wood where the heartwood is preferred. "Soft" maple is quite hard - harder than many of the other "hard" woods, and is more prone to the distinctive brown mineral streaks in the lower-left picture. Most commercial maple furniture is stained another color, often a honey brown, like the lower right picture. The wood is non toxic (it's sap becomes maple syrup) and is often used for cutting boards.
Maple has a reputation of being hard to stain evenly, especially where the grain changes. I have had no problem with some pieces, and have cursed others. (The stain is held by the pores and scratches in the wood surface. I have had most success by first sanding the piece very smooth (often to 320 grit), then to continue to lightly sand with a slightly coarser sandpaper (150-220 grit) that leaves microscopic scratches to hold the stain. The later layers of finish fill and hide the nearly invisible scratches.)
Maples, especially harder maples, sometimes have a distinctive curly grain. Birds eye maple is a premium piece of maple that has small circular grain patterns, among the regular grain - see below among the exotic woods. Other interesting grain patterns are available as well. It is often used in musical instruments (like the back of violins - fiddleback). Regular pieces of maple may have occasional hints of the curly or birds eye features.
Mahogany - Sipo
Mahogany is one of the traditional furniture woods, known for the straight, smooth, semi-open grain with many cross grains, that accepts a fine finish. It is a bit lighter weight than maple, and comparable to oak in strength. It withstands moisture well, so is popular in wooden boats, entry doors, or other outdoor projects. It is easy to work, with relatively few defects. The color of the wood ranges from yellow brown to dark reddish brown. With age it darkens slightly to a rich dark red-brown. Factory made furniture is often stained much darker than natural, to accelerate aging. Over the centuries mahogany has probably been the primary furniture wood.
Much of the current "Genuine" (Honduras) mahogany wood, in the upper picture is plantation grown in Latin America, but even the plantation grown wood, is getting scarce due to the long time-to-maturity for the trees. Many countries have export restrictions because the native trees are isolated, and huge environmental damage is often caused while removing them.
African mahogany (Botanical name- Khaya) is a somewhat softer wood than "genuine" Mahogany, but is rated "moderately durable". It was the first common substutute for genuine mahogany, but it, too, is getting scarce. It has a very fine grain, and is sometimes used for paneling. It also looks very much like the Phillipine Mahogany that is sold as luan plywood, although Luan is technically not a mahogany.
With limited mahogany (of any sort) available, Sipo is currently a popular substitute, sold by my lumber yard as Sipo-Mahogany, although botanically it is not mahogany. It has most of the good characteristics of mahogany, looks a lot like mahogany, and is readily available at a reasonable price. The second picture is "bare" sipo, and the third picture is sipo with a clear finish.
Lyptus®
A new species of hardwood has been "invented" by Aracruz Wood Products in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and distributed in North America through a strategic alliance with Weyerhaeuser (see www.lyptus.com.br ). Lyptus® is a cross between two different Eucalyptus species, it is germinated in nurseries and grown alongside native forests in Brazil. With a growth cycle of 14-16 years it produces thirty times the volume of comparable rain forest species. It is hand pruned, so the trunks are long, straight, and with few knots when they reach the mill.
In terms of density, strength and technical properties Lyptus® compares favorably with hard maple. Unfinished wood is quite light in color, almost pink, as seen in the upper picture, but quickly ages to a deeper red/brown. It can be dyed and finished like the lower picture, to look like mahogany. In fact, I prepared identical pieces of Lyptus® and mahogany; with the same dye, and they were almost impossible to tell apart, but the sample of Lyptus® weighed 1.4 times as much as the mahogany. The price is comparable to other furniture wood, perhaps even on the low end of the range of prices. After an initial surge in popularity, some woodworkers complain bitterly about sharp splinters while working with it, so it's popularity may be fading, now primarily used for flooring.
Pecan (Hickory)
Hickory and Pecan are from the same biological family - in the south the trees are probably Pecan, in the north, the trees are probably hickory. In most of the country the trees cross-fertilize, and could be either. The federal government allows the two woods to be mixed and sold under either name. (After they are cut, an expert says he has to use a microscope to tell the two types of wood apart.) The wood has a variety of colors, from a warm medium brown to a light cream with occasionally deeper streaks - so much variation that it isn't practical to try to match boards of similar color - expect a mixture. Look at this set of furniture for an example.
I recommend Pecan (I'm now from Texas), for casual furniture - a room where t-shirts and shorts would be "dressed up." (Of course if I were still from up north, I would recommend Hickory for a room where plaid shirts and jeans were normal, and would build the same furniture.)
Hickory is one of the heaviest native woods, and some claim it is the first "pure North American" species. The second picture shows a darker piece but illustrates the strong grain pattern.
Soft Wood
By definition, a hard wood is from a tree that drops its leaves each year (deciduous), and a soft wood is from an evergreen. But some hard woods can be fairly soft, and some soft woods fairly hard.
Pine
Pine is a soft wood that I do not recommend for furniture. However, many of the classic colonial pieces were pine. The newer pine wood is grown very quickly so is very soft with a fairly coarse grain. Antique pine furniture was made from "first growth" pine wood, which grew more slowly, so is harder. It was often rift cut or quarter cut (less efficient) giving it a much finer grain pattern. Some pine furniture today is made from recycled or recovered "old" wood, to get the denser wood and finer grain. Some specialty lumber yards sell recycled antique pine wood, and even get a premium price for real worm holes.
Knotty pine is often used in "Lodge" construction, where the large knots become a distinctive feature. Use of knotty pine for furniture is chancy, since the knots are fairly large (interfering with strength) and often loose.
Knotty Alder is similar to Knotty pine, but the knots are generally smaller and tighter. I have built some cabinet doors to go in a Knotty Alder wine cellar, but have concerns about building major furniture pieces with this wood. Both alder and pine are subject to rot, so should not be used outdoors.
Cedar
Cedar is technically a soft wood (an evergreen), but is naturally weather resistant. I have made some indoor furniture with it (not great), but like to use it for outdoor furniture. Finding white cedar boards without a lot of knots is a challenge... sometimes I have had no problem among timbers and beams sold by lumber yards as deck material, that I cut down to size. Other times I have had trouble finding straight, solid boards that I could use.
Aromatic cedar is the more highly colored, more aromatic form. It is reputed to repel bugs and moths, so is used to line closets and as the bottoms of some clothing drawers. In this use it must be left unfinished - in fact some of the aromatic oils contain the same "active ingredients" as paint removers, so finishing even the surrounding areas can be a problem.
Spanish Cedar is technically not cedar at all, and certainly not Spanish. It is a common hardwood (deciduous) from Central and South America that is used in North America primarily to line cigar humidors. It has the distinctive cedar aroma with the reddish-brown heartwood, and a white or pink sapwood. One sub-species has a lot of sap that can weep in a humidor.
Cypress
This is a popular wood for siding, decks, outdoor furniture, and projects - old growth is very resistant to decay and insects with naturally occurring preservative; new growth heartwood is good but not as good, and sapwood is inferior for outdoor projects. Holds stain well, very durable, even recycled from 100 year old buildings.
Cypress has enough of the good features of hardwood that the NHLA (National Hardwood Lumber Association) grading rules apply to "Hardwood and Cypress."
Exotic wood
These woods are less common, often because they are more expensive. The cost of the wood may be 2 to 5 or more times the cost of the more traditional woods above. Some wood may only be available as a veneer. For an individual piece of furniture or for a key part of a piece (such as "only the table top") or for a decorative element, the difference may be an insignificant part of the total cost. If you like these woods, you should consider them.
I don't keep a large inventory of wood - I normally buy the primary wood for each project. The common furniture wood is readily available at predictable prices. The exotic wood will certainly have to be purchased for a project. But the local sources may only have a limited supply, or may not have the necessary pieces in stock. Wood is expensive to ship, especially in small quantities, and even the "mail order" sources for this wood do not always have all sizes in inventory. I love the opportunity to work with a new wood, but if you choose one of these woods for your project, the exact timeframe, and to an extent, the cost, are less predictable.
Rosewood Family
Rosewood refers to over 100 species of tropical woods from all over the world, all belonging to the genus Dalbergia. They are very hard, and the natural oils make them somewhat difficult to glue. Those oils also make this an excellent wood for use with an oiled finish, but it can also have a hard finish such as lacquer or varnish. As true rosewoods become more rare, some vendors substitute the similar narra, from Southeast Asia, or possibly jatoba (AKA courbaril, Brazilian cherry). If you are looking for larger pieces, such as cabinets, think in terms of veneers.
Rosewood sawdust is toxic - we must use breathing masks and skin protection when working with it, and it should not be used for cutting boards or other food utensils. In rare cases some people experience a rash from merely touching the wood, even chin-rests on violins. But it sure is pretty. The cocobolo and bubinga below are from the rosewood family.
Cocobolo
Cocobolo is from the Rosewood family, imported from Central America. Colors range from purple red to yellow with irregular black streaks. With exposure to light over time, colors will darken to a deep orange red. It is very dense, and is often used in musical instruments. It is similar to Bolivian Rosewood (Morado), Santos Rosewood, and many of the other members of the Central American branch of the rosewood family.
Bubinga
Bubinga is African Rosewood. It has a reddish tint, with brown and black grain patterns, somewhat like a cross between Walnut and Cherry. It is popular among furniture artists. The wood is dense enough that the end grain finishes well. See the humidor that we made from Bubinga, with a somewhat different overall appearance than this picture from the web. The wood burns easily as it is cut and sanded (my problem, not yours).
Wenge
Wenge is also popular among furniture artists. It is yellow-brown when freshly cut, and becomes very dark brown to almost black. The sap wood is yellowish white, and would normally be hidden on the inside. The grain is intense, dense, and relatively straight. It is a very hard wood (harder than oak) that quickly dulls cutting tools and gives woodworkers splinters. The open grain pattern must be filled for a smooth finish. The sawdust is toxic (skin and breathing), so this wood should not be used for food service.
Teak
Teak is a wonderful durable wood that makes great unfinished outdoor furniture, aging to a beautiful silver-gray, or it holds a fine finish (often teak oil). Sometimes I have been quoted prices so high that you might need a security guard for your lawn furniture, although I once received a price quote "only" 3 times the cost of walnut. I have not always been able to get the wood for a project at an acceptable price (or even an absurd price) so we need to find the wood before we plan a teak project.
Someone recently suggested that he had found Iroko wood as a good substitute for teak, and much cheaper. Finished in Teak Oil, it matched other teak items. I have not used it.
Zebra Wood
There can be no question where this wood got it's name! A recent quote was about 3 times the cost of walnut.
Bird's Eye Maple
Some rare pieces of hard maple have a beautiful pattern like these - each "eye" is the size of a pencil eraser, among the clouds. The wood industry has reportedly learned to print this pattern on wood (or plastic) so artificial birds eye maple is becoming popular as an office wallboard. I recently received a quote at only 2 1/2 times the cost of Walnut - far less than I expected. The birds eyes appear through the wood - even more in the darker heartwood, so pieces of light colored maple with dense birds eye patterns are becoming very rare.
Ebony
Ebony is a family of different woods that are very hard and heavy, many of which are quite black. Grain markings are fine and very indistinct. The wood is hard that carbide rather than steel tools normally must be used to cut it, and most is so heavy that it sinks in water. The picture of brown/black wood at the right is Macassar Ebony, also known as French Rosewood (see why I am confused?). The ebony that is "pure black" (think clarinet) is called African ebony. And the black grand pianos are commonly made from maple, with a black finish.
African blackwood (not part of the ebony family) is a substitute for ebony - cheaper than ebony, but certainly not cheap. Reportedly blackwood is used for clarinets because of the translucent (shiny) quality and tonal quality, while real ebony (matte black, wears well) is used for piano keys, fingerboards on string instruments, and chin rests, as well as decorative furniture inlays.
Walnut is sometimes treated with vinegar that has had steel wool "dissolved" in it. This causes the walnut to turn very dark, looking like ebony - a process called ... ebonization. Since ebony costs 20 times as much as walnut, and isn't always 100% black, this technique has been used for centuries. Some vendors descriptions of their ebony products suggest that much of the "ebony" furniture and pianos are really made from ebonized wood.
Padauk
African Padauk is a deep orange/red color that deepens with age. The sawdust is toxic and stains clothes and other wood. I'm not looking forward to working with this one, but it is strong, dense, and decay resistant, making it a favorite for furniture and boats. Among the exotic woods, it is relatively inexpensive.
Other wood
As I have collected information on other woods, I want to keep that data together, but generally these are woods that I have not personally used.
Basswood
Basswood, also known as Linden, is light, with straight fine grain. This makes it a favorite for woodcarvers, which I am not.
Locust
Two types of Locust trees are found on the East Coast: Black and Honey Locust. The Black is the more common in the Northeast; the Honey Locust in the South. Very hard, beautiful golden color grain. Used in boat building, fence posts, railroad ties, and poles. I suspect this picture may be showing stained rather than natural wood.
Sycamore
Sycamore is known for it's interesting grain patterns and good tone characteristics in musical instruments - it is often used for backs of violins and guitars. In many ways it is similar to maple, although I must have missed the biology class that would allow me to understand the articles about whether or not it is related to maples. I have been concerned about stability, but that problem is apparently overcome by steaming when it is dried. I have some beautiful sycamore veneer waiting for a project.
Birch
Many of my early pieces were made from birch plywood. Eventually I got some solid birch for frames and edges. It is a hard durable wood, but it lacks character, and is sometimes difficult to stain evenly. The solid wood is too expensive for routine use as a secondary wood, although the birch plywood is common and may be used as a secondary (structural) plywood.
Butternut
Butternut has a good reputation as a wood with an interesting soft golden brown grain pattern, sometimes called white walnut. Reportedly subject to a blight that may make it extinct like chestnut. It tears out when turning UNLESS it has been STABILIZED and when turned must be carefully sanded. Because this wood is less dense and softer than most hardwoods, it is very popular for carving. Much of antique furniture boasted Butternut carvings that were stained to be indistinguishable from walnut. I have not used it yet.
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'The Modern Prometheus' was the subtitle of which 19th century novel? | Frankenstein, the Modern Prometheus? Essay - 1367 Words
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FRANKENSTEIN, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS?
In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel "Frankenstein", Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, "the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek obsessively to satisfy their Promethean longings to "conquer the unknown" - supposedly in the service of their fellow-humans". This assertion is discussed by first describing the Promethean connection. Thereafter, the two forms of the myth, Prometheus the fire-stealer and Prometheus the life-giver are reviewed in the context of Shelly's use of the myth in her novel and their relationship to the main theme. Finally, the character of Frankenstein as a modern Prometheus of the scientific age is discussed in the context of English Romantic literature.
This "Promethean longing" mentioned by Hundle, is the connection between Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton. They both seek to gain knowledge of the unknown. Victor Frankenstein's obsession with occult scientific knowledge results in the destruction of his family and friends, whilst Walton, the narrator of the story, causes many deaths by his obsessive journey to the North Pole.
Shelly's use of the Prometheus myth combines the two versions of the legend, Prometheus the "fire-stealer" and Prometheus the "life-giver". According to the Ancient Greeks, in the first version of the myth, the Titan, Prometheus, in rebellion against Zeus, took fire from the sun and gave it to humankind to warm them and enable them to make tools and weapons, thereby allowing them to rise above other animals. Zeus was incensed by Prometheus' disobedience, and as punishment, ordered Prometheus chained to a rock, where his liver was eaten by eagles each day and restored each night so that his torment could be prolonged for eternity.
The second, Roman version of the myth, comes from Ovid's Metamorphoses, which, according to Newey (1993), Mary Shelly read in 1815. In this version Prometheus was the Creator who made man from clay and breathed life into him. This relates directly to the quotation on the title page of Shelly's book. "Did I request thee Maker, from my clay to mould me man. Did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me? Although a quotation from Milton's "Paradise Lost" the plaintive cries of Frankenstein's neglected, in-human progeny can be heard in these words.
In relation to the first version of the Promethean myth, there are several fire-like analogies in Shelly's novel. Frankenstein's Monster discovered that fire can be both a necessity for survival, when he was alone in the mountains, and a means of revenge and destruction, when he set fire to the De Laceys' hut. Shelley hints that her character Victor Frankenstein, uses "fire" in the form of electricity to animate his Monster, this can be seen in the passage where Victor relates to Walton part of his inspiration for the creation of life: "I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak . . . and so soon as the dazzling light vanished the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. . . . I eagerly inquired of my father the nature and origin of thunder and lightning. He replied, "Electricity." (page 23). Similarly, when he is ready to impart life into his creation "I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless form". (page 34).
In the early 19th Century, when Mary Shelley was writing Frankenstein, electricity was a new and wondrous science. Science and industry were making gigantic strides and Shelly mistrusted these advances seeing in them something inhuman and that there were areas of knowledge best left alone (Hindle, 1994). The characters of Walter and Frankenstein show the two paths that the pursuit of the unknown can take one leads to...
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In which river was the Russian monk Rasputin drowned? | novel - Style | literature | Britannica.com
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Romanticism
The Romantic movement in European literature is usually associated with those social and philosophical trends that prepared the way for the French Revolution , which began in 1789. The somewhat subjective, anti-rational, emotional currents of romanticism transformed intellectual life in the revolutionary and Napoleonic periods and remained potent for a great part of the 19th century. In the novel, the romantic approach to life was prepared in the “sentimental” works of Richardson and Sterne and attained its first major fulfillment in the novels of Rousseau. Sir Walter Scott, in his historical novels, turned the past into a great stage for the enactment of events motivated by idealism, chivalry , and strong emotional impulse, using an artificially archaic language full of remote and magical charm. The exceptional soul—poet, patriot, idealist, madman—took the place of dully reasonable fictional heroes, such as Tom Jones , and sumptuous and mysterious settings ousted the plain town and countryside of 18th-century novels.
The romantic novel must be seen primarily as a historical phenomenon, but the romantic style and spirit, once they had been brought into being, remained powerful and attractive enough to sustain a whole subspecies of fiction. The cheapest love story can be traced back to the example of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847), or even Rousseau’s earlier Nouvelle Héloïse. Similarly, best-selling historical novels, even those devoid of literary merit, can find their progenitor in Scott, and science fiction in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), a romantic novel subtitled The Modern Prometheus, as well as in Jules Verne and H.G. Wells. The aim of romantic fiction is less to present a true picture of life than to arouse the emotions through a depiction of strong passions, or to fire the imagination with exotic, terrifying, or wonderful scenes and events. When it is condemned by critics, it is because it seems to falsify both life and language; the pseudopoetical enters the dialogue and récit alike, and humanity is seen in only one of its aspects—that of feeling untempered with reason.
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If such early romantic works as those of Scott and of the Goethe of The Sorrows of Werther have long lost their original impact, the romantic spirit still registers power and truth in the works of the Brontës—particularly in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights, in which the poetry is genuine and the strange instinctual world totally convincing. Twentieth-century romantic fiction records few masterpieces. Writers like Daphne du Maurier, the author of Jamaica Inn (1936), Rebecca (1938), and many others, are dismissed as mere purveyors of easy dreams. It is no more possible in the 20th century to revive the original romantic élan in literature than it is to compose music in the style of Beethoven. Despite the attempts of Lawrence Durrell to achieve a kind of decadent romantic spirit in his Alexandria Quartet , the strong erotic feeling, the exotic setting, the atmosphere of poetic hallucination, the pain, perversion, and elemental force seem to be contrivances, however well they fulfill the original romantic prescription.
Realism
Certain major novelists of the 19th century, particularly in France, reacted against romanticism by eliminating from their work those “softer” qualities—tenderness, idealism, chivalric passion, and the like—which seemed to them to hide the stark realities of life in a dreamlike haze. In Gustave Flaubert’s works there are such romantic properties—his novel Salammbô (1862), for instance, is a sumptuous representation of a remote pagan past—but they are there only to be punctured with realistic irony . On one level, his Madame Bovary may be taken as a kind of parable of the punishment that fate metes out to the romantic dreamer, and it is the more telling because Flaubert recognized a strong romantic vein in himself: “Madame Bovary, c’est moi” (“Madame Bovary is myself”). Stendhal and Balzac , on the other hand, admit no dreams and present life in a grim nakedness without poetic drapery.
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Balzac’s mammoth fictional work—the 20-year succession of novels and stories he published under the collective title La Comédie humaine ( The Human Comedy )—and Stendhal’s novels of the same period, The Red and the Black (1830) and The Charterhouse of Parma (1839), spare the reader nothing of those baser instincts in man and society that militate against, and eventually conquer, many human aspirations . Rejecting romanticism so energetically, however, they swing to an extreme that makes “realism” a synonym for unrelenting pessimism. Little comes right for the just or the weak, and base human nature is unqualified by even a modicum of good. But there is a kind of affirmative richness and energy about both writers that seems to belie their pessimistic thesis.
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In England, George Eliot in her novel Middlemarch (1871–72) viewed human life grimly, with close attention to the squalor and penury of rural life. If “nature” in works by romantic poets like Wordsworth connoted a kind of divine benevolence , only the “red in tooth and claw” aspect was permitted to be seen in the novels of the realists. George Eliot does not accept any notion of Divine Providence, whether Christian or pantheistic, but her work is instinct with a powerful moral concern: her characters never sink into a deterministic morass of hopelessness, since they have free will, or the illusion of it. With Thomas Hardy, who may be termed the last of the great 19th-century novelists, the determinism is all-pervasive, and his final novel, Jude the Obscure (1896), represents the limit of pessimism. Behind him one is aware of the new science, initiated by the biologists Charles Darwin and T.H. Huxley, which displaces man as a free being, capable of choice, by a view of him as the product of blind mechanistic forces over which he has little control.
Realism in this sense has been a continuing impulse in the 20th-century novel, but few writers would go so far as Hardy in positing man’s near-total impotence in a hostile universe, with the gods killing human creatures for their sport. Realism in the Existentialist fiction of 20th-century France, for instance, makes man not merely wretched but absurd, yet it does not diminish his power of self-realization through choice and action. Realism has frequently been put in the service of a reforming design, which implies a qualified optimism. War novels, novels about the sufferings of the oppressed (in prison, ghetto, totalitarian state), studies of human degradation that are bitter cries against man-made systems—in all of these the realistic approach is unavoidable, and realistic detail goes much further than anything in the first realists. But there is a difference in the quality of the anger the reader feels when reading the end of Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) and that generated by Upton Sinclair’s Jungle (1906) or Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front (1929). In Hardy’s novel, pessimistic determinism, reducing human character to pain, frustration, and impotent anger, was—paradoxically—appropriate to an age that knew no major cataclysms or oppressions. The novels of Sinclair and Remarque reflect the 20th century, which saw the origin of all wrong in the human will, and set on a program of diagnosis and reform.
Naturalism
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The naturalistic novel is a development out of realism , and it is, again, in France that its first practitioners are to be found, with Émile Zola leading. It is difficult to separate the two categories, but naturalism seems characterized not only by a pessimistic determinism but also by a more thoroughgoing attention to the physical and biological aspects of human existence. Man is less a soul aspiring upward to its divine source than a product of natural forces, as well as genetic and social influences, and the novelist’s task is to present the physical essence of man and his environment. The taste of Balzac’s and Stendhal’s audiences was not easily able to accommodate itself to utter frankness about the basic processes of life, and the naturalists had to struggle against prejudice , and often censorship , before their literary candour was able to prevail. The 20th century takes the naturalistic approach for granted, but it is more concerned with a technique of presentation than with the somewhat mechanistic philosophy of Zola and his followers.
Naturalism received an impetus after World War I, when novelists felt they had a duty to depict the filth, suffering, and degradation of the soldier’s life, without euphemism or circumlocution . Joyce’s Ulysses, when it appeared in 1922, was the first novel to seek to justify total physical candour in terms of its artistic, as opposed to moral, aim—which was to depict with almost scientific objectivity every aspect of an ordinary urban day. Though Joyce had read Zola, he seems to invoke the spirit of a very much earlier naturalistic writer—the ribald French author of the 16th century, François Rabelais—and this is in keeping with the Catholic tradition that Joyce represents. Zola, of course, was an atheist.
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It would have been a sin against his aesthetic canons for Joyce to have shown Leopold Bloom—the protagonist of Ulysses—eating breakfast or taking a bath and yet not defecating or masturbating. The technique of the interior monologue , which presented the unedited flow of a character’s unspoken thought and emotion, also called for the utmost frankness in dealing with natural functions and urges. Joyce, it is now recognized, had no prurient or scatological intention; his concern was with showing life as it is (without any of the didactic purpose of Zola), and this entailed the presentation of lust, perversion, and blasphemy as much as any of the traditionally acceptable human functions.
The naturalistic novelists have had their social and legal problems—obscenity indictments, confiscation, emasculation by timid publishers—but the cause was ultimately won, at least in Great Britain and the United States, where there are few limits placed on the contemporary novelist’s proclaimed right to be true to nature. In comparison with much contemporary fiction the pioneer work of Zola seems positively reticent .
Impressionism
The desire to present life with frank objectivity led certain early 20th-century novelists to question the validity of long-accepted narrative conventions. If truth was the novelist’s aim, then the tradition of the omniscient narrator would have to go, to be replaced by one in which a fallible, partially ignorant character—one involved in the story and hence himself subject to the objective or naturalistic approach—recounted what he saw and heard. But the Impressionist painters of late 19th-century France had proclaimed a revision of the whole seeing process: they distinguished between what the observer assumed he was observing and what he actually observed. That cerebral editing which turned visual data into objects of geometric solidity had no place in Impressionist painting; the visible world became less definite, more fluid, resolving into light and colour.
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The German novelists Thomas Mann and Hermann Hesse , moving from the realist tradition, which concentrated on closely notated detail in the exterior world, sought the lightness and clarity of a more elliptical style, and were proclaimed Impressionists. But in England Ford Madox Ford went much further in breaking down the imagined rigidities of the space–time continuum, liquidating step-by-step temporal progression and making the visual world shimmer, dissolve, reconstitute itself. In Ford’s tetralogy Parade’s End (1924–28), the reader moves freely within the time continuum, as if it were spatial, and the total picture is perceived through an accumulation of fragmentary impressions. Ford’s masterpiece, The Good Soldier , pushes the technique to its limit: the narrator tells his story with no special dispensation to see or understand more than a fallible being can, and, in his reminiscences, he fragments whole sequences of events as he ranges freely through time (such freedom had traditionally been regarded as a weakness, a symptom of the disease of inattention).
In the approach to dialogue manifested in a book that Ford wrote jointly with Conrad— The Inheritors (1901)—a particular aspect of literary impressionism may be seen whose suggestiveness has been ignored by other modern novelists. As the brain imposes its own logical patterns on the phenomena of the visual world, so it is given to editing into clarity and conciseness the halting utterances of real-life speech; the characters of most novels are impossibly articulate . Ford and Conrad attempted to present speech as it is actually spoken, with many of the meaningful solidities implied rather than stated. The result is sometimes exasperating , but only as real-life conversation frequently is.
The interior monologue, which similarly resists editing, may be regarded as a development of this technique. To show pre-articulatory thought, feeling, and sensuous perception unordered into a rational or “literary” sequence is an impressionistic device that, beginning in Édouard Dujardin’s minor novel Les Lauriers sont coupés (1888; We’ll to the Woods No More ), served fiction of high importance, from Dorothy Richardson , Joyce, and Virginia Woolf to William Faulkner and Samuel Beckett.
Novelists like Ronald Firbank and Evelyn Waugh (who studied painting and was a competent draftsman) learned, in a more general sense, how to follow the examples of the Impressionist and Postimpressionist painters in their fiction. A spare brilliance of observation, like those paintings in which a whole scene is suggested through carefully selected points of colour, replaced that careful delineation of a whole face, or inventorying of a whole room, that had been the way of Balzac and other realists. In four or five brief lines of dialogue Waugh can convey as much as the 19th-century novelists did in as many pages.
Expressionism
Expressionism was a German movement that found its most congenial media in painting and drama. The artist’s aim was to express, or convey the essence of, a particular theme, to the exclusion of such secondary considerations as fidelity to real life. The typical Expressionist play, by Bertolt Brecht , for example, concerns itself with a social or political idea that is hurled at the audience through every possible stage device—symbols, music, cinematic insertions, choral speech, dance. Human character is less important than the idea of humanity, and probability of action in the old realist sense is the least of the dramatist’s concerns. The emotional atmosphere is high-pitched, even ecstatic, and the tone is more appropriate to propaganda than to art. Expressionistic technique, as the plays of Brecht prove, was an admirable means of conveying a Communist program, and it was in the service of such a program that John Dos Passos , in the trilogy of novels U.S.A. (1937), used literary devices analogous to the dramatic ones of Brecht—headlines, tabloid biographies, popular songs, lyric soliloquies, and the like.
But the Austro–Czech Franz Kafka , the greatest of the Expressionist novelists, sought to convey what may crudely be termed man’s alienation from his world in terms that admit of no political interpretation. Joseph K. , the hero of Kafka’s novel The Trial (1925), is accused of a nameless crime, he seeks to arm himself with the apparatus of a defense, and he is finally executed—stabbed with the utmost courtesy by two men in a lonely place. The hallucinatory atmosphere of that novel, as also of his novel The Castle (1926), is appropriate to nightmare, and indeed Kafka’s work has been taken by many as an imaginative forecast of the nightmare through which Europe was compelled to live during the Hitler regime. But its significance is more subtle and universal; one of the elements is original sin and another filial guilt. In the story The Metamorphosis (1915) a young man changes into an enormous insect, and the nightmare of alienation can go no further.
Kafka’s influence has been considerable. Perhaps his most distinguished follower is the English writer Rex Warner , whose Wild Goose Chase (1937) and Aerodrome (1941) use fantasy, symbol, and improbable action for an end that is both Marxist and Freudian; the filial guilt, however, seems to be taken directly from Kafka, with an innocent hero caught in a monstrously oppressive web that is both the totalitarian state and paternal tyranny . More recently, the American writer William Burroughs has developed his own Expressionistic techniques in The Naked Lunch (1959), which is concerned with the alienation from society of the drug addict. His later novels Nova Express (1964) and The Ticket That Exploded (1962) use obscene fantasy to present a kind of metaphysical struggle between free spirit and enslaved flesh, evidently an extrapolation of the earlier drug theme. Burroughs is a didactic novelist, and didacticism functions best in a fictional ambience that rejects the complexities of character and real-life action.
Avant-gardism
Many innovations in fiction can be classified under headings already considered. Even so revolutionary a work as Joyce’s Finnegans Wake represents an attempt to show the true nature of a dream; this can be regarded as a kind of Impressionism pushed so far that it looks like Surrealism . The brief novels of Samuel Beckett (which, as they aim to demonstrate the inadequacy of language to express the human condition, become progressively more brief) seem to have a kind of Expressionist derivation, since everything in them is subordinated to a central image of man as a totally deprived creature, resentful of a God he does not believe in. The French anti-novel, dethroning man as a primary concern of fiction, perhaps represents the only true break with traditional technique that the 20th-century novel has seen.
Dissatisfaction not only with the content of the traditional novel but with the manner in which readers have been schooled to approach it has led the contemporary French novelist Michel Butor, in Mobile, to present his material in the form of a small encyclopaedia, so that the reader finds his directions obliquely, through an alphabetic taxonomy and not through the logic of sequential events. Nabokov, in Pale Fire (1962), gives the reader a poem of 999 lines and critical apparatus assembled by a madman; again the old sense of direction (beginning at the beginning and going on to the end) has been liquidated, yet Pale Fire is a true and highly intelligible novel. In England, B.S. Johnson published similar “false-directional” novels, though the influence of Sterne makes them seem accessible, even cozily traditional. One of Johnson’s books is marketed as a bundle of disjunct chapters—which may thus be dealt aleatorially and read in any order.
Available avant-garde techniques are innumerable, though not all of them are salable. There is the device of counterpointing a main narrative with a story in footnotes, which eventually rises like water and floods the other. A novel has been written, though not published, in which the words are set (rather like the mouse’s tail or tale in Alice in Wonderland) to represent graphically the physical objects in the narrative. Burroughs has experimented with a tricolumnar technique, in which three parallel narratives demand the reader’s attention. But the writers like Borges and Nabokov go beyond mere technical innovation: they ask for a reconsideration of the very essence of fiction. In one of his ficciones, Borges strips from the reader even the final illusion that he is reading a story, for the story is made to dissolve, the artist evidently losing faith in his own artifact. Novels, as both Borges and Nabokov show, can turn into poems or philosophical essays, but they cannot, while remaining literature, turn into compositions disclaiming all interest in the world of feeling, thought, and sense. The novelist can do anything he pleases with his art so long as he interprets, or even just presents, a world that the reader recognizes as existing, or capable of existing, or capable of being dreamed of as existing.
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Who became English football's most expensive player when he moved from Norwich City to Blackburn Rovers for £5 million in July 1994? | Blackburn Rovers | What happened to the '95 side
What happened to the '95 side
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With Blackburn battling bravely to avoid relegation this season, I think we need a distraction from the gloom-and-doom at the bottom of the table and remind ourselves of better times as a Rovers supporter.
So, let's cast our minds back to 14 May 1995 when a 2-1 defeat at Liverpool was still enough to see Rovers win the Premier League.
Here is a reminder of the starting XI on that fabulous Sunday and a look at what happened to them after.
Goalkeeper - Tim Flowers
Flowers was the most expensive goalkeeper in Britain when he joined Rovers from Southampton for �2.4 million in 1993. He made 177 league appearances for the club over six seasons at Ewood Park but when the club were relegated in 1999 he joined Leicester City. He earned a League Cup winner's medal in his first season and retired from playing at the end of Leicester's promotion winning campaign in 2003. Flowers has worked as a goalkeeping coach at Leicester City, Manchester City and Northampton Town and had as assistant manager at Coventry City, QPR and Hull City. He was appointed manager of Stafford Rangers in 2010 before being named caretaker manager at Northampton Town in 2011.
Defender - Jeff Kenna
Kenna did not arrive at Ewood Park until March 1995 and played a part in the club's run-in to the title. He spent almost seven years at Blackburn, making over 150 league appearances before joining Birmingham City on a free transfer in 2001. Spells at Derby County and Kidderminsiter Harriers followed, before he ended his playing career in Ireland at Galway United and St. Patrick's Athletic. He was appointed as manager to both Irish sides before resigning as boss of St. Pat's in September 2009. In August 2011, Kenna joined the coaching staff at the IMG Academy of Soccer in Florida.
Defender - Colin Hendry
Hendry was in his second spell at Rovers when they won the Premier League having made over 100 appearances before joining Manchester City in 1989. He rejoined Rovers in November 1991 for �700,000 and played a further 235 league matches. In 1998 and at the age of 33, he joined Rangers in a �4 million deal where he won the domestic treble in his first season. His spell at Ibrox was not a happy one and he went on to play for Coventry City, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End and Blackpool before retiring in 2003. He ventured into management at Blackpool, Boston United and Clyde before leaving the game to look after his wife in 2008. Hendry was formally declared bankrupt in June 2010.
Defender - Graeme Le Saux
Chelsea defender Le Saux transferred to Rovers in 1993 for �700,000 and was a virtual ever-present during his first two seasons with the club. He made almost 130 league appearances for Rovers but missed the second half of the 1995-96 season with an ankle injury which ruled him out of Euro 96. He will be best remembered for fighting with team mate David Batty during a Champions League clash against Spartak Moscow. In August 1997, Le Saux became English football's most expensive defender when he returned to Chelsea for �5 million. After 140 league appearances, winning the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup, was a make-weight in the deal which took Wayne Bridge from Southampton to the Blues in 2003. Since retiring from the game in 2005, Le Saux has worked as a pundit and appeared on other television shows, such as Dancing On Ice.
Defender - Henning Berg
Berg arrived at Rovers ahead of the first Premier League season in 1992 in a �400,000 move from Lillestrom and went on to play 159 league matches for the club. He joined Manchester United in 1997 for �5 million, on a par record-wise with team-mate Le Saux's switch to Chelsea and helped the Reds to two league titles and part of the famous treble of 1999 which also included the
Champions League and FA Cup. He returned to Rovers on loan in 2000 before making the move permanent and then had a season at Rangers in 2003 before retiring. As a manager, he guided Norwegian club Lyn to a third placed finish in 2005 but was sacked from his post at Lillestrom in October 2011 after gaining just one point in eight matches.
Defender - Ian Pearce
Usually a defender but sometimes used in midfield or up front, Pearce joined Rovers from Chelsea for �300,000 in October 1993. After 63 league appearances for Rovers, he joined West Ham United for �3.5 million in 1997. He managed just 37 minutes of senior football in the 1999-00 football after injuring his knee ligaments and was out of the game for 14 months. After a total of 142 league games he joined Fulham in January 2004 in a deal which took Andy Melville to the Hammers. Injury restricted Pearce to just 57 appearances in four years and he drifted into non league football. He played briefly at Lincoln City while as assistant manager to Chris Sutton but has most recently played for Kingstonian.
Midfielder - Tim Sherwood
Club captain Sherwood made almost 250 league appearances for Rovers before joining Tottenham Hotspur in a �3 million move in 1999. The midfielder won a runners-up medal with Spurs in the League Cup in 2002 after ironically being beaten by his former employers Blackburn. After making almost 100 appearances he moved to Portsmouth after falling out with then manager Glenn Hoddle. He played out the final matches of his career at Coventry City before retiring in 2005. He worked as a television pundit before joining the Spurs coaching staff in October 2008.
Midfielder - Stuart Ripley
After helping Middlesbrough win promotion to the newly founded Premier League, Ripley joined Rovers who were promoted at the same time as Boro for �1.3 million in the summer of 1992. He scored the club's first Premier League goal on his debut in a 3-3 draw at Crystal Palace. After 188 league appearances and 13 goals, he joined Southampton in 1998 before retiring four years later. Ripley became a qualified solicitor in 2010 and his son, a goalkeeper, has made two senior league appearances during his fledgling career at Middlesbrough.
Midfielder - David Batty
Batty joined Rovers from Leeds United in a �2.75 million switch in October 1993 but a broken foot restricted him to just five appearances during the club's title winning campaign. Batty joined Newcastle United for �3.75 million in 1996 and helped the Magpies finish as runners-up to Manchester United twice before returning to Leeds in a �4.4 million deal in 1998. Batty helped Leeds qualify for the Champions League during his time at Elland Road before he retired in 2004. He has kept a relatively low profile since hanging up his boots but has appeared in "The Match" - a charity game in which ex-players and celebrities team up and has also been involved in advertising campaigns for Cancer Research.
Striker - Alan Shearer
Striker Shearer gave Blackburn the lead that afternoon after 20 minutes before John Barnes and Jamie Redknapp turned the match around for Liverpool. It was just one goal out of the 112 he scored in 138 league appearances for the club since breaking the transfer record to join Rovers in a �3.3 million move from Southampton in 1992. Following a successful Euro 96, Shearer was close to joining Manchester United but signed for boyhood club Newcastle United in a world record �15 million transfer. Shearer spent a decade at St. James' Park, scoring 148 goals in 303 league appearances. He finished his playing days as the all-time Premier League top goalscorer with 260 goals - a record that is unlikely to be broken for some time yet. He worked as a television pundit but in April 2009, Shearer took temporary charge of Newcastle with the club battling relegation. During eight matches in charge, the Magpies won just once, drew twice and lost five games. A
return of five points out of a possible 24 resulted in their relegation on the final day of the 2008-09 season. Chris Hughton won promotion to the Premier League at the first attempt but was sacked in December 2010 - Shearer ruled himself out of the running for the manager's job and Alan Pardew was appointed. In June 2011, Shearer held talks with Cardiff City over the vacant manager's job but was unsuccessful.
Striker - Chris Sutton
Sutton became the most expensive player in English football in July 1994 when he joined Rovers from Norwich City for �5 million. Alongside Shearer, they were known as the "SAS" and his 15 goals along with Shearer's 34 went a long way to clinch the club's first league title since 1914. Injuries and a loss of form saw Sutton restricted to just 13 league appearances the following season but the 1997-98 yielded 18 goals, making him the Premier League's joint top goalscorer. He joined Chelsea for �10 million in 1999 in what proved to be a disastrous career move and was sold to Celtic for �6 million in the summer of 2000. Sutton won a host of trophies and accolades during six years in Scotland including three league titles, three Scottish Cups, one Scottish League Cup and SPFA Player of the Year in 2004. He joined Birmingham City in January 2006 and then Aston Villa that October but retired in the summer of 2007 due to an eye injury. Sutton was appointed manager of Lincoln City in September 2009 but left his post a year later due to family reasons.
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Which 13th century English philosopher and scientist was known as 'Doctor Mirabilis'? | EPL: The Premier League's 30 Greatest Strikers | Bleacher Report
EPL: The Premier League's 30 Greatest Strikers
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This is my first attempt at a soccer comment since joining the Bleacher Report team. The first article I'm going to do is actually a bigger version of what I sent in when I first attempted to join Bleacher Report. Obviously as you can see by my profile picture and the picture at the side I am a Manchester United fan so you will probably assume that I am going to be totally biased to Manchester United.
But I will not be, and here's why.
The criteria for this article is that the player must have scored more than 60 Premier League goals. So a player like Hernan Crespo, who played two seasons in the EPL and had a similar strike rate to some guys on the list, only scored 20 Premier League goals and so will not be on the list.
That's another thing. This will be based on who has a better strike rate—not who has the most goals. If a Manchester United player is high up, it's not because I am a Manchester United fan, but because they deserve to.
I worked out the strike rate by taking the number of games they played and dividing it by the goals. The lower the number will determine how clinical they are.
A strikers' goal-scoring record will be correct up to the end of the 2010-2011 season. It's a bit unfair to include van Persie, who is attempting to score a bucket load this year. At the end of the season I'll review it and then RVP will more than likely move up.
On with the list.
Strike Rate: 3.06
After breaking into the Aston Villa team before the Premier League was formed, the young Dwight Yorke would continue to develop his game in the early Premier League years and hit his stride in the 1995-1996 season when he scored 17 Premier League goals. He continued his prolific scoring before earning a £12.5million move to Manchester United.
At United he was part of a foursome of strikers who would win three Premier League titles in a row along with Andy Cole, Ole Gunnar Solksjær and Teddy Sheringham. He scored 38 Premier League goals in his first two seasons at the club but he began to butt heads with Sir Alex Ferguson in 2000 due to his hectic private life.
He began to lose form and suffer injuries which led to him only scoring 10 more league goals for the club. In the summer of 2002 he left to join Blackburn Rovers to join his old strike partner Andy Cole who joined during the previous winter transfer window.
He was unable to find his goalscoring form at Blackburn which led to him dropping into midfield. His presence there wasn't needed as it was clear he wasn't able to play for a club who had Blackburn's ambitions of European football. He left Blackburn in January 2005 and joined relegation-threatened Birmingham City for the remainder of the season and helped them stay in the division.
He left to play in Australia but was back in the Premier League in 2007 with Sunderland after helping them get promoted the previous season. He was no longer a Premier League-quality player and only played in 27 league games, scoring one goal before retiring in 2009.
Strike Rate: 3.04
Jermain Defoe's Premier League career began at West Ham in 2000 as a 17 year old but he was immediately shipped out on loan to the lower divisions to gain experience. After a successful spell he returned to West Ham and became an integral part of the team with his pace and goal scoring.
He scored 18 Premier League goals for West Ham in two poor seasons which saw them relegated in May 2003. He initially stayed with West Ham but it was quite clear that he was too good for the Championship.
He signed for Tottenham for £7million in January 2004 and made an instant impact, scoring seven goals to secure a mid-table finish for Spurs. Defoe formed an excellent partnership with Robbie Keane that was a major factor in Spurs re-emergence as a major force in England. Defoe scored 43 Premier League goals in his first spell with Spurs but, due to the signing of Dimitar Berbatov and the poor management of Juande Ramos, Defoe decided to move on.
He linked up with his former West Ham manager Harry Redknapp at Portsmouth in January 2008 and was a part of the side that won the FA Cup in May of that year. He scored 15 Premier League goals for Portsmouth before moving back to Spurs for £20million, who were then under the stewardship of Harry Redknapp.
He was a bit part player for the remainder of that season but the next season he enjoyed his most prolific season. He scored 18 Premier League goals in the 2009-2010 season to help Spurs to a 4th place finish, including five in one game against Wigan . The next season wouldn't be prolific, as he scored just four Premier League goals. It has been said that while Defoe is a goal scorer, he doesn't score on a consistent basis.
West Ham United (2005-2007 (43/8))
Premier League Games: 418
Strike Rate: 2.84
After starting the first Premier League season with three games and one goal at Nottingham Forest, Sheringham transferred to Tottenham Hotspur for £2million and went on to finish as the league's top scorer with 22 Premier League goals. He would continue to be one of the hottest strikers in the league for the next several years, scoring 76 Premier League goals for Spurs.
In the summer of 1997, Sheringham moved to Premier League champions Manchester United for a fee of £3.5million but his Spurs form eluded him and he spent most of his second and third season on the bench. In the 2000-2001 season, Sheringham scored 15 Premier League goals which was his best since the 1995-1996 season. His form that season saw Sheringham pick up the PFA Players' Player of the Year award and also saw him named in the Team of the Season.
After four years at United and three Premier League titles, Sheringham left United in 2001 after his contract expired and the pending transfer of Ruud van Nistelrooy would see his chances in the first team become bleak. He rejoined Spurs and, despite not being as mobile as he once was, still managed to score 22 Premier League goals in his second spell there.
After his contract ended in the summer of 2003 he joined Premier League new boys Portsmouth and formed a good partnership with Yakubu. He scored 9 goals during his season at Portsmouth before dropping down to West Ham United in the Championship. He helped them to promotion and stayed with them in the Premier League. He was a bit-part player in his two seasons with West Ham in the Premier League but still scored eight goals and played on until he was 41.
Strike Rate: 2.81
Many people have either forgot or don't know that Dion Dublin started his Premier League career at Manchester United. He signed for them for £1million just in time for the first Premier League season. He never made a great impact at United, only scoring two Premier League goals in 12 league games. He only collected one of those Premier League winners medals because of special dispensation by the Premier League.
It was quite clear that he wasn't needed at Man. United and moved on to Coventry City for £2million in 1994. In his four and a half year stint at Coventry his goals continuously kept them in the Premier League.
In all he scored 61 Premier League goals for Coventry City and scored 18 goals in the 1997/1998 season to win the Premier League Golden Boot, although the honor was shared with Blackburn's Chris Sutton and Liverpool 's Michael Owen.
In the autumn of 1998, Dublin left a Coventry side that seemed doomed for relegation for their rivals Aston Villa in a near £6million deal. He ended that 1998/1999 season with 14 Premier League goals, with 11 of them for his new side. As he got older, his prolific goal scoring began to slow down and he only scored 48 Premier League goals for Aston Villa in five and a half years. He even spent some time on loan and at second-tier side Millwall .
While he was at Villa, he began to play as a centre-back some of time which perhaps caused his dip in goalscoring form.
After leaving Aston Villa in the summer of 2004 he joined Championship side Leicester City for a year and a half, went north to Scotland to play for Celtic for half a season before moving back to The Championship with Norwich City before retiring in 2008 at the age of 39.
Since retiring from football he has become a football pundit.
Strike Rate: 2.79
One of the most charismatic players to ever play in the Premier League, the Italian left Celtic in 1997 to join Premier League strugglers Sheffield Wednesday for just over £4 million. Perhaps best known at Sheffield Wednesday for this , he was also loved by the fans and scored 15 Premier League goals for the club before that incident in September 1998 which led to him being banned for 11 games. He was eventually sold to West Ham United in January 1999 for just over £1.5 million.
He became a cult hero during his stay at West Ham due to goals like this and incidents like this while also retaining the madness for his Sheffield Wednesday days. While never being a prolific goal scorer during his four years at West Ham, he still scored 48 Premier League goals.
After his contract expired at West Ham he joined their London rivals Charlton Athletic for the 2003-2004 season and played the majority of the season but only scored four goals. In the summer of 2005 he moved back to Italy to play for the Italian giants Lazio with whom he started his career with. He surprisingly left Lazio in the summer of 2006 to play for Italian fourth division club Atletico Roma before retiring in 2008 at the age of 40.
Di Canio was never a prolific goal scorer but more of a deep-lying forward in the Bergkamp and Zola mode.
Since retiring he has received his coaching badges and now manages Swindon Town in League Two.
Strike Rate: 2.78
Le Sulk joined Arsenal as a 17 year old in January 1997 and by the next season he was a major part of the first team. He played off the wing in the 1997-1998 season when Arsenal won the Premier League and FA Cup double. The next season he was moved into a more central role and scored 17 goals, while also winning the PFA Young Player of the Year. He was also named in the Team of the Season. That summer, Arsenal made a £22 million profit on Anelka and sold him to Real Madrid .
He resurfaced in England two and a half years later, joining Liverpool on loan from PSG in France. Despite only scoring four goals he helped solidify Liverpool's second place finish.
Instead of signing Anelka, Liverpool manager Gerard Houllier signed El Hadji Diouf, which led to Manchester City signing Anelka for £13 million in May 2002. He would rediscover his goal scoring form that eluded him when he moved to Europe 37 Premier League goals for City before signing for Fenerbahce of Turkey in January 2005.
After a year and a half in Turkey he moved back to the Premier League with Bolton Wanderers signing him for £8 million. He made an immediate impact, scoring vital goals that steered Bolton to top-half finishes. After impressing at Bolton, scoring 21 Premier League goals, he transferred to Premier League challengers Chelsea for £15 million.
After a troubled start at Chelsea, where he only scored one goal in the back end of the 2007-2008 season, he rediscovered his form in the 2008-2009 season, scoring 19 goals to finish as the Golden Boot winner. Again he was also named in the Team of the Season.
Despite only hitting ridiculous goal scoring form in one season at Chelsea, it was still the best period of his career, as they won one league and he scored 38 Premier League goals.
As of now, his Premier League career happens to be over, as he moved to China in January 2012. When this list is reviewed in May, he will likely be off it.
Strike Rate: 2.75
Yakubu joined Portsmouth in January 2003 on loan and helped seal their promotion to the Premier League. He was signed permanently for £4 million in the summer and helped establish them as a Premier League side. He scored 29 Premier League goals for Portsmouth before he moved to Middlesbrough in the summer of 2005 for £7.5 million.
He spent two seasons at Middlesbrough where, despite not being that prolific, was loved by the fans. Those two seasons at Middlesbrough were relegation-threatened seasons at the club and Yakubu's 25 Premier League goals in that time helped save the club from relegation. After two games of the 2007-2008 season, Yakubu completed his biggest move yet, moving to Everton for £11 million.
His first season at Everton was quite prolific as he scored 15 Premier League goals to finish amongst the league's top scorers. In the 2008-2009 season, Yakubu started to suffer injuries and loss of form, form which he never got back for the remainder of his stay with the club. He scored 10 Premier League goals in his final three seasons at the club and left in the summer of 2011 and joined Blackburn Rovers.
He has enjoyed a good start at his new club and should find himself higher on this list when it is reviewed in May.
He is the top African scorer in Premier League history.
Strike Rate: 2.70
After grafting around in the lower levels of English football for years, Phillips finally made it to the Premier League in 1999 after helping Sunderland to promotion. His first season couldn't have been better, as Sunderland finished seventh and Phillips won the Premier League Golden Boot with 30 goals. His goals started to dry up in the following seasons and he left Sunderland in 2003 after they were relegated with 61 goals.
He joined mid-table Premier League club Southampton in 2003 for £3.25 million and formed a decent partnership with James Beattie. He scored 12 Premier League goals in his first season. The next season wasn't as successful as James Beattie left the club in January and Southampton were relegated in May. Philipps scored 22 Premier League goals for Southampton before joining Aston Villa in the summer of 2005 for £1 million.
His spell at Aston Villa was largely forgetful and he only scored four Premier League goals before dropping down to The Championship to play for West Bromwich Albion . He resurfaced in the Premier League in 2009 after helping another Midlands club, Birmingham City, to promotion. He was a bit-part player in Birmingham's last stay in the league, only scoring five goals in two seasons before they were relegated in May 2011.
Instead of finding a new Premier League club, Phillips left Birmingham for Blackpool who had also recently been relegated. He still plays there today.
West Ham United (2011 (9/2))
Premier League Games: 361
Strike Rate: 2.69
Robbie Keane started out in what was then the First Division, playing for Wolverhampton Wanderers before earning a transfer to Premier League strugglers Coventry City in 1999 for £6million. His one season at Coventry was successful as he scored 12 Premier League goals to help Coventry stay in the Premier League. Keane shockingly was bought by Italian giants Internazionale in the summer of 2000 for £13 million.
After he failed in Italy, he returned to England and joined Premier League contenders Leeds United on loan in January. He scored 9 Premier League goals in 13 games to earn a permanent move to the club in a £12 million move. His formed dropped the following season and he eventually left Leeds on transfer deadline day 2002 signing for Tottenham Hotspur for £7 million.
Keane would become a Spurs legend in his first spell at the club, never scoring less than 10 Premier League goals in that spell. His best was the 2005-2006 season, when he scored 16 Premier League goals. He helped Spurs to reach Europe in the mid-2000's and formed many strike partnerships with Jermain Defoe, Teddy Sheringham, Mido, Dimitar Berbatov and Darren Bent.
After an excellent 2007-2008 season, where he scored 15 Premier League goals, he signed for Liverpool in August 2008 for £20 million. He never fit in at Liverpool though, usually coming off the bench, and scored five Premier League goals for them before rejoining Spurs for £16 million. With this he has become collectively one of the most expensive players ever.
His return to Spurs was initially successful as he scored five Premier League goals in the second half of the season. But his form dipped the next season with six Premier League goals in 20 games. He then headed north to Scotland and joined Celtic on loan until the end of the season.
The 2010-2011 was also unsuccessful, as he failed to register in the league for Spurs and went on loan in January again, this time to Premier League strugglers West Ham United, where he only scored two Premier League goals as West Ham were relegated at the end of the season.
Like many before him, he headed to LA Galaxy in the USA, realizing his Premier League career was over. He has joined Aston Villa on loan this season, we'll see how he stands on this list at the end of the season after that spell is over.
Strike Rate: 2.60
Mark Viduka had an excellent scoring record before signing for Premier League contenders Leeds United in August 2000 for £6 million from Scottish giants Celtic. He continued his form at Leeds as he helped them to 4th in the Premier League with 17 League goals. He had a decent 2001-2002 season and returned to his prolific form in the latter half of the 2002-2003 season, as Leeds were battling relegation scoring 20 Premier League goals. He scored 59 league goals for Leeds in his four years before leaving in 2004 after they were relegated.
He signed for Middlesbrough in the summer of 2004 and struck up a great partnership with Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink. Middlesbrough remained a strong Premier League outfit during Viduka's stay, where he also developed a partnership with Yakubu, especially after Hasselbaink left. He scored 26 Premier League goals for Middlesbrough before signing for rivals Newcastle in the summer of 2007 on a free.
He was brought in as part of a Newcastle side that were meant to challenge for Europe, but it would not go that way. After an injury hit first season, Viduka only scored seven league goals and in the 2008-2009 season he only appeared in the league 12 times and didn't score as Newcastle were shockingly relegated from the league.
Due to his poor form and weight issues, and with his enthusiasm for the game non-existent, Newcastle released Viduka from his contract following relegation. He remained without a club for about a year and a half before announcing his retirement in late 2010 at the age of 35, despite having not played since he was 33.
It is unknown what he's been up to in the last two-and-a-half years.
Strike Rate: 2.58
Ole Gunnar Solskjær signed for Manchester United for £1.2 million in July 1996 and would go on to become a Manchester United legend. Initially meant to be a fringe player, Ferguson was forced to start him after his excellent form after he scored 18 Premier League goals in his first season. After injuries in his second season, his form dipped and he was relegated to impact sub status when Dwight York signed for Manchester United in 1998.
As Yorke and Andy Cole's form began to dip, it benefited Solskjær, and after two seasons of consistent scoring he formed a partnership with new boy Ruud van Nistelrooy in the 2001-2002 season and scored 17 Premier League goals. The 2002-2003 season was also an excellent season for Solksjær; despite not scoring many goals, he provided many assists and played all but one game in the Premier League.
After only a month and a half into the 2003-2004 season, Solksjær suffered a knee injury in a Champions League game that left him out until February. Despite returning and being an important part of the end of the season run, in he failed to register a Premier League goal for the season and only played 13 games.
He underwent knee ligament surgery in August 2004 that would leave him out for the whole season. He returned a year and a half later in December 2005 but another injury kept him out again until March, when he played two games before getting injured again. He finally made a successful return for the 2006-2007 title-winning season, scoring seven league goals in 19 games.
He underwent more surgery during the close season and played in pre-season matches but after the surgery failed he decided to retire from football in August 2007 at the age of 34 after scoring 91 Premier League goals in 235 games which would have surely been higher if he had not spent so many seasons as a sub, out of position or injured. In his time at United he won six league titles.
He went on to do his coaching badges and became the manager of the Reserves as well as a coach for the Senior team before leaving in 2011 to take charge of Norwegian side Molde. Many feel he is a favorite to succeed Sir Alex Ferguson at United.
Strike Rate: 2.44
Dimitar Berbatov has had his criticisms throughout his career due to his laid-back style but there is no denying his talent. After playing for Bundesliga giants Bayer Leverkusen for six years he moved to Premier League European contenders Tottenham Hotspur for £11 million in July 2006.
He immediately formed a strong partnership with Robbie Keane and scored 12 league goals, which helped Spurs to a fifth place finish. He was also named in the Premier League Team of the Season.
The 2007-2008 season was his most prolific season with Tottenham,as he scored 15 league goals but, as in the previous two transfer windows, Berbatov was heavily sought after by Premier League champions Manchester United. After months of rumors, Berbatov finally signed for United just before the transfer window close in September 2008 for £30.75 million, making him one of the most expensive players ever.
Despite doing things like this in his first season, it wasn't prolific and he ended the season with nine Premier League goals, which was his lowest total in the league so far and led to questions if he suited the style of Manchester United. Despite a more prolific 2009-2010 season where he scored 12 Premier League goals, fans were calling for the club to sell him.
The 2010-2011 season was a make-or-break season for him at Manchester United and he made it, scoring 20 Premier League goals to win the Golden Boot, although it was shared with Manchester City's Carlos Tevez. Despite scoring 20 league goals, new questions began to emerge as to whether he was consistent enough as he scored a hat-trick and five against Blackburn. After that season he was again named in the Team of the Season.
He has so far won two league titles with Manchester United and after a slow start to the current season, where he rarely played, he has hit fine form, which should see him move up to list when it is reviewed.
Strike Rate: 2.42
Wayne Rooney rose through the ranks at Everton before doing this at the age of 16 to become an instant star. That goal against Arsenal made him a first team regular and, despite never being a prolific goal scorer at Everton, showed that he was going to be one of the best players in the world some day.
He scored 15 Premier League goals in his time at Everton before Manchester United came calling in August 2004. After rejecting an offer from Newcastle, Everton accepted a £26.5 million bid from Manchester United, and Rooney became the most expensive teenager ever.
He formed a partnership with Ruud van Nistelrooy and scored 27 Premier League goals in his first two seasons, in which he won the PFA Young Player of the Year in both. He became known for being a scorer of great goals rather than a great goal scorer for goals like this one against Newcastle and this against Middlesbrough . He was also named in the 2005-2006 Team of the Season.
After the incident with Cristiano Ronaldo was resolved in August 2006, Rooney went on the help Ronaldo become the best player in the world. He scored his fair share of goals as well, scoring 38 Premier League goals between 2006 and 2009, but was often played out of position. He won three Premier League titles with Manchester United in that time. In June 2009, Ronaldo left United for Real Madrid and it was time for Rooney to step up.
He didn't disappoint, and went on to score 26 Premier League goals in the 2009-2010 season, which was his highest total so far. He also won the PFA Players' Player of the Year and was named in the Team of the Season. After United failed to win the title and failed to bring in any big names in the summer of 2010, Rooney began to question the club's ambitions, and handed in a transfer request in October.
Sir Alex Ferguson convinced Rooney to stay and sign a long-term contract, but he had to win over the fans once again after first losing form and then handing in the transfer request. It took him a while, but on New Years Day, 2011, he scored his first goal from open play and ended the season strong with 13 Premier League goals, including this goal against Manchester City .
Rooney has continued his form into this season and I expect him to move up this list. In fact, Rooney has to ability to break all goal-scoring records in England at the age of 26, and if he had been more ruthless throughout his career so far, he could be even closer now.
Strike Rate: 2.36
Robin van Persie signed for Arsenal in May 2004 for just under £3 million as a 20-year-old. He originally played as a supporting striker or a wide man to support the other forwards like Thierry Henry , Dennis Bergkamp and Emmanuel Adebayor.
In his first couple of seasons he scored sparingly, but when he did, it was special, like this against Charlton. He gained a reputation as an injury-prone player and this was further proved after he moved into a more central role.
He started both the 2008-2009 season and 2009-2010 season well as one of the top scorers in the league, but injuries suffered throughout the season led to him finishing with totals of 11 and nine respectively. The 2009-2010 season injury was especially hard for Arsenal as Emmanuel Adebayor had been sold in the summer, meaning van Persie was the only centre forward.
He started the 2010-2011 season injured and many wondered if he'd get back into the team due to the form of Arsenal's new direct centre forward Marouane Chamakh. But he proved the doubters wrong. After he returned in November he went on an unbelievable run which led to him scoring 18 league goals between November and May. He would have certainly won it if he'd been fit for the whole season as he only finished two behind.
He has also gained a reputation for his free kicks becoming one of the best in the world, some of which can be seen here . He has now become Arsenal's captain and as of May 2011 has scored 66 Premier League goals, but due to his form this season where he is the current top scorer, that is sure to rise, as well as his placing on this list.
Strike Rate: 2.35
Les Ferdinand was already a First Division regular with QPR when it was renamed the Premier League in 1992. With QPR, Ferdinand went on to be one of the finest scorers in the early years of the Premier League. After a very successful season in 1994-1995, where he scored 24 goals, he earned a big money transfer to title contenders Newcastle for £6 million.
His first season at Newcastle was hugely successful as they finished second to Manchester United. Ferdinand scored 25 goals to win the PFA Player's Player of the Year and was named in the Team of the Season. The following summer he was joined by Alan Shearer and despite not being as prolific as the previous season, still scored 16 goals and helped Newcastle to yet another second place finish.
In the summer of 1997 he transferred to Spurs, his boyhood club, for £6 million. However, age had caught up with the 30-year-old Ferdinand and although he was adored by the fans during his five-and-a-half year stay at the club, injuries started to take their toll on Ferdinand and he only once reached 10 league goals.
In January 2003 he moved across London to an underperforming West Ham who were relegated at the end of the season with Ferdinand playing a vital part in their run in. He rediscovered his prolific form at newly-promoted Leicester in 2003 where he scored 12 goals, but that was unable to save them from relegation. He moved to Bolton in 2004 for once last season in the Premier League but only managed 12 games and one goal.
He dropped down to The Championship to play for Reading and Watford before hanging up the boots in 2006 at the age of 39.
Strike Rate: 2.33
Robbie Fowler broke into the Liverpool first team at the age of 18 and had a very prolific first season, scoring 12 goals in 28 games. In the next two seasons he was among the league's top scorers, scoring 25 and 28 respectively, and he also won the PFA Young Player of the Year in both those seasons. Fowler's form began to dip and, after scoring 18 goals in the 1996-1997 season, he only scored 10+ goals in the league once for the remainder of his first spell at the club.
It was time for a new challenge due to a bad relationship with Gerard Houllier and being behind Michael Owen and Emile Heskey in the pecking order. He moved to Leeds in December 2001 for £12 million and despite a decent scoring record, he was never able to break into the team and left the club just over a year later in a £6 million switch to Manchester City.
After a good spell at Man. City, where he was a regular starter, he was never prolific and rejoined Liverpool in January 2006 on a free transfer. Although his second spell at Liverpool was nostalgic and prolific, he was never a regular and with the emerging signing of Fernando Torres he decided to pursue other options.
He dropped down to The Championship with Cardiff City for a year. A year later he joined Blackburn Rovers at the start of the 2008-2009 season on a free transfer but after only three appearances with no goals it was quite clear that he wasn't up to the standards of the modern Premier League. He still plays today where he is the player manager of Muangthong United in Thailand after a two-year spell in Australia.
Strike Rate: 2.33
I know people are going to say he's a winger, but he played as a striker during his final years at the club and anyone who finished as the Premier League top scorer and played as a striker deserves his place on this list. Ronaldo signed for United as an 18-year-old in August 2003 for £12.25 million and was originally seen as a showboater and not strong enough to play in the Premier League. He scored four Premier League goals in his first season at the club.
In the next two seasons he improved on his criticisms immensely while also improving his goal scoring, making five goals in the 2004-2005 season and nine in the 2005-2006 season. He was also named in the 2005-2006 Premier League Team of the Season.
After an incident at the 2006 World Cup many thought he wouldn't come back to United due to the speculated strained relationship with him and his teammates who played for England—especially Wayne Rooney—as well as the nationwide hate from fans. Alex Ferguson fought off Real Madrid and convinced Ronaldo to stay and what happened would go down as one of the best periods in the club's history.
He started the 2006-2007 season on fire and had scored 17 Premier League goals by the end of it, which helped United to their first Premier League title in four years. He would also win the PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year and was once again named in the Team of the Season.
After once again fighting off Real Madrid, Ronaldo went on to have his most successful season yet after moving inside. He won the Golden Boot, scoring 31 goals, and once again won the title with United. He was named PFA Players' Player of the Year and was named in the Team of the Season. These exploits led to him winning the World Player of the Year award in December 2008.
While not as successful as the previous seasons, the 2008-2009 season still saw Ronaldo score 18 Premier League goals, win the Premier League and be named in the Team of the Season. In June 2009 Ronaldo finally earned his dream move and signed for Spanish giants Real Madrid for £80 million. He has since gone on to break records there.
Strike Rate: 2.27
Darren Bent progressed through the ranks at Ipswich to make his debut in the Premier League in late 2002 at the age of 18. He ended the season with one goal in five games. Ipswich however were relegated at the end of the season. He stayed with Ipswich for another three years in The Championship, gaining a good goal-scoring record before finding his way back to the Premier League with Charlton in the summer of 2005 for £2.5 million.
Bent was part of the Charlton team that played some of the best football in the country and finished in the top half in the league. Bent finished that season as the top English goal scorer in the Premier League with 18 goals. The team started to break up and by the start of next season they were the shadow of the team from a year earlier. Bent still scored 13 Premier League goals but that wasn't able to save Charlton from relegation.
Bent went on to join Tottenham Hotspur in the summer of 2007 for a huge £16.5 million. He had stiff competition throughout his time at Spurs and was unable to reach the form he had with Charlton in the Premier League. He scored 18 Premier League goals for Spurs in his two seasons at the club, which was the total of his first season at Charlton.
He signed for Sunderland in the summer of 2009 for £16.5 million and soon regained the form he showed earlier in his Premier League career. He finished his first season with Sunderland as one of the Premier League's top scorers with 24 goals. The next season he was joined at the club by Ghanian striker Asamoah Gyan and they formed an excellent partnership, with Bent scoring eight Premier League goals before January.
Surprisingly, Bent left Sunderland in a £24 million move to Aston Villa in January 2011. He scored an amazing 32 Premier League goals in 54 games for Sunderland. He ended the season well, scoring nine Premier League goals for Aston Villa,which made his season total 17 including his goals from Sunderland.
Strike Rate: 2.27
Emmanuel Adebayor signed for Arsenal in January 2006 for £7 million from French side Monaco. He was initially backup to Thierry Henry but still scored four Premier League goals in 13 games. The 2006-2007 was Thierry Henry's only injury-riddled season at Arsenal, so Adebayor was given significant game time, scoring eight Premier League goals in 29 games, which wasn't the return everybody expected of him.
After Henry left Arsenal for Barcelona in 2007, Adebayor was promoted to main striker and reacted well, scoring goals like this and this . He ended that season with 24 Premier League goals and was named in the Team of the Season.
The following season was mixed for Adebayor. Fans questioned his commitment as van Persie started to emerge as the main striker. He only scored 10 Premier League goals, which was surprising, considering his form in the previous season. He began to have problems with Wenger and his teammates, which led to him being sold to big-spending Manchester City for £25 million in the summer of 2009.
He formed a partnership with Man. City's other new signing Carlos Tevez and even scored a goal against his former club Arsenal which led to this celebration . Poor form towards the end of the season meant he only scored 14 Premier League goals, and by the 2010-2011 season he was surplus to requirements at City and only score one goal. He spent the second half of the season on loan at Spanish side Real Madrid.
With no future at City, Adebayor sought a new club, but with no one willing to pay his high wages he joined Arsenal's rivals Tottenham on loan. So far he has been successful and will surely move up the list when it is reviewed.
Strike Rate: 2.25
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, I believe, is one of the most underrated strikers in the history of the league. He joined Leeds United from Portuguese side Boavista in 1997 for £2 million. He became an integral part of the Leeds United side that came back to life in the late 1990s. In his two seasons at the club he scored 34 Premier League goals. In the 1998-1999 season he scored 18 Premier League goals and shared the Golden Boot with Manchester United's Dwight Yorke and Liverpool's Michael Owen.
He left Leeds in the summer of 1999 to join Atletico Madrid for £12 million and enjoyed an excellent season in Spain before returning to England in the summer of 2000, joining Chelsea for £15 million. He returned to England in excellent form scoring 46 Premier League goals in his first two seasons while Chelsea finished high up in the league. In the 2002-2003 season he suffered a bit of a dip in form and only scored 11 Premier League goals as Chelsea finished 4th and qualified for the Champions League.
In the summer of 2003, Chelsea were taken over by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich which led to a massive change in the squad. Surprisingly Hasselbaink stayed at the club despite Chelsea signing forward and he still finished as Chelsea's top scorer in the league with 13 Premier League goals. He did, however, leave in the summer of 2004 for Middlesbrough.
At Middlesbrough he formed a good partnership with Mark Viduka and scored 23 Premier League goals during his two year stay at the club. He made his final stop in England at London club Charlton Athletic but it was clear that he wasn't Premier League standard anymore after only two Premier League goals in a season where Charlton were relegated.
He dropped down to The Championship and enjoyed a season with Cardiff City before retiring at the end of the season at the age of 36. Since retirement he has worked as a pundit while also earning his coaching badges; he is a current coach at Nottingham Forest.
Strike Rate: 2.22
Eric Cantona arrived in England in 1992 from Nimes for less than £1 million after being a journeyman in France for years. He helped Leeds win the last First Division title. He was hot property upon the start of the inaugural Premier League season and scored six Premier League goals in 13 games before signing for Manchester United for just over £1 million. He went on the help them win their first league title in 26 years. He ended that first season with 15 Premier League goals.
The next season he was on fire and scored 18 Premier League goals while leading Manchester United to another league title. That season he was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year and was also named in the Team of the Season.
After an impressive start to the 1994-1995 season with 12 Premier League goals, he was involved in an incident in a match against Crystal Palace , when he was sent off for kung-fu kicking a Palace fan in the chest . He was then given an eight match ban, which meant he would miss the rest of the season and United would miss out on the Premier League. This all led to this legendary interview .
He returned to action in October of 1995 and would score 14 Premier League goals as United went on to win another Premier League title. The next season he was elected captain after the departure of Steve Bruce and wasn't as prolific as previous seasons, but United still won the Premier League title and Cantona scored this great goal against Sunderland . He retired at the end of the season just after turning 31, which shocked everyone.
After retiring he stayed away from football to become an actor. He also played beach soccer for France for years and now is the Director of Soccer at the revived New York Cosmos.
Strike Rate: 2.20
Carlos Tevez was one of the hottest properties in world football so it shocked the world when he, along with Javier Mascherano, signed for mediocre Premier League side West Ham United in August 2006 for undisclosed fees. His season at West Ham was eventful as he took time to adjust to English football and West Ham were battling relegation. He did however find form at the end of the season and scored seven Premier League goals in the last couple of games to save them from relegation.
There was speculation about who actually owned Tevez in the summer of 2007. He wasn't completely owned by West Ham but was owned by a sports group called MSI. They payed West Ham £2 million to release him from his contract and he signed for Premier League champions Manchester United on a two-year loan deal.
Tevez was loved by fans during his time at United because of his hard-working nature but because they possessed players like Cristiano Ronaldo , Wayne Rooney and Dimitar Berbatov, Tevez often found himself playing on the wing or off the bench. He won the Premier League twice with Manchester United and scored 19 Premier League goals but after his two year loan had ended he wanted a new challenge and left United.
He didn't leave Manchester though as he surprisingly signed for United's big spending neighbors Manchester City for £25 million. He was instantly made the most important player on the team and he returned the favor by scoring 23 Premier League goals and leading City to fifth place. The next season was better as Tevez scored 20 Premier League goals to jointly win the Golden Boot with Berbatov of United. He was also named in the Team of the Season. He also helped City to a third place finish that season.
I believe this season Tevez has disgraced football and I don't think a player with his ego is good for the game. I won't deny the man's talent, though.
Strike Rate: 2.19
Andy Cole the goal. Andy or Andrew's Premier League career started with the newly promoted Newcastle in 1993. In Newcastle's first season back in top flight they finished third, largely thanks to Cole's goals who scored 34 that season to finish the top scorer and also winning the PFA Young Player of the Year that season.
The next season he was hot property after starting the season well, and he earned a transfer to Premier League champions Manchester United in January 1995 for £7 million.
He managed 12 goals in 18 games in his first half a season at United, even scoring five against Ipswich while helping United regain their Premier League title. However, due to competition from Eric Cantona, Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Dwight Yorke, Teddy Sheringham and later Ruud van Nistelrooy, he would never be as prolific as people thought he'd be.
Despite scoring over 100 goals for United and near 100 league goals, he never had a 20+ goal season, with his highest being 19 in the 1999-2000 season when he was also named in the Team of the Year.
He was still a winner at United, winning five league titles during his time there. Due to the arrival and impact of van Nistelrooy he was forced to leave.
He would never be the same again after moving to Blackburn, Fulham, Manchester City (Judas), Portsmouth and Sunderland for short spells, never finding prolific form at any of the clubs before dropping down to The Championship and retiring in 2009.
Strike Rate: 2.12
After making his league debut for Liverpool just after his 17th birthday, Michael Owen scored his first league goal on the final day of the 1996-1997 season.
The next season he got his opportunity as a regular in the first team, winning the Golden Boot with 18 goals and repeating the feat the next season in fewer games, although both times he had to share the award: first with Blackburn's Chris Sutton and Coventry City's Dion Dublin and then with Manchester United's Dwight Yorke and Leeds United's Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink.
He also won the PFA Young Player of the Year in 1998 and was named in that season's Team of the Year.
After an injury-laden 1999-2000 season where he only scored 11 goals, Michael bounced back and finished as Liverpool's top scorer in the next four seasons, which would turn out to be his final seasons at the club. After Rafa Benitez came to Liverpool, Michael felt it would be best for him to move on and he joined Spanish giants Real Madrid for £8 million in August 2004.
After a prolific yet unsettling year in Spain, Owen returned to England and joined Newcastle United in a £17 million move, a club record. At Newcastle, however, Michael started to experience injury problems and only played 14 league games in his first two seasons, scoring seven goals.
He regained fitness the following season and finished as top scorer in an underperforming Newcastle side with 11 goals. The 2008-2009 season was disastrous for Newcastle, and Owen himself received criticism from the fans for not seeming committed to the club. At the end of the season Newcastle were relegated.
Making it quite clear that he wasn't ready to drop down to The Championship, Michael looked for another club and it came as a shock to all when that club turned out to be Liverpool's arch rivals Manchester United. Despite not being a regular at Manchester United, Owen has made a considerable impact scoring the winner in a Manchester derby in September 2009 and winning his first league title in 2011.
It has been argued had he never left Liverpool he would have broken Alan Shearer's record by now.
Strike Rate: 2.12
Didier Drogba signed for Chelsea for £24 million in the summer of 2004 in their bid to win the Premier League. He didn't make the impact at first, only scoring 22 Premier League goals in his first two seasons, despite Chelsea winning the Premier League both seasons. He was seen as an unreliable player who was bad for the game because of his play acting.
The next season erased those thoughts as he won the Golden Boot by scoring 20 Premier League goals, including this goal and this goal . He was named in the Team of the Season. He instantly became a legend in the fans' eyes, as well as many pundits hailing him as the best centre forward in the world due to his power.
The next two seasons were injury-hit seasons for Drogba and he never seemed to get a run of the games before getting injured. He scored 13 Premier League goals in those two seasons but because of the 2006-2007 season his reputation would live on in everyone's eyes. Those three seasons were disappointing for Chelsea domestically as they failed to win the Premier League in any of those seasons.
The next season would be phenomenal for Drogba and Chelsea. They were simply unstoppable and scored over 100 goals in the Premier League, with Drogba scoring 29 of them to once again win the Golden Boot and be named in the Team of the Season. This led to Chelsea winning a third Premier League title.
The next season, Chelsea and Drogba started the season the same way they ended the last—on fire. They went on a massive winning run, with Drogba scoring goals for fun. They would hit a rough patch in the winter that they never recovered from and Drogba would finish with 11 Premier League goals.
It would appear that Drogba is on his way out of Chelsea sooner rather than later, but the man's legacy will live on.
West Ham United (1998-1999 (22/9))
Premier League Games: 213
Strike Rate: 1.88
"Ian Wright Wright Wright!" The inaugural Premier League season was Wright's second at Arsenal as he joined them a year earlier for £2.5 million. He was one of the best Premier League strikers in his early years, often finishing up around the leading goal scorers.
In the first Premier League season he scored 15 Premier League goals and was named in the Team of the Season. The next year he bettered this record with 23 Premier League goals. In fact, he never scored less than 10 goals for Arsenal in a Premier League season.
In the 1996-1997 Premier League season, Wright once again scored 23 Premier League goals to once again be named in the Team of the Season. The next season was his lowest-scoring one for Arsenal as he scored 10 Premier League goals, but he won his first and only Premier League title. He would leave Arsenal at the end of that season and sign for less than £1 million.
His one season at West Ham was the only season he would score less than 10 in the Premier League, as he scored nine goals. He was no longer a Premier League quality striker as he dropped down to the First Division to play for Nottingham Forest, then six months in the SPL playing for Celtic before ending his career in 2000 playing in the Second Division for Burnley at the age of 36.
Since his career has ended he has gone on to become a TV show host, football pundit, newspaper columnist and infamously a pop star. He has also been a mentor to his footballer sons Shaun and Bradley Wright-Phillips.
Strike Rate: 1.75
I know all the jokes about him now, but on form, Fernando Torres is one of the top five finest strikers I've ever seen play. After starting his career at boyhood club Atletico Madrid in Spain, Torres signed for Liverpool for £20 million in July 2007. He instantly made an impact scoring this goal against Chelsea and 23 other goals to finish with 24 Premier League goals in his first season. He was named in the Team of the Season.
The following season he began to experience injury problems but was still instrumental in Liverpool's title challenge as they eventually finished in second place. Individually he scored 14 Premier League goals but provided many assists to once again be named in the Team of the Season.
The next season was another injury-hit season for Torres and a poor one in general for Liverpool. Liverpool finished in seventh place, but despite being injured for a large chunk of it, Torres still scored an incredible 18 Premier League goals in just 22 games.
He started the 2010-2011 season well for Liverpool scoring nine goals in the Premier League. However, Liverpool were still performing poor as a team in the league and Torres wanted out. He ended his Liverpool career with 65 Premier League goals in 102 games. In January 2011, Torres became the most expensive British transfer in history following his £50 million move to title contenders Chelsea.
His time at Chelsea has been a disaster to say the least. He played 14 games for Chelsea in the 2010-2011 season and registered one goal. This season hasn't been much better and when this list is reviewed he will likely drop a few places.
Strike Rate: 1.69
Alan Shearer is the Premier Leagues all-time top scorer by a long way. He started off with Blackburn, who he signed for from Southampton in the summer of 1992 for £3.3 million as Kenny Dalglish tried to build a squad to win the league.
He instantly made an impact finishing as the club's top scorer in each of his four seasons, scoring 30+ goals in the final three, one of which they won the title. He formed a formidable partnership with Chris Sutton known as "S&S." He won the Premier League Golden Boot in 1995 and 1996 with goal totals of 34 and 31. He also won the PFA Player Players' of the Year in the title-winning season of 1995 and was named in the Premier League Team of the Season in all four of his seasons at Blackburn.
After a transfer to Manchester United failed, Shearer moved to Kevin Keegan's Newcastle for a then-world record £15 million. His first season at Newcastle was excellent as he won the Golden Boot with a total of 25 goals, PFA Players' Player of the Year and was once again named in the Premier League Team of the Year.
Before the 1997-1998 season kicked off, Shearer sustained ankle ligament damage and was reduced to 17 games and two goals.
The rest of his career at Newcastle was blighted by injury and he never reached his Blackburn form. He did have a few more prolific seasons though, with 23 Premier League goals in 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. He had an excellent 2002-2003 season where he scored 17 goals including this cracker against Everton and was named in the Team of the Season.
He also scored 22 Premier League goals in the 2003-2004 season, but most of his career after the 1997 season was blighted by injury.
Since retiring he has become one of the top football pundits in the world on Match of the Day and briefly managed Newcastle at the end of the 2008-2009 season when they were relegated.
Strike Rate: 1.57
If van Nistelrooy hadn't been injured in 2000 he would have been a Manchester United player a year early and won one more Premier League title. He did eventually sign for United on his 25th birthday on the 1st of July, 2001, for £19 million. He immediately made an impact and went on a run where he scored in eight consecutive games. He would end the season with 23 Premier League goals, was named in the Team of the Season and won the PFA Players' Player of the Year.
The next season he was simply unstoppable, scoring 25 Premier League goals to win the Golden Boot and helping United to the Premier League title, which would be his one and only at United. This goal against Fulham was one of his highlights of the season .
He also became a cult hero at United for being a penalty specialist.
In the 2003-2004 season he was once again prolific, scoring 20 Premier League goals while also being named in the Team of the Season. The 2003-2004 was marred by this incident which led to multiple players getting fined . After the arrival of Wayne Rooney in September 2004, they initially formed a decent partnership but that season would be the first and only season at United where van Nistelrooy would be marred by injuries. He only scored six Premier League goals.
The next season van Nistelrooy started on fire and had scored 20 Premier League goals by Christmas, including this against Charlton . Due to the return from injury and form of Louis Saha, plus the apparently strained relationship between van Nistelrooy and Sir Alex Ferguson he was rarely featured in the second half of the season and only scored one Premier League goal, ending a season that should have reached 30 Premier League goals with only 21.
Strike Rate: 1.45
Thierry Henry was a phenomenon. After being rescued from a disastrous spell at Juventus by Arsene Wenger for £11 million, he was originally a winger but soon found his home as a centre forward. After scoring 34 goals in his first two league seasons, he was made the focal point of the team that won the Premier League title in 2002, when he scored 24 goals to finish as the winner of the Golden Boot.
After a second place finish in 2003 where he won the PFA Players' Player of the Year and still scored 24 goals, he went on to be part of the unbeaten Arsenal side known as "The Invincibles" that won the Premier League title in 2004, when he scored 30 league goals to once again win the Golden Boot and once again win the PFA Players' Player of the Year.
In his final three seasons at the club, despite not winning any league titles with Arsenal, he still walked away with the Golden Boot in two out of the three seasons. His final year at the club was plagued with injury, and with Wenger's reluctance to resign players 30 years old or older, Henry left in a £24 million move to Barcelona.
He became Arsenal's all-time leading scorer in the league, in Europe and overall. After a few years in Spain, he is currently on loan back at Arsenal from the US team New York Red Bulls .
| i don't know |
Who was the 7th century Anglo-Saxon bishop, who whilst living on the Farne Islands off Northumberland, instituted special laws to protect the Eider ducks nesting there? | Franks Casket - Appendices - People and Places
Appendices - People and Places
The automatic translation is necessarily imprecise. This translation does not replace the reading of German or English original texts.
People and Places
Aidan: *Ireland - d. Aug. 31, 651, Bamburgh, Northumberland. apostle, monastic founder of Lindisfarne (Holy Island),.
Aidan was a monk at Iona, an island near Scotland, when King Oswald of Northumbria called for him to become the bishop of the newly converted Northumbrians, a diocese given up by Paulinus. Consecrated in 635, Aidan, the first Irish bishop of Northumbria, settled on Lindisfarne, where he established his church, monastery, and see near the royal stronghold of Bamburgh. Lindisfarne flourished as a leading ecclesiastical centre until the Viking invasions began in 793.
From Lindisfarne, Aidan evangelized northern England. He founded churches, monasteries, and, on Lindisfarne, a school for the training of ministers, among whom were Chad (first bishop of Lichfield), his brother Cedd (who converted the East Saxons), and Eata, abbot of Melrose. The Anglo-Saxon historian and theologian Bede praised Aidan for his learning, charity, and simplicity of life.
Aldfrith (died 14 December 704 or 705) sometimes Aldfrid, Aldfridus (Latin), or Flann Fína mac Ossu (Classical Irish) was king of Northumbria from 685 until his death. He is described by early writers such as Bede, Alcuin and Stephen of Ripon as a man of great learning, and some of his works, as well as letters written to him, survive. His reign was relatively peaceful, marred only by disputes with Bishop Wilfrid, a major figure in the early Northumbrian church.
Aldfrith was born on an uncertain date to Oswiu of Northumbria and an Irish princess named Fín. Oswiu later became King of Northumbria; he died in 670 and was succeeded by his son Ecgfrith. Aldfrith was educated for a career in the church and became a scholar. However, in 685, when Ecgfrith was killed at the battle of Nechtansmere, Aldfrith was recalled to Northumbria, reportedly from the Hebridean island of Iona, and became king.
In his early-eighth-century account of Aldfrith's reign, Bede states that he "ably restored the shattered fortunes of the kingdom, though within smaller boundaries".[2] His reign saw the creation of works of Hiberno-Saxon art such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Codex Amiatinus, and is often seen as the start of Northumbria's golden age.
Adopted from Wikipedia
Bamburgh is a large village on the coast of Northumberland, England. It is notable for two reasons: the imposing Bamburgh Castle, overlooking the beach, seat of the former Kings of Northumbria, and at present owned by the Armstrong family.
Bamburgh Castle, then called Din Guardi, was the capital of the British kingdom of Bryneich between about 420AD and 547. In 547 the castle was taken by the invading Angles led by Ida son of Eoppa and was renamed Bebbanburgh by one of his successors. From then onwards the castle became the capital of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia until it merged with it's southern neighbour, Deira, in 634. After the two realms united as Northumbria the capital was moved to York. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
Bede (Latin Beda), also known as Saint Bede or, more commonly (though misleadingly), the Venerable Bede (ca. 672 or 673 – May 27, 735), was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Wearmouth, today part of Sunderland, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow. Bede became known as Venerable Bede soon after his death, but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church. His scholarship and importance to Catholicism were recognised in 1899 when he was declared a Doctor of the Church as St Bede The Venerable.
He is well known as an author and scholar, whose best-known work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) gained him the title "The father of English history". Bede wrote on many other topics, from music and metrics to Scripture commentaries.
He is the only Englishman (and only the second Briton - also the Scot Richard of St. Victor) in Dante's Paradise (Paradiso' X.130), mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as Richard of St.-Victor and Isidore of Seville. He is also the only English Doctor of the Church. (adopted from Wikipedia)
Bangor has a long and varied history, from the Bronze Age people whose swords were discovered in 1949 or the Viking burial found on Ballyholme beach, to the Victorian pleasure seekers who travelled on the new railway from Belfast to take in the sea air. The town has been the site of a monastery renowned throughout Europe for its learning and scholarship, the victim of violent Viking raids in the 8th and 9th centuries, and the new home of Scottish and English planters during the Plantation of Ulster. The town has prospered as an important port, a centre of cotton production, and a Victorian and Edwardian holiday resort. Today it is a large retail centre and a commuter town for Belfast, though the remnants of the town's varied past still shape its modern form.
The ascetic life of prayer and fasting were the attractions of Bangor. However, as time progressed, Bangor also became a famed seat of learning and education. There was a saying in Europe at the time that if a man knew Greek he was bound to be an Irishman, largely due to the influence of Bangor. The monastery further became a missions-sending community. Even to this day missionary societies are based in the town. Bangor Monks appear throughout medieval literature as a force for good.
In 580, a Bangor monk named Mirin took Christianity to Paisley, where he died “full of miracles and holiness”. In 590, the fiery Colombanus, one of Comgall’s leaders, set out from Bangor with twelve other brothers, including Gall who planted monasteries throughout Switzerland. In Burgundy he established a severe monastic rule at Luxeuil which mirrored that of Bangor. From there he went to Bobbio in Italy and established the house which became one of the largest and finest monasteries in Europe. Colombanus died in 615, but by 700 AD, one hundred additional monasteries had been planted throughout France, Germany and Switzerland. Other famed missionary monks who went out from Bangor include Molua, Findchua and Luanus.
Adopted from Wikipedia
Benedict Biscop(c. 628 - 690), also known as Biscop Baducing, English churchman, was born of a good Northumbrian family and was for a time a thegn of King Oswiu.
He then went abroad and after a second journey to Rome (he made five altogether) lived as a monk at Lerins on the Mediterranean coast of France (665–667).
It was under his conduct that Theodore of Tarsus came from Rome to Canterbury in 669, and in the same year Benedict was appointed abbot of Ss. Peter and Paul's, Canterbury.
Five years later he built the monastery of St Peter at Wearmouth, on land granted him by Ecgfrith of Northumbria, and endowed it with a library. A papal letter in 678 exempted the monastery from external control, and in 682 the King was so delighted at the success of St Peter's, he gave Benedict more land in Jarrow and urged him to build a second monastery. Benedict erected a sister foundation (St Paul) at Jarrow. He appointed Ceolfrid as the superior, who was to become Bede's mentor, who left Wearmouth with 20 monks including the young Bede to start the foundation in Jarrow. Bede tells us that he brought builders and glass-workers from Francia to erect the buildings in stone.
The chancel at St Paul's Jarrow – a direct survival from the 7th century when it was a free-standing chapel in the monastery.
His idea was to build a model monastery for England, sharing his knowledge of the experience of the Catholic Church in Europe. It was the first ecclesial building to be built in stone, and the use of glass was a novelty for many of the Saxons in 7th-century England. It eventually possessed what was a large library for the time – several hundred volumes – and it was here that Benedict's student St Bede wrote his famous works. The library became world-famous, and manuscripts that had been copied there became prized possessions throughout Europe.
He died on January 12, 690. In his life time he had seen the Church change from being divided between the Roman and Celtic Churches and threatened by a resurgent paganism, to becoming a strong united and growing Roman Catholic Church, united with the worldwide church. His monastery was the jewel in the crown,under the direct patronage of the Pope and ushered in a Golden Era for Christianity in England.
On March 24, 2004, the City of Sunderland adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" Cadwallon ap Cadfan(died 634) was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle. The son and successor of Cadfan ap Iago, he is best remembered as the King of the Britons who invaded and conquered Northumbria, defeating and killing its king, Edwin, prior to his own death in battle against Oswald of Bernicia. His conquest of Northumbria, which he held for a year or two after he died, made him the last Briton to hold substantial territory in eastern Britain until the rise of the Tudor dynasty. He was thereafter remembered as a national hero by the Britons and as a tyrant by the Anglo-Saxons of Northumbria.
Whatever the case may be, Cadwallon was certainly affected by the ambitions of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Bede, writing about a century after Cadwallon's death, describes Edwin, the most powerful king in Britain, conquering the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet (what is now western Yorkshire) and ejecting its king, Cerdic. This opened the door to the Irish Sea, and Edwin successfully extended his rule to the "Mevanian Islands" – the Isle of Man and Anglesey. The Annales Cambriae says that Cadwallon was besieged at Glannauc (Priestholm, or Puffin Island), a small island off eastern Anglesey, and dates this to 629. Surviving Welsh poetry and the Welsh Triads portray Cadwallon as a heroic leader against Edwin. They refers to a battle at Digoll (Long Mountain) and mention that Cadwallon spent time in Ireland before returning to Britain to defeat Edwin.
In any case, Penda and Cadwallon together made war against the Northumbrians. A battle was fought at Hatfield Chase on October 12, 633 which ended in the defeat and death of Edwin and his son Osfrith. After this, the Kingdom of Northumbria fell into disarray, divided between its sub-kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia, but the war continued: according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "Cadwallon and Penda went and did for the whole land of Northumbria". Bede says that Cadwallon was besieged by the new king of Deira, Osric, "in a strong town"; Cadwallon, however, "sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, by surprise, and destroyed him [Osric] and all his army."
The new king of Bernicia, Eanfrith, was also killed by Cadwallon when the former went to him in an attempt to negotiate peace. However, Cadwallon was defeated by an army under Eanfrith's brother, Oswald, at the Battle of Heavenfield, "though he had most numerous forces, which he boasted nothing could withstand". Cadwallon was killed at a place called "Denis's-brook".
from: Wikipedia (more on that therer)
Colman of Lindisfarne (c. 605–18 February 675) also known as Saint Colmán was Bishop of Lindisfarne from 661 until 664. Colman resigned the Bishopric of Lindisfarne after the Synod of Whitby called by King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to calculate Easter using the method of the First Ecumenical Council instead of his preferred Celtic method. After his resignation he retired to live on the island of Inishbofin in Galway where he founded a monastery.
Colman war wie seine Vorgänger ein irischer Mönch in Iona, bevor er ins Kloster Lindisfarne kam. Er lebte nicht nach der Regel des hl. Benedict, sondern nach der des hl. Columban von Iona. Auch war er ein überzeugter Verfechter des keltischen Ritus in der Kirche und behielt im Osterstreit die keltischen Traditionen seiner Kirche trotz der Eingriffe aus Rom bei.
664 berief König Oswiu von Northumbria die Synode von Whitby ein, die sich für den katholischen Ritus entschied. Colman legte darauf seine Ämter nieder und ging mit den Anhängern der iro-schottischen Tradition ins Kloster Iona nach Schottland. Colman nahm einige Knochen des Heiligen Aidan als Reliquien mit.[1].
668 zog er sich mit einigen Glaubensbrüdern auf die Insel Inishbofin vor der irischen Westküste zurück, wo er ein Kloster gründete. Als es Streit zwischen den Mönchen gab, teilte er 671 das Kloster, indem die Schotten auf Inishbofin blieben und die Angeln in Mageo im County Mayo ein neues Kloster gründeten.
Colman starb am 18. Februar 675 oder 676 in der Abtei Mayo.
Quelle: Wikipedia (Engl. and Germ.)
Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, a cult centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.
Origins: Cuthbert was of Northumbrian origin, probably from the neighbourhood of Dunbar at the mouth of the Firth of Forth in modern-day Scotland. While still a boy, employed as a shepherd, one night he had a vision of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels and thereupon went to the monastery of Old Melrose and became a monk (651). Soon afterwards, however, he became a soldier for several years. Saint Cuthbert was a second cousin of King Aldfrith of Northumbria (according to Irish genealogies), which may have been the reason for his proposal that Aldfrith should be crowned as monarch. After his return to the monastery, his fame for piety, diligence, and obedience quickly grew. When Alchfrith, king of Deira, founded a new monastery at Ripon, Cuthbert became its praepositus hospitum or visitors' host. Cuthbert, however, returned to Melrose. Illness struck the monastery in 664 and while Cuthbert recovered, the prior died and Cuthbert was made prior in his place.[3][4] He spent much time among the people, ministering to their spiritual needs, carrying out missionary journeys, preaching, and performing miracles.
After the Synod of Whitby, Cuthbert seems to have accepted the Roman customs, and his old abbot, Eata, called on him to introduce them at Lindisfarne. His asceticism was complemented by his charm and generosity to the poor, and his reputation for gifts of healing and insight led many people to consult him, gaining him the name of "Wonder Worker of Britain". He continued his missionary work, travelling the breadth of the country from Berwick to Galloway to carry out pastoral work and founding an oratory at Dull, Scotland complete with a large stone cross, and a little cell for himself, at a site which subsequently became a monastery then later the University of St Andrews.[3] He is also said to have founded St Cuthbert's Church in Edinburgh.[5]
Hermit's life: In 676 he adopted the solitary life and retired to a cave. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and gave himself more and more to austerities. At first he would receive visitors and wash their feet, but later he confined himself to his cell and opened the window only to give his blessing. While on the Farne Islands, he instituted special laws to protect the Eider ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands; these may have been the first bird protection laws anywhere in the world. Consequently, eider ducks are often called cuddy ducks (Cuthbert's ducks) in modern Northumbrian dialects.
Election to the bishopric of Lindisfarne: In 684, Cuthbert was elected bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth),[6] but was reluctant to leave his retirement and take up his charge; it was only after a visit from a large group, including king Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York by Archbishop Theodore and six bishops, on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island (two miles from Bamburgh, Northumberland), which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later transferred to Durham Cathedral.
King Ecgfrith (Old English: Ecgfrið; c. 645–20 May 685) was the King of Northumbria from 670 until his death. He ruled over Northumbria when it was at the height of its power, but his reign ended with a disastrous defeat in which he lost his life.
Ecgfrith was the son of his predecessor as king, Oswiu of Northumbria. Bede tells us, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, that Ecgfrith was held as a hostage "at the court of Queen Cynwise in the province of the Mercians" at the time of Penda of Mercia's invasion of Northumbria in 654 or 655. Penda was, however, defeated and killed by the Northumbrians under Oswiu in the Battle of Winwaed, a victory which greatly enhanced Northumbrian power.
Ecgfrith was made king of Deira, a sub-kingdom of Northumbria, in 664, and he became king of Northumbria following his father's death on 15 February 670. He had married Æthelthryth, the daughter of Anna of East Anglia, in 660; however, she took the veil shortly after Ecgfrith's accession, a step which possibly led to his long quarrel with Wilfrid, the Archbishop of York. Ecgfrith married a second wife, Eormenburg, before 678, the year in which he expelled Wilfrid from his kingdom. In 671 at the Battle of Two Rivers he put down an opportunistic rebellion by the Picts, stabilising Northumbrian control of the North of Britain for the next 14 years, and also created a new sub-kingdom in the north called Lothian. Ecgfrith went on, in 674, to defeat Wulfhere of Mercia, seizing the Kingdom of Lindsey. In 679, he fought a battle against the Mercians under Æthelred (who had married Ecgfrith's sister, Osthryth) on the river Trent. Ecgfrith's brother Ælfwine was killed in the battle, and the province of Lindsey was given up when peace was restored at the intervention of Theodore of Canterbury. In 684 Ecgfrith sent an expedition to Ireland under his general Berht, which seems to have been unsuccessful in the sense that no Irish land was conquered by the Northumbrians. But the expedition was successful in that Ecgfrith's men did manage to seize a large number of slaves and made off with a significant amount of plunder.
In 685, against the advice of Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, he led a force against the Verturian Picts, who were led by his cousin Bridei mac Bili, but was lured by a feigned flight into their mountain fastnesses and slain at the Battle of Dun Nechtain (either at Dunnichen in Angus or Dunachton in Badenoch). This disastrous defeat severely weakened Northumbrian power in the north, and Bede dates the beginning of the decline of Northumbria from Ecgfrith's death. He was succeeded by his illegitimate half-brother, Aldfrith.
As well as his military activities, Ecgfrith appears to have been the earliest Northumbrian king, and perhaps the earliest Anglo-Saxon king, to have issued the silver penny, which became the mainstay of English coinage for centuries afterwards. Earlier Anglo-Saxon coins had been made, but these were rare, the most common being gold shillings or thrymsas, copied from Roman models. The pennies, or sceattas, were thick, cast in moulds, perhaps copied from Merovingian coins, and issued on a large scale.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Edwin: *585 - † Oct. 12, 633, Hatfield Chase, Eng. Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria from 616 to 632. He was the most powerful English ruler of his day, widely acknowledged (except the king of Kent) as Bretwalda, overlord by all the other English and British rulers. Baptized in 627 he was the first Christian king of Northumbria parts of Wales.
Edwin, the son of King Ælle of Deira, one of the two Northumbrian kingdoms, fled (about 590) to Gwynedd, into exile, away from Æthelric, king of Bernicia, and (593) Æthelfrith, his son and Edwin’s later brother-in –law. In 616 King Raedwald of East Anglia defeated and killed Æthelfrith and installed Edwin on the Northumbrian throne. Edwin conquered and was recognized as except the king of Kent.
Edwin's conversion to Christianity resulted from his marriage to Æthelburh, Christian princess of Kent. She brought the Roman missionary Paulinus to Northumbria. He converted Edwin and many of his subjects in 627. In 632 the Christian King Cadwallon of Gwynedd and the Pagan King Penda of Mercia invaded Northumbria and killed Edwin in battle.
Paulinus and Aethelburh fled, and Northumbrian returned to the old pagan gods. The following year, Northumbria was united and ruled by Oswald, son of Æthelfrith. He brought Irish clergy (Aidan among others) to Northumbria and Holy Island (Lindisfarne). This established a conflict with the Roman Church.
Iona (Scottish Gaelic: Ì Chaluim Chille) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the western coast of Scotland. It was a centre of Irish monasticism for four centuries and is today renowned for its tranquility and natural beauty. It is a popular tourist destination and a place for retreats. Its modern Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").
Iona was the site of a highly important monastery (see Iona Abbey) during the Early Middle Ages. According to tradition the monastery was founded in 563 by the monk Columba, also known as Colm Cille, who had been exiled from his native Ireland as a result of his involvement in the Battle of Cul Dreimhne. Columba and twelve companions went into exile on Iona, then part of the Irish kingdom of Dál Riata, and founded a monastery there. The monastery was hugely successful, and played a crucial role in the conversion to Christianity of the Picts of present-day Scotland in the late 6th century and of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria in 635. A large number of satellite institutions were founded, and Iona became the centre of one of the most important monastic systems in Great Britain and Ireland.
Iona quickly became a renowned center of learning, and its scriptorium produced highly important documents, likely including the original texts of the Iona Chronicle, thought to be the source for the early Irish annals. The monastery is often associated with the distinctive practices and traditions known as Celtic Christianity. In particular, Iona was a major supporter of the "Celtic" system for calculating the date of Easter during the time of the Easter controversy, which pitted supporters of the Celtic system against those favoring the "Roman" system used elsewhere in Western Christianity. The controversy weakened Iona's ties to Northumbria, which adopted the Roman system at the Synod of Whitby in 664, and to Pictland, which followed suit in the early 8th century. Iona itself did not adopt the Roman system until 715, according to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede. Iona's prominence was further diminished over the next centuries as a result of Viking raids and the rise of other powerful monasteries in the system, such as the Abbey of Kells.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
(Monk)Wearmouth-Jarrow Abbey is a twin-foundation English abbey located on the River Wear at Wearmouth and the River Tyne at Jarrow respectively, in the Kingdom of Northumbria (now in the metropolitan county Tyne and Wear). Its formal name is “The Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Wearmouth-Jarrow.” The significance of Wearmouth-Jarrow is reflected in the candidate World Heritage Site status the monasteries have recently been awarded.
Foundation: The monastery was founded in 674 by Benedict Biscop, with the establishment of the monastery of St Peter's, Monkwearmouth on land given by Egfrid, King of Northumbria. His idea was to build a model monastery for England, sharing his knowledge of the experience of the Catholic Church in Europe in an area previously more influenced by Celtic Christianity from Melrose and Iona. A papal letter in 678 exempted the monastery from external control, and in 682 the King was so delighted at the success of St Peter's, he gave Benedict more land in Jarrow and urged him to build a second monastery. Benedict erected a sister foundation (St Paul) at Jarrow, appointing Ceolfrid as its superior, who left Wearmouth with 20 monks (including his protege the young Bede) to start the foundation in Jarrow.
Benedict brought workmen from France to build these churches in the Roman fashion (ie in stone), and furnished it with glass windows, pictures, service books and the library he had collected on his travels. Glassmaking and building in stone being unknown to England at the time, Biscop imported architects and glassmakers from Francia, modern France, who established a workshop at the Monkwearmouth site, re-establishing glassmaking in Britain (after its loss since the Romans' departure), as commemorated by the modern National Glass Centre which stands on a nearby site on the river Wear.
The two monasteries were so closely connected in their early history that they are often spoken of figuratively as one, despite being 7 miles apart. Benedict himself was the first abbot, and the monastery flourished under him and his successors Easterwin, St. Ceolfrid, and others, for two hundred years. Benedict, on leaving England for Rome in 686 established Ceolfrith as Abbot in Jarrow, and Eosterwine at Monkwearmouth but, before his death, stipulated that the two sites should function as 'one monastery in two places'.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Lindisfarne: The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish born Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald around AD 635. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island. Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne. At some point in the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels, an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Mark, Luke, Matthew and John, was probably made at Lindisfarne. Sometime in the second half of the tenth century a monk named Aldfrith added an Anglo-Saxon (Old English) gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels. The Gospels were illustrated in an insular style containing a fusion of Celtic, Germanic and Roman elements; they were probably originally covered with a fine metal case made by a hermit called Billfrith. In 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne caused much consternation throughout the Christian west, and is now often taken as the beginning of the age of Viking raids. Eventually the monks fled the island (taking with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at the Cathedral in Durham). The bishopric was transferred to Durham in AD 1000. The Lindisfarne Gospels now reside in the British Library in London, somewhat to the annoyance of some Northumbrians. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its suppression in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.(Adopted from Wikipedia)
The Magi (μάγοι, magoi), also referred to as the (Three) Wise Men, (Three) Kings, or Kings from the East, were, according to Christian beliefs, a group of distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. They are regular figures in traditional accounts of the nativity celebrations of Christmas and are an important part of the Christian tradition.
The Gospel of Matthew, the only one of the four Canonical gospels to mention the Magi, states that they came "from the east" to worship the Christ, "born King of the Jews." Although the account does not tell how many they were, the three gifts led to a widespread assumption that they were three as well. In the East, the magi traditionally number twelve. Their identification as kings in later Christian writings is probably linked to Psalms 72:11, “May all kings fall down before him”.
The Magi are popularly referred to as wise men and kings. The word magi is the plural of Latin magus, borrowed from Greek μάγος magos, as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew. Greek magos itself is derived from Old Persian maguŝ from the Avestan magâunô, i.e. the religious caste into which Zoroaster was born, (see Yasna 33.7: "ýâ sruyê parê magâunô " = " so I can be heard beyond Magi "). The term refers to the priestly caste of Zoroastrianism. As part of their religion, these priests paid particular attention to the stars, and gained an international reputation for astrology, which was at that time highly regarded as a science. Their religious practices and use of astrology caused derivatives of the term Magi to be applied to the occult in general and led to the English term magic.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles, Danes and Norwegians which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, and of the much smaller earldom which succeeded the kingdom. The name reflects that of the southern limit to the kingdom's territory, which was the River Humber, and in the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Northumbria was originally composed of the union of two independent kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, whilst Deira corresponded roughly to modern-day Yorkshire. Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. He was defeated and killed around the year 616 in battle at the River Idle by Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin, the son of Aella, a former king of Deira, as king.
Edwin, who accepted Christianity in 627, soon grew to become the most powerful king in England: he was recognized as Bretwalda and conquered Rheged, the Isle of Man and Gwynedd in northern Wales. He was, however, himself defeated by an alliance of the exiled king of Gwynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda, king of Mercia, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
Oswald (~*604 – †August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death. He was the son of Æthelfrith of Bernicia and came to rule after spending a period in exile, defeating Gwynedd's king Cadwallon ap Cadfan, bringing the two Northumbrian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira once again under a single ruler, and promoting the spread of Christianity in Northumbria. He was given a prominent and strongly positive assessment by the historian Bede, being considered by him as a saintly ruler. After eight years of rule, in which he was the most powerful ruler in Britain, he was killed in the battle of Maserfield. He is best remembered as a Christian saint and martyr.
Background, youth, and exile: Oswald's father Æthelfrith was a successful Bernician ruler who, after some years in power in Bernicia, also became king of Deira, and thus was the first to rule both of the kingdoms which would come to be considered the constituent kingdoms of Northumbria (Bernicia in the northern part and Deira in the southern part), although it is considered likely that the two would still have been considered quite distinct entities, even if they were ruled by the same king, at this time. Æthelfrith married a member of the Deiran royal line, Acha, and it was she who was the mother of Oswald, who was apparently born in or around the year 604, since Bede says that he was killed at the age of 38 in 642. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
Oswiu (c. 612 – 15 February 670), also known as Oswy or Oswig (Old English: Ōswīg), was a King of Bernicia. His father, Æthelfrith of Bernicia, was killed in battle, fighting against Rædwald, King of the East Angles and Edwin of Deira at the River Idle in 616. Along with his brothers and their supporters, Oswiu was then exiled until Edwin's death in 633.
Following the death of his brother Oswald, defeated by Penda at the Battle of Maserfield on 5 August 642, Oswiu became King of the Bernicians. He passed the next decade in obscurity as one of many kings subject to Penda. In 655 Penda invaded Bernicia, driving Oswiu before him. The details of the campaign are unclear, but at the Battle of the Winwæd Oswiu unexpectedly defeated and killed Penda. This victory was followed by Oswiu's short-lived imperium—he is traditionally counted as a Bretwalda—over much of Great Britain. He established himself as King of Mercia, setting up his son-in-law, Penda's son Peada as a subject king.
Oswiu's unchallenged domination of Britain lasted only a short time, ending when a revolt among the Mercians established Penda's son Wulfhere as their king. A negotiated settlement appears to have been preferred on both sides to prevent war. Divisions within the Northumbrian church led to the Synod of Whitby in 664, where Oswiu agreed to settle the Easter controversy by adopting the Roman dating. His later years were marred by conflict with his son Ealhfrith. Oswiu died in 670 and was succeeded by his son Ecgfrith.
From: Wikipedia (for more see there)
Paulinus,Saint (?-644) was the first bishop of York. He was a monk at St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, when, in 601, Pope Gregory I sent him to join Mellitus and others in the second group of missionaries to England. Writing in 731, Bede described Paulinus as "a tall figure, slightly bent, with black hair, a thin hooked nose, and an emaciated face" (Stenton, 1971, p. 116). He was in Kent until 625, when he was consecrated as bishop by Justus. He then accompanied Æthelberg, the sister of King Eadbald of Kent, to Northumbria where she was to marry King Edwin.
According to Bede, Paulinus eventually convinced Edwin to convert to Christianity, baptizing him and many of his followers in 627. With the support of Edwin, Paulinus greatly expanded the church in Northumbria. For example, during a stay with Edwin and Æthelberg at Yeavering, he worked incessently for 36 days to baptise new converts.
When Edwin was defeated and killed in battle in 633, Paulinus took the queen and her children to Kent, where he spent the remainder of his life as Bishop of Rochester. Edwin's defeat led immediately to a sharp decline of Christianity in Northumbria. Although Paulinus' deacon, James, remained in the North and struggled to rebuild the Roman mission, it was monks from the rival Celtic tradition who eventually re-established Christianity in the region. < The festival of St. Paulinus is formally observed by English Roman Catholics on October 10, the anniversary of his death. Five ancient churches in England were dedicated to him, and there were cults of him at Canterbury and Rochester.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Penda († November 15, 6551) was a 7th-century King of Mercia, a kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. A pagan at a time when Christianity was taking hold in many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Penda participated in the defeat of the powerful Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. Nine years later, he defeated and killed Edwin's eventual successor, Oswald, at the Battle of Maserfield; from this point he was probably the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon rulers of the time. He defeated the East Angles, drove the king of Wessex into exile for three years, and continued to wage war against the Bernicians of Northumbria. Thirteen years after Maserfield, he suffered a crushing defeat and was killed at the Battle of the Winwaed in the course of a final campaign against the Bernicians.
Ragnarök ("fate of the gods")in Norse mythology is the battle at the end of the world. It will be waged between the Æsir, led by Odin, and the various forces of the Jötnar, including Loki. Not only will most of the gods, giants and creatures involved perish in this apocalyptic conflagration, but almost everything in the universe will be torn asunder.
In Viking warrior societies, dying in battle is the highest honor a man can attain. One earns an afterlife in Hel by dying in bed. One earns a place in Valhalla by dying, with honor, in battle. This is carried over into the worship of a pantheon in which the gods themselves will one day die in battle at Ragnarök. Exactly what will happen, who will fight whom, and the fates of the participants in this battle are well known to the Norse peoples from the sagas and skaldic poetry. The Völuspá — prophecy of the völva (sybil), the first lay of the Poetic Edda, dating from about the year 1000 AD — spans the history of the old gods, from the beginning of time to Ragnarök, in 65 stanzas. The Prose Edda, put in writing some two centuries later by Snorri Sturluson, describes in detail what takes place before, during, and after the battle. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
Romulus and Remus' according to Plutarch descend from prince Aeneas, fugitive from Troy after its destruction by the Achaeans. Their maternal grandfather is his descendant Numitor, who inherits the kingship of Alba Longa. Numitor’s brother Amulius inherits its treasury, including the gold brought by Aeneas from Troy. Amulius uses his control of the treasury to dethrone Numitor, but fears that Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, will bear children who could overthrow him. Amulius forces Rhea Silvia to perpetual virginity as a Vestal priestess, but she bears children anyway. In one variation of the story, Mars, god of war, seduces and impregnates her: in another, Amulius himself seduces her, and in yet another, Hercules.
The king sees his niece's pregnancy and confines her. She gives birth to twin boys of remarkable beauty; her uncle orders her death and theirs. One account holds that he has Rhea buried alive – the standard punishment for Vestal Virgins who violated their vow of celibacy – and orders the death of the twins by exposure; both means would avoid his direct blood-guilt. In another, he has Rhea and her twins thrown into the River Tiber. In every version, a servant is charged with the deed of killing the twins, but cannot bring himself to harm them. He places them in a basket and leaves it on the banks of the Tiber. The river rises in flood and carries the twins downstream, unharmed.
The river deity Tiberinus makes the basket catch in the roots of a fig tree that grows in the Velabrum swamp at the base of the Palatine Hill. The twins are found and suckled by a she-wolf (Lupa) and fed by a woodpecker (Picus). A shepherd of Amulius named Faustulus discovers them and takes them to his hut, where he and his wife Acca Larentia raise them as their own children. Faustulus discovers Romulus and Remus with the she-wolf and woodpecker. Their mother Rhea Silvia and the river-god Tiberinus witness the moment.
……
According to the legend, Romulus mysteriously disappeared in a storm or whirlwind, during or shortly after offering public sacrifice at or near the Quirinal Hill. A "foul suspicion" arises that the Senate weary of kingly government, and exasperated of late by the imperious deportment of Romulus toward them, had plotted against his life and made him away, so that they might assume the authority and government into their own hands. This suspicion they sought to turn aside by decreeing divine honors to Romulus, as to one not dead, but translated to a higher condition. And Proculus, a man of note, took oath that he saw Romulus caught up into heaven in his arms and vestments, and heard him, as he ascended, cry out that they should hereafter style him by the name of Quirinus.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
The term thegn (or thane or thayn in Shakespearean English), from OE þegn, ðegn "servant, attendant, retainer", is commonly used to describe either an aristocratic retainer of a king or nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England, or as a class term, the majority of the aristocracy below the ranks of ealdormen and high-reeves. It is also the term for an early medieval Scandinavian class of retainers.
Old English þeg(e)n "servant, attendant, retainer" is cognate with Old High German degan and Old Norse þegn ("thane, franklin, freeman, man"). The thegn had a military significance, and its usual Latin translation was miles, meaning soldier, although minister was often used. Joseph Bosworth describes a thegn as "one engaged in a king's or a queen's service, whether in the household or in the country," and adds, "the word in this case seems gradually to acquire a technical meaning, and to become a term denoting a class, containing, however, several degrees."
But, like all other words of the kind, the word thegn was slowly changing its meaning, and, as William Stubbs says (Constitutional History, vol. i.), "the very name, like that of the gesith, has different senses in different ages and kingdoms, but the original idea of military service runs through all the meanings of thegn, as that of personal association is traceable in all the applications of gesith." After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, William the Conqueror replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with Normans and the new Norman French ruling class replaced the Anglo-Saxon terminology with Norman French. In this process, king's thegns became barons, and thegns appear to have been merged in the class of knights.
(Adopted from Wikipedia)
Titus (* 39 – † 81) was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81. Prior to becoming Emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander, serving under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War. In 70, he besieged and captured Jerusalem, and destroyed the city and the Second Temple.
As emperor, he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in 80. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian.
Jerusalem was sacked (70) and much of the population killed or dispersed. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including Simon Bar Giora and John of Gischala. Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. Titus reportedly refused to accept a wreath of victory, as he claimed that he had not won the victory on his own, but had been the vehicle through which their God had manifested his wrath against his people. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
Wayland the Smith In Germanic and Norse mythology, Wayland the Smith (Old English: Wēland; Old Norse: Völundr, Velentr; Old High German: Wiolant; Proto-Germanic: *Wēlandaz, from *Wēla-nandaz, lit. "battle-brave"[1]) is a legendary master blacksmith. In Old Norse sources, Völundr appears in Völundarkviða, a poem in the Poetic Edda, and in Þiðrekssaga, and his legend is also depicted on the Ardre image stone VIII. In Old English sources, he appears in Deor, Waldere and in Beowulf and the legend is depicted on the Franks Casket. He is mentioned in the German poems about Dietrich von Bern as the Father of Witige.
Weyland had two brothers, Egil and Slagfiðr. In one version of the myth, the three brothers lived with three Valkyries: Ölrún, Hervör alvitr and Hlaðguðr svanhvít. After nine years, the Valkyries left their lovers. Egil and Slagfiðr followed, never to return. In another version, Weyland married the swan maiden Hervör, and they had a son, Heime, but Hervör later left Weyland. In both versions, his love left him with a ring. In the former myth, he forged seven hundred duplicates of this ring.
At a later point in time, he was captured in his sleep by King Niðhad in Nerike who ordered him hamstrung and imprisoned on the island of Sævarstöð. There he was forced to forge items for the king. Weyland's wife's ring was given to the king's daughter, Bodvild. Nidud wore Weyland's sword.
In revenge, Weyland killed the king's sons when they visited him in secret, fashioned goblets from their skulls, jewels from their eyes, and a brooch from their teeth. He sent the goblets to the king, the jewels to the queen and the brooch to the king's daughter. When Bodvild took her ring to him to be mended, he took the ring and raped her, fathering a son and escaping on wings he made. Weyland (Völund) made the magic sword Gram (also named Balmung and Nothung) and the magic ring that Thorsten retrieved. .
Quelle: Wikipedia
More from the thesis Becker, Franks Casket: Wielandsage
Yeavering According to Book 2 Chapter 14 of the Ecclesiastical History of the Venerable Bede (680-735), in the year 627 Bishop Paulinus accompanied the Northumbrian king Edwin and his queen Aethelburh to their royal villa (the Latin term is villa regia), Adgefrin, where Paulinus spent 36 days preaching and baptising converts in the nearby River Glen. The placename Gefrin, which is a Brittonic name meaning ‘hill of the goats’, survives as the modern Yeavering. (Adopted from Wikipedia)
| Cuthbert |
Which two word term is used to describe the gravitational boundary enclosing a 'Black Hole', from which nothing can escape? | Cuthbert of Lindisfarne : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
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Origins
Cuthbert was of Northumbrian origin, probably from the neighbourhood of Dunbar at the mouth of the Firth of Forth in modern-day Scotland. While still a boy, employed as a shepherd , one night he had a vision of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels and thereupon went to the monastery of Old Melrose and became a monk (651). Soon afterwards, however, he became a soldier for several years.
Achievement of fame
Cuthbert at prayer in The Little Lives of the Saints, illustrated by Charles Robinson in 1904.
After his return to the monastery, his fame for piety, diligence, and obedience quickly grew. When Alchfrith , king of Deira , founded a new monastery at Ripon , Cuthbert became its praepositus hospitum or visitors' host.
Alchfrith, however, returned to Melrose. Illness struck the monastery in 664 and while Cuthbert recovered, the prior died and Cuthbert was made prior in his place. [1] [2] He spent much time among the people, ministering to their spiritual needs, carrying out missionary journeys, preaching, and performing miracles.
After the Synod of Whitby , Cuthbert seems to have accepted the Roman customs, and his old abbot, Eata , called on him to introduce them at Lindisfarne. This was an ungrateful task, but Cuthbert disarmed opposition with his loving and patient nature.
His asceticism was complemented by his charm and generosity to the poor, and his reputation for gifts of healing and insight led many people to consult him, gaining him the name of "Wonder Worker of Britain". He continued his missionary work, travelling the breadth of the country from Berwick to Galloway to carry out pastoral work and founding an oratory at Dull, Scotland complete with a large stone cross, and a little cell for himself, at a site which subsequently became a monastery then later the University of St Andrews . [1] He is also said to have founded St Cuthbert's church in Edinburgh . [3]
A close-up of the twelfth century painting of St Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral
Hermit's life
In 676 he adopted the solitary life and retired to a cave. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands , south of Lindisfarne , and gave himself more and more to austerities. At first he would receive visitors and wash their feet, but later he confined himself to his cell and opened the window only to give his blessing. While on the Farne Islands, he instituted special laws to protect the Eider ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands; these may have been the first bird protection laws anywhere in the world. Consequently, eider ducks are often called cuddy ducks (Cuthbert's ducks) in modern Northumbrian dialects.
Election to the bishopric of Lindisfarne
In 684, Cuthbert was elected bishop of Lindisfarne , at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth ) [4] , but was reluctant to leave his retirement and take up his charge; it was only after a visit from a large group, including king Ecgfrith , that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York by Archbishop Theodore and six bishops, on 26 March 685. After Christmas , 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island (two miles from Bamburgh , Northumberland ), which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later transferred to Durham Cathedral.
Legacy
Relics
Cuthbert in The Little Lives of the Saints, illustrated by Charles Robinson in 1904.
Legend had it that when Cuthbert's burial casket was opened eleven years after his death, his body was found to have been perfectly preserved (see Incorruptibility ). [5] This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of Cuthbert's posthumous cultus , to the point where he became the most popular saint of Northern England. Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. The noted 8th century author Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St Cuthbert around 720. He has been described as "perhaps the most popular saint in England prior to the death of Thomas Becket in 1170." [6]
In 875 the Danes took the monastery of Lindisfarne and the monks fled, carrying with them St Cuthbert's body around various places including Melrose. [2] After seven years' wandering it found a resting-place at Chester-le-Street until 995, when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Ripon . Then the saint intimated, as it was believed, that he wished to remain in Durham . A new stone church—the so-called 'White Church'—was built, the predecessor of the present grand Cathedral .
A piece of public artwork in brass called the Journey, showing the coffin of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne being carried by 6 monks, eventually to Durham.
In 1104 Cuthbert's tomb was opened again and his relics translated to a new shrine behind the altar of the recently completed Cathedral. When the casket was opened, a small book of the gospels, measuring only three-and-a-half by five inches, now known as the Stonyhurst Gospel , was found. It was also discovered that his vestment was made of Byzantine "Nature Goddess" silk, indicating the extent of the silk trade at this time. [7] His shrine was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , but, unusually, his relics survived and are still interred at the site (although they were also disinterred in the 19th century, when his wooden coffin and various relics were removed). When the coffin was last inspected on 17 May 1827, a Saxon square cross of gold, embellished with garnets, in the characteristic splayed shape, used later as the heraldic emblem of St Cuthbert in the arms of Durham and Newcastle universities, was found.
Namesakes
The Cross of St Cuthbert features as the principal charge on the coat of arms of the University of Durham , granted in 1843, blazoned Argent, a Cross of St Cuthbert Gules, on a canton Azure, a chevron Or, between three lions rampant of the first ('A red Cross of St Cuthbert on a silver shield with three little silver fighting lions around a gold chevron on a blue square in the top left-hand corner'). The Cross also features in the arms of many of its constituent colleges. The University of Newcastle upon Tyne , formerly King's College in the University of Durham, features St Cuthbert's Cross on its arms, originally granted in 1937, too. The Newcastle University arms are blazoned Azure, a Cross of St Cuthbert Argent, and on a chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules. ('A silver Cross of St Cuthbert on a blue shield, with a red lion walking and looking towards you on the silver top third portion of the shield.')
St Cuthbert's Society , a college of Durham University, is named after him and is located only a short walk from the coffin of the saint at Durham Cathedral. The Society celebrates St Cuthbert's Day on or around each 20 March with a magnificent feast. "Cuth's Day", the annual college day, is celebrated in the Epiphany term with music, entertainment, festivities and drinking.
St Cuthbert is also the namesake of St Cuthbert's College in Epsom, New Zealand , which celebrates St Cuthbert's Day on 20 March as a day of school celebration. The school's houses are named after important locations in the life of the Saint: Dunblane (Yellow), Elgin (Green), Iona (Purple), Kelso (Blue), Lindisfarne (White) and Melrose (Red). St Cuthberts High School , a Roman Catholic school in Newcastle upon Tyne is names after the saint. St Cuthbert's day was at one time celebrated with Mass, and the school prayers still include reference to their patron Saint (always ending with the invocation "St Cuthbert, pray for us"). The school badge features a bishop's crook in reference to St Cuthbert's time as a bishop, as well as ducks, reflecting his love of the animals.
St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society opened its first shop in Edinburgh in 1859, and expanded to become one of the largest Co-ops before amalgamating with the Dalziel Society of Motherwell in 1981 and being renamed Scotmid. Its dairy used horse drawn delivery floats until 1985, and between 1944 and 1959 employed as a milkman one Sean Connery , who later went on to fame as the most famous James Bond .
Many churches are named for Cuthbert. An Orthodox Community in Chesterfield , England has taken St Cuthbert as their patron. [8]
Crinoid columnals extracted from limestone quarried on Lindisfarne, or found washed up along the foreshore, which were threaded into necklaces or rosaries, became known as St Cuthbert's beads .
In Northumberland the Eider Duck is known as the Cuddy Duck, after St Cuthbert who protected them on the Farne Islands . They still breed in their thousands off the Northumberland Coast. [9]
St Cuthbert and the haliwerfolc
During the medieval period, St Cuthbert became politically important in defining the identity of the people living in the semi-autonomous region known as the Palatinate of Durham . Within this area the Bishop of Durham had almost as much power as the king of England himself, and the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the Palatinate became known as the haliwerfolc, which roughly translates as "people of the saint", and Cuthbert gained a reputation as being fiercely protective of his domain. [10] For example, there is a story that at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, the Prior of the Abbey at Durham received a vision of Cuthbert, ordering him to take the corporax cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the Prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy St Cuthbert and the presence of the said holy Relic." [11] Whether the story of the vision is true or not, the banner of St Cuthbert was regularly carried in battle against the Scots until the Reformation , and it serves as a good example of how St Cuthbert was regarded as a protector of his people.
See also
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From which wood are 'Ten-Pin Bowling' pins traditionally made? | Tenpin Bowling Australia: How Bowling Pins Are Made
How Bowling Pins Are Made
How Bowling Pins Are Made
Pin specifications are set by the World Tenpin Bowling Association (WTBA).
Regional and national associations such as the United States Bowling Congress and Tenpin Bowling Australia adopt the WTBA standard, so that specifications are standard world-wide.
Pins are 4.75 inches (120.65 mm) at their widest point and 15 inches (380 mm) tall. They weigh 3 lb. 6 oz (1.53 kg), although as of 1998 pins weighing up to 3 lb 10 oz (1.64 kg) are approved. The weight of the pins was originally based on the principle of physics, with the idea that a pin should be at around 24-percent the weight of the heaviest bowling ball within regulation of 16 lb 0 oz (7.25 kg).
Bowling pins are constructed by gluing blocks of rock maple wood into the approximate shape, and then turning on a lathe.
After the lathe shapes the pin, it is coated with a plastic material, painted, and covered with a glossy finish.
Because of the scarcity of suitable wood, bowling pins can be made from approved synthetics. Currently there are synthetic pins sanctioned for play in five-pin, duckpin, and candlepin. There is one synthetic tenpin model approved by the USBC.
When hit by the ball, synthetic pins usually sound different to wood pins.
© Tenpin Bowling Australia 2017.
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On which island did Gracie Fields die in 1979? | Bowling 101 | PBA.com
Bowling 101
(Courtesy World Ten Pin Bowling Association)
The Lane and Equipment
The playing surface is a lane, 60 feet long from the foul line to the head pin 42 inches wide. On either side of the lane are gutters; if the ball goes off the edge of the lane, it will drop into the gutter and be carried past the pins. The approach is an area 15 feet long, ending at the foul line. The bowler, in making the approach, must not step over the line; 60 feet beyond it is the headpin. The pins are arranged in four rows, with one pin in the first row, two in the second, three in the third, and four in the fourth. They are numbered 1-10; the pins themselves don't carry specific numbers, but the spots on which they are placed do.
The regulation pin is made of hard maple; it is 15 inches high and has a diameter of 2 ¼ inches at the base and a circumference of 15 inches at its widest point. Weight must be between 3 pounds, 6 ounces and 3 pounds, 10 ounces. The regulation ball is of solid composition, has a circumference of no more than 27 inches, and weighs 10 to 16 pounds. A ball may have two or three finger holes; most bowlers use the three-holed ball, inserting the two middle fingers and the thumb into the holes.
Bowling in ordinary shoes isn't permitted, because it can damage the lanes. The peculiarities of the sport demand an unmatched pair of shoes. The right-handed bowler wears a left shoe with a relatively slippery sole, usually of hard leather or vinyl, and a right shoe with a rubber sole that will help "brake."
Progress of Play
A game is made up of 10 frames. Each frame represents one turn for the bowler, and in each turn the player is allowed to roll the ball twice. If the player knocks down all the pins with the first roll, it is a strike; if not, a second roll at the pins still standing is attempted. If all the pins are knocked down with two balls, it is a spare; if any pins are left standing, it is an "open frame."
If a bowler commits a foul, by stepping over the foul line during delivery, it counts as a shot, and any pins knocked down are re-spotted without counting. If pins are knocked down by a ball that has entered the gutter, or by a ball bouncing off the rear cushion, they do not count, and are re-spotted.
Scoring
In an open frame, a bowler simply gets credit for the number of pins knocked down. In the case of a spare, a slash mark is recorded in a small square in the upper right-hand corner of that frame on the score sheet, and no score is entered until the first ball of the next frame is rolled.
Then credit is given for 10 plus the number of pins knocked down with that next ball. For example, a player rolls a spare in the first frame; with the first ball of the second frame, the player knocks down seven pins. The first frame, then, gets 17 points. If two of the remaining three pins get knocked down, 9 pins are added, for a total of 26 in the second frame.
If a bowler gets a strike, it is recorded with an X in the small square, the score being 10 plus the total number of pins knocked down in the next two rolls. Thus, the bowler who rolls three strikes in a row in the first three frames gets credit for 30 points in the first frame.
Bowling's perfect score, a 300 game, represents 12 strikes in a row--a total of 120 pins knocked down. Why 12 strikes, instead of 10? Because, if a bowler gets a strike in the last frame, the score for that frame can't be recorded before rolling twice more. Similarly, if a bowler rolls a spare in the last frame, one more roll is required before the final score can be tallied.
Lane Etiquette
Wait for the bowler to your right to deliver his/her ball if you're both bowling at about the same time.
Remain behind your fellow bowler while he/she is bowling.
Confine your bowling to your own lane.
Observe the foul line, even in casual play. Play fair.
Never bowl in street shoes.
Avoid using someone else's ball without permission.
Limit swearing and bad language as much as possible.
Be ready when it's your turn.
History of Bowling
Bowing has been popular with millions of people for thousands of years.
Bowling balls and pins were found in the tomb of an Egyptian king who died in 5,200 B.C. The ancient Polynesians bowled on lanes that were 60 feet long, the same as today.
Bowling was part of a religious ceremony in fourth century Germany. Those who could knock down the pins were said to be of good character. Those who missed had to do penance. Even Martin Luther was a bowler. British kings Edward II and Richard II banned bowling because they said people were wasting too much time playing the sport. But Sir Francis Drake played a game of bowls before he went to war against the Spanish Armada.
Bowling has been popular in America since Colonial days. The British imported lawn bowling but German settlers introduced ninepins, the ancient game that evolved into today's modern tenpin sport.
Because of confusion over playing standards, the top bowlers of the 19th century decided that the sport needed a standard set of rules. They started the American Bowling Congress in 1895 (now the United States Bowling Congress). The Women's International Bowling Congress was started in 1916.
Links
United States Bowling Congress: www.bowl.com
International Bowling Hall of Fame: www.bowlingmuseum.com
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By what name is the Italian painter Jacopo Robusti, born the son of a silk dyer in 1518, better known? | Tintoretto | Italian painter | Britannica.com
Italian painter
Alternative Titles: Jacopo Robusti, Jacopo Rubusti
Tintoretto
Giovanni Battista Piazzetta
Tintoretto, byname of Jacopo Robusti (born c. 1518 ce, Venice [Italy]—died May 31, 1594, Venice), great Italian Mannerist painter of the Venetian school and one of the most important artists of the late Renaissance . His paintings include Vulcan Surprising Venus and Mars, the Mannerist Christ and the Adulteress, and his masterpiece of 1594, The Last Supper of San Giorgio Maggiore . Increasingly concerned with the drama of light and space, he achieved in his mature work (e.g., The Law and the Golden Calf, c. 1562) a luminous, visionary quality.
Self-Portrait, oil on canvas by Tintoretto, 1588; in the Louvre, …
© SuperStock
Background and early years
Little is known of Tintoretto’s life. In a will of 1539 he called himself an independent professional man—not a surprising description in view of his imposing and forceful personality. No documents have survived regarding Jacopo’s artistic education. His biographers, among them Carlo Ridolfi, whose book was published in 1648, speak of an apprenticeship with Titian that was broken off because of the master’s resentment of the pupil’s proud nature and exceptional accomplishment. On the other hand, a contemporary pointed out that Tintoretto’s style was formed by studying formal elements of the Tuscan school, especially those of Michelangelo , and pictorial elements derived from Titian.
Most probably, Jacopo’s precocious talent prompted his father to place him in the workshop of some undistinguished painter, but one with a solid artisan tradition so that his son might learn the foundations of his craft. Traces of an absolute style in his youthful works tend to corroborate this hypothesis . But he soon became aware of the variety of approaches tried by painters working between 1530 and 1540 in Venice and already reacting against the style of Giorgione , who was the first to merge forms and to subordinate local colour to its pervading tone. The emigration of Roman artists to Venice in 1527 after the sack of Rome by imperial troops, as well as subsequent contacts with painters from Tuscany and Bologna, induced the painters of the Venetian school to return to greater plasticism, without altering the fundamental chromatic nature of the Venetian tradition. The influence of Michelangelo, the visit of the art historian and biographer Giorgio Vasari to Venice in 1541, and the journeys of Venetian artists to central Italy renewed Venetian painting in depth, giving it means of expression adapted to different types of pictures. In the renewed idiom , form and colour were blended in a synthesis in which light dominated so as to express a richly fantastic and visionary spirit. Thus, the early works of Tintoretto were affected by all of these influences. Critics have identified a group of youthful works by Tintoretto, above all Sacre Conversazioni. One of these, painted in 1540, represents the Virgin with the Child on her knees, facing away from her, and six saints. While the style echoes various elements of the Venetian art of Tintoretto’s time, it also shows a definite Michelangelesque influence.
Career
Leap Second
Tintoretto’s first phase includes a group of 14 octagonal ceiling paintings with mythological themes (originally painted for a Venetian palace), which exhibit singular refinement in perspective and narrative clarity. Among other influences, they recall the fashion of partitioned ceiling paintings imported to Venice by Vasari. This was also the period of Tintoretto’s closest collaboration with Andrea Meldolla; together they decorated the Palazzo Zen with frescoes. The fresco technique had an important part in the formation of Tintoretto’s idiom, for it suggested to him the quickness of execution that was to become fundamental to his manner of painting. Unfortunately only some 18th-century prints of his frescoes and a few fragments of the numerous frescoed facades that adorned Venice survive.
Art & Architecture: Fact or Fiction?
Tintoretto’s drawing exercises were made from nature, from statues, and from small wax models posed in various ways and artificially illuminated , as in tiny stage sets. These methods were suited to the painter’s concern with resolving problems of form and light. The indefatigable draftsman acquired a narrative fluency that allowed him to trace with a brisk brushstroke and fanciful inspiration the series of biblical stories, the mythological episodes for the poet Pietro Aretino ’s house in Venice (1545), and sacred compositions such as Christ and the Adulteress, in which figures set in vast spaces in fanciful perspectives are illuminated in a distinctly Mannerist style. Tintoretto returned to an earlier form of composition in his Last Supper of San Marcuola (1547), in which the choice of rough and popular types succeeds in endorsing the scene with a portrayal of ordinary everyday reality struck with wonder by the revelation of the miracle.
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A few months later Tintoretto became the centre of attention of artists and literary men with his S. Marco Freeing the Slave. A letter from Aretino, full of praise, yet also intended to temper Tintoretto’s youthful exuberance, confirmed the fame of the 30-year-old painter. Relations between Tintoretto and Aretino did not come to an end at this point, even though one of Aretino’s letters contains hints of dissension. Although Aretino was no longer to write laudatory letters to Tintoretto, he commissioned him to execute family portraits, and after his death, his likeness was to appear in Tintoretto’s huge Crucifixion of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco (1565). The painting S. Marco Freeing the Slave is so rich in structural elements of post-Michelangelesque Roman art that it is reasonable to assume that Tintoretto had visited Rome. He did not, however, interrupt his artistic experiments. Stories from Genesis, painted for the Scuola della Trinità (1550–53), show a new attention to Titian’s manner of painting as well as a palpable awareness of nature. The masterpiece of this phase is undoubtedly Susanna and the Elders (1555–56); the light creates Susanna’s form in crystalline clarity against a background evoked with a fresh poetic sense.
Susanna and the Elders, oil on canvas by Tintoretto, 1555–56; in …
© Photos.com/Jupiterimages
In 1555 Tintoretto, now a famous and sought-after painter, married Faustina Episcopi, who, affectionate and devoted, bore him eight children. At least three of them— Marietta, Domenico, and Marco—learned their father’s trade and became his associates. An artist of indefatigable activity and a veritable fury of creativity, Tintoretto spent most of his life in the bosom of his family and in his workshop. But the love of solitude to which his biographer alludes did not prevent the painter from forming friendships with several artistic personalities. This particular period in Tintoretto’s career—marked by greater vivacity of colour, by a predilection for a variegated perspective, and by a highly decorative quality—coincided with his growing admiration for the art of Paolo Veronese , who had been working in the Doges’ Palace. The assimilation and transformation of the Veronesian elements in Tintoretto’s work are discernible in his beautiful ceiling paintings of Bible stories.
Esther Before Ahasuerus, oil on canvas by Tintoretto, 1554–55; …
The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
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The use of a colour that absorbs light yielded new possibilities for suggesting spaces no longer structured by the pure play of perspective. And in those spaces the painter introduced crowds in harmonized order with the rest of the picture, a feature that had until then been missing in Venetian art. It was at that time that Tintoretto began to participate in the decoration of the church of the Madonna dell’Orto and the private chapel of the Contarini family contained within it, which in 1563 became the final resting place of the great cardinal Gasparo.
Tintoretto’s works for the Madonna dell’Orto, which occupied him for approximately a decade, also give an idea of the evolution of the idiomatic elements of his art; the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple (1552) was, according to Vasari, “a highly finished work, and the best executed and most successful painting that there is in the place”; in St. Peter’s Vision of the Cross and in The Decapitation of St. Paul (c. 1556), the figures stand out dramatically on a space suffused with a vaporous, unreal light. In the two enormous canvases depicting the Jews worshipping the golden calf while Moses on Mount Sinai receives the tables of the law and a Last Judgment, Tintoretto painted two works of the highest rank with a great richness of narrative means, with an awareness of the thematic link between the two scenes that attests to a knowledge of scripture and of contemporary spiritual movements. The high figurative quality of the two paintings implies that Tintoretto made a number of experiments in this decade.
Proof of this is, above all, the dramatic style in which the scenes are executed, a style that firmly impresses their romantic pathos on the beholder. Tintoretto’s spatial conception has a dynamic character. As a modern critic has noted, Tintoretto conveys a feeling of an almost precipitate falling forward or of an equally swift rise. The contrasted movements give the figures a similar instability. To achieve such effects Tintoretto used formulas that were invariably different: in The Pool of Bethesda in the church of San Rocco (1559) the evangelical episode is realized in a compressed space through which the foreshortened ceiling seems to weigh upon the milling crowd; in St. George and the Dragon Tintoretto sets the fable in a landscape of considerable depth, intersected by the white walls of the city. A series of canvases that the philosopher and physician Tommaso Rangone, grand guardian of the Scuola di San Marco, commissioned from Tintoretto in 1562 contains similar elements.
The Trinity, oil on canvas by Tintoretto, 1564; in the Galleria …
The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
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In May 1564 the councillors of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco decided to have the Sala dell’Albergo decorated with paintings, in place of the movable decorations used during feast days. San Rocco (St. Roch) is the protector against plagues; the numerous epidemics of that period had given new impetus to the cult of the saint and caused great riches to flow to the Scuola, which built a splendid centre to assist the poor and the infirm. When Tintoretto presented the Scuola with his oval painting the Glorification of S. Rocco, the directors decided to entrust him with the decoration of the Sala. Vasari relates that designs were invited from various prominent artists, including Paolo Veronese, but Tintoretto, who presented his work already installed in the Sala, won hands down over his competitors. Similar episodes are counted by contemporary sources as proof that when it came to his work the painter knew no scruples. He was indeed a man devoured by a passion for painting and not for pecuniary gain, for he committed himself to grandiose undertakings for exceedingly modest remuneration.
Glorification of S. Rocco (also called St. Roch …
Art Media/Heritage-Images
The question of who assisted Tintoretto in his dizzying activity is still open; at that time Marietta was only about nine and Domenico four, but it is known that in 1560 Tintoretto’s studio began to be visited by young painters, especially from the Netherlands and Germany. In 1565 his immense Crucifixion was displayed in the Sala dell’Albergo. Around Christ, in the centre, many figures revolve in a livid light that, muting the picture’s colours, invests it with dramatic power. The decoration of the chamber was completed in 1567; it included other scenes of Christ’s Passion, remarkable for their thematic innovations .
Vasari, who visited Venice in 1566 to bring his Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters, & Sculptors up to date, had an opportunity to follow Tintoretto’s work in progress. Undoubtedly he had the painter’s most recent works in mind when he wrote that Tintoretto was “the most extraordinary brain that the art of painting has produced.” For all his fundamental reservations about Tintoretto’s style, Vasari sensed his greatness.
In 1576, with renewed zeal, Tintoretto resumed the decoration of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco. He had finished the huge central panel of the upper hall with The Erection of the Brazen Serpent in time for the feast of the saint on August 16 and promised to paint a certain number of canvases, “wishing to demonstrate the great love that I bear for the saint and our venerable school, because of my devotion to the glorious Messer San Rocho.” In 1581 all the ceiling paintings (10 ovals and 8 rhomboid chiaroscuro panels; the latter restored in the 18th century) and 10 teleri (large narrative paintings on canvas) on the walls were completed. Certainly the fundamental idea goes back to the conception elaborated in the rough illustrations of the Biblia Pauperum—i.e., the concordance of the Old and New Testaments.
It seems almost impossible that in the same year the painter should have executed the four mythological allegories for the Doges’ Palace , of which the most famous is that of Ariadne, Bacchus, and Venus. All are works of great elegance, with an almost academic finishing touch. But the real Tintoretto is certainly to be found in San Rocco, where he bears witness to his great faith and, like the medieval mosaicists, offers an illustrated Bible to the crowds of the poor who frequented the beneficent institution. His deep but independent faith in the religious myths , unrestricted by any rules of the Counter-Reformation, is apparent as much in the striking sketch of The Council of Trent, executed for the Doge Da Ponte, as in the altarpiece of San Trovaso, executed in 1577 for Milledonne, a participant and historian of the Council, with the seminude women who tempt St. Anthony.
By 1577 Marietta and Domenico, already officers of the painters’ guild, could help their father, together with other future artists of the close of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century. Certainly the presence of collaborators is obvious in two cycles: the eight scenes of the Gonzaga Cycle, with vivid scenes of battles, painted between 1579 and 1580, and the many paintings for the halls of the Scrutinio and of the Maggior Consiglio in the Doges’ Palace, which the Republic wanted to adorn with new canvases after the fire of 1577. It was certainly more his wish to finish his immense work in the decoration of San Rocco than it was his advanced age that induced the painter to leave the canvases of the Doges’ Palace largely to his workshop.
In the canvases executed between 1583 and 1587 for the lower hall of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, depicting episodes of the life of Mary and Christ, Tintoretto follows a new direction: light in its most lyrical meaning dominates the paintings, dissolving the colour in a flash of diaphanous brushstrokes. Space is multiplied in unlimited successions of perspectives; the scenery at times prevails over the human figure, as in the two great works in the ground floor hall, with the St. Mary of Egypt and the St. Mary Magdalene immersed in an incandescent hazy atmosphere in which things are animated with a life of their own: an invitation to the contemplative life of the 70-year-old painter, more than ever leaning toward the view of humanity and its destiny offered by the Christian faith. A marvelous model (in the Louvre) of the Paradise for the Doges’ Palace and The Last Supper of San Giorgio Maggiore, with the incorporeal apparitions of angelic creatures, finished a few months before his death, are proof of Tintoretto’s deep spiritual bent. He died in 1594 and was buried in the church of Madonna dell’Orto next to his favourite child, Marietta.
The Last Supper, oil painting by Tintoretto, 1592–94; in the chancel, San Giorgio …
Scala/Art Resource, New York
Assessment
Tintoretto was a painter with a wholly personal, constantly evolving technique and vision. Although it is almost certain that his family was originally from Lucca , Tintoretto (a nickname meaning “little dyer,” after his father’s profession of silk dyer, or tintore) is considered a Venetian painter, not only by birth but because he always lived in Venice and because with his innumerable works he contributed to creating the face of that city. He was not only an exponent of the witness to the life of the city, of the sacred and profane complex pictorial developments of Venetian art, but of the myths of a society that formed a part of the dramatic history of 16th-century Italy.
Tintoretto’s art was much discussed and highly appreciated in Venice in the years after his death, above all in the acute evaluations of Marco Boschini, the great 17th-century critic of Venetian painting. Roger de Piles, following in the latter’s footsteps, exalted Tintoretto’s luministic idiom. But to 18th-century critics, the closer they drew to 19th-century Neoclassical rationality, Tintoretto’s art appeared excessive and too remote from its own sensibility. John Ruskin’s romantic enthusiasm inaugurated a new attitude toward the art of Tintoretto, and contemporary art historiography has come to recognize in him one of the greatest representatives of that wide-ranging European movement that was Mannerism , interpreted in accordance with the great Venetian tradition.
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The giant bird Dinornis robustus, found in New Zealand, was unique in the bird kingdom in having no wings. It stood at up to 10 feet tall and was hunted to extinction around 1500 AD. By what name is this bird commonly known? | Tinto Coat of Arms / Tinto Family Crest
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Tinto Coat of Arms / Tinto Family Crest
This surname of TINTO was an Italian and French occupational name for a dyer. The name was originally derived from the Old French word TEINTUR, and rendered in medieval documents in the Latin form TINCUS. The name has many variant spellings which include TAINTURIER, LETEINTURIER, LETAINTURIER, TINTORE, TINTER and TINTORELLO, to name but a few. The origins of Italian surnames are not clear, and much work remains to be done on medieval Italian records. It seems that fixed bynames, in some cases hereditary, were in use in the Venetian Republic by the end of the 10th century. The typical Italian surname endings are 'i' and 'o', the former being characteristic of northern Italy. The singular form 'o' is more typical of southern Italy. A notable member of the name was Jacopo Robusti TINTORETTO (1518-94) the Venetian painter, born in Venice, the son of a silk dyer or tintore (hence his nickname of 'Little Dyer'). Little is known of his life. He is supposed to have studied under Titian, but only for a short time. From 1564 he was employed in decorating the Albergo and the Halls of the Scuola of San Rocco and its church. Other notable works are 'The Origin of the Milky Way' (after 1570) and 'The Paradiso' (1588) which is famous for its colossal size. Three of his seven children also became painters including Marietta (1560-90) known as La Tintoretta. It was not until the 10th century that modern hereditary surnames first developed, and the use of fixed names spread, first to France, and then England, then to Germany and all of Europe. In these parts of Europe, the individual man was becoming more important, commerce was increasing and the exact identification of each man was becoming a necessity. Even today however, the Church does not recognise surnames. Baptisms and marriages are performed through use of the Christian name alone. Thus hereditary names as we know them today developed gradually during the 11th to the 15th century in the various European countries. In the Middle Ages heraldry came into use as a practical matter. It originated in the devices used to distinguish the armoured warriors in tournament and war, and was also placed on seals as marks of identity. As far as records show, true heraldry began in the middle of the 12th century, and appeared almost simultaneously in several countries of Western Europe.
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In horse racing, at which racecourse are all five of the Irish Classics held? | Curragh Betting Odds | Horse Racing | Oddschecker
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Curragh Betting Odds
The word 'Curragh' means place of the running horse in Gaelic, and the plain in County Kildare is the home of Irish racing. The racecourse is used exclusively for flat racing, and host to all five Classics.
Curragh
Home to the five Irish classics, The Curragh is a right-handed horseshoe shaped course with a circuit of two miles with no sharp bends and a straight run in of three furlongs uphill. Races over five and six furlongs take place on an adjoining straight course, and mile races join onto this course after a two furlong chute. It is recognised as a very fair galloping track.
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For what did the 'J' stand in the name of the 'Dallas' character 'JR Ewing'? | Ireland and the Thoroughbred | Features | BloodHorse.com
Ireland and the Thoroughbred
Investing
September 1, 2015
Irish mythology is replete with references to the horse and its importance to heroes and historical figures. While it is believed that chariot races took place on the plains of the Curragh as far back as the third century, the first documented evidence of horse racing is a royal warrant from 1603 entitling the governor of Derry to hold fairs and markets at which horse races could be staged.
This longtime association between man and beast, however, goes far beyond mere racing. The horse is integral to Irish culture, interwoven into daily living. To the rural Irishman especially, the horse has been a constant pivot in a centuries-old way of life.
The horse is often cited in Irish art, poetry, and film, prominent in the literary works of iconic Irishmen from Samuel Beckett and W.B. Yeats to Jim Sheridan and Roddy Doyle. “There where the course is, Delight makes all of the one mind, The riders upon the galloping horses, The crowd that closes in behind,” Yeats once penned. But much more than merely providing sporting entertainment, the horse has historically been the Irishman’s partner—his worker on the land.
Patrick McCann
In Ireland today there are more horses per head of population than in any other country in Europe. Many of the fairs and shows that take place have origins so deeply embedded in history that nobody knows their genesis. Much like Ireland’s relationship with the horse — we are not quite sure when it began or why, we just know it did.
Tourism Ireland
Perhaps in these mystic origins lies the root of the Irish people’s affinity with the horse. They have developed a unique understanding of the animal, an understanding passed from generation to generation. This relationship has fused through time to form the bond of mutual dependency that exists today. It’s an Irish thing.
Patrick McCann
Breeding in Ireland
Ireland is a nation of horse breeders—from the farmer with two mares who produces a couple of horses as a hobby, to some of the most commercially successful Thoroughbred operations in the world. The Emerald Isle was also home of the Byerley Turk, one of three foundation stallions who shaped the modern Thoroughbred.
Peter Mooney
Ireland is blessed with the perfect environment for breeding horses. The soil, heavy in limestone, provides calcium-rich grass, essential for health and strength of bone in growing foals. The temperate climate—not too cold in the winter nor too hot in the summer—provides plenty of rain and daylight. Then the famous Irish horsemanship skills ensure young horses receive the best care and attention as they grow and mature.
Coolmore Stud
Fiscal measures introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s allow Ireland to compete on the global bloodstock stage. These measures prompted visionaries such as Coolmore kingpin John Magnier—assisted by Dr. Vincent O’Brien’s legendary judgement and Robert Sangster’s financial backing—to acquire well-bred yearlings from around the world, a plan that facilitated the ultimate objective of having some of the best Thoroughbred stallions stand in Ireland.
Coolmore Stud
The Irish formula for success: Combine the best broodmares with the best stallions, entrust their foals to an Irish-horsemanship education, and raise them in a temperate climate on limestone-enriched pastures. Is it any wonder then that some of the best racehorses in the world are Irish-breds?
Peter Mooney
Ireland is home for many of the world’s leading breeders—Coolmore, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum’s Darley, Sheikh Hamdan Al Maktoum’s Derrinstown Stud, HH the Aga Khan’s Studs, The Haefner family’s Moyglare Stud, and Prince Khalid Abdullah’s Juddmonte Farms. Darley’s Kildangan Stud (above) is home to 10 stallions including leading sire Shamardal.
Kildangan Stud
Many of the world’s leading sires stand in Ireland, headed by Coolmore’s outstanding Galileo (IRE) (above), sire of many multiple champions and important sons such as Frankel, New Approach (IRE), and Rip Van Winkle (IRE) standing at stud. Coolmore Stud is now home to five Epsom Derby winners.
Coolmore Stud
The Irish National Stud belongs to the people of Ireland. It has been home to some of the most successful stallions in Ireland, including Invincible Spirit (IRE), who also has numerous sons at stud.
Irish National Stud
Gilltown Stud, the Aga Khan’s public stud in Ireland, is home to champion Sea The Stars (IRE).
Patrick McCann
Commercial family-run farms are the core of Irish breeding with Ballyhane Stud (above), Morristown Lattin Stud, Rathasker Stud, Rathbarry Stud, and Tally-Ho Stud recognized as some of the leading breeders and consignors.
Jennifer O'Sullivan
Sales in Ireland
Ireland’s bloodstock sales have long been a source of top-quality Thoroughbreds. There are three bloodstock sales companies in Ireland: Goffs, Tattersalls Ireland, and Goresbridge.
Caroline Norris
Located in the very heart of the Irish racing and breeding industry, Goffs has established a worldwide reputation built on the success of the top-class horses it sells and its quality service. The company holds eight bloodstock sales a year, including the Orby (Ireland’s premier flat yearling sale) and the Premier Breeding Stock and Foal Sale, which takes place in November.
F Stop Press
Tattersalls Ireland, particularly renowned for selling top-class National Hunt horses, also sells quality horses for the flat. The September Yearling Sale consistently provides excellent value and success for flat-bred yearlings, its graduates having reached the highest echelons.
Caroline Norris
Situated on the banks of the River Barrow in County Kilkenny, Goresbridge has been run by the Donohoe family since its establishment in 1968. In May, Goresbridge Bloodstock Sales offers Ireland’s only flat breeze up sale.
Amy Lynam
Irish Thoroughbred Marketing is the first point of contact for overseas people seeking information on the Irish Bloodstock Industry. ITM exists to make coming to Ireland as straightforward as possible and provides a wide range of services: organizing full itineraries, scheduling exclusive trainer and stud visits, and booking hotel accommodations at reduced rates. ITM can even offer financial assistance with the travel expenses of buyers shopping for Irish bloodstock through the Inward Buyer Programme. ITM will contribute €800 to any U.S. buyers who purchase at the sales or privately.
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Racing in Ireland
In addition to its first-class breeding industry, Ireland also boasts a thriving racing industry, and a visit to the Emerald Isle is not complete without a trip to one of the 26 racecourses. There is one all-weather track at Dundalk, which stages a flat winter championship, and nearby Laytown provides a particularly unique once-a-year experience, the unforgettable spectacle of racing on the beach.
Patrick McCann
The remainder of Ireland’s racecourses run on turf, each with its own unique terrain, atmosphere, and charm. The historic Curragh Racecourse is racing’s headquarters and home to all five Irish Classics. The Curragh training grounds have been developed into a world-renowned training centre.
Patrick McCann
People from all walks of life have supported Irish racing through the years, with many owners choosing to have their horses trained by internationally acclaimed Irish trainers. From Cheltenham to the Breeders’ Cup World Championships, to the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe (Fr-I), to the Melbourne Cup (Aus-I), Irish-bred and -trained Thoroughbreds continue to define the word “excellence” on a world stage.
Healy Racing
Richard “Boss” Croker, originally an Irish-American politician, returned to Ireland and set up a training operation at Glencairn Estate. He conditioned the first Irish-trained horse to win the English Derby, Orby (right), who took the storied event in 1907. His endeavors so raised the spirits of the Irish people that Orby was paraded through the streets of Dublin to cheering crowds. In the same year he became the first horse to complete the English-Irish Derby double. Nearly 50 years passed before another Irish horse — Joe McGrath’s Arctic Prince — won the Epsom Derby in 1951. Croker was made a Freeman of the City of Dublin, an accolade given to the likes of George Bernard Shaw, John F. Kennedy, and Bill Clinton.
Irish Thoroughbred Marketing/The Irish Field
Trainer Vincent O’Brien (right) continually raised the bar of Irish racing throughout his career. Breaking one record after another, he dominated both the worlds of jumps and flat racing. He trained six Epsom Derby winners, was twice British champion trainer, won three editions of the Grand National in succession, and trained the only British Triple Crown winner since World War II. Readers of the Racing Post voted him the greatest, most influential racing figure of all time. O’Brien died in 2009 at age 92.
Coolmore Stud
During the 1970s O’Brien (left) and owner Robert Sangster (right), along with O’Brien’s son-in-law John Magnier, established the genesis of the Coolmore syndicate. O’Brien’s incredible gift for picking world-class horses paired with Magnier’s business mind propelled Coolmore Stud to the pinnacle of the racing world. O’Brien’s pioneering in the art and science of training transformed what was essentially a Tipperary farm into the world-class training establishment, Ballydoyle.
On the flat O’Brien trained such legendary racehorses as Ballymoss, Gladness, Sir Ivor, Roberto, The Minstrel, Alleged, Storm Bird, El Gran Senor, Royal Academy, Sadler’s Wells (arguably the greatest stallion in modern turf history), and Nijinsky II.
Coolmore Stud
Owned by American businessman Charles W. Engelhard Jr., Nijinsky II had the speed to win the 2,000 Guineas over a mile, the pace and the temperament to take the English Derby over a mile and a half, and the stamina to excel in the St Leger over an extended mile and six furlongs in 1970, becoming the first horse in 35 years to win the English Triple Crown. No horse has done so since. O’Brien claimed the son of Northern Dancer, unbeaten in five runs as a juvenile, to be the best horse he ever trained.
Coolmore Stud
Sadler’s Wells (above), also trained by Vincent O’Brien, was a top-class racehorse who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas (Ire-I), Eclipse Stakes (Eng-I), and the Irish Champion Stakes (Ire-I)—but his place in racing history is as one of the most influential stallions of modern times. He was champion sire in the UK and Ireland on no fewer than 14 occasions. Coolmore’s former resident died in 2011 at age 30. His illustrious progeny include Montjeu (IRE), Galileo (IRE), High Chaparral (IRE), Yeats (IRE), and Barathea (IRE).
Courtesy of Coolmore
Turn the clock forward: Aidan O’Brien has defied all conventions and (like his non-related namesake Vincent) reached the top echelons in both jumps and flat racing since he took out his training license in 1993. As his frequent 1-2-3 finishes in the Irish Derby and numerous other group I wins demonstrate, he is simply a genius. To date, O’Brien has been champion trainer in Ireland 17 times and four times in Britain.
O’Brien trainees include, Galileo (IRE), High Chaparral (IRE), Dylan Thomas (IRE), Giant’s Causeway, Rock of Gibraltar (IRE), St Nicholas Abbey (IRE), Yeats (IRE), Henrythenavigator, Mastercraftsman (IRE), a litany of top-class horses that seemingly never ends. Further afield, O’Brien has won both the Secretariat Stakes (gr. IT) at Arlington International and the W.S. Cox Plate (Aus-I) in Australia with Adelaide (IRE). He twice has taken the Arlington Million Stakes (gr. IT): Powerscourt in 2005 and Cape Blanco (IRE) in 2011. In addition, Cape Blanco (IRE) captured the Man o’ War Stakes (gr. IT) and the Joe Hirsch Turf Classic Invitational Stakes (gr. IT) at Belmont Park. O’Brien has an impressive eight Breeders’ Cup races on his resume. Only recently O’Brien won the Secretariat Stakes (gr. IT) with Highland Reel (IRE).
Caroline Norris
A contemporary of Vincent O’Brien, Irish trainer, Paddy ‘Darkie’ Prendergast (left), also made a name for himself, becoming the first non-British-based trainer to be champion in Great Britain for three consecutive seasons (1963-65). Quartered on the Curragh, the centre of flat racing in Ireland, he was especially gifted at training 2-year-olds. His two best horses during an illustrious career were Ragusa and Irish-bred Meadow Court, both winners of the Irish Derby and the prestigious King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.
The Irish Field
The Weld name has had a long association with the Curragh. Charlie Weld established himself as a top-class trainer at Rosewell House before his son Dermot (above) took the reins in 1972. With the famous yard located just metres from the entrance to the Curragh racecourse, the younger Weld has consistently been one of Ireland’s most successful trainers, with multiple Irish trainer’s championships. Acclaimed as one of the best trainers in the world, he has saddled big-race winners on four continents.
www.tattersalls.com
Trained by Dermot Weld for Michael Smurfit, Vintage Crop was first campaigned in the National Hunt code, winning two novice hurdles in his first season. Weld then switched him to the flat, and he won the Cesarewitch at Newmarket at 5. The following year he landed the first of two consecutive victories in the Irish St Leger and made history by becoming the first overseas-trained winner of Australia’s Melbourne Cup, the race that stops a nation. He won 16 races from 28 starts and finished out of the top three only six times. He lived out his retirement as part of the Living Legends attraction at the Irish National stud, passing away in 2014 at the age of 27.
Patrick McCann
Trained by Dermot Weld for owner/breeder Moyglare Stud, Go and Go (IRE) is the only European-trained horse to win a leg of the American Triple Crown after springing a surprise victory in the 1990 Belmont Stakes (gr. I). After breaking his maiden at Galway at 2, Irish-bred Go and Go went on to win the Laurel Futurity Stakes (gr. II) at Laurel Park later that season, his initial start on a dirt surface.
The Irish Field
With a reputation for unrivaled patience with horses and an admirable tendency not to over race them, John Oxx, has developed into one of Ireland’s most respected and successful trainers. When HH Aga Khan decided to transfer horses to Ireland in 1990, Oxx became the sole trainer. Notable winners for the partnership include Timarida (IRE), Ebadiyla (IRE), Sinndar (IRE), Alamshar (IRE), and Azamour (IRE). Oxx was also the trainer of the outstanding globe-trotting filly, Ridgewood Pearl (IRE); however, he will be best remembered for world champion racehorse Sea The Stars (IRE).
Patrick McCann
Exceptionally well-bred Sea The Stars (IRE) is a half brother to the multiple champion sire Galileo (IRE). After winning the 2,000 Guineas at Newmarket (Eng-I), Sea The Stars (IRE) carved his name into the annals of history with six consecutive group I triumphs, becoming the only horse to complete the 2,000 Guineas, Epsom Derby (Eng-I), and Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe treble. The son of Cape Cross (IRE), out of the brilliant Urban Sea, dominated the 2009 flat season, becoming world champion and sealing his place amongst the all-time greats.
Edward Whitaker
Jim Bolger (left) has enjoyed tremendous success as a trainer since taking out his license in the late 1970s and is adept at finding the very best in his racehorses. Top class horses trained by Bolger include New Approach (IRE), Dawn Approach (IRE), and Pleascach (IRE), winner of this year’s Irish 1,000 Guineas (Ire-I) and Yorkshire Oaks (Eng-I). Bolger also won the Hong Kong Cup (HK-I) with Alexander Goldrun (IRE). Winning the Irish Derby (Ire-I) with homebred Trading Leather (IRE) (above) was a truly remarkable day for the Bolger family as they also bred and raced his sire Teofilo (IRE).
Patrick McCann
Eddie Lynam achieved remarkable success in 2014. His three winners from four runners at the Royal Ascot meeting centered around group I successes with star sprinters Sole Power and Slade Power (IRE) (above). That pair claimed four of the five group I sprints in the UK during the year. Slade Power (IRE) retired to stand at Darley’s Kildangan Stud at the end of the season. The now 8-year-old Sole Power is still going strong, having won the Al Quoz Sprint (UAE-I) at the Dubai World Cup meeting in Meydan in March 2015.
Cranhamphoto.com
Tom Hogan trained a €2,000 purchase in Gordon Lord Byron (IRE) to win group I races in Australia, France, and Britain. There is an abundance of top-class trainers in Ireland, and they continue to compete at the highest level both at home and abroad.
Alain Barr
Investing in Ireland
In recent times Ireland has become an investment hub for American breeders and owners. It made sense that Team Valor International should purchase First Cornerstone (IRE) after the Andy Oliver-trained colt sprang a 33-1 shock in a listed race at Tipperary in August 2012. The American operation, founded by Barry Irwin (above) and Jeff Siegel, is a truly international organization, searching out the best equine talent around the globe.
Anne M. Eberhardt
Team Valor International’s loyalty to trainer Andy Oliver has been well rewarded. Panama Hat, for example, progressed significantly last season. A winless, 60-rated handicapper at the start of 2014, the winner of five races on the bounce ended the season basking in a mark of 110. This year he was beaten a half-length by Aidan O’Brien’s Kingfisher (IRE)—runner-up in the Ascot Gold Cup (Eng-I)—in the listed Saval Beg Stakes at Leopardstown in June, before going on to win a listed race at Roscommon in early July. On Aug. 15 he was a good second to Lucky Speed (IRE) while making his North American debut in the $350,000 American St. Leger Stakes (gr. IIIT).
Caroline Norris
American billionaire John Malone bought Humewood Castle in County Wicklow for €8 million in 2012, then proceeded to purchase four hotels in post-recession Ireland. In 2014 Malone’s interest in Ireland and his interest in bloodstock fused when he bought Ballylinch Stud in County Kilkenny. Founded by Major Dermot McCalmont, Ballylinch has been a leading player in the Irish bloodstock industry ever since McCalmont stood The Tetrarch—unbeaten in seven runs as a 2-year-old—there as a stallion in 1914.
“As small as it is, Ireland is a place where things work,” Malone said. “When you look across places outside the U.S. where you feel comfortable investing as a U.S. citizen, Ireland comes top.”
Ballylinch Stud
Brad Kelley’s Calumet Farm had its first horses in training in Ireland in 2014. The billionaire who is the fourth-largest landowner in the U.S. now has more than 20 horses in training with the legendary Dermot Weld. Calumet runners in Ireland also carry Kelley’s black silks with gold chevrons. Ireland is the only destination in Europe where Calumet Farm stands stallions. Irish Derby winner Grey Swallow (IRE) now stands at Knockhouse Stud in Co. Kilkenny. Calumet chose the Irish National Stud to stand Melbourne Cup winner Americain in 2015.
“We want to have our success on the track feed into having a nice, viable, commercial stallion division,” Ken Wilkins, director of the farm’s stallion division, told BloodHorse.com. “Hopefully, that will be a very strong tool for us.”
Patrick McCann
The Ardbraccan Estate in Navan in County Meath, near the east coast of Ireland, was built in the mid-1700s as a palace for the bishops of Meath. About 350 years later, American Charles Noell bought it. In 1992 Noell and computer specialist John Moores, one of Forbes magazine’s 400 richest people in America, co-founded JMI Equity, an investment firm specialising in software. In 2013, after the death of one of the principal owners of County Limerick farm Kilfrush Stud, Noell and Moores teamed up to buy the stud’s bloodstock, collecting more than 30 horses of various ages under their banner of Merriebelle Irish Farm. In 2013 Merriebelle in partnership with Dr. Ronan Lambe raced Pale Mimosa (IRE) (above) to victory in the group II Lonsdale Cup.
Patrick McCann
Frank Stronach, the owner of Adena Springs who has received every breeding accolade possible, also recognizes that Ireland is a premier country in which to race horses and has several horses in training with Dermot Weld. In that same vein Kenneth and Sarah Ramsey now have horses in training in Ireland.
Wally Skalij
Ireland has been the base for many international investors. British businessman Robert Sangster dominated through the 1970s and 1980s as an owner, teaming with John Magnier and Vincent O’Brien. In recent time the Ballydoyle triumvirate of Sue Magnier, Michael Tabor, and Derrick Smith have been all conquering.
Caroline Norris
Godolphin supremo HH Sheikh Mohammed has been a huge supporter of Irish racing with more than 60 horses in training in Ireland. In 1986 he purchased Kildangan Stud, which is now home to such stallions as Dawn Approach (IRE), Cape Cross (IRE), and Raven’s Pass.
Edward Whitaker
The Al Thani family of Qatar are other relatively new entrants to the Irish racing scene. The Al Thanis have many youngsters in training here and are prolific buyers at Goffs sales. In addition, Sheikh Fahad Al Thani (above) recently purchased a stud farm in Limerick on behalf of Qatar Racing to raise and nurture their stock.
www.tattersalls.com
Never has the time been better to invest in Ireland with land costs now stabilized and at more affordable levels, 38% down from prices at the peak of the economic boom. The national average recorded for 2014 is €10,526 per acre, excluding land parcels of less than 20 acres.
Killarney Racecourse
The economic slump in Ireland has created a buyers’ market. Significantly, the major breeding operations of Darley, Derrinstown, and Coolmore have continued to increase their land banks during the period of the downturn in property prices. Historically, through times of recession the greatest return on investment has been seen in the larger land banks and stud farms.
Kildangan Stud
At the height of the market in Ireland, ready-made stud farms were selling for up to €80,000 per acre; today they are trading anywhere between €17,000 and €27,000 per acre. These figures are for fully completed stud farms, located in regions known for their association with and suitability for bloodstock.
Ballylinch Stud
The Irish government is supportive of the sector and realizes the importance of the industry to the Irish economy. There is a suitable tax structure, from acquisitions straight through to the running and management of a stud farm, with favorable employment laws. A favorable exchange rate in 2015 finds the U.S. dollar at an all-time best against the euro with the dollar forecast to hit further highs versus the euro.
Peter Mooney
Ireland and the horse—a relationship with no beginning and no end. It simply always has been.
Amy Lynam
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Who played the title character in the 2009 film 'X-Men Origins: Wolverine'? | Film review – X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) | Cinema Autopsy
Film review – X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009)
Wolverine (Hugh Jackman)
Comic book film adaptations recently have become very serious and respectable with The Dark Knight and Watchmen demonstrating that films based on comic books can possess a high degree of plausibility, complexity and human drama. So it is rather fun to get back to basics with the latest film from the X-Men franchise X-Men Origins: Wolverine, as it is good old-fashioned High Concept B-grade filmmaking. As the title of the film suggests, it is a prequel about the background of the popular Wolverine character (once again played very charismatically by Hugh Jackman), who has animal like instincts, the ability to heal almost instantly and deadly claw-like bones that protrude from between the knuckles of his hands. X-Men Origins: Wolverine reveals how Wolverine emotionally, mentally and physically becomes the character that he is when audiences first encountered him on the big screen in Bryan Singer’s 2000 film X-Men.
X-Men Origins: Wolverine opens with a brilliant credit sequence depicting Wolverine and his brother Victor Creed (who later becomes known as Sabretooth) fighting together through the American Civil War, two World Wars and then the Vietnam War. The sequence is shot in murky sepia tones and establishes that both men are not only seemingly invincible but love fighting. Wonderfully played by Liev Schreiber, Creed soon emerges as the most brutal of the pair and the inevitable brotherly showdown occurs after they are recruited into a covert government agency consisting of other mutants. This brotherly archetypal feud of course only escalates once a woman becomes involved. There is always a woman.
While the characterisation in X-Men Origins: Wolverine is suitably simple yet empathetic, even for the minor characters, the narrative structure is the biggest flaw in this film. The pacing is all wrong and it feels more like a series of television episodes strung together rather than one film. Every 20 minutes there seems to be a revelation, shocking occurrence and then ‘final’ showdown. This does detract from the overall film, which is otherwise highly entertaining, albeit instantly forgettable.
Wolverine and Victor Creed (Liev Schreiber)
South African director Gavin Hood (Tsotsi) handles the action in X-Men Origins: Wolverine extremely well. The first major action sequence feels like The Dirty Dozen with superpowers and there is lots of outlandish gunplay, swordplay, hand-to-hand combat and all manner of stunts, explosions and use of slow motion. Hood keeps the camera in on the actors tight, opting for more close-ups than you would usually expect during action scenes. As with all the X-Men films, the action is highly inventive even if it is all absurdly improbable. But, similar to Timur Bekmambetov’s Wanted, this film is a load of fun if you accept that it is operating in a dimension where the laws of physics are the same as they would be in a cartoon. It is not as good as the second X-Men film but it is on par with the first and an improvement over the third.
© Thomas Caldwell, 2009
| Hugh Jackman |
Which Italian painter was forced to flee Rome in 1606 after murdering a man in a fit of temper? | X-Men Origins: Wolverine | X-Men Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Tahyna Tozzi as Emma Frost
Sequel(s)
Gavin Hood (Director of X-Men Origins: Wolverine) said that there could be a sequel, which may be set in Japan. Such a location was the subject of Claremont and Miller's series, which was not in the first film as Jackman felt “what we need to do is establish who Logan is and find out how he became Wolverine." This is definitely coming out. A Deadpool spin-off is possibly coming out too, but the release date is not known. Ryan Reynolds is possibly returning as Deadpool. This could have been cancelled or stalled, though. X-Men Origins: Magneto is also possibly coming out too, but the release date is not known. Actors in their twenties will be hired. This could have been cancelled or stalled, though.
Team X Members
Stryker (William Stryker), the leader of the team. The only non-mutant in the team.
Wolverine (Logan), a mutant with healing powers and long, powerful claws.
Sabretooth (Victor Creed), Wolverine's half brother also with healing powers but instead of claws, has sharp nails that can cut through metal.
Deadpool (Wade Wilson), a show-off, dudy-head, talkative mutant with superhuman abilities and an expert with guns and swords.
Agent Zero/Maverick (David North), a show-off Asian mutant with superhuman abilities and an expert with guns.
The Blob (Fred Dukes), a quiet, indestructible mutant.
Wraith (John Wraith), Wolverine's only friend in Team X. He has teleporting powers. Also, like Wolverine, he doesn't kill.
Bolt (Chris Bradley), a mutant who can control anything with electricity, but cannot shoot, absorb, move or convert it.
Plot
Wolverine is a Spin-Off Movie which shows Logan's past - before he joined the X-Men. The film is mostly set in 1981 (20 years before the first X-Men film).
1845: It shows him and Sabretooth discovering they are half brothers, after an incident where he discovers his bone claws and they find out both their father had slept with Logan's mother.
1864 to 1975: Then it shows him and Sabretooth taking part in the American Civil War, World Wars I & II, and Vietnam, before they are recruited to William Stryker's special Team X.
1979 to 1985: But after a mission, Wolverine quits after he is disgusted with the team's actions, only to find out six years later (after Team X broke up) that after he has settled down with a woman in the remote Canada rockies, someone is hunting down their team. He realises too late it is Sabretooth who kills the woman he loves. He chases after him and gets in a fight with him, which Creed wins.
Stryker then approaches Logan and offers to cover his skeleton in Adamantium (a very powerful metal compound that Stryker had created using a meteor fragment), telling Wolverine he will give him the tools to defeat Sabretooth. The procedure succeeds, but Logan overhears Stryker saying they will erase his memory. With this, he runs from the testing facility, furious he was tricked. But he takes cover in a home of two old farmers. But they are later killed by Agent Zero as Stryker is attempting to kill him.
Wolverine takes down Zero and destroys his helicopter, looking for his old friend John Wraith (also a former Team X member who quit a few months later after Wolverine left), asking where Sabretooth is. Wraith says Fred Dukes (another former Team X member), aka The Blob, may know, and after Wolverine fights him, he finds out that a mutant named Remy LeBeau escaped from an island that Stryker is using to experiment on mutants
During all this, an army general that gave Stryker money to give Wolverine the Adamantium (500 million to be exact) told Stryker he is shutting Stryker down because Wolverine escaped. Then Stryker kills him in anger with a sword. Only Stryker and the army general were in the room then.
After this, Wolverine and John Wraith, who wanted to come with him, finds Sabertooth in Las Vegas and with the metal in his bones he is able to defeat Sabretooth, but fails to save John Wraith, who was just killed by Sabretooth. Sabertooth runs away and Logan eventually gets to the Island with Remy LeBeau, aka Gambit. On the Island he finds out his lover, Kayla Silverfox, is still alive and she was in league with Stryker the whole time. He also finds out she is a mutant and her power is telehypnosis (the power of persuasion). Then he leaves angrily but hears her scream and comes back to fight Sabretooth. He defeats him but instead of killing him, knocks him out. He then finds out that Kayla was forced to trick him - Stryker had her sister hostage at the island. Wolverine then frees all the mutants being held prisoner, including Kayla's sister.
Stryker, meanwhile, activates Weapon XI (another former Team X member who was experimented on), aka Deadpool, who has the powers of healing, laser-blasting and teleportation because of the mutant experiments, and tells it to kill Wolverine. Wolverine then tells Kayla to get the mutants off the island, while he distracts Deadpool. The mutants are fired upon, but Cyclops, one of the rescued mutants, takes care of the people shooting. Then Professor Xavier (a mutant psychic) leads the mutants out using his mind - Kayla stays behind because she is wounded by a bullet. After a brief fight in the warehouse, Wolverine climbs up one of the Reactor Pylons just before Sabretooth recovers and arrives to save him. Then him and Sabretooth fight back to back to defeat Deadpool, which they achieve by cutting his head off. Sabretooth then leaves, and wounded Kayla crawls towards Wolverine. As Wolverine is heading off into the sunset with Kayla, Stryker shoots him with an adamantium bullet in the brain which affects and erases his memory. Silverfox, using her power of telehypnosis, tells Stryker to "walk until your feet bleed...and then keep walking." She dies of the gunshot wound and Wolverine regains consciousness, gets up, then doesn't remember anything, and runs from the Island. Sabretooth is also never seen again in the movie after he helped Wolverine and jumped down from the Reactor Pylon after Weapon XI/Deadpool was defeated.
However, Professor Xavier leads the rescued mutants, using his powers, to his private jet, offering them to join him at his home, and becoming the first mutants at his new mutant school, despite Wolverine, their rescuer, not knowing this.
In the end, after the Credits, Stryker gets arrested for the murder of the army general he committed earlier.
During all this, also after the Credits, Weapon XI/Deadpool heals in the Reactor Pylon and grabs his head...
NOTE: To see a summary and extra information of this movie, go to the Movies and Video Games page.
Questions
If the Adamantium was supposed to cover his whole skeleton, wouldn't Wolverine's teeth be covered with Adamantium? Teeth aren't considered bone (skeleton) and are made up of different materials, so this could feasibly not be a plot hole.
Why couldn't the mutants that Stryker captured escape out of their cells? Emma's skin can turn to diamond (which can cut through almost anything) and Scott Summers/Cyclops has his laser. There are also a dozen more mutants there, and at least one of them could also escape. The only mutant who escaped was Gambit (he can make objects explode). If you watched the movie you can clearly see that the mutants powers were being suppressed.
If Wolverine was a veteran in every single war since the Civil War, wouldn't he be able to tell that his wife wasn't really dead? He also has super-sense from his mutant powers so he would be able to detect the heartbeat (even if it's slow) and the fake blood. Take into account that his wives' mutant ability was suggestion by touching, she could easily fool his senses in to believing her dead with it.
Why did Agent Zero shoot the two farmers and lure Wolverine out of the barn, then blow up the barn, when he could have blown up the barn in the first place when all three were in there? He shot the civilians and blamed Wolverine for it as an excuse to kill him.
Plot Holes and Goofs
Plot Hole: How come when Gambit escaped the Island and hid in a casino, Stryker couldn't find him but it only took Wolverine less than a day to find Gambit?
Plot Hole: How did the Professor not know about Wolverine rescuing the mutants (wouldn't the mutants tell him? Or wouldn't he have sensed Wolverine's presence using his powers?)? If he did he would have got Wolverine to follow him or he would have recognised or thought he was familiar?
Goof: In the part where Wolverine is escaping after he got the Adamantium and he cut an "X" in an door using his claws, wouldn't the four squares in the middle of the "X" fall off? They were floating in the air for a second and didn't show it falling down. This is a very obvious goof.
Goof: When Gambit blasted Wolverine through a wall using his cards, the hole is big when Wolverine lands on the ground. But when Gambit enters the hole, the hole is small, just big enough for a person to fit through. Then after that, the hole gets big again. There was huge difference between them. This is also a very obvious goof.
Goof: In Vietnam when Wolverine unsheathes his claws they make a metallic sound even though he has no adamantium yet
Goof: Wade's sword disappears (during his close up shot) while he's in the elevator and we never see him unsheath it.
Video Game
This is the first X-Men game that uses the movie-that-it-is-based-on's storyline. You can only use Wolverine.
The PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC version is rated MA. The PlayStation 2, Wii and PSP version is rated M. The DS version is rated PG.
Hugh Jackman (the actual Wolverine from the X-Men movies) voices Wolverine again, Liev Schreiber (the actual Sabretooth from X-Men Origins: Wolverine, 2009) voices Sabretooth again, Dave Florek voices Stryker, April Stewart voices Kayla Silverfox, Will.i.am (the actual Wraith from X-Men Origins: Wolverine, 2009) voices Wraith again, Robert Wu voices Agent Zero, Gregg Berger voices the Blob, Chris Edgerly voices Gambit, Steven Blum voices Deadpool and Anna Graves voices Mystique.
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What was the pseudonym used by the English essayist Charles Lamb when contributing to the 'London Magazine'? | Charles Lamb Essay - Lamb, Charles - eNotes.com
Charles Lamb Essay - Lamb, Charles
Charles Lamb 1775-1834
(Also wrote under the pseudonym Elia) English essayist, critic, poet, dramatist, and novelist.
The following entry presents criticism on Lamb from 1984 through 1998. For additional information on Lamb's life and career, see NCLC, Volume 10.
A well-known literary figure in nineteenth-century England, Lamb is chiefly remembered for his “Elia” essays, works celebrated for their witty and ironic treatment of everyday subjects. Through the persona of “Elia,” Lamb developed a highly personal narrative technique to achieve what many critics regard as the epitome of the familiar essay style. Extremely popular in Lamb's day, the “Elia” essays first appeared in the London Magazine between 1820 and 1825, but were later collected into two volumes. These nostalgic works have appealed to readers throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly because of their gradual revelation of Lamb's literary alter ego and his humorous idiosyncrasies. Lamb's other writings include criticism of William Shakespeare's dramas and the virtual rediscovery of a number of neglected Elizabethan and Jacobean playwrights in the early nineteenth century. A dramatist and a skilled poet, Lamb was also a noted children's author, frequently in collaboration with his sister, Mary. Lamb's essays are thought to demonstrate a characteristically Romantic imagination akin to that of the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, Lamb's contemporaries and friends. Overall, Lamb is highly regarded as an essayist, an original and perceptive critic, and a noteworthy correspondent with the renowned literati of early nineteenth-century England.
Biographical Information
Lamb was born in London, the youngest of seven children, of whom only three survived into adulthood. His father was a law clerk who worked in the Inner Temple, one of the courts of London, and wrote poetry in his spare time. In 1782 Lamb was accepted as a student at Christ's Hospital, a school in London for the children of poor families. He excelled in his studies, especially in English literature, but the seven years away from home proved lonely. Later Lamb wrote that his solitude was relieved by his friendship with a fellow student, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who also encouraged Lamb's early poetic compositions. Since his family's poverty prevented him from furthering his education, Lamb took a job immediately upon graduation. Working first as a clerk, he became an accountant at the East India Company, a prestigious trade firm. At Coleridge's insistence, Lamb's first sonnets were included in the collection Poems on Various Subjects, published by Coleridge in 1796. That same year, Lamb's sister, who suffered from mental illness throughout her life, stabbed her mother to death in a “day of horrors” that completely transformed Lamb's life. His father and his elder brother wanted to commit Mary permanently to an asylum, but Lamb succeeded in obtaining her release and devoted himself to her care. From then on, Mary enjoyed long periods of sanity and productivity as a writer, but these were inevitably disrupted by breakdowns. In 1798 Lamb published Blank Verse with his friend Charles Lloyd. The volume contains Lamb's best known poem, “The Old Familiar Faces.” His first serious work in prose, A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, also appeared in 1798. In the first two decades of the nineteenth century, Lamb produced two dramas, including the poorly received farce Mr. H———; or, Beware a Bad Name (1806), and a number of works intended for children and written with his sister. Meanwhile he began contributing literary articles to an assortment of newspapers and periodicals. Soon Lamb had established himself as a highly astute and eloquent critical voice with such essays as “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth” and “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation”—pieces later republished in The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb (1903-05). His volume Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare, helped bring about a renewed interest in Jacobean drama upon its publication in 1808. In 1820 the editor of the London Magazine invited Lamb to contribute regularly to his periodical. Lamb, eager to supplement his income, wrote some pieces under the pseudonym “Elia” for the magazine. With the success of these essays Lamb became one of the most admired literary men in London. He and Mary presided over a weekly open house, attended by friends including Coleridge, William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, and Henry Crabb Robinson. Lamb retired from the East India Company in 1825, left London, and devoted more time to writing. Though distant from his literary acquaintances in the English metropolis, Lamb was still at the peak of his popularity as an essayist when he died suddenly in 1834.
Major Works
Although he began his literary career as a sonneteer, Lamb quickly discovered that his talent and inclination lay in prose, not verse. His first fictional work, a short novel entitled A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, displays the influence of eighteenth-century sentimental writers Henry Mackenzie and Laurence Sterne. Lamb's next literary composition, John Woodvil (1802), set shortly after England's monarchical Restoration in 1660, owes a debt to Elizabethan tragedy and features a commentary on the politics of Lamb's day via historical analogy. Lamb's collaborative works with his sister, Mary, all fall into the category of juvenile literature and include Mrs. Leicester's School (1807), a collection of children's stories and poems, Tales from Shakespear (1807), simplified renderings in prose of William Shakespeare's most famous plays, and Poetry for Children (1809). Lamb also adapted Homer's epic poem The Odyssey for younger readers in The Adventures of Ulysses (1808). Among Lamb's critical writings, his anthology Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare includes selections from the plays of such Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists as Christopher Marlowe, John Webster, George Chapman, and Thomas Middleton. Since many of these works were previously unobtainable to early nineteenth-century readers, Lamb's compilation was an important reference source and is supplemented with explanatory notes now considered among Lamb's most significant critical work. In a related essay, “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation,” Lamb argued that the best qualities of Shakespeare's drama can be fully appreciated only through reading: according to Lamb, stage performances often diminish the play's meanings, and individual performers often misinterpret Shakespeare's intended characterizations. Lamb's most prominent works were his last: the collections Elia: Essays Which Have Appeared under That Signature in the “London Magazine” and The Last Essays of Elia were published in 1823 and 1833, respectively. Featuring sketches in the familiar essay form—a style popularized by Michel de Montaigne, Robert Burton, and Sir Thomas Browne—the “Elia” essays are characterized by Lamb's personal tone, narrative ease, and wealth of literary allusions. Never didactic, the essays treat ordinary subjects in a nostalgic, fanciful way by combining humor, pathos, and a sophisticated irony ranging from gentle to scathing. Among the essays, “Christ's Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago” features a schoolboy reminiscence of Coleridge, while “Confessions of a Drunkard” treats with ambivalence a theme that punctuated Lamb's own life. Counted among his most significant writings, Lamb's discerning and lively correspondence is collected in The Letters of Charles Lamb (1935).
Critical Reception
Lamb's “Elia” essays have been nearly universally extolled by reviewers since their initial appearance. While some scholars have considered Lamb's style imitative of earlier English writers, the majority now accept that quality as one of “Elia's” distinctive hallmarks, along with his fondness for the obscure and other idiosyncrasies. In addition to the elegant prose of his essays, works that have delighted generations of readers, Lamb's critical writings testify to his versatility and insight, although some commentators have faulted his unsystematic critical method. During the nineteenth century, Lamb's collected writings tended to elicit highly polarized critical reactions. By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, Lamb's status as one of England's most beloved writers was affirmed, and today he is remembered as a perceptive critic and the finest practitioner of the familiar essay form in English. The “Elia” essays maintained their popularity until the 1930s, when Lamb's reputation suffered a near total reversal as critic F. R. Leavis and his disciples reappraised the Elian style. The Leavisite critique echoed throughout academia, and Lamb's works ceased to be studied seriously by British scholars for several decades. By the mid 1960s, however, critics such as George Barnett and later Gerald Monsman undertook the process of rehabilitating Lamb's standing by producing detailed studies of his essays. The Charles Lamb Society and its quarterly publication, The Charles Lamb Bulletin, the main source of contemporary Lamb criticism, have assisted in this renewed interest and study of Lamb's works, covering such topics as Lamb's theories of drama, his poetry, and especially his “Elia” essays, whose enduring humor and spontaneity continue to capture the imaginations of modern readers.
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Poems on Various Subjects [with Samuel Taylor Coleridge] (poetry) 1796
Blank Verse [with Charles Lloyd] (poetry) 1798
A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret (novel) 1798
John Woodvil (drama) 1802
Mr. H———; or, Beware a Bad Name (drama) 1806
Mrs. Leicester's School [with Mary Lamb] (short stories and poetry) 1807
Tales from Shakespear [with Mary Lamb] (short stories) 1807
The Adventures of Ulysses (short stories) 1808
Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare [editor] (dramas) 1808
Poetry for Children [with Mary Lamb] (poetry) 1809
Elia: Essays Which Have Appeared under That Signature in the “London Magazine” [as Elia] (essays) 1823
Album Verses [with others] (poetry) 1830
The Last Essays of Elia [as Elia] (essays) 1833
*The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb. 7 vols. (essays, novel, short stories, poetry, and dramas) 1903-05
The Letters of Charles Lamb. 3 vols. (letters) 1935
*This work includes the essays “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth,” “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation,” and “On the Artificial Comedy of the Last Century.”
| Elia |
Which German composer wrote the 'Rheinish Symphony'? | Essay - Credo Reference
Topic Page: Essay
Definition: essay from Philip's Encyclopedia
(Fr. essai, 'attempt') Usually short, non-fictional prose composition, written expressing a personal point of view. The essay form originated with the 16th-century French writer Montaigne. British essayists include Francis Bacon, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and Charles Lamb. Noted US essayists include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Thurber, George Santayana, and Dorothy Parker.
Summary Article: essay from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Image from: Michel (Eyquem) de Montaigne, essayist. in The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia
Short piece of non-fiction writing, often dealing with a particular subject from a personal point of view. The essay became a recognized form with the publication of Essais (1580) by French writer Montaigne and Essays (1597) by English politician, philosopher, and writer Francis Bacon. Today the essay is a part of journalism; articles in the broadsheet newspapers are in the essay tradition.
History English essayist Abraham Cowley, whose essays appeared in 1668, brought a greater ease and freedom to the genre than it had possessed before in England, but it was with the development of periodical (weekly and monthly) literature in the 18th century that the essay became a widely-used form. Great essayists include the English Joseph Addison and Irish Richard Steele, who wrote the English newspapers Tatler and Spectator, and later, English Samuel Johnson and Irish Oliver Goldsmith. In North America the politician and scientist Benjamin Franklin was noted for his essay style.
Critical essays The English writer Charles Lamb wrote a series of essays for the London Magazine under the pseudonym ‘Elia’ from 1820; to the same period belong the English Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, and Thomas De Quincey in England, French C A Sainte-Beuve, and US Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry Thoreau. From the 19th century the essay was increasingly used in Europe and the USA as a vehicle for literary criticism. The English writer William Hazlitt may be regarded as the originator of the critical essay, and his successors include English Matthew Arnold and Edmund Gosse. The English writer Thomas Macaulay, whose essays began to appear shortly after those of Lamb, presents a strong contrast to Lamb with his vigorous but less personal tone.
Revival There was a revival of the form during the closing years of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, in the work of Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, US Oliver Wendell Holmes, French Anatole France and Théophile Gautier, and English Max Beerbohm. The literary journalistic tradition of the essay was continued by US writers James Thurber, Mark Twain, H L Mencken and Edmund Wilson, and English Desmond MacCarthy, among others, and the critical essay was continued by English writers George Orwell, Cyril Connolly, and F R Leavis, and US writers T S Eliot (later a British citizen), Norman Mailer, John Updike, and others.
essays
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In Greek mythology, who was the master craftsman who built the 'Labyrinth' for King Minos? | Labyrinth - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Labyrinth
by Joshua J. Mark
published on 02 September 2009
The word ' labyrinth ’ comes from the Greek 'labyrinthos’ and describes any maze-like structure. Etymologically the word is linked to the Minoan 'labrys' for 'double axe', the symbol of the Minoan mother goddess of Crete .
The most famous labyrinth is found in Greek mythology : Designed by Daedalus for King Minos of Knossos to contain the ferocious Minotaur (a half-man and half-bull monster). Daedelaus' labyrinth was so complex that he, himself, could barely navigate it and, having successfully done so, Minos imprisoned him and his son, Icarus, in a high tower to prevent him from ever revealing the secret of the maze. In one of the most famous Greek myths, Daedelus and Icarus escape using the feathers of birds bound together by wax to form wings and fly from the tower. Icarus flew too close to the sun, melting the wax of his wings and falling into the sea, was drowned. Another Greek myth relates that the Minotaur was killed by Prince Theseus of Athens with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne and the labyrinth is supposed to have fallen out of use afterwards. The archaeologist Arthur Evans uncovered the labyrinth at Knossos,Crete in his excavations early in the 20th century and the myth of the Minotaur in the labyrinth was explained by the Minoan sport of bull jumping (shown in frescoes on the walls) in which, by grabbing the bull's horns and leaping back over the animal, man and bull appeared to be one creature.
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The other famed labyrinth of antiquity was the Egyptian temple precinct of a pyramid complex of many courts, built at Hawara by Amenemhet III of the 12th Dynasty (c.1860-1815 BCE). There were twelve separate courts of considerable size all facing one another throughout this labyrinth and all connected by corridors and colonnades and shafts. Criss-crossing alleys and false doors sealed by stone plugs all protected the central burial chamber of the pyramid of the king. This chamber is said to have been cut from a single block of granite and to have weighed 110 tons.
The labyrinth at Hawara was described by the historian Herodotus , who claimed it rivaled any of the ancient wonders of the world of the time:
The upper chambers I saw with my own eyes, and found them to excel all other human productions; for the passages through the houses, and the varied windings of the paths across the courts excited in me infinite admiration as I passed from the courts into chambers, and from the chambers into colonnades, and from the colonnades into fresh houses, and again from these into courts unseen before.” The historian Strabo described it as “a great palace composed of many palaces.
The great labyrinth of Egypt fell into decay at some unknown point and was dismantled and the parts used in other building projects. So great was the site as a source of building materials that a small town grew up around the ruins. Nothing remains of this great architectural wonder today save the ravaged pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawara by the oasis of Faiyum.
About the Author
| Daedalus |
Which BAFTA award winning British drama series follows the work of a group of MI5 intelligence officers based at the service's Thames House headquarters, in a highly secure suite of offices known as 'The Grid'? | The Ancient Stone Labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky | Ancient Origins
20 April, 2014 - 13:46 aprilholloway
The Ancient Stone Labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky
(Read the article on one page)
On a small collection of remote islands in the White Sea of Russia lies the highest concentration of ancient labyrinths on the planet. Despite numerous theories, archaeologists and historians have not come to any agreement about why they were built and what their purpose was. The labyrinth remains one of the most mysterious symbols found on Earth – thousands of years ago, it appeared at the same point in history on all inhabited continents in the world – why?
Today, we use the term ‘labyrinth’ to refer to any maze-like structure. However, there is a key distinction between a labyrinth and a maze. A maze refers to a complex branching (multicursal) puzzle with choices of path and direction; while a labyrinth is a single-path (unicursal) pattern that has only a single, non-branching path, which leads to the centre.
The long history of the labyrinth
The word ‘labyrinth’ comes from the ancient Greek words ‘labrys’, a word for the iconic ‘double axe’ which was used by the Minoans on the island of Crete, and ‘inthos’ meaning ‘place’. Thus, labryinthos has been interpreted to mean ‘house of the double-headed axe’. The complex palace of Knossos in Crete is usually implicated. According to Greek mythology, King Minos of Crete had the craftsman Daedalus construct the labyrinth in order to conceal the Minotaur, the half-bull, half-human offspring of Minos' wife Pasiphae and a bull. For some unknown reason, Daedalus and his son Icarus were confined in the labyrinth. Constructing wings of feathers and wax, the two were able to escape by flying above the walls of the labyrinth. Young Icarus, however, impetuously flew too near the sun. His waxy wings melted and he drowned in the Icarian Sea. While the legend of the Minotaur was long thought of as a myth, the remains of the labyrinth of Knossos were uncovered in the early 20 th century by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans.
An ancient mosaic depicting the labyrinth of Knossos and the Minotaur
Although there are numerous labyrinth designs found throughout history, such as the seven circuit, eleven circuit, and twelve circuit labyrinths, in Greece and throughout the Mediterranean, a common symbol of a 7-circuit labyrinth was associated with the legends. Known today as the Cretan labyrinth, it consists of a single path winding back and forth to a centre point in a series of seven concentric rings. Intriguingly, the shape of the 7-circuit labyrinth also mirrors the motion of the planet mercury in the sky over a long period of time. Did some ancient astronomer record this motion, and create the labyrinth symbol based upon it? We will probably never know. The earliest known use of the 7-circuit labyrinth symbol occurs on a clay tablet from the Mycenaean palace at Pylos in Greece. A fire destroyed this palace around 1200 BC, baking the clay tablet and preserving it for archaeologists.
A depiction of a seven circuit labyrinth
While the word ‘labyrinth’ is closely tied in with Greek history and mythology, labyrinths have been around a lot longer than the legend of Knossos and the Minotaur. Dating back nearly 4000 years is the famed labyrinth of antiquity, the Egyptian temple precinct of a pyramid complex of many courts, built at Hawara by Amenemhet III of the 12th Dynasty (1844-1797 BC). There were twelve separate courts of considerable size all facing one another throughout this labyrinth and all connected by corridors and colonnades and shafts. Criss-crossing alleys and false doors sealed by stone plugs all protected the central burial chamber of the pyramid of the king.
But the labyrinths of Greece and Egypt are just the tip of the iceberg. Labyrinths have been found in just about every major religious tradition in the world, have formed an integral part of many cultures, and have been found on every inhabited continent. At about the same time as the appearance of the Greek labyrinth, an essentially identical pattern appeared in Native American culture, the Tohono O'odham labyrinth, which features I'itoi, the "Man in the Maze". A prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa shows the same pattern and other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains. In terms of ancient archaeological monuments, more than 300 examples of labyrinths can be found in various locations around the world. Many questions remain around how the same pattern managed to appear at the same time in apparently disparate cultures.
While recorded history links the creation of labyrinths to a period beginning around 4,000 years ago, the earliest labyrinths are much older than that and first appeared in Neolithic rock carvings and stone formations concentrated around Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia.
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Which group had a UK number one hit in July 2009 with 'Beat Again'? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| JLS |
According to the Bible, from which wood was 'Noah's Ark' made? | Ex-JLS star Oritse calls for more help for young carers
Despite being part of one of the most successful British groups of recent years, Oritse Williams' priorities remain firmly on the ground. Now the former JLS star is calling for more help for the "silent army" of youngsters helping to take care of their relatives.
itv.com
| i don't know |
Which BAFTA nominated British detective drama series is set in Hastings during World War Two? | www.XpatDvd.com British TV Drama
Grantchester
SERIES 1: It is 1953 and Sidney Chambers [James Norton] is vicar of the seemingly quiet village of Grantchester. Or at least, it has been quiet, right up until murder came to town. Pushed into a dangerous world of lies, betrayal and murder, Sidney quickly finds that his natural instincts and curiosity help him excel in his new position as 'Detective'. Joining Sidney in his journey through a dark and dangerous new world, is the affable Detective Inspector Geordie Keating [Robson Green], the naive, well-meaning curate Leonard Finch [Al Weaver], his austere and constantly disapproving housekeeper Mrs Maguire [Tessa Peake-Jones]; and the witty, high-society Amanda [Morven Christie]. SERIES 2: Still unresolved from last season is Sidney's love life. Handsome, worldly-wise, and virtuous, he should be an ideal catch. And at least one very promising female companion turns up in the new series. But will Sidney scare her away with his unconventional taste for jazz, blood-splattered crime scenes, and a married woman? The new season's cases include a shocking charge of sexual assault that turns into a homicide investigation implicating a pillar of the community; an apparent suicide from the college spire that takes on Cold War overtones: a confession to murder in which the alleged victim is still very much alive; a haunted stable with links to the Holocaust and more.
Peaky Blinders
Peaky Blinders is an epic gangster drama set in the lawless streets of post-war Birmingham on the cusp of the 1920s. Cillian Murphy (28 Days Later, Inception) stars as Thomas Shelby, the controller one of the city's most feared and successful criminal organisations, the Peaky Blinders, known for their practice of sewing razor blades into the peaks of their caps. But Shelby's ambitions go beyond running the streets. Crime pays, but business pays better. Featuring a specular cast that includes Sam Neill (Jurassic Park), Helen McCrory (Skyfall, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows), Paul Anderson (Legend), Annabelle Wallis (Annabelle), Charlotte Riley (Edge of Tomorrow), Noah Taylor (Game of Thrones) and Tom Hardy (The Revenant, Mad Max). Britain's best drama, The Independent, Unmissable, The Daily Mail
Hinterland
A crime drama set in Aberystwyth, Wales, where troubled DCI Tom Mathias solves murders while searching for redemption.
For catch-up, here is how Season One kicked off: having just left the Met in London, DCI Tom Mathias (Richard Harrington: Poldark, Stella) is now in Aberystwyth where he is called to the scene of a brutal attack at an isolated chalet in the sand dunes. The victims body is found near the site of the old childrens home that she ran for many years
Season Two kicks off with a feature length episode: DCI Mathias future hangs in the balance, he is forced to return to the front line after an arson attack in a feuding community of failing farms and he has to juggle the current investigation while rehabilitating his reputation. Other storylines include the murder of a local dignitary and barrister, a bus driver is shot dead on an isolated mountainside, a body is found in a lake and a burnt body is found on the dunes.
The Tunnel
The Tunnel (French: Tunnel) is a British-French crime drama television series, adapted from the 2011 Danish/Swedish crime series The Bridge (Broen/Bron). The Tunnel began broadcast on 16 October 2013 on Sky Atlantic in the UK, and on 11 November 2013 on Canal+ in France. The series stars Stephen Dillane and Clémence Poésy as British and French police detectives Karl Roebuck and Elise Wassermann, respectively.
Scott & Bailey
This moving and exciting drama series follows the lives of Janet Scott and Rachel Bailey Detective Constables in a Manchester Major Incident Team led by the formidable DCI Gill Murray. Though dedicated to cracking their challenging cases, Scott and Bailey also have home lives away from the force, fraught with personal dramas, decisions and life-changing consequences.
Series 1
As they take on testing and horrific cases including the murder of a pregnant girl, a mother left to bleed to death in the boot of her car and a young boy shot dead in his living room Rachel finds her just-finished relationship far from over, while Janet struggles to curb a workplace affair. With careers on the line, there are some heart-rending decisions to be made
Series 2
With a murder suspect putting Rachels life in danger and Janet facing another encounter with serial killer Geoff Hastings, the detectives are in need of some light relief. Good-looking old flame Sean provides a diversion for Rachel and a stressed Janet turns once more to colleague Andy Roper but is either woman really ready for another serious relationship?
Happy Valley
In a magnificent role written specifically for her, Sarah Lancashire (Last Tango in Halifax, The Paradise) shines as Catherine Cawood, a hard-working, earthy police sergeant who strides her beautiful patch of Yorkshire like a grown-up. Catherine's work and personal life are already complicated in crime-riddled Happy Valley when Tommy Lee Royce wanders into town, freshly released from prison. Was he responsible for Catherine's daughter's death, as she believes? And will her suspicion cloud her judgment when another young girl goes missing? A superb, award-winning BBC hit with a dynamite cast and six finely wrought episodes, from one of Britain's best writers, Sally Wainwright (Last Tango in Halifax, Scott & Bailey).
Monarch of the Glen
The Monarch of the Glen television series is loosely based on Sir Compton Mackenzie's Highland Novels, which are set in the same location but in the 1930s and 1940s. The first book in that series is called The Monarch of the Glen which was a reference to the famous painting by Landseer. The first five series of Monarch of the Glen told the story of young restaurateur, Archie MacDonald, trying to restore his childhood home in the Scottish Highlands, starring Alastair Mackenzie, Richard Briers, Susan Hampshire, and Dawn Steele, whilst the final two series of the show focused on new Laird Paul Bowman trying to modernise the estate, primarily starring Lloyd Owen, Tom Baker, Alexander Morton, and Susan Hampshire.
The Onedin Line
The Onedin Line was one of the very classiest dramas produced by the BBC in the 1970s. Originally broadcast as a one-off Drama Playhouse, the show charted the lives of a shipping family in late nineteenth-century Liverpool, focussing in particular upon James Onedin, the ship captain with "ambition enough for an army of Napoleons". Securing the purchase of his first ship through the convenience of marrying the seller's daughter, James Onedin soon proves he is not above trickery and hard-heartedness to survive in the busy, cut-throat world of trade and shipping.
Faced on all sides by business rivals, mounting debts and though sometimes even the very elements themselves seem to conspire against him, James uses his practical business sense and knowledge of ships and the sea, as well as men's hearts and minds, to keep his fledgling empire afloat. In the best tradition of BBC pseudo-historical drama though, things do not always go his way, and the master of the Onedin Line has more than his fair share of disappointments, failed ventures and losses.
House of Eliott
Set in the 1920s, this stunning drama tells the story of two sisters, Beatrice and Evangeline Eliott who fi nd themselves penniless when their wealthy, philandering father dies. Unable to rely on their inheritance as they had planned, they go into the dressmaking business. Soon The House of Eliott is the smartest, most prestigious establishment in London. Family scandals, business rivalries, dramatic love affairs, The House of Eliott is a rich tapestry of the times unfurling over thirty-four compelling and irresistible episodes.
Midsomer Murders
Nothing is what it seems behind the well-trimmed hedges of the picturesque cottages in the idyllic English countryside of Midsomer. Beneath the tranquil surface of sleepy village life, there exist dark secrets, scandals and downright evil. Murder, kidnap and blackmail are commonplace among the eccentric inhabitants of Midsomer.Midsomer Murders is a long running TV series of contemporary murder mysteries, based on the award winning Inspector Barnaby novels by mystery writer Caroline Graham, who the Sunday Times describes as "the best detective writer since Agatha Christie".
In each episode, the peacefulness of the Midsomer community is shattered by violent crimes, suspects are placed under suspicion, and it is up to Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby, played by John Nettles, to calmly and diligently eliminate the innocent and ruthlessly pursue the guilty.
Father Brown
ITV drama starring Mark Williams as the eponymous character created by English writer G.K. Chesterton. Set in the 1950s in the fictional village of Kembleford, the series follows Roman Catholic priest Father Brown who has a knack for solving crimes. He is assisted by parish secretary Bridgette McCarthy (Sorcha Cusack) and is often a source of frustration for the local police.
Mark Williams is excellent as Father Brown, giving the character real depth. It is refreshing to see an honest, descent priest being treated seriously in a TV drama; to have his belief treated seriously, as part of the plot. Almost always in TV dramas priests turn out to be villains, or are treated as buffoons, or the religious part of them is somehow left out. Not here. Father Brown is intelligent, sincere, strong willed, a believer, moral, and at the same time an entertaining and effective detective.
Da Vinci's Demons
In a world where thought and faith are controlled, one man fights to set knowledge free. The secret history of Leonardo da Vinci's tantalising life reveals a portrait of a young man tortured by a gift of superhuman genius. He is a heretic and sceptic intent on exposing the lies of religion. An insurgent seeking to subvert an elitist society. A bastard son who yearns for legitimacy with his father. He finds himself in the midst of a storm that has been brewing for centuries. A conflict between truth and lies, religion and science, past and future. His aspirations to improve his position in life bring him into contact with the two opposing forces of the timethe Vatican and the Medici family who both try and lure him onto their side. Leonardo must take up the fight against foes who use history to suppress the truth. A hero armed only with his genius, da Vinci stands alone against the darkness within, and the darkness without. Facing an uncertain future, his quest for knowledge nearly becomes his undoing as he explores the fringes of his own sanity. Da Vinci uses his unparalleled genius as a weapon against his enemies and emerges as an unstoppable force that lifts an entire era out of darkness and propels it into light. His story becomes a mirror into our own world, calling us all to join his fight to Free the Future.
The Fall
The Fall is a BBC crime drama television series set in Northern Ireland. The series stars Gillian Anderson as Superintendent Stella Gibson, a senior police officer investigating a string of murders in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Northern Irish actor Jamie Dornan plays the serial killer she is pursuing.
Fortitude
The series is set in the Norwegian community of Fortitude, a place of so-called perfection where crime does not exist... until one of the local residents is found brutally murdered, and the secrets of this community start to unravel. The writing in this series is simply wonderful. It is intelligent, and seems to be deliberately paced slower than most modern crime dramas. This helps to give gravitas to the story, and build a heavy atmosphere, which is equally helped by a wonderful and dark soundtrack. Praise should be given to the fantastic location this series is filmed in. Fortitude and its barren, icy landscape are simply beautiful to watch and they hold an eerie charm.
The Musketeers
With its critical acclaim and an ever increasing fan base, BBC ONEs dazzling new drama The Musketeers is a fresh 10-part adaptation of Dumas masterpiece tells the story of an elite group of soldiers who protect their Royal Masters at any cost.
Starring Luke Pasqualino (Skins, The Borgias) as DArtagnan, Tom Burke (Great Expectations, The Hour) as Athos, Santiago Cabrera (Merlin, Heroes) as Aramis and Howard Charles (Black Forest) as Porthos, the brothers in arms fight for what is just, tackling the evil machinations of Cardinal Richelieu played by Peter Capaldi (Doctor Who, The Thick Of It).
As they are propelled across seas and battlefields from masquerade balls to a remote convent, the Musketeers defend the honour of the Queen and the life of Constance Bonacieux, d'Artagnan's true love played by Tamla Kari.
Broadchurch
Broadchurch is a crime drama series starring David Tennant, Olivia Colman and Pauline Quirke. DI Alec Hardy is an out-of-town, newly promoted police detective who takes the job local girl DS Ellie Miller believes should have been hers. Danny Latimer has been discovered dead on an beach surrounded by rocks and a jutting cliff-face from where he may have fallen. The seaside town of Broadchurch becomes the centre of a major police investigation and a national media frenzy.
Series one and two available.
DCI Banks
REVIEW: I'm a big fan of crime dramas and always have higher hopes for British ones. I really enjoyed D.C.I Banks particularly because the stories were really gripping and I always love a good 'who dunnit?' mystery which most of the episodes are. The series follows D.C.I Alan Banks and the Serious Crimes Unit and a series of murder mysteries which the force are called to. Each double episode (there were three stories so six episodes) has a self contained plot but the character's own subplot stories continue throughout the whole series.
Suspects
As seen on Channel 5. A detective drama that doesn't follow the script.
Suspects is a fresh and original British procedural crime drama set in London that tackles difficult subjects in a gritty and real way. Shot like a fly-on-the-wall documentary, this innovative series is unscripted, with the cast devising their own dialogue, lending Suspects a unique sense of authenticity. It's like the crew has been granted the privilege of following a real police investigation.
Inspector Lynley Mysteries
Based on the novels by Elizabeth George, the show follows the cases of Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley and Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers. The usual crime/mystery procedural formula is followed fairly closely, but the 'twist' here is that Lynley is an Earl, while Havers is working class. This leads to disagreements and misunderstandings between the characters, but also means that they bring different perspectives to their cases
each perhaps picking up on a clue that the other would normally miss or discount.
Downton Abbey
Sumptuous costume drama Downton Abbey, written and created by Academy Award winner Julian Fellowes (Gosford Park, The Young Victoria) boasts an all-star cast featuring Hugh Bonneville (Lost in Austen), Maggie Smith (Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang, Harry Potter), Elizabeth McGovern (Clash of the Titans), Michelle Dockery (Cranford), Dan Stevens (Sense & Sensibility), Penelope Wilton (Dr Who, Pride & Prejudice), Jim Carter (Cranford), Phyllis Logan , Siobhan Finneran (Benidorm), Joanne Froggatt (Robin Hood), Rob James-Collier (Coronation Street) and Brendan Coyle (Lark Rise to Candleford). This prestigious ensemble brings the world of Downton to life with splendour and passion.
Set in England in the years leading up to the First World War, Downton Abbey tells the story of a complicated community. The house has been home to the Crawley family for many generations, but it is also where their servants live, and plan, and dream, and they are as fiercely jealous of their rank as anyone. Some of them are loyal to the family and committed to Downton as a way of life, others are moving through, on the look out for betterment or love or just adventure. The difference is that they know so many of the secrets of the family, while the family know so few of theirs. But for all the passions that rage beneath the surface, this is a secure world, serene and ordered, and, at first glance, it seems it will last forever. Little do they know, family or staff, that the clouds of the conflict that will change everything are already gathering over their heads.
Accused
Unflinching drama from the award winning Jimmy McGovern (Cracker, Hillsborough, The Street) and starring Warren Brown, Peter Capaldi, Mackenzie Crook, Christopher Eccleston, Naomie Harris, Andy Serkis, Ben Smith, Juliet Stevenson and Marc Warren. Weaving tales of fascinating hypothetical scenarios, Accused is a gripping blend of true-to-life situations, moral dilemmas and intriguing characters. Each story is about an ordinary person who ends up in the dock. But should these men and women be there? Are they innocent or guilty or somewhere in between? As each hour long episode unravels we see how these people became the accused and finally whether they walk free or go down...
New Tricks
In an ocean of police shows competing for screen space, New Tricks has one heck of a trump card. For while its plotlines arent particularly radical, and while the pace is perhaps gentler than you may expect, its cast greedily devour the material and lift a good show into something really quite special.
The premise behind New Tricks is that three retired detectives are called in to work as a mismatched team of sorts to solve crimes. So far, so routine. But those three detectives are played by Dennis Waterman, James Bolam and Alun Armstrong, a trio who can not only act, but are also capable of maximising the comedy potential on offer. Then, theres the juicy inclusion of Amanda Redman, who brought the three of them back together in the first place. Combined, these four are clearly having a terrific time with the show, and its fun were all invited to share in.
Waking the Dead
Highly rated UK TV Crime series, Det. Supt. Peter Boyd (played by Trevor Eve) is the leader of a multi-discipline police team of detectives and scientists, the Cold Case Squad, which investigates old, unsolved murder cases using modern methods and new technology that may not have been available during the original investigation.
The Indian Doctor
The life of a South Wales mining village is changed for ever when a doctor and his wife arrive from the Indian sub-continent in the Sixties. Starring Sanjeev Bhaskar (Goodness Gracious Me, The Kumars At No. 42), Ayesha Dharker (Coronation Street, Life Isn't All Ha Ha Hee Hee) and Mark Williams (Harry Potter, The Fast Show), the series tells the story of Dr Prem Sharma, a high-flying Delhi graduate who arrives in the UK in 1963 as part of the "first wave" of Indian doctors wooed by the then health minister, Enoch Powell. Prem and his wife, Kamini, want to build a new life for themselves following a family tragedy but, rather than finding a glamorous job as a consultant in London, they find themselves in the sleepy Welsh coal mining village of Trefelin. The local doctor has died and Prem is his replacement. Prem isn't quite the new doctor that the locals expected to get and they're not the only ones who are shocked: Prem's regal wife isn't too happy with the situation either. Life in the village centres on the pit and the Coal Board's local manager, Richard Sharpe, is keen to welcome the new arrivals but he also has a few skeletons in his closet and is very concerned about the whereabouts of the previous doctor's green leather diary... Meanwhile, as Prem strikes up some new friendships and starts to settle into life in the Valleys, Kamini is determined they are leaving as soon as possible. It won't be plain sailing and Prem quickly starts to realise that things are not quite as they should be.
The Professionals
An instant hit in 1977, The Professionals was a fast-moving and occasionally sharp-shooting action series about a couple of cool dudes in a fictional secret service organisation, CI5. The creation of Avengers veterans Brian Clemens and Albert Fennell it was often gritty stuff, leavened by the mildly subversive attitudes of Bodie (Lewis Collins) and Doyle (Martin Shaw) who ultimately are always loyal to their gruff boss George Cowley (Gordon Jackson). Helped by witty, if rampantly sexist, dialogue and trousers of sterility defying tightness, Bodie and Doyle enjoyed a good run as 1970s sex symbols. Jacksons often exasperated Cowley kept them in line with just the right degree of Puritanical steel.
Heartbeat
Set during the 1960s in the fictional North Yorkshire village of Aidensfield and initially starring former EastEnder Nick Berry as PC Nick Rowan, this enduringly popular series interweaves crime and medical storylines, with a host of colourful characters that viewers took to their hearts and a wonderfully nostalgic soundtrack. Staple Sunday-night viewing for two decades, Heartbeat won several prestigious TV awards - including Best Performing Peak-Time Drama in 1999 (beating Coronation Street), and a number of ITV Programme of the Year awards. The series attracted a peak audience of 14 million, spawned a highly successful spin-off, The Royal, and a Top Ten hit single, and has garnered a devoted following, remaining prime-time viewing world-wide; in Norway, Heartbeat was voted Best European Drama of 2007.
Vera
The central character is Detective Chief Inspector Vera Stanhope. Who is obsessive about her work and driven by her own demons. If she's lonely she doesn't show it and faces the world with caustic wit, guile and courage. Her trusted and long suffering colleague is Sergeant Joe Ashworth. Together they approach every new case with unparalleled gusto and professionalism.
George Gently
Award-winning actor Martin Shaw (Judge John Deed, The Professionals) stars as Commander George Gently--an incorruptible, uncompromising cop transplanted from Londons Scotland Yard to Englands North Country in the mid-1960s. Gentlys reputation for honesty and relentlessness makes him almost as feared among his colleagues as he is among criminals. But he finds an odd ally in John Bacchus (Lee Ingleby, Nicholas Nickleby)--an overeager, opinionated young sergeant who plays fast and loose with police procedures. Together the two tackle cases involving murderers, drug dealers, gun runners, and more.
Silk
Smart and classy with sharp dialogue, Silk is a fast-paced drama following the rivalry, tension, passion and intrigue of life on the front line of criminal law. Martha Costello is a brilliant, passionate defence barrister with a reputation for defending the poor and downtrodden. She is about to embark on the next step of her career and apply for 'Silk'. She wants to become a member of the highly prestigious Queen's Counsel. But she's not the only one at her chambers applying. Joining Martha is Clive Reader; charming and ruthless, funny, gifted and dangerous. Only one is likely to be made QC so how they perform in court is vital and Clive knows exactly how to play the game.
Mr Selfridge
ITV period drama tracing the story of the founder of the famous London department store. In the first series, the year is 1909 and fresh from a successful retail career in Chicago, a dashing Harry Selfridge (Jeremy Piven) arrives in London intent on building the world's largest department store in the capital's Oxford Street. Helped by his association with socialite Lady Mae Moxley (Katherine Kelly), Harry soon has the financial backing necessary for his plans, resulting in the store being completed in record time. But as the company goes from strength to strength, Harry's marriage to his wife Rose (Frances O'Connor) is jeopardised by his continuing infatuation with music hall artiste Ellen Love (Zoë Tapper). In the second series, the year is 1914 and Harry has become even more estranged from his wife Rose, but is ecstatic when she arrives to partake in celebrations for the fifth anniversary of the store's opening. Also, growing tension in Europe has the staff worried that Selfridge might return to the States if war breaks out.
Line of Duty
Line of Duty is a drama series which takes a look at the world of police corruption. In series 1, after a counterterrorism raid goes wrong, Detective Sergeant Steve Arnott refuses to take part in a cover-up. When he is ostracised by colleagues, he transfers to an anti-corruption unit, AC-12, lwhich is led by Superintendent Ted Hastings.
Line of Duty was included in a list of the Top 50 BBC Two shows of all-time.
Endeavour (The Origins of Inspector Morse)
Shaun Evans plays the iconic detective created by Colin Dexter and immortalised by John Thaw, while Roger Allam is his benign superior DI Fred Thursday. The whole series has been devised and written by Russell Lewis, who wrote many classic instalments of Inspector Morse and its spin-off Lewis. While introducing key characters from the Morse mythos--including uniformed copper Strange, later to become Morses chief superintendent--the series also delves into uncharted territory, including Morses family, and the romantic mysteries of his youth.
Strike Back
Based on ex-SAS man Chris Ryan's bestseller Strike Back is a story of deception, redemption and revenge. In Series One, amidst a new hostage crisis in the Middle East, the lives of Major Hugh Collinson and discharged veteran John Porter are about to collide again in an explosive fashion. In Series Two John Porter is back. And he's in as tight and tough a situation as ever.
In Project Dawn, SECTION 20 returns with two new highly-skilled and battle-hardened operatives British Sergeant Michael Stonebridge and ex-US Delta Force Commando Damien Scott. Tasked by razor-sharp new section head, Colonel Eleanor Grant, to track the lethal, elusive terrorist LATIF, in possession of an apocalyptic WMD, our heroes must put aside their differences and defuse a plot that could ignite a war.
The Paradise
The Paradise is a drama series written by Bill Gallagher. Denise Lovett is a young country girl with only her wits to live on after showing up in a Northern city to take up a long-held promise of work in her uncles drapery shop. She soon finds out though that her uncle cannot afford to employ her as most of his customers have been seduced away by the The Paradise, the countrys first department store, across the street. She ends up being forced to take a job at The Paradise and falls in love with its surroundings and reckless owner, John Moray.
Last Tango in Halifax
BBC drama starring Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid as an aging man and woman who rediscover the feelings they once had for each other. Widowed 70-somethings Alan Buttershaw (Jacobi) and Celia Dawson (Reid) become reacquainted after their respective grandsons create Facebook accounts for them. 60 years previously, during their teenage years, the two fell in love and, despite having since gone their separate ways in life, they find their feelings are as strong as ever. However, Alan's daughter, Gillian (Nicola Walker), and Celia's daughter, Caroline (Sarah Lancashire), are nothing alike, which proves problematic for their parents' rekindled romance...
Ripper Street
A Drama set in the East End of London in 1889, during the aftermath of the "Ripper" murders. The action centres around the notorious H Division, the police precinct from hell which is charged with keeping order in the chaotic streets of Whitechapel.
Ripper Street explores the lives of characters trying to recover from the Ripper's legacy, from crimes that have not only irretrievably altered their lives, but the very fabric of their city. At the drama's heart our detectives try to bring a little light into the dark world they inhabit.
The Bletchley Circle
The first and second series of the ITV drama following a group of former World War II codebreakers as they attempt to make use of their skills in their post-war lives. In the first series we meet the ladies of Bletchley Park seven years after the end of WWII. When Susan (Anna Maxwell Martin) reads about a serial killer who has been luring young women to their deaths, she is convinced she can solve the case and enlists her former Bletchley Park colleagues to assist her. In the second series a Bletchley Park graduate is imprisoned under a murder charge. Jean (Julie Graham), Lucy (Sophie Rundle), Susan (Maxwell Martin) and Millie (Rachael Stirling) reunite in the hope of proving their friend's innocence.
Mad Dogs
Mad Dogs centres around the reunion of a group of old friends. Woody (Beesley), Quinn (Glenister), Baxter (Simm) and Rick (Warren) have been mates since sixth form. The fifth member of the gang, Alvo, lives in Majorca, having made his fortune in property. Now in their 40s; a mix of single, married and divorced; theyve been invited out to Alvos villa to celebrate his retirement. However, their trip does not work out as planned and takes a dark turn when the holiday becomes a labyrinthine nightmare of lies, deception and murder. Mad Dogs is a darkly comic twisted tale of friendship put to the ultimate test as an inconceivable chain of events unfolds. Four ordinary blokes faced with a set of extraordinary circumstances and not handling it!
Sherlock
Based on the books by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, this updated version of the Sherlock Holmes stories is modern, edgy, and dangerous. Set in present day London, Holmes is as brilliant and arrogant as ever. His loyal friend Watson served in the Afghanistan war as an army doctor. Together, they embark on thrilling, funny, and outrageous adventures.
Television has never been any better--Caitlin Moran (The Times) BAFTA Winner
Agatha Christie's Miss Marple
Geraldine McEwan brought Agatha Christie's much loved sleuth Miss Marple to life for three series of the hugely successful MARPLE. With the reins now passed safely over to Julia McKenzie (Cranford), this collection lets you re-live all 12 episodes from her previous incarnation. Aided by a stellar supporting cast including Dawn French, Sarah Parish, Imogen Stubbs, Harry Enfield, Jessica Hynes, Greta Scacchi, Charles Dance, Steven Berkoff, Laurence Fox, Matthew Kelly, Polly Walker, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Juliet Stevenson, Saffron Burrows, Eileen Atkins, Greg Wise, Amanda Burton, Richard E. Grant, and many more.
BAFTA award winning actress Geraldine McEwan and celebrated actress Julia McKenzie take on the role of Agatha Christie's shrewd and inquisitive Miss Jane Marple in this spectacular set of murder mysteries.
Poirot
David Suchet stars as Agatha Christie's enigmatic, eccentric and extremely intelligent detective Hercule Poirot.
From England to the Mediterranean, accompanied by his elegant and trustworthy sidekicks, Captain Hastings, Chief Inspector Japp and Miss Lemon, Poirot pits his wits against a collection of first class deceptions.
The Village
The Village is an epic drama series for BBC One starring Maxine Peake and John Simm, charting the life and turbulent times of one English village across the whole of the 20th century, written by Bafta-winning writer Peter Moffat. The Village charts the life and turbulent times on one English village throughout the twentieth century with the life and memories of one man, Bert Middleton, providing the backbone to the story as he lives across the entire hundred years. From boyhood to extreme old age Bert witnesses births and deaths, love and betrayal and the great political events and social upheaval that shaped and made Britain and his village what it is today.
Law and Order UK
Law & Order: UK is a British police procedural and legal television programme, adapted from the US TV series Law & Order. The first series is based on episodes of the parent series. Based in London, and following the formula of the original, Law & Order: UK stars Bradley Walsh, Jamie Bamber, Harriet Walter, Ben Daniels, Freema Agyeman, and Bill Paterson. Law & Order: UK is the first US drama television series to be adapted for British television.
A Touch of Frost
His methods are unconventional, hes sloppy and often disrespectful, but his results speak for themselves. Time Life is proud to present the award winning British detective drama A Touch of Frost. David Jason (Only Fools & Horses, Darling Buds of May) stars as Detective Inspector Jack Frost the gritty and dogged inspector who has little time for paperwork or the orthodox approach.
Set in the dreary town of Denton, Frost approaches each case with his characteristic dry wit and a sense of moral justice. Find out why:"18 million viewers tuned into the super-length detective series" The Times.
Luther
dris Elba is the magnetic star of the thrilling BBC police series Luther, a gritty, captivating drama that will impress fans of police procedurals and knotty character studies. Elba (The Wire, The Big C, The Office, 28 Days Later) is a nuanced, tortured presence as DCI John Luther, a detective focused on understanding the most horrifying criminal mind. Luther also has sacrificed a normal personal life for his work, and Luther focuses on his back-story as much as on the plot at hand. The supporting cast is as brilliant as Elba, especially Indira Varma as his estranged wife, Zoe, and Ruth Wilson as the fragile-seeming but only marginally sane Alice, with whom Luther has been having a secret affair. The episodes are fairly straightforward police procedurals, including serial killers and other creepy bad guys. But what keeps Luther extra engaging is the superior writing, direction, and production design--making watching Luther an immersive experience for the viewer. And it's not always a comfortable one--this is not the cleaned-up New York of Law & Order, where most bad things happen off screen. Luther's bad guys (and gals) commit their evil deeds on camera and sometimes in slow motion--which only heightens the suspense and deep feeling of immersion. Luther and its focus on its leading character's personal life owes a lot to Helen Mirren's Prime Suspect, but Elba and the supporting cast of Luther do even more to make the viewer feel a part of the imperfect British law-enforcement system. The boxed set includes an excellent documentary with interviews with series creator Neil Cross and the directors and cast members discussing how they deliberately designed the series to be more "impressionistic" than "realistic" in terms of plot. (The interviews would have more impact if they weren't streamed onto a computer screen, but that's a small quibble.) Catch Luther while he tries to catch the bad blokes, and enjoy every twisted step of the journey.
Case Histories
Case Histories is a character driven, not procedural, detective series. Each story is, first and foremost, an exploration and revelation of character structured by the unravelling of a crime mystery. Distinctive in its humanity and modernity, its storytelling embodies emotional depth and humour. Each two part story reflects the novel from which it is adapted, yet clearly belongs to a returnable series. The series has the ambition of the best jigsaw puzzles of Kate Atkinson's novels, aiming to delight both her established audience and a mainstream TV audience with her immensely likeable and original characters. At the heart of these stories and characters is private investigator, Jackson... more » Brodie played by Jason Isaacs. It all adds up to a clever, compelling drama, with warmth and wit from Jackson, alongside the mystery and murder of the dark world outside.
The Borgias
From the makers of The Tudors, The Borgias is the sordid saga of one of the most remarkable and legendary families in history. Set in 15th century Italy at the height of the Renaissance, The Borgias chronicles the corrupt rise of patriarch Rodrigo Borgia (Academy Award® winner Jeremy Irons) to the papacy, where he proceeds to commit every sin in the book to amass and retain power, influence and enormous wealth for himself and his family. The unbounded audacity of this original crime family went on to inspire Machiavelli's The Prince and Mario Puzo's The Godfather. Don't miss a minute of the lavish, sexy, scandalous drama from the creative mind of Academy Award® winner Neil Jordan.
The epic saga of Romes original godfathers--The Mail On Sunday
Foyle's War
The programme is set during the Second World War in Hastings, England, where Detective Chief Superintendent Christopher Foyle (Michael Kitchen) attempts to catch criminals who are taking advantage of the confusion the war has created. He is assisted by his driver Samantha "Sam" Stewart (Honeysuckle Weeks) and Detective Sergeant Paul Milner (Anthony Howell).
Foyle, a widower, is quiet, methodical, and very observant and is frequently underestimated by his foes. Many of his cases concern profiteering, the black market, and murder. Foyle often comes up against high-ranking officials in the British military or intelligence services who would prefer that he mind his own business, but he is tenacious in seeking justice.
The stories are largely self-contained. There are some running strands, mainly involving the career of Foyle's son Andrew (played by Julian Ovenden), a fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force, or Foyle's continuing relationships with cameo characters.
Inspector Morse
Inspector Morse is an English drama with John Thaw as the sarcastic and cynical police officer, Inspector Morse, and his partner, Lewis. Inspector Morse was originally run on ITV1 from 1987 to 2000; sadly John Thaw died in 2000 and so no more can be made. There is a spin-off called Lewis. The show ran for 33 episodes spread over the 13 year run and is popular in the UK and abroad.
The Syndicate
The Syndicate is a drama series written by written by Kay Mellor. The series tells the story of five different employees working at a cut-price supermarket in Leeds whose lives are turned upside down after they win the lottery together as part of a syndicate.
The second series followed the fortunes of those working at St Anthonys Hospital where theyre part of a lottery syndicate win.
Call the Midwife
Call the Midwife is a moving and intimate insight into the colorful world of midwifery and family life in 1950s East London. We are introduced to the community through the eyes of young nurse Jenny Lee as she arrives at Nonnatus House to live and work as a midwife alongside an Order of Nuns.
As Jenny comes to terms with her new life, we meet some phenomenal people who prove that their warmth, resilience and determination are to be admired beyond measure. At the heart of this world are the Sisters of St. Raymond Nonnatus who have been active in the East End as Anglican nursing nuns since the beginning of the 20th century.
The Sisters and the midwives of Nonnatus House carry out many nursing duties across the community. However, with between 80 and 100 babies being born each month in Poplar alone, their primary work is to help bring safe childbirth to women in the area and to look after their countless newborns.
Above Suspicion by Lynda La Plante
From best-selling author Lynda La Plante, comes three powerful, gripping tales of murder and intrigue with two beating hearts. Kelly Reilly is DC Anna Travis, assigned to her first case under the watchful eye of DCI James Langton (Ciarán Hinds). Together they will undertake a journey that will bring them closer together than either will expect, and risk tearing their lives and careers apart. In Above Suspicion, the case involves seven brutal and shocking murders that have taken place over six years; prostitutes and drug users, some more innocent than others, all victims of a man Travis must get dangerously close to. Above Suspicion 2: The Red Dahlia finds the body of a young woman, sadistically mutilated and drained of blood similar to the unsolved 1940s LA murder dubbed the Black Dahlia . Who cares enough to recreate a killing from the past, and why? Above Suspicion 3: Deadly Intent starts with a shoot-out in a drug-den, but soon becomes a hunt for one of the world s most-wanted; a man who will do anything and sacrifice almost anyone to stay free.
Cranford
This mini-series is based on three of Elizabeth Gaskell's novellas and is brought to life by an all-star cast. The story follows the lives of the inhabitants of a northern market town in the mid 1800s. Amongst other things the arrival of a new doctor and the ever-encroaching railway provide the townsfolk with plenty to get excited about.
In Deep
Nick Berry and Stephen Tompkinson star as undercover detectives Liam Ketman and Garth O Hanlon in the first series of gripping BBC drama, In Deep. Infiltrating the dangerous criminal underworlds of police corruption, paedophile networks and supremacist groups, the duo strive to solve serious crime whilst battling the detrimental effects of maintaining false identities, both on the themselves and those around them.
The Royal
The Royal was introduced in the 14th episode of the 12th series of Heartbeat entitled 'Out Of The Blue' and The Royal benefited from this connection to the extremely popular parent series; several Heartbeat characters appeared in the first couple of series of The Royal, most notably Bill Maynard as a bed-ridden Claude Greengrass, but as the series progressed it generally dropped its character crossovers with Heartbeat to become its own entity.
The majority of the plots centred around medical emergencies and the moral dilemmas created or exposed by the emergencies. Typically there are several on-going crises, each being confronted by one or more staff members. The show tends to avoid political topics on the whole although the Vietnam War was touched upon in one episode, the conflict between progressive and conservative social ideals is central to the show and these issues were addressed in greater detail in series 5 following the arrival of the black woman Doctor Joan Makori, who joined The Royal in episode 49. She later departed for Cameroon in episode 55 with Nkeshi the Biafran refugee. The ethical challenges and social changes faced by the hospital staff and their patients mirror those faced by the world in the 1960s.
The Royal appears to be set primarily in 1969 and includes references to events such as the coming of colour television and the Vietnam War. Like Heartbeat, all road tax discs bear the expiry date "31 DEC 69". However anachronisms sometimes appear, such as characters in the series 7 episode "To Love & To Lose" referring to "the new Beatles film" (there was no new Beatles film that year). Some such anachronisms are likely to be accidental, such as a reference in the same episode to a career "glass ceiling", a phrase not coined until some years later.
There is one on-going and as yet unsolved mystery in The Royal: Matron's real name. She has never used a name throughout the series, nor has she ever been referred to by one (even her niece Susie Dixon only refers to her as "Auntie"). All that is known is that her nickname during the Second World War, when she served as a nurse, was "Toffee".
Filming often took place at Scarborough South Cliff by Holbeck Clock Tower during the summer months. Many of the old cars used in the filming can be seen residing at the Motor Museum at Thornton-le-Dale just outside Scarborough. Interior scenes were filmed in the former Maternity Wing of St. Luke's Hospital, Bradford and The Leeds Studios. St Luke's was chosen because it had not been updated in many years, and was very similar to how a 1960s hospital would have appeared.
Secret Diary of a Call Girl
One of ITV2s biggest successes, Secret Diary Of A Call Girl, follows the double life of a beautiful young prostitute working the streets of London. By day, Hannah (Billie Piper, Dr. Who) is a respectable legal secretary who works long hours to make ends meet. By night she's Belle, a ruthless, money-hungry hooker who will do anything to satisfy her clients' basest fantasies.
A professional in every sense of the word, Belle slips with seeming ease from the role of girl-next-door to high-heeled dominatrix, taking care never to become emotionally involved with her clients. But the constant pressures of keeping her two lives separate begins to take its toll, and in an unguarded moment with a handsome stranger, Belle lets slip her true identity. From then on, he only wants to be with Hannah...
Blue Murder
Set in the north of England in Manchester, this series focuses on DCI Janine Lewis (Caroline Quentin) as she tries to juggle the responsibilities of her job with being there for her four children. And to make matters worse, her ex-husband Pete and his girlfriend Tina are trying to create the perfect family with Janine's children while she tries to get results at work, interfering with the time that she can spend with the kids. At work Lewis is helped by her all male colleagues DI Richard Mayne (Ian Kelsey), DS Butchers (Paul Loughran) and DS Shap (Nicholas Murchie). Her work mates don't make things easy for Janine, often bending the rules to get results, leaving her to cover for them.
One of the most loved television series of all time is brought back to life with a stellar cast and a story full of scandal, romance and intrigue set against a sweeping historical backdrop.
Series One
1936. The house at 165 Eaton Place has stood empty since the Bellamy family sold it six years earlier. Now the doors are finally flung open by new owners, diplomat Sir Hallam, his wife Lady Agnes, and, back from the Raj, Maud, Lady Holland, his mother. With the arrival of Agness debutante sister, Lady Persie, the sumptuous home is ready to come to life.
And who better than Rose, the houses former parlourmaid, to recruit the new staff? The new 'downstairs' family is as full of characters as its previous incarnation with the highly strung butler Mr Pritchard, cook Mrs Thackeray, chauffeur Harry Spargo and a vivacious and spirited young team.
Soon both the elegant upstairs world and the downstairs staff have built their own labyrinth of secrets, lies and scandal, and as they feel the tremors of royal and political upheaval and the ominous threat of war, the house reverberates to the familiar sounds of rumour, excitement and dread
Series Two
Set in the year preceding World War Two, 165 Eaton Place reopens its doors and welcomes you back into the enthralling lives of its inhabitants, both upstairs and down. Now a well-established and thriving household in the heart of London, life in Eaton Place has moved on; Lady Agnes and Sir Hallams family is complete with the addition of two small children and London has settled into an easy peace with the apparent aversion of war.
But with both upstairs and downstairs harbouring life-changing secrets and the menace of war creeping ever closer, the smooth running of Eaton Place threatens to come crashing to a shattering halt. And as romance, heartbreak and intrigue engulf the household, its inhabitants discover that the real threat is much closer to home
Supply and Demand
ESUS is an experimental unit set up to try and forge closer links between MI5 and the police force. The unit is headed by MI5 agents, but the rest of the team have been seconded from regional police forces because of their specialist undercover expertise. ESUS brief is to investigate cases that go beyond the remit of either the regional police forces or special branch.
Harrington is a by-the-rules cop, being groomed for command in the police force. Jake Brown is a street-wise cop, brilliant at undercover work in the drug trade. When chance throws Harrington an opportunity to break one of Manchester's biggest drug rings by going undercover himself, it's up to Jake to make sure that Harrington doesn't blow the case or their covers. But Harrington begins to discover more than he wanted to know about himself, and he may be in danger of going too far. ...Supply & Demand by Lynda La Plante
Kidnap and Ransom
Trevor Eve plays Inspector Boyd, sorry Dominic King, a hostage negotiator for a private company that specialises in releasing executives taken in foreign lands. The opening scenes see him in South America taking delivery of one who was DOA through sickness, his first casualty in 68 cases. As the bad guy said, he took too long and paid the price. Literally in this case, having parted with the money for a corpse.
The Chief
The series takes a look at a different aspect of the police service - The Role of a Chief Constable, well-acted by Tim Piggott-Smith and later by Martin Shaw, both of whom were well casted for the role of the Chief Constable of a fictitious police force known as Eastlands. Having come from a police background, and having worked at a similar level in the Metropolitan Police, I can relate to the constant tug of politics between the Chief Constable's Office, the Home Office, Local Police Authority and the community. The series deals very well with the way The Chief Constable and his closest advisors deal with the day-to-day running of a suburban police force, including the trials and tribulations in the domestic lives of his most senior colleagues. This is a first class police drama series, which was obviously well researched and advised by ex-Chief Constable John Anderton. Unlike the Bill and many of the current police dramas, which tend to focus on the frontline hands-on policing, this series looks at the top of tree, and anyone remotely interested in politics in the workplace will enjoy viewing it. 5 Stars right out of the box from series 1.
Widows by Lynda La Plante
Dolly Rawlins, Linda Perelli and Shirley Miller have one thing in common - their husbands are all members of the same gang. After a terrible accident when their husbands are killed attempting to hold up a security van, for each of the women it is time to stop, take stock and start life afresh. When Dolly finds the plans for the robbery and with the women facing life alone, suppose they were to finish what their husbands started and carry out the robbery themselves?
Spooks
John Le Carre for the internet generation, Spooks is a smart combination of TV cop show and George Smiley-esque espionage shenanigans that pulls no punches in its depiction of an MI5 team fighting a covert war on the streets of London. This is adult, post-watershed drama clearly inspired by the hard-hitting reality style of US shows such as 24 and The Sopranos. The strong ensemble cast is led by charismatic Matthew MacFadyen as Tom Quinn, star spy of "Section B", the counter-terrorism branch headed by Harry Pearce (Peter Firth). Keeley Hawes, David Oyelowo and tough-cookie Jenny Agutter make up the team. And as with its British predecessors, Cracker and Prime Suspect, Spooks also delves fearlessly into the characters' turbulent personal lives, here given an added twist by their constant need to deceive even those they love.
Rumpole of the Bailey
An immensely popular series broadcast from 1978 to 1992, RUMPOLE OF THE BAILEY set a new bar for all courtroom dramas to come. Balancing suspense and satire as deftly as the scale of justice, Horace Rumpole tirelessly defends the downtrodden while undressing the upper classes. A timeless mixture of comedy and drama, RUMPOLE OF THE BAILEY was one of television's most celebrated courtroom dramas.
Flawlessly adapted by John Mortimer from his best-selling Edgar Award-winning novels, and starring the esteemed Leo McKern .
Reckless
Dr Owen Springer is a surgeon in his thirties, on his way from London to Manchester to move in with his ailing father. On the train journey, Owen needs to make an urgent phone call but the only person who will allow him to use their mobile phone is fellow passenger, Anna Fairley, a beautiful woman in her forties. Unbeknown to Owen, she is also the head of the management consultancy administering his forthcoming personality assessment for a new job at a local Manchester hospital. By the time of their second meeting, Owen has already developed romantic feelings towards Anna, though she spurns all his advances. To complicate matters further, Owen discovers Anna is also the wife of his new boss at the hospital, Dr Richard Crane. However, Owen discovers Richard is having an affair himself, which brings Owen and Anna closer together
Sherlock Holmes with Jeremy Brett
Sherlock Holmes, the creation of novelist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of the worlds greatest and most popular fictional detectives, as famous for his deerstalker and pipe as his legendary powers of observation and deduction. He is an aloof and private man driven by a fierce intellect that gives him astounding brilliance and unfathomable eccentricity in equal measure.
The late Jeremy Brett, the definitive Holmes, stars in these beautiful adaptations taken from the classic ITV1 series and as ever Dr Watson is on hand as his indispensable assistant. Featuring guests appearances from stars such as John Thaw (Inspector Morse), Robert Hardy (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets), Natasha Richardson (Maid in Manhattan), Joss Ackland (Lethal Weapon 2), Peter Vaughan (Remains of the Day) and many more.
This 16 disc boxset contains the entire Sherlock series. Split into 2 Boxes
Hetty Wainthropp Investigates
Unwilling to take on the burdens of retirement, Hetty Wainthropp decides that she has a natural gift for detection and sets up in business as a private detective, ably assisted by husband Robert and her teenage sidekick Geoffrey.
Racing to crime scenes on public transport using her bus pass, Hetty proves that she can match her wits with the best of them whether the case is a mysterious death, a missing son or an alleged suicide.
Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice, written by Peter Moffat, is a series that takes an uncompromising and insightful look at our criminal justice system. Each season, it follows the emotional and suspenseful journey of a character accused of murder as he or she faces the frightening trek through the system.
Trial and Retribution
Lynda La Plante presents a new way of looking at a crime drama in Trial And Retribution. Most crime dramas consist of the investigation or the trial, but the series includes the crime, investigation and the trial. The series is a gritty and serious drama that centres around the crimes, its detection and the characters who are involved in the crime and investigation.
Messiah
Critically acclaimed Ken Stott (The Vice, The Singing Detective) stars as Detective Chief Inspector Red Metcalfe, a brilliant detective who once turned in his own brother for murder. Ten years later, Red has earned a reputation for his impressive ability to get into the minds of killers, but two disturbing murders on the same day spark the most baffling and damaging case of his career. Both killings bear the murderer's trademark-as do the grisly deaths that follow-the victim's tongue is cut out and a silver spoon is inserted in their mouth. As the killings mount up, Red is taunted by the fact that he can find no motive, no pattern-nothing to connect the victims apart from the killer's grisly trademark.
The Last Detective
Hes gentle, old-fashioned, and decent; nice even when hes drunk. But these qualities only earn Detective Constable "Dangerous" Davies (Peter Davison, Dr. Who, All Creatures Great and Small) the scorn of his fellow detectives in a small London police station. His boss tells him straight out that hes the last detective he would assign to a major crime-solving mission. Unlucky in love, rumpled, and accident prone, Dangerous muddles on and, with the help of his eccentric friend Mod (Sean Hughes, The Commitments), he proves the merits of his dogged, unglamorous method. He likes being a detective and, occasionally, he gets to do some good. Based on the Dangerous Davies novels by Leslie Thomas.
Taggart
Taggart is British TVs longest-running detective drama.
The series is famous for attracting the crème of British talent and has seen some up-and-coming Scottish actors passing through on their way to greatness. The murders and forensic examinations call for gruesome and lifelike special effects. Dealing with detached limbs, gunshot wounds, strangulation victims and congealed blood are all in a days work for the skilled make-up team.
Life on Mars
Life on Mars is a BAFTA and Emmy-winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.
The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Greater Manchester Police (played by John Simm), who, after being hit by a car in 2006, finds himself in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester and Salford Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various culture clashes, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more traditional methods of his colleagues. Mixing the genres of science fiction and police procedural, the series centres on the ambiguity concerning Tyler's predicament: it is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.[1]
Ashes to ashes
A sequel to the Life on Mars series, Ashes to Ashes, began transmission on BBC One in February 2008. Also, a US remake of the show was commissioned by ABC, and the first episode of that series was transmitted on 9 October, 2008 with Jason O'Mara as Sam Tyler and Harvey Keitel in the Gene Hunt (Philip Glenister) role.
Vincent
The daddy of all private investigators! Ray Winstone (The Departed, Sexy Beast) stars in this exciting, offbeat thriller series as workaholic private eye Vincent Gallagher, whose clients often have problems uncannily similar to his own. Vincent's hardcore dedication and struggle to keep his emotions separate from his work sometimes have him stepping outside the law-- and into dangerous underworld territories. And these unexpectedly nasty turns force him to conquer some of his deepest, darkest fears. A top-notch cast rounds out this fast-paced, multilayered British series.
The Fixer
As crime ravages Britain with daily news of shootings, gangs out of control and rumours of corruption within the establishment and the police seemingly losing the battle, who can bring order?John Mercer is a former member of the Special Forces serving a double life sentence. He is released from prison unexpectedly early and introduced to the shadowy Lenny Douglas, a police officer retired on grounds of ill health.
Mercer realises his newfound freedom comes at a price. Douglas pulls together an unofficial operation with a single brief -- to remove untouchable criminals from society.
Mercer must use the skills he learned in the Special Forces to execute a series of discreet hits.
To help him complete each mission, Mercer is introduced to his new colleagues who include Calum McKenzie, a petty thief whose main interests are girls, drugs and music.
Things are complicated by the final member of Douglas's group -- the sharp tongued but seductive Rose, an ex-copper forced out of the police by scandal, she has always used her sexuality as her primary weapon and is more than a match for Mercer.
Murder in Suburbia
Meet the sassiest, sexiest investigative team in the Middleford Criminal Investigative Department. A graduate of a posh girls academy, Detective Inspector Kate "Ash" Ashurst (Caroline Catz) has a sharp, analytical mind. Her working-class partner, Detective Sergeant Emma "Scribbs" Scribbins (Lisa Faulkner), relies on her instincts. This unlikely pair uncovers the dark urges behind Middlefords placid, picture-perfect facade. "You know what I like about suburbia?" muses Ash to her partner. "The effortless way it all worksdeceit, murder, wife-swapping. And still the hedges get trimmed." Back at headquarters, both unmarried women regard their handsome, bemused boss (Jeremy Sheffield, The Wedding Date) with a mixture of fear and infatuation.
Wire in the Blood
Wire in the Blood: The Complete First Season Brilliant, passionate and eccentric, clinical psychologist Dr. Tony Hill (Robson Green) has an extraordinary understanding of the criminal mind. It enables him to empathize with both victim and murderer and even to visualize the crimes. Working alongside the ambitious and driven Detective Inspector Carol Jordon (Hermione Norris), Dr. Hill helps the police profile and track down vicious killers in northern England.
Doctor Who ( New )
The Doctor has returned! Travelling through time and space in his TARDIS, the Doctor battles aliens and monsters who are intent on mayhem and destruction. He is joined on his adventures by a number of companions: Rose Tyler, an East London girl looking for a way out of her boring job; Captain Jack Harkness, a time traveller and conman from the 51st century; Donna Noble, who is sucked into the TARDIS on her wedding day, and is now looking for the dangerous life the Doctor leads; and Martha Jones, a 23 year old medical student, who is whisked into the Doctor's life when the hospital she works in is transported to the moon, she leaves the Doctor after saving the world from the Master because she knows her love for him isn't reciprocated. Soon after when the Earth is threatened with alien invasion Donna returns to the Doctor to help save the planet.
Dragons Den
The Award-winning BBC Television series which has attracted an audience of over seven million viewers since its launch. Dragons' Den first transmitted on BBC Two in January 2005 and has now had six series and a number of specialist shows focussing on past entrepreneurs and the Dragons.
Entrepreneurs pitch for investment in the Den from our Dragons, five venture capitalists willing to invest their own money in exchange for equity.
Rebus with ken Stott
Based on Ian Rankins bestselling crime thrillers
Ken Stott (Shallow Grave, The Vice, Messiah) brings the brooding Inspector John Rebus to life on screen, straight off the pages of Edgar?-winning Ian Rankins crime novels. Haunted by his own failings and the human tragedies that he faces every day, Rebus relentlessly pursues truth under the leaden skies of modern-day Edinburgh. His eager young sidekick, DS Siobhan Clarke (Claire Price, Poirot: The Hollow, The Whistle-Blower) resents Rebuss condescending manner at first, but grudgingly comes to respect her gruff partners abilities. Together, they conduct their investigations under the watchful and sometimes jealous eye of their boss, Chief Super Gill Templer (Jennifer Black, Local Hero)Rebuss former flame.
With its sardonic, hard-drinking hero, twisting plots, and atmospherics as dense as fog off the firth, Rebus serves up two engrossing mysteries in the best film noir tradition.
Jekyll
A modern update of DR JEKYLL AND MR HYDE. Tom (James Nesbitt) is a descendent Dr Jekyll and also has a violent alter-ego known as Mr Hyde. However, Tom has hid the fact that he is married with children from Hyde. What neither of them know is that an ancient organisation with a sinister plan is following their moves...
Judge John Deed
Despite the red robe and wig, Judge John Deed is no average high court judge. Good-looking, fit and fifty-something, he has a rakish charm that belies his sharp intellect. His passion for justice and his maverick approach set him at odds with the Lord Chancellor's department. This judge's individual approach too often flies in the face of convention for his own good as he determinedly avoids the traditionalism the system tries to force upon him.
The Knock
1990s British TV series centring on HM Customs investigators, The high-flying, action-packed world of undercover Customs and Excise investigators and their fight against international crime comes together in the 1990s ITV drama The Knock. The Investigations Unit of HM Customs and Excise comprises a crack team of young detectives. They are civil servants with a difference - when they 'knock' - people jump! From their top security head-quarters they lead cases which are frequently undercover, often life-threatening and involve everything from arms trading to illegal gold and drug smuggling. Created by the team of Paul Knight and Anita Bronson, who brought us London's Burning, the complete first series of The Knock stars David Morrissey (One Summer, Basic Instinct 2), Malcolm Storry (Wycliffe, Midsomer Murders), Caroline Lee Johnson (Holby City) and Anthony Valentine (Callan, Raffles).
Between the Lines
CIB: the police for the police. Loathed by fellow officers and treated with suspicion by the public, their's is a grey world of corruption and one that leaves rising star Superintendent Tony Clark cold. Reluctantly involved in the beginning, he finds that now there is no going back. As the taste of his promotion turns sour, he finds himself well and truly caught between the lines...
New Street Law
New Street Law follows the exploits and cases of two rival barristers' chambers in the heart of Manchester. Jack Roper is a young barrister from a working-class background, who turned down a lucrative job offer from his mentor, Laurence Scammel, QC, Head of Manchester's leading prosecution chambers, in favour of his own defence-only chambers. He has founded his own firm with old friend Al Ware, lovable chancer Charlie Darling, the no-nonsense Annie Quick and cocky Joe Stevens. Jack's confidence grows with every case he wins and he rapidly threatens Laurence's firmly established position in the legal community - something that Laurence's ruthlessly ambitious wife, Honor, is determined to prevent. Lurking in the wings is Laurence's daughter, Laura, who works for the family chambers. She shares Jack's instinctive passion for justice, but she also poses a threat.
The Commander
The Commander is a crime television series, starring Amanda Burton. The series began in 2003, and continued until 2007 on ITV. A new series is currently in production
The series focuses on Commander Clare Blake (Amanda Burton) as a member of the detective murder squad in London. The controversy over Clare Blake has been her willingness to sleep with suspects so that evidence can be gained from them - exemplified in her relationship with murderer James Lampton, acted by Hugh Bonneville.
Matthew Marsh used to star along side Burton, as DCI Mike Hedges, who has consquently starred in Spooks. Mark Lewis Jones now co-stars with Burton as DCI Doug James.
Prime Suspect
Created by Lynda La Plante, the sporadically broadcast British TV series Prime Suspect succeeded in bestowing international stardom upon actress Helen Mirren. Set in London, the series dealt with female homicide detective Jane Tennison (Helen Mirren), who did her best to do her job in the face of sexual prejudice on the job and political corruption from the higher-ups. Virtually every time that Tennison investigated a murder, the trail of clues led to a compromising situation for a prominent civic leader, who invariably pulled strings to get the heroine off his scent. Not unexpectedly, Tennison was plagued with feelings of doubt and inadequacy, especially whenever her instincts proved (initially) to be wrong. Even so, by the time the series had run its course, Tennison had been promoted to superintendent. Making its British debut on April 7, 1991
Cracker
First screened in 1993, Jimmy McGovern's Cracker was at once a variation on a familiar theme and a daring new departure from the run-of-the-mill cop show. Robbie Coltrane's Fitz is an independent criminal psychologist called in by the police to help them crack intractable cases, usually involving grisly serial murders. But like its Granada TV stablemate Prime Suspect, Cracker also delves deep into the main characters' personal lives, revealing a chaos of emotional entanglements that become increasingly inseparable from their professional duties.
Robbie Coltrane's charismatic presence dominates: the contrast between Fitz's professionalism and his complete inability to diagnose his own psychological failings provides much of the show's dramatic impetus. His frequent interrogations of murder suspects are tour de force demonstrations of coolly analytical method shot through with biting humour. But his drunken, intemperate behaviour towards his wife and everyone else is a telling contrast of extremes, and one that creates dangerous resentment among his colleagues. Coltrane is supported by a strong cast that includes Barbara Flynn, Geraldine Somerville, Lorcan Cranitch (as the terrifyingly unstable DS Jimmy Beck), Christopher Eccleston, and a pre-Royle Family Ricky Tomlinson. McGovern's screenplays balance gritty, Manchester-based realism with splendidly mordant wit, making Cracker simply riveting viewing.
Murphy's Law
James Nesbitt (COLD FEET) stars as a loner undercover cop in this TV series that is highly praised by audiences. The series is based on novelist Colin Batemas's MURPHY's LAW about the adventures of a maverick cop who is more concerned with his work than he is in having a personal life. Detective Tommy Murphy has struggled to rebuild his life ever since a particularly dark day scarred him emotionally. His daughter was kidnapped by a terrorist and he was given an ultimatum: become a suicide bomber and attack the country's military base, or watch his daughter get murdered. Murphy chose not to attack the base, putting the lives of many over the life of his daughter, though he was never the same since that day. Now, Detective Murphy is attempting to bring justice to those who have harmed others and have violated the law.
Upstairs Downstairs was one of the most popular dramas of all time. It followed the lives
of the Bellamys upstairs and the servants downstairs. Upstairs Downstairs covered from
the Edwardian period to the sinking of the Titanic til the days of World War One right into
the Roaring Twenties and then up to the Stock Market crash in 1929.
The series characters changed over the years. Richard Bellamy was the master of 165
Eaton Place during the series run. His wife Marjorie was the original mistress of the
house. The couple had two children, James and Elizabeth. The servants also changed
over the series. During the run only four stayed, Mrs. Bridges (the cook), Hudson (the butler)
Edward (the footman) and Rose (Head House Maid).
When the third series began Lady Marjorie died in the Titanic disaster and James married
his fathers typist, Hazel Forest. Elizabeth moved to the United States. James and Hazels
marriage was thrown off course by Hazels miscarriage. When World War One broke out
James went to fight and Hazel ran 165 Eaton Place single handily. James was wounded
in battle and brought back to Eaton Place to recover. Sadly Hazel died of influenza just
as the War ended.
During the fifth and final series Eaton Place was set in the Roaring Twenties. The final episodes dealt with the coming of the Great Depression.
London's burning
London's Burning was a television drama programme produced by London Weekend Television and focused on the lives of Blue Watch firefighters. While the station in the series was named Blackwall, which is the name of a small area in East London, the series was largely filmed around Bermondsey and Rotherhithe in South East London, and real local street names were often used.
The Sweeney
Action-packed dry-witted smash hit cop show of 1970s. They're a classic detective double act, John Thaw is the mature, serious and irritable Regan, while his young partner, Dennis Waterman, is the cheeky cockney Carter who's a hit with the ladies. Part of London's Sweeney Todd the Flying Squad (rhyming slang!) they're called upon to raid villains' homes, particularly when there are semi-clad ladies involved. Regan and Carter face violent clashes and often use firearms and illegal methods to get an arrest. Undoubtedly influenced by movies like GET CARTER this acclaimed, gritty and notably realistic TV series--where police work is not glamorised and the effects on personal relationships of the committed coppers is all too clear--still has resonance, but at the same time is of its time.
Doctor Who
The world's longest running science-fiction series first aired on British television screens in 1963, running an amazing 26 seasons until its end in 1989. Battling his greatest foes the Daleks, the Cybermen and the Master and plenty more besides, the Time Lord picked up numerous companions along the way - all of whom left in time - and influenced an entire generation of children with its influencial 'peace-not-war' message.
During its long run, the Doctor was played by seven different actors, each time regenerating after death into a different body with a different personality but with all his memories and knowledge intact.
Dalziel And Pascoe
If youve already met Dalziel and Pascoe, youre in for a treat. If you havent yet had the pleasure, youre in for a revelation! Watching the sparks fly between the big, brash and belligerent DS Andy Dalziel (Warren Clarke) and his clever and cultured side kick, DI Peter Pascoe (Colin Buchanan), its easy to see why this hugely entertaining crime show, with its powerful blend of classic murder mystery, strong emotions and Northern humour has been such an enormous success.
The Crown - Series One
| Foyle's War |
At which racecourse is the Scottish Grand National run each April? | www.XpatDvd.com British TV Drama / One offs or Mini Series
Quantity:
9 Discs
The first three seasons of the historical drama following the adventures of a Viking clan. The series follows Ragnar (Travis Fimmel), a Viking chieftain who, along with his brother Rollo (Clive Standen) and wife Lagertha (Katheryn Winnick), plots to become king. A formidable warrior, Ragnar often leads his men on raids overseas. However, even as he makes a name for himself on the battlefield, Ragnar must be aware of rivals plotting behind his back in his homeland.
National Treasure
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Paul Finchley (Coltrane) is a cherished household name, one half of a much-loved comedy double act with a career that spans several decades. He s a bona fide national treasure until the day he receives a knock at the door. Faced with an accusation of long-past sexual offences, the life of this adored entertainer begins to unravel. Paul, and all those closest to him, are put under the intense pressure of the investigation and the merciless media circus that accompanies it,from his wife of 40 years Marie (Walters) and his troubled daughter Dee (Riseborough), to his manager and his loyal comedy partner, Karl (McInnerny). Throughout the investigation and criminal trial that follows, memories prove muddied,doubts flourish, loyalties are tested, and truths, half-truths and lies are all exposed. This powerful exploration of truth, memory,trust and family calls into question: how well do we really know those we love?
One of Us
Quantity:
2 Discs
Grace Douglas and Adam Elliot grew up side by side in remote rural Scotland. Recently married, they are full of hope for the future - until their young lives are cut short by a brutal murder. The Douglases and Elliots are fiercely different families, split by old rifts but forced together in rage and grief when the man who killed Grace and Adam crashes into their lives, they face a choice that will have dark consequences for all of them. As they stumble down the path they have chosen, truth and morality become obscured. The death of Grace and Adam is just the start of this dangerous journey, one that will twist and turn until its devastating end.
The Justice Game: Series 1 and 2
Price: Bt600
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2 Discs
Having made a major success of his career in America, criminal lawyer Dominic Rossi returns home to his Glasgow roots, investigating both an elderly man killed at a bus stop and defending a man accused of murder sees Rossi discovering the shady hand of big business involved, digging further he realises that Tim Forsythe is behind things, Forsythe will stop at nothing to make sure Rossi doesn t reveal too much.
New Blood
3 Discs
A fresh take on crime drama from award-winning writer Anthony Horowitz.
Rash and Stefan are two guys in their mid-twenties, stuck at the bottom of the career ladder. One is a trainee police detective, the other a very junior investigator at the Serious Fraud Office. Rashs parents were born in Iran, Stefans in Poland. Theyre first generation British but still outsiders. When theyre brought together by two apparently unrelated cases, they find themselves involved in a worldwide conspiracy. In 21st century London, a new breed of criminal hides behind the legitimate facades of business and government. Rash and Stefan must combine their skills to bring them down. They are opposites in almost every way, but as their friendship develops they realise they can take on the rich and the powerful. Just as long as they dont get themselves fired first.
Doctor Thorne
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Tom Hollander stars as Dr Thomas Thorne, who lives in the village of Greshamsbury in Barsetshire, with his young niece, Mary (Stefanie Martini), a girl blessed with every gift except money.
Mary Thorne has grown up alongside the Gresham family, whose house, Greshamsbury Park, and status dominate the county. However Francis Gresham Senior (Richard McCabe) has frittered away the family fortune and now his wife, Lady Arabella Gresham, played by Rebecca Front, their daughters Augusta (Gwyneth Keyworth) and Beatrice (Nell Barlow), and their handsome brother Frank (Harry Richardson) face losing their home.
When the terrifying Lady Arabella Gresham discovers that her darling son, Frank, has fallen in love with Dr Thornes penniless niece, she is horrified. Her husband Gresham is only being kept afloat by very favourable loans that Dr Thorne has secured from a railway millionaire, Sir Roger Scatcherd, played by Ian McShane howwever, Sir Roger is drinking himself into an early grave and the familys financial future lies with his unreliable son Louis Scatcherd (Edward Franklin).
Lady Arabella believes it is her sons duty to make a rich marriage to save the family estate and launches a campaign to secure her son an heiress for a bride, aided by her scheming sister in law, the very grand Countess De Courcy (Phoebe Nicholls) and her conniving niece Alexandrina De Courcy (Kate OFlynn). Their target is wealthy American heiress Miss Martha Dunstable (Alison Brie).
The Secret
Quantity:
2 Discs
All four parts of the ITV miniseries based on true events and starring James Nesbitt and Genevieve O'Reilly. Colin Howell (Nesbitt) is a respected dentist who is active in the community and the local Baptist church. When the virtuous Colin meets Sunday school teacher Hazel Buchanan (O'Reilly) the pair embark upon a passionate affair in which they abandon their strict Christian morals. Their intense relationship reaches its climax when they begin plotting to kill their spouses Lesley (Laura Pyper) and Trevor (Glen Wallace)...
Marcella
Quantity:
3 Discs
Marcella is a new multi-stranded crime drama from internationally renowned screenwriter and novelist Hans Rosenfeldt (The Bridge).
Set in contemporary London and starring Anna Friel, Marcella centers on the psychological struggles of a Metropolitan police officer at a crisis point in her personal life, driven by rejection and intuition.
Co-created with Nicola Larder (The Tunnel), the series is Rosenfeldts first drama created for an English speaking audience. Following his global success with The Bridge, Marcella captures Rosenfeldts genius in creating truly compelling female characters.
The Five
Quantity:
3 Discs
When they were 12 years old, Mark, Pru, Danny and Slade were out together in the woods. Marks 5 year old brother Jesse was bothering them. They told him to get lost. Jesse ran away. He was gone. Never seen again.
Twenty years later, Danny, now a detective learns some shocking news. Jesses DNA has been found at a murder scene.
Undercover
Quantity:
2 Discs
Maya, a barrister in London, is at the very top of her profession. She is about to become the first black Director of Public Prosecutions. But just as her life comes under intense public scrutiny, Maya discovers that her husband Nick has been lying to her for 20 years. At the same time a case that has dominated her career is about to reach its conclusion. Rudy Jones, a black man in America wrongly convicted of murdering a white politician, is to be executed. As she fights to save Rudy and discovers more about her husbands past, Maya begins to realise there are bigger forces at work. An intricate web of corruption involving members of the police, the press and politicians unfolds.
100 Code
Quantity:
3 Discs
New York. Stockholm. Over the past 16 months, young, blonde, blue-eyed women have been found dead and buried in a field of asphodels. Tracking the killer from New York to Stockholm, NYPD detective Tommy Conley (Dominic Monaghan) is on a special dispensation to observe and advise the Stockholm PD. Upon arrival he is paired with Swedish cop Michael Eklund (Michael Nyqvist), a detective who has dedicated his life to the job. Both men are tormented by their pasts, but as they dig deeper into the seedy world of online chatrooms and the Swedish underworld, it becomes clear that they are dealing with more than just a lone serial killer
Gripping and atmospheric, 100 Code mixes the action and intrigue of US drama with the dark sophistication of Nordic Noir to create the most engrossing new series of the year.
Murder - Complete Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
Using the same vivid format as the original BAFTA-winning single drama, and with director Birger Larsen (The Killing) returning to direct one of the films, this new series throws a stark and unsettling light on three very different cases. Rich in forensic and psychological detail, and with a unique depth of characterisation, each of the films picks apart a murder in all its terrible complexity. The story is heard from every angle and casts the viewer as a jury-member, forced to decide on guilt and innocence. Set amongst the moneyed upper classes of London's Belgravia, the picturesque but stifling environs of small-town Scotland and the punishing confines of a Leeds prison wing, all these stories dig deep into character and motive to unearth the hidden truths behind these shocking crimes: the disappearance of a wealthy philanthropist from her lover's home, the riverside killing of a Scottish doctor and the cold-blooded murder of an off-duty policeman. Mixing techniques of documentary with the power, invention and breathtaking visuals of drama, these haunting and graphic whodunnits live long in the mind. INCLUDES BONUS DISC OF MURDER: JOINT ENTERPRISE
Thirteen
Quantity:
2 Discs
Five-part BBC psychological drama starring Jodie Comer. The series follows Ivy Moxam (Comer) a 26-year-old woman who was abducted when she was 13 and held captive for the next 13 years. The story begins as she escapes the cellar she was being held in and goes to the police station to report her ordeal to D.S. Lisa Merchant (Valene Kane) and D.I. Elliott Carne (Richard Rankin). But as she narrates and relives her experiences with the police, cracks begin to appear in Ivy's version of events leading the officers and her family to question her story. Will she ever reveal the truth about what she experienced in her captor's house?
London Spy - Complete Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
London Spy is a gripping, contemporary, emotional thriller that tells the story of a chance romance between two people from very different worlds: one from the headquarters of the secret intelligence service, the other from a world of clubbing and youthful excess.
Jericho
Quantity:
2 Discs
Robert Lindsay stars as an eminent 1950s Scotland Yard Detective, revered by his colleagues and the general public. Driven, clever and determined, Jericho (Lindsay) has risen rapidly through the ranks and is now in the front-line battle against crime in 1950s London. The public has complete confidence in the distinguished detective - when Jericho's on the case they trust that the killer will be caught. Includes all four episodes from the first series. Episodes are: 'A Pair of Ragged Claws', 'The Killing of Johnny Swan', 'To Murder and Create' and 'The Hollow Man'.
The Night Manager
Quantity:
2 Discs
In Cairo at the height of the Arab Spring, hotel night manager Jonathan Pine receives a plea for help from the beautiful Sophie Alekan. As the mistress of the powerful but dangerous hotel owner, Sophie has evidence of an arms deal that could help crush the popular uprising. Compelled to do what he thinks is right, Pine makes contact with his friend at the British Embassy. But his actions unwittingly draw him into the terrifying world of ruthless arms dealer, Richard Roper. When Sophies information makes its way to Angela Burr, a government anti-corruption agent intent on bringing down Ropers empire, a leak in her network triggers a chain of events that end in tragedy.
Shetland: Series 1-3
Quantity:
4 Discs
Created from the novels by award-winning crime writer Ann Cleeves (Vera), Shetland follows Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez (Douglas Henshall) and his team as they investigate crime within the close knit island community.
In this isolated and sometimes inhospitable environment, the team have to rely on a uniquely resourceful style of policing. Set against a hauntingly beautiful landscape, Shetland series 1 and 2 is based on the best selling books Red Bones, Raven Black, Dead Water and Blue Lightning. In the third series of Shetland, a single original story, Perez tackles a case that extends from the beautiful Shetland Islands back to the Scottish mainland; one that will exact a terrible personal toll on both him, and his team.
The Last Panthers
Quantity:
2 Discs
All six episodes of the drama series created by Jack Thorne. Samantha Morton plays Naomi, a private British claims specialist instructed by her boss Tom (John Hurt) to recover diamonds stolen by a Serbian group calling themselves the Pink Panthers from a bank in Marseilles. Also on the hunt is French-Algerian cop Khalil (Tahar Rahim), in a chase that will take them into the murky underworld of gangsters and gangs in Eastern Europe. The series features an opening theme song from the late David Bowie.
Kane and Abel: The Complete Mini Series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Kane & Abel is the best selling novel by Jeffrey Archer, brought to the screen by Sony Pictures Television and tells the classic tale of two ambitious men, whose lives are bound together by fate and dominated by rivalry and greed. William Lowell Kane and Abel Rosnovski, one the son of a Boston millionaire, the other a penniless Polish immigrant - two men born on the same day on opposite sides of the world, their paths destined to cross in the ruthless struggle to build a fortune. Over sixty years and three generations, through war, marriage, fortune and disaster, Kane and Abel battle for the success and triumph that only one man.
And Then There Were None - Mini Series
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
In this Agatha Christie thriller, Douglas Booth and Charles Dance star in this three-part BBC adaptation of the classic crime novel by Agatha Christie. When ten strangers are invited to stay on an isolated island off the Devonshire coast, they find that the owners, Mr and Mrs Owen, are nowhere to be seen. As, gradually, each member of the party is killed, the remaining holidaymakers become increasingly suspicious of their fellow islanders...
Fortunes of War
3 Discs
Product Description
Long-term collaborators Kenneth Brannagh and Emma Thompson star in this epic wartime drama (which cost the BBC an estimated 7 million pounds). The story begins when the newly married couple arrive in Romania at the start of World War Two. The story then follows their adventures and life throughout the War and their subsequent flights from the countries around the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranian to escape the Nazis.
Synopsis
The Baltics, 1939, British Professor Guy Pringle (Kenneth Branagh) arrives in Romania with his new bride Harriet (Emma Thompson) and becomes enmeshed in the politics of anti-fascism. Guy's social circle soon includes members of the Secret Service who want to involve him in dangerous missions. Their marriage is soon tested by accidental betrayal, callous insensitivity and a world in upheaval.
This 1987 BBC adaptation of Olivia Manning's novel cycle is a classy historical drama with exotic settings and fine performances from the two leads.
The Coroner - Series One
Quantity:
3 Discs
Crime investigations against a stunning seaside backdrop are at the heart of this entertaining new drama series following a high-flying solicitor who returns to live and work in the small town she escaped as a teenager.
As coroner, Jane Kennedy's job is to investigate sudden or unexplained deaths in this beautiful English coastal community. With a new and intriguing case to investigate in each episode, starting with the discovery of a body, Jane finds herself having to work with old flame Davey Higgins, who is now the local detective sergeant.
The Coroner combines mystery and potential danger with the warm, light-hearted tone of Jane's relationships with her colleagues, family and the local community. While Jane is talented and tenacious in seeking justice for the dead, her personal life is a bit more haphazard!
Cuffs
3 Discs
Cuffs is a fast-paced and adrenalized cop show packed full of humour and humanity.
An authentic and visceral drama portraying the everyday rollercoaster of being a police officer in the UK.
Over-stretched and under-resourced, the characters have to deal with everything the job throws at them including the constant threat of physical violence and verbal abuse.
Focussing on the relationships between the officers and detectives and the impact that this job has on their personal lives.
Dickensian
Quantity:
4 Discs
All 20 episodes of the BBC drama set in the combined fictional worlds of Charles Dickens' novels. Taking place in Victorian London, the series follows some of Dickens' iconic characters including Inspector Bucket (Stephen Rea), who is investigating the murder of Jacob Marley (Peter Firth) and suspects Sikes (Mark Stanley) and Fagin (Anton Lesser). Meanwhile, Amelia Havisham (Tuppence Middleton) inherits her father's estate and searches for love and the Artful Dodger (Wilson Radjou-Pujalte) continues his thieving ways.
Review
All 20 episodes of the original drama inspired by the the works of Charles Dickens
Ingeniously conceived, handsomely crafted ***** THE TELEGRAPH
Fast paced action with thrilling twists and turns DAILY MIRROR
Brilliantly reimagined Dickens INDEPENDENT
Featuring Charles Dickens most iconic characters as their paths cross in Victorian London. Dickensian is a world of love, romance and intrigue with secrets lurking round every corner and a murder story at its heart. Discover a world where Miss Havisham may still find love, Scrooge can meet Fagin and Jacob Marleys murderer is being hunted down by Inspector Bucket, one of fictions first detectives. You dont have to know Dickens to love these characters and the action packed stories they feature in.
With an all-star cast including Stephen Rea, Pauline Collins, Caroline Quentin, Omid Djalili, Peter Firth and Tuppence Middleton, Dickensian is period drama as weve never seen it before
EXTRAS: Creating the World of Dickensian Costume and Make-Up Exploring the Characters
Made in Chelsea Series One
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Made In Chelsea is the hot new reality drama following the lives and loves of a group of twenty-somethings, who live in an affluent pocket of South West London and party in the most elite social circles. Theyre immaculately dressed, fiercely ambitious and party hard, but its not all champagne and canapés. Behind the glamorous veneer of SW1 lies an incestuous social scene plagued by lust, heartbreak and betrayal. Littered with love-triangles, this series sees playboy Spencer stuck in a serious romantic dilemma. Caught between his true love Caggie and live-in girlfriend Funda, he is forced to make a decision that is inevitably going to leave someone hurt. Meanwhile, best friends Frederik and Francis fight to win the affections of luscious Lithuanian Agne but who will she choose? Friendships are tested when party girl Millie and ice queen Rosie both take a liking to Chelsea lothario Hugo but whose seduction will he fall for? And finally, meet flamboyant Ollie and his single BFFs Binky and Cheska who love to party along with Ollies songstress girlfriend Gabriella. But does she know the real Ollie? This and more in the decadent borough of Chelsea, where both hairstyles and emotions run high. Lets just hope youre on the guest list...
Quantity:
2 Discs
Set in a time of immense change, Dancing on the Edge tells the story of a black jazz group, the Louis Lester Band, as they rise to fame, entertaining guests at exclusive high society gatherings in 1930's London. While many recoil at the presence of black musicians in polite society, the capital's more progressive socialites, including younger members of the Royal Family, take the band under their wing.
In this explosive five-part series, Stephen Poliakoff returns to television with his most ambitious work to date. Dancing on the Edge provides a new angle on an extraordinary time in history, giving us a piercingly original vision of Britain in the 1930s; a time of glamour, hardship, vibrant new music and financial meltdown.
Starring: Chiwetel Ejiofor, Matthew Goode, Jacqueline Bisset and John Goodman
Quantity:
2 Discs
A six-part dramatization of one of the most exciting stories from the Second World War - the Nazis efforts to develop an atom bomb and the Allies desperate struggle to prevent it from happening.
The series starts in Stockholm in 1933 when German scientist Werner Heisenberg is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and is congratulated by his mentor Niels Bohr a previous Nobel Prize winner. One of the dramatic high points is the daring sabotage mission to blow up the heavy water factory in the Norwegian mountains in 1943.
Leading English, Norwegian and German actors portray real life characters and we get to understand their dilemmas and challenges in this epic story, the outcome of which will determine the future of democracy.
Multi languages spoken with English subtitles where applicable.
Quantity:
2 Discs
John River (Stellan Skarsgärd The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo, Insomnia) is a gifted police officer with a secret. As a man haunted by manifestations of the dead, including a tormenting killer, Thomas Cream (Eddie Marsan - Ray Donovan) and the murder victims whose secrets he must unlock, he walks a tightrope between maintaining respectability at work and managing his own fragile state of mind. His colleague and confidant, Detective Sergeant Jackie Stevie Stevenson (Nicola Walker - Last Tango in Halifax) lends River the emotional support he so badly needs, whilst his boss, Chief Inspector Chrissie Reid (Lesley Manville - An Adventure In Space and Time) is conflicted between River s obvious talents and his evident problems.
Adrift in a London full of other exiled souls, River s own isolation helps him connect with the troubled victims who crash into his world, and to see the truth in ways his colleagues are drawn to admire and question, in equal measure. But as his long-held defences are eroded by love and loss, River is torn between the living and the dead; will he have to choose once and for all?
Quantity:
6 Discs
Coming back to the place where he grew up ought to be an easy posting, but Sgt Jack Driscoll (Owen McDonnell) finds that the cases he has to investigate are as mysterious and as unyielding as the dark, brooding Irish landscape. And it gets harder still when Jack discovers that his recently retired ex-Garda father, far from being the upholder of law and order in this remote community, is, in fact, a deeply corrupt man at the centre of a web of intrigue. So Jack is literally single handed, in charge of hundreds of square miles of remote, beautiful rural Ireland.
This six disc set contains all of the episodes from both series.
Series One
Episode Two The Stolen Child
Episode Three The Drowning Man
Series Two
Episode One: The Lost Boys
Episode Two: Between Two Fires
Episode Three: A Cold Heaven
Quantity:
2 Discs
Doctor Gemma Fosters life is about to be torn apart. Shes a talented family doctor at the heart of her community, a loving wife and mother, a woman people can trust. But her world is fractured the moment she suspects her husband, Simon, of having an affair. Determined to discover the truth, Gemma unearths dark secrets that threaten everything she loves. As her life and the lives of her patients and family are thrown into chaos, only one thing is certain - Gemma will find herself behaving in ways she could never have imagined
This stylish, complex and gripping psychological drama comes from the producers of the internationally acclaimed series The Honourable Woman.
Life Of Crime
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Set against the backdrop of iconic moments in British history - London's Brixton riots in 1985, the death of Princess Diana in 1997 and the present day - Life of Crime stars Hayley Atwell (Avengers: Age of Ultron, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D, Agent Carter) as an impulsive rookie policewoman who becomes obsessed with tracking down the killer of a 15 year old girl.
Denise Woods has only just qualified when she first deals with the murder of Amy Reid. But having met the teenager by chance the night before, Denise is determined to bring Amy s killer to justice. Working against the clear instruction of her senior officers, the young police officer decides to follow her own lines of enquiry.
But little does Denise know, the case is far from over and the choices she makes in this early stage of her career will have long lasting and explosive repercussions on both her professional and personal life.
From Darkness
Quantity:
2 Discs
Brand new psychological drama starring Anne-Marie Duff. Former Greater Manchester Police officer Claire Church's peaceful existence in the Western Isles is shattered when four bodies linked to her previous investigations are unearthed. DCI John Hind suspects the bodies are connected to a case that dates back to 1998 and the subsequent inquiry forces Claire to revisit her troubled past in law enforcement, and drags her back into a world she thought she had left behind for good.
Unforgotten
Quantity:
2 Discs
When the body of a young man is discovered in a derelict building, DCI Cassie Stuart (Nicola Walker) one of the Mets smartest detectives is called in to investigate with her partner, DI Sunil Khan (Sanjeev Bhaskar). Jimmy Sullivan was a homeless boy, murdered in 1976 when the building was a hostel. His diary implicates four suspects; a clergyman, an eminent entrepreneur, a community worker and a wheelchair-bound husband caring for his wife. Each has a secret to hide. As their lies unravel, the people they love most begin to wonder what else they might be capable of. Nothing in this case is black and white. Can you ever really know the people closest to you? What secrets have they buried?
Wolf Hall
Quantity:
2 Discs
The major adaptation of Hilary Mantel's Booker Prize-winning novels Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies starring Damian Lewis and Mark Rylance
Wolf Hall presents an intimate portrait of Thomas Cromwell (Mark Rylance), the brilliant consigliere to King Henry VIII (Damian Lewis), as he manoeuvres the corridors of power at the Tudor court. Directed by BAFTA award-Wwinner Peter Kosminsky, this powerful series follows the complex machinations and back room dealings of Cromwell--a pragmatic and accomplished power broker, from humble beginnings and with an enigmatic past. Cromwell serves king and country while navigating deadly political intrigue, the King's tempestuous relationship with Anne Boleyn (Claire Foy) and the religious upheavals of the Protestant reformation.
"Wolf Hall becomes biggest BBC Two drama in a decade" *****--The Telegraph
"Absorbing, hypnotic and beautifully realised"--The Times
" Hailed as the 'the TV event of the year': The REAL Game of Thrones"--The Express
"...the new season's most spectacular TV show"--Mail on Sunday
Special Features:
Interviews with Damian Lewis, Mark Rylance, director Peter Kosminsky, Claire Foy, Mark Gatiss and Jonathan Pryce.
Deleted scenes.
Featurettes: People & Politics, History & Design, Bringing it to the Screen
The Interceptor
Quantity:
3 Discs
All eight episodes of the BBC crime drama following an undercover team of law enforcers. After leading a botched drugs bust, HM Revenue and Customs officer Marcus 'Ash' Ashton (O.T. Fagbenle) is chosen to head the new top-secret law enforcement squad known as the UNIT (Undercover Narcotics Intelligence Team) and is tasked with taking down key members of the criminal underworld. While Ash uses his knowledge of the street to fulfill his long-time goal of capturing high-level crime bosses and drug dealers, the team close in on their top target, notorious crook Roach (Trevor Eve).
Banished
From award winning writer Jimmy McGovern.
An epic drama about human courage and endeavour, love, loss and impossible choices.
In 1787 Britain banished its unwanted citizens - orphans, petty thieves, prostitutes and highwaymen to Sydney in Australia. Among the first convicts are close friends Elizabeth Quinn (MyAnna Buring),
Tommy Barrett (Julian Rihind-Tutt) and James Freeman (Russell Tovey). When Elizabeth and Tommy's illicit relationship is revealed to those in charge, it sets in motion a series of events that forces the
pragmatic, idealistic Governor Phillip (David Wenham) into further opposition with his nemesis Major Ross. Their relationship also threatens the close bond between Elizabeth, Tommy and James
at a time, and in a place, where survival depends on having the support of those you love.
Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
The year is 1806. England is beleaguered by the long war with Napoleon, and centuries have passed since practical magicians faded into the nations past. But scholars of this glorious history discover that one remains: the reclusive Mr. Norrell, whose displays of magic send a thrill through the country. Proceeding to London, he raises a beautiful woman from the dead and summons an army of ghostly ships to terrify the French. Yet the cautious, fussy Norrell is challenged by the emergence of another magician: the brilliant novice Jonathan Strange. Young, handsome and daring, Strange is the very antithesis of Norrell. So begins a dangerous battle between the two great men. Their obsessions and secret dabblings with the dark arts will cause more trouble than they can imagine.
Safe House
Quantity:
2 Discs
Christopher Eccleston and Marsha Thomason star in this four-part drama written and created by Michael Crompton. When former detective Robert (Eccleston) and his school teacher wife Katy (Thomason) decide to make major changes to their lifestyle, they impulsively purchase a guest house in the Lake District where they plan to create a haven for holidaymakers. When Mark (Paterson Joseph), a former colleague and friend, approaches the couple asking for their help in providing temporary housing for people needing protection from criminals, their idyllic guest house quickly becomes a safe house.
The Game
2 Discs
"...old-school spy drama with a Tinker, Tailor feel... there is a little higher praise"--The Telegraph
Starring Tom Hughes and Brian Cox, The Game is a stylish spy thriller set in the Cold War era, where friends could be enemies and no one is as they seem...
London 1972. When a defecting KGB officer, Arkady Malinov, reveals Operation Glass, a devastating Soviet plot that could change the course of the Cold War, Daddy, the head of MI5, assembles a secret team to investigate. As the Soviets awaken a list of sleeper agents all over Britain, Daddy's team must move swiftly to gain information about the plot.
Extras
Quantity:
2 Discs
C4s record-breaking drama series Humans, with an all-star cast featuring William Hurt (A History of Violence, Damages) and Katherine Parkinson (The IT Crowd, The Honourable Woman) is a brand new eight-part drama series from the makers of Utopia and Broadchurch set in a parallel present where the latest must-have gadget for a busy family is a Synth--a life-like humanoid.
All Creatures Great & Small Complete Collection 33 Discs
Price: Bt5,500
Quantity:
33 Discs
In 1937, a young, newly-qualified surgeon arrives in the picturesque village of Darrowby to take up his first job in the established veterinary practice of Sigfried and Tristan Farnon. But in rural Yorkshire, with few medicines available, the treatment of sick animals still seems to be rooted in the Dark Ages. This, together with the country-folks inherent suspicion of strangers, poses problems for James Herriot in the early years of his career.
Gradually, James establishes himself with the people of Darrowby and is made a partner in the veterinary practice. He courts and eventually marries Helen and becomes a family man. And over the next 20 years, James, his family and friends share in the joys and heartaches of caring for the many wonderful creatures that become part of their world.
Black Work
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
eeds police constable Jo Gillespie (Sheridan Smith) is devastated when her husband, undercover officer Ryan (Kenny Doughty), is killed in suspicious circumstances. As she battles to stay strong for the benefit of daughter Melly (Honor Kneafsey) and stepson Hal (Oliver Woollford), Jo is urged by her bosses, DCI Will Hepburn (Douglas Henshall) and Chief Constable Carolyn Jarecki (Geraldine James), to leave it to her fellow officers to find the killer. But when the murder enquiry starts to uncover some dangerous secrets about Ryan, Jo's faith in the police family of which she has been a part for so long is severely tested. No longer sure who to trust, Jo embarks on her own investigation with the help of friend and colleague Jack Clark (Matthew McNulty), but as they close in on the identity of Ryan's killer, Jo's hunt for the truth will put her own life in danger.
Written by Matt Charman (Suite Francaise, Bridge of Spies) and directed by Michael Samuels (The Fear, Any Human Heart), Black Work is a powerful crime thriller that takes the audience into the murky depths of undercover police work and tells the story of a woman willing to risk everything to protect her family.
Undeniable
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
1991 seven year-old Jane bears witness to the inexplicable murder of her mother. Jane saw the killer s face but, despite investigation, his identity and motive remain unknown and, to this day, he roams free. Twenty-three years later, Jane (Clare Goose - Mount Pleasant, Exile, Waking the Dead) is a grown woman, married with a daughter of her own. Her mother s murder still haunts her and the spectre of that man has stalked her into adult life. She wakes up and the thought of him is there... She goes to work and the thought of him is there... She returns home at night and the thought of him is there... One day, she pays a routine visit to the local hospital and comes face to face with him. Jane is utterly convinced that she has found her mother s killer, a ghost from the past, here in the flesh. She sets about trying to prove it any way that she can, determined to bring to justice the man who took her mother away. But what if Andrew Rawlins (Peter Firth - World Without End, Spooks), a well-respected doctor and a beloved family man, is just as ordinary and innocent as he claims. After all, Jane has been wrong before... Written by acclaimed writer Chris Lang (A Mother s Son, The Reckoning) this gripping and tense psychological thriller for ITV1 co-stars Felix Scott (Doc Martin, Missing), Christine Bottomley (DCI Banks) and Pippa Haywood (Scott & Bailey) A masterclass in seamless plot and character exposition The Sunday Times
Tipping the Velvet : The Complete BBC Series
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Screenwriter Andrew Davies describes Tipping the Velvet, his adaptation of Sarah Waters's acclaimed novel of lesbian love, betrayal and redemption in Victorian England, as "Pride and Prejudice with dirty bits". This three-part BBC production chronicles with relish the story of Nan Astley (Rachael Stirling, the ravishing image of her mother, Diana Rigg), barely 18, and certain that life holds more for her than her oyster girl's existence. "You'll meet someone who'll have your head spinning and your legs turning to jelly", her sister promises. That someone surprisingly turns out to be "gay and bold" Kitty Butler (Keeley Hawes), a music-hall entertainer with whom Nan falls instantly, and swooningly, in love. Nan follows her to London, where, as a double act, they become the toast of London, until Kitty's "marriage of convenience" breaks up the act and Nan's heart. The outcast Nan, decked out in Victor/Victoria duds, becomes a streetwalker, and then "tart" to the aptly named Diana Leatherby (Anna Chancellor). This affair, too, comes to "a bad end" as a destitute Nan is deposited back on the streets, where she insinuates herself into the lives of Florence (Jodhi May), a social worker, and her socialist brother.
Is Nan "too spoiled and stained for love"? Will she risk her blossoming relationship with Florence when Kitty inevitably returns to rekindle their affair? Nan's couplings, while tastefully done, do carry what Waters calls "a queer erotic charge". They are graphic by BBC standards. But the sterling writing and performances will captivate even the most sensitive viewers, making this groundbreaking mini-series, to quote one character, "a delightful evening... a rare treat"
A Fine Romance - Complete Series
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
All 26 episodes from Series 1-4 of the popular 1980s ITV sitcom, starring real life husband-and-wife team Judi Dench and Michael Williams as the mismatched Laura and Mike. Episodes are: 'First Meeting', 'Different Answers', 'The Restaurant', 'Unlucky in Love', 'How to Avoid Bankruptcy', 'Keep Them Apart', 'Playing Games', 'A Helping Hand', 'A Trip to the Dentist', 'Was That a Proposal?', 'The New Secretary', 'Boulogne', 'Furniture, 'Missing', 'The Hotel', 'The Dinner Party', 'Business Problems', 'Parenthood', 'Extreme Measures', 'The Telephone Call', 'In Hiding', 'Mike's New Girlfriend', 'A Weekend Away', 'Problems', 'A Romantic Meal' and 'Happy Ever After?'.
Fresh Fields/French Fields - The Complete Series
Price: Bt1,100
Quantity:
7 Discs
This International Emmy Award-winning comedy stars Anton Rodgers (May to September) and Julia McKenzie (Cranford) as William and Hester Field, a happily married middle-class couple whose children have flown the nest. Setting out to prove you're as young as you feel, Hester is determined to do all those things she never got around to when the kids were at home leaving William trailing in the wake of his wife's seemingly boundless enthusiasm.
Fresh Fields' gentle humour garnered high ratings throughout its four-year run, with McKenzie earning a BAFTA nomination for Best Light Entertainment Performance. Its sequel, French Fields, saw the couple following their children's example and setting up home across the Channel; three series chart a whole new chapter of misadventure as the Fields try to breach the language barrier and adapt to the strange customs of their adopted home.
This set presents both complete series, brought together for the first time on DVD.
Note: "Fresh Fields" has 4 discs and "French Fields" has 3 discs.
Rosemary & Thyme - Collection
Quantity:
8 Discs
Felicity Kendal and Pam Ferris star as two gardening enthusiasts, Rosemary Boxer and Laura Thyme, who put their green fingers to good use solving crime. After meeting by chance, the women discover that they share a passion for gardening. Rosemary has a vast knowledge of plants and is a tutor at a university of horticulture until she is fired. Laura is an ex-policewoman and at a crossroads in her life since her marriage has ended and she has to leave her home and beloved garden. Together the women set up as roving gardeners and find more than weeds growing among the plants. This special boxed set contains all three series and takes us travelling from the gardens of England to the Italian Riviera, the South of France and southern Spain.
Glue Complete Series
Quantity:
2 Disc
When 14 year old Cal is found murdered, the lives of his close group of friends are changed forever, with secrets being exposed and suspicions about each and every one being raised.
Review:
This eight-part drama series set in the countryside is a dark and gritty murder mystery that had me hooked from that first episode.
Chancer Complete Series
Quantity:
6 Discs
Collected edition of both series of the early 1990s television drama, including all 20 episodes. Clive Owen plays Stephen Crane, a young con-man out to make his fortune in Thatcher's Britain. Crane is offered a job by an old acquaintance to help an ailing car company and embezzles money from the bank where he works to fund it. At the same time Crane is trying to keep one step ahead of a shady past that threatens to catch up with him. In the second series, after his release from prison, Crane returns to his real name of Derek Love, but finds that trouble is still following him around in the form of a protracted custody battle. His wheeler-dealing instincts are then relied upon to help out a struggling business - this time it's old rival Piers Garfield Ward (Simon Shepherd)'s country estate. Episodes are: 'Weapons from the Wall', 'Killing Floor', 'Hazard', 'Trust', 'Pretenders', 'Possessions', 'Faith', 'Lies', 'Wreckage', 'Sanctuary', 'History', 'Temptation', 'Love', 'Jo', 'Ashes', 'Secrets', 'Remembrance', 'Blood', 'Fall' and 'Sacrifice.'
Atlantis - Series 1
Quantity:
4 Discs
When Jason set out to find his father, he could never have anticipated where his journey would lead
Far from home and desperate for answers, Jason washes up on the shores of an ancient land. A mysterious place; a world of bull leaping, of snake haired goddesses and of palaces so vast it was said they were built by giants--this is the lost city of Atlantis. But beneath the surface of this enticing place is a dark and simmering past, a complicated web of treachery and deceit, in which Jason himself now seems inexplicably bound. He soon finds himself embroiled in a perilous game of politics and power from which there is no escape. Aided by the studious young Pythagoras and the overweight, overbearing Hercules, Jason embarks on a voyage of discovery, which sees him brush shoulders with Medusa, come face to face with the Minotaur and even do battle with the dead.
Indian Summers
Quantity:
3 Discs
The year is 1932, the place is India, and the people are romanticised, politicised and radicalised. They are drawn together and driven apart by class, race, love and theft, and the world around them is changing. In the small British colony of Simla, placed at the foothills of the Himalayas, the beliefs of the British Empire still remain but the young are hungry for freedom.
Indian Summers tells a sweeping saga, stories of love, secrets, promises made and broken, and tensions that simmer in the hot, feverish days and nights of India - an India populated by freedom fighters, star-crossed lovers, political spies, artists, orphans, expats, the rich and the poor.
The Casual Vacancy
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Thought-provoking and constantly surprising, The Casual Vacancy is a dark and moving drama with elements of both comedy and tragedy. When Parish Councilman Barry Fairbrother unexpectedly dies in his early forties, the town of Pagford is left in shock. An English idyll, with a cobbled market square and an ancient abbey, Pagford is not what it first seems. What lies behind the pretty facade is a town at war--rich at war with poor, teenagers at war with their parents, wives at war with their husbands, teachers at war with their pupils. And the empty seat left by Barry on the parish council soon becomes the catalyst for the biggest battle the town has yet seen. Who will triumph in an election fraught with passion, duplicity and unexpected revelations? Find out in this big series about a small town.
The Last Weekend
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
A weekend in the Suffolk countryside is the last encounter between two couples with a long shared history. Ian (43) is working class, and met smart, sporty and handsome Ollie (42) at university. The trip is supposedly a chance to relax and spend time together, as during their normal lives the couples inhabit vastly different worlds: Ian and Em live a modest, suburban existence in Derbyshire working as a primary school teacher and a social worker, whereas Ollie and Daisy lead a gilded life in London that their careers as a barrister and a headhunter afford. It should be an idyllic four days, over the last baking hot Bank Holiday weekend of the summer, but the competitive edge to the men's relationship is soon in evidence and by Friday afternoon they have resurrected an old bet, the stakes of which become higher and higher.
Arthur & George
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
In 1906, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, having lost his first wife, was overcome with grief; even Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson refused his call. It was only when his secretary, Woodie, presented him with an apparent real-life miscarriage of justice, that he could be roused to action. The case in question was that of George Edalji, a Parsee solicitor, who was imprisoned for writing obscene letters and killing livestock in Great Wyrley, Staffordshire. George needed Arthurs help to clear his name. However, as the twists and turns of the case unfold, Arthur himself questions Georges innocence. It is only by finding the true culprit, that Arthur can finally put the case, and his grief, to rest; whilst simultaneously becoming influential in a major reform to the English judicial system.
By Any Means
Quantity:
2 Discs
By Any Means follows a clandestine unit living on the edge and playing the criminal elite at their own game, existing in the grey area between the letter of the law and true justice.
Code of a Killer
Price: Bt300
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From the Director of Broadchurch and the producer of Line of Duty comes Code of a Killer .
The gritty telling of the extraordinary true story of Alec Jeffreys discovery of DNA fingerprinting and its first use by Detective Chief Superintendent David Baker in catching a double murderer.
David Threlfall (Shameless) takes the role of David Baker who between 1983 and 1987 headed up the investigation into the brutal murders of two Leicestershire schoolgirls, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth.
Only a few miles away, Dr Alec Jeffreys, played by John Simm (Prey), was a scientist at Leicester University who, on 10 September 1984, invented a remarkable technique to read each individual's unique DNA fingerprint.
Babylon Complete Series
Price: Bt700
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The Metropolitan police are in need of a major public image revamp and Chief Constable Richard Miller (James Nesbitt) thinks he s found just the right person for the job. For Liz Garvey (Brit Marling), a visionary from the world of new media and the woman tasked with revolutionising the force s image the job couldn t have come at a worse time as an outbreak of chaos and violence erupts in the capital.
Review:This series was excellent! It reflected elements of the current state of affairs within our Police Service, the underlying fact that the Police are a strange bunch but at the heart of it are just trying to do what's best in a tough situation.The story unfolds and gets better with each episode, it keeps you guessing and you're never right. Some rather amusing parts also!
Intruders
Quantity:
2 Discs
Based on the novel by Michael Marshall Smith, Intruders is a paranormal thriller about a secret society who search for immortality by seeking refuge in the bodies of others. Jack Whelan (John Simm) finds the quiet, idyllic life he has created with his wife, Amy (Mira Sorvino) suddenly shattered when she vanishes. He's drawn deeper into the mystery when his high school friend, Gary Fischer, shows up on his doorstep asking for help with a murder case. Initially dismissive of Gary's claims, Jack finds that the further he investigates, the more complex and surreal his discoveries become. What he uncovers leads him down the dark path of his own past, and closer to terrifying revelations about a clandestine group known as Qui Reverti.
Meanwhile, in order to conceal the truth, an assassin named Richard Shepherd is embarking on a series of executions, and is in pursuit of a seemingly innocent 9-year-old girl, Madison--a runaway with a score to settle who could be the end of them all. With Gary's help, Jack begins to discover the incredible truth about his wife and her connections with Qui Reverti, determined to find and save the woman he loves.
The Missing
Quantity:
3 Discs
All eight episodes of the BBC miniseries starring James Nesbitt and Frances O'Connor. When Tony and Emily Hughes (Nesbitt and O'Connor) travel to France with their five-year-old son Oliver (Oliver Hunt), their family holiday turns into a nightmare when Oliver disappears into the crowd of a busy French street. As the frantic father loses patience with the police and their lack of motivation to search for Oliver, Tony takes matters into his own hands and begins to form a private investigation. The cast also includes Tchéky Karyo and Anastasia Hille.
The Thirteenth Tale
Price: Bt300
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The Thirteenth Tale is a haunting psychological mystery, adapted by Oscar winning screenwriter Christopher Hampton from Diane Setterfield's bestselling novel. Biographer Margaret Lea (Olivia Colman - Broadchurch) is summoned to the Yorkshire home of reclusive, dying novelist Vida Winter (Vanessa Redgrave Atonement) who has handpicked Margaret to write her biography. Though initially hesitant, as Vida has a reputation for distorting facts in interviews, Margaret becomes fascinated by her previously untold story. As the novelist recounts her dark and disturbing childhood, Margaret is compelled to finally face the trauma of her own past. But as time runs out, Margaret, desperate to hear the end of Vida's story, begins to wonder if she is hearing the confessions of a murderer. Also stars Sophie Turner (Game of Thrones), Steven Mackintosh (Kick Ass 2, Luther) and Robert Pugh (Game of Thrones, Shameless).
The Honorable Woman
Quantity:
3 Discs
Written and directed by Bafta winner Hugo Blick and starring Maggie Gyllenhaal, The Honourable Woman is a fast-paced thriller set against an international backdrop. As a young girl, Nessa Stein witnessed the assassination of her father by the armed wing of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. Now in her late thirties, Nessa is at the forefront of the Middle East peace process. Ennobled for her campaigning work, the newly made Baroness must fight forces that are conspiring against her as she awards a highly lucrative contract to a Palestinian businessman. When he is subsequently killed, Nessa and her brother come under the close scrutiny of Whitehall and the Secret Intelligence Service. Set against the gripping backdrop of government paranoia and espionage, The Honourable Woman tells the story of one woman's personal journey to right the wrongs conducted in a past life.
The Advocates 1 and 2 Complete
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
The first and second mini-series of the legal drama set in Edinburgh. In the first series a young prostitute dies of a drug overdose and Dr Joe Sangster (Jonathan Hackett) suspects foul play. As the growing climate of fear over drugs and AIDS in the city threatens the future of his clinic, he turns to Greg McDowell (Ewan Stewart) for help, and the young lawyer seizes the opportunity to make a name for himself. In the second series a lawyer is arrested for the murder of his wife. Is he really responsible - or could the town's uncaught serial killer be to blame?
Bodies Complete Collection
Quantity:
6 Discs
When Rob Lake (Max Beesley) begins work in a maternity unit, he soon comes to suspect that his new boss, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Roger Hurley, may be incompetent. He tries to turn a blind eye, but one of Hurley's blunders leads to a young mother being left brain-damaged and her baby stillborn. Rob watches a fellow doctor being hounded for attempting to bring the incompetence to light, seeing the ranks of the establishment join together to protect one of their own. He realizes he must risk his career to put a stop to Hurley's negligence. Meanwhile, his passionate affair with colleague Donna leaves him alternately confused and hungry for more.
This riveting medical drama series, starring Max Beesley, Keith Allen and Patrick Baladi developed a cult following with its gritty storylines and gruesome theatre scenes, during its two series on BBC.
The box set brings together all the episodes of this highly regarded BBC drama series.
Quirke
Quantity:
2 Discs
Gabriel Byrne plays the eponymous Irish pathologist-cum-sleuth in this three-part BBC adaptation based on the novels by John Banville. While fulfilling his duties as chief pathologist at the Dublin City Morgue during the 1950s, the insular and surly Quirke (Byrne) ploughs a lonely course, managing his depression by haunting Dublin's dank alleyways and bars. But when he begins to notice inconsistencies during routine examinations, Quirke's natural inquisitiveness to find out the truth soon leads him on a tour of Dublin's less salubrious areas, where he faces unresolved issues from his own past that would be better left undisturbed. The episodes are: 'Christine Falls', 'The Silver Swan' and 'Elegy for April'.
Chasing Shadows
Price: Bt300
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Chasing Shadows is a thrilling, new four-part drama, set in a missing persons unit that hunts serial killers. Reece Shearsmith (The Widower, Inside Number 9, The League of Gentlemen) plays DS Sean Stone and his partner, Ruth Hattersley is played by Alex Kingston (Marchlands, Arrow, Upstairs Downstairs), whilst Noel Clarke (Star Trek Into Darkness, Doctor Who) takes on the role of DI Carl Prior. Sean is intense and socially awkward, a misfit who is happier dealing with data rather than people. 'His lack of people skills and forthright honesty make him some powerful enemies in the force, and he finds himself exiled to missing persons. Sean's new caseload is overwhelming - up to 300,000 people go missing in the UK each year--but his brilliant mind turns out to be perfectly adapted to his new role. Where others see a hopeless, ever-growing sea of lost faces, Sean spots patterns, that lead to victims... and their killers. Ruth is the analyst from the Missing Persons Bureau tasked with working alongside Sean. She puts people first - a born connecter able to get on with anyone, but Sean pushes even her patience to breaking point. DI Prior has ambitions and a clear plan for rising up the ranks. But all this is jeopardised when DS Stone becomes his responsibility.
The Silence - The Complete series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Import from The Netherlands with English soundtrack. SUMMARY: Eighteen-year-old Amelia Edwards has recently been fitted with a cochlear implant, enabling her to hear, but she struggles to accept that she has a place in the hearing world. Breaking free from her over-protective parents, she goes to stay with her party-loving cousins, homicide detective uncle, Jim and vibrant aunt, Maggie. But when Amelia witnesses the audacious murder of a policewoman, she is reluctantly propelled further into a loud and frightening world. Jim is assigned the case and, when Amelia identifies a police officer on the drugs squad as one of the killers, he urgently needs to protect his niece. If his colleagues find out what she has witnessed, she will be in extreme danger from the very people with whom he works. By keeping her a secret however, he will jeopardise his own position in the force and put his whole family at risk. The Silence is about an ordinary family thrust into extraordinary circumstances. The teenagers' partying lifestyles and casual drug-taking collide with Jim's investigation, and all their lives are hurled into a cacophony of police corruption, betrayal, drugs and murder.
A Good Murder
Quantity:
2 Discs
Netherlands released, LANGUAGES: English SYNOPSIS: Kay Rice lives with her elderly mother in the mother's house which is now prime real estate worth millions. When Kay meets and falls for a charming Albanian immigrant called Niko he realises that if he plays his cards right the sale of the house may be a way he can pay off a debt to some mobsters.
Those Who Kill: The Complete Series
Price: Bt700
Quantity:
3 Discs
From the director of THE KILLING and based on an original idea by best-selling Danish crime novelist Elsebeth Egholm, THOSE WHO KILL is gripping, edge of your seat television and the ultimate crime thriller. Police detectives Katrina Ries Jensen and Thomas Schaeffer are investigating a series of gruesome murders that are attracting widespread public attention. As they embark in a race against time to track down the killer they must develop an understanding of the victims and of the killer s psychology only then can they hope to catch him.
Please note: This television series contains Danish audio, with English subtitles.
Torn
Price: Bt300
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Torn is a three-part psychological drama inspired by a true story about parental love, family ties and belonging. Two familys' lives are turned upside down when a mother recognises her daughter, Alice, who was kidnapped from a beach over 10 years earlier, and who was generally assumed to have drowned. Reuniting the family causes destruction and heartache--nobody knows where they really belong and Alice is soon torn between two different worlds. The film stars Holly Aird ("Losing It"; "Waking the Dead"), Nicola Walker ("Spooks"), Bradley Walsh ("Coronation Street"), Adam Kotz ("The Last King of Scotland") and Jo Woodcock.
Amber - The Complete Series
Price: Bt300
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When 14 year old Amber Bailey fails to return home, after not turning up at her best friends' house as arranged, a long and drawn-out search is mounted. Her recently separated parents, Ben and Sarah, pushed increasingly into the harsh public glare of the media spotlight, are plunged into an unthinkable nightmare, which only grows with each passing day. As the days, months and years go by the mystery deepens, and disturbing new clues come to light, raising more questions than answers. And as the nation becomes gripped with the story of the missing teen all people can do is wonder - what on earth really happened to Amber?
The White Queen - Complete Series
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
Based on Philippa Gregory's best selling The Cousins' War series, The White Queen is a stunningly rich tale of love and loss, seduction and deception, betrayal and murder, vibrantly woven through the stories of three different yet equally driven women - Elizabeth Woodville, Margaret Beaufort and Anne Neville. The year is 1464 and England has been at war for nine years battling over who is the rightful King of England. This is a war between two sides of the same family, The House of York and The House of Lancaster in The War of the Roses. The House of York's young and devilishly handsome Edward IV (Max Irons - Red Riding Hood) is crowned King of England with the help of the master manipulator Lord Warwick The Kingmaker (James Frain - True Blood, The Tudors). But when Edward falls in love and secretly marries a beautiful young widow, the commoner Elizabeth Woodville, played by newcomer Rebecca Ferguson, Warwick's plan for control over the English throne comes crashing down around him. Frustrated by the new Queen's influence he will stop at nothing to maintain his grip on the crown. The most beautiful woman in the land, Elizabeth Woodville, marries for the love of her King, with the help of her mother Jacquetta (Academy & Tony award nominee Janet McTeer) a self proclaimed sorceress. Elizabeth's most fierce adversary is the staunchly loyal Lancastrian Margaret Beaufort (Amanda Hale - The Crimson Petal & The White) - a damaged and highly religious woman who would willingly lay down her life to see her young son Henry Tudor take the throne. And then there is Anne Neville (introducing Faye Marsay), Lord Warwick - the Kingmaker's daughter - a pawn in her father's battle for control; who finds her strength and ambition when she takes control of her destiny and marries Edward's younger brother Richard Duke of Gloucester (Aneurin Bernard - Ironclad). The White Queen is based on Philippa Gregory's The White Queen, The Red Queen and The Kingmaker's Daughter set against the backdrop of the turbulent War of the Roses - the real life inspiration for George R R Martin's Game of Thrones. This complete series boxset collection comes with bonus extra features including 'A Conversation with Philippa Gregory' and 'The Making of The White Queen' exclusive to DVD.
The Smoke
Quantity:
2 Discs
From the makers of Broadchurch and Spooks; high-octane, gripping, adrenaline-fuelled drama at its best. What is it to be a hero in everyday life? What is it to be a man? The White Watch crew set screens alight in this stunning series that defies all expectations. Jamie Bamber stars as Kev, a veteran firefighter searching for justice after the most traumatic call-out of his career causes him to question himself, both as a hero and as a man. Jodie Whittaker plays Trish, Kevs girlfriend, who is striving to hold on to love and hope against the odds, while Rhashan Stone is Kevs best mate Mal, whose loyalty is tested to the extreme. This two-disc set contains all eight episodes of this gripping, non-stop drama along with a thrilling behind the scenes feature and interviews with cast and crew.
Occupation
Price: Bt300
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This powerful, compelling 3 part drama traces the fraught interwoven journeys of three British soldiers who take part in the invasion of Iraq in 2003, return to Manchester, but are then inspired to revisit the chaos of Basra.Danny, Mike and Hibbs, friends in the same army regiment, have their own very different reasons to return: Danny (Stephen Graham) sees rich financial pickings in private security work, in a land awash with billions of dollars of reconstruction money, Mike (James Nesbitt) has fallen in love with Iraqi doctor Aliyah, and Hibbs (Warren Brown) goes back because he believes in the mission to rebuild the country and help the Iraqi people. Life in the new Iraq however is unpredictable, chaotic and dangerous. Over the course of five years, the friendship of the three men comes under fierce pressure, as they pursue their dreams against the backdrop of growing fundamentalism, sectarian violence, and corruption in the world of privatized security.Occupation is a darkly humorous and emotionally involving story, which slowly builds to a gripping and moving finale, as their conflicting ambitions come to define not just their own lives, but the war and the occupation of Basra itself.
From there to here
Price: Bt300
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According to Daniel Cotton (Philip Glenister), there are three battles that shape our lives: nature versus nurture; free will versus destiny; and City versus United. Saturday 15th June 1996, an ordinary day in Manchester. England is preparing to play Scotland in the Euros. Daniel has brought together his adoptive brother Robbo (Steven Mackintosh) and father Samuel (Bernard Hill) in the hope of healing a family rift, when they are caught up in a massive terrorist attack and from this moment Daniels life changes forever. In helping Joanne (Liz White) escape the debris Daniel realises he wants to be someone else, someone more exciting
The trigger for major changes in Daniels life and the reinvention of Manchester City Centre, the bomb does much more than cause devastation. Spanning four years, From There to Here brings to life a family, a city and an era in a way that no one who watches it will ever forget. For contractual reasons music edits have been made from the original transmitted version. Starring Philip Glenister, Bernard Hill, Steven Mackintosh, Saskia Reeves, Liz White, Morven Christie, Daniel Rigby
The Widower
Price: Bt300
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Three-part ITV drama about real-life killer Malcolm Webster and the crimes he committed in the 1990s. When his wife Claire (Sheridan Smith) becomes suspicious about unpaid bills and credit card debts, Webster (Reece Shearsmith), at the time working as a nurse, poisons her and deliberately crashes their car, setting it on fire and leaving her inside. Three years later he marries Felicity Drumm (Kate Fleetwood) in New Zealand and soon after begins plotting her murder in order to receive money from forged life insurance policies. His plan fails, however, and with Felicity now aware of Webster's true nature, he leaves the country and moves onto a potential third victim, Simone Banarjee (Archie Panjabi). Will investigating Detective Inspector Charlie Henry (John Hannah) catch Webster before it's too late?
Prey
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Police Man, Family Man, Wanted Man.
Prey is ITVs new high-octane three-part thriller, lead by BAFTA nominated actor John Simm. Prey follows the story of a man on the run, who is desperate to clear his name for the sake of his family.
Detective Sergeant Marcus Farrow (John Simm) is a well-liked Manchester copper who is wrongly accused and arrested for an inhumane crime. Narrowly escaping police custody Farrow becomes an outlaw and begins a high-stakes game of cat and mouse across the city with Acting Detective Chief Inspector Susan Reinhardt (Rosie Cavaliero). As a wanted killer, Farrow has few allies, however one thing is certain, for the sake of his family, Farrow is prepared to do things he never thought possible. And he wont rest until he knows the truth.
Joining the cast alongside John Simm are Rosie Cavaliero, Craig Parkinson, Anastasia Hille and Adrian Edmondson
Jo
Quantity:
2 Discs
Joachim Jo Saint-Clair, Jean Reno ( Leon Ronin ) is a veteran detective in Paris elite Criminal Brigade tackling the city s most challenging murder cases.
Jo takes the audience behind the scenes of Paris' most iconic locations the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame, the Catacombs, Place Vendome as we follow St-Clair in his relentless pursuit of justice. Brilliant and brutal, St-Clair matches wits with pathological killers to solve a series of shocking murders.
Fighting crime alongside Reno are Tom Austen ( The Borgias ) as Jo's rookie partner and Jill Hennessy ( Crossing Jordan ) as his adviser and friend.
Lucan
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The incredible story of a high society murder and the most famous fugitive of all.
On 7th November 1974, Sandra Rivett, nanny to the aristocratic Lucan family, was found bludgeoned to death. Soon after, prime suspect Lord Lucan disappeared, never to be seen again. It was the scandal which rocked the establishment. Lucan portrays the glamorous world of the attractive Earl and tells the incredible true story of the dark life which lay behind the public image.
Lucan blows away the myth of a gentleman fugitive to reveal the corruption and lies of the elite protecting an old friend. The gripping, original drama from the makers of Mrs Biggs and Appropriate Adult answers one of the greatest mysteries of modern times. What happened to Lord Lucan?
Featuring an all star cast including performances from Rory Kinnear, Christopher Eccleston, Catherine McCormack and Michael Gambon.
37 Days - Mini Series
Price: Bt300
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7 Days is a British documentary drama miniseries that was first broadcast on BBC Two from 6 to 8 March 2014. The three-part miniseries covers the weeks before World War I, from the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 to the United Kingdom declaring war on Germany on 4 August 1914. The series was shot entirely in Northern Ireland. It is part of the BBC World War I centenary season. All star cast of actors.
The Hour - Series 1
Quantity:
2 Discs
A six part series that was billed, in the run up to its transmission, as Britain having a go at doing its own spin on Mad Men, The Hour is actually a show with an identity of its own, and quite different from the hit American drama. It certainly has some similarities, but as it turns out, tonally its really quite different.
The Hours main attraction, as it turns out, is its cast. Putting The Wire star Dominic West at the heart of the drama proves to be a masterstroke, and hes ably supported by a high calibre company of acting talent, including Juliet Stevenson, Anna Chancellor and Ben Whishaw. Its West who drives the drama forward, though, with a trademark skilled central performance. It helps that hes at the heart of much that happens with the show, too.
What drew the initial Mad Men comparisons was the setting for The Hour. This is a show surrounding a BBC news programme being made in 1956, which happens to be the time of the Suez Crisis. Behind the scenes of the show, theres sexual politics, ambitions, and pressures from all directions. And that, mixed with a strong attention to period detail, helps make The Hour an engaging drama.
The Great Train Robbery
Quantity:
2 Discs
Two feature length films telling the story of the crime of the 20th century as never before.
8 August 1963: Britain wakes up to news of the biggest robbery in the countrys history. A train has been hijacked and robbed, 35 miles from its arrival in central London. The country is stunned: who could be behind it? How did they pull off such an audacious raid?
1 - A Robbers Tale: Told from the perspective of the perpetrators this is the story of how one group of criminals became the most wanted men in Britain. They got lucky. And that piece of luck would destroy their lives forever.
2 - A Coppers Tale: Told from the perspective of Tommy Butler and his elite team of brilliant, idiosyncratic investigators. In a race against time, can they identify every criminal involved in the Great Train Robbery - and put them behind bars - before they flee the country? And even if they manage to catch the criminals - whats happened to the money itself?
Written by Chris Chibnall (Broadchurch), directed by James Strong (Broadchurch) and Julian Jarrold (The Girl), and starring Jim Broadbent (Harry Potter), Luke Evans (Clash of the Titans), Jack Roth (Bedlam), Neil Maskell (Utopia), Robert Glenister (Hustle), Tom Chambers (Waterloo Road), Tim Pigott-Smith (The Hour), Tom Beard (Hunted), James Wilby (Titanic) and James Fox (Charlie And The Chocolate Factory).
The Guilty 2013
Price: Bt300
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The Guilty, a new three-part drama from the producers of Sherlock, the characters homes overlook a garden ringed by the pristine fencing that in real life denotes the satisfactions of suburbia, when a group of workmen digging in the garden had unearthed a make-shift casket containing the corpse of a child. The body was sent to the pathologist for tests, but nobody seemed in any doubt as to the boys identity: he was Callum Reid, the four-year-old from No 4, who had vanished exactly five years earlier.
What remains
Quantity:
2 Discs
The young woman had been in the loft for quite a while
dead. Discovered by two new tenants Michael and his heavily pregnant partner Vidya, it turns out that the heavily decomposed body belongs to a previous resident, Melissa, who hasnt been seen in more than two years and hasnt even been reported missing. DI Len Harper, in the process of retiring but not yet ready to let go, decides to follow up on a case that is already half-buried by his police colleagues.
As he looks deeper into Melissas story, he begins to open doors in the shared flats that have long remained closed hiding secrets any of which could lead to a killer. Partners in business and love, Elaine and Peggy, shared a turbulent relationship with the young girl. The divorced news editor Kieron and his damaged son Adam, what do they know and how much will they reveal? And the aging teacher who has lived in the house for fifteen years; apparently he lives alone, but appearances can be deceptive. Who we are behind closed doors is at the heart of a riveting murder mystery that grips until the darkest truths are revealed.
The Secret of Crickley Hall
Price: Bt300
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Joe Ahearne writes and directs this three-part TV adaptation of James Herbert's ghostly novel. A year after their young son Cabe goes missing without trace, Eve (Suranne Jones) and Gabe (Tom Ellis) Caleigh decide a change of scene would help, and set out with their daughters for what they hope will be the rustic delights of Crickley Hall. Shortly after arriving in the Devonshire village of Devil's Cleave, however, the family start to experience strange paranormal events, which somehow seem to be linked to the disappearance of their son. As the story continues to unfold, both in the past and the present day, the Caleigh's soon come to realise that the darkly gothic mansion possesses a secret evil from which they can't escape.
Secret State
Price: Bt300
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Secret State is a four-part political thriller inspired by Chris Mullin's novel A Very British Coup, delving into the relationship between a democratically elected government, the military and the markets. In the run up to a general election, an accident on Teesside raises awkward questions about the safety procedures of a US petrochemical company, PetroFex. The Prime Minister claims to have secured a compensation package from them, but on his return from PetroFex HQ, his plane crashes in the Atlantic under mysterious circumstances. Deputy Prime Minister Tom Dawkins (Gabriel Byrne) takes the reins and during his quest to find justice and the truth for the victims on Teesside, he uncovers a conspiracy at the heart of the political system. How will he deal with the powers at play? And can he remain that rare thing: a decent, honest man in politics?
The Escape Artist
Quantity:
2 Discs
Mini Series action drama, Will Burton (David Tennant), a talented junior barrister of peerless intellect and winning charm, specialises in spiriting people out of tight legal corners, hence his nickname, The Escape Artist. Much to the aggravation of his courtroom rival, Maggie Gardner (Sophie Okonedo), Will is in high demand, as he has never lost a case.
But when Wills talents acquit Liam Foyle (Toby Kebbell), who is standing trial for an horrific and high-profile murder, that courtroom brilliance comes back to bite him. Foyle walks free, but he is a serial killer and surely it is only a matter of time until he kills again.
Also starring Ashley Jensen, this is thrilling action drama at its best.
Public Ememies
Price: Bt300
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"Public Enemies" is a drama about a probation officer, Paula Radnor (played by Anna Friel), suspended from her job when an ex-murder kills again on her watch.
Upon her return, she has to supervise Eddie Mottram (Daniel Mays), who has been released after serving ten years for the murder of his girlfriend. Even beyond this fact, Eddie is a difficult character who resents his old friends, the accommodation he is assigned and the public in general. Yet, he desperately wants a second chance and has passed his risk assessments: and should he do anything out of line, he ll be back in prison.
Murder Investigation Team - Complete Collection
Price: Bt900
Quantity:
5 Discs
MURDER INVESTIGATION TEAM is the gripping crime drama series that focuses on the UKs case cracking Metropolitan Police, Elite Special Crimes Unit. Viewers witness the investigation through the eyes of those closest to the action, namely the two women officers DI Vivien Friend (Samantha Spiro, Tomorrow La Scala, The Bill) and DC Rosie McManus (Lindsey Coulson, Eastenders) who head up the otherwise all male Murder Investigation Team. Each gritty, hard-hitting episode begins with the discovery of a body and follows the investigation as it unfolds, with every shred of evidence explored and no stone left unturned as the team put murder under the microscope.
Heading the team for Series One is steely DI Vivien Friend and her more intuitive second-in-command, Rosie McManus; Series Two sees old-school copper Trevor Hands taking the reins under DCI Anna Wishart. Their approaches differ and sometimes clash, but all are polished professionals whose work demands a meticulous process of profiling, forensics and reconstruction - tracing the most intimate details of a victim's life to identify motive and murderer.
Top of the Lake
Quantity:
2 Discs
A 12 year old girl, walks chest deep into the freezing waters of a South Island lake in New Zealand. She is five months pregnant and wont say who the father is. Then she disappears. Robin Griffin is a gutsy but inexperienced detective called in to investigate. But as Robin becomes more and more obsessed with the search for Tui, she slowly begins to realise that finding Tui is tantamount to finding herself - a self she has kept well hidden. Set against one of the most amazing and untouched landscapes left on the planet, Top of the Lake is a powerful and haunting story about our search for happiness where the dream of paradise attracts it dark twin, the fall. Starring: Elizabeth Moss, Holy Hunter and Peter Mullan Written and Directed by Jane Campion
Good Cop Mini Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
When hard-working cop John Paul Rocksavage witnesses the brutal murder of his partner, he decides enough is enough. He can no longer stand by and let injustice reign. Some people deserve to die
Rocksavage is a beat cop in Liverpool city centre. When someone calls the police, its Rocksavage who responds, coming face to face with human life in all its extremes. But when his partner, Andy, is murdered in a frenzied, vicious attack while on duty, Rocksavage suddenly finds himself bound to respond, in a way he never thought himself capable of. Events have suddenly become very personal, and once hes crossed the line from law enforcer to lawbreaker theres no going back. Meting out a unique brand of justice, while reconciling his own demons, his killings are not random, but organic and necessary.
The Jury with Derek Jacobi
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
One of the most impressive series to appear on British television for a long time, The Jury is an invigorating shot in the arm for the crime genre. The premise is simple, focusing on the one part of the legal process that has hitherto been largely ignored: the jury. By concentrating on seven of the 12--their home lives and the pressure that such an undertaking places on them--this six-part series brings the courtroom action into sharper focus. The series revolves around the unfolding (and timely) trial of a young Sikh schoolboy accused of a racially motivated murder. Expertly steered by Derek Jacobi and Anthony Sher as the opposing lawyers, and allowed to develop over five-plus hours of screen time, the twists and turns of the case are riveting, and the outcome impossible to predict.
The seven interconnecting stories of the jurors are equally enthralling and would be more than enough to sustain most series on their own. Combine them with the courtroom action and you have a superb legal drama. But the depth of characterisation and quality of performance from all the cast is what gives The Jury its true edge. And thats what will ensure repeated viewing even after the initial suspense of the verdict has subsided.
Southcliffe
Price: Bt300
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A sudden inexplicable spate of shootings rips through the market town of Southcliffe. The lives of those left behind are torn apart. In this haunting four-part drama, a journalist reporting on the tragedy finds himself back in the small town he himself grew up in, looking for answers from the shattered community whilst trying to reconcile dark events from his own past.
The Blackheath Poisonings - The Complete Series
Price: Bt300
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All three parts of the Victorian murder mystery mini-series starring Zoe Wanamaker and Patrick Malahide. The wealthy Collard and Vandervent families may be outwardly respectable, but inwardly they seethe with lust and greed. When Roger Vandervent (James Faulkner) dies in mysterious circumstances, his son Paul (Christien Anholt) sets out to investigate, uncovering a string of secrets and lies that will ultimately tear the families apart.
The Palace : Complete Series 1
Price: Bt700
Quantity:
3 Discs
The Palace - Series 1 DVD contains the first installment of episodes from this witty and intriguing Royal drama, which reveals the dysfunctional truth behind the world's most famous family. The show begins with Prince Richard IV's (Rupert Evans) sudden accession to the throne following the unexpected death of his father, King James III. Young, accustomed to a more carefree lifestyle, and a little unconventional (in a Royal sense anyway), King Richard finds himself under immense pressure to quickly deal with his grief, fend off unwanted attention from the Press, battle against jealous siblings, and deal with family members who aren't confident in his ability to take the Crown. Alongside Evans, The Palace - Series 1 stars Jane Asher (as the widowed Queen Charlotte), Sophie Winkleman (as Princess Elanor, Richard's envious older sister), Sebastian Armesto (as Prince George) and Nathalie Lunghi (as the younger Princess Isabelle).
Murder on the Home Front
Price: Bt300
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Set during the London Blitz of 1940, Murder on the Home Front is a vibrant, original crime drama. This is a world where people live life in the moment. It is also a world where criminals can use the blackout and devastation to hide their darkest activities. As the Luftwaffe drop their bombs, below people are literally getting away with murder. Dr Lennox Collins (Patrick Kennedy) is a pathologist new to murder cases, obsessed with pursuing the truth through all means available. He is often at the cutting edge of new thinking in pathology from chemical tests to the controversial inclusion of the study of the psyche. Molly Cooper (Tamzin Merchant) is not only the first secretary to a pathologist, she is the first woman allowed into a very male world. All Lennox knows is that she has a strong stomach, 60 words a minute and a keen brain. When together they discover a serial killer at large under cover of the Blitz, Lennox has his work cut out convincing the police to have faith in his methods and theories.
Run
Quantity:
2 Discs
Reviews ' This was absolutely superb. Olivia Coleman is at her absolute best as a single mother surviving on the margins of society. For me though, it was the equally brilliant German actress, Katharina Schuttler, who stole the show. I last saw her in 'The Promise'..
If the first episode is anything to go by, I can't wait to see the rest! I was gripped. The programme was fast paced and totally believable.
Original Channel4 Drama Starring: Olivia Colman (Peep Show),Lennie James (Line of Duty), Jaime Winstone (True Love), Katharina Schüttler (The Promise) and Katie Leung (Harry Potter)
Painting a compelling picture of modern-day life, Run is an original four-part drama coming soon to Channel4 that weaves together the stories of four seemingly unconnected people facing life-changing decisions in a world where every choice is a luxury.
Carol (Olivia Colman, Broadchurch, Twenty Twelve, The Accused, Rev, Tyrannosaur, Peep Show) is a tough single mother striving to keep her family together. When her teenage sons commit an act of random violence that ends in the death of a stranger, Carol faces the impossible choice of protecting her children or doing the right thing.
Ying (Katie Leung, Harry Potter, Wild Swans) is an illegal Chinese immigrant who sells pirated DVDs and stolen phones on the streets of London in the hope of making a life for herself in the UK. But first she must pay her debts to the Snakehead gang who smuggled her into Britain. When an immigration raid leaves her with no friends, no home and no money, an unlikely relationship begins which could offer Ying a way out.
Richard (Lennie James, Line of Duty, The Walking Dead) is a recovering heroin addict who spends every day struggling to stay clean. Only one thing spurs him on -- the possibility of re-establishing contact with his teenage daughter. Faced with the prospect of never seeing her again, Richard is torn between returning to the world of addiction or salvaging the only relationship that matters to him.
Kasia (Katharina Schüttler, The Promise) is a young Polish woman who came to London filled with hope. Years later she is still working as a cleaner, struggling to make ends meet and contending with a gambling addict for a boyfriend. Her world is rocked when she discovers that he has been killed in a vicious attack. Even worse, she unearths his secret relationship with another woman, Tara (Jaime Winstone, True Love), a night-club stripper. Left alone to clean up the mess, Kasia finds herself in grave danger.
Raw and uncompromising, but full of humanity and hope, Run is a powerful take on inner city life and how every choice we make has consequences for those around us.
My Brother Jonathan
Quantity:
2 Discs
Mini Series with Daniel Day-Lewis plays Jonathan, the ungainly, neglected eldest son of a family living in the Black Country. His younger brother Harold is everything he is not - athletic, handsome and clever. Despite the favoritism shown to Harold, the two boys build a close friendship that lasts a lifetime and ends in tragedy. Based on the novel by Francis Brett Young.
The Second Coming / 2 Part Drama
Price: Bt300
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Christopher Eccleston stars as Steve, a Manchester City fan who thinks he is the Son of God, in this TV drama. After spending 40 days and 40 nights out in the wilderness of Saddleworth Moor, the burial ground for the victims of Myra Hindley and Ian Brady, Steve experiences a revelation which convinces him that he is the Messiah. He then returns to the city and begins to spread the word of God, performing miracles on live television, turning daytime into night, and finally ascending to Heaven from Maine Road football stadium.
Without Motive
A detectives desperate hunt for a serial killer
'Hard-hitting' The Express (U.K.)
'Intense
will grip you' Daily Record (U.K.)
'Gritty drama' Liverpool Daily Post (U.K.)
Detective Constable Jack Mowbray (Ross Kemp, EastEnders) has seen a lot of disturbing things on the job. But somehow the family man has never taken it home with himuntil now. In this complete two-series set, the brutal murder of a young woman in Bristol sets off a chain of events that may change Mowbray forever and tear his family apart.
When the Bristol murder is linked to a series of recent killings, the investigating team grows to more than a dozen detectives and just as many petty jealousies and full-blown rivalries. Mowbrays boss, DCS Henderson (Kenneth Cranham, Rome, Layer Cake), keeps the pressure on as it becomes clear that the latest killing will not be the last. Mowbray and his colleagues race to find a predator who will strike againwithout apparent motive. A ratings winner in the U.K., Series 1 follows the hunt for the serial killer, while Series 2 searches for a copycat criminal.
'Draw<Actinic:Variable Name = 's'/> in its viewers inexorably, like a spider gently pulling in its prey'
The Ice Cream Girls
Price: Bt200
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Serena leaves Leeds with her doctor husband Evan and their daughter Vee to be close to their terminally ill mother Rachel in the seaside town in which Serena was raised. When the police stop her for speeding Serena panics and it becomes evident that she has a past. A decade and a half earlier,as a school-girl,she had an affair with sexy teacher Marcus Hansley though he forced himself on her and ended up being stabbed to death. At the same time as Serena's return another woman Poppy Carlisle is released from prison after being sentenced for Marcus's murder and goes to live with her mother Liz and stepfather Jim in their pub in the same town. She is befriended by Al,a lifeguard. Poppy has always claimed she was innocent of the murder and seeks out Serena's husband,visiting him as a new patient. TV VERSION, not released on DVD
Fallen Angel
Quantity:
2 Discs
Fallen Angel (2007) is the story of a woman serial killer, by director David Dury, starring Charles Dance, Emilia Fox and Clare Holman. It is based on the "Roth Trilogy" (2006), by Andrew Taylor, which is a chilly psychological drama about the making of a murderer. The movie is divided into three episodes, each representing one part of Rosemary Byfield's life: from nowadays back to her early childhood. As the movie progresses, so unfolds the story of the Byfield family in the Roth parish, each time a decade earlier. Rosemary's father, countryside vicar David Byfield (Charles Dance), is an ambitious clergyman, with a huge appetite for life (especially for women), whose brilliant theological mind costs him more troubles than satisfaction
The Politician's Husband
Price: Bt300
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Aiden Hoynes (Tennant) And Freya Hoynes (Watson) are the golden couple of British politics. Aiden is a senior cabinet minister tipped for the top and Freya a junior minister who has had to put her own career on hold for the sake of husbands and to spend more time at home raising their young children.
When Aiden suffers a humiliating political betrayal by his best friend and fellow cabinet minister Bruce Babbish (Ed Stoppard) Aiden finds himself consigned to the back benches and a life of political obscurity. But its when Freya is offered a senior cabinet post herself that the humiliation intensifies as Aiden struggles to deal with his wifes new found success. Driven by a desire to avenge his downfall and increasingly threatened by his wifes meteoric rise, Aiden gambles it all in this gripping tale of political intrigue and shifting sexual politics within a marriage.
Behaving Badly
Quantity:
2 Discs
Based on the book by Catherine Heath. the 1989 four-part British miniseries Behaving Badly is not to be confused with the Britcom, Men Behaving Badly. Judi Dench, as ever, commands the screen in her BAFTA-nominated performance as middle-aged Bridget Mayor, who, like Jill Clayburgh's character in An Unmarried Woman, is initially shattered, but gets a new lease on life after her husband of two decades (Ronald Pickup, Fortunes of War) announces that he intends to marry his mistress younger Rebecca (Frances Barber). After a somewhat dreary first hour, dutiful and obedient Bridget blossoms and shines as she declares that "with only myself to think about, and not much to lose, I've stopped caring about other people's good opinions." Declaring her conformist days are over, she shocks family and friends, first by moving back in with her ex and his new wife, and then in the flat her daughter, Trudy, shares with a close-knit group of young professionals. She further scandalizes one and all by falling in love with one of them, and considers accompanying him to America. "My mother has stopped being splendid," Trudy frets. Less compelling is Trudy's own romantic pursuit of a black pastor.
Behaving Badly deftly mixes melodrama and comedy. Gwen Watfordias costars as Bridget's former mother-in-law and champion, who torments Rebecca and makes Marie on Everybody Loves Raymond look like June Cleaver. In an early performance, Joely Richardson (Nip/Tuck) steals her scenes as a nerves-frayed, stressed-out schoolteacher. Behaving Badly anticipates the current so-called "chick lit" movement with this empowering personal odyssey that ends on an optimistically exhilarating high, as Bridget heals all family wounds, and "risks everything" to embark on her "grand adventure."
The Amazing Mrs Pritchard
Quantity:
2 Discs
The average British citizen feels alienated from his or her government in this 2006 six-part BBC miniseries and supermarket manager Ros Pritchard (Jane Horrocks) is fed up with the bureaucracy of British politics, the lack of involvement of British citizens, and the shenanigans of politicians whose campaigning degenerates into a common fist-fight outside her store. An impulsive statement to the media that "I could do better than you lot!" leads Mrs. Pritchard to run for Parliament in hopes of making the point that everyday people should get interested and involved in politics. Support for this everywoman candidate grows quickly, in spite of her husband Ian's (Steven Mackintosh) displeasure, and before she knows it, Mrs. Pritchard has won a seat in Parliament as a member of the newly formed "Purple Alliance." Although she knows virtually nothing about politics, Mrs. Pritchard is determined to make a positive difference in her country's government and, by surrounding herself with knowledgeable advisors, she implements a number of changes that range from inviting the public to contribute ideas to be incorporated into the Queen's speech to huge changes like relocating the government from London to a small town in the center of the UK and declaring car-free Wednesdays in order to take the lead in the fight against global warming. Through international crises, conflicts with her closest cabinet members, the bashing of herself and her family in the media, and personal difficulties with her husband Ian and eldest daughter Emily (Carey Mulligan), Mrs. Pritchard keeps her calm and demonstrates an unwavering commitment to honesty and common sense. Imagine her dilemma and dismay when the actions of her family and supporters threaten both her resolve and her very ability to serve in Parliament. The Amazing Mrs. Pritchard is a highly compelling story with well-developed characters, lots of suspense, and especially strong performances by Jane Horrocks (Ros Pritchard), Janet McTeer (Catherine Walker), and Jodhi May (Miranda Lennox). It is a powerful exploration of modern British politics and, by extension, politics around the world that leaves viewers with an important message about the public's disillusion with and lack of involvement in the political process and the power of one individual to make a difference
Jack Taylor: Collection One
Quantity:
3 Discs
Collection of made-for-TV dramas based on the novels by Ken Bruen and starring Iain Glen as an Irish ex-cop who now works as a private investigator. 'The Pikemen' (2011) sees Jack return to Galway, newly sober and determined to stay out of trouble. Will he succeed? In 'The Magdalen Martyrs' (2011) Jack is asked to track down an ex-nun who is said to have tortured girls in her care but soon finds himself subject to intimidation. Finally, 'The Guards' (2010) finds Jack in his early days as a private investigator. Needless to say, it doesn't take him long to get involved in a dangerous case.
Finney
Quantity:
3 Discs
David Morrissey is always a favorite. Here he plays the black sheep of a northern crime family. Rather, one should say he is the 'white' sheep as he wants nothing to do with the family's illegal shenanigans and has become a professional jazz musician. He is called back when his father is killed, perhaps by a local syndicate.
He becomes involved in the family again, wants to stay in the area to open a new jazz club of his own, make peace with rival families, and repair things with his wayward wife.
Good characters, story, photography, and acting make this an enjoyable series
A Mother's Son
Price: Bt300
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The quiet coastal town of East Lee, in Suffolk, is thrown into turmoil when Lorraine, a teenage schoolgirl, goes missing and is found murdered. Shock and horror sweep the inhabitants of the town, including the newly merged family of Rosie (Hermione Norris) and her two children Jamie (Alexander Arnold) and Livvy; and her new partner Ben (Martin Clunes) and his two teenage children Rob and Jess. Their new life together is overshadowed by the threat that a killer might be present in this safe seaside town. When Rosie finds a stained pair of trainers hidden in Jamie's room, she suspects it could be blood--could her son really be involved in Lorraine's murder? As the police investigation continues, the emotional turmoil and stress of the tragedy start to cause tension between the two sides of the family. Jamie seeks solace with his dad, David (Paul McGann), but Rosie finds she can't suppress the growing feeling that her son might be guilty of something terrible. With Rob also acting suspiciously, Rosie decides to do her own investigation. What will she discover?
2 Part feature
Quantity:
2 Discs
From the makers of the hit series The Take, the latest tale of crime and corruption from best-selling crime writer Martina Cole follows the lives of two childhood sweethearts. Cathy Connor and Eamonn Docherty are brought up together in the East End. As the daughter of a prostitute, Madge, Cathy's life is difficult, especially when everyone assumes that she will be following in her mother's footsteps. But when Cathy is forced to protect Madge from a violent attack by a punter it changes her life forever. Cathy is taken into care but she suffers institutional abuse which leaves her with no choice but to run away. She ends up destitute, on the streets of Soho when Desrae, a transvestite, unexpectedly comes to her rescue. Meanwhile, Eamonn is rising up the ranks of the East End criminal underworld.
The Jewel in the Crown: the Complete Series
Price: Bt900
Quantity:
4 Discs
Jewel In The Crown is a critically-acclaimed drama adaptation based on the Raj Quartet novels by Paul Scott. Set in the fictional city of Mayapore between 1942 and 1947--the years leading up to Indian independence--,it examines the complex relationship which existed between the British Empire and its "subjects", and depicts the lives and loves of people caught in the turbulence of India struggling to break the chains of oppression. The series specifically centres on the experiences of a public school-educated Indian named Hari Kumar (Art Malik), who is falsely accused of raping a British school girl. Whilst incarcerated, Hari is bullied and tortured by a sadistic British officer (played by Tim Pigott-Smith), who is aware of his innocence.
Spies of Warsaw
Price: Bt300
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David Tennant and Janet Montgomery star in this espionage drama as lovers swept up in the intrigue, romance and chaos of pre-WWII Europe. After arriving to take up his post in Warsaw, newly appointed French military attaché, Colonel Jean-Francois Mercier (Tennant), soon finds himself dragged into the duplicitous and shadowy world that thrives in the cafes and back streets of the city. As Hitler's stranglehold on Europe tightens and the continent slides inexorably towards the Second World War, Mercier embarks on a passionate, but complex love affair with Anna (Montgomery), a Parisian lawyer who works for the League of Nations.
Black Mirror
Price: Bt300
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A cross between The Twilight Zone and Tales of the Unexpected, Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror looks at the consequences of the rapid advancement of technology on society. Each of the three episodes is a completely self-contained story, but there is an over-arching theme.
1) The National Anthem'--the least sci-fi, in that it's set very much in the present day. Inspired by news events that get whipped up in the social networks and Twitter, and everything feels like it's rattling slightly out of control...
2) 15 Million Merits'--(co-written with Konnie Huq) is set in a dystopian, sarcastic version of the future, in which everyone is compelled to live a life of physical drudgery, and the only real means of escape is by entering a kind of talent show, of a type which may seem familiar to visitors.
3) In Memoria' (written by Jesse Armstrong). You know when you have an argument, and everyone's fantasised about being able to rewind and go, Here's what you said earlier,' or Look how you embarrassed me' or what have you? Well, this is set in a world where everybody has got the ability to do that--you've got the equivalent of Sky+ for your head, so that you can rewind and replay your visual feed.
Blackout
Price: Bt300
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Three-part drama series starring Christopher Eccleston as an alcoholic whose life begins to spiral out of control. Councillor Daniel Demoys (Eccleston)'s addiction is already causing problems with his wife, Alex (Dervla Kirwan), and their three children when, after suffering from a blackout, he wakes to discover he may have committed a murder. When he is persuaded to run for mayor he finds himself in the public eye more than ever but he knows all too well what would happen if his dark secret were to be discovered...
Falcon
Price: Bt300
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A four-part crime thriller set in the picturesque settings of Seville, the surroundings of Falcon may be a little different, but the central ingredients are a lot more familiar. The show bills itself as a psychological thriller, which in this case means that theres a police Chief Inspector, Javier Falcon, with crimes to solve and demons to battle.
The basis of Falcon is the writing of author Robert Wilson, and its a pair of his crime novels that have been adapted to form the series.
Played with skill and conviction by Martin Csokas, Javier Falcon may be the latest in a series of screwed-up detectives solving crimes on the small screen, but theres enough character and strong enough material to give the programme some distinction. Granted, you dont fully shake the feeling of déjà vu in places, but thats not to the detriment of the entertainment here. Furthermore, the episodes look glorious: the surroundings have been used to optimum effect, and the locations add to the atmosphere of an already-impressive drama. Falcons television adventures are certainly off to a good start.
Hunted Series One
Quantity:
4 Discs
At first, it seemed that Hunted was being positioned as a natural successor to the now-finished Spooks. After all, not only does it come from the same producers, but its also focusing on a spy fighting against insurmountable odds. In this case, the spy is played by Melissa George, working for a private security firm, who is being hunted down. By who? Good question, and its one that the show has a lot of fun with. At times, youll do well to keep up with it.
Hunted does have its problems, though. It relies on a few leaps of faith from the audience, some of the dialogue doesnt quite gel, and it doesnt feel massively distinct from the many shows that have covered similar ground. Furthermore, it juggles an assortment of narrative strands, not always convincingly so.
And yet its really, really good fun. The pace is spot-on, the performances are good, and while Hunted doesnt bear too much close inspection, its very entertaining. The eight episodes here are action-packed and interesting for the most part. Its just the kind of series, in fact, that could comfortably fill up a windy weekend.
HIt and Miss
Quantity:
2 Discs
Mia is a contract killer with a secret: she's a transgender woman. After a young life where she never quite fitted in, Eddie, an underworld linchpin, took Mia under his wing and created a brilliant assassin. But Mia's life is turned upside down when she receives a letter from her ex, Wendy, who reveals that she's dying from cancer - and that when they were together Mia fathered a son, 11-year-old Ryan. Now Mia is his legal guardian. Travelling to a tiny village in West Yorkshire to see the boy, Mia meets the rest of Wendy's farmhouse clan: 16-year-old Riley, 15-year-old Levi, and 6-year-old Leonie. Hit & Miss follows Mia's attempts to mix her killer instincts with her new maternal ones, in a search for her own identity. A lethal killer at the heart of a troubled family in the middle of nowhere is where the series begins
Bedlam - Series 1
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What terrifying secrets lie within these walls?
Bedlam Heights, once a pre-Victorian asylum, has been restored into ultra-chic luxury apartments. For the tenants it seems like the best address in the world but its about to deliver their worst nightmares
Kate has been working with her father to renovate the building. She's also bagged herself a rather stylish flat, which she now shares with the unemployed and unlucky-in-love Molly and likeable computer geek, Ryan.
But somewhere amid their 20-something fun and games, something isnt quite right. Only Kates sensitive and troubled cousin Jed is able to make any sense of the freaky and creepy happenings in the building. Though appointed as handyman for the Heights, Jeds ability to see dead people soon becomes his most valuable skill.
As Bedlam Heights continues to throw up chilling new supernatural phenomenon and new tenants arrive with dark new secrets, Jed and the others find having the time of your life pretty difficult when the dead insist on joining in
House of Saddam Mini Series
Price: Bt400
Quantity:
2 Discs
Ignal Naor is excellent as Saddam~ 4 parts ~ PART ONE~ Saddam gets rid of most of his enemies his a rapid move into the new leader of IRAQ using the theme of get rid of any one you suspect any one~ PART TWO: HE arranges a marriage of his oldest daughter to and the groom becomes his new "body guard /security chief." we see the blend of marraige and alliances that give Saddam even more power. ADD to the scene is the out of control son Uday who uses RAPE, drugs and torture. PART THREE: the invasion of Kuwait LEADS TO his two daughters and their huSbands fleeing to Jordan~ Saddam using both pursuasion and intrigue with the promises of a full PARDON AND FORGIVNESS get the two sons in laws back who he promply has KILLED. none the less his daughters now widows at his hand continue to blindly love and obey and support him~ amazing~ PART FOUR: the invasion of Iraq and the hunt for UDAY and Quasay (his sons) are are "SOLD OUT" FOR MILLIONS and end up dead in a shoot out and the hunt for the very elusive Saddam who hides with two body guards. His little "hole" he hides in is quiet brilliant but the soliders have some informants who give them the "clues" to find the last hiding place of Saddam~ this was based on the Diary of the oldest of Saddams daughters. very well written and outstanding acting~ does not drag and we are glued to it but part four is the BEST~ BBC and HBO does it right~ won an emmy ~ I GIVE IT A 9 OUT OF 10. AND IGNAL NAOR IS 10 OUT OF 10~...TV Version
Case Sensitive - Point of Rescue and The Other Half Lives
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
When Geraldine Bretherick and her 5-year-old daughter Lucy are found dead in the bathroom of their luxury home, the case divides new DS Charlie Zailer and her DC Simon Waterhouse. Is it a murder-suicide or something even more sinister, and how watertight is the alibi of the apparently distraught husband Mark?
Meanwhile, when Sally Thorne, a young working mother with a husband and two small children hears of the deaths, she is deeply shocked. Months before shed met a man called Mark Bretherick at a hotel and they had a brief but passionate affair. Now, against the advice of her best friend, Esther, Sally feels the need to get in touch with Mark again to offer her sympathy.
Based on the bestselling novel The Point of Rescue by Sophie Hannah, this psychological thriller explores the darker side of motherhood, identity and love.
The Crimson Petal and the White
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
BAFTA 2012 Best Mini Series Nominee : A four-part BBC mini series based on the novel by Michel Faber, The Crimson Petal and the White is set in Victorian London. At the heart of it is Sugar, a young prostitute on the lookout for a better life. Her path crosses with that of William Rackham, a businessman with no small measure of success, and events soon begin to spiral out of control. Sugar might just have a way out.
Inevitably, the screen adaptation diverges from the exact plot of the book, but the quality of the screenwriting here is genuinely excellent. Added to that, the production values stretch the budget far beyond the norm.
Its a captivating drama. Spread across four episodes, The Crimson Petal and the White feels like a labour of love for those involved, not least the terrific cast. Headlining here are Romola Garai, brilliant as Sugar, and The I.T. Crowds Chris ODowd. In supporting roles, youll easily spot Richard E. Grant and Gillian Anderson, too.
Overall, its a fine piece of work. The story is interesting, the adaptation is strong, and the execution of it very good indeed. And best of all, it shines a light on a terrific piece of literature, that deserves a wider audience. Both the book and TV series are both worth a purchase.
The Fades Series One
Quantity:
2 Discs
Seventeen-year-old Paul is haunted by apocalyptic dreams that neither his therapist or best friend and fellow geeky social outcast Mac can provide answers for. Worse still, Paul is starting to see the Fades the spirits of the dead all around him. Theyre everywhere but they just cant be seen, smelt, heard or touched by ordinary human beings. But now an embittered and vengeful Fade has found a way to break the barrier between the dead and the living and Paul and Mac and their friends and family are all right in the eye of the storm. The fate of humanity rests in the hands of two teenagers who already have enough trouble getting through a day in one piece, let alone saving the world
BAFTA Winner 2012 / Best drama series
Appropriate Adult
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Winner of 3 BAFTA Awards 2012
Its inevitable, given the subject matter, that Appropriate Adult is not the kind of television factual drama thats going to be to everyones taste. In telling the story of notorious British serial killers Fred and Rosemary West, its a project facing a real challenge to balance getting the material across, while never straying into any kind of sensationalising of it. Appropriate Adult, though, walks that line with a staggering amount of skill.
The story is told from the perspective of Janet Leach, the Gloucester housewife who was pivotal in uncovering the extent of the crimes of the Wests. Leach is played by Emily Watson in Appropriate Adult, and, even factoring in the pedigree of her work to date, its one of her very best performances.
Shes not alone, though. Dominic West, portraying Fred West, is extraordinary, and its the scenes shared by Watson and West that stick in the mind long after the credits have rolled. Appropriate Adult is, crucially, given two feature length episodes to tell its story, and much credit deserves to go to writer Neil McKay for the manner in which hes tackled it. Its a controversial piece of work, certainly, but it feels like a diligent one.
This is a sensitive drama that, at its best, is exquisitely played. And while Appropriate Adult is often difficult television, with its subject matter making it often haunting to watch, its of rare quality. McKay has found a strong angle from which to tell his story, and the end result is really quite excellent.
The Take
Price: Bt300
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Based on the best-selling book by Martina Cole, The Take follows the story of Freddie Jackson, a man whos just left prison. And its fair to say has no intention of leaving a life of crime behind him. Thanks to the book of contacts hes accrued while inside, hes looking to put his newly found knowledge to commercial, and criminal, use.
Played by Tom Hardy, in a strong leading turn, Jackson doesnt take long to get back to business. The Take lands him a London rife with gang warfare though, and we soon get the impression that this is not a safe place to be. Events start in the mid 1980s, and the narrative of the drama then covers the next decade, and the cultural and political changes that encompasses. And Jacksons life doesnt quite go the way hed envisaged
Co-starring Brian Cox and Charlotte Riley, The Take packs plenty in over its four instalments, and it doesnt hold back on portraying just how brutal the London underworld can be. Yet its gripping drama, nonetheless, spearheaded by a superb turn from Tom Hardy in the lead role. Granted, it crams too much into four episodes, and often has to gallop through events. Plus, theres a familiarity to the narrative. But this is a gritty, well-released adaptation of a strong book, and worth seeking out.
Cutting It: Complete Series 1
Price: Bt700
Quantity:
3 Discs
One of a growing number of female-centred dramas, the first series of Cutting It was a sleeper hit for the BBC. Though its rival hairdresser premise seems fluffy, its classy gloss, off-beat scripting and strong cast make it as addictive as many of the outstanding TV series coming from the US. The drama unfolds when ambitious hairdresser Allie Henshall (Sarah Parish) wants to open a second salon. But her husband and business partner would prefer to start a family. Even when she puts in a bid for a property opposite her salon, Allie is beaten by rival hairdresser Mia Bevan (Amanda Holden). As a business war begins between Allie's Henshall Ferraday salon and Mia's Blade Runner, Allie has to overcome the reappearance of an old flame, Mia's husband, who is happy to rekindle his relationship with her.
As the relationship histories among the characters become absurdly intertwined, it is to the cast's credit that the human dynamics of the story surpass its plot. Though there are certainly moments of parody (take Mia's yogic warm-ups with her staff each morning) and questionable twists, Cutting It gives its leading ladies some sharp and funny lines to work with and the space to do so. Both Parish and Holden run the gamut of emotions despite the seemingly clear-cut good woman / bitch divide between their characters initially. Their actions may strain the limits of credibility, but these women hold attention effortlessly.
Hazell - The Complete First Series [
Price: Bt700
Quantity:
3 Discs
This series was a big favourite of mine when originally screened in the late seventies and I was very pleased when I learnt of the DVD release.
Hazell still cuts a stylish figure driving through 70's London Town in his 'new motor', a resplendent Triumph Stag.
The use of plenty of location shoots gives the series a more authentic feel and certainly makes it a more watchable experience than other programmes of a similiar vintage.
Love in a Cold Climate - The Complete Series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
An eight-part adaptation of two classic novels by Nancy Mitford, and starring Judi Dench, Michael Williams and Michael Aldridge, Love in a Cold Climate presents the English upper class of the Twenties and Thirties as seen by one of its most gifted chroniclers. The series traces the unconventional lives and loves of the family of Lord Alconleigh, dominated by the eccentric, irascible Uncle Matthew - an affectionate and only lightly embellished caricature of the Mitford siblings father, Lord Redesdale. With several scenes drawn from Nancy Mitford s childhood memories (not least her father s alarming penchant for hunting his children with a bloodhound), the story also encompasses the economic and political crises of the Thirties and the upheavals of the Second World War, which would ultimately bring to an end the privileged world inhabited by the family. Love in a Cold Climate was adapted by novelist and dramatist Simon Raven, and directed by Donald McWhinnie (Rumpole of the Bailey).
Roots : The Original Series 1 - 30th Anniversary
Price: Bt980
Quantity:
7 Discs
ased on Alex Haley's bestseller, the 1977 TV mini-series Roots told the harrowing story of one man's ancestors, commencing with African warrior Kunta Kinte, captured, transported to America, stripped of his dignity, his rights, and even his name. He tries but fails to escape before accepting he can never return to Africa. He marries and bears a daughter, Kizzy, who is callously sold, then raped by her new "master". However, her son, Chicken George, a resourceful dab hand with gamecocks, lives long enough to see his own children attain a liberty of sorts following the Civil War.
Roots is told in the same, accessible televisual language as The Waltons or Bonanza, yet it is never bland or evasive. It leaves no doubt as to the torment and abuse suffered by blacks, and although the series' conclusion is fictionally satisfying, for many of the black characters their only hope lies in generations yet unborn.
It is sturdy enough drama but its greatest, most revolutionary effects were social. It persuaded American audiences to regard their history from a black perspective, and to see how--against odds far more desperate than those the pilgrims faced--Africans laid claim to their status as free African-Americans. Roots was massively popular, triggering a craze for genealogy and paving the way for series like 1979's Holocaust, which similarly raised the public's awareness of the slaughter of the Jews under Hitler. Most importantly, Roots changed forever the way black people were depicted on American TV.
Boys from the Blackstuff
Quantity:
3 Discs
Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff gripped television audiences in 1982 with its bleak, fiercely funny exploration of the effect of the UK's economic depression on a group of Merseyside characters, originally introduced in his 1978 play, The Blackstuff. Bleasdale's writing is unsparing in both its pain and its unconditional affection for characters being pushed to the very limit of civilisation. Yosser Hughes (the outstanding Bernard Hill) is still, and rightly, recognised as one of the great creations of modern television drama: a man on the brink of madness, unlikeable, ostracised, digging a deeper hole with every desperate act, but ultimately a human being deserving our sympathy.
The performances are wonderful throughout: particularly Peter Kerrigan as Malone, the once giant union leader reduced to a shadow but still with the spark that commands love and respect; Michael Angelis as Chrissie and, in a typically sharp cameo, Julie Walters as his wife. "My dreams still give me hope and faith in my class. I can't believe there's no hope," says Chrissie towards the end. And it's testament to Bleasdale's skill and the resilience of his characters that somehow, that flicker of hope remains unextinguished.
The blackstuff--the tarmac--of the title becomes increasingly ironic. There is none. The boys have no work. The dole office scenes have a grimly nostalgic, documentary quality. Each second drips another droplet of disillusionment on people whose expectations are crushed by every effort to haul themselves up. Thatcher's Britain was a cruel place for many people. The unspoken question that hangs in the air after watching Bleasdale's poetic dissection of ruined lives is, have things really changed that much? Television drama doesn't come any more powerful or honest than this.
Eternal Law - Series 1
Quantity:
2 Discs
Set in the ancient English city of York, Eternal Law is about angels living amongst us, helping and guiding humans when they are at their most desperate. The series starts with one grumpy, seen-it-all-a-million times angel called Zak arriving to start a fresh tour of duty with his new colleague, the constantly amazed neophyte, Tom, who has never before spent time with humans. They live in a ramshackle house stuffed with books and paintings, where they are looked after by the beautiful, mysterious Mrs. Sheringham.
We discover that in his previous tour of duty Zak did a terrible, completely forbidden thing--he fell in love with a human woman, Hannah. To his horror he realises that Hannah has been put in York to tempt him, to test him. Although he loves her with every fibre of his body he knows he can never be with her. It is a cruel, bruised, aching romance.
There are angels in all walks of life but our angels are lawyers. Which means that, every episode, they have to deal with humans at their lowest and most exposed. It could be a man standing trial for murder; a bitter custody battle; a fight to save an old people's home; a frightened young squaddie accused of cowardice. Our angels strive their best to fight for their clients, to win their cases, to put them back on the straight and narrow. They don't always win but they always fight to the last.
Eternal Law is emotional, funny and fresh. Each episode ends with Zak and Tom high up on York Minster, wings out, sharing a bottle of wine and talking about this week's case. They find human beings complicated, contradictory, vain, baffling, greedy, passionate, illogical... and utterly, compellingly wonderful.
The Bodyfarm
Quantity:
3 Discs
Eve Lockhart leads us into her other world on The Body Farm, a private forensics facility that is pushing the boundaries of scientific research and crime solving into unchartered territory. Eve is an exceptional forensic pathologist who leads a brilliant and ambitious team of scientists at the private facility where human remains are donated for scientific research. They are called upon by police forces all over the world to provide expert knowledge to help solve crimes. Here, no horror is taken for granted and murder is seen to be what it is--visceral and shocking.
North Square
Quantity:
3 Discs
Barristers. They are young, educated, soft on the inside, hard where it counts. Don t let the wigs fool you, when you stand alone in court, when your life is on the line, these are the people you want between you and the jury. The North Square chambers are finding their feet, fighting for a large piece of the criminal justice business in Leeds. Working for his barristers or maybe the other way around is their manipulative chief clerk. Ruthless, obsessive, with a razor sharp mind and a cosh-like sensibility, Peter McLeish loves the business and the business loves him. Featuring a powerhouse cast including Phil Davis, Rupert Penry Jones, Helen McCrory, and Kevin McKidd, North Square, first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2000, is a gripping legal drama that takes you into a closed world steeped in tradition and blows it wide open.
Hitler: The Rise of Evil (TV Mini-Series)
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Starring Robert Carlyle as the Nazi dictator, Hitler: The Rise of Evil is a lavish made-for-TV two-parter that traces Adolf Hitler's early life, including his boyhood in Austria and impoverished period as a struggling artist in Vienna, culminating in 1934, by which time he had assumed the chancellorship of Germany. We bear witness to the rhetoric, ruthlessness and obsessive determination that propelled him to power, despite the best efforts of opponents like Matthew Modine's campaigning journalist. His inadequate but despotic relationships with women, such as his tragic half-niece Geli Raubal, are also examined.
Carlyle fares very well in what is traditionally considered the invidious task of bringing Hitler to dramatic life, conveying him plausibly as an impenetrably evil man, complex but irredeemable. However, this drama fails to explain just how and why such a pathetic, psychotic, unattractive individual such as Hitler could make such an immediate, profound impression on, for example, Ernst Hanfstangl and his wife Nina (ER's Julianne Margulies). Disproportionate attention is paid to Hitler's relationship to this American-born couple, perhaps as a sop to US audiences. In contrast, the social, cultural and political context of inter-war Germany is skimpily depicted here, making Hitler's ascendancy seem almost absurd.
Hidden
Quantity:
2 Discs
A taut and gripping four-part conspiracy thriller, HIDDEN is written by Ronan Bennett (PUBLIC ENEMIES, THE HAMBURG CELL) in collaboration with veteran Hollywood screenwriter Walter Bernstein (THE MAGNIFICENT SEVEN, FAIL SAFE).
Directed by Niall MacCormick (ALBATROSS, WALLANDER, THE LONG WALK TO FINCHLEY), the thriller is set across London and Paris at a time when Britain is in a state of political turmoil: there is rioting on the streets and the coalition government has collapsed.
The drama centres on Harry Venn (Phil Glenister - ASHES TO ASHES, LIFE ON MARS), a high street solicitor who is forced to delve back into his murky past. When a mysterious lawyer, Gina Hawkes (Thekla Reuten THE AMERICAN, IN BRUGES) turns up asking Harry to find a missing alibi witness for her client, he agrees to take on the job but becomes unwittingly drawn into investigating the death of his brother twenty years ago. Harry quickly finds himself caught up in a much bigger and more complex conspiracy...
The cast includes: Harry Venn played by Philip Glenister, Gina Hawkes played by Thekla Reuten, Sir Nigel Fountain played by David Suchet, Elspeth Verney played by Anna Chancellor, Paul Hillman played by Mark Flitton, Fenton Russell played by Thomas Craig, Frank Hanna played by Richard Dormer, Steve Quirke played by Paul Ritter, Alexander Wentworth played by Bertie Carvel.
Inside Men
Quantity:
2 Discs
Manager of a counting house, through which huge quantities of cash are shipped, John cuts a sad figure as a man frightened of life. Uptight and tense, bullied by his boss and mocked by his staff, perhaps impotent, he maintains an unlikely position as best performing manager through obsessive hard work, assisted by being prepared to make up from his own pocket any small shortfall in the accounts. For the most part he is almost robotically lacking in emotion, but under pressure the underlying rage on occasion bursts out.
Then John's discovery of a petty theft by two of his employees triggers the idea for the heist with which the drama opens.
As much a psychological drama as a thriller, the intricate and intriguing plot switches back and forth in time over a period of months, in order to explore the motivations of the "inside men" and reveal both the complex details of the planned theft, and how it works out in practice. The three main characters and the women in their lives are all strongly developed with distinct personalities.
In a reverse of the norm, the earlier parts of the drama are in many ways more suspenseful and gripping than the denouement. I can understand why some viewers have reported feeling let down by the ending. My sense of disappointment was short-lived when I realised that, in leaving some morally ambiguous outcomes, the plot leaves us with a good deal of food for thought.
Julian Fellowes Investigates - A Most Mysterious Murder
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Nobody does murder quite like the British. The fascination with the fiction of writers from Chaucer and Shakespeare to Agatha Christie, and with nonfiction very real killers like Jack the Ripper, has been an English cultural thread for centuries. The first-rate BBC series Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder grows out of that tradition and makes for terrific viewing. Fellowes, a British character actor and screenwriter (Gosford Park), helped develop the series, and acts as its Hitchcockian narrator and Greek chorus. Each episode follows the tale of a real, unsolved English murder, occurring between the 1870s and 1940s, acted out with smashing period detail and dialogue. Fellowes narrates, helps spotlight possible suspects, and in the end makes his own case for who he thinks the murderer was--popping in and out of the period sets wryly and gracefully.
The five episodes in this boxed set include The Case of Charles Bravo, which focuses on the untimely death in 1876 of the new groom of a rich lady with a shady past (one society-watcher sniffs, "The right marriage can wash away a multitude of sins"). In The Case of Rose Harsent, a fetching young servant girl is found slain in 1902 in a small town shaped by religious fervor. The tales are compellingly told, and no expense seems to have been spared on sets or period details. Extras include the must-see behind-the-scenes featurette, in which Fellowes and other top staff relate how they selected the real-life cases, how research was conducted, and how the character of Fellowess' narrator is stitched seamlessly into each episode. Fans of crime procedurals are in for a treat with this series, which combines the best of the murder mystery with a glossy Masterpiece Theatre polish.
The Jury
Quantity:
2 Discs
The Jury is a compelling, character based drama series which focuses on the everyday people who find themselves at the centre of one of the most controversial criminal re-trials of their time.
Focusing on the retrial of a man sentenced for the murder of three women--all killed following internet dates. A key piece of evidence was deliberately ignored by the CPS, possibly because the police were under pressure for a quick conviction and blackmail was being used over a senior person involved with the investigation who was having an affair. Ultimately, we will see the man acquitted but it will be an "imperfect, messy, human triumph for the jury by acquitting the man".
Gripping, dark and emotionally charged as jurors are forced to face their prejudices as they come to grips with the complexities and unwanted attention of being a key player in such a high profile Old Bailey trial.
The Guilty
Quantity:
2 Discs
aggression gets out of hand--setting in motion a crazily intricate plot: the traumatized secretary, having given up on any legal recourse, threatens to go to the tabloids with her story. Vey's hitherto unknown son (Sean Gallagher) comes to London seeking to meet his real father; after a chance encounter, Vey offers the young man (whom he still doesn't know is his son) a job: to eliminate his problem with the secretary. But the son has, by coincidence, met the secretary and started falling in love with her. The Guilty, a BBC miniseries from 1992, hinges on a massive coincidence and a few implausible actions by the characters--but, as a policeman remarks towards the end, "stranger things have happened." While some big turns are hard to swallow, they're made up of countless small, well-observed, and entirely compelling moments, all embodied by a great cast. Leading the crew is Kitchen (Foyle's War), a fantastic actor who's all over the BBC but has never translated to America the way that, say, Helen Mirren has--which is too bad, because he has many of the same gifts: a piercing intelligence, a steely will, and the ability to find both the good and bad in every character (and the ability to make you question which is which). Kitchen makes Vey simultaneously despicable and sympathetic, which is a feat well worth watching
Monroe - Series 1
Quantity:
2 Discs
New medical drama series about brilliant neurosurgeon Gabriel Monroe. At work, Monroe has the courage to perform cutting-edge brain surgery but at home, he is afraid to admit that his life is falling apart. When Alison Bannister is admitted with a brain tumour, Monroe has to help her make a frightening decision. To go ahead with an operation could leave Alison paralysed or unable to speak, yet without surgery, she is likely to die within a few years. Does she want to survive if surgery might change who she is? And can Monroe get her through this crisis as his own life starts to spiral out of control? With James Nesbitt, Sarah Parish, Tom Riley, Susan Lynch, and Manjinder Virk
Monroe is slick, sharply written; it has a refreshing feeling of confidence. And Nesbitt has a magnetic screen-filling presence. It's good; a welcome addition to the barren Thursday-night schedule--The Guardian
Monroe cuts a cocky swagger that puts it up there with Cardiac Arrest and ER on the hospital hit list.--Metro
Marchlands
Quantity:
2 Discs
Marchlands is a ghost story at its heart. Alices haunting of Marchlands creates a disturbed and eerie domestic life for the three families who live in the same house across three time periods (1968, 1988, 2010) following her death. This gripping drama follows Ruth's journey to solve the mystery of her daughters tragic passing, so that Alice's spirit can finally escape Marchlands.
Marchlands features a fantastic cast including Alex Kingston (Moll Flanders), Denis Lawson (Bleak House), Jodie Whittaker (St Trinian's), Anne Reid (Ladies of Letters), Shelly Con (Mistresses) and Tessa Peake-Jones (Only Fools and Horses)
The Shadow line
Quantity:
3 Discs
A gripping conspiracy thriller starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Christopher Eccleston, Lesley Sharp, Sir Antony Sher, Rafe Spall, Kierston Wareing and Stephen Rea.
Detective Inspector Jonah Gabriel (Ejiofor) takes on his first case since being shot in a botched police operation that left his partner dead. The new case involves investigating the murder of recently pardoned, drug baron Harvey Wratten. On the other side of the criminal divide, Joseph Bede (Eccleston), a former associate of Wrattens, is moved to make his own enquiries.
As Gabriel, dogged by amnesia and suspicious colleagues, follows a complicated line of investigation and Bede becomes increasingly desperate to see through a massive drugs operation that will enable him to step out of the business forever, the enigmatic and ruthless Gatehouse (Rea) emerges from the shadows to bring the story to a shocking climax
Injustice
Quantity:
2 Discs
In this compelling five-part psychological thriller, a defence barrister is faced with the proposition: what can you do when you have defended the indefensible? When the man you have helped proved innocent is, in fact, guilty? James Purefoy stars as a criminal barrister recovering from a traumatic series of events who fi nds himself being pursued by a ruthless police detective. Two men from completely different worlds whose professional lives will intertwine in a dangerous game of cat and mouse with murder at its heart. Nail-biting tension builds through a journey of moral dilemmas that hurtle towards a devastating conclusion
Exile
Quantity:
2 Discs
John Simm, Jim Broadbent, Olivia Colman, Claire Goose, Shaun Dooley and Timothy West star in this new three-part psychological thriller created by Paul Abbott and written by Danny Brocklehurst which tells an intimate story of prodigal redemption. When Tom Ronstadt is sacked from his job and dumped by his lover, he has no one left to turn to and does something he hasn't thought about doing for 18 years he heads home, to the North.
The drive forces Tom to think back to the fateful night that led him to leave. What made his seemingly loving, caring journalist father beat him up? What had Tom stumbled on that Sam so desperately wanted to keep from him? Tom arrives home, to his sister Nancy's surprise. She's not only upset and hurt that her brother left; she's also angry that he hasn't offered to help over the past few years. With their father becoming lost to Alzheimer's, things have not been easy.Nancy leaves for a few nights away and Tom is thrown into an alien world of being a carer. He tries to explore his father's mind, gently steering him towards that day in 1989 when he suddenly and inexplicably lashed out. Needing to get away, Tom heads to the pub while Sam is asleep. Flirting with barmaid Mandy, he gets up to his old tricks and spends the night with her. Over a drink with old school friend Mike, Tom opens up about why he left. All he remembers is that he was brutally beaten by his dad and the name "Metzler" was prominently displayed on the paperwork in his office. Metzler is now Mike's boss the leader of the council. Is this a lead Tom can use?
Garrow's Law Series One and Two
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
18th Century England a time of turbulence, when the world was up for grabs, and belonged to those who used both hands. Lawyer, William Garrow, came to the courts of London s Old Bailey where defence of the accused and cross-examination in pursuit of justice was almost unheard of. Bounty hunters roamed the land in search of reward often creating villains where none existed. Judges were in the pocket of politicians and the public gallery of a courtroom was a place to witness spectacle. Garrow would give them that, and more. In the process he will make close friends and powerful enemies with the power to bring him down. Garrow s fight for justice will bring his life to centre stage, and he will have to give the performance of a lifetime if he is to survive. Based on true stories of rape and murder, of thievery and corruption, these are the cases that would shake the justice system to its core. These are the cases of Garrow s Law
Moses Jones
Quantity:
2 Discs
From Joe Penhall comes this riveting drama centring on the police investigation that ensues after a dead body is discovered in the Thames. DS Dan Twenty Man (Matt Smith) and DI Moses Jones (Shaun Parkes) are assigned to the case and immediately suspect that the deceased was possibly involved in a bizarre ritual involving witchcraft, but as the pair delve further into the investigation matters become increasingly complex and a dark, frightening reality soon becomes more apparent.
55 Degrees North, Series 1 and 2
Price: Bt980
Quantity:
5 Discs
This is a top show. I never got on with The Bill since it became more of a serial as I couldn't commit to it. With this, you get the best of both worlds-there's a new story each week but a recurring one all the way through the series. Great acting, loads of twists, suspenseful and very funny. It reminds me of Cagney and Lacey a bit-apart from the fact that the main cops aren't women, but has that mix of pathos, humour and pain. The final episode of series 2 is well worth the price of the box set! Def. one to buy!!
The Lakes : Complete BBC Series 1 & 2
Price: Bt900
Quantity:
4 Discs
Acknowledged as one of the best drama series of the Nineties', THE LAKES is the dark, bitter-sweet tale of Danny Kavanagh (JOHN SIMM) a typical inner-city wide-boy who leaves the grime and crime of Liverpool for the a (hopefully) better life in the Lake District. However, his attempts to fit in do not go down will with the locals, leading to tragic consequences.
Father and son
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Dougray Scott stars as ex-con Michael OConnor in a heart-rending tale of redemption from Emmy award-winning screenwriter Frank Deasy (Prime Suspect: The Final Act). Michael was a Manchester gangster - one of the toughest around. While he served his time, his wife paid the ultimate price. All Michael wants now is a fresh start. Hes turned his back on his 15 year old son Sean and moved to Ireland with his pregnant girlfriend.
But Michaels past comes calling. Sean has been caught up in a shooting and stands accused of murder. Michael is the only person who can help, but if he takes this second chance to be a father to his boy he must return to Manchester and his old life one last time to find the answers.
Waiting for him there are his old criminal associates, a cop who wants to put him back in jail and the devastating trail that leads him to his wifes killer. But if Michael secures his sons freedom, hell stand to lose everything....
Can Michael make this final pivotal decision?
Zen mini series
Quantity:
2 Discs
Set in and around Rome and based on the best-selling novels by the late Michael Dibdin, Rufus Sewell stars as the fictional Italian detective Aurelio Zen. Vendetta, Cabal & Ratking will feature many of the combined attractions of Italy and the Dibdin novels--thrilling investigations, fun, passion, warmth and beautiful people. 3 feature length episodes of around 1 1/2 Hours of suspense and great settings make this unmissable !
Thorne: Sleepyhead & Scaredy Cat
2 Discs
Crime thrillers following DI Tom Thorne, based on the novels by Mark Billingham.
Sleepyhead: follows DI Tom Thornes investigation into a mysterious serial killer. His first three victims ended up dead. His fourth was not so fortunate. Alison Willetts is unlucky to be alive. She has survived a stroke, deliberately induced by manipulation of pressure points on the head and neck. She can see, hear and feel, she is aware of everything going on around her, but she is unable to move or communicate. In leaving Alison alive, the police believe the killer's made his first mistake.
Scaredy Cat: is a second DI Tom Thorne thriller, where killing becomes a team sport. The film depicts a vicious, calculated murder. The killer selected his victim at Euston station, followed her home, and strangled her to death in front of her child. At the same time, in the same way, a second body is discovered at the back of Kings Cross. Thorne discovers that this is not a single serial killer hes up against, but two of them.
Hope Springs
Quantity:
3 Discs
Its been a rough life for Ellie, Hannah, Josie and Shoo all ex-cons with nothing to show for their lives but not for much longer. Today wont be like any other day. Today they embark on the final stage of their long-held plan: To live out the rest of their lives on a beach in Barbados, courtesy of £3million stolen from Ellie's lying, cheating, violent gangster husband. If all goes to plan
but it doesnt. A cruel twist of fate, finds them on the run, as the glamorous girls end up in hiding in Hope Springs, a remote Scottish village, without passports, without a plan and more or less without hope.
If they can just hide their true identities and keep their heads down long enough to make a break for it - but Hope Springs has other things in store.
Hamish MacBeth : Series 1-3
Quantity:
6 Discs
Lochdubh: a frontier town in the wild west of Scotland. One hotel, one general store, one doctor and one lawman - PC Hamish Macbeth (Robert Carlyle - Trainspotting, The World is Not Enough). He's the sherrif, along with canine sidekick Wee Jock, with his own singular methods of dealing with crime and misdemeanours. If only his love life were so easily solved. But then that's another story...This six-disc set contains the complete collection of the popular BBC1 series Hamish Macbeth.
Come Rain Come Shine
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Sir David Jason stars in this emotional, contemporary family drama marking his first role since filming the final episodes of ITV1s iconic A Touch of Frost. Sir David plays cockney ex-docker Don, a man whose family means everything to him. Married to Dora, played by acclaimed actress Alison Steadman. The retired family man is happily married to Dora (Alison Steadman), and father to two grown up children David (Shaun Evans) and Joanne (Kellie Bright). Don's proud working-class roots have led him to live a simple but comfortable lifestyle, which is in high contrast to that of his son. But as impressed as he is by David's nice house, flash cars and rich social circles, wife Dora is suspicious of her son's affluence. As her fears are slowly realised, Don struggles to keep his troubled family afloat.
Pure Mule
Quantity:
3 Discs
Multiple award winning drama series written by Eugene O'Brien, produced by David Collins, Ed Guiney and Peter Norris, and directed by Declan Recks and Charlie McCarthy. Pure Mule is set in modern rural Ireland, in a midlands market town. Each of the six episodes of the original series (which first aired on RTE in 2005) focuses in on one particular character from Friday evening to Monday morning. By times sexy, violent and comic, the series expresses the frailty and longing that is at the heart of each booze-fuelled weekend. The drama is rich in language, loss and the edgy exchanges that can turn a night out into one of magic or misery. Pure Mule: The Last Weekend is a two-part special that picks up five years after the original series. Over the course of one final, eventful weekend, the characters are forced to confront an uncertain future and make choices that will affect the rest of their lives. We find Scobie (Garrett Lombard) preparing to leave for Australia, Jennifer (Charlene McKenna) back home for a family funeral and the whole town trying to come to terms with the recession.
GBH
Quantity:
4 Discs
Alan Bleasdales G.B.H. <Actinic:Variable Name = '1991'/> is a darkly humorous epic about power, corruption and madness--played out in the conflict between an enigmatic politician, Michael Murray (Robert Lindsay), and his nemesis, schoolteacher Jim Nelson (Michael Palin). Nelson defies a Murray-inspired 24-hour strike and inadvertently steals the limelight when it is picked up by the press. While Murray seeks revenge in what is initially a one-sided fight, we slowly discover the secrets in his past that will cause his carefully constructed world to unravel. Then, just when the pressure of public life and power games start getting on top of him, a beautiful woman arrives on the scene
REVIEW : One of the greatest examples of television drama, Alan Bleasdale's masterpiece has lost none of its power in the 15 years since first broadcast and----while Michael Palin and Lindsay Duncan have moved on to projects that highlighted their talents better---Robert Lindsay has never come close to even equalling, let alone eclipsing, this work. His portrayal of Michael Murray---sometime Derek Hatton, sometime Dr Strangelove, sometime victim---is perfect, making an unlikeable, corrupt bully completely sympathetic to the viewer.
If this was being made today, it would be six episodes of 50 minutes. In 1991, it was seven parts of uneven lengths, allowing even the peripheral characters the opportunity to shine. Politically, it may be a Guardian reader's wishful thinking----a liberal fable, like much of The West Wing. Dramatically, it's almost Dickensian with its characters and Shakespearean with its plot.
Michael Palin shines as the epitome of decency; Lindsay Duncan is her usual luminous perfection; and Robert Lindsay is just fantastic in the role of a lifetime. Sterling work by a marvellous cast, with particular praise for David Ross's Mr Weller and Philp Whitchurch as Franky Murray.
This is the kind of thing we do best---playing to our strengths, with our own cultural references and no concerns about how it will be sold to the US. If you like British drama, buy this. I didn't use the word "masterpiece" lightly.
Identity
Quantity:
2 Discs
Identity, a new six-part drama starring Keeley Hawes (Ashes to Ashes, Mutual Friends) and Aidan Gillen (The Wire, Queer As Folk), follows an elite police unit formed to combat the explosion of identity theft. From murderers who take over victims' lives and criminals who create personas to escape dark secrets, to impostors who look, talk and sound just like us but would kill in a heartbeat.
Ed Whitmore's series exposes the dark side of reinvention. DSI Martha Lawrence (Hawes) fought hard to form the Identity Unit. Some call it her baby, others career suicide. Her gamble includes a handpicked team of experts with colourful personalities and forceful egos, none more so than DI Michael Bloom (Gillen), an ex-undercover cop who knows what it's like to pretend to be someone you are not, and how easy it is to lose yourself when living a lie, and the ambitious DS Waring (Shaun Parkes - Moses Jones), infuriated by Martha's indulgence of Bloom's cavalier methods and suspicious that Bloom has a secret himself. Martha must fight to keep the unit together as they unravel the psychology behind identity theft, and resort to ever increasing extremes to catch this modern day Jekyll and Hyde.
Murder City
Quantity:
4 Discs
British crime drama based in London where a busy inner city murder squad, tough and methodical Detective Susan Alembic (LA Law's Amanda Donahoe) is teamed up with unorthodox Luke Stone (Love Actually's Kris Marshall) to unlock diabolical mysteries and track down relentless killers. Working closely with the rest of the squad, their investigations bring them face to face with tormented pasts, grim secrets and deadly deceptions as they follow up grisly discoveries and frequently put their own lives in jeopardy.
Moving on
Quantity:
2 Discs
Jimmy McGovern, the force behind the BBC's critically-acclaimed ensemble piece, The Street, oversees this ambitious drama series. Moving On consists of five stand-alone stories, written by a mix of experienced and up-and-coming talents. The unifying theme of the dramas lies in the characters' choice, desire or inability to 'move on'; resulting in a major turning point in their lives. A hugely impressive line-up of British acting talent feature in the five episodes.
The Helen West Case Book - The Complete Collection
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Award-winning actress Amanda Burton (Silent Witness, The Commander) stars as solicitor and crown prosecutor Helen West in three sophisticated, psychologically gripping feature-length dramas based on the acclaimed suspense novels by Frances Fyfield. A workaholic with a messy personal life, Helen West juggles gruesome cases of domestic abuse, sexual molestation and murder alongside her rocky relationship with policeman Chief Superintendent Bailey (Conor Mullen Rough Diamond, Holby City). Contains all three feature-length episodes Deep Sleep, Shadow Play & A Clear Conscience.
Missing
Quantity:
3 Discs
"Based at police HQ in Dover, the small, under-resourced Missing Persons Unit is run by a charismatic woman detective: DS Mary Jane Croft, played by Pauline Quirke. Mary Jane and her story form the emotional heart of the series. MJ, as she likes to be known, harbours a dark personal secret: a missing sister of her own. It is her journey to face up to her past that runs through each episode and provides the emotionally charged dénouement of the series. Each episode tackles a very different missing person case which MJ and her team must try and solve. They are in a race against time, since each case often involves people at risk, either from themselves or others. The process of investigation is a key element in their journey to find the missing person and also provides dramatic impetus for the viewer. This includes MJ s psychological profiling of the missing person and also the team s tracking and tracing, which requires the use of all manner of modern technology as well as old fashioned police legwork. Whether it is thirty minutes, or thirty years, when someone goes missing, lives are irrevocably changed. Those left behind are plunged into a sense of limbo: not knowing why their loved one has left and worse still, if their loved one is still alive."
The Day Of The Triffids [2009]
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
An epic adaptation of John Wyndhams best-selling iconic novel, which brings his terrifying creation of carnivorous plant species to life in a CGI extravaganza, supported by a sensational all-star cast that includes Dougray Scott, Joely Richardson, Brian Cox, Eddie Izzard, Vanessa Redgrave and Jason Priestley. In this electrifying thriller, social order collapses as humanity confronts a double catastrophe. The majority of people have been blinded in a freak solar storm leaving them at the mercy of opportunists who still have their sight. Meanwhile the Triffids are evolving and advancing on the towns in search of human prey. In the face of total human annihilation, it is down to a select few to take a stand against mankinds deadliest adversary, a foe with a fatal sting and an unquenchable taste for human flesh.
Murderland
Quantity:
2 Discs
Robbie Coltrane (CRACKER) and Sharon Small (THE INSPECTOR LYNLEY MYSTERIES) star in the tense crime drama MURDERLAND. The events surrounding a murder are told from the perspective of the three main protagonists; including the daughter of the victim, for whom the investigation becomes a traumatic obsession.
Murderland is an emotional and passionate thriller that tells a traumatic murder story through the eyes of three central characters: Carrie the daughter of the murdered woman, Douglas Hain, the detective in charge of the investigation and Sally the murder victim.
The Equalizer - Series 1
Quantity:
6 Discs
Some people say the gun is the great equalizer. But fans of this 1980s series know the real answer: Robert McCall. A retired secret agent with a bad temper, McCall (Edward Woodward) has embarked on a new mission: fighting for the innocent victims of an indifferent judicial system. But while McCall's motives as a private investigator may be noble, his tactics are just as ruthless as those he used on the government payroll. He's not nice, but he gets the job done. Stalking the mean streets of New York in search of the truth, he's one-man army who won't take no for an answer. This collection presents the first series, full of strong-arm tactics, witty comebacks, and tough-guy posturing.
Collision
Quantity:
2 Discs
A devastating road accident is the catalyst for ITV serial COLLISION. Featuring a stellar ensemble cast the high-octane drama tells the epic tale of the survivors, their friends, their family and their colleagues. The multi-layered narrative interweaves the stories of the lives touched by the crash, with the stories of those investigating it. The investigation itself soon exposes a web a disturbing revelations, from Government cover-ups to smuggling and even murder. Douglas Henshall (PRIMEVAL) plays Detective Inspector John Tolin, who takes up the case despite having recently lost his wife in a road accident which left his daughter disabled. As Tolin pieces together the events leading up to the crash we are introduced to its key figures; including a millionaire property dealer, two brothers involved in a dubious deal, a disgruntled son-in-law, a guilty piano teacher, and police officers pursuing a speeding BMW, to name but a few.
Island at War
Quantity:
2 Discs
Dramatisation of the events surrounding the capture of the Channel Islands during World War II and three of the families that struggle to come to terms with life under a new, dictatorial regime. REVIEW Having thorougly enjoyed this on TV I was desperate to obtain on DVD and have not been disappointed when re-watching it. Although it is only a few years since on TV it is interesting to see a few of the actors e.g. Laurence Fox becoming more well known. Scenery was magnificent and the acting made me feel for the islanders during this awful time. Am sure it depicted a good view of what happened on the channel islands during the war.
P.D. James - Death In Holy Orders / The Murder Room
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Martin Shaw stars in a masterly exploration of an isolated and beleaguered community coping with the evil and disruption of murder, based on PD James' bestselling novel. The story is set in an Anglican theological college on a desolate stretch of the British coastline. When the body of one of the students is found on the shore smothered by a covering of sand, his wealthy father demands that Scotland Yard should re-examine the verdict of accidental death. Commander Dalgliesh agreed to pay a visit and finds himself embroiled in one of the most horrific and puzzling cases of his career.
Second Sight - Series 1& 2
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
Dedication and results have earned Detective Chief Inspector Ross Tanner the prestigious charge of the Special Murder Unit, but Tanner has a secret - he is suffering from a rare disorder that causes intermittent blindness and hallucinations.
When his deputy, Detective Inspector Tully, deduces the nature of his debilitation an uneasy alliance is formed between them. She will be his eyes in return for his help in furthering her career.
An Unsuitable Job for a Woman 1 and 2
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
P.D. James' plucky detective heroine Cordelia Gray should be careful what she wishes for. At the beginning of the fabulous British series An Unsuitable Job for a Woman, Gray is a young assistant to a longtime private detective, hoping to learn the ropes as an investigator. But getting her wish plunges her, ready or not, into the murky worlds of passion, philandering, surveillance, and murder. Gray's career is truly one learned--and earned--by fire. Helen Baxendale (snippy Emily from Friends) plays Cordelia with nuance and pluck--she's what Helen Mirren's Jane Tennison (Prime Suspect) might have been as a very young, idealistic, wet-behind-the-ears novice. Cordelia suddenly inherits a detective firm when her mentor commits suicide, so she's thrust into investigation with little besides her own wit, and the help of her flinty assistant, Mrs. Sparshott (Annette Crosbie). "We may not look the part," deadpans Mrs. Sparshott, "but appearances can be deceiving."
Eleventh Hour
Quantity:
2 Discs
Patrick Stewart (X-Men, Star Trek: The Next Generation) brings his commanding screen presence to the role of Ian Hood, special scientific troubleshooter for the British government. A brilliant professor with a taste for danger, Hood has the scientific acumen, analytical skills, and passion for justice that make him the ideal expert-on-call in a crisis. Backed by his tough-minded bodyguard Rachel Young (Ashley Jensen, Topsy-Turvy, Extras), Hood takes on rogue cloners, ruthless polluters, resurgent viruses, and other menaces at the very frontiers of contemporary science. Created by acclaimed sci-fi writer Stephen Gallagher (Doctor Who), Eleventh Hour delivers high-energy investigations that will keep you on the edge of your seat. "Grips you straightaway." The Guardian (U.K.)
Place of Execution
Quantity:
3 Discs
Starring Juliet Stevenson (Truly, Madly, Deeply and Bend it Like Beckham) and Lee Ingleby (TheLast Region) and based on the novel by award-winning author Val McDermid, Place of Execution is a taut psychological thriller that explores, exposes and explodes the borderline between reality and illusion in a multi-layered narrative that turns expectations on their heads. A modern day story with flashbacks to the tragic events of the past. On a freezing December night in 1963, the worst kind of fear strikes the secluded Derbyshire hamlet of Scardale. Thirteen-year-old Alison Carter has vanished without a trace. Against all their instincts, the self sufficient villagers are reluctantly forced to ask the outside world for help. For newly-promoted Detective Inspector George Bennett, its the first chance to show his bosses what hes made of. But in spite of his dogged efforts, her disappearance remains a mystery until he uncovers a piece of evidence that turns the investigation on its head and leads him to the gruesome answer and the apparently incontrovertible evidence of Alisons violent death.
The Apprentice - The Best Of Series 1 - 4
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Famous entrepreneur Sir Alan Sugar puts a bunch of aspiring young businessmen and businesswomen through the grind to find his next 'apprentice'. The lucky winner will land a fabulous six figure contract in one of Sir Sugar's affiliated companies. Features the best moments from the popular reality TV show's first four series.
Midnight Man
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
James Nesbitt plays Max Raban, a former high-flying journalist whose unfortunate career dive finds him rooting through bins in the hope of uncovering juicy celebrity stories. However, Raban gets more than he bargains for when he discovers an international conspriacy that plunges him into a world of danger and deceit.
Burn Up
Price: Bt300
Quantity:
Burn Up is a high-stakes conspiracy thriller in which two friends--power players in the international oil industry--face a series of violent events and shocking revelations that could tear apart their friendship, their business, even civilization as we know it. Rupert Penry-Jones plays Tom McConnell, an up-and-coming oilman whose best friend Mack (Bradley Whitford) calls the shots as Washingtons top oil lobbyist. When environmental activist Holly, played by Neve Campbell, infiltrates Toms company, she opens Toms eyes to a world where the end may be near, and both sides--those fighting climate change and those determined to get rich off the status quo--are willing to kill and be killed. Tom, Mack, and Holly must all decide where their loyalties lie, and how far they are willing to go in order to win. Burn Up takes viewers from the oil fields of Saudi Arabia, to the oil mansions of London; from Arctic villages where thawing gases burst into flame, to the UN convention where the fate of the world hangs in the balance. Burn Up delivers an eviscerating tale of the last great game, where the earth is at stake, and time is running out.
The Whistleblowers - Series 1
Quantity:
2 Discs
Ben Graham (RICHARD COYLE) and Alisha Cole (INDIRA VARMA) are two lawyers about to witness something that will take them into a world of few moral certainties. They observe a miscarriage of justice on their own doorstep and, instead of giving in to the temptation to look the other way, they speak out. However, by trying to do the right thing, Ben and Alisha suddenly find themselves on the other side of the law enemies of the state. Produced by Carnival Films, The Whistleblowers is a six-part series created by the award-winning Tony Marchant (The Mark Of Cain, Passer By, Holding On, Recovery, Kid In The Corner), who writes three of the six episodes. One episode is written by real life whistleblower and ex immigration officer Tony Saint, another by ex teacher Steve Thompson and a sixth by Paul Logue (Sea of Souls). Each episode of The Whistleblowers begs the question could you? Or, more truthfully, would you?
The Last Enemy - The Complete Mini-Series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
After four years abroad, Stephen Ezard (Benedict Cumberbatch, Atonement) returns to London for his brother Michael's (Max Beesley, Hotel Babylon) funeral. Following a major terrorist attack, Britain has become a security state and U.K. citizens have their movements tracked by the government. Stephen finds himself in the midst of a conspiracy as he sets out to discover what really happened to his brother.
Survivors (2008)
Quantity:
3 Discs
A chilling reinvention of the unforgettable 1970s series written by Primeval writer, Adrian Hodges and based on Terry Nations original novel.Left bewildered and numb, untouched by a virus that had swept across the world destroying all but a random selection of desperate souls, these are the lucky ones left alive when so many died. This lonely few now have to step into a strange new world where everything that was once safe and familiar is now strange and dangerous. Among those struggling for survival are Abby, a devoted mother with a missing son; Greg, a loner, hiding the pain of his past; Anya, a doctor who has seen too much; Al, a playboy who becomes surrogate father to Najid; and Tom Price, handsome, dangerous and a high security prisoner before the virus hit. In the ghost cities and empty fields, power, water and food supplies are scarce. Just to stay alive they will have to band together, utilise their talents and learn new skills. But can they all be trusted? And what new trials await those trying to rebuild a dead civilisation?
Apparitions Mini Series
Quantity:
3 Discs
The damned are not content to burn in hell any longer. There is one man they must destroy before they can be free. Father Jacob is drawn into a terrifying struggle for his faith and his life. Witnessing startling acts of supernatural possession, demonic attacks, and satanic births. Exorcism is his only weapon but it may not be enough. God doesnt always answer our prayers.
The Complete Forsyte Saga 2003
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
The Complete Forsyte Saga is a four-disc box set comprising series one and two of the television drama, which is based on the novels by John Galsworthy. Set at the turn of the 20th century, it profiles three generations of the Forsytes--an upper class Victorian family--and their relationships with each other, as they experience a tumultuous period in British history. Damian Lewis stars as Soames Forsyte, a rich London lawyer who marries the very gorgeous Irene (Gina McKee) in order to complete his picture-perfect life. The show also stars Ioan Gruffudd (as an architect named Phillip Bosinney), and Rupert Graves (as the serial-marrying painter and Irene's later husband, Young Jolyon Forsyte).
Sharpe Classic Collection
Quantity:
8 Discs
Richard Sharpe (Sean Bean) began as a brash young commander in the Napoleonic Wars who found himself in charge of an inexperienced battalion, in the continuing television saga SHARPE, based on the novels of Bernard Cornwell. This collection contains all 15 SHARPE adventures to date, covering all of Sharpe's battles, both personal and professional. Includes 'Sharpe's Rifles', 'Sharpe's Eagle', 'Sharpe's Company', 'Sharpe's Enemy', 'Sharpe's Honour', 'Sharpe's Gold', 'Sharpe's Battle', 'Sharpe's Sword', 'Sharpe's Regiment', 'Sharpe's Siege', 'Sharpe's Mission', 'Sharpe's Revenge', 'Sharpe's Justice', 'Sharpe's Waterloo' and 'Sharpe' Legend'.
Mobile - Mini Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
Mobile is a new conspiracy thriller which unfolds against the backdrop of the Iraq War and the corrupt world of the multi-billion pound mobile phone industry. It flashes back and forth to retrace events from the perspectives of three different people: the engineer, the soldier and the boss. Each episode features the same story told from a different viewpoint and only in the final scenes of the third episode is the shocking connection between all three stories made for the first time.
The State Within : Complete BBC Series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
The State Within A flight explodes in mid-air during take off near Washington DC. Later that day, as a shocked capital struggles to come to terms with the disaster, a diplomatic catastrophe envelops the British Embassy. A cat's cradle of tangled affinities and conflicting interests told through interlinking stories unfold as British Ambassador Mark Brydon slowly realises that he is being played by an invisible puppeteer with great power. A tightly plotted conspiracy thriller about the limits of diplomacy in a world where government has abdicated responsibility for war.
Cold Blood - Complete Series 1
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
The Cold Blood - Complete Series 1 DVD contains all episodes from the first series of this gripping ITV crime drama. In series one we're introduced to Wicklow (Matthew Kelly)--the serial killer who was jailed after a macabre murdering spree, which rendered him one of Britain's most infamous criminals. Vilified by the popular press and despised by fellow inmates, Wicklow's notoriety is compounded by the fact that detectives investigating his crimes never found the body of his last victim. And even though Wicklow is behind bars, no one is safe...
Series one boasts a fantastic cast, which includes stars such as Matthew Kelly ("Bleak House"), Jemma Redgrave ("Mansfield Park"), John Hannah ("The Mummy"), Pauline Quirke ("Down To Earth"), Russell Brand ("Russell Brand's Got Issues"), Tony Slattery ("Whose Line Is It Anyway?"), Bill Ward ("Coronation Street"), Phil Davis ("Rose & Maloney"), Nikki Sanderson ("Coronation Street") and Steve John Shepherd ("This Life"). The Cold Blood - Complete Series 1 DVD also features a 60-minute look "Behind the Scenes".
Touching Evil - The Complete Series 1-3
Price: Bt900
Quantity:
5 Discs
In Touching Evil, Detective Inspector Dave Creegan and his partner Susan Taylor--of the Organised and Serial Crime Unit--deal with crimes involving the seamier side of human nature, like a serial killer with a predilection for the scalps of young women, a tortured relief-worker bent on exorcising demons carried back from Bosnia, and an international ring of black-market adoption agencies. This box set includes every episode from the first three series of the show.
Rebus: Black And Blue / Hanging Garden / Dead Souls
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Three episodes featuring the Scottish detective from Ian Rankin's novels. In 'Black And Blue' Inspector Rebus' investigations become more complex when he is faced with an internal enquiry into his work. Also features: 'The Hanging Garden' and 'Dead Souls'. John Hannan steps into the role.
McCallum - Complete
Quantity:
5 Discs
Nominated for two BAFTA Awards, this edgy forensic drama follows the dedicated pathologist Dr Ian McCallum and his team, as they race against time to solve the murders of London's East End. For the dedicated St Patrick's team to get to the truth, and provide justice for the victims, they must uncover the secrets of the deceased. McCallum is a man driven by a passion for the truth, but his love life is spiralling out of control, and very often he finds himself too close for comfort to the victims of the crime scene. This series compilation contains 9 dramatic episodes filled with suspense and dark twists.
Conviction : Complete BBC Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
When the murder of a twelve year old girl rocks a local community, authorities are keen to solve the case. In fact they are so keen, that some members take matters a little too far...
Holby Blue - Series 1 - Complete
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Holby Blue is a snapshot of policing post 9/11. With the war on terror affecting home soil, the challenges facing the police officers and CID unit of Holby South are very different to those of the traditional bobby on the beat. The intrepid team of officers strive to cut through the red tape and do the job they love; pushing personal differences to the side not only to defeat drug dealers and gang members but to overcome the terrorist threat that casts a shadow over their patch. The team at Holby Blue prove that modern day policing isnt just about robberies and ASBOs.
Lock, Stock Complete TV Series
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
This two-DVD set presents seven episodes of the Lock Stock...... TV series, based on Guy Ritchie's gangster comedy. The collection also features a behind-the-scenes documentary and a video by Ocean Colour Scene. Episodes include: the pilot "Lock, Stock...& Four Stolen Hooves," "Lock, Stock...& 200 Smoking Kalashnikovs," "Lock, Stock...& A Fistful of Jack & Jills," "Lock, Stock...& Spaghetti Sauce," "Lock, Stock...& Two Sips," "Lock, Stock...& One Big Bullock," and "Lock, Stock...& A Good Slopping Out."
State Of Play : Complete BBC Series 1 [2003]
Price: Bt600
Quantity:
2 Discs
Shameless writer Paul Abbotts acclaimed BBC drama follows the connection between the death of a politicians research assistant and the death of a drug dealer. Stephen Collins (David Morrissey, Basic Instinct 2) is an ambitious, high-flying British politician. Cal McAffrey (John Simm, Life On Mars ) is Collins former campaign manager who is now an investigative journalist. One day, Collins research assistant mysteriously falls to her death on London Underground. A revelation about Collins relationship with his assistant soon hits the headlines. A young suspected drug dealer is murdered. The two apparently unconnected deaths lead to a web of intrigue. Friendships are tested and lives are put on the line as it unfolds. The drama is a taut six-part conspiracy thriller looking at the relationship between politics, big business and the press. Also stars Bill Nighy (Love Actually) and Kelly MacDonald (Trainspotting).
A Perfect Spy
Quantity:
4 Discs
A Perfect Spy traces the rise and fall of Magnus Pym and his career through intelligence. From chance meetings with people will be important to him in the future to a life in Czechoslovakia, Washington and finally on the run in England Pym weaves his way through the complicated world of espionage. Where no-one is safe from betrayal, not even his father.
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy
Quantity:
2 Discs
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy stars Alec Guinness as George Smiley, John Le Carr?'s familiar, ageing British Intelligence agent, called out of retirement to discover the identity of the high-ranking Russian mole who has burrowed deep into "The Circus"--codename for the British secret service. This slow-burning, complicated and ultimately rewarding BBC adaptation, dramatised by Arthur Hopcroft and directed by John Irvin, perfectly captures Le Carr?'s own insight into the shady underworld of spies and the political climate during the Cold War.
Le Carr?'s style is the antithesis of his contemporary Ian Fleming's--far from the glamorous lifestyle of Bond, with his fast cars and faster women, these agents ride around in Skodas, and Beryl Reid is the closest thing to a femme fatale, save for Smiley's elusive wife, Anne. An extraordinary cast (including Ian Bannen, Hywel Bennett and Ian Richardson), gritty realism and close attention to detail make Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy an outstanding piece of television drama
Smiley's People
Quantity:
2 Discs
George Smiley is once again called out of innocent retirement to trace an enemy infiltrator in the department where he was once the prize employee, the shy and retiring master of espionage moves forwards to investigate and finds himself going back over some very old ground
Cambridge Spies
Quantity:
2 Discs
This is the story of Blunt, Burgess, Philby and Maclean, the most notorious double agents in British history. In 1934 at Cambridge University, they establish a spy ring fuelled by youthful idealism, passionately committed to social justice and to fighting fascism. The four become embroiled in obtaining and passing on vital information, betraying their country to fight the evils of fascism. Enigma secrets and atomic details are given to Russian contacts as the careers of the four take them from Guernica to Vienna, New York and Washington - and a final, desperate flight to Moscow. During almost 20 years of counter-intelligence, despite their personal journeys, the four are bound by their beliefs and their secrets. This is a thriller spy story that begins with a profound closeness based on a passion for a cause, and then moves on to shared sacrifices, stress, strain, and eventually breakdown and betrayal.
Reilly Ace of Spies
Quantity:
3 Discs
At the turn of the 20th century, one remarkable man single-handedly tried to alter the course of history. Cold, ruthless, enigmatic, this Russian-born British agent radically transformed modern espionage techniques and set the mold for a new kind of secret agent-the super spy. REILLY: ACE OF SPIES is the thrilling, suspenseful dramatization of the real-life adventures of Agent ST-1, aka Sidney Reilly, the inspiration behind Ian Fleming's James Bond. Shot in glorious period detail, one heart-pulsing mission after another captures the arc of Reilly's brilliant career. From stealing top-secret Russian oil information to a near overthrow of the Bolshevik Revolution to his final capture by Stalin's forces in 1918, Reilly's exploits are at times so daring and reckless it's hard to believe it's history and not fiction. Starring Sam Neill (Jurassic Park, The Hunt for Red October), REILLY: ACE OF SPIES includes all 12 original episodes on DVD for the first time, and features a bonus documentary examining the final, mysterious days of this legendary figure.
The Vice - Complete Collection
Quantity:
10 Discs
Police drama set in the sleazy world of the Metropolitan Police Vice Squad. Features the investigations into London's prostitution, pornography and drugs scene led by the veteran Inspector Chappel and his team. Includes all five series this popular and critically acclaimed drama. Starring Ken Stott
The Crow Road
Quantity:
2 Discs
Haunting, beautiful, funny and cruel, this superb adaptation of Iain Banks? novel tells the darkly comic tale of a troubled young man striving to unearth the secrets of his family?s past.......
Seven years ago Rory McHoan set out to visit his brother Kenneth. He never got there. And despite an exhaustive police investigation, it was as if he had vanished from the face of the earth.
Inspired by his grandmother, Rory's nephew Prentice takes on the task of uncovering the truth about his missing uncle's disappearance. Armed with only the notes to his uncle's unfinished manuscript, ?The Crow Road?, Prentice sets out on a path of elusive clues in the hope of finding his eccentric relation. He soon finds there are discoveries to be made about himself before he can exhume the dark secrets that lie buried in the history of his family.
City of Vice, Mini Series
Price: Bt600
2 Discs
Its perilous streets were overrun by armed gangs, corrupt night watchmen and thief takers.
However, two magistrates felt it their duty to enforce the law and to build the institutions that now protect the innocent.
Brothers Henry (Ian McDiarmid) and John Fielding (Iain Glen) investigated the lives and crimes of prostitutes, pimps, gamblers and villains in Covent Garden, the centre of London's vice trade. They and their infamous 'Bow Street Runners' would change the face of the law for good.
House Of Cards : Complete BBC Series Trilogy Box Set
Price: Bt980
Quantity:
6 Discs
Political drama doesn't get more near the knuckle than Michael Dobbs' House of Cards trilogy, adapted for the screen by Andrew Davies and originally broadcast in the post-Thatcher years of the early 1990s. A splendid dissection of naked ambition, greed and rampant hypocrisy in the corridors of power, the original four-part series House of Cards documents in thrilling detail the rise of Tory Chief Whip Francis Urquhart (magnificent Ian Richardson), a man who likes to "put the stick about a bit" and has unwavering contempt for those with "no background, no bottom". With the downfall of Margaret Thatcher, a bitter internecine power struggle ensues within the Conservative Party. Urquhart schemes more devilishly than Iago to depose Thatcher's colourless John Major-style successor. And even Machiavelli would baulk at Urquhart's methods: any and every act--including murder--are legitimate as the end very much justifies the means. Idealistic journalist Matti Storin (Susannah Harker) becomes embroiled in Urquhart's nefarious plans (and ends up in his bed) as she attempts to question him about what's really going on: "You might think so, I couldn't possibly comment," is Urquhart's mantra of hypocrisy.
Murder In Mind - Complete Collection
Price: Bt1,100
Quantity:
9 Discs
The stories in Murder In Mind journey through a kaleidoscope of human emotions: anger, hatred, bitterness, remorse, guilt, horror. In this psychological study of humanity on the edge of an abyss, some of the series' murderers get away with it, some of them don't. Amongst the subject matter is euthanasia, accidental murder, contract killing, revenge and even a sleepwalker who knows she's done something but not what or to whom. Some of Britain's best stage and screen actors grace this nine-disc set - Timothy West, David Suchet, Kevin Whately, John Thomson, Denise Van Outen, Rob Brydon, Pauline Quirke, Annette Crosbie, Tara Fitzgerald and Neil Morrissey all make appearances.
This release includes the pilot episode and Series 1-3.
Van Der Valk - Series 1 Box Set
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
Wonderful detective series from the seventies set in Amsterdam in an era when TV detectives really knew what they were doing. Listening to the theme music again sent shivers down my spine! A must-have for any fan of the genre.
Shogun
Quantity:
5 Discs
From the golden age of the miniseries comes Shogun, the 10-hour, Golden Globe-winning saga based on James Clavell's bestselling epic novel. In his award-winning performance, Richard Chamberlain stars as John Blackthorne, the 17th-century English navigator on a Dutch trading ship. A storm runs the ship aground off the coast of Japan, a "torn and cruelly divided country" locked in a power struggle between Toranaga (the venerable Toshiro Mifune) and Ishido, two warlords who would be Shogun. Blackthorne gets over his initial culture shock ("I piss on you and your country", he defiantly proclaims to his samurai captors, which to his humiliation turns out to be an unfortunate choice of words) to become a trusted ally of Toranaga and the lover of the beautiful interpreter Lady Mariko (Yoko Shimada). Their forbidden, ill-fated romance--and Blackthorne's total assimilation into Japanese culture--is set against political intrigue as Toranaga prepares for the inevitable showdown with Ishido, and Blackthorne's growing influence threatens the local Jesuits who had built up a lucrative trade monopoly. Shogun was a production blessed with good karma, and it remains an awesome achievement from a bygone era when the miniseries was king.
Tai Pan
2 Discs
Product Description
Based on the James Clavell s best-selling novel Tai Pan is an unforgettable adventure during the early China trade when epic adventures carved dynasties out of barren rock and the opium trade pitted father against son and friends against one another. For trader Dirk Struan the silver and opium exchange is almost impossible to resist but everything comes to an action-packed head when he is forced to choose between the ones he loves and profit beyond his imagination.
James Clavell's Noble House
Quantity:
2 Discs
Noble House is an eight-hour Classic TV Miniseries produced and broadcast in 1988 by NBC. Based on the fantastic and richly detailed novel of the same name by James Clavell, it features a large cast headlined by Pierce Brosnan, who portrays business tycoon Ian Dunross. This was NBC's second Classic TV Miniseries adaptation of a Clavell novel, the first was 1980s Shogun. Both take place in the same fictional universe, Noble House even featuring connections to Shogun and yet another Clavell novel, Tai-Pan. For this miniseries, the timeframe of the original novel was changed from the early 1960s to the 1980s. Other actors include Denholm Elliott, Deborah Raffin, Tia Carrere, John Houseman, Julia Nickson-Soul, and John Rhys-Davies (who also appeared in Shogun.) Noble House centers around big-business piracy in Hong Kong. The miniseries opens with Brosnan driving through the rain to meet Denholm Elliott, who plays the outgoing "tai-pan" in Hong Kong's oldest and leading trading firm: Struan & Company. "Tai-pan," a Cantonese expression, means "supreme leader," and at Struan & Company the title has been passed down at least 150 years Dunross' arch rival and enemy, Quillan Gornt (Rhys-Davles), is tai-pan of the second leading trading company. Not only does Gornt wants to destroy Dunross and take over Noble House, the two men have racing horses that compete against each other as well. Meanwhile, two American tycoons (Raffin and Ben Masters) have come to Hong Kong to make a financial deal with Dunross. But in Clavell's Hong Kong there is no such thing as a single deal. Double-dealing and triple-crossing are more the style of the international wheeler-dealers here.
Sherlock Holmes - The Complete Collection
Price: Bt1,100
Quantity:
7 Discs
Fourteen adventures for Conan Doyle's famous detective Sherlock Holmes. Includes: 'Hound Of The Baskervilles', 'Sherlock Holmes Faces Death', 'The Secret Weapon', 'Sherlock Holmes In Washington', 'Spider Woman', 'The Voice Of Terror', 'The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes', 'The Pearl Of Death', 'The Scarlet Claw', 'The Woman In Green', 'Pursuit To Algiers', 'The House Of Fear', 'Dressed To Kill' and 'Terror By Night'.
Gangsters - The Complete Series
Quantity:
4 Discs
Includes the complete series of the BBC television drama following John Kline as he takes on the Birmingham underworld.
I Claudius - Complete BBC Series
Price: Bt900
Quantity:
5 Discs
A truly epic saga of dynastic conflict at the heart of Imperial Rome, I Claudius was the landmark BBC drama series of the 1970s. Originally transmitted as 13 50-minute episodes, the series dramatises the human face of ancient Rome as interpreted by Robert Graves in his two enormously complex novels, I, Claudius and Claudius The God. Derek Jacobi gives one of the greatest television performances ever as Claudius, the appalled chronicler of the decadence, corruption, intrigue and carnage which comes with the absolute power of his ruling family. Augustus (Brian Blessed) is Emperor and Livia (Sian Phillips) his scheming, ambitious wife, Claudius's aunt. By virtue of his stammer and uncontrollable twitches, Claudius passes for a fool, thus escaping the poisonous machinations of Livia, all the while recording the comings and goings of the Imperial household.
Maigret - Series 1 And 2 - Complete
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
Michael Gambon plays the Belgian, pipe-smoking Chief Inspector Maigret, one of T.V.'s classic fictional sleuths from the pen of Georges Simenon. Intuitive, intelligent and with a genius for human nature, Maigret is like no other detective - never failing to pierce straight to the heart of the crime he is investigating. This set contains all twelve episodes of the popular Granada Television series - complete and uncut.
Callan - Series 1
Quantity:
3 Discs
Introduced in "A Magnum for Schneider", the hour-long 1967 Armchair Theatre episode of Callan written by James Mitchell about a disillusioned British secret agent of the same name (starring Edward Woodward), went on to offer four popular (if downbeat) series, a spin-off movie remaking the original story and a some-years-later wrap-up play "Wet Job". Remembered for its very distinctive opening titles, with a swinging broken-light bulb and a memorable theme tune, the series adopted a Deighton-LeCarré approach to the grim, treacherous, grubby business of Cold War espionage and made a TV star of the intense Woodward as the sweaty, sometimes conscience-stricken, sometimes robotic Callan. Even in the 21st century this still seems as strong, its complex stories and impressive performances outweighing a low-budget mix of video and film in the production that makes it seem less "professional" than other shows of the time.
Kavanagh Q.C. - The Complete Collection - Series 1 To 5
Price: Bt1,200
Quantity:
10 Discs
The Kavanagh Q.C. - The Complete Collection - Series 1-5 box set contains all 27 episodes of the much-loved courtroom drama starring John Thaw. In the series, Thaw plays an esteemed Barrister named James Kavanagh, whose utter dedication to his demanding career has left his private life in tatters. Kavanagh is one of Britain's top legal minds and he routinely elects to tackle the most difficult cases--involving rape, pornography and vigilantes--for little reward; he also has a tendency to sympathise with the underdog. Despite this, Kavanagh's most testing conflicts are often played out in the family home.
Colditz - Mini Series
Quantity:
2 Discs
Three prisoners, Jack Rose, Tom Willis and Nick McGrade, embark on an heroic plan to escape from a World War Two POW camp. As Rose And Willis are recaptured by the Germans, McGrade manages to traverse their clutches and travels to London to inform Rose's girlfriend of his capture. So begins a complex love story...
The Long Firm
Quantity:
2 Discs
During the swinging sixties in London, there was only one crime boss in Soho that mattered: the indomitable Harry Starks. With a reputation for savagery and generosity in equal measure, Starks ruled central London with a coercive fist and his favourite implement of torture: the red-hot poker. Based on Jake Arnott's best-selling novel, which combines fact with fiction, this is a retrospective tale of criminality in the 1960s through to the 1980s; told from the view of four characters as they encounter the menacing Starks. From the penniless Lord with a predilection for young boys to a fading film actress desperate to make ends meet, from an out-of-touch minor crook to a disillusioned criminologist - Starks leaves his indelible mark on them all. But Starks is no regular gangster - he's an intelligent, complex Judy Garland-loving man who yearns for something more than the rough and tumble of criminal life.
Lovejoy - Complete Series 1
3 Discs
Contains all ten episodes from the first series of Lovejoy:
This is a must have for any fan of the very succesful TV series, featuring Ian McShane as the loveable "rogue" and Antique "Divvy". Rural East Anglia is brought to life in this first season which dates back to 1985
The Forsyte Saga - Complete Series 1-7 Box Set 1967
Price: Bt1,100
Quantity:
7 Discs
The Forsyte Saga, in telling the remarkable story of a nouveau riche English family, introduced the world to a new kind of TV. Millions of people devoted the next half year of their lives to following the frank treatment of all the sins, foibles and peccadillos of the Forsytes and their circle. The passing decades can never the erase the memory of their extraordinary evenings with the Forsytes: Kenneth More as Jo, the philosophical outsider; Eric Porter as Soames, the grasping man of property; Nyree Dawn Porter as Irene, "born to be loved and to love" and in later episodes, Susan Hampshire in an Emmy-winning performance as Fleur, Soame's 'restless' daughter. With 150 characters, 2000 separate costumes and over 100 sets, this sprawling yet intimate saga continues to move, provoke and entrance viewers today.
MANHUNT The Complete Series One
Price: Bt800
Quantity:
4 Discs
Clasic world war II drama. Alfred Lynch Peter Barkworth, Cyd Hayman, Robert Hardy starin one of the best remembered and most gripping ITV action dramas of the 1070's. Set in occupied France during WWII. All 13 episodes from the first series on 4 DVDs.
Cadfael - The Complete Collection - Series 1 To 4
Price: Bt900
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Which group had a UK number one hit in August 2009 with 'I Gotta Feeling'? | Today's Music from ww_adh: UK Singles Chart, August 8, 2009
Today's Music from ww_adh
Popular music commentary, reviews, and charts relevant to music fans in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Monday, August 03, 2009
UK Singles Chart, August 8, 2009
1. I Gotta Feeling - Black Eyed Peas
Black Eyed Peas climb 2 spots, claiming their third #1 hit. The band spent 2 weeks at #1 a few months ago with their last single, "Boom Boom Pow," and, in 2003, 6 weeks at #1 with "Where Is the Love," still the group's biggest UK hit. "I Gotta Feeling" is currently #1 in the United States and is the sixth single this year to top the charts in both countries, along with Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" and "Poker Face," Kelly Clarkson's "My Life Would Suck without You," Flo Rida's "Right Round," and the 'Peas "Boom Boom Pow."
4. I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) - Pitbull
In its 5th week on the chart, Pitbull climbs 3 spots to #4, where it is likely to peak, given that the physical release was last week. In the U.S., this single peaked at #2 in June.
6. Sweet Dreams - Beyonce
Beyonce looks to have another major hit on her hands, as "Sweet Dreams" climbs 3 more spots to #6. The single's CD release is still a week away and already it's eclipsed the #7 peak of recent single "Single Ladies." Her other recent singles--"If I Were a Boy" and "Halo"--peaked at #1 and #4 respectively.
10. Poppiholla - Chicane
The physical release of this single did nothing to improve its chart position, as "Poppiholla" holds at #10 this week. It debuted at #7 two weeks ago.
14. I Made It Through the Rain - John Barrowman
John Barrowman has been around for awhile, but this week finally scores his first top 40 hit with his remake of "I Made It Through the Rain." I rather liked his last single, "What About Us," which failed to chart. To what do we owe this apparent surge in popularity? Wikipedia credits Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles, who has apparently been championing it.
16. Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up) - Florence + The Machine
Florence is showing remarkable longevity with "Rabbit Heart," which peaked no higher than #12 six weeks ago, yet has remained within the top 20 ever since. The album continues to do well too, having planted itself firmly at #2 for the last 4 weeks behind Michael Jackson's "The Essential Michael Jackson." It also snagged a Mercury Prize nomination, which I'm sure has helped the popularity of both the album and this single.
20. Never Forget You - Noisettes
Another single showing surprising longevity. "Never Forget You" climbs 1 notch to #20, becoming Noisettes' second top 20 hit. Despite still being a considerably smaller hit than their last release, #2 single "Don't Upset the Rhythm," "Never Forget You" is actually charting higher than its predecessor did in its 8th week (the single had fallen to #23 by that time).
29. Fire Burning - Sean Kingston
30. Fire - Kasabian
It's feeling rather hot at this point in the chart.
33. Remedy - Little Boots
Little boots scores her second top 40 hit, debuting at #33 with "Remedy." I was disappointed with the #13 peak of her last single, "New in Town," and I'm really hoping "Remedy" can go top 10. The single is out August 17.
40. Jump - Flo Rida Featuring Nelly Furtado
Finally, Flo Rida enters the top 40 at #40 with "Jump," his 6th top hit. This single did not fare very well in the U.S., despite featuring Canadian singer Nelly Furtado, who here scores her 13th UK top 40 hit. She hit #2 earlier this year with James Morrison on "Broken Wings."
Posted by Cook In / Dine Out at
| The Black Eyed Peas |
According to the Bible, from which wood was the 'Ark Of The Covenant' built? | Official Charts Flashback 2009: JLS – Beat Again
01 August 2014
Official Charts Flashback 2009: JLS – Beat Again
It’s five years since the X Factor runners-up scored a chart-topper with their debut single.
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ABBA said “the winner takes it all” but the good thing about pop is that there’s no shame in coming in second place – some of the best singles out there never get beyond Number 2, after all. When boyband foursome JLS came second to Alexandra Burke in the final of The X Factor 2008, you could forgive them for thinking it was all over for them.
Luckily, Aston, Marvin, Oritsé and JB are made of stronger stuff, and they dusted themselves off, got a record deal and squirrelled themselves away in the studio to prepare for their big launch.
First off the rank was Beat Again, an insanely catchy R&B track with slightly dubious medical references but, more importantly, amazing dance routines.
It was a recipe for success, as Beat Again went straight in at Number 1, and this week in 2009 it was spending its second week at the summit. It was the first of five Number 1 singles for JLS. Remember the others? Course you do! Everybody In Love (2009), One Shot, The Club Is Alive, Love You More (all 2010) and She Makes Me Wanna FT Dev (2011). Beat Again kicked off a run of eight consecutive Top 10s for JLS – in total, they scored 12 Top 40 hits, with only two missing the Top 10.
In 2013, the boys decided it was time to move on. Marvin was lined up to present the third series of The Voice and had done a few successful stints on ITV daytime show This Morning with wife Rochelle of the Saturdays. Aston switched to mentoring, with appearances on Sky’s Got To Dance.
After a farewell tour and a greatest hits album, JLS were no more. But we’ll always have our memories…
Beat Again was JLS’ bestselling single in the UK – over 560,000 copies sold. Over on the Official Albums Chart, all five of their releases went Top 10, their self-titled debut going to Number 1 and selling over 1.4 million copies.
Watch the video for their second chart-topper Everybody In Love before we take a good old nosey at the rest of the retro Top 5 from this week in 2009.
2: Mr Hudson & Kanye West – Supernova
A debut hit for former teacher Benjamin Hudson and a lucky 13th Top 10 hit for outspoken rapper Kanye. Mr Hudson would only see the Top 10 one more time, as a guest on Jay Z’s Young Forever, also in 2009. He had a Top 20 hit of his own with White Lies and a Number 14 hit Playing With Fire with N-Dubz, but since 2009, he’s not been back to the Top 40. Supernova sold over 360,000 copies.
3: Black Eyed Peas – I Gotta Feeling
The band’s biggest seller – over 1.4 million copies sold – was on its way to the Number 1 spot. For now, however, it settled for bronze. Black Eyed Peas have scored five Number 1s, and charismatic frontman will.i.am has landed another five of his own . I Gotta Feeling is one of the most downloaded tracks of all time .
4: Cascada – Evacuate The Dancefloor
A former Number 1, and the last ever Top 40 hit for German Eurodance outfit Cascada. Evacuate The Dancefloor sold over 460,000 copies. To find out even more about Cascada – there’s a lot to know, you know – take a look at their very own Flashback .
5: La Roux – Bulletproof
Another ex Number 1, flame-haired and moody Elly Jackson slipped another place in the Top 10. Back in the Official Albums Chart with what some of you might call a sophomore release Trouble In Paradise , La Roux sold 530,000 copies of Bulletproof. Their biggest seller is debut release In For The Kill – that’s notched up an impressive sales tally of 870,000.
See the full Top 40 from this week in 2009 .
This time last year…
Avicii’s Wake Me Up spent a second week at Number 1 with Wake Me Up, while One Direction went straight in at Number 2 with Best Song Ever. Take a look at the full Top 40 from this week in 2013 .
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Who played the title character in the 2009 film 'Bruno'? | Brüno (2009) - IMDb
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Flamboyant and gay Austrian Brüno looks for new fame in America.
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2 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards »
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Kazakh TV talking head Borat is dispatched to the United States to report on the greatest country in the world. With a documentary crew in tow, Borat becomes more interested in locating and marrying Pamela Anderson .
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Stars: Sacha Baron Cohen, Buzz Aldrin, Arthur Danto
Edit
Storyline
Brüno is a gay Austrian fashion guru. He has his own fashion based television show, Funkyzeit, the most popular German-language show of its kind outside of Germany. After he disgraces himself in front of his Funkyzeit fan base, he is ruined in German speaking Europe. He decides that in his quest for worldwide fame, he will move to Los Angeles and reinvent himself. Accompanying him to the US is Lutz, his former assistant's assistant. Lutz is the only person left in his circle that still believes in Brüno's greatness. Brüno goes through one reinvention of himself after another, ultimately straying to areas far removed from his own self. Perhaps when Brüno finds an activity that he truly does love, he will also find that über-fame he so desperately desires. Written by Huggo
Rated R for pervasive strong and crude sexual content, graphic nudity and language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
10 July 2009 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt See more »
Filming Locations:
£5,000,229 (UK) (10 July 2009)
Gross:
Elton John : As himself in "The Dove of Peace" sequence. See more »
Goofs
The movie's premise is that this is all real footage made by Brüno's news crew. Who, then, is filming the scenes where Brüno is alone and homeless on the streets? See more »
Quotes
Brüno : Ich was going to become famous by solving a world problem! But which one? Clooney's got Darfur, Sting's got the Amazon, and Bono's got AIDS! Luckily, there was still one shithole left to fix: the Middle Earth.
See more »
Crazy Credits
The U in the Universal logo is spelled with an umlaut (Ü) like the movie's title. See more »
Connections
For those asking how the shock effect of 'Borat' could be topped...
10 July 2009 | by nosiesnetnieuws
(Maastricht, Netherlands) – See all my reviews
Brüno is a gay Austrian fashion reporter impersonated by the man that notoriously starred as Borat in... Borat.
(For those that have seen Borat: you probably know what to expect. If you did not like Borat for the painfully explicit content, stay away from Brüno. If you almost died of laughter during a certain hotel scene in Borat, go see Brüno immediately and prepare for almost certain death.)
Obviously, having made Borat, the producers of Brüno had a hard time to repeat the surprise effect. It should therefore not come as a surprise that the movie contains substantially less confrontations between the main character and innocent (famous) bystanders. Still, confrontations with a number of people, among which a few famous ones, seem sincere, and work on multiple levels, as in Borat. Others are clearly scripted, but not less funny for that (watch the ending credits for an example).
In general, compared to Borat, Brüno focuses more on a) effectively shocking it's viewers with the (sexual) misconduct of the main character and b) stunts of this main character in front of a large audience. Essentially, this time the shock effect is moved from the 'random' people that appear in the movie, to the audience looking at the movie.
For many, it will definitely be more shocking than Borat, given the shamelessly explicit content that exploits every possibility for jokes concerning men making out. For others, the never-ending provoked racism of Borat will have a longer-lasting impact.
All I know is that I laughed a lot during this movie. It will once again lead to lots of controversy and imitation at thousands of workplaces around the globe. Maybe it is therefore best if you know what it is about.
But be warned. If you are easily offended, you will be offended. Majorly.
218 of 367 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Sacha Baron Cohen |
'Aston', 'Mick' and 'Davies' are the three central characters in which play by Harold Pinter? | Brüno (2009) - IMDb
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Flamboyant and gay Austrian Brüno looks for new fame in America.
Director:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
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created 04 Aug 2011
a list of 47 titles
created 05 Dec 2011
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created 26 Jun 2015
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2 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Kazakh TV talking head Borat is dispatched to the United States to report on the greatest country in the world. With a documentary crew in tow, Borat becomes more interested in locating and marrying Pamela Anderson .
Director: Larry Charles
The heroic story of a dictator who risked his life to ensure that democracy would never come to the country he so lovingly oppressed.
Director: Larry Charles
Ali G unwittingly becomes a pawn in the evil Chancellor's plot to overthrow the Prime Minister of Great Britain. However, instead of bringing the Prime Minister down, Ali is embraced by the... See full summary »
Director: Mark Mylod
A new assignment forces a top spy to team up with his football hooligan brother.
Director: Louis Leterrier
An ignorant, wannabe-Jamaican British b-boy; an anti-Semitic, misogynistic but friendly Kazakhstani television reporter; and a homosexual Austrian fashonista--all played by Sacha Baron ... See full summary »
Stars: Sacha Baron Cohen, Buzz Aldrin, Arthur Danto
Edit
Storyline
Brüno is a gay Austrian fashion guru. He has his own fashion based television show, Funkyzeit, the most popular German-language show of its kind outside of Germany. After he disgraces himself in front of his Funkyzeit fan base, he is ruined in German speaking Europe. He decides that in his quest for worldwide fame, he will move to Los Angeles and reinvent himself. Accompanying him to the US is Lutz, his former assistant's assistant. Lutz is the only person left in his circle that still believes in Brüno's greatness. Brüno goes through one reinvention of himself after another, ultimately straying to areas far removed from his own self. Perhaps when Brüno finds an activity that he truly does love, he will also find that über-fame he so desperately desires. Written by Huggo
Rated R for pervasive strong and crude sexual content, graphic nudity and language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
10 July 2009 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt See more »
Filming Locations:
£5,000,229 (UK) (10 July 2009)
Gross:
Elton John : As himself in "The Dove of Peace" sequence. See more »
Goofs
The movie's premise is that this is all real footage made by Brüno's news crew. Who, then, is filming the scenes where Brüno is alone and homeless on the streets? See more »
Quotes
Brüno : Ich was going to become famous by solving a world problem! But which one? Clooney's got Darfur, Sting's got the Amazon, and Bono's got AIDS! Luckily, there was still one shithole left to fix: the Middle Earth.
See more »
Crazy Credits
The U in the Universal logo is spelled with an umlaut (Ü) like the movie's title. See more »
Connections
For those asking how the shock effect of 'Borat' could be topped...
10 July 2009 | by nosiesnetnieuws
(Maastricht, Netherlands) – See all my reviews
Brüno is a gay Austrian fashion reporter impersonated by the man that notoriously starred as Borat in... Borat.
(For those that have seen Borat: you probably know what to expect. If you did not like Borat for the painfully explicit content, stay away from Brüno. If you almost died of laughter during a certain hotel scene in Borat, go see Brüno immediately and prepare for almost certain death.)
Obviously, having made Borat, the producers of Brüno had a hard time to repeat the surprise effect. It should therefore not come as a surprise that the movie contains substantially less confrontations between the main character and innocent (famous) bystanders. Still, confrontations with a number of people, among which a few famous ones, seem sincere, and work on multiple levels, as in Borat. Others are clearly scripted, but not less funny for that (watch the ending credits for an example).
In general, compared to Borat, Brüno focuses more on a) effectively shocking it's viewers with the (sexual) misconduct of the main character and b) stunts of this main character in front of a large audience. Essentially, this time the shock effect is moved from the 'random' people that appear in the movie, to the audience looking at the movie.
For many, it will definitely be more shocking than Borat, given the shamelessly explicit content that exploits every possibility for jokes concerning men making out. For others, the never-ending provoked racism of Borat will have a longer-lasting impact.
All I know is that I laughed a lot during this movie. It will once again lead to lots of controversy and imitation at thousands of workplaces around the globe. Maybe it is therefore best if you know what it is about.
But be warned. If you are easily offended, you will be offended. Majorly.
218 of 367 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
In which city in Arizona did 'The Gunfight At The OK Corral' take place in 1881? | The Earps shoot it out at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona - Oct 26, 1881 - HISTORY.com
The Earps shoot it out at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona
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The Earps shoot it out at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona
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The Earps shoot it out at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona
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After years of feuding and mounting tensions, on this day in 1881, the “law and order” Earps and the “cowboy” Clanton-McLaurys engage in their world-famous shoot-out near the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, leaving three men dead and three more wounded.
Both sides in the conflict were ostensibly looking for revenge for what they perceived as malicious attacks and insults, but on a larger level the conflict revolved around which side would control the fate of Tombstone and Cochise County. That hot Arizona day, the Earp brothers—Wyatt; Virgil, the town marshal; and Morgan—along with their friend Doc Holliday, spotted a group of cattle rustlers—Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury, and Billy Claiborne, at the other end of Fremont Street, standing in a vacant lot behind the OK Corral. Standing nearby was Cochise County Sheriff John Behan, who rushed up the street to tell the Earps that the Clantons and McLaurys were mostly unarmed and just wanted to leave town peacefully. But the Earps ignored the sheriff and moved ahead to confront their enemies. “You sons of bitches,” Wyatt Earp reportedly said, “you re looking for a fight and now you can have it.”
The question of which side actually drew their guns first is still debated today, but it s believed that Virgil Earp pulled out his revolver and shot Billy Clanton in the chest at point-blank range, while Doc Holliday killed Tom McLaury with a blast from his double-barreled shotgun. Wyatt Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach, and the wounded man staggered out into the street but managed to pull his gun and return fire. Meanwhile, Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran for their lives. The wounded Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton both managed to get off several shots before collapsing, and Virgil, Morgan, and Doc were all hit. But when the 30-second gunfight was over, there was no doubt which side had triumphed: the Earps were bloodied but alive, while Billy Clanton and Tom and Frank McLaury were dead or dying. Sheriff Behan, who witnessed the entire shoot-out, charged the Earps and Holliday with murder. However, a month later the Tombstone justice of the peace found the men not guilty, ruling “the defendants were fully justified in committing these homicides.”
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What was the name of the British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing over 1100 people? | Weird Arizona
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
The most famous event to occur in Tombstone is comparatively trivial in the grand scheme of American history, but the notorious Gunfight at the O.K. Corral remains the most renowned incident in the entire chronicle of the Wild West. The name of the site where it took place, as well as the names of those involved, are recognized around the world, and have been immortalized in countless books, films and TV shows.
Unfortunately, the precise details of the shootout that took place October 26, 1881, are mostly uncertain, as there was much disagreement in the
testimony of both eyewitnesses and those involved, not to mention Hollywood's numerous convolutions since. What we do know, however, is that two parties––Doc Holliday and brothers Virgil, Wyatt and Morgan Earp on one side, and on the other, Billy Claiborne, brothers Ike and Billy Clanton, and brothers Frank and Tom McLaury––engaged in an armed confrontation fueled by blame, loyalty and ego.
The nine men faced off following an escalating series of run-ins that began hours earlier. Doc Holliday had provoked Ike Clanton the night before, probably concerning a months-old disagreement over a stagecoach robbery, of which Clanton accused Holliday. After the dispute ended with the help of the Earp brothers, with whom Clanton had already experienced friction, Clanton angrily threatened both Holliday and the Earps. The next day, Clanton staggered around town fully armed, drunkenly announcing he was looking for any one of them. Virgil Earp, who was city marshal, and Morgan Earp, a deputy, found Clanton that afternoon, pistol-whipped him and took him to court for illegally carrying firearms within the city.
Shortly thereafter, Wyatt Earp had his own run-in with Tom McLaury, Clanton's cohort. Wyatt accused McLaury of being illegally armed himself and tried to provoke him into drawing the hidden pistol Wyatt believed he was carrying. McLaury never revealed said pistol, but the clash ended with Wyatt pistol-whipping McLaury. Wyatt was not able to arrest him, however, as Wyatt was not officially an officer of the law.
Sometime after that, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury arrived in town after hearing about the trouble the previous night and were intent on backing up their brothers. Both were armed, and as such, were required to deposit their weapons at the
first hotel, saloon or stable they came to. Hearing about their arrival, Virgil sought them out, supported by his brothers and by Doc Holliday, to make sure they did so.
By the time Holliday and the Earps found Billy and Frank, the two men had been joined by Tom, Ike and Billy Claiborne. Words were quickly exchanged. Then so were bullets. No one can say for sure who fired first, but in less than 30 seconds, Virgil, Morgan and Holliday stood injured, while Billy Clanton and both McLaurys lay dead.
While popular history remembers Holliday and the Earps as the good guys in the dispute, there are those who believe Clanton and the McLaurys had been unjustly killed in a blatant abuse of power. The Earps insisted the victims had been illegally armed, but detractors say that was just an excuse for murder. Some argue Frank and Billy hadn't yet had a chance to deposit their weapons as required, and disparities in testimony make it difficult to determine whether Tom had actually been armed as Wyatt believed him to be. Plus, Doc Holliday and Wyatt Earp would have been guilty of illegally carrying weapons themselves, since neither one was an officer of the law, as were Morgan and Virgil. Still, it's believed the victims held a grudge with the Earps to begin with and were deliberately looking for a fight.
Visitors to Tombstone can visit the site made famous by the incident, which stands on Allen Street as it did in the 1880s. Be aware, however, that the shootout didn't actually take place there. In reality, the whole thing occurred on a section of vacant property out back, along Fremont Street. The O.K. Corral just made for a better title than The Gunfight on Block 17, Lot 2. Visitors can also witness a recreation of the event, played out by a cluster of short, stiff dummies, or a more animate re-enactment featuring live stunt actors. The latter is the real draw. (Pun fully intended.)
As an alternative, try visiting the block at the corner of Fremont and Third streets at night, where some people say they've had apparitions of men dressed in dusters and cowboy hats approach them before vanishing in the darkness.
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Complete the title of this famous novel by George & Weedon Grossmith: 'Diary Of A ....'? | The Diary of a Nobody: Amazon.co.uk: George Grossmith, Weedon Grossmith: 9781169241909: Books
The Diary of a Nobody
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Publisher: Kessinger Publishing (10 Sept. 2010)
Language: English
Product Dimensions: 17.8 x 0.8 x 25.4 cm
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Sensational... It's a rare ability to render an audience helpless with laughter and crying with emotion at the same moment. Hugh Osborne's new adaptation of the Victorian comic classic The Diary of a Nobody has this ability in spades. --whatsonstage.com
Perkily inventive, highly pleasing, gloriously funny... while it shows clear signs of indebtedness to the skittish, playful aesthetic of that estimable long-runner The 39 Steps, Osborne's adaptation still possesses heaps of its own irreverent originality. --Telegraph --This text refers to the Paperback edition.
About the Author
George and Weedon Grossmith were brothers, best remembered for their 1892 comic novel, The Diary of a Nobody, which they co-authored, with illustrations by Weedon. George Grossmith was also famous as a music hall performer (he created a series of memorable characters in the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan), and as a writer and composer.
Hugh Osborne is a former university lecturer, now an actor and writer. He has appeared in numerous tours and West End shows, and his adaptation of Diary of a Nobody was a hit when it premiered at Royal & Derngate, Northampton, in 2011. --This text refers to the Paperback edition.
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By Stracs VINE VOICE on 8 Dec. 2011
Format: Paperback Verified Purchase
I had heard lots of good things about the Diary of a Nobody, but was not really sure I would enjoy this type of work so put off reading it. However, finally I got round to it and found a pleasant, amusing read which, whilst it didn't become one of my all time favourites, I am nevertheless glad I read. This edition contains not only the diary itself, but lots of the original illustrations created by Weedon Grossmith, which are delightful and really help to bring the characters and story to life, as well as giving you an idea of how literature was often presented in the 19th century.
Charles Pooter is a clerical worker who has worked at the same job in the same company for years. He has been overlooked for promotion throughout that time. He decides to keep a diary of his middle-class, run of the mill life. In that diary we meet his long-suffering wife Carrie, his son Willie who renames himself Lupin as he feels his real name is too common, some of his less than respectful colleagues and a number of his friends - most notably Gowing and Cummins.
He makes lots puns/jokes which he thinks are hysterical but are actually awful, and his complete obliviousness to this is actually very amusing. He has social aspirations which he can never quite realise. He is bothered by tradesmen who don't seem to take his social status seriously, and ensuing conflicts are very funny.
The diary is really an early example of the type of observational humour which many of our stand-up comics use today. The diary remains remarkably modern/funny even now, more than 100 years after it was first released. Many of the problems Pooter encounters are so familiar even now. Read more ›
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By Guardian of the Scales on 24 Feb. 2009
Format: Paperback
The Diary of a Nobody tells in diary form the story of a certain Mr Pooter, clerk by profession and a man of no importance or interest. He is somewhat pompous, dull, and stuffy, with pretensions towards gentility but lacking in social skills and self-awareness. He is quite a ridiculous figure, and one who is taken advantage of by many who he is pleased to call his friends, and mocked by his juniors at work. Additionally, all tradesmen are his nemeses. As he sets this down in his diary, however, Mr. Pooter is often oblivious to his own foolishness and to the impression he creates in others, and in the reader.
Mr. Pooter's son Lupin is the main source of incident in his father's life. He is a youth of high spirits and little respect for his elders, including his father. Lupin undertakes a love affair with a young lady called Daisy Mutlar; he is desperately in love with this young lady , who seems to Mr. Pooter to be of no remarkable attraction or accomplishments. Concurrent with this torrid affair, Lupin finds and loses several jobs, joins an amateur dramatics club and speculates on the stock exchange with his father's money.
Though over 100 years old, this book is still funny for the modern reader. It was written with the contemporary audience in mind but the humour has not dated. As another reviewer noted, Mr Pooter is something of a 19th century David Brent. The style is notably uncluttered and unaffected. It is a short book(145 pages approx. in this edition) and extremely readable. From a relatively uneventful start, it gathers momentum with the arrival of Lupin. Pooter's character broadens somewhat to become a decent everyman, though none the less ridiculous for that. This book ends long before the reader has had enough of the bumbling central character, and is a very pleasant, undemanding read.
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By GavinBlk on 11 Mar. 2004
Format: Paperback
This is a wonderful book - I chuckled, smirked and slapped my head with delighted exasperation (whilst sitting on crowded commuter train - I am something in The City you know) at Pooter and his bewildered stumbling through the cosmic joke of his existence.
In some ways it is an 'old' book, the obsession with class and position drip through every page, with Pooters inept attempts to maintain or enhance his social position. But in many ways it is about the modern world - the alienated nobody, slogging away in an office, thinking he is better than this - when of course he isn't.
So glorious, that I am considering forming a religion based on the exquisite wisdom found inside this slim volume.
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By Uncle Barbar TOP 50 REVIEWER on 17 Feb. 2004
Format: Paperback
This book is a little subtle - if you can't read in between the lines then you won't find it funny. If you can then the subtle humour can't help but amuse you. Pooter is lovable, ridiculous, pompous and trivial - a fully rounded character who is quite oblivious to how most of the world perceives him.
A classic.
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By A Customer on 26 Aug. 2003
Format: Paperback
Diary of a Nobody tells the story (in diary form) of Edwardian clerk Mr Charles Pooter. Mr Pooter is a roaring stereotype of the turn of the century, white-collar, lower-middle class to which he belongs, from his snobbish pomposity and sense of social importance, to his suburban home in Holloway (home: The Laurels). Pooter is a man out of his time, his ideals and attitudes are those of the mid 19th century when his position as clerk would have obtained for him the social respect that Pooter still clearly thinks he deserves. However, the Great Agricultural Depression meant that clerks positions were no longer as secure as they had been 30 years previously, while the spread of education and literacy meant that the rank of office clerk were considerably less exclusive or esteemed. Pooter completely fails to recognise this and much of the books humour stems from his inability to change with the times and his continuing bemusement as to why people he considers beneath him (his grocer, his cleaner, his son's friends) fail to show him the respect Pooter feels he deserves.
While much of the humour could be lost on those unfamilar with the finer points of contemporary Edwardian society, this does not mean that enjoyment of the book is exclusive. Pooter is a genuinely warm, well meaning character, completely recognisible to a 21st century audience. While the peiod may differ, many of the problems which cause Pooter such worry are exactly the same as today. He his constantly vexed by the behaviour of his son (the ridiculously named Lupin), friends (Cummings and Gowings) and his job.
All in all, Diary of a Nobody is an inoffensive yet heart warming tale. While it may seem dated, reading it definitely remains an amusing and worthwile way to spend an afternoon.
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| The Nobody |
In 2007, Forrest Whittaker won the 'Oscar' for Best Actor for his role in which film? | George and Weedon Grossmith - The diary of a nobody (unabridged) - Read by Geoffrey Palmer - 🔥Demonoid🔥
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The book
First published in 1892, this classic satire on English snobbery remains razor sharp 100 years on. The 'nobody' of the title is city clerk Mr Pooter who, inflated with pomposity well above his top hat, decides to record the daily round of his family and friends for posterity. The result is a hugely entertaining compilation of mundane mishaps and misunderstandings as poor self-important Mr Pooter endeavours to compete with the more lively characters who invade his diary. The humour of this book endures because fortunately so do the Mr Pooters of this world.
The authors
George Grossmith (9 December 1847 – 1 March 1912) was an English comedian, writer, composer, actor, and singer. His performing career spanned more than four decades. As a writer and composer, he created 18 comic operas, nearly 100 musical sketches, some 600 songs and piano pieces, three books and both serious and comic pieces for newspapers and magazines.
Grossmith is best remembered for two aspects of his career. First, he created a series of nine memorable characters in the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan from 1877 to 1889, including Sir Joseph Porter, in H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), the Major-General in The Pirates of Penzance (1880) and Ko-Ko in The Mikado (1885–87). Second, he wrote, in collaboration with his brother Weedon, the 1892 comic novel Diary of a Nobody.
Walter Weedon Grossmith (9 June 1854 – 14 June 1919), better known as Weedon Grossmith, was an English writer, painter, actor and playwright, best known as co-author of Diary of a Nobody (1892) with his famous brother, music hall comedian and Gilbert and Sullivan star, George Grossmith. Weedon Grossmith also illustrated the book to much acclaim.
The reader
Geoffrey Dyson Palmer, OBE (born 4 June 1927) is an English actor, best known for his roles in sitcoms such as Butterflies and As Time Goes By. Palmer was born in London, England, the son of Norah Gwendolen (née Robins) and Frederick Charles Palmer, who was a chartered surveyor. He attended Highgate School, London. Palmer lives near Great Missenden, Lee Common, Buckinghamshire. He married Sally Green in 1963 and they have two children, Charles and Harriet. His son Charles is married to actress Claire Skinner.
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Which two colours are found on the flag of Greenland? | Greenland Flag
Greenland Flag
Featuring Danish colors, red and white, the flag of Greenland was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.
Flag of Greenland
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Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited, its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same.
Flags of Neighboring Countries
Canada Flag
Flags of Neighboring Countries
Designed by a local artist of Greenland, Thue Christiansen, the national flag of Greenland features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red.
Towards the hoist side of the center is a large disk. The top half of the disc is red and the bottom half white. The white in the flag represents the heavy snowfall experienced by the island and the red color symbolizes the sun shining over the land.
In the local language, Greenlandic, the flag is referred to as Erfalasorput, meaning "our flag". The Greenland flag is also known as Aappalaartoq - "the red". The term Aappalaartoq is also used to refer to the flag of Denmark. Unlike the flags of the other Nordic countries, the flag of Greenland does not feature a Nordic Cross.
The idea of the national flag first came up in 1973 when some proposed a green, white, and blue flag. The next year in 1974 a newspaper published eleven other designs out of which ten featured a Nordic Cross. No flag was chosen at the time and the plan of selecting an official flag took a backseat.
In 1978, when Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark, a design contest was held across the country. Of the many entries received, a red and white flag with the circle was chosen as the official flag of the country.
Official Name: Greenland
Adopted on: June 21, 1985
Location: Located between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
Capital City:Nuuk
Major Cities: Cape Farewell, Qeqqata, Sermersooq
Area: 836,109 square miles
| Red and White |
Complete the title of this famous play by Luigi Pirandello: 'Six Characters In Search Of An ....'? | Greenland Flag
Greenland Flag
Featuring Danish colors, red and white, the flag of Greenland was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.
Flag of Greenland
Disclaimer
Close
Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited, its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same.
Flags of Neighboring Countries
Canada Flag
Flags of Neighboring Countries
Designed by a local artist of Greenland, Thue Christiansen, the national flag of Greenland features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red.
Towards the hoist side of the center is a large disk. The top half of the disc is red and the bottom half white. The white in the flag represents the heavy snowfall experienced by the island and the red color symbolizes the sun shining over the land.
In the local language, Greenlandic, the flag is referred to as Erfalasorput, meaning "our flag". The Greenland flag is also known as Aappalaartoq - "the red". The term Aappalaartoq is also used to refer to the flag of Denmark. Unlike the flags of the other Nordic countries, the flag of Greenland does not feature a Nordic Cross.
The idea of the national flag first came up in 1973 when some proposed a green, white, and blue flag. The next year in 1974 a newspaper published eleven other designs out of which ten featured a Nordic Cross. No flag was chosen at the time and the plan of selecting an official flag took a backseat.
In 1978, when Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark, a design contest was held across the country. Of the many entries received, a red and white flag with the circle was chosen as the official flag of the country.
Official Name: Greenland
Adopted on: June 21, 1985
Location: Located between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
Capital City:Nuuk
Major Cities: Cape Farewell, Qeqqata, Sermersooq
Area: 836,109 square miles
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In 2008, Daniel Day-Lewis won the 'Oscar' for Best Actor for his role in which film? | Oscars 2008: Daniel Day-Lewis wins best actor - Telegraph
Oscars 2008: Daniel Day-Lewis wins best actor
Day Lewis accepted his award from Dame Helen Mirren
By Catherine Elsworth in Los Angeles
6:37AM GMT 25 Feb 2008
American stars were shut out of the acting honours at the 80th annual Academy Awards as Daniel Day Lewis, Tilda Swinton, Spanish actor Javier Bardem and, in one of the night's few upsets, French actress Marion Cotillard scooped showbusiness's top acting prizes.
Watch Oscars speeches: Daniel Day-Lewis | Marion Cotillard | Coen Brothers
Overall, however, the night's big winner was Joel and Ethan Coen's violent thriller, No Country For Old Men, which clinched four of the most coveted awards including best director, best adapted screenplay and top honour, best picture.
The Oscar triumph completed a virtual clean sweep of awards season honours for the brooding drama about the bloody aftermath of a botched drug deal.
It beat There Will Be Blood, British World War II drama Atonement, legal thriller Michael Clayton and the comedy Juno to the best picture award.
Atonement, which received seven nominations, left with just one Oscar, for best original score.
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As expected, Day Lewis won best actor for his portrayal of an monomaniacal early 20th century oilman in There Will Be Blood, while Tilda Swinton, in another acting surprise, picked up best supporting actress, pipping Australian actress Cate Blanchett, who had been favourite to win for her portrayal of Bob Dylan in biopic I'm Not There.
French star Marion Cotillard, 32, also beat the favourite, veteran British actress Julie Christie, to the coveted best actress award for her magnetic depiction of tragic French singer Edith Piaf in La Vie en Rose.
Stunned and open-mouthed, the Paris-born actress fought back tears as she became the first French woman to take home the best actress Oscar since Simone Signoret's win in 1960.
"I'm speechless now. I ... I ... thank you life, thank you love and it is true, there is some angels in this city. Thank you so, so much."
A second Oscar for Christie (who previously won in 1966) for her role as an Alzheimer's sufferer in Away From Her had been considered a given until Cotillard's Golden Globe and Bafta triumphs.
The French actress's Oscar makes her only the second woman to win the award for a non-English speaking performance, following Italian legend Sophia Loren in 1962.
Cotillard also beat fellow nominees Ellen Page, Laura Linney and Cate Blanchett.
Oscars 2008: News, video, pictures and anecdotes from LA
Swinton, who beat fellow nominee Irish schoolgirl Saoirse Ronan, shortlisted for Atonement, won for her role as an icy lawyer in Michael Clayton.
Backstage, the willowy, 47-year-old redhead said she was "so stoked, as they say, I think it's fantastic. ... I'm amazed I'm still standing."
She also acknowledged the number of wins by non-American actors, including the as-expected best supporting actor Oscar for Spain's Javier Bardem for No Country for Old Men, who thanked his family in Spanish.
It was the first time since 1964 that the top four acting awards have gone to non-Americans.
"Dude, Hollywood is built on Europeans," Swinton said. "Don't tell everybody, but we're everywhere."
Accepting his award from Dame Helen Mirren, last year's best actress winner for her role in The Queen, Day Lewis knelt as she made as if to knight him with the statue.
"That is the closest I will ever get to a knighthood, so thank you," said the 50-year-old star, who previously won a best actor Oscar in 1990 for My Left Foot: The Story of Christy Brown.
He thanked the Academy for "whacking me with the handsomest bludgeon in town" before hailing the film's director, Paul Thomas Anderson, and thanking his wife, Rebecca Miller.
Despite the film's art-house nature, Day-Lewis' performance has found its way into popular culture, in part due to a line from the film's violent climax - "I drink your milkshake!" - which has become somewhat of a catch phrase, inspiring parodies and YouTube videos.
Both No Country for Old Men, adapted from the Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name, and There Will be Blood had been nominated for a leading eight Oscars.
There Will be Blood left with two, also winning a cinematography award.
The four-time nominated Juno won one - a best original screenplay Oscar for Diablo Cody, who dedicated her award to Hollywood writers, who recently went back to work after a three-month strike that almost scuttled the industry's biggest celebration.
The night's other British winners included Alexandra Byrne, who won best costume design for Elizabeth: The Golden Age, and Suzie Templeton and Hugh Welchman, who picked up the Oscar for best animated short film for Peter and the Wolf.
In a noticeably subdued year, second-time Oscar host Jon Stewart attempted to spice up the night, referencing the 100-day writers' strike that ended just in time for the Oscars to go ahead in his opening joke.
"These past three and a half months have been very tough. The town was torn apart by a bitter writer's strike, but I'm happy to say that the fight is over," Stewart said. "So tonight, welcome to the makeup sex."
| There Will Be Blood |
What was the name of the British battleship that was sunk by the German ship Bismark at the Battle of the Denmark Strait? | Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard Win Acting Honors at British Academy Awards | Fox News
Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard Win Acting Honors at British Academy Awards
Published February 10, 2008
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LONDON – Daniel Day-Lewis won the best actor award at the British Academy Film Awards Sunday, cementing his place as an Oscar favorite for his role as a larger-than-life oilman in "There Will be Blood."
Marion Cotillard of France won the best actress prize for her portrayal of songstress Edith Piaf, while the literary tearjerker "Atonement" was named best picture.
Day-Lewis, a previous Oscar winner for "My Left Foot" and a favorite to win best actor at the Academy Awards in Los Angeles in two weeks, paid tribute to this year's strong field of nominees.
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"It has been a mighty year and I am very proud to be included," he said.
The night's biggest surprise was the success of French-language Piaf biopic "La Vie En Rose," which took four prizes -- music, costume design, makeup and the acting award for Cotillard's searing performance as the tragic songstress.
"Wow, wow, wow!" said a trembling, overwhelmed Cotillard. "It has been the most incredible adventure. I loved every single second of the shooting."
Joel and Ethan Coen took the directing award for their bleak modern-day western "No Country for Old Men," while Spanish actor Javier Bardem was named best supporting actor for his portrayal of a remorseless killer in the same film. Roger Deakins won the cinematography prize for capturing a stark Texan landscape in the film.
Tilda Swinton was named best supporting actress for legal drama "Michael Clayton."
Swinton, who wore the evening's most outrageous outfit -- an elaborate gold-and-black John Galliano creation -- said she was surprised to win.
"Proof that I'm astonished -- I would never have worn this skirt," she said.
Neophyte screenwriter Diablo Cody took the original screenplay prize for quirky teen-pregnancy comedy "Juno," while the original screenplay award went to Ronald Harwood for "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly."
The British awards -- officially the Orange British Academy Film Awards but popularly known as BAFTAs -- are considered an important indicator of success at the Oscars.
This year's show was given extra prominence by the Hollywood writers' strike that torpedoed last month's Golden Globes gala and imperiled the Feb. 24 Academy Awards. The Oscars ceremony now looks likely to go ahead thanks to a draft agreement between the Writers Guild of America and studios that could end the strike this week.
Hundreds of fans gathered under an unseasonably warm February sun to watch stars including Anthony Hopkins, Sylvester Stallone, Keira Knightley and "Harry Potter" star Daniel Radcliffe arrive at London's Royal Opera House for the black-tie ceremony.
"Atonement," which had been nominated for 14 awards, won just one other prize -- production design.
"Transformers" star Shia LaBoeuf won the rising star award, decided by public vote, while Hopkins received the Academy Fellowship for outstanding contribution to the film industry.
Shane Meadows' hard-hitting skinhead drama "This is England" took the prize for best British film.
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Which British scholar and idealist is best remembered for his works 'The Rights Of Man' and 'The Age Of Reason'? | Thomas Paine | Article about Thomas Paine by The Free Dictionary
Thomas Paine | Article about Thomas Paine by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas+Paine
Related to Thomas Paine: Declaration of Independence , Thomas Jefferson
Paine, Thomas,
1737–1809, Anglo-American political theorist and writer, b. Thetford, Norfolk, England. The son of a working-class Quaker, he became an excise officer and was dismissed from the service after leading (1772) agitation for higher salaries. Paine emigrated to America in 1774, bearing letters of introduction from Benjamin Franklin Franklin, Benjamin,
1706–90, American statesman, printer, scientist, and writer, b. Boston. The only American of the colonial period to earn a European reputation as a natural philosopher, he is best remembered in the United States as a patriot and diplomat.
..... Click the link for more information. , who was then in England. He soon became involved in the clashes between England and the American colonies and published the stirring and enormously successful pamphlet Common Sense (Jan., 1776), in which he argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and should be given independence. In Dec., 1776, Paine wrote the first of a series of 16 pamphlets called The American Crisis (1776–83). These essays were widely distributed and did much to encourage the patriot cause throughout the American Revolution American Revolution,
1775–83, struggle by which the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic seaboard of North America won independence from Great Britain and became the United States. It is also called the American War of Independence.
..... Click the link for more information. . He also wrote essays for the Pennsylvania Journal and edited the Pennsylvania Magazine. After the war he returned to his farm in New Rochelle, N.Y.
In 1787 Paine went to England and while there wrote The Rights of Man (2 parts, 1791 and 1792), defending the French Revolution French Revolution,
political upheaval of world importance in France that began in 1789. Origins of the Revolution
Historians disagree in evaluating the factors that brought about the Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. in reply to Edmund Burke Burke, Edmund,
1729–97, British political writer and statesman, b. Dublin, Ireland. Early Writings
After graduating (1748) from Trinity College, Dublin, he began the study of law in London but abandoned it to devote himself to writing.
..... Click the link for more information. 's Reflections on the Revolution in France. Its basic premises were that there are natural rights common to all men, that only democratic institutions are able to guarantee these rights, and that only a kind of welfare state can secure economic equity. Paine's attack on English institutions led to his prosecution for treason and subsequent flight to Paris (1792). There, as a member of the National Convention, he took a significant part in French affairs. During the Reign of Terror Reign of Terror,
1793–94, period of the French Revolution characterized by a wave of executions of presumed enemies of the state. Directed by the Committee of Public Safety, the Revolutionary government's Terror was essentially a war dictatorship, instituted to rule the
..... Click the link for more information. he was imprisoned by the Jacobins from Dec., 1793 to Nov., 1794 and narrowly escaped the guillotine. During this time he wrote his famous deistic and antibiblical work The Age of Reason (2 parts, 1794 and 1795), which alienated many. His diatribe against George Washington, Letter to Washington (1796), added more fuel to the persisting resentment against him. At the invitation of the new president, Thomas Jefferson, Paine returned to the United States in 1802. However, he was practically ostracized by his erstwhile compatriots; he died unrepentant and in poverty seven years later. An idealist, a radical, and a master rhetorician, Paine wrote and lived with a keen sense of urgency and excitement and a constant yearning for liberty.
Bibliography
See his writings ed. by M. D. Conway (1894–96, repr. 1969); P. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (2 vol., 1945); and representative selections ed. by H. H. Clark (1944, repr. 1961); biographies by D. F. Hawke (1974), A. Williamson (1974), J. Keane (1995), and C. Nelson (2006); studies by E. Foner (1976, repr. 1997), P. Collins (2005), H. J. Kaye (2005), C. Hitchens (2007), and S. Cotlar (2011).
Paine, Thomas
Born Jan. 29, 1737, in Thetford, England; died June 8, 1809, in New York (USA). Public and political figure in the USA and Great Britain. A member of the revolutionary wing of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
In 1774, Paine left England for North America, carrying a letter of introduction from B. Franklin. He soon emerged in the forefront of the proponents of independence for the British colonies. In the pamphlet Common Sense (1776), Paine, taking as his point of departure rationalist theories of natural law and the social contract, advocated the idea of the sovereignty of the people and the right to revolution. He demonstrated that it was necessary for the North American colonies to break away from Great Britain and form an independent republic. The ideas expressed in Common Sense were reflected in the Declaration of Independence (1776). Paine, like Jefferson, favored the abolition of slavery.
During the War of Independence in North America (1775–83), Paine wrote a series of 13 pamphlets under the title The American Crisis (1776–83). From 1777 to 1779 he was secretary of the congressional Committee for Foreign Affairs, and in 1781 he took part in the Paris negotiations with the French government concerning aid for the North American colonies.
Paine was an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, which broke out while he was in Great Britain. In the treatise The Rights of Man (1791–92) he developed the ideas of popular sovereignty and republicanism and defended the revolutionary principles of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Paine’s book was banned in Great Britain, and he was forced to emigrate to France, where he was elected a member of the Convention. However, he broke with the Jacobins on the question of the execution of Louis XVI, and in late 1793 he was put in prison, where he spent about a year. As a result of his experience in France, his social views developed, particularly his criticism of bourgeois property relations from a petit bourgeois standpoint. In Agrarian Justice (1797), he condemned the system of property distribution and speculated that labor is the source of capitalist profit. He developed a Utopian plan for state support of the poor through taxation of the propertied classes and through the nationalization of land under a redemption system.
Paine was among those who introduced atheistic traditions into America. In the Age of Reason (1794) the force of reason is decisively pitted against religious delusions. As a philosopher, Paine is perhaps best described as an inconsistent metaphysical materialist.
In 1802, Paine returned to the USA, where, persecuted by reactionary political and religious circles, he died in poverty. The views of Paine—the most consistent spokesman of the radical democratic tendency in the American sociopolitical movement of the late 18th century—directly influenced the shaping of the ideology of the Chartist movement in Great Britain.
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Deriving from the Greek for 'crescent', what name is given to the convex or concave upper surface of a column of liquid, the curvature of which is caused by surface tension? | The Rights of Man (EasyRead Edition): Amazon.es: Thomas Paine: Libros en idiomas extranjeros
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5 estrellas
3.0 de un máximo de 5 estrellas A bit slow. 16 de septiembre de 2016
Por D. L. McClung - Publicado en Amazon.com
Formato: Versión Kindle Compra verificada
It wasn't what I thought it would be. The title is somewhat deceiving. I expected him to expound on the Rights of Man in more relevant detail. Considering the period that he talks about, and the fact that it was during his lifetime, I suppose it is accurate and relevant for those times and conditions. I didn't really expect to be spending so much time reading about the French Revolution. I guess I expected him to actually spend most of the book actually telling me about the Rights of Man, as a concept and actuality at that time. If I wanted statistics on the economic circumstances of the times in France and England, or a history lesson of that time, I would have read a history book instead. The book was more about the economic and political evolution of that time in France and England. I just wanted to know about...the Rights of Man.
2 de 2 personas piensan que la opinión es útil
4.0 de un máximo de 5 estrellas Deja Vu All Over Again, Tom 9 de marzo de 2015
Por Amazon Customer - Publicado en Amazon.com
Formato: Versión Kindle Compra verificada
Thomas Paine speaks eloquently and vociferously in defense of the ideals and rights of the citizens of France on the eve of the French Revolution, against the attacks of Burke, an English lecturer who is vehemently denying that any citizens have any legal rights to defy their sovereign. He even goes so far as to boast that the English would never want to defy their beloved monarchs. Burke is fomenting a violent Revolution, (which shows he is a tool of the English financial interests), and Paine is struggling vainly for a peaceful resolution. It is a fascinating study, in that it is very much the same issues and same powers, ideologies, and even the same power structures we are dealing with today. I would urge every American who is confused about what is happening to our nation to read this book; they will finally understand what wiser men have been saying all along: history does not happen: it is orchestrated for the profit and advancement of the wealthy and powerful. It will continue to do so until we are aware of them and their tricks.
4.0 de un máximo de 5 estrellas A Must-Have book if you are curious about Americas founding 3 de febrero de 2013
Por David M. Mundy - Publicado en Amazon.com
Compra verificada
The Great Experiment is "Can men govern themselves?." This book gives many insights into the "why" and the "how" of the beginnings of our republic (America is not a democracy, we are a republic). Meanwhile, back in France a man by the name of Edmund Burke writes for the French people his ideas for liberty and democracy in their nation. It did not end well for the French, but America turned out very well. Why did things go that way? Reading this book helps answer that. Thomas Paine refers occasionally to the works of Mr Burke in this book so you will be interested in one of Burke's books to go along with this. I suggest "On the Sublime & Beautiful, Reflections on the French Revolution." This book by Paine is easier to read than Burke. Paine's sentences are shorter and to the point. Burke writes with an eloquence of the day so i much preferred Paines style. This particular printing of "Rights of Man" is illustrated by Lynd Ward with 18 full page black&reddish/orange ink drawings. Also at the beginning of each chapter is a smaller black & white woodcut drawing. The book is somewhat large at 11 &1/2 inches tall by 8 & 1/2 wide. about 1 & 1/8th inches thick.
5.0 de un máximo de 5 estrellas A great reply to Burke's attack 30 de junio de 2013
Por Andrei I - Publicado en Amazon.com
Formato: Versión Kindle Compra verificada
The book is a "reply" to Edmund Burke's "attack" on the French Revolution. It is another beautiful example of Thomas Paine's writing skills and eloquence.
I was temped to give it 4* because of the tax section where he, in my opinion, goes into detail to much about the money and where it should go. I understood though at the end when he also explains why the printing of the book was delayed and only appeared after the Mr Pitt's address to the English Parliment
Paine brings down all of Burke's arguments, who believed that monarchy and aristocracy and the best choices when compared to a republic. Paine also dismantles Burke's belief that a hereditary government has a right to dictate it's policy upon future generations.
He goes on to explain that the Rights of Man are something you are born with. No previous generation or government can take those away.
It is beautifully written and argumented
5.0 de un máximo de 5 estrellas The Rights Of Man by Thomas Paine 10 de octubre de 2016
Por william newmoon - Publicado en Amazon.com
Formato: Tapa blanda Compra verificada
Is hereditary government a good idea? What do we need to know about monarchy, aristocracy, or democracy? What is a republic and why would we want it? What are The Rights Of Man and where do they come from? Is a Constitution necessary? Is there a Source Of All Sovereignty? These questions are answered. Many other interesting, historical, political, and moral curiosities are given.
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Who is the MP for South Cambridgeshire and current Secretary of State for Health? | South Cambs MP Andrew Lansley named Secretary of Health in Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government - Hunts life - Hunts Post
South Cambs MP Andrew Lansley named Secretary of Health in Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government
13:43 12 May 2010
MP for South Cambridgeshire, Andrew Lansley has been appointment the Secretary of State for Health of a new Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government. In a statement released on Wednesday (May 12), Mr Lansley said: It is an immense privilege to be appoi
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MP for South Cambridgeshire, Andrew Lansley has been appointment the Secretary of State for Health of a new Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government.
In a statement released on Wednesday (May 12), Mr Lansley said: "It is an immense privilege to be appointed Secretary of State for Public Health in the new government.
"Just as Britain needs strong and stable government, so we intend to bring to the NHS the consistent, stable reform, which enables Healthcare professionals to deliver improving quality of care to patients."
Mr Lansley said the main objective is consistent improvement to ensure the delivery of a health service that is amongst the best in the world.
He said: "To achieve this, in the current financial crisis, will require leadership and highly effective management. The NHS will be backed with increased real resources but with this, comes a real responsibility. So we will need progressively to be more efficient, to cut the costs of what we do now, to innovate and re-design, in order to enable us to meet increased demands and to improve quality and outcomes.
"There is much to do. If I have learnt one thing over six-and-a-half years as Shadow Health Secretary, it is that in the NHS we have an immense number of talented, committed and capable people, who want to be trusted to get on with the job. It will be my task to enable them to do this; with our shared ambition to achieve the best healthcare service anywhere in the world."
Mr Lansley retained his South Cambridgeshire seat in the election with 27,995 votes compared to his closet competitor, Liberal Democrat candidate Sebastian Kindersley with 20,157 votes.
| Andrew Lansley |
Deriving from the Latin for 'thunderbolt', what name is given to the natural hollow glass tubes formed in sand or soil by lightening strikes? | MPs' Meeting with Health Chiefs at Royston Hospital | Rt Hon. Sir Oliver Heald QC MP
Rt Hon. Sir Oliver Heald QC MP
MP for North East Hertfordshire
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Friday, 26 March, 2010
North East Herts MP Oliver Heald and South Cambridgeshire MP Andrew Lansley, who is also Shadow Secretary of State for Health, visited Royston Hospital for talks with the Chairman of Hertfordshire NHS, Stuart Bloom, Simon Rouse, Director of Strategic Planning, NHS Hertfordshire, Heather Moulder, Managing Director of Hertfordshire Community Health Services, and Anne Richmond, Matron of Royston Hospital.
There was an opportunity for a full and frank exchange of views about the future of the Hospital and the two MPs were given a tour of the wards and some of the thirty four clinics which use Royston Hospital. Oliver Heald continued to press for assurances about the future of the Hospital. Andrew Lansley pressed for answers about the future of intermediate care locally and the much-valued clinics.
Commenting, Oliver Heald said, “It was good to have an opportunity to talk further with the management of the local Health Service about the future of Royston Hospital. I am disappointed still not to have a solid assurance about the future of this important facility.”
Andrew Lansley said, “I was pleased to accompany Oliver and to visit this Hospital which is also used by my constituents in South Cambridgeshire. It is a much valued resource, obviously doing a good job for its patients.”
END
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Playing for Blackburn Rovers, who is the only Congolese currently registered as a Premier League footballer? | Premier League Facepack v2 by Newnitnun - PES Patch
Premier League Facepack v2 by Newnitnun
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El Hadji Ousseynou Diouf (born 15 January 1981) is a Senegalese footballer. He plays for Blackburn Rovers, having previously played for Liverpool, Bolton Wanderers and Lens. Diouf is a playmaker whose favoured position is as right winger, but can also play on the left wing or as a deep lying forward.
Steed Malbranque (born 6 January 1980 in Mouscron) is a Belgian-born French footballer, currently playing for Sunderland.
David James Nugent (born 2 May 1985 in Huyton, Merseyside) is an English footballer who currently plays as a striker for Premier League club Portsmouth.
Tugay Kerimoğlu (born 24 August 1970 in Trabzon) is a Turkish footballer who has been playing for Blackburn Rovers since 2001. His main role is central midfielder, he also is competent on attacking midfielder and anchor positions. Former Romanian legend Gheorghe Hagi rates him as one of the finest ball-playing midfielders in Europe.
Paul Josef Herbert Scharner (born March 11, 1980 in Scheibbs) is an Austrian footballer. He was originally used as a midfielder, earning caps for the Austrian national team, but since late 2005 he has been utilised as a central defender for his club team Wigan Athletic.
David James Wheater (born 14 February 1987) is an English footballer, who plays for Middlesbrough. He is a central defender with a penchant for scoring from set-pieces. He has developed a reputation for being a “no nonsense” defender and has often been compared to the likes of Gary Pallister and Terry Butcher.
Titus Malachi Bramble (born July 21, 1981 in Ipswich, Suffolk) is an English football player, currently playing as a centre back for Wigan Athletic in the Premier League. He has an older brother, Tesfaye, who plays for Leiston as well as an older sister, Ribena Bramble, who is a hockey player in Zimbabwe.
Veijeany Christopher Samba (born 28 March 1984 in Créteil, Val-de-Marne) is a French-Congolese football player. Samba only made 20 appearances during his time in Germany and desired a move elsewhere. Struggling to break into the Hertha Berlin first team he was invited by Mark Hughes to undertake a five-day trial at Blackburn Rovers.
Stephen David Warnock (born 12 December 1981) is an English footballer who plays as a left back for Blackburn Rovers. He has also been capped by England.
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Who is the MP for Surrey Heath and current Secretary of State for Education? | The Premier League: Top 10 Defenders Today | Bleacher Report
The Premier League: Top 10 Defenders Today
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow
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Where does Everton's defensive stalwart Sylvain Distin rank in the list?
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Newcastle United 5-1 Sunderland, Arsenal 2-3 West Brom, Wigan 0-6 Chelsea. 248 goals in 100 games.
That's a lot of goals and lopsided matches already this season in the Premier League.
However, last season saw 1,023 goals scored in 380 top-flight games, or 2.69 goals per game. Does this prove that defending is better this season than last? The balls have not changed, the goalposts have not moved, the law books have not been re-written and there has been little transfer activity of note at most clubs.
Have teams switching to the a la mode 4-2-3-1 formation become more compact and more resolute? Is this system clogging up the centre of the pitch? If it is, it could explain why wingers such as Florent Malouda and Gareth Bale are having notable seasons.
In fact, exactly half of the teams in Europe's Premier League have kept three or more clean sheets in their 10 fixtures to date.
But who has excelled for his team, either as a marauding full-back or as a commanding presence at the heart of the defence?
In the following video slideshow, I choose the 10 best defenders currently playing in the Premier League, as chosen according to the following criteria: their Actim Index score, their team's fortunes, the influence they exert on the pitch.
Let the debate commence!
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The first defender on this list is an important part of holders Chelsea's defence.
Branislav Ivanovic joined Chelsea in 2008 from Spartak Moscow for a fee approaching £10 million ($15 million). Despite failing to start to a game under Avram Grant and then Luis Felipe Scolari for eight months, he scored two decisive Champions League goals against Liverpool in his club's 7-5 quarterfinal aggregate victory.
Despite playing well whenever he was called upon last season, the press still highlighted the Serbian as a transfer target for many top clubs, including Real Madrid.
This season, he has featured strongly in a defence which has conceded only three goals and is rated by Actim as the seventh-best defender in the league and 31st best player overall.
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9: Gonzalo Jara (West Bromwich Albion)
A contentious choice perhaps given the criticism justifiably directed towards Gonzalo Jara by the press following his ugly lunge on Blackpool's Luke Varney last night, which earned the Chilean full-back a red card last night.
Nevertheless, Jara has been one of the key players for his club as it rides the crest of a wave in sixth place and only behind a much-feted Tottenham team on goal difference only.
This term, the Baggies have already conceded 17 goals and often relied on their offensive capabilities but, given the volume of attacks which their opponents have launched on their goal, Jara and his defensive colleagues have stood up to the test quite well for a newly-promoted team with very few resources.
Ranked as the 51st best player in the league this year, Jara has shown his worth and has the mentality and talent to lead the Midlands club to a top-10 finish.
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Everton, notoriously slow starters in the league, have finally woken up on the back of a momentous Merseyside victory and some strong defensive performances. With England international Phil Jagielka and former Manchester City, Newcastle United and Portsmouth veteran Distin in their ranks, this is no surprise.
Having kept their opponents out successfully on four out of ten occasions, the Toffees boast one of the league most resolute units.
Distin—tall, strong and quick—is ranked this season as the league's 10th best defender and 37th best player. But, in a squad often depleted by injuries, he has been an ever-present and dependable last line of defence and he thus merits his place at No. 8.
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7: Chris Samba (Blackburn Rovers)
Like Gonzalo Jara at West Brom, the importance of the performances of giant defender Chris Samba for an unfashionable team often goes unnoticed. It is for this reason that it is difficult to find a decent compilation video of the player in action.
But that it has been thought for a while that a manager of the calibre of Arsene Wenger is interested in paying Blackburn handsomely to secure the services of the 26-year-old Congolese players is testament to the player's virtues.
Powerful and intelligent on the ground and commanding in the air, Samba is primarily a formidable defender against any opponents but is also employed in the dying stages of matches in attack as a battering ram, It would be surprising if Wenger or Tottenham manager Harry Redknapp, permanently shorn of captain Ledley King and compatriot Jonathan Woodgate, did not take any interest one step further in January.
Ranked this year as the 77th best player in the league, Samba—with one league goal in nine appearances—has been the only bright light in Rovers' disappointing season to date.
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Dubiously dubbed in this video as the best defender in the world, Vincent Kompany, Manchester City's young Belgian centre-back has shown English football fans that he is a very capable defender over the past two seasons.
The richest club in the world has been embroiled in tabloid stories of disputes among the players and between the players and management. But the team's defensive record is undeniably good: only 10 goals conceded and four clean sheets catapulted City to second momentarily.
Having made a total of 14 appearances and started every league match this year, Kompany ranks as the 44th best player in the league and continues to lead by example from the back. With the support of the experienced Kolo Toure and impressive Joe Hart, it will be difficult for any team to breach the team's defence this campaign.
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After 143 league starts and one goal in his five years in English football, French left-back Patrice Evra has become part of the furniture at Old Trafford, a player who Sir Alex Ferguson can depend on to overlap his midfield and join counter-attacks or pull back and into rank, depending on what the circumstances dictate.
Despite his regrettable decision as French team captain to lead a farcical player revolt at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, his standing at the most successful football club in modern British history remains unaffected.
Energetic and quick, Evra offers United many dimensions in both attack and defence and his contributions this season have no surprised nobody.
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Still unpopular in English football and, in particular, among Arsenal fans for his greed and perceived lack of loyalty and commitment to the cause, Ashley Cole is undoubtedly a defender of the very highest quality.
In 115 league appearances in four years, Cole has scored six goals in his time at Stamford Bridge and has become virtually irreplaceable on the left side of defence, as Yuri Zhirkov has found much to his chagrin.
For his pace, skill and experience, Cole is currently considered by many managers, players and pundits as the best left-sided player in the Premier League and has reaped his just rewards with team honours in every competition except for the Champions League.
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One player in a long line of assertive and dominant centre-backs winning the approval of fans at Old Trafford over the past four years, Serbia's Nemanja Vidic has been one of the Premier League's top defenders for a while now.
With 11 goals in 136 appearances to date and two goals in the league—including Saturday lunchtime's opening goal against Tottenham Hotspur—Vidic continues to impress fans and pundits and earn the respect of his teammates.
His performances, together with those of Nani and Dimitar Berbatov, have deflected attention away from negative news stories such as Wayne Rooney's tumultuous personal and professional life and FC United's qualification for the first round of the F.A. Cup.
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Still 29 years old, England defender and Chelsea captain John Terry has been Chelsea's best and most reliable player for much of his 12-year career at the West London club.
Terry has scored 19 goals on 318 games and was twice awarded Chelsea Player of the Year. His achievements have also been rewarded with UEFA Defender of the Year four times and it is surely just a matter of time before he caps off his Chelsea career with the UEFA Champions League trophy.
He has captained the Blues to many successes in the modern era, is brave, popular among teammates and influential on the pitch. For these reasons, I consider John Terry to be the best defender currently playing Premier League football.
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Who was the 19th century English essayist who wrote 'The Spirit Of The Age' and 'On The Pleasure Of Hating'? | Charles Lamb Essay - Lamb, Charles - eNotes.com
Charles Lamb Essay - Lamb, Charles
Charles Lamb 1775-1834
(Also wrote under the pseudonym Elia) English essayist, critic, poet, dramatist, and novelist.
The following entry presents criticism on Lamb from 1984 through 1998. For additional information on Lamb's life and career, see NCLC, Volume 10.
A well-known literary figure in nineteenth-century England, Lamb is chiefly remembered for his “Elia” essays, works celebrated for their witty and ironic treatment of everyday subjects. Through the persona of “Elia,” Lamb developed a highly personal narrative technique to achieve what many critics regard as the epitome of the familiar essay style. Extremely popular in Lamb's day, the “Elia” essays first appeared in the London Magazine between 1820 and 1825, but were later collected into two volumes. These nostalgic works have appealed to readers throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly because of their gradual revelation of Lamb's literary alter ego and his humorous idiosyncrasies. Lamb's other writings include criticism of William Shakespeare's dramas and the virtual rediscovery of a number of neglected Elizabethan and Jacobean playwrights in the early nineteenth century. A dramatist and a skilled poet, Lamb was also a noted children's author, frequently in collaboration with his sister, Mary. Lamb's essays are thought to demonstrate a characteristically Romantic imagination akin to that of the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, Lamb's contemporaries and friends. Overall, Lamb is highly regarded as an essayist, an original and perceptive critic, and a noteworthy correspondent with the renowned literati of early nineteenth-century England.
Biographical Information
Lamb was born in London, the youngest of seven children, of whom only three survived into adulthood. His father was a law clerk who worked in the Inner Temple, one of the courts of London, and wrote poetry in his spare time. In 1782 Lamb was accepted as a student at Christ's Hospital, a school in London for the children of poor families. He excelled in his studies, especially in English literature, but the seven years away from home proved lonely. Later Lamb wrote that his solitude was relieved by his friendship with a fellow student, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who also encouraged Lamb's early poetic compositions. Since his family's poverty prevented him from furthering his education, Lamb took a job immediately upon graduation. Working first as a clerk, he became an accountant at the East India Company, a prestigious trade firm. At Coleridge's insistence, Lamb's first sonnets were included in the collection Poems on Various Subjects, published by Coleridge in 1796. That same year, Lamb's sister, who suffered from mental illness throughout her life, stabbed her mother to death in a “day of horrors” that completely transformed Lamb's life. His father and his elder brother wanted to commit Mary permanently to an asylum, but Lamb succeeded in obtaining her release and devoted himself to her care. From then on, Mary enjoyed long periods of sanity and productivity as a writer, but these were inevitably disrupted by breakdowns. In 1798 Lamb published Blank Verse with his friend Charles Lloyd. The volume contains Lamb's best known poem, “The Old Familiar Faces.” His first serious work in prose, A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, also appeared in 1798. In the first two decades of the nineteenth century, Lamb produced two dramas, including the poorly received farce Mr. H———; or, Beware a Bad Name (1806), and a number of works intended for children and written with his sister. Meanwhile he began contributing literary articles to an assortment of newspapers and periodicals. Soon Lamb had established himself as a highly astute and eloquent critical voice with such essays as “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth” and “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation”—pieces later republished in The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb (1903-05). His volume Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare, helped bring about a renewed interest in Jacobean drama upon its publication in 1808. In 1820 the editor of the London Magazine invited Lamb to contribute regularly to his periodical. Lamb, eager to supplement his income, wrote some pieces under the pseudonym “Elia” for the magazine. With the success of these essays Lamb became one of the most admired literary men in London. He and Mary presided over a weekly open house, attended by friends including Coleridge, William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, and Henry Crabb Robinson. Lamb retired from the East India Company in 1825, left London, and devoted more time to writing. Though distant from his literary acquaintances in the English metropolis, Lamb was still at the peak of his popularity as an essayist when he died suddenly in 1834.
Major Works
Although he began his literary career as a sonneteer, Lamb quickly discovered that his talent and inclination lay in prose, not verse. His first fictional work, a short novel entitled A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, displays the influence of eighteenth-century sentimental writers Henry Mackenzie and Laurence Sterne. Lamb's next literary composition, John Woodvil (1802), set shortly after England's monarchical Restoration in 1660, owes a debt to Elizabethan tragedy and features a commentary on the politics of Lamb's day via historical analogy. Lamb's collaborative works with his sister, Mary, all fall into the category of juvenile literature and include Mrs. Leicester's School (1807), a collection of children's stories and poems, Tales from Shakespear (1807), simplified renderings in prose of William Shakespeare's most famous plays, and Poetry for Children (1809). Lamb also adapted Homer's epic poem The Odyssey for younger readers in The Adventures of Ulysses (1808). Among Lamb's critical writings, his anthology Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare includes selections from the plays of such Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists as Christopher Marlowe, John Webster, George Chapman, and Thomas Middleton. Since many of these works were previously unobtainable to early nineteenth-century readers, Lamb's compilation was an important reference source and is supplemented with explanatory notes now considered among Lamb's most significant critical work. In a related essay, “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation,” Lamb argued that the best qualities of Shakespeare's drama can be fully appreciated only through reading: according to Lamb, stage performances often diminish the play's meanings, and individual performers often misinterpret Shakespeare's intended characterizations. Lamb's most prominent works were his last: the collections Elia: Essays Which Have Appeared under That Signature in the “London Magazine” and The Last Essays of Elia were published in 1823 and 1833, respectively. Featuring sketches in the familiar essay form—a style popularized by Michel de Montaigne, Robert Burton, and Sir Thomas Browne—the “Elia” essays are characterized by Lamb's personal tone, narrative ease, and wealth of literary allusions. Never didactic, the essays treat ordinary subjects in a nostalgic, fanciful way by combining humor, pathos, and a sophisticated irony ranging from gentle to scathing. Among the essays, “Christ's Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago” features a schoolboy reminiscence of Coleridge, while “Confessions of a Drunkard” treats with ambivalence a theme that punctuated Lamb's own life. Counted among his most significant writings, Lamb's discerning and lively correspondence is collected in The Letters of Charles Lamb (1935).
Critical Reception
Lamb's “Elia” essays have been nearly universally extolled by reviewers since their initial appearance. While some scholars have considered Lamb's style imitative of earlier English writers, the majority now accept that quality as one of “Elia's” distinctive hallmarks, along with his fondness for the obscure and other idiosyncrasies. In addition to the elegant prose of his essays, works that have delighted generations of readers, Lamb's critical writings testify to his versatility and insight, although some commentators have faulted his unsystematic critical method. During the nineteenth century, Lamb's collected writings tended to elicit highly polarized critical reactions. By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, Lamb's status as one of England's most beloved writers was affirmed, and today he is remembered as a perceptive critic and the finest practitioner of the familiar essay form in English. The “Elia” essays maintained their popularity until the 1930s, when Lamb's reputation suffered a near total reversal as critic F. R. Leavis and his disciples reappraised the Elian style. The Leavisite critique echoed throughout academia, and Lamb's works ceased to be studied seriously by British scholars for several decades. By the mid 1960s, however, critics such as George Barnett and later Gerald Monsman undertook the process of rehabilitating Lamb's standing by producing detailed studies of his essays. The Charles Lamb Society and its quarterly publication, The Charles Lamb Bulletin, the main source of contemporary Lamb criticism, have assisted in this renewed interest and study of Lamb's works, covering such topics as Lamb's theories of drama, his poetry, and especially his “Elia” essays, whose enduring humor and spontaneity continue to capture the imaginations of modern readers.
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Poems on Various Subjects [with Samuel Taylor Coleridge] (poetry) 1796
Blank Verse [with Charles Lloyd] (poetry) 1798
A Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret (novel) 1798
John Woodvil (drama) 1802
Mr. H———; or, Beware a Bad Name (drama) 1806
Mrs. Leicester's School [with Mary Lamb] (short stories and poetry) 1807
Tales from Shakespear [with Mary Lamb] (short stories) 1807
The Adventures of Ulysses (short stories) 1808
Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare [editor] (dramas) 1808
Poetry for Children [with Mary Lamb] (poetry) 1809
Elia: Essays Which Have Appeared under That Signature in the “London Magazine” [as Elia] (essays) 1823
Album Verses [with others] (poetry) 1830
The Last Essays of Elia [as Elia] (essays) 1833
*The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb. 7 vols. (essays, novel, short stories, poetry, and dramas) 1903-05
The Letters of Charles Lamb. 3 vols. (letters) 1935
*This work includes the essays “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth,” “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Presentation,” and “On the Artificial Comedy of the Last Century.”
| William Hazlitt |
Which singer has had a 2010 UK number one album with 'Recovery'? | English Literature - 3 | Britannica.com
English Literature
the body of written works produced in the English language by inhabitants of the British Isles (including Ireland) from the 7th century to the present day.
Displaying 101 - 200 of 800 results
Brome, Richard English dramatist generally deemed the most considerable of the minor Jacobean playwrights. Nothing is known of Brome’s origins. As early as 1614, he is known to have been in Ben Jonson ’s service, probably acting as Jonson’s secretary and domestic....
Brontë, Anne English poet and novelist, sister of Charlotte and Emily Brontë and author of Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). The youngest of six children of Patrick and Marie Brontë, Anne was taught in the family’s Haworth home and at Roe...
Brontë, Charlotte English novelist noted for Jane Eyre (1847), a strong narrative of a woman in conflict with her natural desires and social condition. The novel gave new truthfulness to Victorian fiction. She later wrote Shirley (1849) and Villette (1853). Life Her father...
Brontë, Emily English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative novel of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Brontë sisters, but the record of her life is extremely...
Brooke, Henry Irish novelist and dramatist, best known for The Fool of Quality, one of the outstanding English examples of the novel of sensibility—a novel in which the characters demonstrate a heightened emotional response to events around them. After attending Trinity...
Brooke, Rupert English poet, a wellborn, gifted, handsome youth whose early death in World War I contributed to his idealized image in the interwar period. His best-known work is the sonnet sequence 1914. At school at Rugby, where his father was a master, Brooke distinguished...
Brookner, Anita English art historian and author known for her novels of lonely people, especially middle-aged women who feel they have been betrayed by literature into expecting more from life than they are able to achieve. She is a master of character and of the telling...
Brophy, Brigid English writer whose satiric, witty novels explore the psychology of sex. She also wrote plays and nonfiction that reflect her interests in psychoanalysis, art, opera, and sexual liberation. The daughter of the novelist John Brophy, she began writing...
Brown, Tina English American magazine editor and writer whose exacting sensibilities and prescient understanding of popular culture were credited with revitalizing the sales of such publications as Vanity Fair and The New Yorker. She applied her media acumen to...
Browne, Sir Thomas English physician and author, best known for his book of reflections, Religio Medici. After studying at Winchester and Oxford, Browne probably was an assistant to a doctor near Oxford. After taking his M.D. at Leiden in 1633, he practiced at Shibden...
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett English poet whose reputation rests chiefly upon her love poems, Sonnets from the Portuguese and Aurora Leigh, the latter now considered an early feminist text. Her husband was Robert Browning. Elizabeth was the eldest child of Edward Barrett Moulton...
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Which internationally recognised non-SI unit of pressure is equal to 101,325 Pascals? | Bar (unit) : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the unit of pressure. For the informal unit of signal strength, see Mobile phone signal .
The bar (symbol bar) is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilo pascals , and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the decibar (symbol dbar), centibar (symbol cbar), and millibar (symbol mbar or mb). They are not SI units, nor are they cgs units, but they are accepted for use with the SI by NIST . [1] The bar is widely used in descriptions of pressure because it is only about 1% smaller than "standard" atmospheric pressure , and is legally recognized in countries of the European Union . [2]
Except for the power of ten, the definition of bar fits in the sequence of SI pressure units ( Pa , kPa, MPa), namely, 1 bar ≡ 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa. This is in contrast to the well-known unit of pressure, atmosphere , which now is defined to be 1.01325 bar exactly. As a rule of thumb, a bar is almost equal to an atmosphere.
The bar and the millibar were introduced by the British meteorologist William Napier Shaw in 1909. William Napier Shaw was the director of the Meteorological Office in London from 1907 to 1920. [3]
Contents
Definition
The bar, decibar, centibar, and millibar are defined as:
1 bar = 100 kPa (kilopascals) = 1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter ( baryes ) = 0.987 atm ( atmospheres ) = 14.5038 psi
1 dbar = 0.1 bar = 10 kPa = 100,000 dyn/cm2
1 cbar = 0.01 bar = 1 kPa
1 mbar = 0.001 bar = 0.1 kPa = 1 hPa (hectopascal) = 1,000 dyn/cm2
Example conversion: 1 atm pressure = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2
Origin
The word bar has its origin in the Greek word βάρος (baros), meaning weight . Its official symbol is "bar"; the earlier "b" is now deprecated, but still often seen especially in "mb" rather than the proper "mbar" for millibars.
The bar and millibar were introduced by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and internationally adopted in 1929.
Usage
Atmospheric air pressure is often given in millibars where "standard" sea level pressure is defined as 1013.25 mbar ( hPa ), equal to 1.01325 bar. Despite millibars not being an SI unit, meteorologists and weather reporters worldwide have long measured air pressure in millibars. After the advent of SI units, some meteorologists began using hectopascals (symbol hPa) which are numerically equivalent to millibars. For example, the weather office of Environment Canada uses kilopascals and hectopascals on their weather maps. [4] [5] In contrast, Americans are familiar with the use of the millibar in US reports of hurricanes and other cyclonic storms.
Atmospheric air pressure is often expressed in millibars and sea level atmospheric air pressure is defined as 1013.25 mbar which is equivalent to 1 atm.
In water, there is an approximate numerical equivalence between the change in pressure in decibars and the change in depth from the sea surface in metres . Specifically, an increase of 1 decibar occurs for every 1.019716 metre increase in depth close to the surface. As a result, decibars are commonly used in oceanography .
Many engineers worldwide use the bar as a unit of pressure because, in much of their work, using pascals would involve using very large numbers.
In the automotive field, turbocharger boost is often described in the United Kingdom in terms of the bar.
Unicode has a character for "mb": (㏔), but it exists only for compatibility with legacy Asian encodings. There is also a character "bar": ㍴.
Absolute pressure and gauge pressure
Bourdon tube pressure gauges, vehicle tire gauges, and many other types of pressure gauges are zero referenced to atmospheric pressure, which means that they measure the pressure above atmospheric pressure (which is around 1 bar); this is gauge pressure and is often referred to as barg (spoken "bar gauge"). In contrast, absolute pressures are zero referenced to a complete vacuum and when expressed in bar are often referred to as bara. Thus, the absolute pressure of any system is the gauge pressure of the system plus atmospheric pressure. The usage of bara and barg is now deprecated, with qualification of the physical property being preferred, e.g., "The gauge pressure is 2.3 bar; the absolute pressure is 3.3 bar". [2]
In the United States , where pressures are still often expressed in pounds per square inch (symbol psi), gauge pressures are referred to as psig and absolute pressures are referred to as psia. Gauge pressure is also sometimes spelled as gage pressure.
Sometimes, the context in which the word pressure is used helps to identify it as meaning either the absolute or gauge pressure. However, in truth, whenever a pressure is expressed in any units (bar, Pa, psi, atm, etc.), it should be denoted in some manner as being either absolute or gauge pressure to avoid any possible misunderstanding. One recommended way of doing so is to spell out what is meant, for example as bar gauge or kPa absolute. [6]
Other units of pressure
| Atmosphere |
Which Icelandic explorer discovered Newfoundland in modern-day Canada early in the 11th century? | Frequently Asked Questions » Eco-Tint
a bsorptance
the ratio of the amount of radiative energy absorbed in a coating or film to the incident energy. All energy that is absorbed is converted to heat, raising the temperature of the coating or glazing medium. (The solar absorptance of a solar control film is a key factor affecting the suitability of a given window film for application to specific window system. It is one factor that is built into Solutia Performance Films' film-to-glass-recommendation chart.)
adhesive
the chemical layer that serves to bind a window film to glass or other smooth surface. CPFilms offers a variety of such adhesives to serves different product needs. CDF (clear, distortion free), HPR (a pressure-sensitive adhesive called "high performance resin," generally for automotive films and a few architectural products), PS ("pressure sensitive," high impact, high peel-strength, generally for safety/security films), and RPS (a PS adhesive intended for easier removability than standard PS).
angstrom (Å)
unit of length used chiefly in measuring wavelengths of light, equal to 10-10 meter. It is named for the 19th-century Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström. The symbol is Å. The angstrom and multiples of it, the micron and the millimicron, are also used to measure such quantities as molecular diameters and the thickness of films on liquids [or other substrates]. (From Britannica.) Ten angstrom units = 1 nanometer . The average human hair is about 100,000 angstrom units.
annealed Glass
Thermal treatment of glass to alleviate or even totally eliminate internal stresses. The material is heated at a relatively high temperature at which material diffusion occurs. The material is held at that temperature for a certain time, and then is cooled very slowly, to avoid material stresses being reintroduced. Annealed glass (sometimes referred to as "ordinary" glass) is weaker than both heat-strengthened and tempered glass and is therefore more likely to suffer thermal shock failure (breakage) than these latter two types. See www.thomasregister.com .
a coating which reduces the reflectance of a surface by better optical coupling to the surface and therefore increasing the overall transmittance of the film.
application solution
slip solution specifically used for film positioning during the installation of films with pressure sensitive adhesive or in the case of dry chemical adhesive systems, for positioning and adhesive activation.
argon
An inert chemical element that is a colorless gas. It has a high atomic weight and is sometimes used instead of air in sealed spaces between panes of glass in IG (insulating glass) units to reduce the conduction of heat. Heavier, slower moving gas molecules transfer their energy less efficiently from pane to pane. Krypton, a similar but heavier inert gas, is also used in this manner to reduce the rate of heat transfer by conduction .
American Society of Civil Engineers which sets standards for materials, e.g., ASCE 7-93 (formerly ANSI A58.1) "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures."
American Society For Testing and Materials . Read their Mission statement .
"What is ASTM? Organized in 1898, ASTM (the American Society for Testing and Materials) is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world.
"ASTM is a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services. More than 32,000 members representing producers, users, ultimate consumers, and representatives of government and academia from over 100 countries develop documents that serve as a basis for manufacturing, procurement, and regulatory activities.
"ASTM develops standard test methods, specifications, practices, guides, classifications, and terminology in 130 areas covering subjects such as metals, paints, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, the environment, consumer products, medical services and devices, computerized systems, electronics, and many others. ASTM Headquarters has no technical research or testing facilities; such work is done voluntarily by the ASTM members located throughout the world.
"More than 10,000 ASTM standards are published each year in the 73 volumes of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. These standards and related technical information are sold throughout the world." (Quoted from ASTM's FAQ page.)
ASTM F1233-98 : Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials And Systems
The document specifying this testing standard can be purchased by visiting this web page This test method specifies procedures for evaluating the resistance of security glazing materials and systems against the following threats such as Ballistic Impact, Blunt Tool Impacts, Sharp Tool Impacts, Thermal Stress, and Chemical Deterioration.
BTU Meter
This device is essentially a wide-spectrum photocell used to measures the radiant solar energy intensity that is directly transmitted through a window. It sensitive to both visible and near infrared radiation. The device is calibrated in both BTUs per square foot per hour and in watts per square meter. Generally, it best used on a cloudless day. It should be pointed directly at the sun and a reading taken. A second reading should be taken behind the glass being tested (pointed again directly at the sun). Additional readings with different film samples can then be taken. (See Heat Box Demonstrator document to learn of an effective use for this tool.)
bubble
a blistering (or tenting affect) of window film at the glass surface generally resulting from residual moisture from installation, air or any number of potential contaminants.
candela
the base unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units that is equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per unit solid angle -- called also candle; abbreviation cd. (Merriam-Webster)
casement window
A window unit in which the single sash cranks outward, to the right or left, the projecting window hinged at the sides and usually opening outward like a door. A type of window with a side-hinged sash that opens like a door -- the best window for catching breezes and providing cross-ventilation. Usually the lites making up this window are less than 18 inches (less than half a meter) square and are installed with glazier's putty, making a window film installation very challenging to maintain cleanliness.
catch bar
a metal bar attached to the framing or wall area as a glass retention device where aesthetics are not a concern.
catch net
net attached to window framing or an adjacent wall area as a glass retention device where aesthetics are not a concern.
catch strap
strapping attached to window framing or an adjacent wall area as a glass retention device where aesthetics are not a concern.
catch system
used in combination with daylight installed window film as a net, strap, or "catch" system for broken glass hazard mitigation purposes.
CDF (Clear Distortion-Free)
A type of adhesive system used to bond window film to glass. It is to be distinguish from PS adhesives in that it is water-activated and non-reactivateable once cured. It is non-tacky to the touch but provides a very hard and extremely durable chemical bond to the glass with no optical distortion which can sometimes occur with thicker PS adhesives. Used primarily in flat glass/architectural applications for maximum durability and optical clarity. Normal curing time is 7-10 days, but can vary according to film type, temperature, and humidity. For full details on the differences between CDF and PS adhesives, see TB-37 .
All glass area of a window except that within 2.5" (10cm) from the edge of the glass -- used in measuring and calculating glazing performance such as R-values and U-values.
ceramic cutter
a hand-held device used in combination with a square-edge table or other flat surfaces to precisely trim safety film patterns to fit prior to installation. Photo .
cladding
(1) Aluminum or vinyl material attached to the outside of a window which creates a more durable, long-lasting window. Cladding is factory-applied in many colors and does not require painting. Click here for picture . (2) The term is also used in the window film industry to refer a protective deposition of material used to cover or encapsulate another more reactive metal or material within a film structure to reduce the likelihood of oxidation.
clerestory window
1. A window placed vertically in a wall above one's line of vision to provide natural light -- often at the intersection of two offset roof planes. 2. A venting or fixed window above other windows or doors on an upper outside wall of a room.
c olor temperature
the temperature of a black body, which emits light with the same spectral characteristics as the surface under consideration. Of an electromagnetic source, especially in the optical regime, the hue or wavelength (spectral content) expressed or specified as the hypothetical wavelength(s) emitted by an ideal blackbody having an absolute temperature of n kelvins (n K). Note 1: Higher numbers indicate hues in or toward the blue; lower numbers indicate hues in or toward the red.Note 2: Examples of color temperature are approximately 5000 K to 5500 K (daylight), approximately 4100 K (fluorescent lighting), and approximately 2800 K (incandescent). Note 3:Color temperature is commonly used to characterize ambient lighting or lighting employed for photographic purposes.
condensation
The change of a gas to a liquid state. Because warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air, as warm air cools its ability to hold water vapor is reduced. Excess moisture condenses on the warm side of glass. e.g., condensation on the outside of a glass of ice-water. Condensation can occur in the inner surface of a dual pane IG unit if the seals have failed and the temperature drops below the dew point.
conduction
a mode of heat transfer by which energy is transmitted through material objects, or from one object to another, by physical contact. Energy is transferred in this way because of a temperature difference between the materials. (See section 3.0.8 of the education guide.)
contaminant
dirt, hair, fibers, fingerprints, insects, etc., trapped beneath installed window film.
convection
a mode of heat transfer between two substances (one solid and the other a liquid or gas) of differing temperatures that are brought into contact with the subsequent movement of the liquid or gas, usually caused by gravity and the decreasing density of the liquid or gas. This process is illustrated by air coming into contact with a warmer glass surface, the air being heated by the glass and rising up away from the window like smoke rising up a chimney or steam up from a hot griddle.
CPSC
The Consumer Product Safety Commission . An independent federal regulatory agency that is commissioned to protect the public against unreasonable risks of injuries and deaths associated with consumer products via the formulation of various safety standards. One such standard that relates to the safety properties of glazing systems is CPSC 16 CFR 1201 . ( Click here to go to chart for complying films.)
crazing
very fine cracking of the surfaces of some plastics and ceramics than can occur as a result of bending, expansion, or contraction.
CSI
"The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) is an individual membership technical society whose core purpose is to improve the process of creating and sustaining the built environment. The Institute provides technical information and products, continuing education, professional conferences, and product shows to enhance communication among all disciplines of nonresidential building design and construction and meet the industry’s need for a common system of organizing and presenting construction information. CSI’s more than 18,000 members include architects, engineers, constructors, specifiers of construction products, suppliers of construction products, building owners, and facilities managers. Founded in 1948, CSI is headquartered outside Washington in Alexandria, VA, and has 143 local chapters nationwide." (Quoted from the CSI website).
curing (drying) time
the duration of time that must pass for all application solution used during installation to evaporate from beneath the film and for the film's adhesive system to reach maximum bond strength.
Dade County protocol
represents a series of tests that must be met for an entire window unit (all components) to be considered "Dade County approved" for windstorm mitigation.
damage-weight transmission
measure of total solar transmittance which is damaging to surface finishes, fabrics, etc, including ultraviolet and visible-light effects, for wavelengths between 280 and 500nm. Weighted according to the Krochmann Damage Function but subject to review under NFRC procedures in North America.
daylight installation
An installation practice whereby film is installed to framed glass surfaces with a slight trim or gap remaining between the window framing system and the film product's edge.
A direct gain passive solar system utilizes south-facing windows to open a house to the sun. A large window area accepts direct sunlight while thermal mass serves as storage.
Dirt-Off
CPFilms trademarked and recommended solution for glass surface preparation and cleaning glass. Part of the "Two-Bottle System" CPFilms advocates. This liquid (Tool Catalog part #GT733) contains a solution that is extraordinarily effective at breaking down and stripping away oily residues saturating the surface and sub-surface pores of window glass. Cleaner glass will substantially increase the effectiveness (slipperiness) of the application solution. Experienced installers will recognize Dirt-Off as " X-100 ," a product also used for the installation of most (though not all) window films with the CDF mounting adhesive. This solution is mildly acidic and is mixed in a one-ounce-to-one-quart (30 ml-to-one-liter) ratio from its concentrate form. With one exception discussed in TBA-01 , it should ONLY be used for prepping/cleaning interior surfaces of glass, and caution should be used to avoid excessive overspray on a vehicle’s interior upholstered surfaces and waxed car finishes. (It readily strips away wax and oily protectants used on vinyl and plastic surfaces, and therefore may cause streaking. Keep a bottle of a common vinyl protectant and a fine auto finish compound (wax or polish) handy in your shop to restore luster, as needed, to such surfaces.) See discussion in TBA-01 . See also Film-On entry below.
DOD
DOE-2
DOE-2 (see http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/dirsoft/d2whatis.html ) is a whole-building analysis computer program that calculates energy use and operating cost. DOE-2 is widely used by consulting engineers for the design of energy-efficient buildings; by researchers for impact analysis of new heating, cooling, and lighting technologies; and by state and federal agencies for developing energy-efficiency standards. DOE-2 is internationally recognized for the accuracy of its hourly analysis algorithms as well as its ability to model a wide variety of buildings, HVAC systems and energy conservation measures. DOE-2 was developed by the Simulation Research group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy.
dual reflectance
The characteristic of a window film whose inside and outside surfaces have different visible light reflectance values. For a variety of reasons, some films are designed so that, for example, they are more reflective (shiny) to the exterior (to improve solar heat rejection) and less reflective to the interior (to reduce interior reflection of artificial lighting at night.)
durometer
The resistance of flexible material to indentation under conditions which do not puncture the surface. The most frequently used device to measure this value is the spring-loaded Shore Durometer. The scale runs from zero hardness for a liquid, to 100 for a hard plane surface such as glass. In the film industry, the durometer measurements are useful to quantify the relative hardness/flexibility of various kinds of rubbers or urethanes such as those used in squeegees for window film installation.
The harder (and sharper) the squeegee blade, the more application solution can be extracted ( see detailed discussion of this issue in TBA-01 ), though a squeegee that is too hard can either scratch film or not flex well enough to follow the contour of curved auto glass. (An exception to this "sharpness" rule occurs when installing very heavy gauge safety films where high durometer but flattened [blunt] squeegee blades are often used with greater effectiveness, given the rigidity of the film structure. The sharpness of the blade ceases to be relevant here because the applied pressure is diffused over a very wide area of the glass under films greater thicker than 7 mils.) For most thins films, an ideal of maximum hardness (higher durometer) and blade sharpness is sought for film installation, consistent with no damage done to film. Lower durometer squeegees are required for glass preparation & cleaning. Click here for photo of Shore durometer measuring device.
film, typically PET polyester, which has been colored by impregnation of a dyestuff into the film.
edge-to-edge installation
An installation practice whereby film is completely installed from edge to edge (or 100% of the surface) on unframed or framed glass surfaces with minimal trim factor.
electromagnetic spectrum
The possible range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. These waves can actually vary in length from 100,000,000 meters (108m, about ¼ the distance from the Earth to the moon) to the exceedingly short subatomic distances of .000000000001 meters (10-12m). Frequencies that correspond to these wavelengths range from about 3 cycles per second to 1024 cycles per second. The solar spectrum that reaches Earth represents a very tiny splice of this range: a mere 300-2500 nm. See section in Flat Glass Technical Manual.
electron beam (e-beam) evaporation
a vacuum evaporation process which uses a high power electron beam to melt the evaporant. This process is presently only used in large scale for aluminum and magnetic alloys.
electrostatic charge
an electrical charge, which builds up on a film due to its high dielectric strength, which is caused by rubbing of film against itself or against another non-metallic surface. This charge, which can be negative or positive, will cause large amounts of dust to be attracted to the film if it is not neutralized.
elongation at break
the percent increase in length of a sample at the point of separation when tested for Break Strength. Elongation measures the film's ability to stretch without separating (breaking apart). Reported in percent. A 100% Elongation at Break indicates the film doubles in length before separating/breaking.
EMI/RFI (Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference)
is interference to a signal caused by an external source, which is reduced by appropriate shielding.
emissivity (emittance)
Short definition: "the measure of a surface's ability of reflect or emit heat in the form of radiation(wavelengths from 2500-60,000 nm)." (see also " thermal radiation ")
Long definition/discussion: Emissivity is a measure of a surface's ability to emit radiation. When heated, a low-E surface will radiate less electromagnetic energy than a high-E surface at the same temperature. The "E" (Emissivity) value is actually the ratio of the amount of radiation emitted from a given surface to the amount of radiation emitted by an ideal "black body" at the same temperature. Thus, emissivity values must be between 0 and 1. (Emissivity simply answers the question: How good does this object radiate heat as compared to a black body?) In the process of emission (re-radiation), the surface is shedding radiant energy to the environment, thus cooling itself. A low-E surface cools itself more slowly than a highly emissive surface. Therefore, installers and sales reps should be aware that sun-exposed Low-E glass with film, all other factors being equal, will tend to remain at a higher temperature than a regular filmed glass. This fact is taken into consideration in the film-to-glass recommendations calculations.
Low-E surfaces also tend to reflect longer wave far-infrared radiation , the kind of radiation emitted by objects at room temperature, indeed by all objects cooler than about 1300°F (705°C). Many low-E coatings on window glass may be excellent reflectors of far-infrared (thus reducing winter heat loss through a home's windows) but very poor reflectors/absorbers of UV, visible, and near infrared wavelengths found in solar radiation, and thus may not be sufficient for solar control purposes without additional coatings (such as high-performance window films). There is some advantage in low-e coatings in summer since such glazing can reduce the transmission of far-infrared energy emitted by objects warmed by the sun outside a home (sidewalks, rocks, pavement, outside adjacent walls, etc.). See Low-E Facts and Myths .
Emissivity is a measure of how much heat is emitted from an object by radiation. Heat is transferred to and from objects through three processes: conduction, convection, and radiation. For instance, on a hot night, heat will be conducted through a window from the outside, causing the inside pane to become warm. Convection, or natural circulation, of the air in the room past the window will transfer some of that heat into the room. But the window will also radiate heat as infrared waves, which will warm objects throughout the room. This radiative heating is why you can feel the heat of a red-hot piece of metal (for instance, a heating element on an electric stove) from several feet away.
Low-emissivity, or low-e, coatings are put on window panes to reduce the amount of heat they give off through radiation. In hot climates, where the outside of the window will typically be hotter than the inside, low-e coatings work best on the interior of the outside window pane. In cold climates, where the inside of the window is typically hotter than the outside, the low-e coatings work best on the inside window pane, on the side that faces toward the outside. To learn more about window coatings, see "Advances in Glazing Materials for Windows, " prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse." Quoted from the following Department of Energy web site: http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.html )
end plate
an oversize, square cardboard or wooden plate which suspends a roll of film and keeps it from touching the ground. It is held in place by a core plug.
energy absorbing system
fragment retention system used in combination with a daylight film installation attached to the glazing system and other building structures such as a wall.
Energy Rating number developed by CSA (Canadian Standards Association) to compare the thermal performance of windows. Measured in watts per square meter (W/m2).
etch
a process of controlled selective chemical or laser removal of a coating to produce a pattern. Usually a mask, such as photoresist, is deposited on the coating, the exposed areas are then etched away, and then the mask is removed to expose the pattern.
The wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation generated ( emitted ) by objects cooler than 1300°F (705°C), covering the sweep in bandwidth in the electromagnetic spectrum from 2500 - ~60,000 nm (some charts extend the complete far-infrared range to 200,000 nm).
FEMA
the arrangement, proportioning, and design of windows and doors in a building. From the Latin word, "fenestra," meaning "window."
Filmhandler
Film-On
CPFilms trademarked and recommended application solution for pressure sensitive adhesive films and those films sensitive to acid-based application solutions (such as sputtered bronze films and those films with elemental silver). Film-On is one component of CPFilms' " Two-Bottle System ." See discussion in TBA-01 . This liquid (in concentrate form, Tool Catalog part #GT735) contains the surfactant/wetting agent used in baby shampoo—without the host of "contaminating" chemical extras, such as glycerin and various perfumes and coloring agents. It causes water to become slippery and is therefore excellent for the film mobility and squeegee lubrication needed for installation. It is neutral in pH (neither acidic nor basic) and therefore will not affect the chemical composition of the mounting adhesive nor the long-term stability of the metallic depositions in various films. Recommended mixed ratio: 3-6 ml (milliliters) per liter of purified water. Not recommended for cleaning windows; instead, Dirt-Off or X-100 should be used for window preparation. See discussion of Dirt-Off (in TBA-01) or the entry for Dirt-Off above.
finger
"Finger" is the common industry term for a dart along the edges of a piece of film resting on a compound-curved (bowl-shaped) piece of glass (most commonly, automotive glass). Film is flat and therefore does not naturally adopt the curvature of a spherical surface, and so forms what appear to be elevated "fingers" along the periphery, darts that point to the center of curvature of the glass on which it is resting. The object of heat forming is to shrink these film fingers so that the film will naturally conform to the spherical glass surface without creasing during the installation process. The purpose of the heat gun, HotWing ™, and other such tools is to do this as precisely and as quickly as possible. The general rule is that fingers can only shrunk down along a film edge that runs in the machine direction . Fingers can also be reduced in size by cutting the film into smaller strips separately installed (horizontally, in general). Installation tip: If one is using the multiple strip technique on a rear window of a vehicle, the point at which a finger terminates is the point at which a splice line should be made horizontally across the pane (at right angles to the "finger"). See also see TBA-05 on the techniques of heat forming and also the HotWing ™ user guide. Click here for a photo of fingering on an automotive side window , or click here for a photo of fingers on a rear window .
There are, in fact, two basic kinds of fingers. The first and most common occur on outwardly contoured (spherical) glass, shown in the preceding linked photos, and are sometimes called "open" fingers. The second type are called "closed" fingers, a type that occur completely within the center areas of saddle-shaped windows. See photo by clicking here .
fire testing
testing conducted to determine whether a product is appropriate for its intended end use in accordance with building fire codes.
flat-foot blade
Squeegee blade, specially cut at 45 degrees, that provides a wider blade footing during squeegeeing of thick gauge films. Blade is typically cut to 6- and 8-inch widths. Photo .
Foam material placed in the airspace of the insulating glass windows to enhance the appearance and improve the performance of the window.
forced entry (UL 972) test
test that measures and determines the burglary resistance of a glazing system. See UL 972 .
four-sided attachment system
reinforcing system (for a film/glass combination) attached at the two vertical and two horizontal sides of a glass framing system.
gauge
The term "gauge" is used in the film industry as a unit of film thickness, and represents 1/100,000 of an inch. Typically, though, a 1-mil raw polyester film is "92 gauge" (rather than 100/100,000 inch); and a ½-mil film is "48 gauge."
glare reduction
The percent by which visible light transmission is reduced by the addition of a filtering material. For example, if a clear glass pane has a VLT of 90%, and the addition of a window film yields a new VLT of 50%, then the GLARE REDUCTION is from 90 to 50. We compare the difference in light transmission to the original transmission to get the percentage of glare reduction. The calculation runs as follows: (.90 - .50)/.90 = 44.4%.
glass surface numbers
a numbering system to identify glass surfaces. They always start from the exterior. For example, a regular insulating glass unit (IGU) has four surfaces: #1 = the outside surface of the exterior lite; #2 = the inside surface of the exterior lite; #3 = the outside surface of the interior lite; and #4 = the inside surface of the interior lite.
glow discharge
a process of electrical conduction through a gas caused by the ionization of the gas molecules and accompanied by the emission of light. Film is commonly treated to improve adhesion by subjecting it to a glow discharge. Sputtering is a form of glow discharge.
g-value
Identical to the solar heat gain coefficient , the g-value is given as the percentage of total solarenergy transmittance through a glazing system. (Solar energy reaching the surface of the earth extends in wavelength from 300 nm to 2500 nm). Solar energy transmitted includes the solar radiation directly transmitted as well as that which is absorbed and re-radiated and conducted/convected to the interior. The lower the g-value, the lower the solar gain.
graffiti application
a removable application of safety film to any non-porous surface (e.g. glass, stainless steel) to protect the surface from vandalism.
heat loss reduction
The percentage by which heat energy loss (via conduction, convection, and radiation) through a given glazing system is reduced by the addition of an insulating material. For example, if a clear glass pane has heat loss value of .9 BTUs per square foot per hour per degree F, and the addition of an insulating window film reduces the heat loss to .5 BTUs per square foot per hour per degree F, then the HEAT LOSS REDUCTION is from .9 to .5. We compare the difference in heat loss to the original heat loss to get the percentage of heat loss reduction. The calculation runs as follows: (.9 - .5) / .9 = 0.44, or 44%.
heat-strengthened glass
Stronger than annealed glass but weaker than fully tempered glass. Heat-treated glasses are classified as either fully tempered or heat strengthened. Heat-strengthened glass must have a surface compression between 3,500 and 10,000 psi, or an edge compression between 5,500 and 9,700 psi. The fracture characteristics of heat-strengthened glass vary widely from very much like annealed glass near the 3,500 psi level to similar to fully tempered glass at the 10,000 psi level. Source: www.thomasregister.com .
hermetically sealed unit
an insulating glass unit (IGU) that is sealed against moisture. The unit is made up of two lites of glass, separated by a roll-formed metal spacer tube (at the full perimeter) which contains a desiccant (moisture and/or solvent absorbing material). The unit is then completely sealed, creating a moisture free air space.
jalousie window
A series of small horizontal overlapping glass slats, sections, jalousies or louvers held together by a metal end frame attached to the faces of the window frame side jambs or door stiles and rails. Click here for picture1 ; Click here for picture 2 .
Krochmann Factor (or Krochmann Damage Function)
Named for the German scientist, KROCHMANN, who has done work on damage to fabrics, paintings, etc., by solar energy. The Krochmann Factor is the transmission value of radiation in the typical UV range from 300 to 380 nanometers plus the visible transmission from 380 to 550, where damage may also occur. WINDOW 5 (software from LBNL) runs a report on this "damage weighted transmittance" under Tdw. In short, the Krochmann Damage Function represents a weighted transmission of the glass in the 300-550 (though some references assert the range extends to 600) nanometer portion of the solar spectrum. This value includes both ultraviolet and the portion of the visible light spectrum that can cause fabric fading. See Andersen's web site define the TDW as follows: "Transmission Damage Function (TDW)": The transmission of UV and visible light energy in the 300-600 nanometer portion of the solar spectrum. The value includes both the UV and visible light energy that can cause fabric fading. This rating has also been referred to as the Krochmann Damage Function. This rating better predicts fading potential than UV transmission alone. The lower the Damage Function rating, the less transmission of short wave energy through the glass that can potentially cause fabric fading. Fabric type is also a key component of fading potential." See http://commercial.andersenwindows.com/ for charts showing various performance values for commercial windows referencing the "Krochmann Damage Function."
You will see the Tdw value given in percentage form. The lower the value, the better the performance in terms of reducing fading. In the case of window films and glazing systems, in almost all cases, the Tdw value will be higher than the percentage of UV transmission alone because far more visible light is being transmitted than UV.
krypton
A very heavy, inert, colorless gas used instead of air in sealed spaces between panes of glass in insulating glass units to increase insulation (slower moving atoms transfer heat by conduction at a much slower rate). Provides greater insulation than Argon.
K-value
A measure of the insulation value of a glazing system. The K-value is the metric equivalent of the U-value and is a measure of the heat transfer that occurs through the glazing system between its outer and inner surfaces. The units are watts per square meter per degree centigrade.
laminated glass
Laminated glass consists of a tough plastic interlayer made of polyvinylbutyral (PVB) bonded together between two panes of glass under heat and pressure. Once sealed together, the glass "sandwich" behaves as a single unit and looks like normal glass. Annealed, heat strengthened or tempered glass can be used to produce laminated glass. Similar to the glass in car windshields, laminated glass may crack upon impact, but the glass fragments tend to adhere to the plastic interlayer rather than falling free and potentially causing injury. (Quoted from http://www.saflex.com/lg.htm )
a process of bonding together two films or a film and a solid surface with or without a separate adhesive layer.
light-to-solar-heat-gain ratio (LSG)
the ratio of the amount of visible light to the amount of solar heat that is allowed to pass through a glazing system. If this ratio is greater than 1.00, it means that the glazing system (a window system with film installed on it, for example) blocks more heat than light, which requires the selective blocking of more infrared radiation than visible light. This term is replacing "LE" (luminous efficacy) because of the gradual extinction of the term " shading coefficient ." The higher the LSG ratio, the better the glazing is at reducing unwanted solar heat gain and maximizing desirable natural light transmittance. This term is replacing "luminous efficacy" in the industry.VLT / SHGC = LSG.
lite
A single pane of glass. Often used to distinguish to a single pane which may be part of a multi-pane window unit. For measurement, installation, and other sales bid purposes, most installation companies measure individual lites rather than window units. (Sometimes spelled "light.")
The common expression referring to "low-Emissivity." See Emissivity .
low-E2
Low-E2 is a term referring to glass products that have both low-E and solar control coatings. Usually in such products the #2 surface is coated with microscopically-thin, optically transparent layers of silver sandwiched between layers of anti-reflective metal oxide coatings. See also TBF-41 .
low-e films
Films with improved far-infrared heat reflection, with the ability to reduce winter heat loss through windows. The reflection of far-infrared heat also reduces the need for summer cooling by reducing the transmission of far-infrared heat from outdoor objects through windows into the interior of a home or building. See Emissivity . See also PPG's comments on low-e surfaces.
lumen
a unit of luminous flux equal to the light emitted in a unit solid angle by a uniform point source of one candle intensity. (Britannica) . Museum conservators, for example, generally strive to keep light intensity levels at or below 5-10 lumens/ft2 (5-10 foot-candles, 50-100 lux) where watercolor paintings are involved, since they especially vulnerable to light. (from Britannica). See luminous intensity .
luminous efficacy
A measure of how effective a glazing product is at reducing unwanted solar heat gain without significantly altering visible light transmission. LUMINOUS EFFICACY = Visible Light Transmission (in decimal form) divided by the Shading Coefficient . This ratio of light transmission to shading coefficient is referred to as "Coolness Index" or "Lighting and Cooling Selectivity (LCS) Index" by some glass and window manufacturers. A number great than 1.0 indicate the film or glazing unit is "spectrally selective," blocking more of the near infrared than the visible light components of the solar spectrum. See the Technical Bulletin (TB-35) on the subject.
Relevance to customer: Luminous efficacy helps a customer decide which product is more efficient at blocking heat rather than light.
Note: Because the term "shading coefficient" is becoming less often used in the glass industry, the concept of luminous efficacy has been redefined is the " Light-to-solar-heat-gain ratio" (or "LSG")
luminous intensity
"The quantity of visible light that is emitted in unit time per unit solid angle. The unit for the quantity of light flowing from a source in any one second (the luminous power, or luminous flux) is called the lumen. The lumen is evaluated with reference to visual sensation. The sensitivity of the human eye is greatest for light having a wavelength of 555 manometers (10-9 meter); at this wavelength there are 685 lumens per watt of radiant power, or radiant flux (the luminous efficiency), whereas at other wavelengths the luminous efficiency is less. The unit of luminous intensity is one lumen per steradian, which is the unit of solid angle--there are 4 pi steradians about a point enclosed by a spherical surface. This unit of luminous intensity is also called the standard candle, or candela, one lumen per steradian." (from Britannica).
lux
the illumination intensity that exists on a surface at a uniform distance of one meter from a point light source emitting one international candle (now called a candela). One lux is equal to 0.0929 foot-candle. (Britannica). See TBF-40 describing a device to measure this value.
machine direction (MD)
The direction in which window film runs through the production equipment and is wound onto rolls. This direction is important to know since this is the direction in which film shrinks when heat is applied to get it conform to compound curvatures of glass. Orthogonal (at a right angle) to this direction is the Transverse Direction (TD).
a glow-discharge film deposition process related to sputtering where a shaped magnetic field is used to confine electrons in the discharge and greatly increase its efficiency and the deposition rate.
mechanical anchoring system
structural attachment system used to unify and reinforce the structural integrity of safety film, glass, and a framing combination, usually composed of metal extrusions mounted to existing framing systems.
to coat a surface by vacuum evaporation, usually with aluminum.
metamerism
The phenomenon of an object (such as window film) appearing to shift in color under different lighting conditions, such as in the move from artificial light (incandescent or fluorescent) to natural sunlight. This is an especially serious concern in color matching film samples in the film industry since two samples can appear to be a perfect match in one set of lighting conditions, but appear quite different under different conditions of illumination. For more detailed information on this and a variety of other issues, see "Frequently asked questions about Colour Physics" by Dr. Stephen Westland at Colourware , by visiting the following web site: http://www.colourware.co.uk/cpfaq.htm#chap5 " Dr. Westland's definition: "Metamerism refers to the situation where two colour samples appear to match under one condition but not under another; the match is said to be conditional. Metamerism is usually discussed in terms of two illuminants (illuminant metamerism) whereby two samples may match under one illuminant but not under another. Other types of metamerism include geometrical metamerism and observer metamerism. Two samples that conditionally match are said to be a metameric pair. If two samples have identical reflectance spectra then they cannot be metameric - they are an unconditional match."
mil
a unit of thickness equal to one thousandth of an inch (not to be confused with a "millimeter"). A film 1 mil in thickness = 25.4 microns. A 7-mil safety film is 178 microns thick. A wavelength of visible light at 550 nanometers is .55 microns across, about 50 times narrower than than the thickness of a 1-mil film.
mounting adhesive
mullion
1. Wood or metal part used to structurally join two window or door units. an extrusion that joins windows; 2. A wood or metal part used to structurally join two window or door units; 3. The vertical or horizontal divisions or joints between individual windows in a multiple window unit; 4. Applies to any short or light bar, either vertical or horizontal, used to separate glass in a sash into multiple lights. Also called a windowpane divider or a grille. See muntin .
muntin
1. Applies to any short or light bar, either vertical or horizontal, used to separate glass in a sashinto multiple lites. Also called a windowpane divider or a grille. Sometimes these bars or strips are adhesively attached to the surface of a large pane of glass to simulate the appearance of many small panes (they can be removed and adhesively remounted with foam tape and/or silicone after a film installation). Often this lattice work or grille (simulating the appearance of French panes) is a single molded plastic unit that can be removed via perimeter screws so that the entire pane can be filmed at once, with the grille being replaced afterward. (Use extreme caution if removing the grille in the event that these screws also hold the window unit in place). 2. extrusions in the sash which are exterior (outside of the glass exterior face), internal (in the insulating glass airspace), or true (dividing the glass) which appear to or actually divide the glass into smaller lites
near-infrared
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the range of 780-2500 nanometers . Objects warmer than about 1300°F (705°C) begin to glow (radiate) in this band, and as their temperatures rise, emitted wavelengths shorten. Wavelengths shorter than 780 nm become visible as red light. Click here to see spectrum of wavelengths emitted by the sun (the "solar spectrum") that reach earth's surface.
NFRC
"National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) is a non-profit, public/private organization created by the window, door and skylight industry. It is comprised of manufacturers, suppliers, builders, architects and designers, specifiers, code officials, utilities and government agencies. NFRC provides consistent ratings on window, door and skylight products. ...NFRC's primary goal is to provide accurate information to measure and compare the energy performance of window, door, or skylight products." Quoted from the NFRC website .
nickel sulfide inclusion
A small crystal ("stone") of nickel sulfide that has become trapped as a contaminant within a glass lite during its manufacture in the molten state. If one such crystal should be trapped near the surface of the lite, and the pane is then tempered , there is a possibility of a future "spontaneous" breakage, usually within 4-5 years of its manufacture. This crystal may continue to grow very slowly, eventually overcoming the compressive forces in the glass surface introduced by
the tempering process, resulting in sudden, catastrophic failure of the glass, accounting for many instances of what has come to be called "spontaneous glass failure." (See article titled "Temper Temper: Managing the Problems Inherent in Tempered Glass" by Regina R. Johnson, in the April 1998 issue of US Glass magazine. Archived file: click here .) In the photo shown here, the pane stayed intact and the inclusion could be
identified as the culprit. Note the larger glass pellets in the middle, in the form of a figure-8 pattern. The NiS stone would be located between them, a round and very tiny yellow-black particle (see photo at right). See also a Viracon publication on this subject and how glass manufacturers try to avoid or minimize this kind of breakage.
a film (or plastic) with high light transmission, clarity and toughness, but low chemical resistance. Abrasion-resistant protective coatings are available to improve its chemical resistance.
polyimide
a film with high heat tolerance and a distinctive amber color. Used primarily in the flex-circuit industry.
pooling
the accumulation of large amounts of residual moisture from the installation and forming pools or bubbled areas beneath window film.
a measure of the amount of dry coating or adhesive applied to a surface. One ream equals 3,000 square feet.
PSA ( Pressure Sensitive Adhesive )
Pressure sensitive adhesive is the generic term referring to a type of adhesive system used to secure window film to glass, and is to be distinguished from CDF (Clear Distortion Free) adhesive. PS adhesives are tacky to the touch and remain so during their effective life. Films with PS adhesives are generally easier to install, providing rapid tack to glass and easier removability. They are used most commonly for automotive film installation. While automotive films provide the most common applications of PSA, safety/security films also require such adhesive systems (often of a heavier, tackier nature) owing to their heavier gauge thicknesses and the special requirements of impact absorptance. DPS (detackified pressure sensitive) adhesives are simply PS adhesives coated with a water soluble layer of polyvinyl alcohol, intended to prevent the film from sticking to itself as the liner is stripped away. The coating must be washed away before laying up the film on glass. Normal full cure for PS films averages three days, though this time is a function of temperature, humidity, and film type and may require up to 30 days in some situations. For full details on the differences between CDF and PS adhesives, see TB-37 .
Radiometer
Invented by William Crooke (c. 1875), this is a device used to show the energy intensity of light and radiant heat . It consists of a partially evacuated glass chamber (similar to a light bulb), sealed to a flat plate at the bottom so that it stands upright. In the center is a glass 'post' with a small metal needle. On top of the needle is balanced a glass sheath with four vertical metal 'flags,' like weather vanes, black on one side, white on the other. If the radiometer is placed in light (sunlight or a strong light bulb), it will spin as the radiant energy affects the little flags. The spin rate is essentially a function of the intensity of the light. Click here for Photo #1 or Photo #2 of radiometers.
reflectance
the ratio of the amount of energy reflected by a coating to the amount of incident energy. Note that for a semi-transparent film, Transmittance + Absorptance + Reflectance = 1.
release sheet
a sheet of film used to protect a surface, such as a coating or adhesive, which has a light tack to that surface and is removed prior to use.
rotatable magnetron
a type of magnetron sputtering source in which deposition occurs from a cylindrical source, usually a metal tube. Typically more efficient than planar magnetrons; however source materials are not as readily available.
safety and security film
Safety and security films constitute a special category of window films (flexible organic coatings adhesively applied to glass) distinguished by their physical properties and intended uses. Safety films are intended to provide protection against human injury due to broken glass shards, protection superior to that of standard solar control films by virtue of their increased thickness and superior break, peel, and puncture strength. Security films are intended to provide physical protection beyond personal safety to include hazard mitigation from bomb blasts, wind storms, earthquakes, and spontaneous glass failures, as well as resistance to forced entry and graffiti vandalism. Selection of particular films for an intended use should always take into accountperformance as defined and demonstrated by relevant testing standards.
sash
The inner frame which holds glass in operable and fixed window units. 2. the operating portion of a hung or horizontal sliding window. A single assembly of stiles and rails made into a frame for holding glass. The framework holding the glass in a window unit. It’s composed of two stiles (sides) and two rails (top and bottom).
shading coefficient (SC)
The ratio of the solar heat gain through a given glazing system to the solar heat gain under the same conditions for clear, unshaded double strength window glass (DSA). Shading coefficient defines the sun control capability or efficiency of the glazing system relative to a standard window.
Relevance to customer: The smaller the number, the greater the solar heat reduction. This term is a standard measure in the glass industry; used to rate the relative effectiveness of a glazing system compared to a "standard window." However, the glazing industry is moving away from use of the term since a "standard window" is no longer a single pane clear window with double strength glass. SHGC is a better term for quantifying glazing performance because if allows for easy comparison of of the solar performance of a given window to any other.
sheet resistance
for a rectangularly shaped section of coating, the resistance measured in a direction parallel to the coating surface is R = rL/S, where the surface through which the current flows is (S) = the coating thickness (t) x the breadth of the coating section (b), and L is the length of the coating section. The resistivity of the coating is r, with units of ohm-cm, etc. If L = b, then R = r/t, i.e., the resistance of a square of coating is independent of the size of the square and is called the "sheet resistance."
use of an air blast from a tube to simulate a bomb blast's positive pressure-impulse against a glazing system.
silicone coating
solar direct absorptance ( ae , SEA, or A-sol)
The ratio of the amount of solar energy absorbed by a glazing system to the amount of solar energy falling on the glazing system. Solar absorptance is that portion of total solar energy neither transmitted nor reflected. Since solar transmittance and solar reflectance are measured directly, the following equation should be used in calculating solar absorptance. Solar absorptance =1.00 - (solar transmittance) - (solar reflectance).
Relevance to the customer and specifier: This number is a critical determinant in the potential for thermal stress (how hot the glass gets). Too much absorptance can cause glass failure. See Film-to-Glass Recommendation Chart.
solar direct reflectance ( re , SER, or R-sol)
The ratio of solar energy which is reflected outwardly by the glazing system to the amount of total solar energy falling on the glazing system. Value is usually expressed as a percent.
Relevance to the customer and specifier: This number together with the T-sol determines thesolar absorptance value of the film. This latter value is most critical in determining what film is suitable for a given glass type & situation.
solar direct transmittance ( te , SET, or T-sol)
The ratio of the amount of total solar energy in the full solar wavelength range (300-2,500 nanometers) that is allowed to pass directly through a glazing system (e.g., a film/glass combination) to the amount of total solar energy falling on that glazing system. Value is usually expressed as a percent.
Relevance to the customer and specifier: The smaller this number, the cooler objects will be when directly exposed to sunlight passing through the window, since they will be absorbing less incident solar energy.
solar heat gain coefficient
The SHGC (also know more simply as the g-value ) is the fraction of incident solar radiation that actually passes through that window, including solar energy that is both directly transmitted and that which is absorbed and subsequently released inwardly by re-radiation and conduction. SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The lower a window's solar heat gain coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits. This number is the mathematical complement of the TSER value:
The sum of the TSER (Total Solar Energy Rejection, in decimal form) of a glazing system and its SHGC value is 1; therefore,
1 - TSER = SHGC
Thus, if the TSER of a specified film/glass combination is 58%, then 1 - .58 = .42, which is the SHGC of the window.
Note: This term is being increasingly used in the window film industry because it is a central term in the window glazing industry which does not use the term TSER.
solar heat reduction
The percent by which incoming solar heat energy is reduced by the addition of a filtering material. For example, if a clear glass pane has solar heat gain of 86% (a solar heat gain coefficient of .86), and the addition of a window film yields a new solar heat gain of only 40%, then the HEAT REDUCTION is from .86 to .40. We compare the difference in heat gain to the original heat gain to get the percentage of heat gain reduction. The calculation runs as follows: (.86 - .40)/.86 = 0.535, or 53.5%.
spectral selectivity
The term is used differently in different contexts in the glazing and window film industry. Very generally, any film product or glazing system is "spectrally selective" if it singles out specific regions of the solar spectrum (certainly ranges of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation) to be preferentially blocked or transmitted. (Nearly all high quality films "selectively" block nearly all the UV portion of the solar spectrum while blocking differing amounts of visible light and near infrared radiation.) Recently, the term has been given restricted application to those window films that selectivity block all or most of the near-infrared region while allowing the transmission of most of the visible light, that is, those that have a light-to-solar-heat-gain ratio (LSG) is greater than 1.0.For general solar control purposes, spectral selectivity (in this more restricted sense) is desired because it means that far more of the (invisible) infrared part of the spectrum is being blocked than the visible portion, thus maintaining higher levels of light transmission while substantially reducing solar heat gain. Non-spectrally selective (neutral) films more evenly block both the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum.
sputtering
Dislocation of surface atoms of a metal from bombardment by high-energy positive ions from an argon gas plasma and the deposition of these freed atoms onto a substrate. Sputtering offers a lower-temperature process than thermal evaporation and produces deposits that more closely replicate the initial composition of the metal, allowing thin depositions of a great variety of materials that have a much higher melting point than aluminum. Atoms freed in the sputtering process unite easily with gases such as oxygen to produce reactive deposits to achieve metallic oxide coatings with transparent and/or insulating properties. "Sputtering" is the general term used to refer to this method of depositing metals and oxides to film substrates.
stop
structural glazing
(1) Typically, a system for mounting glass in curtain wall configurations in which the predominate framing material is extruded aluminum. A special sealant is usage to bind the glass to the framework, and to achieve this, the extruded aluminum is finished with either powder coatings or anodizing which are applied under strict factory conditions which makes aluminum the preferred structural material for Structural Glazing Systems. Since the sealant is the only structural link which holds the glass in place, the adhesion and chemical compatibility of all elements must be thoroughly tested, analyzed and verified in accordance with ASTM C 1087-87. (2) Sometimes, however, the term is applied to another form of glazing in which stainless steel attachments actually mount through holes in the (fully tempered) glass to yield a curtain wall suspended from a top beam or directly to an inner adjacent lattice work of steel members. This permits a smooth, outer glazed surface without the traditional frame supports along the panes' perimeters. (Click here and here for drawings or visit http://www.cmiltd.demon.co.uk/glazings.htm for a description of this kind of glazing.)
the face of the cathode in a sputtering apparatus. It is the material which is converted to the coating (deposited onto the film substrate).
tempered glass
Glass manufactured to withstand greater than normal forces on its surface. Stronger than both annealed and heat-strengthened glass. When it breaks, it shatters into small pieces to reduce hazard. Tempered glass is made by taking annealed (ordinary) glass and heating it to its softening point of approximately 700°C. Its surface is then rapidly cooled while the inner core is allowed to cool gradually. This results in layers of high compression on the surface counter balanced by high tension at the center resulting in a glass that is four to five times as strong as annealed glass. Should accidental breakage occur, the resulting fragments are small and granular and present minimal possibility of injury. Such breakage is also called "pelletizing" or "dicing." According to Federal Specification ASTM-C1048-85, fully tempered glass must have a surface compression of 10,000 psi or more, or an edge compression of 9,700 psi or more.
"Through the tempering process, a system of residual stresses is introduced to convert normal flat glass to safety glass when the stress level is high enough. Glass is tempered by heating sized, edged glass in a tempering furnace to approximately 1,200 degrees F, then rapidly cooling, or quenching, the glass to approximately 400 to 600 degrees F. In quenching, air jets quickly cool and set the surfaces, leaving the inner portion of the glass thickness relatively hot and cooling at a slower rate. The surfaces become rigid, but the center is still pliable and contracting as it cools, thus compressing the surface. Compressive residual stresses imposed on the glass surface, which close up any cracks, are balanced by residual tensile stress in the center of the glass.
"These stresses make tempered glass approximately four times stronger than annealed glass, making it ideal for applications where maximum resistance to thermal and cyclic wind loading pressures is required. In addition, if broken, fully tempered glass breaks into relatively safe, small pieces, rather than shards." (Quoted from "Temper Temper: Managing the Problems Inherent in Tempered Glass" by Regina R. Johnson, in the April 1998 issue of US Glass magazine. Archived file: click here .)
Fully tempered glass is a safety glazing material when manufactured to meet the requirements of the ANSI Z97 and Federal Standard CPSC 16 CFR 1201, as well as state and local codes, which require safety glazing material where the glazing might reasonably be exposed to human impact. This includes doors, tub and shower enclosures, side lights, and certain windows. Applicable building codes should be checked for specific information and requirements. (Source: www.thomasregister.com )
tensile strength
The strength of a material to resist being pulled apart (under tension). Measurement of tensile strength is always measured in terms of force per unit of cross-sectional area (such as pounds per square inch or "psi"). Tensile strength of various materials can vary with the direction of the forces applied, owing the possible "grain" characteristics of the material. Wood, for example, has greater tensile strength in the direction of its grain, as one might expect. The tensile strength of a material does not change with its thickness, though its " break strength " does. (See, however, FAQ #91 regarding laminated window films.)
thermal break
1. An air space or insulating material which prevents the direct coupling of a cold surface to a heated surface; 2. an element of low conductivity (polyurethane) placed between elements of higher conductivity (aluminum) to reduce the flow of heat and cold; 3. The addition of a thermal insulating material between two thermally conductive materials
thermal shock
Glass breakage as a result of uneven glass heating. Rapid expansion of certain sun-exposed areas of a window pane while the other regions of the glass (shaded areas or borders shielded by the frame in the "edge-bite" area under the gaskets) remain cool can cause tensile forces beyond what the elasticity of the glass can tolerate. Window film with very high absorptance values can cause thermal shock; hence the importance of following the film-to-glass recommendation chart or using soon-to-available (mid-2001) bid proposal generation software that automatically incorporates factory-specified film-to-glass formulae. Thermal shock is to be distinguished from other kinds of glass breakage such as physical impact, torsion, sheer, bending, compression, or nickel sulfide inclusion. See technical bulletin on thermal shock and glass breakage .
AC TONNAGE CONVERSION
TON (of air-conditioning)
One ton of air conditioning = 12,000 BTU/Hour. Tonnage refers to an AC system's capacity to remove BTUs (units of heat energy) from a building. The most efficient air conditioning systems require 1 kilowatt (1000 watts) of electricity to remove 12,000 BTUs in one hour. An efficient 5-ton system, for example, can remove 60,000 BTUs in one hour, requiring 5000 watts of electricity during that period (5 kW-hrs); at $.08/kW-hr, the cost would be $0.40. See table at right for kW required per ton for different kinds of air conditioning systems.
A unit of atmospheric pressure equal to 1/760 of an atmosphere, or about 133.3 pascals .
total solar energy rejection (TSER)
The percent of incident solar energy rejected by a glazing system. This value equals solar reflectance plus the part of solar absorptance that is both re-radiated and conducted/convected outwardly.
Relevance to customer: Like "shading coefficient" in the glass industry, this term has been a standard one in the film industry. The number is a good way to compare relative performance of various products. (Remember that this number is measured for a film on clear, 3mm glass, unless otherwise stated.)
transmittance
translucent
a property of a glazing system that transmits light, but does so by scattering it so that a hazy, "frosted" appearance is rendered and no clear image can be seen except when the object to be viewed is within inches of the pane. Term "translucent" is to be distinguished from " transparent " and " opaque ."
transom
A small window that fits over the top of a door or window, primarily for additional light and aesthetic value. In older homes and office buildings the transom window could be swung open (hinged on either the upper or lower edge) for ventilation.
transparent
a property of a glazing system that transmits light, and does so without scattering it so that clear images can be seen through it. Transparent media may reduce light transmission (via tinting) and still be properly referred to as "transparent." When light transmission is reduced to the point where distinct images can no longer be seen (very close to 0% VLT ), the medium is said to be "opaque."
transparent conductor
a coating which is at least semi-transparent and which has a finite electrical conductivity. These coatings are generally of two types; (1) metal oxides which are highly transparent but which have a low conductivity and; (2) thin metal coatings which have lower transmittance but a high conductivity.
the direction the cuts across the machine direction , at right angles to the direction in which film runs through the production equipment. Abbreviated "TD."
trim factor
the width of the gap left between the film product's edge and frame or glass edges.
two-side attachment system
reinforcing system (for a film/glass combination) attached at the two vertical or two horizontal sides of a glass framing system.
true divided light
term that refers to windows in which multiple individual panes of glass or lights are assembled in the sash using muntins. This traditional method of window construction does not have the strength or durability of the Integral Light Technology™ used in Pella Architect Series® windows
UL752
UL Standard for Safety for Bullet-Resisting Equipment. The Scope is characterized a follows (quoted from http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/scopes/0752.html ):
These requirements cover materials, devices, and fixtures used to form bullet-resisting barriers which protect against robbery or holdup.
As used in these requirements, the term "bullet-resisting" signifies that protection is provided against complete penetration, passage of fragments of projectiles, or spalling (fragmentation) of the protective material to the degree that injury would be caused to a person standing directly behind the bullet-resisting barrier.
These requirements also cover electrically-operated equipment, such as teller's fixtures using electrically-driven deal trays or package passers, and intercommunication or other electrical equipment that is an integral part of the bullet-resisting product.
The term "product" as used in this standard refers to all bullet-resisting equipment or any part thereof covered by this standard unless specifically noted otherwise.
A product that contains features, characteristics, components, materials, or systems new or different from those covered by the requirements in this Standard, and that involves a risk of fire, electric shock, or injury to persons shall be evaluated using the appropriate additional component and end-product requirements to determine that the level of safety as originally anticipated by the intent of this Standard is maintained. A product whose features, characteristics, components, materials, or systems conflict with specific requirements or provisions of this Standard shall not be judged to comply with this Standard. Where appropriate, revision of requirements shall be proposed and adopted in conformance with the methods employed for development, revision, and implementation of this Standard.
Underwriters Laboratory Test UL 972 for Burglary-Resistant Materials. This test subjects the glazing sample to the assaults defined in set of tables available on the following Solutia (Saflex) web site. http://www.saflex.com/Sweets/sw04a.htm
200 ft.-lbs.
70°F-80°F(21°C-27°C)
1 Tests consist of dropping 3-¼" 5 lb.(~2.25kg) steel ball through a designated vertical distance; sample size 24"x 24" (~61cm x ~61cm).
2 The steel ball shall not penetrate the laminate on any of five impacts on nine of the 10 samples tested.
3 the steel ball shall not penetrate the laminate on any of the three samples tested.
ultraviolet radiation
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes the UVA (380-320 nm), UVB (320-280 nm), and UVC (280-100 nm) bands extending from 100-380 nanometers . Invisible to the human eye, this form of radiation is the most immediately harmful to human health and damaging to organic materials. 3% of the suns energy reaching Earth is in the form of ultraviolet light. See ultraviolet transmittance .
ultraviolet (UV) transmittance
The ratio of the amount of total UV solar energy (from 300-380 nanometers) that is allowed to pass through a glazing system to the amount of total UV solar energy falling on the glazing system (little if any UV light from 100-300 penetrates glass). Ultraviolet is one portion of the total solar energy spectrum which greatly contributes to fading and deterioration of fabrics and furnishings. Sometimes UV performance numbers are given in term of how much is "rejected," that is, what percentage of incident UV is prevented from passing through the glazing system. UV is generally subdivided into 3 smaller bands, progressively smaller in wavelength (therefore higher in frequency): UVA (380-320nm); UVB (320-280); UVC (280-100). See Flat Glass Training Manual for more information. Clear glass blocks very little UVA but most UVB. High quality window films can block well over 99% of both UVA and UVB.
Relevance to customer: This parameter is a very important factor in the purchase of window films. Excessive UV is the most dangerous part of the solar spectrum for human health (it’s implicated in cataracts and skin cancer, and adversely affects people with Lupus, Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Porphyria, and other such diseases. See article on UV and Human Health .) UV is generally the biggest factor in damage to drapes, carpets, furniture, though shorter wavelengths of visible light (extending into the violet and blue bands) may play an important role as well (see the Krockmann Factor ). UV blocking is also important for the longevity of the window film itself.
uniformity
the lack of variation in the properties of a coating along and across a piece of film.
UV-cured coating
- a coating which is reacted or polymerized through the action of ultra-violet light rather than heat. Most SR coating are cured this way.
UV absorbers
U-value
The U-value (sometimes called the "U-Factor") should be understood as the overall heat transfer coefficient of the glazing system. The U-value is a measure of the heat transfer that occurs through the glazing system between its outer and inner surfaces. This value is a function of temperature, and is expressed in BTUs per square foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit ( BTU/ ft2/hr/°F or w/m2). The lower the U-value, the better the insulation qualities of the glazing system. Alternative definition: The "coefficient of heat transfer;" a measure of the ability of a material to resist heat transfer. The number is actually the number of BTUs per square foot per hour per °F of temperature difference (or w/m2 per °C) across a barrier. The lower the U-value, the slower heat moves by conduction through the material.
Others in the insulation and construction industry use the measure of "R-Value," which denotes a material's ability to act as an insulator. The higher the R-Value, the slower the heat transfer rate; it is the reciprocal of the U-Value, expressed as R = 1/U. A window with a U-value of 0.25 has an R-value of 4.0 (1 divided by 0.25).
U-Value and R-Value measurements are similar—but reciprocal—in nature. They quantify the rate at which heat is transferred through a material due to temperature differences between its opposing surfaces. The window films industry uses two standards of measurement to determine U-values for glazing systems:
Winter U-value: With (a) the outside temperature set at -0.4°F (-18°C), (b) the inside temperature set at 69.8°F (21°C), (c) no sunlight illuminating the glass, and (d) the outside wind speed set at 12.3 mph (5.5 m/s). The "Winter U-value" can be measured in terms of the number of BTU’s per square foot per hour (w/m2) lost through the glass.
Summer U-value: With (a) the outside temperature set at 89.6°F (32°C), (b) the inside temperature set at 75.2°F (24°C), (c) sunlight illuminating the exterior of the glass at the intensity of 248.2 BTUs per square foot per hour (783 w/m2), and (d) the outside wind speed set at 6.2 mph (2.8 m/s), the "Summer U-value" can be measured in terms of the number of BTUs per square foot per hour (w/m2) gained through the glass by conduction and re-radiation.
Relevance to the consumer or specifier: U-values of glass are not much affected by most films, although newer classes of low-e films offer significant heat loss reduction in winter, and improved heat rejection in summer by reflecting re-radiated far-infrared energy.
Relevance to the customer: U-values of glass are not much affected by most films, but new low-e films (such as those in the EnerLogic Series) offer very significant heat loss reduction.
visible light transmittance (VLT)
The ratio of the amount of total visible solar energy (380-780 nanometers) that is allowed to pass through a glazing system to the amount of total visible solar energy falling on the glazing system. Value is usually expressed as a percent. Glare is influenced by visible light transmittance through a glazing system. Visible light accounts for about 44% of the sun's energy reaching Earth's surface. The VLT value is often weighted or measured in the area of the spectrum most easily sensed by the human eye, around 550nm.
Relevance to the customer: The smaller this number, the greater the glare reduction . Of concern to many clients because while they want glare reduction, they often do not want a room "too dark."
visible light reflectance (VLR)
The percent of total visible light falling on a glazing system that is reflected by that system. Generally, VLR values are for exterior surfaces, those exposed to sunlight, unless otherwise specified. For dual-reflectance films, values are often given for each surface, the exterior(usually listed first in specification charts) and the interior (listed second).
Relevance to customer: A guide to how "shiny" a film looks from the exterior of a building relative to other films. Clear glass has a VLR of about 8%. And the lower the interior reflectance value, the less shiny the window will appear at night from the interior when it is very dark outside but brightly lit inside.
an opening cut into a window sill and/or sash rail to allow water to drain to the exterior.
wet-glaze anchoring system
structural sealant attachment system used to unify and reinforce the structural integrity of safety film, glass and a framing system combinations.
window
A wall opening in a building added for the purpose of letting in light and air, usually sealed from the elements in some way, using a frame and sash containing glass or another type of transparent material, and usually (but not always) able to be opened and shut. Windows containing glass began being heavily used in the late nineteenth century with advances in glass technology and frame construction. Windows gave building occupants options about views, ventilation, and exterior design.
Window 4.1
Window 4.1 (see http://windows.lbl.gov/software/window/window.html ) is a fenestration analysis program that calculates the thermal and solar properties of glazing systems. Window 4.1 was developed by the Windows & Daylighting Research group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy.
windshield
Sometimes referred to as the "windscreen," the forward-most lite in a motor vehicle. Auto windshields in the US are made of safety glass, made up of two pieces of annealed glass with a thin layer of PVB (polyvinylbutyral) sandwiched between them. The three layers are laminated together by applying heat and pressure in a special oven called an autoclave. When a small object strikes a piece of safety glass, often only the first layer breaks. This is what makes windshield rock chip repair possible. In a more severe impact, the glass "shatters" but does not fly apart -- the broken pieces of glass adhere to the vinyl inner lining, preventing shards of glass from flying into the passenger area. Laminated safety glass makes object penetration from the outside very difficult and makes passenger ejection through the windshield very unlikely.
wire glass
1/4" clear or obscure glass having a layer of diamond or square pattern wire mesh embedded in the glass lite for increased safety. (From a thermal stress perspective, installation of solar control films [other than clear UV control or safety films] on sun-exposed wire glass is not recommended since generally when this glass is cut to size it is impossible to obtain unflawed edges. Serious edge flaws increase the likelihood of heat-induced cracking.)
XP
XP denotes the medical condition "Xeroderma Pigmentosum," a condition for which there is at present no cure. XP is the result of a genetic trait that causes people to be acutely sensitive to all forms of ultraviolet light, and in particular, sunlight. It has many far reaching associated health issues. For links related to this disease, click here: http://www.xps.org/xp-links.htm .
X-100
Available from CPFilms Inc. in concentrate form, this liquid is used to both prepare the surface of glass and apply CDF adhesive-type films (with a few important exceptions). See the technical bulletin TBF-04 on the use of X-100 and the MSDS sheet . The solution should be diluted to one ounce (about 30ml) per quart (about 1 liter). It contains a surfactant and a mild concentration of phosphoric acid (used in Coca-Cola and other soft drinks) to far more effectively remove dirt and oily contaminants from glass, and also help activate the CDF adhesive during installation. Read label instructions and TBF-04 carefully before use. Similar in composition to Dirt-Off .
NOTE: X-100 should not be used for the mounting of N-Series Bronze films or specific film products (such assilver-based low-e films such as VE/LE-35 and VE/LE-50, etc.) whose exclusions are clearly marked in their respective installation instructions. Remember, too, that since X-100 is slightly acidic it can cause slight etching of marble surfaces and certain furniture finishes if allowed to soak for long periods of time. Always drape such surfaces (sills, furniture, floors) with absorbent drop-cloths or use Film-On or Johnson's Baby Shampoo if necessary instead of X-100 in such delicate circumstances where marbles surfaces, etc., may be at risk. For a complete list of LLumar film products that should NOT be installed with X-100, see Technical BulletinTB-38 .
| i don't know |
Which singer has had a 2010 UK number one album with 'Aphrodite'? | Kylie Minogue's Aphrodite is her fifth UK number one album | Metro News
Joanne McCabe for Metro.co.uk Monday 12 Jul 2010 8:39 am
Kylie Minogue has topped the UK album chart with
Aphrodite, 22 years to the week since her debut – Kylie! The Album – was released and reached the same position.
Kylie Minogue shimmers during her G-A-Y performance on the day Aphrodite reached number one in the UK album chart (Pic: Getty)
Aphrodite, the pint-sized popstrel’s eleventh studio album, pushed rapper Eminem and his album Recovery into the number two spot.
The first single from the 12-track album, All The Lovers , is sitting at number nine in the singles chart.
Kylie has revealed that the single was one of the last tracks to be written for the album, but she knew it had to be the first single since it ‘sums up the euphoria of the album perfectly’.
‘I’ve been completely overwhelmed by the reaction to Aphrodite and to hear that the album has gone to number one is the most amazing news. I am ecstatic,’ she said of her latest chart-topper.
Kylie: The evolution of a style chameleon
‘My hopes for this album were that people would be moved, that the songs could bring about emotion.
‘The euphoric heart of this album has taken flight and the response has been nothing short of incredible.’
The 42-year-old, who performed songs from Aphrodite during an early-morning gig at London’s G-A-Y nightclub on Sunday, also thanked ‘the many talented and dedicated people with whom I work and the fans who have been so supportive all these years’.
During her G-A-Y performance, Kylie changed from a showgirl-style gold get-up to this black sequinned number (Pic: Getty)
Madonna collaborator Stuart Price, Scissor Sisters star Jake Shears , Calvin Harris and Tim Rice-Oxley from the band Keane are among those who worked with Kylie on Aphrodite.
The album is the singer’s fifth number one in the UK, following Enjoy Yourself in 1989, her greatest hits package in 1992 and Fever in 2001.
Kylie is believed to have watched Spain’s World Cup victory in London, after which she tweeted her delight at the team’s 1-0 triumph over Holland.
Her current boyfriend, Andres Velencoso, hails from the winning nation.
Kylie Minogue gets in the World Cup spirit via Twitter on Sunday
Meanwhile, in the UK singles chart, boyband JLS hit the top spot for the third time with new single The Club Is Alive, pushing Katy Perry and Snoop Dogg to number two with California Gurls.
UK top 10 albums1.Aphrodite – Kylie Minogue
2.Recovery – Eminem
3.The Defamation of Strickland Banks – Plan B
4.Night Work – Scissor Sisters
5.The Element Of Freedom – Alicia Keys
6.Euphoria – Enrique Iglesias
8.Time Flies… Singles 1994-2009 – Oasis
9.Sigh No More – Mumford & Sons
10.Won’t Go Quietly – Example
UK top 5 singles
1.This Club Is Alive – JLS
2.California Gurls – Katy Perry
3.Airplanes – Bob feat Hayley Williams
4.Love The Way You Lie – Eminem feat Rihanna
5.We No Speak Americano – Yolanda Be Cool vs D Cup
6.Enrique Iglesias – I Like It (feat. Pitbull)
7.My First Kiss – 3OH3 (feat. Ke$ha)
8.Alejandro – Lady GaGa
9.All The Lovers – Kylie Minogue
10.Kickstarts – Example
| Kylie Minogue |
Which astronomic unit of measurement is equal to 3.26 light years? | Kylie Minogue - Biography - IMDb
Kylie Minogue
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (232) | Personal Quotes (15)
Overview (4)
5' (1.52 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Kylie Ann Minogue was born on 28 May, 1968. The eldest of three children, Kylie's acting career began early, but it was her role as "Charlene" in the Australian soap, Neighbours (1985), which established Kylie as an international star. Her singing career began, purely by accident, when a record company executive heard Kylie's rendition of Little Eva 's 1962 hit, "The Loco-Motion". She signed with PWL Records and hit-makers Stock/Aitken/Waterman in 1987. Five albums and a greatest hits compilation followed, and she made history by having more than 20 consecutive top ten hits in the UK. Her motion picture debut came with the starring role of "Lola" in The Delinquents (1989). She left PWL Records in 1992 to head in a decidedly more mature musical direction, and her self-titled debut on deconstruction records was released in 1994, spawning chart hits like "Confide In Me" and "Put Yourself In My Place". Kylie's doings were always a favorite subject of the press, but she really made waves with her controversial 1995 duet with Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds , "Where the Wild Roses Grow". 1997 saw the release of Kylie's first single in more than 3 years, "Some Kind of Bliss", co-written and produced by James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore of The Manic Street Preachers .
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Jonathan Ruskin
Trade Mark (3)
Older sister of Dannii Minogue and Brendan Minogue .
Performed at the closing ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.
1997 saw a rather alternative Kylie crop up after two years of silence. Collaborations with Manic Street Preachers and others gave the "Impossible Princess" album an indie touch. Although not a commercial success, it was acclaimed by critics as being the final proof that Kylie and her music had matured. Kylie did, however, return to her roots and what she knows best with her smashing comeback to pop music in the year 2000. The first single released from the album "Light Years" immediately hit the number one spot in the UK, making her one of the few artists such as Madonna and Elton John with number one hits in both the eighties, nineties and noughties. Kylie also released a duet, "Kids", with pop star Robbie Williams .
Her father is Australian, with Irish ancestry. Her mother was born in Wales.
Voted best dressed female by readers of "Heat" (UK) magazine. [December 2001]
January 2002: Received the Showbusiness Personality of the Year Award at The Variety Club of Great Britain Showbusiness Awards 2002. Miss Minogue was absent from the ceremonies as she was abroad promoting her latest single so she sent a televised message.
Former sister-in-law of actor/producer Julian McMahon .
Younger brother Brendan Minogue is a television cameraman.
She has her own lingerie brand called "Love Kylie".
2001: Nominated for the prestigious 'Best International Female' Award at the Brit Awards 2001 (2001).
February 2002: Won 2 of the major awards at the 2002 Brit Awards: Best International Female & Best International Album for Fever. She was also nominated for Best Pop Act and Best Video (with Robbie Williams for "Kids") and stole the show with an incredible performance of "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" mixed with "Blue Monday".
Won Best Dance Act at the 2004 Swedish NRJ Awards in Stockholm. (25th January 2004)
Nominated for Best International Female at the 1995 Brit Awards. (1995)
Nominated for Best International Female at the 1989 Brit Awards. (1989)
Winner of the 2004 Grammy for Best Dance Recording for her single "Come Into My World", beating off strong competition such as Madonna , Cher , Télépopmusik & Groove Aramada. (8th February 2004)
Single "Slow" become the most added track to U.S. radio in its first week of release. (January 2004)
Sold out 7 nights at the London Hammersmith Apollo with her "On A Night Like This Tour". (2001)
Became the first Ambassador for the NSPCC. A foundation preventing cruelty to children.
Celebrity Ambassador for Kids Help Line in Australia.
A stage musical inspired by 25 of her hits "I Should Be So Lucky", premiered in her hometown, Melbourne, Australia as part of its annual Gay Midsummer Festival. The musical contained songs spanning from her 1st single "The Locomotion" up to "Can't Get You Out Of My Head", including hits, album tracks as well as a rare song "In Denial". (January 2001)
Recorded her 9th studio album "Body Language" in London, Ireland and Spain.
"Slow" became her 7th UK #1 single and 9th Australian #1 single. The single also enabled her to enter the record books as the female solo artist to enjoy the longest duration as a UK chart topper (since January 1988 with "I Should Be So Lucky", nearly 16 years in total). "Slow" also hit #1 on the Australian Dance Singles Chart and #1 on the Australasian Singles Chart. (9th November 2003).
September 2002: Awarded the prestigious Woman Of The Year Award at the 2002 Elle Style Awards.
Sunday 25th January 2004: Won Best Dance Act at the Swedish 2004 NRJ Awards in Stockholm beating off strong competition from the likes of Room 5 and Junior Senior. She was also nominated in the categories of Best International Female and Best Pop.
Saturday 24th January 2004:Nominated for Best International Female and Best Musical Website for www.kylie.com at the French 2004 NRJ Awards in Cannes, France.
Just two months prior to the release of her duet with Jason Donovan , "Especially For You", Kylie proclaimed to Smash Hits magazine that there was no chance of a duet with Jason Donovan .
4th July 1988: The eponymous debut album "Kylie", entered both the UK & Australian charts at #2. Never before had a debut album by a female artist debuted so high on either country's charts. The album also made Kylie the youngest female and first Australian artist to top the UK album chart, reaching the summit on two separate occasions. On release it went Double Platinum in Australia, Gold in the UK, Gold in Germany and Gold in Singapore.
Nominated for Best International Female at the 2004 Brit Awards. (17th Feb 2004)
October 2000: The third single from the album "Light Years", "Kids" was originally written by Robbie Williams and Guy Chambers solely for her; however, Robbie was so fond of the song, he decided to turn it into a duet and also included it on his album "Sing When You're Winning".
October 2001: Won 2 ARIA Music Awards in Sydney, Australia: Best Female Artist and Best Pop Release for "Light Years".
Voted the 15th greatest pop culture icon of all time in a UK poll.
Her song, "Love At First Sight", aired on the video game, "DDRMAX2: Dance Dance Revolution".
Born at the Bethlehem Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Mother is Carol Minogue , father is Accountant Ron Minogue. Kylie grew up in the inner Melbourne suburb of Surrey Hills.
In 2002, named the Biggest Selling Australian Artist of all time, with over 65 million album sales worldwide as of May 2004. She is also the winner of numerous awards including Logies, ARIAs, and a Grammy.
(16th February 2004) Nominated for Best Music Artist at the 2004 Elle Style Awards.
Saturday 10th April 2004: "Slow" music video won Best International Video at the 2004 TMF Awards at Rotterdam Arena, Rotterdam, Holland. Kylie was also nominated for Best Female Singer.
July 2004: Voted Number 1 Best Legs in Show Business by the razor company Gillette, ahead of Cameron Diaz , Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss .
9th June 2004: "Slow" music video wins Best Pop Video at the Music Week Creative and Design Awards.
June 2004: Sued Australian magazine "People", for reportedly publishing a faked picture of her naked bottom in the January 2003 issue. The picture had Kylie's head superimposed on the body of a nude model. The magazine will also be sued for unauthorised use of copyright images from her autobiography "La La La" used in the same issue.
28th June 2004: Third and final single to be lifted from the platinum-selling album "Body Language", "Chocolate" is released as a single. The single version features newly recorded vocals to that of the album version, and has a subtle remix. The seductive song, written by Karen Poole and Johnny Douglas (the team behind Red Blooded Woman), is one of Kylie's personal favorites from the album "Body Language". On 4th July 2004, the single gave Kylie her 27th UK Top 10 hit single when it entered the UK singles charts at #6. On the 7th May 2004, the single becomes the Most Added Track to Australian radio and hit #1 on the US Billboard Dance Charts. It was released in the UK on two CD formats and 12" vinyl picture disc. The 2-track CD featured a stunning live rendition of "Love At First Sight" taken from the forthcoming "Body Language Live" DVD. The enhanced CD contained mixes from the likes of Tom Middleton and EMO, and included the first airing of the much sought after "City Games", one of the first tracks that Kylie demoed for the "Body Language" album! A white label 12" promo of "Chocolate", featuring the unreleased EMO Dub Mix was also sent to DJ's. A limited edition maxi-single release of only 10,000 copies peaked at #14 on the Australian Chart. Other chart activity includes: #1 in Lebanon, Romania Mix FM Chart & Croatian Airplay Chart. #2 on Slovenian Radio Celje Chart. #3 on Eurochart Radio Sound Chart. #4 in Macedonia. #6 in Thailand & Slovenian Radio Plus Chart. #7 in Estonia, Hungary & Slovenian Radio Fantasy Chart. #8 on Croatian Otvoreni Radio Chart & Slovenian Popularnih 40 Chart. #9 on Slovenian Radio Antenna Chart. #11 on UK TV Airplay Chart. #13 on MTV Europe Top 20, Slovenian Radio Kranj Chart & Portugal Online Chart. #14 in Italy. #15 in Lithuanian M-1 Chart. #17 in Israel & Slovenian Airplay Chart. #19 on Eurochart EU Chart. #23 in Greece. #24 on Russian Airplay Chart. #26 in Ireland. #27 in South Africa. #29 on German Airplay Chart. #30 on United World Sales & Airplay Chart. #34 on UK Airplay Chart. #36 on Belgium Flanders Airplay Chart #43 in Germany. #47 on Belgium Airplay Chart #53 in Switzerland. #58 in Austria. #68 on Czech Airplay. #69 in France. #70 Norway Airplay Chart. The London filming of the enchanting video for "Chocolate" saw Kylie re-unite with award-winning director Dawn Shadforth (who directed Kylie's "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" and "In Your Eyes" videos ), and acclaimed choreographer Michael Rooney (who choreographed her "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" and "Slow" videos, as well as the DVD "Body Language Live"). The hypnotic video shows Kylie as you've never seen her before, the stunning dance sequences are a nostalgic tribute to the MGM musicals of old. The video premiered on "CD: UK" on Saturday 22nd May 2004. On 17th October 2004, the video was nominated in the category of Music Video at the 10th Annual American Choreography Awards in Los Angeles. The other nominees were: Usher Raymond (Usher) "Yeah", Missy Elliott "Pass That Dutch / I'm Really Hot" and Britney Spears featuring Madonna for "Me Against The Music".
Monday 18th October 2004: All tickets for the first lot of UK tour dates for her upcoming "Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour" sold out in less than two hours. Debbie Thomas, director of corporate affairs at Earl Court revealed that tickets sold out a lot faster than the tickets for the recent concerts of Madonna and Elton John .
Monday 25th October 2004: "I Believe In You" named Scott Mills' Record Of The Week on his show "Drivetime" on Radio 1 in the UK.
Thursday 28th October 2004: First Irish show for the upcoming "Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour", at The Point in Dublin (7th April 2005) completely sold out in 20 minutes.
17th October 2004: Her video for "Chocolate" was nominated in the category of Music Video at the 10th annual American Choreography Awards.
Saturday 30th October 2004: "I Believe In You" named JK & Joel's Weekend Anthem on their radio shows on Radio 1 in the UK.
3rd November 2004: Hosted an intimate preview of her SS '05 Love Kylie collection and launched the Love Kylie Legs hosiery line in London.
5th November 2004: The single "I Believe In You" is named Radio 2's 'Record of the Week'. UK radio stations Capital and Radio 1 have both added the track to their A-lists.
Sunday 21st November 2004: Inducted into the Smash Hits Hall of Fame when she was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Smash Hits T4 Poll Winners Party held at London's Wembley Arena. Kylie, whose first appearance at the annual pop awards show was in October 1989, was honored for her 17 year contribution to music.
November 2004: Donated over 300 items of her clothing to the Victorian Arts Centre's Performing Art Collection in her home town of Melbourne, Australia. This collection became the subject of her own exciting exhibition called 'Kylie'. Featuring over 300 plus costumes and other items donated by Kylie to the Arts Centres Performing Art Collection, the free exhibition celebrated contributions made to music, television, stage and screen by one of Melbourne's favorite home-town girls. The items on show will include the infamous white muslin dress seen in the "I Should Be So Lucky" video, the pink and silver Showgirl costume from "Intimate & Live", the amazing Silvanemesis outfit from the 2002 'Fever Tour', the legendary gold hot pants from "Spinning Around" and the customized charm bracelets and 'knuckle dusters' featured in a number of performances and videos promoting her album "Fever". The collection even extends to the overalls that helped make her a household name both in Australia and the UK as the much-loved tomboy mechanic Charlene Mitchell on "Neighbours". The collection even extends to the overalls that helped make Kylie a household name both in Australia and the UK as the much-loved tomboy mechanic Charlene Mitchell on Neighbours. The exhibition opened in Melbourne at the Victorian Arts Centre (from Saturday 15th January 2005 - Sunday 24th April 2005), then toured to the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra (May-August 2005), the Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane (September-November 2005) and the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney (January-May 2006). Having drawn over 293,000 fans during its three-month run at the Arts Centre in Melbourne, it officially became the Arts Centre's highest attended exhibition ever.
Tuesday 23rd November 2004: Presented with the Special Jury Award at the Annual 2005 Onda Awards Ceremony in Spain, in recognition of her incredible career and contribution to popular music. This made it her second lifetime achievement award in less than a week. Two days earlier she had been inducted into the Smash Hits Hall of Fame in the UK. The Inda Awards are Spain's equivalent to the The Brit, Aria & Grammy awards.
Wednesday 24th November 2004: I Believe In You hit #7 on the European Airplay Charts, and continued to rise.
Mother is Carol Minogue (aka: Carol Jones Minogue). Father is Accountant Ron Minogue. Grew up in the inner Melbourne suburb of Surrey Hills.
Thursday 10th February 2005: Nominated for Best International Female at the 2005 Brit Awards. This is the sixth time that Kylie has been nominated for Best International Female which she won in 2002 along with the prestigious 'Best International Album' award for the multi-million selling "Fever".
Diagnosed with breast cancer and canceled her tour of Australia. She also had to pull out her headlining appearance at the 2005 Glastonbury Festival. [May 2005]
November 2004: Nominated for Online Artist of the Year and Best Pop Artist at the 2004 Digital Music Awards.
March 1987: The youngest star ever to win the Silver Logie for "Most Popular Actress in Australia".
Due to the extensive media coverage of her illness, Australian doctors stated that the number of mammographies in Australia rose by 40%, which they call the "Kylie effect" (2006).
Announced that she will continue her "Showgirls: The Greatest Hits" tour at the Sydney Entertainment Center on 11 November 2006.
After the announcement of her cancer diagnosis, the Australian public's support was overwhelming. Even Prime Minister John Howard issued a statement supporting her.
February 1989: Voted "Best International Female Artist" by a landslide at the Irish Record Industry Awards.
February 1989: Japanese Phonographic Record Association presents Kylie two 1988 "Disc Awards" for The Best Selling New Artist and Best Selling Single of the Year (for "I Should Be So Lucky").
February 1989: The Mirror in London votes Kylie the "Best Actress in the World".
February 1989: Posed for a wax model of herself at the World famous Madame Tussaud's wax gallery in London.
March 1989: The Australian Record Industry Association nominates Kylie for five awards with "I Should Be So Lucky" picking up Biggest Selling Single of the year (1988).
March 1989: Nominated for three Logies: The Gold for "Most Popular Personality on Australian Television", the Silver for the third year in a row and "Most Popular Music Video in Australia" for "Especially For You" (with Jason Donovan ).
March 1989: Receives her second "Heart Award" for Recording Artist of the Year from the Australian Variety Club.
May 1989: Voted Best Female Singer, Best Actress, Most Adorable Female and 2nd Most Masterful LP by English magazine "No 1's" readers poll.
January 1989: "Kylie's Remixes Vol.1" is originally released in Japan in 1989 and featured extended versions of hits from her debut album. The album later re-issued in Australia in 1998 as part of Mushroom Records "Classics".
December 1988: Became the first artist to ever have four consecutive #1 singles in Finland ("I Should Be So Lucky", "Got To Be Certain", "The Locomotion" and "Je Ne Sais Pas Pourquoi").
December 1988: Australian Smash Hits magazine readers vote her "Most Fanciable Female" and "Best Female Singer". Whilst the readers of the Australian magazine TV Hits vote her "Hunkiest Person Alive" and "Best Female T.V. Personality".
January 1989: Kylie voted #1 in record Mirror survey of the top recording acts of 1988 in the UK, compiled from sales information of over 40,000 different records, collected by Gallup.
December 1988: In Israel, Kylie is the only artist to end the year with three singles in the Top 40, where she is also voted "Most Popular Female Singer of the Year".
December 1988: Ends the year in the UK with the biggest album of 1988 "Kylie" (6 times Platinum with sales of 1.8 million) at #2 (having been in the top 10 since its release in June 1988); #1 video "Especially For You", and #2 single, "Especially For You, both with Jason Donovan .
January 1989: Had three simultaneous International #1 singles. "The Locomotion" in Canada, "Turn It Into Love" in Japan and "Especially For You" (with Jason Donovan ) in the UK.
September 1988: Readers of the London Sun voted Kylie #1 Girl Singer and the Top Newcomer.
October 1988: UK Smash Hits magazine readers vote her Most Fanciable Female and Best Female Singer.
July 1988: Is named the fastest start to a career in Europe with three Top 10 records ("I Should Be So Lucky", "Got To Be Certain" and "The Locomotion") in the first seven months of 1988 plus a platinum album ("Kylie") in just four weeks in the UK.
March 1988: Becomes the first person to ever to win four Logies (the Australian equivalent of an Emmy) on one night: the Gold for "Most Popular Personality on Australian Television", the Silver for the second year in a row, "Most Popular Personality on Victorian (State) Television" and "Most Popular Music Video in Australia" for "Locomotion". This also made her the youngest actor/actress ever to hold five Logies.
January 1990: Was voted #1 Radio Artist for 1989 in France. (Second was David Hallyday , third Madonna and fourth Phil Collins ).
March 1990: Received the International Outstanding Achievement Award voted to her by the Board of Governors of the Australian Record Industry Association.
December 1989: The readers of Australian magazine TV Hits vote Kylie "Best Pop Singer for 1989" and "Sexiest Person Alive" for the second year in a row.
December 1989: In his New Year's Eve 1989 "Review of the Decade" on BBC-TV, Clive James pays special tribute to Kylie and presents her with the award for "Woman Of The Decade".
December 1989: Is voted "The Best Female Vocalist" at the 1989 Japan Radio Music Awards.
December 1989: She joins with the likes Bob Geldof , Bananarama , Bros, Cliff Richard , Lisa Stansfield , Wet Wet Wet , Jason Donovan and Sonia, among others for Band Aid 2's 1989 recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas" to raise money for Ethiopia. It debuts at #1 in the UK and holds that position over Christmas. This caused Kylie to end up starting the year of 1989 at #1 with "Especially For You" and to end the year of 1989 at #1 with "Do They Know It's Christmas". In February 1990, UK Music Week awards the song #2 Single of the Year.
December 1989: Scandecor awards her a "Gold Poster" for sales of Kylie's poster in Europe, being their biggest selling product. Kylie (along with Jason Donovan also received the "Silver Poster" for the poster of their duet "Especially For You".
December 1989: Lights the Regent St. Christmas lights, a time honored British tradition, usually performed by Royalty.
November 1989: Is honored by being only the third artist ever to have a "star" in the "Hard Rock Walk Of Fame" in Sydney, Australia.
In June 1989, she had completed filming on her debut film The Delinquents (1989). When the film premiered in London's West End in December 1989, over 20,000 fans crowded Leicester Square to catch a glimpse of Kylie. The film was released around the world to rave reviews and by January 1990, the film had become the top grossing movie in the UK and third highest in Australia. The soundtrack to the film featured Kylie's #1 UK single "Tears On My Pillow". Another Kylie song "We Know The Meaning Of Love" was inspired by the film.
October 1989: For the second year in a row UK Smash Hits magazine readers vote her "Most Fanciable Female" and "Best Female Singer in the World".
May 1989: US Smash Hits magazine readers vote her fourth "Best Female Singer" (after Siouxie, Debbie Gibson and Madonna . Meanwhile, demand for the Kylie product became so great in East Germany that a special EP was released.
January 1990: Israeli radio vote her "#1 Female Artist of 1989".
February 1990: Was named The Queen of the #2 Position in England at the UK Music Week awards with #2 Artist of the Year, #2 Album of the Year for "Enjoy Yourself", and the #2 Single of the Year for "Do They Know It's Christmas?".
February 1990: The "Enjoy Yourself Tour", her first concert tour of Australia was a resounding success. By April 1990, the tour leg of the UK, Europe and South East Asia kicked off in Birmingham where Kylie played to a full house of 12,700 screaming fans where it continued to play to capacity crowds in London, Belfast and Dublin. In May 1990, it continued on to packed houses in London, Paris and Brussels where Kylie's performances pleased both audiences and the press alike.
February 1990: The Australian Variety Industry honors her with the "Mo Award" for Ambassador to Australian Showbusiness.
November 1990: Was presented with a prestigious Diamond Award for Music Excellence in Brussels.
May 1991: At the 1991 World Music Awards in Monte Carlo, she was the personal guest of Prince Albert of Monaco , along with Elton John , Rick Astley , Lisa Stansfield , and many other of the world's top artists and was presented with the award for "Best Selling Australian Artist". In May 1992, she was once again invited by Prince Albert to attend the 1992 World Music Awards.
October 1991: Embarked on the "Let's Get To It Tour", her second concert tour of the UK arenas, once again playing to packed houses. In April 1992, the eighty minute video cassette "Kylie Live: Live In Dublin", the film of a recent "Let's Get To It Tour" concert filmed in Dublin, Ireland was released around the world. On the week of release in the UK, it debuted in the Music Week video charts at #2.
March 1992: Was nominated for "Best Australian Female Artist of 1991" by the Australian Record Industry Association.
June 1992: At the personal request of Sting , she participated in the "Rhythm Of Life Fashion Charity Gala" at London's Grosvenor Hotel, to raise money for the Rainforest Foundation. Kylie held her own on the catwalk alongside the world's top models including Claudia Schiffer , Yasmin Le Bon and Naomi Campbell .
November 1992: Received the award for "Sexiest Person On The Planet" from both DMC and Mix-Mag magazines, the world's most credible dance music authorities.
February 1993: Signed her second worldwide record deal with deConstruction Records through RCA/BMG in the UK; Imago through BMG in the US, Mushroom Records in Australia/NZ, and BMG throughout the rest of the world.
May 1993: Was invited by Prince Albert of Monaco (for the third time) to present at the 1993 World Music Awards in Monte Carlo, hosted by Michael Douglas and attended by the worlds leading names in music including Michael Jackson , Tina Turner and Rod Stewart .
August 1993: Was voted the World's Coolest Female in Music by London's "Select" Magazine.
July 1993: Herself and her sister Dannii Minogue broke the record as the most successful sisters ever on the British charts, after Dannii had her sixth Top 40 hit in the UK: "This Is It".
May 1993: Together with her sister Dannii Minogue , her mother Carol Minogue and some of her closest friends, was invited to "Breakfast At Tiffany's" to celebrate her 25th birthday over a private breakfast in the board-room of the world famous jewelery store.
October 1993: Was invited by Baz Luhrmann , the Australian director of Strictly Ballroom (1992) and Moulin Rouge! (2001) to pose at Universal Studios in Los Angeles for Bert Stern , the photographer responsible for the world famous Marilyn Monroe sessions. This resulted in an unprecedented 21 page "60's style" spread in the January 1993 edition of Australian "Vogue".
May 1994: For the fourth consecutive year His Serene Highness 'Prince Albert of Monaco' invited her to the 1994 World Music Awards. This year the awards were attended by Prince , Whitney Houston and Ray Charles amongst others.
June 1994: Became only the third person ever to appear twice on the cover of Europe's taste setter magazine, "The Face". She was also selected as the cover girl for "Who Weekly's Most Beautiful People In The World 1994" issue in Australia. In July 1994, she also made her second "i-D" magazine cover.
June 1994: Commenced filming her second film; the Jean-Claude Van Damme $40 million movie Street Fighter (1994) in Thailand and Australia. In December 1994, on its US release, the film scored the second highest box office nationally grossing US$100,000 in its first month, making it the most successful movie ever, based on a game.
December 1994: Voted amongst the top 10 Best Albums, Best Single, and Best Female Solo Singer at the Smash Hits Awards in the UK.
November 1994: Hosted the prestigious People's Choice Awards in Sydney, Australia.
January 1994: Voted #1 amongst "The 50 Most Shaggable People" by prestigious UK music magazine "Select".
June 1995: Appeared on the cover of the July issue of "Loaded" magazine in the UK. It became their biggest selling issue ever, selling almost 150,000 as compared with their average figure of approximately 110,000.
September 1995: "FHM" magazine in Europe, ranked her 14th among "The World's 100 Sexiest Females Ever" ahead of the likes of Marilyn Monroe , Brigitte Bardot , Elle Macpherson and Kim Basinger .
November 1995: Presented the MTV Awards in Paris, France.
September 1995: Won Best Australian Video of 1994 (for "Put Yourself In My Place") at the Australian Record Industry Association Awards. She was also nominated for Best Female Artist and Highest Selling Record.
April 1997: Was voted 6th Sexiest Females of the Decade by the readers of "Sky" magazine in the UK.
November 1996: The readers of "Sky" magazine voted Kylie (and her sister Dannii Minogue ) amongst the Top 10 Women Readers Would Most Like To Spend The Night With.
September 1996: Once again ranked amongst the Top 20 of "The 100 Sexiest Women in The World" by Europe's "FHM" magazine .
July 2001: Voted amongst the Top 10 Sexiest Women Alive in Australia's "Who Weekly" magazine.
June 2001: Was awarded the Silver Clef Nordoff Robbins "International Award". Previous winners of this prestigious accolade include; U2 , INXS , AC/DC , Jimmy Page , Robert Plant and The Corrs .
June 2001: Attended Vogue's "It's Fashion" party, a celebration of fashion in aid of cancer research. She was invited to sit next to 'Prince Charles' at the head table.
May 2001: Appears on the cover of British "Vogue" magazine. This event headlined the evening news in Australia.
16th May 2001: Attended the LA premiere of the film Moulin Rouge! (2001), in which she featured as The Green Fairy.
January 2001: Was one of the most downloaded artists on Napster, running an amazing numbers of downloads (almost 17 million) under her name in the last year.
January 2001: Was named the second most searched Female Artist after Madonna of the previous year (2000). She beat other 'strong' female artists like Mariah Carey (3rd place), Céline Dion (4th place) and Jennifer Lopez (5th place).
January 2001: Won "Best Pop Artist" in the Australian "Rolling Stone" magazines reader's poll.
January 2001: Voted the #1 Sexiest Celebrity in the World by UK's "Heat" Magazine.
October 1999: ARIA nomination for Best Australian Female Artist.
April 1999: Signed a major recording deal with Parlophone Records, part of the EMI Group, and commenced work on her seventh studio album "Light Years".
July 2001: Voted in the Top 5 of "The 1000 Sexiest Women Ever" in Maxim magazine.
9th July 2001: Awarded "Performer Of The Year", (the highest accolade) as The 26th Annual Mo Awards Presentation Ceremony held at the Sydney Town Hall in Sydney, Australia. First presented in 1976, with the late Johnny O'Keefe as the inaugural chairman, the Mo Awards are the longest running awards for excellence in live performance in Australia.
August 2001: Her bottom was voted amongst "The World's Top 10 Butts", ahead of Caprice and Nicole Kidman by US Magazine "Celebrity Sleuth".
August 2001: Named Australia's Most Beautiful Export by "Australian Trade Magazine".
September 2001: Received the award for "Services To Mankind", at the prestigious GQ Awards in London. Other winners on the night included; Sir Elton John , U2 , Benicio Del Toro , Tony Blair and Robbie Williams . Kylie would also grace the cover of "GQ" magazine for their special award winner's edition.
September 2001: Attended the Royal Premiere of Moulin Rouge! (2001) alongside 'Prince Charles', Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor .
October 2001: Over eight million viewers in the UK alone tune into her ITV television special An Audience with Kylie Minogue (2001).
November 2001: Won two major awards at the 2001 Top Of The Pops Awards; Top Tour (for the "On A Night Like This Tour") and Top Song (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head"). She was also nominated for Top Pop Act.
November 2001: Nominated for two Smash Hits Awards: Best Female and Best Single (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head").
November 2001: Won four Italian Dance Music Awards: Best International Dance Artist, Best Single (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head"), Best Video (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head") and Best Album (for "Fever").
February 2002: Awarded the Golden Otto Award at the German Bravo Awards.
February 2002: Won Best Pop Act at the 2002 NME Awards! She was also nominated for Song Of The Year (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head") and Best Solo Artist.
March 2002: Attended the 2002 World Music Awards in Monte Carlo, Monaco, at the invitation of His Serene Highness 'Prince Albert of Monaco' for the fifth time. At the award show, she was named Best Selling Australian Artist of The Year and delivered another show stopping performance of "Can't Get Blue Monday Out Of My Head", to an world-wide audience of a billion people!.
March 2002: Her "Agent Provocateur" cinema commercial won Best Cinema Commercial Of The Year at the British TV Awards.
May 2002: The Manchester Evening News presented Kylie with a plaque in recognition of having the most number of shows by a solo artist to sell out at the Manchester Arena ever.
July 2002: Won "Best Chart Act" at the London Dancestar Awards.
August 2002: Presented an award to Mary J. Blige at the MTV Video Music Awards ceremony in New York.
September 2002: Won "Best International Dance Act" at the Italian 2002 Dance Awards.
September 2002: The Official 2003 Kylie calendar becomes the #1 Bestseller of the Year on release.
September 2002: Her manager Terry Blamey was honored Manager of The Year by The International Music Manager's Forum.
March 2003: Awarded a Centenary Medal by the Governor General of Australia for "Outstanding Contribution to the Music Industry".
March 2003: Voted in the Top 5 for Best International Singer and Woman of the Year at the "Maxim" Magazine Awards.
March 2003: Voted in the Top 5 for "Sexiest Woman On The Planet" by "Ralph" Magazine, Australia.
April 2003: Along with Kids Help Line and Optus, Kylie won an award for excellence from the Fundraising Institute of Australia for the 2002 "Kids Help Line" fund raising campaign in Australia.
June 2003: Voted the "Sexiest Pop Pin Up" in the world by viewers of music channel VH1.
June 2003: Won two of the most prestigious accolades at the 28th Annual MO Awards in Australia: "Showbusiness Ambassador of the Year" (for the second consecutive year) and "Live Australian Performer of the Year" (for the third year in a row).
September 2003: Nominated for Best Female Artist and Best Pop Artist at the 2003 MTV Europe Awards.
March 2003: Voted "The Most Desirable Australian Female" by "FHM Magazine", Australia.
March 2003: Won Best Artist at the ILMC (International Live Music Conference) and her manager Terry Blamey was awarded Manager of The Year!.
February 2003: Her lingerie range, "Love Kylie" was finally launched in the UK in Selfridges to a massive media frenzy and incredible sales results. Demand far exceeded supply with Selfridges who doubled their orders to cope.
December 2002: Her waxwork at Madam Tussaud's in the UK is voted "Top Pop Star" and "Most Beautiful Woman" in the Madame Tussaud's 2002 Annual Popularity Poll.
December 2002: A survey of office workers revealed that most workers would consider Kylie the "Ideal Female Boss".
December 2002: Declared "The Best Body In The World" by magazine "Celebrity Bodies".
December 2002: Named "The Second Greatest Female Artist Of All Time" by music channel VH1.
December 2002: Voted "The Female Celebrity With The Sexiest Voice" in a survey carried out by a mobile phone company. 'Sean Connery (I)' topped the male category.
November 2002: Stole the show at the 2002 Top of The Pops Awards with a stunning performance of "Come Into My World (Fisherspooner Mix)" and a second award for Tour Of The Year for "Fever Tour 2002".
November 2002: Triumphed at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards winning Best Pop Act and Best Dance Act!.
November 2002: Nominated for two MTV Asia Awards: Best Female Artist and Best Video for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head".
February 2002: Became her biggest month in her career for winning awards: Winning Best International Female Artist and Best International Album for "Fever" at the 2002 Brit Awards; Single of The Year (for "Can't Get You Out Of My Head") at the Dutch Edison Awards, the Golden Otto Award at the German Bravo Awards; and Best Pop Act at the German Bravo Awards.
Saturday 18th September 2004: Made her first appearance as an NSPCC ambassador at the Matalan Ball at Knowsley Hall, the home of the Earl and Countess of Derby.
June 2004: Voted the 3rd Most Beautiful Woman Of The Decade by FHM Magazine.
June 2004: "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" comes in at #1 in the Top 100 Ultimate Party Anthems as compiled by MTV Dance.
May 2004: Nominated for the Australian Showbusiness Ambassador of the Year at the Australian Entertainment 29th Mo Awards.
April 2004: Voted #1 in Maxim's Sexiest Older Female Poll.
April 2004: Judged the 4th "Sexiest Woman in the World of Pop" by UK's "Zoo" magazine.
April 2004: Ranked highest placed female on Phonograph Performance Ltd's list of the most played artists on UK radio over the last 20 years and 4th over all. This was compiled using data from all 600 national and local radio stations across the UK. Kylie, who smashed airplay records with hits like "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" and "Love At First Sight", was only one of two female artists in the Top 10, and ranked two places above Madonna at #6.
Saturday 13th March 2004: Honored with the award for Outstanding Contribution to Pop at the Bravo Supershow Awards in Hanover, Germany. The awards were voted by readers of German pop magazine Bravo.
17th February 2004: Nominated for Best International Female at the 2004 Brit Awards at Earls Court, London. This was the fifth time she was nominated for this award, having been nominated in 1989, 1995, 2001 and winning in 2002.
December 2003: Voted Sexiest Woman of the Year by "Star" Magazine.
December 2003: Voted the Hottest Girl Star Of The Year by the "Daily Express".
December 2003: Voted the #1 Sexiest Woman of the Year, #1 "Best Dressed Celebrity" and 4th "Best Solo Artist" in "Okay" magazine's 2003 Readers Poll.
September 1997: Received "The Most Stylish Award" at the 1997 Elle Style Awards.
December 1997: Voted Most Fanciable Female by readers of "Melody Maker".
January 1998: Hosted "MTV Snowball: World Snowboard Championships" in Austria.
April 1998: Won two awards at the 1998 Creative and Design Awards, held in London: Best Artist Website (for the website Kylie Ultra) and Best Special Effects Awards (for the music video "Did It Again").
October 2003: Won "Most Played Australian Artist on Australian Commercial Radio" at the 15th Annual Commercial Radio Awards.
October 2003: Nominated for 2 Australian Aria Music Awards: Best Female Artist, and Best Pop Release for "Come Into My World".
June 2006: Made a surprise appearance at G-A-Y to present her sister Dannii Minogue with a bouquet of flowers after her live greatest hits set at the infamous London club night.
Becomes sponsor and patron of Sri Lankan theatrical troupe "Children Of The Sea". "Children Of The Sea", brainchild of the award winning English director and producer Toby Gough, was formed in the aftermath of the tsunami. It is a group of 27 Sri Lankans, mostly children, performing a version of Shakespeare's "Pericles" adapted to apply to the tragedy left behind by the tsunami. In August 2005, the production won first prize at the Edinburgh Festival. In March 2006, Kylie visited the children in Sri Lanka.
7th June 2006: Named 'Woman Of The Year' at the 2006 Glamour Awards.
September 2004: Voted the 2nd Sexiest Woman Of The Year by FHM Magazine (after Carmen Electra ).
September 2004: Nominated for 2 Australian ARIA Music Awards in the categories of 'Best Pop Release' (for her album "Body Language"), and 'Best Female Artist'.
September 2004: "Love Kylie" lingerie received its first nomination in the Company High Street Awards in the category of 'Best Lingerie Brand'.
30th January 2005: Attended the charity premiere of Sprung! The Magic Roundabout (2005) in London's Leicester Square in aid of the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity.
Currently holds the record for the biggest selling female artist in Australian concert history, with ticket sales in excess of half a million.
15th February 2005: Dressed in a stunning Chanel dress, she stole the show at the 2005 Elle Style Awards held at London's trendy Spitalfields Market. Kylie was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at Britain's annual 'Style Oscars' and posed for photos with fellow Aussie and award winner, Cate Blanchett .
Wednesday 23rd March 2005: Nominated in the category of London's Favourite International Artist at the 2005 Capital Radio Awards at the Royal Lancaster Hotel in London.
8th Sept 2005: The "Official 2006 Kylie Calendar", featuring 13 fabulous Kylie shots, was published by Danilo and became the highest selling calendar of the year. This is the fourth year in a row Kylie has done this.
23rd October 2005: Nominated for Best Female Artist and Best Pop Release (for her smash hit "I Believe In You"), at the 2005 ARIA Music Awards in Sydney, Australia. This brings her ARIA nominations total to 34, 15 of which she has won to date.
10th January 2006: Named the most broadcast artist on radio and television in Australia in 2005. This is Kylie's third time atop the Phonographic Performance Company of Australia's 'Most Broadcast Artist' list in the last five years, having previously secured the honor in 2002 and 2003. Kylie also had two tracks make the top 100 most broadcast songs: "I Believe In You" at #18 and "Giving You Up" at #79.
Announced her separation from Olivier Martinez in a statement, saying their decision was mutual and amicable (2 February 2007).
Chosen by Australian men magazine Zoo weekly as one of the "Top 50 Hottest Babes Ever". [March 2006]
Ranked #27 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists.
Winner of the 2007 Q Idol Award.
28 October 2007: Won the UK's Music Industry Trusts' Award. She is the first woman ever, in the 16-year event, to win this prestigious award.
October 1993: Was invited by Baz Luhrmann , the Australian director of Strictly Ballroom (1992) and Moulin Rouge! (2001) to pose at Universal Studios in Los Angeles for Bert Stern , the photographer responsible for the world famous Marilyn Monroe sessions. This resulted in an unprecedented 21 page "60's style" spread in the January 1993 edition of Australian "Vogue".
She was awarded the O.B.E. (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2008 Queen's New Years Honors List for her services to music.
She states in interviews the most exciting thing about meeting fans of hers that are celebrities is that most of the times she is a huge fan of theirs.
"A Sunday Kind Of Love" by Etta James is one of her favorite songs.
"Songs in the Key of Life" (1976) by Stevie Wonder , is one of her all-time favorite albums.
She is the first, and the only, female recording artist in UK chart history to have a number one album in four consecutive decades, achieving this in the 1980s, 90s, 00s and 10s.
In February 2010, she appeared in a series of print adverts for Tous Handbags. In these adverts, she posed as a sexy magician's assistant, which included being sawed into quarters in an illusion called The Mis-made Girl.
Ranked #51 in the 2011 FHM list of '100 Sexiest Women in the World'. Previously she ranked #93 in 2008, #37 in 2005, #19 in 2004, #9 in 2003, #6 in 2002, #44 in 2001, #67 in 2000, #34 in 1999, #22 in 1998, #64 in 1997, #20 in 1996, and #14 in 1995.
Received an honorary doctorate degree for her work raising awareness of breast cancer. Made an honorary Doctor of Health Sciences by Anglia Ruskin University in Chelmsford, Southern England on October 5, 2011.
Ranked #64 in Men's Health 100 Hottest Women of All Time (2011).
| i don't know |
Which is the only American state beginning with the letter 'L'? | The Only State... Quiz
Extra Trivia
...whose current State Capitol building predates the revolution?
The Maryland State House, built in 1772, has a unique wooden dome which was constructed without nails.
...to produce two US Presidents whose sons also became Presidents?
Coincidentally, both sons shared their Father's names--John Quincy Adams and George Walker Bush.
...to host a Confederate President's inauguration?
Jefferson Davis took his oath of office at the Alabama State Capitol building in 1861.
...whose official state seal is not circular?
Connecticut's seal, depicting three grapevines and the state motto, is oval-shaped.
...to have two Federal Reserve Banks?
The Federal bank in Kansas City covers the Great Plains region, while the bank in St. Louis covers part of the Central US.
...in which the Northern half is in a different time zone than the Southern half?
Northern Idaho is on Pacific Time, while Southern Idaho is on Mountain Time.
...to have multiple native sons immortalized atop Mount Rushmore?
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were both born in Virginia, as were six other Presidents.
...that has 'parishes' instead of counties?
Louisiana's unique use of the word 'parish' is a holdover from its days as a French Colony.
...with a community-owned major league professional sports team?
The NFL's Green Bay Packers are owned by a large group of stockholders mostly residing in Wisconsin.
...whose median age is under 30 years old?
The Mormon Church's encouragement of large families may explain why Utah's median age is only 28.8 years.
...to lie entirely above 1,000 meters elevation?
Colorado's lowest point, at the border with Kansas, is higher than Pennsylvania's tallest summit.
...where prostitution is legal?
However, not all counties have legalized it--including the counties Las Vegas and Reno are in.
...with a state capital of over a million people?
The next biggest state capital, Indianapolis, has half a million fewer citizens.
...to be named after an American?
Perhaps only George Washington had the gravitas to merit such an honor; a state of Franklin was attempted but failed to be approved.
...whose three largest cities begin with the same letter?
The largest city in Ohio is Columbus, followed by Cleveland and then Cincinnati.
...to host three modern Olympic Games?
Besides the two Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley.
...never to cast an electoral vote for Ronald Reagan?
Minnesota was the only state to spurn the GOP in 1984, remaining loyal to Minnesotan Walter Mondale.
...whose name has no letters in common with that of its capital?
This may not be the most interesting 'Only' stat about South Dakota, but it's the only one I could find...
...to border the Canadian province of New Brunswick?
Maine has one border with New Hampshire, but is otherwise surrounded by Canadian provinces.
...with a modern city founded by European colonists prior to 1600?
St. Augustine, founded in 1565, was originally the capital of Spanish Florida.
...to have a Unicameral Legislature?
Nebraska's legislature, nicknamed 'The Unicameral' by residents, is also uniquely unaffiliated with any political party.
...whose legal right to statehood was brought before the Supreme Court?
Virginia v. West Virginia, in which Virgina strove to regain counties that had seceded during the Civil War, was decided in favor of the Defendant.
...to have territory in the Eastern Hemisphere?
This means that Alaska is technically the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost State.
...to have a state-owned bank?
The Bank of North Dakota was founded in 1919, and receives funds from state agencies.
...whose official State Motto is in Spanish?
Montana's state motto is 'Oro y Plata,' or 'Gold and Silver,' in tribute to the state's mining industry.
Exceptional Quality
...to border more than two Great Lakes?
In fact, Michigan borders four Great Lakes--all except for Lake Ontario.
...with an automobile on its commemorative State Quarter?
The auto, an 'Indycar,' is a reference to the famed Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
...with a state-wide ban on the carrying of concealed firearms?
The only other holdout, Wisconsin, lifted its ban in 2011.
...to include a noncontiguous parcel of land completely surrounded by two other states?
Due to a surveying error, the 'Kentucky Bend' of the Mississippi is bound by Missouri on three sides and Tennessee on a fourth.
...whose two biggest cities have lent their names to a Tony-winning musical and an Oscar-winning film, respectively?
'Nashville' won an Oscar for Best Original Song in 1976; 'Memphis' won a Tony for Best Musical in 2010.
...to have a higher population density than Puerto Rico?
The most densely populated state, New Jersey's 1,189 residents/square mile beats out Puerto Rico's 1,163.
...in which diamonds are mined?
Crater of Diamonds State Park is also the world's only diamond-bearing site open to the public.
...whose postal abbreviation consists of two vowels?
Iowa is also the only state whose name begins with two vowels.
...to be represented by an African-American Senator prior to the 20th Century?
Before 1967, Mississippi's Hiram Revels (1870) and Blanche Bruce (1875) were the only two black US Senators in history.
...to have divorce laws written into its Constitution?
The original South Carolina consitution prohibited divorce altogether, but has since been amended.
...named after a German-born monarch?
Georgia was named after Britain's King George II, who was born in Hanover, Germany.
...that allows residents to vote from outer space?
The reasoning behind this 1997 law makes sense when you consider that most Astronauts live and work in Houston.
...to have a lighthouse that stands over 60 meters high?
The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, 63 meters tall (200 feet), is located on the state's easternmost island.
...to be admitted to the Union under a President Roosevelt?
Oklahoma joined the Union in 1907, during Theodore Roosevelt's second term; none were admitted under FDR.
...to have a county where a plurality of citizens report their primary ancestry as Polish?
Nearly one fourth of Luzerne County, in the state's Northeast region, identifies as Polish-American.
...to contain more than one Ivy League school?
Columbia University is located in New York City, while Cornell is in Ithaca
...without commercial air service?
| Louisiana |
Which actor and comedian plays the role of 'Pete Brockman' in the TV series 'Outnumbered'? | List of States in America That Start With
List of States in America That Start With
Updated on June 26, 2015
The United States
In recent news, the United States' president Barack Obama said that he has visited most of the 57 states in the United States. The video of Obama's speech has been making its rounds on the Internet. It was obviously a mistake on the president's part, but in reality, not many people probably even know how many states there are.
Every single person knows what the United States are. Obama might have made a mistake, but surprisingly, not many people can name all of the states off the top of their head and quite a bit of people think that there are 52 states, 48 states or give or take a few more. There are 50 states in America and here is the list of them in alphabetical order.
Some of the capitals have been listed next to the states and other fun facts are also listed besides others.
List of States in America that Start with A
List of states in America that start with A.
Alabama- The capital is Montgomery and the largest city is Birmingham.
Alaska- The capital is Juneau and the largest city is Anchorage.
Arizona- The capital is Phoenix and the largest city is Phoenix.
Arkansas- The capital is Little Rock and the largest city is Little rock.
States that Start with the letter B
There are no states that begin with the letter B.
List of States in America that Start with C
List of states in America that start with C.
California- The capital is Sacramento and the largest city is Los Angeles
Colorado- The capital is Denver and the largest city is Denver
Connecticut- The capital is Hartford and the largest city is Bridgeport
List of States in America that Start with D
List of states in America that start with D.
Delaware- The capital is Dover and the largest city is Wilmington
States that Start with the Letter E
There are no states that start with the letter E.
States that Start with F
Here are the states that start with the letter F.
Florida- The capital is Tallahassee and the largest city is Jacksonville
States that Start with G
Here are the states that start with the letter G.
Georgia- The capital is Atlanta and the largest city is Atlanta
States that Start with H
Here are the states that start with the letter H.
Hawaii- The capital is Honolulu and the largest city is Honolulu
States that Start with I
Here are the states that start with the letter I.
Idaho- The capital is Boise and the largest city is Boise
Illinois- The capital is Springfield and the largest city is Chicago
Indiana- The capital is Indianapolis and the largest city is Indianapolis
Iowa- The capital is Des Moines and the largest city is Des Moines
States that Start with J
There are no states that start with the letter J.
States that Start with the Letter K
Here are the states that start with the letter K.
Kansas- The capital is Topeka and the largest city is Wichita
Kentucky- The capital is Frankfort and the largest city is Lexington
States that Start with L
Here are the states that start with the letter L.
Louisiana- The nickname for this state is the pelican state
States that Start with M
Here are the states that start with the letter M.
Maine- The nickname for this state is the pine tree state
Maryland- The nickname for this state is the free state
Massachusetts- The nickname for this state is the bay state
Michigan- The nickname for this state is the wolverine state
Minnesota- The nickname for this state is the north star state
Mississippi- The nickname for this state is the magnolia state
Missouri- The nickname for this state is the show-me state
Montana- The nickname for this state is the treasure state
States that Start with N
Here are the states that start with the letter N.
Nebraska
States that Start with O
Here are the states that start with the letter O.
Ohio
States that Start with P
Here is the state that starts with the letter P.
Pennsylvania
States that Start with Q
There are no states that start with the letter Q.
States that Start with R
Here are the states that start with the letter R.
Rhode Island
States that Start with S
Here are the states that start with the letter S.
South Carolina
States that Start with T
Here are the states that start with the letter T.
Tennessee
States that Start with U
Here are the states that start with the letter U.
Utah
States that Start with V
Here are the states that start with the letter V.
Vermont
States that Start with W
Here are the states that start with the letter W.
Washington
States that Start with X
There are no states that start with the letter X.
States that Start with Y
There are no states that start with the letter Y.
States that Start with the letter Z
There are no states that start with the letter Z.
List of Capitals in America
Here is a complete list of state capitals in America. There are also some facts about each capital.
List of State Capitals in America:
1. State: Alabama
- Capital: Montgomery
- Population: 205,764
- About Montgomery: Incorporated in 1819, Montgomery City was formed with the merger of two towns located along the Alabama River. It is known for its historic and cultural landmarks like the Alabama State Capitol, First White House of Confederacy, Alabama war memorial, Hanks William Memorial and many more. It is also home of important air force establishments.
2. State: Alaska
- Capital: Juneau
- Population: 31,275
- About Juneau: Juneau became the capital of Alaska in 1906. The city of Juneau is named after Joe Juneau, a gold prospector. Downtown Juneau is located at the sea level and surrounded by steep mountains.
3. Arizona
- Capital: Phoenix
- Population: 1,445,632
About Phoenix: Phoenix is the third state capital in the list of state capitals of US. Incorporated in 1881, Phoenix is the 6th most populous city in The US. The city is famous for its political culture, and many influential American politicians have come from this city. Phoenix is famous for its natural beauty, sunny skies and sports and cultural attractions. It also provides access to The Sonoran Desert.
4. State: Arkansas
- Capital: Little Rock
- Population: 193,524
About Little Rock: Little Rock gets its name from the small Rock formation near the south bank of Arkansas River. The city is known for its diverse economic climate. The city gave the US its first president in the form of Bill Clinton.
5. State: California
- Capital: Sacramento
- Population: 466,488
About Sacramento: Sacramento city is located at the confluence of two rivers – Sacramento River and American River. It is one of the most ethnically and racially integrated cities of US.
6. State: Colorado
- Capital: Denver
- Population: 600,158
About Denver: Placed near the confluence of South Platte River and Cherry Creek, Denver is known as Mile-High City as it is exactly 1-mile above sea level. The city was founded in 1858 as a mining town during Pikes Peak gold rush. It is famous for its scenic surroundings and Coors Beer. The city has the world's 11th busiest airport.
7. Connecticut
- Capital: Hartford
- Population: 124,775
About Hartford: Hartford is famous known as 'the Insurance capital of the world' as it is home to many large insurance companies. The city is known for its economic activity, and it is 2nd in the US in terms of per capita economic activity.
8. Delaware
- Capital: Dover
- Population: 36,047
About Dover: Incorporated in 1717, Dover is a small capital city with a tiny population. The city is famous for NASCAR races that are held at Dover International Speedway for two weekends a year. It attracts more than 100,000 spectators.
9. State: Florida
- Capital: Tallahassee
- Population: 181,376
About Tallahassee: Tallahassee is Florida's prominent college cities and is home to several universities. It is a regional centre for scientific research, and trade and agriculture.
10. State: Georgia
- Capital: Atlanta
- Population: 420,003
About Atlanta: Atlanta is famous for being a place of origin for Coca-Cola Company. It is also home to one of the world's busiest airports, thanks to Atlanta being one of the major business cities in the US. Big companies like Coca-Cola, AT&T, The Home Depot, UPS, Delta Airlines and CNN have their headquarters in Atlanta.
11. Hawaii
- Capital: Honolulu
- Population: 953,207
About Honolulu: Honolulu is known for the horrific Pearl Harbour attack in 1941. It is also famous for Arizona Memorial. The city skyline is marked by high-rises, and it ranks 4th in terms of high-rises in the US.
12. State: Idaho
- Capital: Boise
- Population: 205,671
About Boise: Idaho is famous for its farming of potatoes. Boise has attracted many hi-tech companies over the years that are also contributing to the economy. Call centre industry is one of the major sources of employment here.
13. Illinois
- Capital: Springfield
- Population: 116,250
About Illinois: Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders and is also known as a leader in music education.
14. State: Indiana
- Capital: Indianapolis
- Population: 820,445
About Indianapolis: The city is well-known for its annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA US Nationals.
15. Iowa
- Capital: Des Moines
- Population: 203,433
About Des Moines: Des Moines is the major centre for the insurance industry and financial services.
16. State: Kansas
About Frankfort: Frankfort is known for Frankfort Cemetery, Old State Capitol and Old State Arsenal.
18. State: Louisiana
- Capital: Baton Rouge
- Population: 229,493
About Baton Rouge: It is a major industrial, medical and research center. Baton Rouge area, also known as the Capital Area is the first bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta.
19. State: Maine
- Capital: Augusta
- Population: 200,000 City, 500,000 Trade Region
About Augusta: Augusta National is one of the most admired golf clubs in history for its beauty and legends. Every year in April, golf players from all over the world concentrate on the legendary golf course at Augusta National for the Master's Tournament.
20. State: Maryland
- Capital: Annapolis
- Population: 35,838 according to the 2000 Census
About Annapolis: The city is known for its largest collection of eighteenth and nineteenth-century architecture. It has abundant examples of Victorian and other famous architectural styles such as Georgian mansions, Tudor Revival, Beaux Arts and many more. It became the country's first National Historic Landmark District.
21. State: Massachusetts- Capital: Boston - Population: 589,141
About Boston: Boston is known for the nation's first public park (The Boston Commons), the first public library and the first subway. This largest city of Massachusetts harbors some of the most popular historical sites in the country: the Boston Tea Party ship, Paul Revere House and Faneuil Hall.
22. State: Michigan
-Capital: Lansing
- Population: 114,297 (as of the census of 2010)
About Lansing: Lansing is known as the car capital of North America. East Lansing is famous for its reputed Michigan State University. It is the only state capital that is not also a county seat.
23. State: Minnesota
- Capital: St. Paul
- Population: 275,000
About St. Paul: St. Paul is one of the twin cities (other one Minneapolis). Located on the Missisippi River, St. Paul is the home to seven Fortune 1000 Company Headquaters. The city is famous for its St. Paul Winter Carnival.
24. State: Mississippi
- Capital: Jackson
- Population: 173,514 (as of the census of 2010)
About Jackson: Jackson is home to several major industries including processed food, electrical equipment and primary metal products. This modern city is known for its fun and festive events such as Farish Street festival, Missisippi Trade fair and Dixie National Rodeo.
25. State: Missouri
- Capital: Jefferson City
- Population: 43,079
About Jefferson City: Jefferson City is a historic place that is famous for its Missouri State Penitentiary, Civil War history and the state capitol.
26. State: Montana
- Capital: Helena
- Population: 28,180
About Helena: The city is home to Helena Brewers (minor league baseball team) and Helena Bighorns (tier III Junior ice hockey team).
27. State: Nebraska
About Trenton: The city is known for "Battle of Trenton," George Washington's first military victory.
31. State: New Mexico
- Capital: Santa Fe
- Population: 67,947
About Santa Fe: It is known as the second largest art center in United States. It is the highest as well as the oldest state capital in the US.
32. State: New York
- Capital: Albany
- Population: 97,856
About Albany: Albany is known for its rich culture, architecture, history and institutions for higher education. It won the All-America City Award in 1991 and 2009.
33. State: North Carolina
- Capital: Raleigh
- Population: 403,892
About Raleigh: Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees. Due to its high quality life and business climate, Raleigh was featured in the Top 10 Lists of Forbes and Money Magazine.
34. State: North Dakota
- Capital: Bismarck
- Population: 61,272
About Bismarck: Bismarck holds a major place in retail and health care and is the economic center of North and South Dakota.
35. State: Ohio
- Capital: Columbus
- Population: 2,031,229.
About Columbus: This technologically advanced city is hub of research and development, including the Battelle Memorial Institute, Chemical Abstracts Service and Netjets and the Ohio State University.
36. State: Oklahoma
About Salem: The city is known for Corban University and Willamette University.
38. State: Pennsylvania
- Capital: Harrisburg
- About Harrisburg: The city is known for its important role in the history of America. It is popular for its Pennsylvania Farm Show and annual outdoor Sports show.
39. State: Rhode Island
- Capital: Providence
- Population: 178,042
About Providence: Providence is one of the largest centers for jewelry and silverware designs and manufacturing.
40. State: South Carolina
- Capital: Columbia
- Population: 129,272
About Columbia: In the past the city has been rated as one of the America's 25 best places to retire.
41. State: South Dakota
About Nashville: Also known as Music city, Nashville is the center to music industry.
43. State: Texas
- Capital: Austin
- Population: 790,390
About Austin: Many people all around the world travel to Austin just to attend incredible music events going throughout the year.
44. State: Utah
- Capital: Salt lake city
- Population: 180,000
About Salt Lake City: Salt Lake City is the base for outdoor recreational activities such as ski resorts.
45. State: Vermont
- Capital: Montpelier
- Population: 7,855
About Montpelier: It is the smallest state capital in the United States. Two important buildings in Montpelier are Vermont History Museum and Vermont State House.
46. State: Virginia
- Capital: Richmond
- Population: 204,214
About Richmond: Due to its great architectural style, Richmond is one of the major tourist attractions.
47. State: Washington
| i don't know |
What name is given to the Scottish woollen cap, worn by Highlanders, with straight sides and a crease down the crown? | glengarry cap - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus
glengarry cap
Definition:
a Scottish cap with straight sides and a crease along the top from front to back; worn by Highlanders as part of military dress
Class:
After Glengarry, a valley of central Scotland.
(Source: American Heritage Dictionary) [more]
Definition references
| glengarry bonnet
[synonym]
a brimless Scottish woollen cap with a crease down the crown, often with ribbons dangling at the back
(18 of 289 words, 1 usage example, pronunciation)
[plural]
| glengarry bonnet
a Scottish cap for men, creased lengthwise across the top and often having short ribbons at the back
(18 of 32 words, pronunciation)
a woolen cap of Scottish origin
(6 of 29 words, pronunciation)
Wikipedia:
Glengarry
bonnet is a traditional Scots cap made of thick-milled woollen material, decorated with a toorie on top, frequently a rosette cockade on the left side, and with ribbons hanging down behind. It's normally worn as part of Scottish military or civilian ...
| Glengarry cap
[synonym]
a brimless cap, longer than wider and creased lengthwise across the top, often with ribbons trailing behind, and frequently worn with the Scottish kilt.
(24 of 33 words, 1 usage example)
A woolen cap that is creased lengthwise and often has short ribbons at the back.
(15 of 28 words, pronunciation)
glengarry | glengarries
[plural]
a brimless boat-shaped hat with a cleft down the centre, typically having two ribbons hanging at the back, worn as part of Highland dress
(24 of 59 words, pronunciation)
glengarry | glengarries
[plural]
a Scottish cap with straight sides, a crease along the top, and sometimes short ribbon streamers at the back, worn by Highlanders as part of military ...
(26 of 34 words, pronunciation)
[plural]
| Dutch cap | go cap in hand to someone | if the cap fits wear it
a soft hat with a stiff part called a peak that comes out over your eyes ; ... | a lid or part that fits over the top of something | a limit on the ...
(33 of 326 words, 10 definitions, 12 usage examples, pronunciation)
[3rd-person singular present]
| be capped with/by | to cap it all
to set a limit on the amount of money that someone can spend or charge | [British] to give a player a place in a country's team for an international ...
(29 of 280 words, 7 definitions, 11 usage examples, pronunciation)
cap
[entry 1]
a soft flat hat which has a curved part sticking out at the front, often worn as part of a uniform | a thin hat that stops your hair getting wet when ...
(31 of 85 words, 3 definitions, 3 usage examples, pronunciation)
a small usually protective lid or cover | an artificial protective covering on a tooth
(14 of 33 words, 2 definitions, 1 usage example, pronunciation)
| Dutch cap
[British]
a circular rubber device which a woman puts inside her vagina before having sex, to prevent herself from becoming pregnant
(20 of 29 words, pronunciation)
cap
[entry 4]
a very small amount of explosive powder in a paper container, used especially in toy guns to produce a loud noise
(21 of 29 words, pronunciation)
cap
[entry 5]
a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity
(19 of 36 words, 1 usage example, pronunciation)
| Glengarry |
Which famous Greek wine is flavoured with pine resin? | Hat Glossary - Village Hat Shop
VILLAGE HAT SHOP
Speak with a Hat Expert
1-888-847-4287
65
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This is a General Hat Sizing Chart: Please read each hat product page for further sizing information.
Z
A
AGAL (ah gaul) - The thick cords of wool which hold the KAFFIYEH, the clothe headdress of the desert people, in place.
ALPINE - Sport hat of soft felt or tweed. The crown slants upward to a lengthwise crease. The narrow brim is rolled up at the back and turned down in front . Brush or feather trim in the headband. Adapted from hats worn by people in the Swiss Alps. Also TYROLEAN HAT.
ANNIE HALL - ( Late 1970's ) In the movie "Annie Hall," the actress Diane Keaton popularized a fashion consisting of a drooping hat, long vest, wide tie, baggy pants and a man's shirt.
ARCTIC CAP - Fabric crown insulated with goose down. Mouton lamb storm flaps turn down to protect neck, ears and forehead.
ATEF - See EGYPTIAN CROWN
ATTIFET - ( Mid 16c. ) French headdress consisting of hair rolled over pads. Worn with heart-shaped cap. Also ARCELET, MARY STUART COIF AND CAP.
AUTOMOBILE BONNET - ( Early 20c. ) Large brimmed hat worn with a long chiffon, net or tulle scarf that enveloped the face and hat and tied under the chin. Worn to protect the wearer while riding in the new open automobiles over dusty roads.
B
BABUSHKA - ( bah boosh ka ) Russian word for grandmother, A triangular shaped head shaped head scarf worn over the head and tied under the chin.
BABY STUART CAP - Close fitting, shirred lace infant's cap. From the 17c. portrait of the infant Stuart prince by Van Dyck.
BALMORAL - ( bal mor al ) The Scotch BLUEBONNET of the highlanders. Blue woolen beret cap with top projecting over a tartan band of Stuart colors, checkered design. In 1850, Queen Victoria and her Prince Consort made the Aberdeenshire, Scotland castle of Balmoral their summer residence, The Queen dressed the prince in the Highland costume and created a fashion.
BANDINO HAT - ( 1930's ) Woman's large-brimmed hat. Named for Luca della Robbia's 15c. renditions of the Christ Child.
BARBETTE - (late 12c.,13c. and early 14c. ) Linen chin band, pinned in position on top of the head. Illustration shows the FILLET, a stiffened band of linen, wound over the BARBETTE covered with a small veil.
BARBE - ( 14to 16c. ) A long piece of vertically pleated linen, worn under the chin and covering the chest. With a black hood and long black veil. The headdress of widows and mourners.
BARRET - Wide, flat cap worn during the Middle Ages by priests. Barret of velvet with embroidery and feathers shown in the 15c. and 16c. paintings by Holbein.
BASEBALL CAP - A rounded cap with a visor and button on top. Also known as a ballcap.
BASHLYK - ( Ancient ) Round-topped felt bonnet, with lappets.
BASQUE BERET - (bask ba ray ) Flat, round, woolen fabric cap worn by Basque peasants. Usually woven in one piece
BAVOLET - ( ba vo lay ) A cap worn by French peasant women. A 19c style called the CURTAIN BONNET, had a back ruffle, called a bavolet, that shaded the neck. In the 16c., the BAVOLETTE was a piece of fabric that was folded and attached to the cap, with the folds projecting over the forehead and hanging down in the back.
BEANIE - ( 20c., American ) Small, round skull-cap, cut in gores to make it fit the head. Also BEANY, DINK, DINKY. See CALOT.
BEAVER - A hat of various crown and brim shapes. Originally, in 14c., made of beaver skin. In 16c., made from felted beaver fur. In 17c., the tall top hat, made of silk in imitation of beaver.
BEEFEATER - The narrow-brimmed hat worn by the British Yeomen of the Guards and Warders of the Tower of London since the 16c. Hat consists of a flat-topped, medium-high crown gathered into a headband.
BEEHIVE - High, tapered crown, Shaped like a beehive. Hat usually has a narrow brim.
BELLBOY or BELLHOP - A small, stiff cap in pillbox shape, usually trimmed with braid or buttons, sometimes with a chin strap. Copy of a cap worn by hotel bellboys.
BERET - ( ba ray ) A cap with a round flat crown of varying widths. Made of felt, wool or other fabric. Forms of the beret have been found since Ancient Times. In 15c., HALO BERET. Also BASQUE BERET, PLUMED BERET, TAM O' SHANTER, PANCAKE BERET, MONTGOMERY BERET.
BERRETINO - ( ber ret tee no ) Square, scarlet skullcap with corners pinched in. As worn by Cardinals of the Catholic Church. See BIRETTA
BETHLEHEM HEADDRESS - Truncated, cone-shaped cap, decorated with gold and silver coins and jewels. Worn with a veil. Ancient Moslem headdress. Copied in the 1930's . Also TARBOOSH.
BIBI BONNET - (bee bee bunneh ) Appeared around 1830's as a smaller version of the POKE BONNET. At first it was fitted close to the sides of the head, later the brim flared upward and forward in front. In the late 19c., any small fanciful and elegant hat was called BIBI. In 1956, Sally Victor came out with a BIBI style.
BICORN or BICORNE - ( by corn ) A variation of the cocked hat, appearing around 1790, and supplanting the TRICORNE. The brim of the BICORNE is folded up in front and back. The BICORNE became the military dress hat of the British, American and French. The WELLINGTON was a version that had tassels. The NAPOLEON hat was a BICORNE with a tricolor cockade.
BIGGIN - ( big in ) [der. Fr. BEGUINE, a cap worn by nuns] A coif like cap, with ties under the chin, 16c. and 17c.
BIRCAGE - Hat of stiffened veiling, shaped like a birdcage.
BIRETTA - ( bi ret ah ) Since 17c., a square cap with three or four upright projections, radiating from the center crown . Worn by Roman Catholic clergy. Developed, since 13c., out of a cap formed like the modern beret. Also BERRETTA, BIRRETTA, BIRETUM, BARRET-CAP, BARETTE, BERET.
BLUEBONNET - Broad, slat cap of dark blue wool, woven in one piece. Narrow tartan headband. Colored tuft on top. Also BALMORAL.
BOATER - (British term ) A stiff, straight-brimmed, straw hat with a flat crown and a ribbon band. Also known as a SKIMMER or a SAILOR STRAW. Introduced about 1864 for children, then worn by women. Worn by men from 1880 to 1930.
BONGRACE - ( 16c. and 17c. ) Oblong shaped, stiff material which dips over the forehead and drapes in back, worn over a coif.
BONNET - Until 16c., any masculine head covering other than a hood was a bonnet ( French ), cap ( English ). Scotchmen still call their caps BONNET. Since 19c., the term refers to a soft head covering for women that ties under the chin.
BOUDOIR CAP - ( boo dwar ) Softly shirred cap with a lace ruffle. In 19c., and 20c., a cap worn to cover undressed women's hair.
BOURRELET - Originally a twisted scarf or turban worn on the helmet. A 15c. term for the padded roll worn by both men and women as a base for a headdress.
BOWLER - ( bole er ) In 1850, William Bowler made a hard felt hat, designed by the London hatter, Lock, for Sir William Coke. It was created to protect the head while riding horseback. The hat has a low melon-shaped crown and a rounded brim that turns up at the sides. The hat shape was adapted for women and children, accepted for town wear by men until WW II. Also BILLYCOCK, DERBY.
BRETON SAILOR - ( bret on ) Woman's hat with a brim that turns up evenly all around.
BROADBRIM - Term is nickname for Quaker, Friend. See Quaker Hat.
BUBBLE - Melon shaped, pillbox cap.
BULBOUS - ( 16c., German ) BALZO, REBALZO (16c. Italian ) A large, dome shaped cap. This hat completely covered the hair.
BUMPER BRIM - Hat with a tubular shaped brim. Size of brim and crown varies. See KRIZIA CAP for 1970's version
BUSBY - ( buz bi ) A tall, cylindrical fur cap with regimental colored bag like ornament hanging form the top, over the right side. Brush on top of center front. Originally 15c. cavalry uniform of Hungarian Hussars.
BUSH HAT - Wide-brimmed man's felt hat, turned up brim at one side. Also SOUTH AFRICAN SAFARI HAT, CADDIE, CADDY, SLOUCH HAT.
BUTTERFLY HEADDRESS - ( 15c.) Variation of the HENNIN. Box like cap, wired and draped with sheer veiling so that it stands out like butterfly wings.
BYCOCKET, BYCOKET - ( by cock et ) High crowned hat with wide brim that is peaked in front and turned up in back . Middle Ages, 16c., Italian students in 20c.
C
CABAS ( kah bas ) - Version of PHRYGIAN BONNET brought out by Sally Victor in 1956.
CABRIOLET BONNET (kab ree o leh, kab ree ah leh ) - Large 19c. bonnet with brim, suggesting shape of two wheeled carriage top.
CALASH, CALECHE ( ka lash ) - Large folding hood supported by hoops, designed to be raised or lowered over the exaggerated 18c. hair styles and MOBS. Named after folding top of calash or light carriage. Also THERESE, GAUZIER, BASHFUL BONNET.
CALOT, CALOTTE ( ka lot ) - Small, round skullcap. Ancient Greek origin. In medieval times, worn under hood or crown. In 17c., worn under wig or as night cap over shaved head. Also ZUCHETTO, YARMULKA, SCHOOLBOY'S BEANIE or DINK.
CALPAC ( kal pac ) - Large, black cap of felt or sheepskin worn by men in Bulgaria. Also SHAPKA, COSSACK CAP.
CAMURO ( cah mow ro ) - Ermine trimmed, red velvet cap, larger than a skullcap, formerly worn by Pope of Roman Catholic Church.
CAMPAIGN HAT - Broad brimmed felt army hat with four dents in top of crown, W W I.
CANOTIER ( kan o tyay ) - French version of the straw sailor hat, with straight brim, flat crown. Also BOATER.
CAP - Of ancient origin. Snug fitting head covering, usually with partial brim or visor. Many variations during Middle Ages for men, women and children. Modern versions as BASEBALL, HUNTING, JOCKEY, SPORTS, BOY'S ENGINEER, ARMY FORAGE, etc.
CAPE HAT - Half hat made by attaching fabric or felt to a bicycle clip
CAPELINE ( cap e lin ) - Hat with small round crown and a wide, floppy brim.
CAPOTE ( ka pote ) - Close fitting bonnet with rigid brim, either of straw or boned into shape. Soft, shirred crown , ribbon bows tied under the chin, Victorian 19c. with deep ruffle in back. Also POKE BONNET, FANCHON, SCUTTLE BONNET, SUN BONNET.
CAPUCHE ( ka poosh ) - Long, pointed hood worn by the Capuchin monks.
CAPUCHON ( kap yoo chin ) - Medieval pointed hooded cape, the top stiffened down the center. Developed into the CHAPERON.
CAPULET ( Kap yoo let ) - ( Fr. ca poo lay ) Adaptation of Juliet cap, worn on back of head. Juliet Capulet, Heroine of Shakespeare's play, " Romeo and Juliet."
CARDINAL'S HAT - ( from 13c. ) Red hat with short, rounded crown and broad flat brim. Rank was designated by the number of tassels which terminated the cords.
CARTWHEEL - Woman's hat with very wide, stiff brim and low crown. Usually of straw.
CASQUE ( kask ) - French for helmet. A helmet shaped hat. Illustration is a 1980's version of the casque, covered with feather pads.
CASTOR HAT ( kas ter ) - From French word for beaver or rabbit
CATER CAP ( kay ter ) - (19c., 17c. ) Term for square, university cap. Also MORTARBOARD.
CAUBEEN ( caw been ) - Irish slang term for an old and shabby hat.
CAUL ( kol ) - ( 14c., 15c., 16c. ) Headdress of hair arranged at each side of the head in silken cases. Arrangement covered with net of silver or gold cord, inter spaced with jewels and beads. Held in place by a golden headband or crown fitted over the upper edge of the caul. Also GOLDEN NET CAUL, RETICULATED HEADDRESS, CREPINE, CRESTINE, CRESPINETTE.
CAVALIER HAT, CHEVALIERS - (17C. ) Wide brimmed hat, velvet or beaver, trimmed with ostrich plumes on the left side or back. Usually one side of the brim is cocked or rolled. Seen in portraits of aristocrats of the period. The gentleman's hat as portrayed by the Flemish painter, Sir Anthony Van Dyck, and the Dutch painter, Frans Hals. The CAVALIER hat had the crown circled with jeweled necklace or a gem encrusted sil band. Although some Puritans are pictured wearing the Cavalier hat, the usual Puritan and Quaker hat was of the same high quality but without the plumes or ornate band and the brim worn straight.
CHADOR - The traditional concealing garment worn by Moslem Women in public was semicircular, and wrapped around the head.
CHAPEAU ( sha po ) - French word for outdoor head covering. A chapeau has a crown and a brim.
CHAPEAU CLAQUE - See Gibus hat.
CHAPEL CAP - Circle or triangle or lace, formerly placed on the head when entering a Catholic Church for services. It was carried in purse.
CHAPLET ( chap lit ) - Circle of fresh flowers, later fashioned in gold and enamels in Age of Antiquity.
CHAPERON ( shap ah ron ) - ( Middle Ages into Renaissance ) Pointed hood ( long point known as liripipe ) with short cape. The hood face opening was placed over the forehead as a headband and the cape gathered up and pleated in the form of a fan . The liripipe was twisted around the pleated cape to hold it in place. (14c. ) The petal scalloping or dagged or castellated edge was a variation. (15c. ) This was gradually sewn into place as a hat. The chaperon was made up over a stuffed roll or ROUNDLET. The liripipe eventually acquired great lengths.
CHARACTER HAT - Late 1970's rumpled tweed hat worn by New York Senator Pat Moynihan.
CHARLOTTE CORDAY ( shar lot cor day ) - Version of MOB worn by Charlotte Corday during the French reign of terror, 1793. Tricolor band and rosette was the distinguishing feature.
CHECHIA ( she shee a ) - Berber skullcap or TASHASHIT. Deep cylindrical, flat-topped cap of felt with a tuft or tassel. French regiment of Zouaves, organized in 1831, adopted the red felt chechia. Also FEZ. TARBOOSH.
CHIGNON CAP ( shen yon ) - A little cap worn over the bun or coil of hair at the back of the head. Various styles and fabrics.
CHILD'S PUDDING - Hat with a strong brim ( bumper ) that acts as a shock absorber when the child is learning to walk and tumbles.
CHOU ( shoo, French word fpr cabbage ) - Rosette of tulle, lace, velvet, or ribbon used as ornament on hats in the late 19c. In 1938, term used for a soft hat with crushed crown.
CITY FLAT CAP - Beret, with small brim, made of wool, felt, or knitted of black woolen yarn. ( 16c. ) See STATUE CAP.
CLAFT, KLAFT, HAT - ( Coptic for hood ) Ancient Egyptian striped linen headdress. After Napoleon's Egyptian campaign in 1798, the French Foreign Legion adopted the curtain like headdress for desert warfare. See KLAFT for illustration.
CLOCHE - (klosh) French word for bell. Soft style of the 1920's, fashioned from a hood of chiffon or handkerchief felt. Hat that covered the head to the neck in back; it came to the eyebrows in front. A flapper age, boyish style.
COAL SCUTTLE BONNET - ( Late 18c., early 19c. ) Bonnet with flat back and a scoop brim that resembles a coal scuttle. Also POKE BONNET, CAPOTE.
COCKED HAT - Hat with large brim that turned up in various ways. Also BICORNE, TRICORNE, CAVALIER, CONTINENTAL, ANDROSMAN KEVENHULLER.
COIF - Men's and women's close fitting cap of uncertain origin. ( koif ) Varying in style usually of soft cloth ( Medieval ). Worn by the clergy, under crowns of the nobles, under the metal helmet. In the 16c., worn under caps or the elaborate wigs. Through 19c., under wigs.
COKE ( cook ) - See Bowler.
COOLIE HAT - Straw hat, usually woven in one piece, with a downward slant from a peaked crown. Hats worn by Chinese coolies. A straw hat fashion in 1980. Sometimes styled in fabric.
COONSKIN CAP - Daniel Boone hat, worn by American frontiersmen. Made from raccoon skins, with the tail hanging down in back.
CORNO - ( 12c. ) The doges of the Republic of Venice wore the tall, conical ducal bonnet. From 13c. on the shaped cap it had the point rising from the upper back. Worn over the white linen coif. Last Doge of Venice ( 1797 ) was conquered by Napoleon.
COSSACK - Adaptation of cap worn by Russian Cossacks. Usually of fur or felt. Hat wider at the top than at the head size. A style in the 1980's made up in Persian lamb and fur fabric for women. A winter hat for men worn at an angle with a center identation.
COUVRE-CHEF - CHEF - ( Norman ) Medieval head covering for women. A piece of fabric draped over the head and to the shoulders. Also COVERCHIEF, HEADRALL ( Anglo-Saxon ).-
COWBOY HAT - Originally a felt hat worn by cattle herders. The 1980's "urban cowboys and cowgirls" were wearing straw and felt versions of this wide, rolled brim hat with high creased crown. Also STETSON.
COWL or CAPUCHON - ( Medieval ) Monk's hood attached to a cloak.
CRESPINE, CRISPINE - ( Gothic ) A development in the RETICULATED HEADDRESS, consisting of the tight golden headband to which the CAULS were attached on the sides.
D
DEERSTALKER - Sportsman's tweed, or cloth, cap with visors in front and back and earflaps outside and tied on top. Crown lined with scarlet poplin and reversible. As worn by deer hunters. Also SHERLOCK HOLMES CAP, FORE AND AFT, DUCKHUNTERS.
DERBY ( der bi ) - ( British, dar bi ) In 1888, the 12th Earl of Derby visited the United States wearing a stiff, hard, brown felt hat that had dome-shaped crown and a narrow, a slightly curled brim. This set a fashion named after him. Also BILLYCOCK, BOWLER, CLOCKER, COKES.
DISCO HAT - ( Late 1970's ) A small hat worn above the forehead and tilted to one side, held on by an elastic or ribbon band in back. The discotheque was a popular place to observe fashion trends.
DOLL HAT - Name given to small hats in various styles and materials. Usually worn forward and tilted above the right eye. In 18c. England, a feminine version of the MACARONI. In 1930, a hat designed by Schiaparelli. Frank Olive brought out a version in 1979.
DORMEUSE - ( French for "sleeper" ) In 1770's, a cap of shirred lawn worn at night, with plaited ribbon, held on by a ribbon tied on top of the head. For daytime wear, the DORMEUSE BONNET came in many designs.
DUCKBILL - Bonnet having a long, high, curving visor. Usually tied on with ribbon under the chin. Worn by Marveluese of French Directoire Period ( 1795, dee rek twar ). Also JOCKEY CAP, DIRECTOIRE BONNET.
DUTCH CAP - Close fitting, pointed crown, cap with brim rolling up and flaring out at the sides. Dutch woman's cap of lace or muslin. Also VOLENDAM CAP.
DOULI - A traditional East Asian hat with a triangular shape.
E
EGYPTIAN CROWN - Illustration of the Egyptian Helmet Crown, from the portrait bust of Queen Nofretete, Dynasty XVII, c.1372-1355 B.C. About 3000 B.C., King Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt. He combined the tall, pointed ATEF crown of white felt or wool with the RED WICKER CROWN, when he united the two kingdoms. Crowns were often decorated with the URAEUS ( a rearing viper ) and with the ANKH crown ( a sign of life ).
EUGENIE HAT ( u shay nee ) - The EMPRESS HAT of 1859. Style of Empress Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III. A revival of this shape in 1931 was worn tilted over the right eye, and trimmed with ostrich feather. Style worn by Princess Diana in 1980.
ETON ( ee ton ) - Cap worn by boys at Eton College, England.
ESCOFFIN - ( 14c., 15c. ) Stuffed roll of various shapes. Originally a turban or heart shaped form, finally the two-horned shape worn over a caul and with wimple, or both. Began as GOLDEN NET CAUL, over a caul, finally the ESCOFFION was supplanted by the HENNIN with veil ( 15c. )--
F
FEDORA ( fe doe ra ) - Men's soft felt hat with brim and lengthwise crease in crown , adopted by women. The name Fedora was after the heroine of Victorian Sardou's drama presented in Paris in 1882. Also TYROLEAN HAT, ALPINE HAT, HOMBURG.
FEZ - Red or black, felt cap that is shaped like a truncated cone and trimmed with a tassel. Turkish official dress from early 19c. until outlawed in 1923. Still worn in other parts of the near East. Got its name from Fez, French Morocco, where juice of red berry, used for dye, grew in vicinity. Also CHECHIA, TARBOOSH.
FERRONIERE - Renaissance headdress of Oriental design that had a jewel in middle of forehead, suspended from a fine chain or ribbon that was tied around the head. Fashion revived at various times.
FLAT CAP - See CITY FLAT CAP, STATUTE CAP.
FILLET - A band worn around the head that holds the hair in place. In the early 13c., the fillet widens into a pillbox.
FONTANGE ( FON TAHNZH ) - Style originated in 1678, when the elaborate headdress of Duchess de Fontange was disarranged during a royal hunt. She tied her curls up with a garter of ribbon and lace and created a fashion. She became mistress of Louis XIV. This high curled coiffure with ribbon loops later became the BONNET FONTAGE, with a lace peak in front and a small cap. Fashionable until 1714, when Lady sandwich, while presented at the French Court, appeared in a simple low hair-do and started a new fashion. In England called the TOWER CAP, COMMADE.
FORAGE CAP - Late 19c. American Army cap. See KEPI, Copy of German cap.
FRENCH HOOD - ( 16c. ) Worn in various forms. The French Hood gradually replaced the Gable Hood. Smaller versions of the French Hood appeared in Holbein portraits. ( Lady Lee )
FRONTLET - ( 15C. ) The CALOTTE had a black velvet or gold, rounded or V-shaped loop showing on the forehead to which the HENNIN was attached. The FRONTLET enabled the wearer to adjust the weight of the HENNIN which was worn at 40 degree angle.
G
GORGET ( gor jit ) - ( 14c., 15c. ) Draped linen or silk cloth, covering neck and pinned to the hair plaits or chin strap. Also tucked into neckline of grown. Also GUIMP.
GLENGARRY BONNET - Blue woolen cap creased through the crown, like today's overseas cap. Appeared in 1805 in Glengarry, Invernesshire, Scotland. Cap has stiff sides and bound edges, finished with short ribbons hanging in back.
GOB CAP - White cotton twill hat, four piece crown, and multi-stitched, turned-up brim. Formerly worn by sailors or gobs of the U. S. Navy.-
GIBUS ( jy bus ) - Man's collapsible silk opera hat. Patented in 1837 by French inventor, Gibus.
GABLE OR DIAMOND SHAPED HOOD - ( 16c. ) Hood with back curtain long. Front lappets down on either side or pinned up. Later versions showed back curtain divided and pinned up. Style associated with the reign of Henry VIII, as portrayed by court paint, Holbein. Also PEDIMENTAL HOOD.
GAINSBOROUGH or MARLBOROUGH - ( 18c. ) These two English portrait painters influenced feminine fashion. Hat had a low crown and wide brim that turned up at one side, trimmed with plumes and taffeta or velvet ribbon. Designed to cover elaborate headdress.
GARIBALDI PILLBOX - ( 1860's ) The braid scrolled pillbox, inspired by the triumphs of the Italian liberator, Garibaldi, was adopted by fashionable women in London.
GAUCHO ( gow cho ) - Hat with wide tilted brim anchored with cord that tied under the chin. Worn by South American gauchos.
GIBSON GIRL - ( 1890's ) Sailor hat style shown in illustrations by American artist, Charles Dana Gibson.
H
HALF HAT - Any small hat that covers part of crown area.
HUKE - ( Renaissance ) Hooded mantle covering the head and body. From 11c., black clothe of Moorish design. Appeared in Europe ( 16c., 17c. ) in Netherlands, Flanders, Germany Spain. Also HEUKE, HUIK HAIK Worn by Arabs, Moors, Mohammedans as an outer garment for centuries.
HORNED HEADDRESS - ( late 14c., 15c. ) CAULS extended to great widths. They were supported with padded wires, and draped with veils that created a horned effect.
HAVELOCK - Protective material that covers the neck and is attached to back of cap. ( Sir Henry Havelock, 1857 )
HENNIN - ( 15c. ) Term later applied derisively to all huge head coverings. The Oriental tiara headdress from the end of which floated a light veil. Long, usually pointed headdress brought to Europe by the Crusaders. Also LITTLE HENNIN, STEEPLE HEADDRESS ( tall ) BUTTERFLY.
HOOD - At first hoods were fashioned from a coned shaped piece of fabric with the face hole cut out. Medieval hoods were attached to short capes.
HOOD - ( 20c. ) Nylon, cotton, insulated with goose down. Zippered front and tunneled draw cord gives wind tight fit to hood.
HEAD - ( 1770's ) Monstrous hair and hair covering styles worn during reign of Queen Marie Antoinette.
HEADRAIL - ( 10c., 11c. ) ( Britain ) Woman's headdress, consisting of drapery wrapped over the head, around the neck, and crossed over the shoulder.
HEART SHAPED HEADDRESS - ( 15c. ) The CAULS developed into wide horned headdresses. In time the horned formations gradually rose from a horizontal position to a vertical position. This created a heart shaped effect.
HOMBURG ( hom burg ) - From hat manufactured at Bad Homburg, Germany. Soft, elegant, felt hat with tapered, creased crown and rolled brim that had a bound edge. British version made popular by the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII of England from 1901 to 1910, who went to Germany for the spa. Popularity of the hat revived in the 1930's the 1940's and the 1950's. Worn by British Prime Minister, Anthony Eden. Dwight D. Eisenhower wore it for his inauguration as President of the United States in 1953.
I
J
JULIET CAP - ( Renaissance ) Mesh cap decorated with jewels or pearls. A CALOTTE, takes its name from cap worn by Juliet in Shakespeare's tragedy, " Romeo and Juliet." Original story was published in 1476 in Naples.
K
KAFFIYEH, KEFFIYED - ( Arabian and Bedouin ) The headdress scarf that is held in place by the AGAL.
KAMELAUKION ( kam e law ki on ) - ( Ancient ) Tall, cone-shaped cap of felt or fur formerly worn by religious of various Mohammedan sects. Also TAJ.
KATE GREENAWAY CAP - From illustrations in books written by Kate Greenaway ( 1846-1901 ). Children shown in 1st Empire style clothes. Also MOB--
KEPI ( kep I ) - Copy of German KOPPI, KEPI. Army cap adopted by French troops in Algiers. Cap with flat-topped crown and stiff horizontal visor.
KLAFT, KHAT - ( Coptic for hood ) Ancient Egyptian striped lined headdress.
KRIZIA - Lacquered woven straw hat. Round crown with rolled brim. ( 1979 ). Also WEDDING RING.
KULAH - ( Persian ) Pointed skullcap. Ancient Oriental, high, cylindrical cap of lambskin or felt.
KYRBASIA - ( Ancient BASHLYK ) Persian or Median cap of felt, round, with flaps which could be fastened under chin, or with no flaps and a hanging cord.
L
LIRIPIPE ( lira I pipe ) - Finely plaited straw hat exported from Laverne, Italy.
LEGHORN ( leg horn or leg en ) - Close fitting, red woolen cap with elongated crown on which the tip folds over. Style called "El bonnet rouge," inspired by French Revolutionists ( 1792-3 ). Also style of PHRYGIAN BONNET.
LIBERTY CAP - Style evolved from the long point on the conical hood with face hole ( 12c. ). This peak was later wrapped around the head to form turbaned CHAPERON in 14c.
M
MUSHROOM HAT - Hat with shallow crown and downward curved brim. Shape resembles a mushroom. ( 20c. )
MOBCAP - Worn both indoors and outdoors in 18c. Lace cap, also, linen, net, lawn. Large ribbon bow in center of cap. Took many forms, from a small lace cap to a towering MOB.
MONMOUTH - ( 17C. ) Originally mad in " capper's town " Monmouth, England. Knitted woolen cap with turned up band. Stocking cap is the modern version.
MONTERO ( mon tar o, mon tay ro ) - Spanish word for huntsman or horsemen. A round-crowned cap with a divided flap which can be turned up or worn down to protect the neck and ears. Appeared in late 15. In 17., worn in place of a wig over a shaved head, cap usually of velvet . EUGENIE WIG was a knitted montero cap, so named because they were presented to the English Arctic expedition of 1875 by refugee Empress Eugenie. This form of cap still worn by farmers and huntsmen.
MONTGOMERY BERET ( mont gum er I, mon gum ri ) - British type of beret worn by Sir Bernard L. Montgomery in WW II. Dark blue felt with insignia.
MORTAR BOARD - Consists of close-fitting cap with point over the forehead, attached to square top. Tassel in academic colors.
MACARONI - Small tricorn worn perched above a high wig. Style adopted by fashion extremists of the Macaroni Club ( London, 1760 ), who were Italian-traveled young men. The term evolved from the 17c. Italian common people habit of calling the court dwarfs by the name of their favorite food, such as macaroni.
MANTILLA ( man tee ya, man til a ) - French 18c. Chantilly lace replaced Moorish head scarf, black or white ( blonde ). Shawlike 19c. national Spanish or Mexican headdress of lace worn with a high comb.
MANTLE - ( Middle Ages ) Woman's head covering in any Catholic religious assembly. Evolved into HEADRAIL, HEADTIRE, WIMPLE. Also PALLA. Until 12c.
MARIE STUART COIFS AND CAPS - Small wired FRENCH HOOD that dips in front to give a heart-shaped effect. From Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots ( 1542-87 ), who was educated in France.-
MATADOR HAT - ( Also BULLFIGHTER HAT ) Shape is a copy of a bull's head with short stubby horns. Broad decorated piece on crown represents bull's eye ( Ancient Cretan symbol ).
MERRY WIDOW HAT - ( Early 20c. ) Fashioned named for opereta " Merry Widow " by Franz Lehar. Large hat with wide brim, decorated with " willow" plumes and flowers.
MILKMAID HAT - ( 18c. ) " Country " fashion, garden hat with a low crown and wide brim, worn over a lingerie cap. Hat tied down with ribbon under chin. Fashion of fine straw, leghorn or horsehair. Also BERGERE, SHEPHERDESS, GYPSY, SKIMMER.
MITER, MITRE ( my ter ) - Modern headdress of Catholic church dignitaries. A tall conical cap with ties or lappets hanging in back. Cap has two peaks, which fold flat against each other. Evolved from Ancient Eastern mitra.
N
NEMES HEADDRESS - See KLAFT
NEWSBOY CAP - Soft fabric cap with full crown and visor that snaps to crown. Cap worn by children around 1920, who were also newsboys. Also CARNABY, style revived in 1970's. Adapted for women's wear in 1980's.
O
OVERSEAS CAP - Olive drab cloth cap worn by soldiers in WW II and WW I. A 1979 fashion in wool that includes a cuff. A popular shape in 1981.
OPTIMO - Straw ( Panama or other ) hat with full crown that has a ridge extending from front to back.
P
PADRE - Hat with a low crown and a broad, straight brim that has a slight curve a outer edge. Adapted from the hats that priests and missionaries wore. In 1978, Adri designed felt and straw. Popular style in the 1980's both felt and straw. Also PARSON'S HAT.
PALLA - ( term from Roman occupation ) Medieval European head drapery that evolved from headrail.
PANAMA - Hand woven straw hat from leaves of the jipijapa ( he pi ha pa ) plant that grows in Central and South America. Taken its name from Panama where it is sold.
PETASOS ( pet a sos, PETASUS pet a sus ) - Earliest hats, of felt or straw, with brims that curved upward or downward. Introduced into pre-Hellenic Europe by Cretans, who had knowledge of felt making. Later, part of Greek traveling costume. Hat could be permitted to hang down the back when not in use by means of a thin chin strap or cords that tied under the chin. Many variations developed, an example would be the winged hat of ( Greek ) Hermes or ( Roman ) Mercury. Other examples are found in the IV and III B.C. Tanagra statuettes.
PHRYGIAN BONNET ( frij I an ) - Ancient ( Oriental ) cone-shaped cap with a point that falls forward if made of felt or woolen cloth, or remains erect if made of leather. Cap of freed slaves of Ancient Rome. Cap of liberty or "le BONNET ROUGE " during French Revolution in 18c. Illustration shows Scythian-Persian influence, later adapted by the Greeks. The female " Liberty " statue shows the style.-
PILEUS ( py lee us, Roman, of PILOS Greek ) - A close fitting cap of felt or leather or wool, similar to skullcap. Common to Ancient people. During the Renaissance, the cap evolved into BIRETTA.
PILGRIM HAT - See PURITAN HAT.
PILLBOX - Small cap that has a flat crown with straight sides. In Medieval times developed from a FILLET. Fashion made popular in 1960's by Jackie Kennedy. Also GARIBALDI PILLBOX.
PITH HELMET - ( 19c. ) Helmet-shaped hat of English army in India. Made from pith of the Indian spongewood tree, covered with white cotton and faced with green cloth. Originally worn in tropical regions as protection from the sun. worn by polo players in the 20c. Hindu name TOPE or TOPI.
PLANTERS HAT - Worn by sugar planters of Jamaica. Various weaves. Style of hat worn by golfer J. C. Snead in 1980's.
POKE BONNET - By 1800, coiffures were " smaller heads, " and bonnets were replacing the huge MOBS and CALASH styles. The poke shaped bonnet with rounded front brim had a small crown. The bonnet came in various shapes and fabrics.
PORK PIE - ( 1930's ) A new shape in men's hats had a low crown with telescoped flat top. First shown in felt, then straw. Adapted for women.
POSTILION HAT ( poce till yon ) - Also called the REMBRANDT or REUBENS from the great painters of the 17c. Revivals of the style in 18c. and 19c. The post riders of early 19c., traveling coaches wore a high hat with tapering crown.
PROFILE HAT - Hat that is worn tilted to one side to show profile.
PUGGAREE ( pug ree ) or PUGGREE - From pagri, East Indian word for a turban or scarf that is worn as protection against the sun. Now the pleated scarf worn as a band on a straw or felt hat.
PURITAN HAT - High, flat-crowned felt hat with wide uncocked brim and a silver buckle on a ribbon band. CAVALIER and PURITAN hats ( 17c. ) had the same basic form, but CAVALIER hats had ostrich plumes and were worn cocked.
PAGRI - The term for a turban within India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It specifically refers to a headdress that is worn by men and needs to be manually tied.
Q
QUAKE HAT - ( 17c. ) Men's high quality, broad brimmed hat of felt or beaver, worn cocker or rolled. Colors were gray or brown.
QUAKER BONNET - Quaker women wore very high quality, simplified versions of the prevailing fashion. Black hood replaced by the beaver hat of 18c., then the POKE BONNET in 19c., in which the crown was gathered not pleated.
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RUEBBENS or REMBRANDT HAT - ( 17c. ) Large felt hat decorated with feathers or flowers. Hat made fashionable from portraits of the period. Self portrait by Rubens with Isabella Brant is an example of Dutch costume, Isabella wears a mannish hat of straw over a lace cap.
RANELAGH MOB - ( 18c. ) A form of mob cap adapted from the style worn by market women.
RETICULATED HEADDRESS - ( 14c., 15c. ) Style consisting of braided coils of hair worn over each ear, covered with CAULS or nets of fine gold or silver wire strung with jewels or pearls. Later a CRESPINE or band was added. Many forms evolved, based on the position of the braids or buns.
ROBIN HOOD HAT - ( 12c. ) The English hero and outlaw, Robin Hood, was portrayed wearing the conical hood with self brim that was turned up at the back and worn down to a point in front. Hat was trimmed with a long quill.
ROUGH RIDER HAT - Khaki felt soldier hat of Spanish American War of 1898-99. Crown was creased and brim was cocked on one side. Named after Colonel Theodore Roosevelt's troop of Rough Riders.
ROUNDLET - ( 14c., 15c. ) Stuffed roll of velvet, worn turban fashion over a close fitting cap that covered all the hair.
S
SUNBONNET - A bonnet for women and girls that has a large stiff brim and a flap at the back for protection from the sun.
SUGAR LOAF - ( 14c., 15c. ) Tall hat with curved crown that resembles the loaf shape into which refined sugar was made.
STOVEPIPE HAT - ( Late 18c. ) Hat of felt, napped with beaver, with tall rounded crown , and rolled small brim. Evolved into high silk hat.
STOCKING CAP - Knit cap with long tapering end ( liripipr ), usually finished with a pompom or tassel.
STATUE CAP - A statue, passed in England in 1571, to encourage the wool workers, made wearing this cap compulsory for the common men-folk. Also can be seen in some illustrations of King Edward VI--
SPANIS TOQUE - ( Mid 16c. ) The crown of the beret took on height when worn over a wired frame. The brim was narrow and the hat had a jeweled band and feathers.
SOUTHWESTER - ( sou wee ter ) Originally waterproof hat of oiled canvas. Then rubberizes by the Mackintosh process. Now the hat is usually plastic coated. Originally worn by sailors as protection against the weather. The brim is broader in back to protect the neck in stormy weather.
SOMBRERO - ( som bray ro ) Spanish word meaning hat. The high crown keeps the head cool and the broad brim protects the wearer from the sun or rain. The peon's sombrero is mad of straw, the gentleman's of felt. Also COWBOY HAT, TEN-GALLON HAT, AMERICAN STETSON ( 1870 ).
SNOOD - In Medieval times, the support that holds or covers the hair was called a CAUL. In 19c., the support was called a net, sometimes SNOOD, and consisted of a net-like bag at the back of the head that held the hair or wig. In 1930, Schiaparelli designed a small fur toque to which a chenille net was attached in back to hold the hair ( SNOOD ).
SNAP BRIM - Brim turns down in front and up in back. Mad of felt, straw, or fabric. Worn tilted slightly over the right eye.
SLOUCH CAP - Soft felt hat with broad flexible brim in various shapings. Also CIVIL WAR OFFICER'S HAT, HUNGARIAN HAT, ( made popular, 1853, Louis Kossuth ) GARBO, FEDORA.
SKULL CAP - Close fitting cap, worn on the back of the head. BEANIE ( American ), CALOTTE ( French ), YARMULKES ( Male Jew ).
SILK HAT - ( 18c., 19c. ) Black hat of silk plush, with a high, cylindrical shaped crown and a stiff rolled edge brim. As the beaver supply decreased, the SILKER became popular. Also OPERA HAT, TOPPER, GIBUS.
SHERHERDESS - ( 18c. ) Shallow crowned hat with wide brim that dips in front and back. Made of fine straw ( Leghorn ). Also CHURCHILLS, GYPSY.
SHAKO - ( shak o ) Flat-topped, rigid, cylindrical military dress hat with a visor and tassels, plumes or pompoms. Originally of fur, later of leather . Also TARBUCKET.
SAILOR - Flat-crowned, straight brimmed hat, usually made of straw. Grosgrain headband trimmed with flat bow at the side. Also BOATER, SENNIT.
STUDENTERHUE - A hat given to Danish high school students when they graduate.
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TAJ - Persian and Arabic for crown. A brimless, tall, cone shaped cap of distinction.
TAM O' SHANTER - A variation of the Scottish bonnet named after a character in the poem by Robert Burns. Cap was made of heavy brushed wool with a center tassel.
TANAGRA - Straw hat with a tall conical crown from Ivc., IIIc., B.C. Greece. Example from terra cotta statuette of a woman from Boeotion town of Tanagra. Also PETASOS, THOLIA.
TARBOOSH - Arabic for cap. Brimless felt or cloth skullcap, worn by both men and women of the Mohammedan faith. Usually , red, sometimes has a scarf draped around it or covered with a veil. Larger than a FEZ.
TASHASHIT - ( berber ) See CHECHIA.
THERESE - ( Late 16c. ) Large hood of gauze over a frame of wire or whale bone. Also CALASH.
TIARA ( tee ar a ) - Greek origin, crown. Woman's crown-like headdress of jewels. Also ancient Persian, Assyrian head covering of the king. A tall conical cap. Also TIRE, MITRE--
TOONGABBIE - ( 1960 ) A washable toweling hat, mad of cotton terry cloth.
TOP HAT - Worn for formal occasions with tail coat. Tall cylindrical crown in various heights. Late 19c., changed from beaver to silk hat. Also TOPPER, SILKER.
TOPEE, TOPI - Hindu, hat worn in India and other tropical countries as protection from the sun. See PITH HELMET.
TOQUE ( toke ) - small brimless hat or cap full crown and draped of decorated with puffs, lace. Can be decorated with feathers or veiling. Formerly a 16c. small hat, full crown, feather. Some versions have a small brim. Queen Mary of England ( 20c. ) favored this style. At the inauguration of President Reagan in 1981, Nancy Reagan wore a red, braided toque that matched her coat.
TOREADOR HAT - Bicorne shape, set crosswise on the head.
TRICORNE - Three cornered hat with upturned wide brim. As the Cavalier hat grew larger and the brim began to droop, fashion led to " cocking " the brim up on one side. Last half of 17c., the hat was cocked on three sides, thus becoming the TRICORNE.
TRUNCATED TIARA - Ancient Babylonian and Assyrian hat of wool or felt with short lappets.
TUDOR BERET, RENAISSANCE BERET - From 1539 painting of Henry VIII portrait by Holbein. Hat of velvet with jewel and feather.
TUQUE ( tuke ) - Winter knitted hat, tapered and closed at both end. Worn with one end tucked into the other. Seen at Canadian winter sporting events.
TURBAN - Ancient Oriental headdress, consisting of long pieces of cloth rolled and formed over a cap. Periodically the fashion is revived in various forms, especially when European culture is exposed to the Orient. The Moors in Spain, the returning Crusaders in 11-13c., the capture of Constantinople in 1453, all brought Eastern influence in costume and hairstyles. The Napolenic campaign in Egypt brought this influence to Europe( Empire fashion) in early 19c. The illustration is of an 1931 French turban executed by Mr. Alexander. Early 20c., fashion was influenced by Paul Poiret's fascination with costumes and fabrics of Eastern styles. Throughout the 20c., various styles of the turban have been presented.
TUTULUS - Etruscan ( 700-300 B.C. ) Braided hairstyle of women evolved into conical shaped cap, as worn by peasants and soldiers.
TRILBY - For all intents and purposes a TRILBY is synonymous with FEDORA. FEDORA is used more in the USA and TRILBY preferred in the United Kingdom.
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USHANKA - A Russian fur cap with ear flaps.
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VAGABOND HAT - Casual hat, has Dobbs trademark.
W
WATTEAU - ( 18c. ) Following the tall FONTANGE, the small cap appeared. The French painter and engraver, Watteau, showed the small hat in his illustrations, thereby setting a fashion. The hat was worn tipped forward to accommodate the high back hairstyles.
WEDDING RING - ( 1979 ) Frank Olive's round-crown, rolled-brim hat, in shiny straw. Similar versions called " Krizia hat, " " bowler."-
WIMPLE - ( late 12c., 13c., 14. ) The veil evolved into the wimple, a cloth draped across the throat, cheeks and chin, leaving the face exposed. The illustration shows a wimple worn with a headveil. Certain orders of nuns still wear the wimple. In 14c., the cloth wimple worn without a veil, pinned over coils of hair on either side of the head was known as a GORGET. In 1938, a toque of Persian lamb, with black georgette wimple.
WITCH HAT - At the time of the persecution of witches in England, the costume of the times included the steeple hennin. This was remained as a symbol of the garb of witches.
WATCH CAP - Knitted cap, navy blue, such as worn by sailors. Cap rolls down to keep forehead and neck warm. Formerly in worsted wool, now in synthetic fibers.
X
Y
YARMULKE - Skullcap worn by male Jews. Orthodox Jews wear the skullcap everyday. Cap consists of four or six pie-shaped pieces, and is lined or unlined. Also called a 'kippah'.
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| i don't know |
'Operation Avalanche' was the codename given to the Allied invasion of which country during World War II? | Invasion of Italy (Salerno) in World War II
Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff
100,000 men
Background:
With the conclusion of the campaign in North Africa in the late spring of 1943, Allied planners began looking north across the Mediterranean. Though American leaders such as General George C. Marshall favored moving forward with an invasion of France, his British counterparts desired a strike against southern Europe. As it became increasingly clear that resources were not available for a cross-Channel operation in 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt agreed to the invasion of Sicily . Landing in July, American and British forces came ashore near Gela and south of Syracuse. Pushing inland, the troops of Lieutenant General George S. Patton 's Seventh Army and General Sir Bernard Montgomery's Eighth Army pushed back the Axis defenders.
These efforts resulted in a successful campaign which led to the overthrow of Italian leader Benito Mussolini . With operations in Sicily coming to close, the Allied leadership renewed discussions regarding an invasion of Italy. Though the Americans remained reluctant, Roosevelt understood the need to continue engaging the enemy to relieve Axis pressure on the Soviet Union until landings in northwest Europe could move forward. Also, as the Italians had approached the Allies with peace overtures, it was hoped that much of the country could be occupied before German troops arrived in large numbers. In assessing options for invading Italy, the Americans initially hoped to come ashore in the northern part of the country, but the range of Allied fighters limited potential landing areas to the Volturno river basin and the beaches around Salerno. Though further south, Salerno was chosen due to its calmer surf conditions, proximity to to Allied airbases, and existing road network beyond the beaches.
Allied Plans:
Planning for the invasion fell to Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, General Dwight D. Eisenhower , and the commander of the 15th Army Group, General Sir Harold Alexander. Working on a compressed schedule, their staffs devised two operations, Baytown and Avalanche, which called for landings in Calabria and Salerno respectively. Assigned to Montgomery's Eighth Army, Baytown was scheduled for September 3. It was hoped that these landings would draw German forces south allowing them to be trapped in southern Italy by the later Avalanche landings on September 9 and also had the benefit of the landing craft being able to depart directly from Sicily. Not believing that the Germans would give battle in Calabria, Montgomery came to oppose Operation Baytown as he felt that it placed his men too far from the main landings at Salerno. As events unfolded, Montgomery was proved correct and his men were forced to march 300 miles against minimal resistance to the reach the fighting.
Execution of Operation Avalanche fell to Lieutenant General Mark Clark's US Fifth Army which was comprised of Major General Ernest Dawley's US VI Corps and Lieutenant General Richard McCreery's British X Corps. Tasked with seizing Naples and driving across to the east coast to cut off enemy forces to the south, Operation Avalanche called for landing on a broad, 35-mile front to the south of Salerno. Responsibility for the initial landings fell to the British 46th and 56th Divisions in the north and the US 36th Infantry Division in the south. The British and American positions were separated by the Sele River.
Supporting the invasion's left flank was a force of US Army Rangers and British Commandoes which were given the objective of securing the mountain passes on the Sorrento Peninsula and blocking German reinforcements from Naples. Prior to the invasion, extensive thought was given to a variety of supporting airborne operations utilizing the US 82nd Airborne Division. These included employing glider troops to secure the passes on the Sorrento Peninsula as well as a full-division effort to capture the crossings over the Volturno River. Each of these operations were deemed either unnecessary or unsupportable and were dismissed. As a result, the 82nd was placed in reserve. At sea, the invasion would would be supported by a total of 627 vessels under the command of Vice Admiral Henry K. Hewitt, a veteran of both the North Africa and Sicily landings. Though achieving surprise was unlikely, Clark made no provision for a pre-invasion naval bombardment despite evidence from the Pacific which suggested this was required ( Map ).
German Preparations:
With the collapse of Italy, the Germans commenced plans for defending the peninsula. In the north, Army Group B, under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel assumed responsibility as far south as Pisa. Below this point, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's Army Command South was tasked with halting the Allies. Kesselring's primary field formation, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff's Tenth Army, consisting of XIV Panzer Corps and LXXVI Panzer Corps, came online on August 22 and began moving to defensive positions. Not believing that any enemy landings in Calabria or other areas in the south would be the be main Allied effort, Kesselring left these areas lightly defended and directed troops to delay any advances by destroying bridges and blocking roads. This task largely fell to General Traugott Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps.
Operation Baytown:
On September 3, Eighth Army's XIII Corps crossed the Straits of Messina and commenced landings at various points in Calabria. Meeting light Italian opposition, Montgomery's men had little trouble coming ashore and began forming to move north. Though they encountered some German resistance, the greatest impediment to their advance came in the form of demolished bridges, mines, and roadblocks. Due to the rugged nature of the terrain which held British forces to the roads, Montgomery's speed became dependent on the rate at which his engineers could clear obstacles. On September 8, Allies announced that Italy had formally surrendered. In response, the Germans initiated Operation Achse which saw them disarm Italian units and take over defense of key points. In addition, with the Italian capitulation, the Allies commenced Operation Slapstick on April 9 which called for British and US warships to ferry the British 1st Airborne Division into the port of Taranto. Meeting no opposition, they landed and occupied the port.
Landing at Salerno:
On September 9, Clark's forces began moving towards the beaches south of Salerno. Aware of the Allies' approach, German forces on the heights behind the beaches prepared for the landings. On the Allied left, the Rangers and Commandos came ashore without incident and quickly secured their objectives in the mountains of the Sorrento Peninsula. To their right, McCreery's corps encountered fierce German resistance and required naval gunfire support to move inland. Fully occupied on their front, the British were unable to press south to link up with the Americans. Meeting intense fire from elements of the 16th Panzer Division, the 36th Infantry Division initially struggled to gain ground until reserve units were landed. As night fell, the British had achieved an advance inland of between five to seven miles while the Americans held the plain to the south of the Sele and gained around five miles in some areas. Though the Allies had come ashore, German commanders were pleased with the initial defense and began shifting units towards the beachhead.
The Germans Strike Back:
Over the next three days, Clark worked to land additional troops and expand the Allied lines. Due to the tenacious German defense, growing the beachhead proved slow which hampered Clark's ability to build up additional forces. As a result, by September 12, X Corps switched to the defensive as insufficient men were available to continue the advance. The next day, Kesselring and von Vietinghoff commenced a counter-offensive against the Allied position. While the Hermann Göring Panzer Division struck from the north, the main German attack hit the boundary between the two Allied corps. This assault gained ground until stopped by a last ditch defense by the 36th Infantry Division. That night, the US VI Corps was reinforced by elements of the 82nd Airborne Division which jumped inside the Allied lines. As additional reinforcements arrived, the Clark's men were able to turn back German attacks on September 14 with the aid of naval gunfire ( Map ).
On September 15, having sustained heavy losses and failed to break through the Allied lines, Kesselring put the 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division on the defensive. To the north, XIV Panzer Corps continued their attacks but were defeated by Allied forces supported by airpower and naval gunfire. Subsequent efforts met a similar fate the next day. With the battle at Salerno raging, Montgomery was pressed by Alexander to hasten Eighth Army's advance north. Still hampered by poor road conditions, Montgomery dispatched light forces up the coast. On September 16, forward patrols from this detachment made contact with the 36th Infantry Division. With Eighth Army's approach and lacking the forces to continue attacking, von Vietinghoff recommended breaking off the battle and pivoting Tenth Army into a new defensive line spanning the peninsula. Kesselring agreed on September 17 and on the night of the 18/19th, German forces began pulling back from the beachhead.
Aftermath:
During the course of the invasion of Italy, Allied forces sustained 2,009 killed, 7,050 wounded, and 3,501 missing while German casualties numbered around 3,500. Having secured the beachhead, Clark turned north and began attacking towards Naples on September 19. Arriving from Calabria, Montgomery's Eighth Army fell into line on the east side of the Apennine Mountains and pushed up the east coast. On October 1, Allied forces entered Naples as von Vietinghoff's men withdrew into the positions of the Volturno Line. Driving north, the Allies broke through this position and the Germans fought several rearguard actions as they retreated. Pursuing, Alexander's forces ground their way north until encountering the Winter Line in mid-November. Blocked by these defenses, the Allies finally broke through in May 1944 following the Battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino .
Selected Sources
| World War II postal acronyms |
Which distinct, topaz-coloured wine is mentioned in the National Anthem of Hungary? | Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II | National Archives
(Enter 3 digits: "064" for RG 64)
Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II
(Record Group 331)
331.2 General Records of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) 1942-46
331.2.1 Records maintained by the Office of the Secretary of the General Staff
331.2.2 Records maintained by the Adjutant General's Division
331.2.3 Other general records
331.3 Records of SHAEF General Staff Organizations 1942-46
331.3.1 Records of the Theatre Intelligence Section
331.3.2 Records of the G-1 Division
331.3.3 General records of the G-2 Division
331.3.4 Records of subordinate organizations of the G-2 Division
331.3.5 General records of the G-3 Division
331.3.6 Records of subordinate organizations of the G-3 Division
331.3.7 Records of the G-4 Division
331.3.8 Records of the Historical Section, Information Branch, G- 5 Division
331.3.9 Other records of the G-5 Division
331.4 Records of SHAEF Special Staff Organizations 1940-51 (bulk 1943-45)
331.4.1 Records of the Engineer Division
331.4.2 Records of the Signal Division
331.4.3 Records of the Medical Division
331.4.4 Records of the Public Relations Division
331.4.5 Records of the Psychological Warfare Division
331.4.6 Records of the Air Defense Division
331.4.7 Records of the Headquarters Command
331.4.8 Records of the European Allied Contact Section
331.5 Records of SHAEF Committees 1944-45
331.6 Records of SHAEF Mission (France) 1942-45
331.6.2 Records of subordinate organizations
331.7 Records of Other SHAEF Missions 1944-45
331.8 Records of Headquarters 6th Army Group (SHAEF) 1943-45
331.8.2 Records of subordinate organizations
331.9 Records of Headquarters 12th Army Group (SHAEF) 1943-46
331.9.2 Records of general staff organizations
331.9.3 Records of special staff organizations
331.10 Records of Headquarters 21st Army Group (SHAEF) 1944-45
331.11 Records of Headquarters First Allied Airborne Army (SHAEF) 1944-45
331.12 Records of Other Organizations Under SHAEF Operational Control 1943-45
331.13 Records of the Air Staff, SHAEF 1943-45
331.13.2 Records of staff organizations
331.13.3 Records of field organizations
331.13.4 Records of the Joint Air Commission
331.14 Records of Headquarters Allied Naval Commander-In-Chief, Expeditionary Force (ANCXF) 1943-45
331.15 Records of Agencies Responsible For SHAEF Residual Functions 1944-47
331.15.1 Records of the Combined Administrative Liquidating Agency
331.15.2 Records of the Combined Civil Affairs Liquidating Agency
331.16 General Records of Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) 1941-47
331.16.1 Records maintained by the Supreme Allied Commander's Secretariat
331.16.2 Records maintained by the Records Branch of the Adjutant General's Office
331.16.3 Other general records
331.17.2 Records of subordinate organizations of the Counter Intelligence Division
331.17.3 Records of the Operational Intelligence Division
331.17.4 Records of other divisions
331.18 Records of the AFHQ G-3 (Operations and Training) Section 1942-47
331.18.1 Records of the Operations Subsection
331.18.2 Records of the Training Subsection
331.18.3 Records of other subsections
331.19 Records of the AFHQ G-5 (Military Government and Civil Affairs) Section 1943-47
331.19.2 Records of the Policy and Control Division
331.19.3 Records of other subordinate organizations
331.20 Records of Other AFHQ General Staff Sections 1942-45
331.20.1 Records of the U.S. component of the G-1 (Personnel) Section
331.20.2 Records of G-4 Sections
331.21 Records of AFHQ Special Staff Organizations 1942-47
331.21.1 Records of the Signal Section
331.21.2 Records of the Psychological Warfare Branch
331.21.3 Records of other special staff organizations
331.22 Records of AFHQ Financial and Accounting Organizations 1943-48
331.22.1 Records of the Allied Financial Agency (AFA)
331.22.2 Records of the Allied Supply Accounting Agency
331.23 Records of the Allied Screening Commission (Italy) and its Successor, The Prisoner-Of-War Claims Commission [AFHQ] 1943-47
331.23.1 Records of the Allied Screening Commission (Italy)
331.23.2 Records of the Prisoner-of-War Claims Commission
331.24 Records of AFHQ Committees, Commissions, and Boards 1943-47
331.25 Records of Headquarters 15th Army Group and Subordinate Commands (AFHQ) 1942-46
331.25.1 Records of Headquarters 15th Army Group
331.25.2 Records of Headquarters Fifth U.S. Army
331.25.3 Records of Headquarters Eighth British Army
331.26 Records of Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces (HQ MAAF) and Subordinate Commands [AFHQ] 1942-45
331.26.1 Records of the Operations Section of HQ MAAF
331.26.2 Records of the Intelligence Section of HQ MAAF
331.26.3 Records of other organizations of HQ MAAF
331.26.4 Records of headquarters of subordinate commands
331.27 Records of Headquarters Commander-In-Chief Mediterranean (AFHQ) 1942-45
331.28 Records of Military Headquarters (Balkans) [AFHQ] 1941-45
331.28.1 Records of main headquarters
331.28.2 Records of field organizations
331.29 Records of Other AFHQ Command Organizations 1943-47
331.29.1 Records of Rome Area Allied Command
331.30 Records of the Allied Commission (AFHQ) 1942-48
331.30.1 General records of headquarters
331.30.2 Records of headquarters organizations
331.30.3 Records of field offices
331.30.4 Records of Allied Military Government (AMG) organizations under Allied Commission administrative supervision
331.31 Records of Allied Military Government (AMG) Organizations In Venezia Giulia and Udine, Italy [AFHQ] 1943-47
331.31.1 Records of AMG Venezia Giulia
331.31.2 Records of AMG Udine
331.32 Records of other AFHQ Organizations 1942-48
331.32.1 Records of the Allied Force Records Administration
331.32.2 Records of the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Center
331.33 Records of Allied Military Government, British-United States Zone, Free Territory of Trieste 1942-54 (bulk 1947-54)
331.33.1 Records of the Office of the Military Governor
331.33.2 Records of the Directorate General, Civil Affairs
331.33.3 Records of the Directorate of Interior
331.33.4 Records of the Directorate of Finance and Economics
331.33.5 Records of the Allied Information Service
331.33.6 Records of Trieste United States Troops (TRUST)
331.34 Records of General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area (GHQ SWPA) 1939-66 (bulk 1942-49)
331.35 Records of Headquarters Southeast Asia Command (SEAC) 1943-45
331.36 General Records of General Headquarters Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ SCAP) 1945-52
331.37 Records of Organizations of General Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, and its Successor, General Headquarters Far East Command, Relating to SCAP Functions 1945-52
331.37.1 Records of the SCAP Section of the Adjutant General's Office
331.37.2 Records of the G-1 (Personnel) Section
331.37.3 Records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section
331.37.4 Records of the Office of the Comptroller
331.37.5 Records of the SCAP Section of the Public Information Office
331.37.6 Records of other general and special staff sections
331.38 Records of the SCAP Diplomatic Section 1945-52
331.39 Records of the SCAP Legal Section 1945-52
331.39.1 Records of the Office of the Chief
331.39.2 Records of the Administrative Division
331.39.3 Records of the Law Division
331.39.4 Records of the Legislation and Justice Division
331.39.5 Records of the Prosecution Division
331.39.6 Records of the Investigation Division
331.39.7 Records of the Manila Branch
331.40 Records of the SCAP International Prosecution Section (IPS) 1907-48 (bulk 1945-48)
331.41 Records of the SCAP Civil Affairs Section 1945-52
331.41.1 Records of the Headquarters Division
331.41.2 Records of the Administrative Division
331.41.3 Records of Headquarters Civil Affairs Regions
331.41.4 Records of civil affairs field offices
331.42 Records of the SCAP Government Section 1945-52
331.43 Records of the SCAP Civil Communications Section 1945-51
331.44 Records of the SCAP Civil Historical Section 1943-52
331.44.2 Records of the Library and Publications Division
331.45 Records of the SCAP Civil Information and Education Section 1941-52 (bulk 1945-52)
331.45.2 Records of the Information Division
331.45.3 Records of the Education Division
331.45.4 Records of the Religion and Cultural Resources Division
331.45.5 Records of other subordinate organizations
331.45.6 Records of regional offices
331.46 Records of the SCAP Economic and Scientific Section 1944-52
331.46.2 Records of the Foreign Trade and Commerce Division
331.46.3 Records of the Programs and Statistics Division
331.46.4 Records of other subordinate organizations
331.47 Records of the SCAP Civil Intelligence Section 1939-49 (bulk 1945-49)
331.48 Records of the SCAP Civil Transportation Section 1945-52
331.49 Records of the SCAP Natural Resources Section 1931-52 (bulk 1945-52)
331.49.2 Records of subordinate organizations
331.50 Records of the SCAP Public Health and Welfare Section 1945-52
331.50.2 Records of subordinate organizations
331.51 Records of the Office of the Civil Property Custodian (SCAP) 1943-52 (bulk 1945-52)
331.51.2 Records of the Foreign Property Division
331.51.3 Records of other subordinate organizations
331.1 Administrative History
Finding Aids: Kathleen E. Riley, Mary Joe Head, and Jessie T. Midkiff, comps., "Preliminary Inventory of the Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Part I, Records of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), Combined Administrative Liquidating Agency, and Combined Civil Affairs Liquidating Agency," NM 8 (1962); Helene Bowen, comp., "Preliminary Inventory of the Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Part II, Records of General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP)," NM 11 (1962); Mary Joe Head and Jessie T. Midkiff, comps., "Preliminary Inventory of the Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Part III, Records of Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ)," NM 13 (1963); Jessie T. Midkiff and Olive K. Liebman, comps., "Preliminary Inventory of the Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Part IV, Records of the Allied Military Government, British-United States Zone, Free Territory of Trieste," NM 14 (1963); supplement in National Archives microfiche edition of preliminary inventories.
Security-Classified Records: This record group may include material that is security-classified.
Related Records:
Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, RG 218.
Records of U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II, RG 260.
Records of Naval Operating Forces, RG 313.
Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II, RG 332.
Records of U.S. Army Commands, 1942- , RG 338.
Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, RG 342.
331.2 General Records of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)
1942-46
192 lin. ft. and 548 rolls of microfilm
History: Established as an integrated U.S.-British organization responsible to the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), by General Order 1, SHAEF, February 13, 1944, pursuant to CCS directive, CCS 304/12, February 12, 1944, designating Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF), and instructing him to plan and execute a cross-channel invasion of German-occupied Western Europe (Operation Overlord). SHAEF incorporated the records and some personnel of a predecessor Allied staff, COSSAC (the acronym for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander, a position held by British Lt. Gen. Frederick E. Morgan), which had prepared preliminary invasion plans, April 1943-February 1944, in accordance with CCS directive, CCS 169/8/D, April 23, 1943. SHAEF located in London, England, February-August 1944; Versailles, France, August 1944- May 1945; and Frankfurt, Germany, May-July 1945. In accordance with CCS message WX-24456, June 29, 1945, directing the Supreme Commander AEF to initiate measures to dissolve SHAEF on or shortly after July 1, 1945, SHAEF abolished, effective July 14, 1945, by SHAEF message S-96883, July 12, 1945, with U.S. and British personnel transferred respectively to existing U.S. and British command organizations, and with residual functions transferred to newly established Combined Administrative Liquidating Agency. See 331.15.1.
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
331.2.1 Records maintained by the Office of the Secretary of the
General Staff
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1943-46, and separate project file, 1943-45; with partial microfilm copy, 1943-45 (61 rolls). Microfilm copy of cross-reference sheets to part of the decimal and project files (1943-46), January-December 1944 (24 rolls). Microfilm copy of selected documents from the decimal and project files (1943-46), 1943-44 (10 rolls). Microfilm copy of selected COSSAC records, 1943-44 (3 rolls). Microfilm copy of miscellaneous correspondence and other records, including a copy of the Initial Joint Plan (codeword Neptune, February 1, 1944), January-February 1944 (2 rolls). Minutes of conferences, with related operational briefings and reports, 1942-44. Message files, consisting of a microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, January 4, 1944-July 13, 1945 (151 rolls); a microfilm copy of related logs, January 1, 1944-May 3, 1945 (6 rolls); paper copies of related incoming message logs, April 13, 1944-May 28, 1945; and a microfilm copy of message logs maintained for Gen. Eisenhower as Commander in Chief, Allied Force Headquarters (November 1942-February 1944) and as Supreme Commander AEF (February 1944-July 1945), November 2, 1942-July 14, 1945 (8 rolls).
Related Records: Pre-Presidential papers, 1916-52, of President and General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander AEF (1944-45), in Eisenhower Library. Papers, 1942-61, and a collection of World War II documents, 1941-45, of Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff, SHAEF (1944-45), in Eisenhower Library.
331.2.2 Records maintained by the Adjutant General's Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (147 rolls). Microfilm copy of the content sheets of part of the decimal correspondence, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of selected decimal correspondence, 1944-45 (91 rolls). Subject file, 1942-45, with a microfilm copy of organization charts included in the file, February-June 1944 (1 roll). War diaries of SHAEF organizations, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (23 rolls). Microfilm copy of various operational plans, with related records, 1944 (6 rolls). Microfilm copy of messages, February 18- August 1, 1944 (4 rolls). Issuances, including SHAEF memorandums, 1944-45, and a microfilm copy of letter orders, May 1-June 30, 1945 (4 rolls). Microfilm copies of records relating to personnel, consisting of correspondence relating to officers of SHAEF and of the European Theater of Operations (decimal 201), 1944 (4 rolls); and a roster of officers serving in the European Theater of Operations, May 13, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) paper, JCS 1004, August 16, 1944, relating to civil affairs administration in France (1 roll).
331.2.3 Other general records
Maps and Charts (3,900 items): Strategic, tactical, and operations maps and charts of northern Europe, from the Normandy invasion to the military occupation of Germany, including order of battle and situation maps, defense and road overprints, bridge site plans, and maps giving general geographic, military, and political information, 1944-45.
Aerial Photographs (188 items): Aerial mosaics of potential landing beaches in France and Belgium, 1942-44 (80 items). Preinvasion oblique aerial photographs of landing craft obstacles along Normandy beaches, May 1944 (16 items). Towns between Luxembourg and the Rhine River in Germany, 1944-45 (11 items). Oblique aerial prints of Germany prepared for a unit history, 1944-45 (49 items). Vertical aerial prints of Berlin, April 1945 (32 items).
331.3 Records of SHAEF General Staff Organizations
1942-46
492 lin. ft. and 790 rolls of microfilm
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
331.3.1 Records of the Theatre Intelligence Section
History: Established in COSSAC, November 12, 1943. Transferred to SHAEF upon abolition of COSSAC and establishment of SHAEF, February 13, 1944. Abolished, May 31, 1944, with functions and most personnel transferred to G-2 Division and assigned to newly established Operational Intelligence Sub-Division, a consolidation of the former Operational Intelligence and Intelligence Plans Sections of G-2 (see 331.3.4).
Textual Records: Reports, with interfiled photographs, 1943-44; with a microfilm copy of the textual portion of the reports (5 rolls). Microfilm copies of intelligence document control registers, 1943-44 (2 rolls); card files containing information on enemy naval and battery defenses, 1943-44 (1 roll); numbered summaries ("Intelligence Outlines") relating to France, 1943-44 (1 roll); and map tracings, 1943-44 (2 rolls).
331.3.2 Records of the G-1 Division
Textual Records: General records, consisting of formerly security-classified decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (28 rolls); a microfilm copy of selected documents from the decimal correspondence (1944-45), March 31-August 4, 1944 (1 roll); and a microfilm copy of staff studies and related records, February 29, 1944-June 13, 1945 (1 roll). Correspondence of the Prisoner of War Executive ("PWX") Branch, consisting of a microfilm copy of subject-numeric correspondence, December 1943- October 1944 (6 rolls); and decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (9 rolls).
331.3.3 General records of the G-2 Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence maintained by the Executive Sub-Division, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of selected records from the files of G-2 subordinate organizations, 1943-44 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of oversized documents included in the files of G-2 subordinate organizations, 1943-45 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of the city directory of Berlin, Germany, 1943 (8 rolls).
331.3.4 Records of subordinate organizations of the G-2 Division
Textual Records: Records of the Operational Intelligence Sub- Division, including subject-numeric correspondence, April 1943- August 1944, with microfilm copy (5 rolls); decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll); compilations of intelligence reports, 1942-45, with microfilm copy (20 rolls); a numbered document file maintained by the Document Section, 1944-45; and reference publications, 1942-46, including a numbered set of publications issued by the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee of the Combined Intelligence Committee, 1944-45. Decimal correspondence of the Military Security, the Civil Security, and the Port, Frontier, and Travel Security Sections of the Counter-Intelligence Sub-Division, 1943- 45, with microfilm copy (16 rolls). Records of the Censorship Sub-Division, including central decimal correspondence, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (10 rolls); and subject correspondence of the Allied Censorship Group (Netherlands), 1944-45. Decimal correspondence, 1944-45, and separate project file, of the Intelligence Target ("T") Sub-Division. Microfilm copy of records of the Field Information Agency, Technical (FIAT), 1944-45 (1 roll).
331.3.5 General records of the G-3 Division
Textual Records: Subject file, 1942-45, with microfilm copy of those interfiled records that were maintained by Maj. Gen. Harold R. Bull, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 ("Gen. Bull's Files"), 1943-45 (4 rolls). Microfilm copy of records relating to invasion plans, 1942-44 (1 roll). Records relating to operational and posthostilities planning, 1943-45. Incoming and outgoing messages, 1944-46. Microfilm copy of a report of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the War Cabinet (British) on initial planning of Operation Overlord, July 30, 1943 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of a report of the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force on Operation Neptune, October 16, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of oversized documents included in the files of G-3 subordinate organizations, 1943-45 (4 rolls).
331.3.6 Records of subordinate organizations of the G-3 Division
Textual Records: Decimal and subject files, 1943-45, of the Plans Section and its successor, the German Policy Section; with security-classified microfilm copy (21 rolls). Records of subordinate units of the Operations Section, consisting of decimal and subject-numeric files of the "A" Sub-Section, 1943- 45, with microfilm copy (15 rolls); decimal and subject-numeric files of the "C" Sub-Section, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (17 rolls); a subject-numeric file of the Airborne Sub-Section, 1944- 45, with microfilm copy (3 rolls); a subject-numeric file of the Meteorological Sub-Section, 1943-44, with microfilm copy (1 roll); and subject files, reports, and war room daily summaries of the Liaison Sub-Section, 1944-45. Decimal correspondence of the Organization and Equipment Section, 1944-45, and separate project file; with security-classified microfilm copy (36 rolls). Subject-numeric file of the Map Survey Section, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (22 rolls). Subject file of the Training and Experiments Section, 1944-45.
331.3.7 Records of the G-4 Division
Textual Records: General records, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (184 rolls); a microfilm copy of the G-4 Division war diary, April 1944-March 1945 (2 rolls); and a microfilm copy of numbered daily logistical bulletins, June 11-August 22, 1944 (1 roll). Records of the Logistics Plans Branch, consisting of a central subject file, 1943-45; a central decimal file, November 1944-May 1945; and subject-numeric files of the No. 1 and No. 2 Planning Sections, 1944-45. Subject files of the Movements and Transportation Branch, 1943-45, and the Current Operations Branch (formerly "Q" Branch), 1944-45.
331.3.8 Records of the Historical Section, Information Branch, G-
5 Division
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file ("Planning File"), 1943-45, and a subject index; with a microfilm copy of the index (1 roll). Microfilm copy of selected records of the planning file relating to activities of the Administration of Territories (Europe) Committee and of the 1st Army Group, 1943-44 (2 rolls). Subject- numeric file ("Operations File"), 1943-45, and a subject index; with microfilm copy (270 rolls). Chronological index to the planning and operations files, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (3 rolls). Microfilm copy of supply-related entries in the planning and operations files indexes, 1943-45 (2 rolls).
331.3.9 Other records of the G-5 Division
Textual Records: General records, including a central subject- numeric file, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (57 rolls); and a microfilm copy of records in the central subject-numeric file (1943-45) concerning civil affairs and military government planning, October 1943-March 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of selected records of the Financial Branch, 1945 (4 rolls). Subject correspondence of the Supply and Economics Branch, 1944-45. Microfilm copy of correspondence of the Organization, Personnel, Equipment, and Training (OPET) Group of the Operations Branch, 1944-45 (6 rolls). Subject file of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section of the Internal Affairs (formerly Operations) Branch, 1943-45. Microfilm copy of records of the Legal Branch concerning the postwar administration of Germany and of liberated territories of Western Europe, 1944-45 (9 rolls).
331.4 Records of SHAEF Special Staff Organizations
1940-51 (bulk 1943-45)
165 lin. ft. and 185 rolls of microfilm
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
331.4.1 Records of the Engineer Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (3 rolls). General correspondence, December 1943-July 1945, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Daily summaries of incoming messages, December 1944-April 1945, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Weekly reports, November 1943-July 1945, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Microfilm copy of oversized documents included in the various files, 1943-45 (1 roll).
331.4.2 Records of the Signal Division
Textual Records: General records, consisting of subject-numeric correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (49 rolls); a subject file, 1943-45, with partial microfilm copy (5 rolls); a microfilm copy of selected divisional records, 1943-44 (1 roll); SHAEF reports, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls); and a published report on Signal Division activities prior to and during Operation Overlord, August 1943-July 1945. Microfilm copy of subject-numeric correspondence of the British Requirements Sub-Section, 1943-45 (7 rolls). Official records ("Joint Operational Files") of Maj. Gen. Francis H. Lanahan, Jr., Deputy Chief Signal Officer, 1942-51 (bulk 1943-47).
331.4.3 Records of the Medical Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1944-45, and related registers; with a partial microfilm copy of the correspondence (3 rolls). Photostatic copy of the war diary of Maj. Gen. Albert W. Kenner, Chief Medical Officer, February 11, 1944-May 6, 1945, and occasional interfiled related records; with a partial microfilm copy (1 roll).
Photographic Prints (37 images): Maj. Gen. Albert W. Kenner, May 12, 1944 (1 image). An exercise in the evacuation of the wounded by sea, ca. 1944 (35 images). Two unidentified British officers, n.d. (1 image).
331.4.4 Records of the Public Relations Division
Textual Records: General records, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (7 rolls); texts of press briefings, press conferences, and speeches, 1944-45, with partial microfilm copy (5 rolls); information sheets ("Information Room Handouts"), news releases, and communiques, 1944-45, with partial microfilm copy (5 rolls); records concerning public relations aspects of the major combat operations plans ("Plans File"), 1944-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll); and daily incident reports of the various subordinate organizations, 1944-45. Subject file of the Information Section, 1944-45, with partial microfilm copy (3 rolls). Subject file of the Press Censorship Branch, 1944-45, with partial microfilm copy (1 roll).
Photographs (3,000 images): Individual and group portraits of SHAEF officers and of officials in the Allied, occupied, and liberated countries of Europe, 1940-45 (500 images, CA). Civil affairs activities following the Allied invasion of Europe, including surveys of damaged structures, care of displaced persons and refugees, provision of food to the civil population, administration of prisoner-of-war camps, and conduct of trials, 1944-45 (2,500 images, CA).
331.4.5 Records of the Psychological Warfare Division
Textual Records: General records, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1944-45, and separate project file, with microfilm copy (56 rolls); and incoming and outgoing messages, 1944-45, and related logs, with a microfilm copy of the messages (19 rolls). Records of the Leaflets Section of the Directives and Current Propaganda Office, consisting of collections of Allied propaganda leaflets and periodicals in the various western and central European languages, 1944-45, and related dissemination logs and index; with a partial microfilm copy (7 rolls).
331.4.6 Records of the Air Defense Division
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of selected divisional correspondence, 1944-45 (1 roll). Subject-numeric correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (3 rolls). Copies of the division publication, Air Defense Review, August 14, 1944-June 13, 1945.
331.4.7 Records of the Headquarters Command
Textual Records: General records, 1944-45, consisting of a subject file ("Administrative Files"), and decimal correspondence. Records of the Allied Information Service Group (formerly the 6805th Allied Information Service Group), including decimal correspondence, 1944-45; morning reports, 1944-45; and an unpublished compilation of reports, entitled, "German Atrocities in France," 1944.
331.4.8 Records of the European Allied Contact Section
Textual Records: Subject-numeric correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls).
331.5 Records of SHAEF Committees
1944-45
3 lin. ft. and 1 roll of microfilm
Textual Records: Formerly security-classified records of the Joint Intelligence Committee (SHAEF), 1944-45, consisting of correspondence, intelligence appreciations ("JIC Papers"), and minutes of the Counter-Intelligence Subcommittee; with security- classified microfilm copy (1 roll). Subject file of the Four- Party Committee, 1944-45, concerning the committee's oversight of the transition from military to civilian procurement in liberated France.
331.6 Records of SHAEF Mission (France)
1942-45
110 lin. ft. and 30 rolls of microfilm
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
331.6.1 General records
Textual Records: Correspondence maintained by the Secretary of the General Staff, 1944-45. Decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (20 rolls). Microfilm copy of selected decimal correspondence, 1944-45 (9 rolls). Subject correspondence, 1944- 45. Minutes of staff conferences and related background notes, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Biweekly reports ("Fortnightly Progress Reports"), 1944-45. Incoming and outgoing messages, 1944-45. Records relating to personnel, 1944-45.
331.6.2 Records of subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Subject file of the G-1 Division, 1944-45. Records of the G-4 Division, 1944-45, including central decimal and subject correspondence; and subject files of the following branches: Requirements; Solid Fuels; Movements and Transportation; and Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants. Decimal and subject correspondence of the G-5 Division, 1944-45. Subject file of the Navy Division, 1944-45. Records of the Rearmament Division (formerly the Joint Rearmament Committee), including decimal correspondence, 1942-45; a subject file, 1943-45; a historical file, 1942-45; incoming and outgoing messages, 1943-45; and a file of requisitions, 1942-44. General correspondence of the Air Section of the Rearmament Division, 1944-45.
331.7 Records of Other SHAEF Missions
1944-45
4 lin. ft. and 13 rolls of microfilm
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
Textual Records: Records of SHAEF Mission (Belgium and Luxembourg), consisting of a microfilm copy of subject-numeric correspondence of the G-1, G-3, G-4, and G-5 Divisions, 1944-45 (12 rolls); and biweekly reports ("Fortnightly Progress Reports") on Belgium, October 1944-July 1945, and on Luxembourg, May-June 1945. Records of SHAEF Mission (Denmark), 1944-45, consisting of general correspondence ("Plans File"), and biweekly reports ("Fortnightly Progress Reports"). Records of SHAEF Mission (Netherlands), 1944-45, consisting of a microfilm copy of subject-numeric correspondence (1 roll), and biweekly reports ("Fortnightly Progress Reports"). Records of SHAEF Mission (Norway), 1945, consisting of a subject file, and biweekly reports ("Fortnightly Progress Reports").
331.8 Records of Headquarters 6th Army Group (SHAEF)
1943-45
102 lin. ft.
History: Also known as Headquarters Southern Group of Armies. Functioned under U.S. command.
Related Records: Microfilm copy of papers, 1939-49, of Gen. Jacob L. Devers, Commanding General, 6th Army Group (1944-45), in Eisenhower Library (originals in custody of York County Historical Society, York, PA).
331.8.1 General records
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1944-45, with separate cross-reference sheets. Records relating to 6th Army Group personnel ("201 Files") and to First French Army personnel ("201- FR Files"), 1944-45.
331.8.2 Records of subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence of the G-1 Section, 1944- 45. Subject and subject-numeric files of the G-2 Section, 1944- 45. Records of the G-3 Section, including a central subject- numeric file, 1944-45; and correspondence and reports of subsections of the Support Arms Branch of the Troops Division, 1943-45. Records of subordinate organizations of the G-4 Section, including a subject-numeric file of the Transportation Division, 1944-45; and correspondence of the Ordnance and Medical Branches of the Supply and Evacuation Division, 1944-45. Decimal correspondence of the G-5 Section, 1944-45. Records of the Judge Advocate Section, 1944-45, consisting of decimal correspondence; court-martial case files; and manuals concerning military government in Germany ("Publications File"). Records of the Engineer Section, 1944-45, consisting of subject and subject- numeric files, and biweekly reports. Records of other subordinate organizations, including a subject file of the Public Relations Section, 1944-45; a subject file of the Signals Section, 1944-45; decimal correspondence of Headquarters Special Troops, 1944-45; and decimal correspondence of the Headquarters Company, 6th Army Group, 1944-45.
331.9 Records of Headquarters 12th Army Group (SHAEF)
1943-46
267 lin. ft. and 14 rolls of microfilm
History: Also known as Headquarters Central Group of Armies. Functioned under U.S. command.
Note: Some microfilm copies of formerly security-classified records continue to be security-classified.
331.9.1 General records
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1943-45, with separate cross-reference sheets to correspondence formerly classified below the top secret level. Microfilm copy of selected records from decimals 300 and 314.7 of the decimal correspondence, 1943- 45 (1 roll). Issuances ("Publications File"), 1944-45. After- action reports of various subordinate organizations, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (13 rolls). Journals of various subordinate organizations, 1943-45. Published version of the final after- action report (October 1943-July 1945), entitled, Report of Operations, July 31, 1945.
331.9.2 Records of general staff organizations
Textual Records: Records of the G-1 Section, including central subject correspondence, 1944-45; correspondence concerning awards and decorations, and policy books, of the Morale Branch, 1944-45; subject correspondence of the Personnel Branch, 1944-45; and subject correspondence, 1944-45, daily summaries, 1944-45, and journals, 1943-45, of the Operations Branch. Records of the G-2 Section, including central subject correspondence, 1944-45; incoming and outgoing messages, weekly intelligence summaries, and numbered reports ("G-2 Periodic Reports") of the Intelligence Branch, 1944-45; a report of operations (March 1, 1944-May 8, 1945) of the Enemy Terrain and Defense Section of the Intelligence Branch, July 2, 1945; and subject correspondence, 1944-45, operations reports, 1944-45, and case files ("Building Targets" and "Personality Targets"), 1945, of the Target Branch. Records of the G-3 Section, including central subject correspondence, outgoing messages, reports, and journals, 1944- 45; subject correspondence of the Air Branch, 1944-45; and combat observation reports ("Immediate Reports") compiled by the Training Branch, 1944-45. Subject-numeric correspondence of the G-4 Section, 1943-45. Subject correspondence of the G-5 Section, 1943-45.
331.9.3 Records of special staff organizations
Textual Records: Records of the Publicity and Psychological Warfare Section, including central decimal correspondence, 1943- 45; a manuscript history of the section (1943-45), n.d.; and numbered instructions to press censors, issued by the Press Censorship Branch, 1944-45. Records of the Armored Section, including subject correspondence, 1944-45; armored unit activity reports, 1945; and a collection of War Office (British) technical intelligence summaries, 1944-45. Records of Headquarters Special Troops, including central decimal correspondence, 1944-45; court- martial case files of the Office of the Staff Judge Advocate, 1944-45; subject correspondence and investigatory reports of the Inspector General's Section, 1944-45; and subject correspondence of the 12th Army Group Liaison Detachment (Signal Information and Monitoring, "SIAM"), 1944-45. Records of other organizations, including decimal correspondence of the Artillery Section, 1943- 45; war diaries of the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Section, 1944-45; decimal correspondence of the Finance Section, 1944-45; investigatory reports of the Inspector General's Section, 1944- 45; two manuscript histories (December 1943-July 1945) of the Medical Section, 1946 and n.d., respectively; a manuscript history (March 5, 1944-May 9, 1945) of the Ordnance Section, May 29, 1945; subject correspondence of the Quartermaster, Signal, and Transportation Sections, 1944-45; and subject correspondence of Static Liaison Staff Number 4, April-August 1945.
331.10 Records of Headquarters 21st Army Group (SHAEF)
1944-45
14 rolls of microfilm
History: Also known as Headquarters Northern Group of Armies. Functioned under British command.
Textual Records: Security-classified microfilm copy of the appendixes to the war diary, May 1944-June 1945, including operations orders, message logs, intelligence reports, and combat summaries (13 rolls). Security-classified microfilm copy of headquarters directives, March 4, 1944-April 22, 1945 (1 roll).
331.11 Records of Headquarters First Allied Airborne Army (SHAEF)
1944-45
19 lin. ft. and 6 rolls of microfilm
Textual Records: General records, 1944-45, consisting of decimal correspondence; a subject file ("Administrative File"); formerly security-classified code-named operations case files, with security-classified microfilm copy (6 rolls); and outgoing messages. Journal of the G-1 Section, 1944-45. Subject file of the G-3 Section, 1944-45.
Related Records: Papers, 1913-65, of Gen. Floyd L. Parks, Chief of Staff, First Allied Airborne Army (1944-45), in Eisenhower Library.
331.12 Records of Other Organizations Under SHAEF Operational
Control
1943-45
2 lin. ft. and 2 rolls of microfilm
Textual Records: Security-classified microfilm copy of records of Special Force Headquarters (SFHQ), London, consisting of directives relating to the organization and function of SFHQ, 1943-44; an English-language manuscript history of the command organization of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI), by the FFI commander, Gen. Pierre Joseph Koenig, n.d.; and daily summaries of resistance activities in the occupied countries of Western Europe, prepared by SFHQ for SHAEF G-3 Division, June 5, 1944-May 7, 1945 (1 roll). Records of Headquarters Allied Land Forces Norway, consisting of war diaries of subordinate organizations, 1945, and correspondence and other records of the Psychological Warfare Group, 1945. Records of Headquarters Berlin District, consisting of decimal correspondence, January-June 1945; a security-classified microfilm copy of the decimal correspondence, 1945, and of general orders issued by Headquarters Berlin District, 1945 (1 roll); and incoming messages, May 17-25, 1945.
331.13 Records of the Air Staff, SHAEF
1943-45
61 lin. ft. and 167 rolls of microfilm
History: Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Air Force (AEAF) established pursuant to directive COSSAC (43) 81, Headquarters COSSAC, November 16, 1943, designating Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory as Air Commander-in-Chief AEAF. Abolished, effective October 15, 1944, by SHAEF letter AG 373-2 GCT-AGM, October 20, 1944, with functions transferred to Air Staff, SHAEF, established by same letter. Air Staff, SHAEF, functioned as a separate staff from that of SHAEF proper. Chief of the Air Staff held the concurrent title of Deputy Chief of Staff (Air) AEF, and as such was directly responsible to Deputy Supreme Commander AEF. Air Staff, SHAEF, abolished concurrently with abolition of SHAEF, July 14, 1945.
Note: All records are security-classified.
331.13.1 General records
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of selected correspondence of Headquarters AEAF, 1943-44 (3 rolls). Subject and subject-numeric files of the Chief of the Air Staff, 1943-45. Central decimal and subject correspondence, 1943-45. Microfilm copy of selected central decimal and subject correspondence, 1943-45 (82 rolls).
331.13.2 Records of staff organizations
Textual Records: Subject file of the Air Information Unit of the Office of the Chief of the Air Staff, 1943-45. Subject-numeric file of the A-2 (Intelligence) Division, 1943-45. Subject files of the Air Plans Section of the A-3 (Operations) Division, 1943- 45. Records of the Air Operations Section of the A-3 (Operations) Division, 1943-45, including a subject file, a subject-numeric file, and code-named operations case files. Subject file of the A-4 (Administration) Division, 1943-45. Subject file of the Air Signal Division, 1943-45. Subject files, 1943-45, of the following subordinate organizations of the Air Signal Division: Administration, Signal Security, Radio Counter-Measures, Signal Plans, and Radar Sections; Office of the Chief Air Formation Signals Officer; and Air Dispatch Letter Service. Decimal correspondence and subject-numeric files of the Office of the Chief Meteorological Officer, 1944-45. Decimal correspondence of the Office of the Chemical Warfare Officer, 1944-45.
331.13.3 Records of field organizations
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of general correspondence of Headquarters Air Staff (Forward), SHAEF, 1943-45 (40 rolls). Microfilm copy of records of field units responsible to Headquarters Air Staff (Rear), SHAEF, consisting of correspondence of the 2nd Tactical Air Force, 1943-45 (9 rolls), and correspondence and issuances of subordinate organizations of the 103rd Wing, 1943-45 (33 rolls).
331.13.4 Records of the Joint Air Commission
Textual Records: Correspondence concerning relations between British and U.S. air forces, on the one hand, and French air forces, on the other, 1943-44.
331.14 Records of Headquarters Allied Naval Commander-In-Chief,
Expeditionary Force (ANCXF)
1943-45
2 lin. ft. and 7 rolls of microfilm
History: Headquarters ANCXF (also known as Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Naval Force) established pursuant to the designation, effective October 25, 1943, of Vice Admiral Sir Bertram H. Ramsay as Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force and Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief (Designate), with the acting rank of Admiral, by Admiralty letter M.053171/43, November 4, 1943. Maintained a separate staff organization from that of SHAEF proper, with a liaison office at SHAEF known as ANCXF (SHAEF). Terminated upon abolition of SHAEF, July 14, 1945.
Textual Records: War diaries of subordinate organizations, June 1944-May 1945. Administrative and operations orders for Operation Neptune, 1944. Security-classified microfilm copy of correspondence and issuances relating to planning for Operations Fortitude and Neptune, 1943-44 (7 rolls). Published report on naval operations in Operation Neptune, October 1944.
331.15 Records of Agencies Responsible For SHAEF Residual
Functions
1944-47
31 lin. ft. and 47 rolls of microfilm
History: Combined Administrative Liquidating Agency (CALA) established in Versailles, France, July 14, 1945, assuming residual functions of SHAEF, abolished same date (see 331.2). Functioned under joint supervision of the British Chiefs of Staff and the Commanding General, U.S. Forces, European Theater (USFET, formerly European Theater of Operations United States Army, ETOUSA), in accordance with a directive of Headquarters USFET, AG 322.011 GDS-AGO, July 23, 1945, and a similar directive of the British Chiefs of Staff, 20/Misc/2650/SD2, August 15, 1945. Abolished, effective September 15, 1945, by CALA message to War Department, HG 2157 MEL 992, September 11, 1945, with residual functions transferred to Combined Civil Affairs Liquidation Agency (CCALA), newly established under joint supervision of British Chiefs of Staff and Commanding General, USFET. CCALA abolished, June 30, 1947.
Note: All records are security-classified.
331.15.1 Records of the Combined Administrative Liquidating
Agency
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence of the Documents Section, 1945-46, with microfilm copy (5 rolls).
331.15.2 Records of the Combined Civil Affairs Liquidating Agency
Textual Records: Central records, consisting of a subject file, 1944-47, and a subject-numeric file, 1945-47. Subject files of Accounts Sections for Belgium, 1944-47; Denmark, 1945-47; France, 1944-47; Luxembourg, 1944-46; Netherlands, 1944-47; Norway, 1944- 46; the French Zone of Austria, 1946-47; and the French Zone of Germany, 1947. Microfilm copy of records, 1945-47, of the Audit Section and of the Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Norway Sections (42 rolls).
331.16 General Records of Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ)
1941-47
137 lin. ft. and 970 rolls of microfilm
History: Established by General Order 1, AFHQ, September 12, 1942, pursuant to Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) decision, reached July 25, 1942, to launch a combined U.S.-British operation against the northern and northwestern coast of Africa, and subsequent CCS directive to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, CCS 103, August 13, 1942, designating him Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force and charging him with the submission of a plan to effect the invasion of North Africa. AFHQ planned and directed ground, air, and naval operations and military government activities in the North African Theater of Operations (redesignated Mediterranean Theater of Operations, December 10, 1943). Located in London, September-November 1942; Algiers, Algeria, November 1942-July 1944; Caserta, Italy, July 1944-April 1947; and Leghorn (Livorno), Italy, April-September 1947. AFHQ functioned as a combined staff, but for administrative purposes, U.S. components were responsible to Headquarters North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), from February 14, 1943 (NATOUSA redesignated Mediterranean Theater of Operations, United States Army, MTOUSA, November 1, 1944); and British components were responsible to General Headquarters Central Mediterranean Forces (CMF), from October 1, 1945. Headquarters MTOUSA and General Headquarters CMF formally separated from AFHQ, October 1, 1945, leaving AFHQ to consist of a small interallied staff responsible for combined command liquidation activities. AFHQ abolished, effective September 17, 1947, by General Order 24, AFHQ, September 16, 1947.
331.16.1 Records maintained by the Supreme Allied Commander's
Secretariat
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of general correspondence, 1942- 47 (66 rolls). Photostatic copy of the security-classified and unclassified portions of a subject-numeric file, 1942-47. Microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, and related logs, maintained by the AFHQ Message Center, 1943-47 (382 rolls). Historical Section records, 1943-47, consisting of a microfilm copy of a history of AFHQ, with related background material (8 rolls); and a reference file.
331.16.2 Records maintained by the Records Branch of the Adjutant
General's Office
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of the central decimal file, 1942-47 (292 rolls), with a microfilm copy of related cross- reference sheets (56 rolls). Photostatic copies of a subject- numeric file, 1942-47. Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff (British), 1945-46 (1 roll). Records of the Office of the Chief Administrative Officer, consisting of a microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1942-46 (152 rolls); and a photostatic copy of correspondence, 1942-46.
331.16.3 Other general records
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of correspondence, reports, and other records of 1.S.9 (a subordinate organization of the special operations force known as "A" Force, directly responsible to AFHQ), relating to the organization of escape chains for Allied personnel in enemy-occupied territory, 1943-45 (13 rolls).
Maps and Charts (900 items): Strategic, tactical, and operations maps of North Africa and southern and southeastern Europe, containing information on defenses, military targets, transportation routes, bridges, and geographic restrictions on military maneuvers, 1941-45.
Aerial Photographs (132 items): Aerial prints and strip mosaics of areas in northern Italy, prepared by the Mediterranean Army Interpretation Unit (MAIU), and annotated to show railroads, river crossings, and defenses, 1944-45 (123 items). Airfields in Greece, oil refineries in Romania, aerial targets in Algeria, and defenses at Licata, Sicily, 1942-43 (9 items).
331.17 Records of the AFHQ G-2 (Intelligence) Section
1942-47
8 lin. ft. and 646 rolls of microfilm
331.17.1 General records
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943- 47 (14 rolls). Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943- 47. Microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, September 1945-June 1947 (6 rolls).
331.17.2 Records of subordinate organizations of the Counter
Intelligence Division
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the CI-1 (Military Security) Subsection, 1943-46 (15 rolls). Records of the CI-2 (Civil Security) Subsection, 1942-47, including electrostatic copies of a subject-numeric file; and microfilm copies of a subject-numeric file (78 rolls), case files on internees released from "A" Camp (22 rolls), investigatory case files on persons in "A" Camp (10 rolls), a reference file (4 rolls), personal and organizational name card files (29 rolls), a subject file on German and Italian intelligence activities (3 rolls), and a list of Italian officials ("Black List," 1 roll). Microfilm copies of records of the CI-3 (Ports and Frontiers) Subsection, including a subject-numeric file, 1942-47 (113 rolls); interrogation reports, 1942-47 (1 roll); case files on Italian seamen, 1942-47 (15 rolls); case files on applicants for travel authorization, 1942-47 (68 rolls); and a file of applications for visas to leave French Morocco, 1942-44 (4 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of the CI-4 (Sabotage and Special Counter Intelligence) Subsection, including a subject- numeric file, 1943-47 (30 rolls), and a subject file on sabotage activities, ca. 1943 (4 rolls), with an index to both files (4 rolls); case files on released and escaped internees, 1944-46 (6 rolls); case files on internees, prisoners of war, and other persons under investigation, with index, 1943-47 (74 rolls); card files containing names of enemy agents and intelligence service personnel and organizations, 1943-47 (15 rolls); and subject files on German and Italian intelligence activities, 1943-47 (2 rolls). Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file of the CI-4 (Sabotage and Special Counter Intelligence) Section, 1943-47. Microfilm copies of records of the CI-Balkans Subsection, including a subject-numeric file, 1943-47 (32 rolls); card files, handbooks, and reports relating to prominent individuals in the various Balkan countries and in Hungary, ca. 1943-47 (29 rolls); miscellaneous publications ("Booklets"), ca. 1943-47 (1 roll); and a report on documents found in possession of armed bands in Macedonia, with attached document copies, ca. 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of records of the CI-Plans (Austria) Subsection relating to counterintelligence planning, September-December 1944 (1 roll).
331.17.3 Records of the Operational Intelligence Division
Textual Records: Photostatic copy of general subject-numeric files, 1943-47. Microfilm copies of other general records, including a subject file, 1942-47 (1 roll); a subject-numeric file, 1942-47 (12 rolls); intelligence summaries and notes, ca. 1942-47 (13 rolls); records relating to orders of battle of the German and Hungarian armies, ca. 1942-47 (10 rolls); card files and other records relating to prominent individuals in the Balkan countries and the USSR, and to military subjects, 1942-47 (5 rolls); copies of Joint Intelligence Committee analyses, with related records, ca. 1942-47 (1 roll); and annotated copies of Mediterranean Joint Planning Staff issuances, ca. 1942-47 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of a collection of intelligence publications, maintained by the Library Subsection, 1943-45 (7 rolls). Microfilm copy of country handbooks and of a map showing areas of responsibility for topographical intelligence, maintained by the Topographical Subsection, 1943-47 (3 rolls).
331.17.4 Records of other divisions
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Communications Censorship Division, 1943-46 (9 rolls). Microfilm copy of records of the Intelligence Organization and Coordination Division relating to British intelligence units, 1943-46 (1 roll).
331.18 Records of the AFHQ G-3 (Operations and Training) Section
1942-47
118 lin. ft. and 156 rolls of microfilm
331.18.1 Records of the Operations Subsection
Textual Records: Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-47. Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-47 (116 rolls).
331.18.2 Records of the Training Subsection
Textual Records: Security-classified and formerly security- classified photostatic copies of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45. Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (2 rolls).
331.18.3 Records of other subsections
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Organization (American) Subsection, 1944-45 (1 roll). Records of the Organization (British) Subsection, consisting of a photostatic copy of a top secret subject-numeric file, ca. 1942- 45; and a microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1942-45 (2 rolls). Records of the Plans Subsection, consisting of a photostatic copy of a top secret subject-numeric file, 1943-45; and a microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (21 rolls). Records of the Special Operations Subsection, including a photostatic copy of a top secret subject-numeric file, 1942-45; and a microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (13 rolls). Microfilm copy of reports and other records of Headquarters Royal Armoured Corps (British) concerning tactical lessons learned from operations in Greece and Italy, 1943-45 (1 roll).
331.19 Records of the AFHQ G-5 (Military Government and Civil
Affairs) Section 1943-47
331 rolls of microfilm
331.19.1 General records
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of central decimal correspondence, 1943-47 (31 rolls). Microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, with related logs, 1943-47 (38 rolls).
331.19.2 Records of the Policy and Control Division
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence, 1943- 47 (103 rolls). Microfilm copy of records relating to various operational plans, including those for the invasion of southern France, 1943-47 (4 rolls). Microfilm copy of records relating to operations on Crete and in the Dodecanese Islands, ca. 1943-47 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of records relating to military government and civil affairs in Austria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia, 1943-47 (12 rolls). Microfilm copy of reports, messages, and other records concerning the administration of surrendered German personnel in Italy, ca. 1943-47 (1 roll).
331.19.3 Records of other subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of records of the Economics and Supply Division, consisting of records relating to the procurement of supplies for Operation Anvil, 1943-44 (5 rolls); records concerning the procurement of civil supplies for Austria, Italy, and the Balkan countries, 1943-47 (71 rolls); airgram messages, 1943-47 (3 rolls); and correspondence and message logs, 1943-46 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Displaced Persons Division, 1944-47 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Office of the Financial Adviser, 1943-46 (26 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of the Liaison and Civil Affairs Branch, 1947, including the central subject- numeric file (1 roll); and correspondence and other records of component organizations (29 rolls). Microfilm copy of staff studies, messages, and other records of the Liaison Office concerning military government in the region of Venezia Giulia, Italy, March-September 1947 (2 rolls).
331.20 Records of Other AFHQ General Staff Sections
1942-45
1 lin. ft. and 76 rolls of microfilm
331.20.1 Records of the U.S. component of the G-1 (Personnel)
Section
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, July 1942-December 1943 (1 roll).
331.20.2 Records of G-4 Sections
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the G-4 (Movements and Transportation) Section, 1943-45 (22 rolls). Records of the G-4 (Supply and Evacuation) Section, including a top secret subject-numeric file, 1943-45; and a microfilm copy of records relating to supply, April-November 1944 (52 rolls).
331.21 Records of AFHQ Special Staff Organizations
1942-47
14 lin. ft. and 310 rolls of microfilm
331.21.1 Records of the Signal Section
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of general records, including decimal correspondence of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1943-46 (3 rolls); and central decimal correspondence maintained by the Administration and Personnel Division, 1943-47 (10 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of subordinate organizations, including a subject-numeric file of the Telecommunications Division, 1943-46 (8 rolls); decimal correspondence, a project file, and other records of the Wire Division, 1943-47 (15 rolls); records of the Wire Operations Division relating to the Freedom (AFHQ) Telephone Exchange, 1945-47 (1 roll); and a subject- numeric file of the Signal Center, 1944-47 (3 rolls). Microfilm copy of a project file of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Line of Communication, Italy, 1943-45 (9 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of the Long Lines Liaison Office, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1943-47 (16 rolls); a subject-numeric file, 1943-47 (8 rolls); messages concerning telecommunications among Italian cities, 1946-47 (2 rolls); and orders for toll circuit installation, 1943-47 (2 rolls).
331.21.2 Records of the Psychological Warfare Branch
Textual Records: Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1942-46. Microfilm copy of a subject file, 1942-46 (1 roll). Microfilm copies of reports on branch activities, 1942-46 (4 rolls); press and radio activities in Italy and the Balkans, 1942-46 (32 rolls); general conditions in liberated Italy, 1944- 46 (6 rolls); the Italian Fascist Party hierarchy, 1942-46 (1 roll); documents formerly in the custody of the Italian Ministry of Popular Culture, 1942-46 (13 rolls); and miscellaneous subjects, 1942-46 (6 rolls). Microfilm copy of summaries of broadcasts of various Axis-controlled and neutral radio stations, 1943 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of leaflets and news bulletins from various countries, 1942-46 (8 rolls). Microfilm copies of cards containing basic information on prominent individuals, 1942-46 (6 rolls), and of a file of related biographical material, 1942-47 (4 rolls). Microfilm copies of newspapers, including the Axis- issued Die Suedfront, October 1943-December 1944 (4 rolls) and the Allied-issued Giornale Allento, August 1945-January 1946 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of a Psychological Warfare Branch report to the War Department, entitled, "Psychological Warfare in the Mediterranean Theater," August 31, 1945 (1 roll).
331.21.3 Records of other special staff organizations
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of records of the Engineer Section, including a central subject-numeric file, 1942-45 (5 rolls); and a subject-numeric file of the Survey Directorate, 1942-45 (12 rolls). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Ordnance Section, 1942-45 (5 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of the Public Relations Section, consisting of news releases, with related records, August-September 1946 (1 roll); and incoming and outgoing messages, November 1946-August 1947 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Quartermaster Section, with separate project file, 1943-45 (9 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Allied Force Local Resources Section, 1942-45 (10 rolls). Microfilm copies of correspondence, reports, and other records of subordinate units of the Allied Force Military Railway Service (Italy), 1943-45 (5 rolls). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Antiaircraft and Coast Defense Section, 1942-45 (26 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Central Statistical Section, 1945 (1 roll). Records of the Information, News, and Censorship Section (also known as the Information and Censorship Section), consisting of a top secret photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45; and a microfilm copy of a subject file, 1943-45 (6 rolls). Records of the Liaison Section, consisting of a photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1942-46; and a microfilm copy of decimal correspondence, 1942-46 (30 rolls). Records of the Logistical Plans Section, including a photostatic copy of a top secret subject-numeric file, 1942-45; and a microfilm copy of a subject- numeric file, 1942-45 (9 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject file of the Passive Air Defense and Civil Defense Section, 1942-45 (9 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Petroleum Section, 1943-46 (15 rolls).
331.22 Records of AFHQ Financial and Accounting Organizations
1943-48
716 rolls of microfilm
331.22.1 Records of the Allied Financial Agency (AFA)
History: Performed fiscal functions in liberated Italy, 1943-47, for Headquarters Allied Military Government (AMG) and Headquarters Allied Commission (see 331.30). Placed for administrative purposes under Headquarters Allied Commission, but was responsible to AFHQ G-5 Section for operations (see 331.19).
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Operations Division, 1943-48 (37 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of the Accounting Division, including a subject-numeric file maintained by the Office of the Chief Accountant, 1944-47 (21 rolls); a subject file containing correspondence relating to emergency financial assistance and to black market control, 1944- 47 (3 rolls); records relating to financial activities in each of the numbered AMG regions of Italy, 1943-47 (484 rolls); accounting ledgers, 1943-47 (17 rolls); trial balance sheets, 1944-46 (1 roll); cards containing information on persons for whom bail was posted, 1943-47 (2 rolls); and cargo manifests, September-October 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copies of correspondence, account books, and related records of each of the AFA field offices serving AMG Regions I through VII in Italy, 1943-44 (72 rolls).
331.22.2 Records of the Allied Supply Accounting Agency
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of records, 1943-48, consisting of a subject-numeric file (39 rolls); a correspondence register (1 roll); miscellaneous accounting and shipping records (32 rolls); reports and other records concerning medical supplies issued to the Italian region of Venezia Giulia and province of Udine (5 rolls); and reports concerning civilian supplies shipped from Canada to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (1 roll).
331.23 Records of the Allied Screening Commission (Italy) and its
Successor, The Prisoner-Of-War Claims Commission [AFHQ]
1943-47
309 lin. ft. and 2 rolls of microfilm
History: Establishment of Allied Screening Commission (ASC) as an organization of "A" Force (a special operations agency of AFHQ, responsible for deception and cover plans, and for the organization of escape chains) authorized by AFHQ letter to G-3, AFHQ, CAO/767, July 11, 1944. Responsible for giving recognition to, and compensating, persons in Italy who had assisted Allied personnel behind enemy lines following Allied armistice with Italy (September 3, 1943). Consolidated with 1.S.9 (see 331.16.3), another "A" Force organization, to form ASC (Italy), effective July 20, 1945, by Administrative Instruction No. 1, Headquarters ASC (Italy), July 16, 1945. Abolished, effective April 10, 1947, by letter, GHQ CMF 1060/A1 (Ser. 6444), April 2, 1947, amending GHQ CMF letter 1060/A1 (Ser. 6051), January 13, 1947, with residual functions transferred to newly established Prisoner-of-War Claims Commission (POWCC). POWCC abolished, October 31, 1947.
331.23.1 Records of the Allied Screening Commission (Italy)
Textual Records: General records, 1943-47, consisting of a subject-numeric file; a claims case file, with index; lists of claims ("routing slips"); a death claims file, with registers; lists of payments made to both Italian and Austrian claimants; and a file of identity cards for U.S., French, and Greek prisoners of the Italian Army, compiled by the Italian Red Cross. Correspondence and claims files of the Austrian Section, 1943-47. Microfilm copy of records, in ASC (Italy) custody, of the underground organization known as the Allied Prisoner-of-War Organization (also known as the Rome Movement), 1943-45 (2 rolls).
331.23.2 Records of the Prisoner-of-War Claims Commission
Textual Records: Claims case files, 1943-47.
331.24 Records of AFHQ Committees, Commissions, and Boards
1943-47
15 rolls of microfilm
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Accommodation Control Committee, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Advance Telecommunications Board, 1944-45 (4 rolls). Microfilm copy of reports and other records of the Air Priorities Board, 1943-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of correspondence and minutes of the Allied Force Labor and Wages Committee, 1945-47 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of correspondence, minutes, and other records of the Allied Sports Commission, 1944- 45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence of the Combined Signal Board, 1943-46 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of minutes, with related background material, of the Italian Shipping Board, 1946-47 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of correspondence and other records of the Joint Claims Committee, 1944 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of reports of the Joint Intelligence Committee, Allied Force, 1943-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Mediterranean Allied Air Committee, 1945-47 (3 rolls).
331.25 Records of Headquarters 15th Army Group and Subordinate
Commands (AFHQ)
1942-46
29 lin. ft. and 218 rolls of microfilm
History: Also known at various times as Headquarters Allied Forces in Italy, Headquarters Allied Central Mediterranean Force, and Headquarters Allied Armies in Italy. Functioned under British command.
331.25.1 Records of Headquarters 15th Army Group
Textual Records: Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file of the Brigadier General Staff, 1943-44. Microfilm copy of plans for Operations Avalanche, South, and Shingle, January-September 1944, maintained by the Office of the Chief of the General Staff (1 roll). Records of the G-2 (General Staff Intelligence) organization, consisting of a photostatic copy of a subject- numeric file, 1943-45; and a microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (62 rolls). Microfilm copies (some with corresponding photostatic copies) of correspondence and other records, 1943-45, of the following other staff organizations: G (Air), G (Liaison), G (Operations), G (Plans), G (Records), G (Special Operations), G (Staff Duties), and G (Training) Branches (80 rolls); Medical Branch (2 rolls); Operational Research Section (1 roll); Q-1, Q-2, Q (Army Equipment), Q (Movements and Transportation), Q (Plans), and Q (Statistics) Branches (46 rolls); the Signals Branch (1 roll); Supply and Transportation Branch (1 roll); and A Branch (9 rolls).
331.25.2 Records of Headquarters Fifth U.S. Army
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General's Section, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Records, 1943-46, with microfilm copies (11 rolls), of the following components of the British Increment, assigned to Fifth U.S. Army: General Staff Intelligence, G (Operations) Branch, G (Plans) Branch, G (Staff Duties) Branch, Q (Air Liaison) Section, and the Supply and Transport Branch. Microfilm copy of records of British X Corps, assigned to Fifth U.S. Army, consisting of orders and reports relating to Operation Avalanche and the assault crossing of the Volturno River, 1943-45 (1 roll).
331.25.3 Records of Headquarters Eighth British Army
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject file of the G (Air) Branch, 1942-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of records of the G (Plans) Branch concerning Operation Avalanche, 1943-44 (1 roll).
331.26 Records of Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces
(HQ MAAF) and Subordinate Commands [AFHQ]
1942-45
131 lin. ft. and 302 rolls of microfilm
331.26.1 Records of the Operations Section of HQ MAAF
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a central subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (25 rolls). Central subject file relating to bombing missions and operational requirements, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (32 rolls). Microfilm copy of daily operations summaries, 1943-45 (5 rolls). Subject-numeric files of the Air Staff Registry and the Aircraft Safety Subsection, 1943-45, with microfilm copies (14 rolls).
331.26.2 Records of the Intelligence Section of HQ MAAF
Textual Records: Central subject-numeric file, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (9 rolls). Subject-numeric file of the Mediterranean Photographic Intelligence Center, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls). Subject-numeric file of the Signals Intelligence Subsection, 1942-45, with microfilm copy (11 rolls). Microfilm copy of studies and other records of the Target Analysis Section, 1943-45 (84 rolls).
331.26.3 Records of other organizations of HQ MAAF
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file of the Air Plans Section, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (28 rolls). Records of subsections of the Signals Section, including a subject-numeric file of the Communications Subsection, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (16 rolls); and a subject-numeric file of the Radar Subsection, 1943- 45, with microfilm copy (4 rolls). Correspondence, reports, and messages of the Bucharest Liaison Section, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Records of the Historical Section, consisting of a subject file, 1944-45, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Subject-numeric file of the Air Advisory Section, October- November 1945, with microfilm copy (1 roll). Microfilm copy of records of the Special Service Section relating to the central welfare fund, February-August 1945 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Office of the Air Inspector, 1943-45 (1 roll). Subject-numeric file of the Joint Air Commission, 1943- 45.
331.26.4 Records of headquarters of subordinate commands
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of subject-numeric files, 1943- 45, of the following component organizations of Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Forces: Office of the Air Officer Commanding (3 rolls); Air Staff (11 rolls); Intelligence Section (1 roll); and Signals Section (1 roll). Subject-numeric file of the Mediterranean Allied Photographic Reconnaissance Wing, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (14 rolls). Issuances of Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls). Subject file of Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (29 rolls). Decimal correspondence of Headquarters Mediterranean Air Transport Service, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (3 rolls). Records, of uncertain provenance, relating to activities of the Twelfth U.S. Air Force, 1943-45, with microfilm copy (2 rolls).
331.27 Records of Headquarters Commander-In-Chief Mediterranean
(AFHQ)
16 lin. ft. and 35 rolls of microfilm
History: An AFHQ naval command organization.
Textual Records: Security-classified and formerly security- classified subject-numeric file of the Operations Branch, 1942- 45, with microfilm copy (22 rolls). Subject file of the Flag Office Command, U.S. Naval Forces Northwest African Waters, 1943- 45, with microfilm copy (13 rolls).
331.28 Records of Military Headquarters (Balkans) [AFHQ]
1941-45
478 rolls of microfilm
331.28.1 Records of main headquarters
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of numbered Brigadier General Staff policy papers, 1944-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Adjutant General's and the Quartermaster General's Branch ("AQ Branch"), 1944-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of war diaries of various subordinate organizations, 1943-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copies of correspondence, reports, messages, and other records, 1941-45, of the following branches: Civil Posts (1 roll); Commander (2 rolls); Economics and Supplies (19 rolls); Finance (8 rolls); Liaison (2 rolls); Movement and Transportation (1 roll); Operations and Plans (14 rolls); Relief and Refugee (1 roll); and Veterinary (1 roll). Microfilm copy of records of the U.S. Contingent concerning personnel and equipment, 1944-45 (1 roll).
331.28.2 Records of field organizations
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of records of Military Liaison Headquarters (Greece), 1942-45, including records of subordinate staff organizations (125 rolls), and records of the following field offices: "B" Region, Kalamai (24 rolls); "D" Region, Preveza (33 rolls); "F" Region, Volos (20 rolls); "G" Region, Kavalla (13 rolls); "H" Region, Mitylene (14 rolls); "I" Region, Khios (12 rolls); 1st (Athens) District (23 rolls); 2nd (Patrai) District (18 rolls); 3rd (Salonika) District (20 rolls); 4th (Aegean) District (16 rolls); 5th (Cyclades) District (9 rolls); and 6th (Crete) District (12 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of subordinate organizations of Military Liaison Headquarters (Albania), 1941-45 (59 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of subordinate organizations of Military Liaison Headquarters (Yugoslavia), 1944-45 (27 rolls).
331.29 Records of Other AFHQ Command Organizations
1943-47
146 rolls of microfilm
331.29.1 Records of Rome Area Allied Command
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, 1944-47, including a subject-numeric file (23 rolls); a subject file (1 roll); investigative case files (58 rolls), with an index (14 rolls); reports concerning Italian political parties (1 roll); and records concerning applications for U.S. visas (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of requisition case files of the Real Estate Section, 1944-47 (34 rolls). Microfilm copy of correspondence, reports, and other records of the Engineer Services, 1944-46 (7 rolls).
331.29.2 Other records
Textual Records: Microfilm copies of subject-numeric files of the "A," "G," and "Q" Branches of Headquarters Florence Command, 1944-46 (5 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Advanced Command Post ("Fairbanks"), in Naples, Italy, 1943 (1 roll).
331.30 Records of the Allied Commission (AFHQ)
1942-48
3,391 lin. ft. and 794 rolls of microfilm
History: Allied Control Commission for Italy (ACC) established as an AFHQ organization, directly responsible to the Commander-in- Chief, Allied Force, effective November 10, 1943, by Administrative Memorandum 74, AFHQ, November 2, 1943, superseding the Allied Military Mission, which had been established by AFHQ, September 12, 1943, to negotiate an armistice with the government, headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio, recognized by the Allied governments as the legitimate political authority. ACC responsible for effecting the transfer of Allied-occupied Italian territory to Italian Government jurisdiction, and for ensuring the Italian Government's adherence to the armistice, signed September 3, 1943, with terms specified and agreed to, September 29, 1943. During period November 1943-January 1944, three AFHQ organizations exercised military government functions in Italy: ACC; Headquarters Allied Military Government (AMG), functioning in the stable occupied areas; and Headquarters AMG Allied Central Mediterranean Force (ACMF, formerly 15th Army Group), controlling, in the combat zone and the immediate rear area, AMG units serving with Fifth U.S. and Eighth British Armies. In a reorganization of military government activities effected by General Order 5, AFHQ, January 24, 1944, Headquarters AMG and Headquarters AMG ACMF were abolished, with functions assumed by ACC; ACC was removed from direct responsibility to AFHQ and assigned to ACMF; and Lt. Gen. Sir Noel Mason MacFarlane was designated both ACC Chief Commissioner (thus, chief executive officer) and ACMF Chief Civil Affairs Officer. By same general order, AMG units serving with Fifth U.S. and Eighth British Armies were assigned administratively to ACC, but remained under operational control of the respective army commanders. ACC supervised all regions of Italy except Venezia Giulia and Udine, which remained under AMG supervision (see 331.31). Pursuant to a joint declaration by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill ("Hyde Park Declaration"), September 26, 1944, that the word "Control" would be removed from the ACC name to mark the transition from Allied to Italian Government jurisdiction, ACC redesignated Allied Commission (AC) by a memorandum from G-5 Section, AFHQ, to Headquarters ACC, October 24, 1944. AC organizations gradually discontinued, 1944-46. AC abolished by Staff Memorandum 3, AFHQ, January 31, 1947, in accordance with Combined Chiefs of Staff signal message FAN 711, January 11, 1947, with residual functions divided, in AFHQ, between Office of the Chief Civil Affairs Officer (formerly Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-5) and the newly established Italian Military Affairs Section.
331.30.1 General records of headquarters
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file, 1943-45, consisting of consolidated records of the Allied Military Government of the Occupied Territory (1943-44), the Allied Military Mission (1943), AMG 15th Army Group (1943-44), and Headquarters AC (1943-45). Subject-numeric file of the Office of the Chief Commissioner, 1943-47. Records of the Office of the Chief of Staff (formerly Office of the Executive Commissioner), including a subject- numeric file, 1943-47; a subject-numeric file, 1943-45, and incoming and outgoing messages, 1943-45, maintained by the former Office of the Adjutant; issuances, 1942-45; a subject-numeric file, 1944-47, and a master set of finding aids to AC records, 1943-47, maintained by the Archives Division (formerly Archives Branch), 1944-47; and a subject-numeric file of the Liaison Branch (formerly Liaison Division of the Civil Affairs Branch), 1943-45. Index to records of AC field offices (see 331.30.3), 1943-47. Correspondence, reports, and other records relating to captured enemy war materials ("Miscellaneous, All Regions"), 1943-48. Correspondence, lists, and other records concerning the disposition of U.S., British, French, and Russian property in the custody of Allied Force units, 1943-47.
Microfilm Publications: M1190.
331.30.2 Records of headquarters organizations
Textual Records: Subject-numeric files of the Public Relations Branch, 1944-47; the Political Section, 1943-45; Establishments Section, 1943-47; and Air Forces, Land Forces, Navy, and Communications Subcommissions, 1943-47. Records of the Civil Affairs Section, consisting of a central subject-numeric file, 1943-46, and subject-numeric files and other records of the following subcommissions: Displaced Persons and Repatriation, 1943-47; Education, 1943-46; Legal, 1943-47; Local Government, 1943-46; Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives, 1943-46; Patriots, 1944-45; Public Health, 1943-46; and Public Safety, 1943-47. Records of the Economic Section, consisting of a central subject- numeric file, 1943-47; and subject-numeric files, 1943-47, of the Captured Enemy Materials Branch, and of the Finance, Property Control, Food and Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Labor, Transportation and Shipping, and Public Works and Utilities Subcommissions.
Microfilm Publications: M1190.
331.30.3 Records of field offices
Textual Records: Subject-numeric files, some with microfilm copies as indicated, of the headquarters office and subordinate provincial offices of the following numbered administrative regions: I (Sicily), 1943-46 (145 ft. and 166 rolls); IV (Lazio- Umbria), 1943-45 (131 ft.); V (Umbria-Marche), 1943-45 (125 ft.); VI (Sardinia), 1943-45 (13 ft. and 43 rolls); VIII (Toscana), 1944-46 (186 ft.); IX (Emilia), 1943-46 (108 ft.); X (Liguria), 1943-46 (109 ft.); XI (Lombardia), 1944-47 (216 ft.); XII (Venezia), 1944-46 (150 ft.); and XIV (Piemonte), 1944-46 (94 ft.). Subject-numeric files of the headquarters office and subordinate provincial and zone offices of the Southern Region (a consolidation of the former Regions II, III, and VII), 1943-46, with partial microfilm copy (364 ft. and 585 rolls).
Microfilm Publications: M1190.
331.30.4 Records of Allied Military Government (AMG)
organizations under Allied Commission administrative supervision
Textual Records: Records of AMG Fifth U.S. Army, 1943-45, including a central subject-numeric file and subject-numeric files of subordinate organizations. Records of AMG Eighth British Army, including a general subject-numeric file, 1943-45; and a subject-numeric file dealing with legal matters, 1943-44.
Microfilm Publications: M1190.
331.31 Records of Allied Military Government (AMG) Organizations
In Venezia Giulia and Udine, Italy [AFHQ]
1943-47
388 lin. ft.
History: For a history of the Allied Commission and related military government organizations in Italy, 1943-47, see 331.30. Because both Italy and Yugoslavia claimed possession of the Venezia Giulia region, particularly of Trieste, its capital city and port; and because of the proximity of Udine Province to the disputed territory, both Venezia Giulia and Udine remained under AMG supervision instead of being turned over to the Allied Commission. By letter of Headquarters AMG Tre Venezie Region, June 11, 1945, confirmed by letter order, Headquarters Allied Commission, June 14, 1945, newly established AMG XIII Corps was given responsibility to administer Venezia Giulia and Udine under direct supervision of AFHQ. In accordance with the Treaty of Peace with Italy, effective September 15, 1947, Udine reverted to Italy; Venezia Giulia, except for the City and Port of Trieste and surrounding territory, was partitioned between Italy and Yugoslavia; and the City and Port of Trieste and surrounding territory were established as the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT). For a history of FTT, 1947-54, see 331.33.
331.31.1 Records of AMG Venezia Giulia
Textual Records: General records of headquarters, including a subject-numeric file of the Office of the Military Governor, 1943-47; a central subject file, 1945-47; minutes of meetings between representatives of AMG Venezia Giulia and the Yugoslav Government, 1945-47; monthly reports, 1945-47; and miscellaneous correspondence and reports, 1945-47. Subject files, 1945-47, of subordinate organizations of headquarters, including the Office of the Inspector General; the Allied Information Service; and the various divisions concerned with economic, financial, civil affairs, and public relations activities. Subject files, 1945-47, of the following field offices: AMG Gorizia Area, AMG Pola Area, AMG Trieste Area, and AMG Trieste City Area.
Microfilm Publications: M1190.
331.31.2 Records of AMG Udine
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file of the Office of the Provincial Commissioner, 1945-47. Subject-numeric files of the following subordinate divisions: Agriculture, 1945-46; Civil Affairs, 1945-46; Economics and Supply, 1945-46; Finance, 1945- 46; Food, 1945-46; Legal, 1944-47; Public Safety, 1945-47; Public Works and Utilities, 1945-47; Transportation, 1945-46; and Welfare, 1944-47. Miscellaneous administrative records, 1944-46.
331.32 Records of other AFHQ Organizations
1942-48
1 lin. ft. and 44 rolls of microfilm
331.32.1 Records of the Allied Force Records Administration
History: Responsible for collecting and microfilming records created by combined U.S.-British organizations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and for shipping the original records to authorized custodial organizations.
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file of the Office of the Allied Force Records Administrator, 1945-48 (7 rolls). Microfilm copies of records of subordinate units of the Allied Force Microfilming and Records Depot, 1945-48, consisting of decimal correspondence and other records of the Administrative Division (5 rolls); decimal correspondence with a separate project file, and case files ("Job Folders"), of the Archives Division (13 rolls); and a subject file and a file of organization charts of the Microfilm Division (2 rolls).
331.32.2 Records of the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation
Center
Textual Records: Photostatic copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45. Microfilm copy of a subject-numeric file, 1943-45 (2 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject file relating to administrative matters, 1943-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing messages, 1943-45 (1 roll). Microfilm copy of reports on interrogations of various German general officers, 1943-45 (1 roll).
331.32.3 Other records
Textual Records: Microfilm copy of news summaries, reports, and other records of the Allied Information Service, Trieste, relating to psychological warfare activities in the region of Venezia Giulia, Italy, January-October 1946 (8 rolls). Microfilm copy of records of the Joint Planning Staff relating to strategic planning, 1942-46 (3 rolls). Microfilm copy of a subject file of the Office of the Director of Harbor Craft, 1944-45 (1 roll).
331.33 Records of Allied Military Government, British-United
States Zone, Free Territory of Trieste
1942-54 (bulk 1947-54)
1,056 lin. ft.
History: For a history, 1943-47, of Allied military government in the Venezia Giulia region, of which Trieste was the capital and port, see 331.31. Allied Military Government (AMG), British- United States Zone (BUSZ), Free Territory of Trieste (FTT), established, September 15, 1947, by Proclamation No. 1 of the Commander, British-United States Forces, in his capacity as Military Governor, BUSZ, in accordance with Section III of the Treaty of Peace with Italy, effective same day, which established FTT under United Nations (UN) auspices and provided for its provisional administration until such time as a governor, appointed by the UN Security Council, organized a permanent administration. FTT, consisting of the City and Port of Trieste and surrounding territory, was divided into Zone A (which included the City and Port), administered by AMG, BUSZ; and Zone B, administered by organizations of the Yugoslav Government. The provisional administration was continued, 1947-54, because of the UN Security Council's inability to agree upon the selection of a governor. By a Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Yugoslavia, signed October 5, 1954, and subsequently accepted by the UN Security Council, the signatories agreed to an end of FTT provisional government and to the transfer, with a slight border adjustment, of Zone A territory to Italy and Zone B territory to Yugoslavia. By same memorandum, Italy agreed to maintain Trieste as a free port in accordance with terms of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. AMG, BUSZ abolished, October 26, 1954, with territory under its jurisdiction transferred to Italian Government.
331.33.1 Records of the Office of the Military Governor
Textual Records: Central subject-numeric file, 1947-54. Subject- numeric file of the Planning and Advisory Staff, 1947-54. Subject-numeric file of the Office of the Chief of Staff, 1947- 54. Reports, incoming and outgoing messages, and other records maintained by the Allied Secretariat, 1947-54. Subject-numeric file of the Office of the Security Officer relating to document security, 1947-54.
331.33.2 Records of the Directorate General, Civil Affairs
Textual Records: Subject-numeric files of the British Administration Section, ca. 1945-50. Correspondence and other records of the Public Information Office, 1947-54. Correspondence and other records of the Department of Legal Affairs, 1947-54.
331.33.3 Records of the Directorate of Interior
Textual Records: Central subject-numeric file, 1947-54. Records of the Department of Interior, including general files, 1948-52; and subject-numeric files, 1945-53, of the Patriots Division and of the Education, Public Health, and Welfare and Displaced Persons Offices. Records of the Department of Public Safety, 1947-48, including subject-numeric files of the Office of the Area Commissioner, Trieste Zone; and identity card and housing accommodation request records of the Office of the Area Commissioner, Trieste Zone, Trieste City, 1947-48.
331.33.4 Records of the Directorate of Finance and Economics
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file of the AMG Comptroller, 1947-54. Subject correspondence relating to assistance to Trieste under the European Recovery Program ("Trieste Delegations"), 1947-52. Subject-numeric files, 1942-53 (bulk 1945-53) of the Reports and Statistics, Programming, and Loan Sections. Subject- numeric file of the Agriculture and Fisheries Office, 1946-52. Central subject-numeric file of the Department of Finance, 1947- 51. Subject-numeric files, 1946-52, of the following sections of the Department of Finance: Audits and Accounts; Banking; Revenue; Budget Preparation; Property Control; Purchasing, Contracting, and Disbursing; Commercial Insurance; Utilization of Resources Corporation ("URC"); and Supply Accountant. Records of the Department of Commerce, including a central subject-numeric file, 1947-52; and subject-numeric files, 1946-50, of the following subordinate offices: Food, Price Control, Supply, Public Relations, and Medical Supply. Subject-numeric files of the Departments of Transportation, 1945-52; Public Works and Utilities, 1945-52; Production, 1946-51; and Economics, 1947-48.
331.33.5 Records of the Allied Information Service
Textual Records: Subject-numeric file, 1947-49.
331.33.6 Records of Trieste United States Troops (TRUST)
Textual Records: General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1946-54, including correspondence, messages, and command reports. Correspondence of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, 1951-52.
331.34 Records of General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area
(GHQ SWPA)
1939-66 (bulk 1942-49)
32 lin. ft.
History: Established by General Order 1, GHQ SWPA, April 18, 1942, pursuant to Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) directive, CCS 57/1, March 30, 1942, designating Gen. Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander SWPA, and defining the area to include Australia, New Britain, New Ireland, New Guinea, Borneo, the Celebes, and the Philippines. Exercised operational control over all Allied ground, naval, and air forces in SWPA; exercised strategic direction of, and provided operational support for, operations conducted in the adjacent South Pacific Area; and developed policies on supply, combat training, and other matters. Headquarters located in Melbourne, Australia, April-July 1942; Brisbane, Australia, July 1942-October 1944; Hollandia, New Guinea, October 1944-January 1945; Tacloban, Leyte, Philippine Islands, January-April 1945; and Manila, Philippine Islands, April-September 1945. Abolished pursuant to General Order 40, GHQ SWPA, August 28, 1945, according to which, effective September 2, 1945, most of the area covered by SWPA passed to control of Southeast Asia Command (see 331.35), with remaining area to continue under GHQ SWPA until such time as forces and personnel could be reassigned.
Textual Records: Records of the Psychological Warfare Branch, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1943-45; a subject file, 1944-45; and a publications file, 1943-45. Collection of historical monographs, with related intelligence summaries, operational reports, staff studies, and directives, compiled by the staff of Gen. MacArthur as source material for a projected history of GHQ SWPA and of General Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Pacific and its successor, General Headquarters Far East Command ("MacArthur Histories"), 1942-49.
Maps and Charts (3,220 items): Strategic, tactical, and operations maps of the island groups of the Southwest Pacific, containing information on defenses, military targets, military situations, transportation routes, geology, landing beaches, and general geographic, military, and political conditions, 1939-45 (660 items). Copies of the weekly publication, Southwest Pacific Newsmap, 1944-45 (60 items). Map plates, together with their preprint maps and overlays, relating to SWPA operations and the occupation of Japan (1945-48), produced ca. 1965-66 (2,500 items), and used in the Department of the Army publication, Reports of General MacArthur, 4 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966).
Aerial Photographs (42 items): Airfields, harbors, and other sites of military importance in the Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and other western Pacific areas, 1943-45.
Motion Pictures (7 reels): Interviews of former prisoners of war of the Japanese, September 1945 (1 reel). Views of prisoners of war interned by the Japanese in the Philippines (1941-45), 1947 (1 reel). Petroleum in Japan, ca. 1945 (5 reels).
Photographic Prints (147 images): Japanese paintings, in albums, depicting war-related events (ca. 1937-45), from the "MacArthur Histories" collection, 1942-49 (JWP).
Photomechanical Reproductions (300 images): Maps, charts, graphs, posters, and photographs, from the "MacArthur Histories" collection, 1942-49 (MH).
Posters (40 images): Newsmaps describing action in the Southwest Pacific, 1944-45 (NP).
Related Records: Additional GHQ SWPA records among records of Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Pacific; General Headquarters Far East Command; Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific; and Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Far East, all in RG 338, Records of U.S. Army Commands, 1942- . Formerly security- classified papers and official records, 1941-45, of Lt. Gen. Richard K. Sutherland, Chief of Staff, GHQ SWPA (1942-45); and security-classified and formerly security-classified papers and official records, 1941-49, of Gen. Charles A. Willoughby, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, GHQ SWPA (1942-45), in National Archives collection of donated materials.
331.35 Records of Headquarters Southeast Asia Command (SEAC)
1943-45
38 lin. ft.
History: Established by Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) directive, CCS 308/3, August 21, 1943, implementing decision reached at Quadrant Conference, Quebec, Canada (August 14-24, 1943). Became operational, November 16, 1943, with headquarters in New Delhi, India. Responsible for planning and executing operations against Japanese forces in the southeastern Asia area that included Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Sumatra. Headquarters moved to Kandy, Ceylon, April 15, 1944. Pursuant to decisions made at Terminal Conference, Potsdam, Germany (July 16- 26, 1945), and conveyed in CCS directive to Supreme Commander Southeast Asia, CCS 892/2, July 20, 1945, as amended July 24, 1945, area under SEAC expanded, effective September 2, 1945 (date of formal Japanese surrender), to include Borneo, Java, Celebes, the western half of New Guinea, and that portion of Indo-China lying south of the 16th Parallel. U.S. participation in SEAC officially terminated, November 1, 1945, leaving SEAC a wholly British command. SEAC abolished, December 1, 1946, with command functions divided among commanders-in-chief of the three services, and a joint service headquarters established under chairmanship of a civilian.
Textual Records: War diaries, minutes, messages, conference notes, intelligence reports, and publications relating to SEAC activities, 1943-45.
331.36 General Records of General Headquarters Supreme Commander
for the Allied Powers (GHQ SCAP)
1945-52
22 lin. ft.
History: Established by General Order 1, GHQ SCAP, October 2, 1945, pursuant to a directive of President Truman, August 14, 1945, designating Gen. Douglas MacArthur as SCAP, as agreed to by the Governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China, and the USSR. Responsible for enforcing Japanese compliance with the Instrument of Surrender, signed September 2, 1945. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Abolished by General Order 10, GHQ SCAP, April 28, 1952, following conclusion of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, April 28, 1952.
Textual Records: Correspondence relating to administration, 1951- 52. Records maintained by the Administrative Division of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, consisting of subject correspondence, 1945-52, and SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-52.
Maps (10 items): Japanese natural resources, with attached report, 1949 (9 items). SCAP administrative divisions in Japan and Korea, 1952 (1 item).
Glass Negatives (31 images): Graphs illustrating prison population changes, food imports, diet levels, and other subjects relating to Japan (1940-45), ca. 1946 (JAP).
331.37 Records of Organizations of General Headquarters U.S. Army
Forces, Pacific, and its Successor, General Headquarters Far East
Command, Relating to SCAP Functions
1945-52
1,301 lin. ft.
History: By Circular 14, GHQ SCAP, December 26, 1946, general staff and selected special staff organizations of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific (USAFPAC, established April 4, 1945, with Gen. Douglas MacArthur named Commander-in-Chief) were directed to perform limited functions for SCAP. The arrangement was continued following abolition of USAFPAC and transfer of its functions to newly established Far East Command (FEC), under command of Gen. MacArthur, by General Order 1, GHQ FEC, January 1, 1947.
331.37.1 Records of the SCAP Section of the Adjutant General's
Office
Textual Records: Formerly security-classified and unclassified central decimal correspondence, 1945-52 (403 ft.). Formerly security-classified and unclassified SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-49. Issuances, 1948-52. Correspondence and other records of the International Travel Office, 1945-52. Correspondence of the Japanese Postal Affairs Unit, 1945-52.
331.37.2 Records of the G-1 (Personnel) Section
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1945-52. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-52. Subject file of the Civil and Foreign Affairs Division, 1946-50.
331.37.3 Records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section
Textual Records: Correspondence and other records of the Military Intelligence, Security, and Public Safety Divisions, 1945-52. English-language translations of Japanese documents, produced by the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section of the Military Intelligence Service Division for distribution to the press, 1945-50.
331.37.4 Records of the Office of the Comptroller
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, with separate project file, 1945-48. Records of the Budget and Fiscal Division, 1945-48, including central correspondence, and correspondence of the Budget and Fiscal Branches. Records of the Finance Division, consisting of a central audit file, 1945-51; and correspondence, SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), and issuances of the Special Accounts Branch, 1945-52. Records of the Management Division, consisting of correspondence, subject files, and reports of the Special Accounts Branch, 1945-52; and general correspondence of the Statistics Branch, 1949-52. Records of the Audit Division, 1945-52, consisting of central correspondence, and correspondence of the Indigenous Branch.
331.37.5 Records of the SCAP Section of the Public Information
Office
Textual Records: Records of the Office of the Chief of Information, including a subject file, 1949-51; and a correspondence file, July-December 1951. Central chronological file, 1946-48. Subject file, 1946-50. Reports of the Far East Branch, 1946-50.
331.37.6 Records of other general and special staff sections
Textual Records: Records of the G-3 (Operations) Section, 1945- 50, consisting of a subject file and a file of records relating to reparations. Decimal correspondence of the G-4 (Logistics) Section, 1946-50. Case dockets of war crimes trial records, compiled by the War Crimes Division of the Judge Advocate Section, 1945-49 (401 ft.). Records of the Provost Marshal Section, including central correspondence, 1950; and records of subordinate units of the Military Police and Provost Division relating to contraband property, 1948-52.
331.38 Records of the SCAP Diplomatic Section
1945-52
5 lin. ft.
Textual Records: Records of the Soviet Liaison Office of the International Liaison Division, 1945-52, consisting of decimal correspondence, and correspondence concerning alleged obstructive actions on the part of the USSR.
331.39 Records of the SCAP Legal Section
1945-52
1,320 lin. ft.
History: Established policies and procedures for general legal matters. Supervised the court system. Supervised the prosecution, by military commission or tribunal, of war crimes not of an international nature ("Class B" and "Class C" war crimes). Those of an international nature ("Class A" war crimes) were prosecuted by the International Prosecution Section (see 331.40).
331.39.1 Records of the Office of the Chief
Textual Records: Records relating to war crimes trials, 1946-49, including court proceedings, affidavits and statements, and related records. Published summaries of SCAP nonmilitary activities in Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, and Korea, 1945-48. Records relating to personnel, 1945-46.
331.39.2 Records of the Administrative Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1945-52. Subject file, ca. 1945-50. Incoming and outgoing messages, 1946-50. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-52. Case files, compiled 1945-48, containing statements by former prisoners of war of the Japanese, arranged by location of prison camp ("Area Case Files"). Reports of the Judge Advocate Section of the Eighth U.S. Army on reviews that it conducted of Classes B and C war crimes trials held in Yokohama (1946-49), 1946-49. Records relating to Japanese prisoners of war ("Prisoner of War File" and "POW 201 File"), 1945-52. Records relating to the Far Eastern Commission, 1946-51. Public information summaries, 1945- 49. Records of the Statistical and Report Section, ca. 1945-47.
Microfilm Publication: M1112.
Aerial Photographs (125 items): Route of the Bataan Death March (1942), 1948.
331.39.3 Records of the Law Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1945-51. Incoming and outgoing messages ("Radio Cables"), 1945-50. Records relating to the parole of persons convicted of war crimes, 1946-51.
331.39.4 Records of the Legislation and Justice Division
Textual Records: Subject file ("General Alphabetical File"), 1946-52. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-51. Records, some in Japanese, relating to SCAP review of legislation prior to its submission to the Japanese Diet ("Japanese Legislation File"), 1946-51. Statistical reports, 1948-51. Reference file containing copies of Japanese laws and ordinances (1884-1947), compiled ca. 1945-47.
331.39.5 Records of the Prosecution Division
Textual Records: Case files relating to war crimes trials conducted by U.S. military commissions ("USA vs. Japanese War Criminals Case File"), 1945-49. Transcripts of trials, arranged by name of defendant ("USA vs. Japanese War Criminals Name File"), 1945-49. Records relating to war crimes trials conducted in the Philippine Islands, 1947-49; China, 1945-49, with index; and Korea, 1945-49. Clemency petition files, 1947-48.
331.39.6 Records of the Investigation Division
Textual Records: File of numbered reports of investigations conducted by the Investigation Division and other investigatory organizations, 1945-49. File of numbered reports of investigations conducted by the Investigative Division only, 1945-49. Completed questionnaires of former prisoners of war of the Japanese ("Recovered Personnel File"), 1945. Summary of cases, 1945-49.
331.39.7 Records of the Manila Branch
Textual Records: General correspondence ("Memorandum and Correspondence File"), 1945-49. Incoming and outgoing messages ("Radiograms"), 1945-49. Records concerning the interpretation and application of laws ("Numerical File"), 1945. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-50. Various files of records relating to the prosecution of war crimes by U.S. military commission or tribunal, 1945-48. File of clemency petitions, 1947-48.
331.40 Records of the SCAP International Prosecution Section
(IPS)
1907-48 (bulk 1945-48)
538 lin. ft. and 170 rolls of microfilm
History: Established by General Order 20, GHQ SCAP, December 8, 1945, implementing EO 9660, November 29, 1945, which authorized a staff to assist Chief of Counsel Joseph B. Keenan (named by Presidential appointment, announced November 10, 1945) in the preparation and prosecution of war crimes charges against high Japanese officials and their principal agents. Drew up charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), promulgated by General Order 1, GHQ SCAP, January 19, 1946, and repromulgated, as amended, by General Order 20, GHQ SCAP, April 25, 1946. Acted as prosecution throughout trial of 28 defendants before IMTFE, June 4, 1946-November 12, 1948. Abolished by General Order 3, GHQ SCAP, February 12, 1949, with residual functions transferred to Legal Section (see 331.39).
Textual Records: General correspondence of the Office of the Chief of Counsel ("Chief Prosecutor's Correspondence"), 1946-48, with indexes. Numbered records of staff attorneys, 1946-47. Numbered case files, 1945-47, with indexes. Card files containing names of war crimes suspects and witnesses, ca. 1945-47. Records relating to witnesses, 1946-47. Various files of documents assembled in evidence, 1907-47, some with indexes; with partial microfilm copies (163 rolls). Analyses of prosecution evidence presented to the IMTFE, 1946-47. Copies of documents offered in evidence by the defense, n.d., with indexes. Historical file (ca. 1930-48), compiled ca. 1945-48, with microfilm copy of the diary of former Japanese cabinet minister, the Marquis Koichi Kido (1930-45, 2 rolls). Briefs, completed applications, and other administrative records filed with the IMTFE ("Court Papers"), 1946-48, with indexes. Copies of official IMTFE trial records, 1945-48, including transcripts of proceedings, in English and Japanese; prosecution and defense exhibits, with indexes, and with partial microfilm copy (5 rolls); and verdicts. Photostatic copies of newspaper articles relating to Japanese war crimes and the IMTFE trial, 1943-48. Reference files (ca. 1899-1948), compiled ca. 1945-48. Miscellaneous records, ca. 1945-48.
Microfilm Publications: M1660-M1669, M1679-M1701, M1722-M1733.
Motion Pictures (1 reel): Japanese newsreel showing interrogation of captured U.S. pilots, and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, ca. 1944.
Photographic Prints (44 images): Views, from Japanese sources, of Japanese soldiers in action and of Allied prisoners of war, ca. 1942-45.
Related Records: Records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in RG 238, National Archives Collection of World War II War Crimes Records.
331.41 Records of the SCAP Civil Affairs Section
1945-52
882 lin. ft.
History: Military Government Section established as a special staff organization of Headquarters Eighth U.S. Army, a SCAP field command, September 1945. Redesignated Civil Affairs Section (CAS), July 1, 1949. Following a reduction in central and field staff, CAS transferred to GHQ SCAP, November 1949.
331.41.1 Records of the Headquarters Division
Textual Records: Records relating to public welfare, 1945-51; economic affairs and reparations, 1945-51; legislation and public administration, 1945-51; labor, 1946-51; and natural resources, 1945-51. Issuances ("Operational Directives"), 1945-49. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-51. Records relating to seized enemy property, 1945-48. Copies of the Official Gazette of the Japanese Government, 1946-51.
331.41.2 Records of the Administrative Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1951-52. Formerly security-classified subject file, 1950-51. Subject file ("Administration File"), 1951-52.
331.41.3 Records of Headquarters Civil Affairs Regions
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1950. Chronological file, 1948-50. Subject file, 1945-51. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-51. Activity reports, 1946- 51. Various files of publications, 1946-51.
331.41.4 Records of civil affairs field offices
Textual Records: General correspondence of the civil affairs headquarters of the Hokkaido District, 1945-51 (9 ft.). Correspondence, reports, issuances, and other records of civil affairs headquarters and subordinate prefectural teams of the following regions: Chugoku, 1945-51 (34 ft.); Kanto, 1944-51 (205 ft.); Kinki, 1945-51 (116 ft.); Kyushu, 1945-51 (71 ft.); Shikoku, 1945-51 (51 ft.); Tohoku, 1945-51 (114 ft.); and Tokai- Hokuriku, 1946-51 (26 ft.).
331.42 Records of the SCAP Government Section
1945-52
291 lin. ft.
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1945-52. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1945-51. Issuances of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1945-51, and of General Headquarters Far East Command, 1947-51. Records relating to the Far Eastern Commission, 1945-51. Records concerning the Japanese Diet, 1946-52. Records relating to elections, 1945-51. Records relating to the removal or exclusion from office of individuals considered undesirable as public officials ("Purge Files"), 1945- 51. Records concerning the Japanese Civil Service ("National Personnel Authority File"), 1945-51. Records concerning the economic decentralization program ("Zaibatsu File"), 1945-50. Records relating to religious, cultural, economic, and other organizations in Japan, 1945-52. File containing information on Japanese individuals involved in legal cases under U.S. jurisdiction ("Biographical File"), ca. 1945-52.
331.43 Records of the SCAP Civil Communications Section
1945-51
95 lin. ft.
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1945-51, with separate project file. Records of the Radio Division, 1945-51, including general correspondence, and records relating to the Broadcast Corporation of Japan. Monthly statements of the Telephone and Telegraph Division, 1946-49.
331.44 Records of the SCAP Civil Historical Section
1943-52
425 lin. ft.
331.44.1 General records
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1945-52. Reading file, 1946-51. Subject file, 1943-51. SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS"), 1947-51. Incoming messages, 1945-49. Monthly reports ("Summations") of military and nonmilitary activities in Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands, 1945-48. Historical monographs, with related background material, 1945-50. News releases ("Press Translations and Summaries"), 1945-47.
331.44.2 Records of the Library and Publications Division
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1945-51 (207 ft.). Subject file ("Topic File"), 1945-50. Incoming messages, 1945-51. News releases ("Press Translations and Summaries"), 1946-49. Copies of various publications, 1945-52.
331.45 Records of the SCAP Civil Information and Education
Section
864 lin. ft.
331.45.1 General records
Textual Records: Formerly security-classified and unclassified decimal correspondence, 1945-52. Subject file ("Topic File"), 1945-52. Incoming and outgoing messages ("Radio File"), 1946-51. Miscellaneous reports, 1945-51.
331.45.2 Records of the Information Division
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1947-52, with separate project file, 1947-51. Records of the Motion Picture Branch, including film scripts, with related records, 1945-51 (40 ft.); and decimal correspondence, 1946-52. Correspondence, reports, and other records, 1945-52, of the following other branches: Policy and Program; Press and Publications; Radio; Exhibits; and Information Centers. Translations, made by the Translation Unit of the Executive Branch, of Japanese documents relating to radio, motion pictures, the press, and the theater, 1946-51.
331.45.3 Records of the Education Division
Textual Records: Central administrative and program files, 1945- 51. Collection of approved and rejected textbooks, compiled by the Textbooks and Curriculum Branch, 1946-51 (101 ft.). Records of the Special Projects Branch, including a reference file of educational research materials, 1941-51 (69 ft.); administrative correspondence, 1945-50; statistical and other information on Japanese educational institutions, 1946; and records relating to Japanese participation in the Interchange of Person Program Under Government Relief in Occupied Areas ("National Leader Project File"), 1946-51. General correspondence, 1947-52, and lecture materials, 1948-50, of the Teacher Training Branch. General correspondence of the following other branches: Radio Education, 1945-51; Youth and Health Education, 1945-52; Elementary Education, 1945-51; and Higher Education, 1945-51. General correspondence of the Kanto Region Education Branch and of its subordinate organizations, 1945-51 (115 ft.).
331.45.4 Records of the Religion and Cultural Resources Division
Textual Records: Records of the Special Projects Branch relating to religions in Japan and to Christian missionary activities ("Religious Research Data"), 1945-51 (81 ft.). Records of the Arts and Monuments Branch, including a subject file, 1945-51; and a reference file, 1946-50.
331.45.5 Records of other subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Records of the Public Opinion and Sociological Research Division, 1945-52, consisting of a subject file, and records concerning a forestry survey. Records of the Supply Branch of the Administration Division, consisting of decimal correspondence, 1947-52, with separate project file; and records concerning the financing of youth education and information projects, 1951-52.
331.45.6 Records of regional offices
Textual Records: General correspondence of the following regional offices: Nagoya, 1950-52; Nagoya-Chugoku-Kure, 1950-52; and Chugoku-Kure-Hokkaido, 1951-52. Youth activities files, 1950-52, of the following regional offices: Hokkaido-Osaka; Kinki-Osaka; Kinki-Osaka-Shikoku; and Kyushu.
331.46 Records of the SCAP Economic and Scientific Section
1944-52
2,579 lin. ft.
331.46.1 General records
Textual Records: Subject file of the Office of the Chief, 1945- 52. Formerly security-classified and unclassified central decimal correspondence, 1946-51 (280 ft.). Incoming and outgoing messages, 1945-51. Various subject files, 1945-52. Records relating to Japanese citizens ("Japanese Nationals File"), 1946- 52.
331.46.2 Records of the Foreign Trade and Commerce Division
Textual Records: Subject file, 1947-52. Subject-numeric file, 1947-49. General file relating to trade activities ("General Export and Import File"), 1945-52 (157 ft.). Records relating to financial and trade agreements made between Japan and other countries, 1950-52. Export license application file, 1947-52.
331.46.3 Records of the Programs and Statistics Division
Textual Records: Subject file, 1945-52. Records relating to price stabilization and related matters ("Price, Production, and Distribution File"), ca. 1948-52 (149 ft.). Records relating to the dissolution of holding companies ("Zaibatsu Corporation File"), 1945-48 (130 ft.). Records relating to the reconversion of industries from military to civilian purposes, 1945-46. Statistics on prices and the distribution of goods ("Programs and Statistics on Price and Distribution File"), 1946-52.
331.46.4 Records of other subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Subject file of the Office of the Director of Economics and Planning, 1945-52. Decimal and subject correspondence of the Finance Division (also called the Public Finance Division), 1945-52. Records of the Comptroller Division, including a central subject file, 1945-52; and ledgers, maintained by the Special Accounts Branch of the Comptroller Division, containing information on occupation costs, 1945-52. Records of the Industrial Division, including central correspondence, 1946-51 (7 ft.); and general correspondence of the Industrial Production and Construction Branch, 1945-50 (431 ft.). General correspondence of the following other divisions: Tourists and Service, 1947-51; Utilities and Fuels, 1948-50; Scientific and Technical, 1945-52; Internal Revenue, 1945-50; Banking and Foreign Exchange, 1946-51; Price and Distribution, 1946-51; Fair Trade Practices, 1944-49; Labor, 1945-52; Natural Resources, ca. 1945-52; and Legal Affairs, 1947-52. Subject file of the SCAP Foreign Trade Office, New York, NY, 1946-51.
331.47 Records of the SCAP Civil Intelligence Section
1939-49 (bulk 1945-49)
193 lin. ft.
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD), ca. 1939-49 (bulk 1945-49). General correspondence of the Press, Publications, and Broadcast Division of the CCD, 1945-49 (162 ft.).
Photographic Prints (1,253 images): Japanese ambassadors, members of the Diet, businessmen, and other dignitaries, from CCD decimal correspondence, ca. 1939 (P).
331.48 Records of the SCAP Civil Transportation Section
1945-52
64 lin. ft.
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1946-51. Subject file of the Programs and Projects Division, 1947-51. Records of the Water Transportation Division relating to operations at Japanese ports, 1946-48. Records of the Movements Division, including a central file of SCAP instructions to the Japanese Government ("SCAPINS") and other directives, 1945-52; and decimal correspondence, 1947-52, and a subject file, 1945-52, of the Freight Branch.
331.49 Records of the SCAP Natural Resources Section
1931-52 (bulk 1945-52)
549 lin. ft.
331.49.1 General records
Textual Records: Decimal correspondence, 1945-51, with separate project file. Records relating to personnel ("201 Files"), 1945- 51. Miscellaneous administrative correspondence, 1945-52.
331.49.2 Records of subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Records of the Agriculture Division, including general correspondence, 1946-51; a compilation of statistical reports, 1931-50; semiannual reports of experimental stations, 1948-50; and records relating to land reclamation and reform, 1945-51. Subject file of the Fisheries Division, 1945-51. Records of the Forestry Division, including a subject file, 1945-51; and records concerning forestry programs ("Japan Forestry Yearbook"), 1950. Records of the Mining and Geology Division, including a subject file, 1945-51; mine reports, 1946-51; and records relating to mining resources and metallurgical industries, 1946- 51. Records of the Editorial and Production Division, consisting of a subject file, 1945-52; and a publications file, 1946-51, with related background records. Files of publications, compiled by the Library Division, 1945-51.
331.50 Records of the SCAP Public Health and Welfare Section
1945-52
190 lin. ft.
331.50.1 General records
Textual Records: General correspondence, 1945-52. Radio messages, 1945-49. Daily journals, August 1945-December 1950. Reports, including regional and prefectural civil affairs reports, 1948- 51; reports relating to narcotics, 1945-51; and criminal investigation reports, 1951-52. Records concerning laboratory inspections ("Laboratory Affairs File"), 1945-51. Records relating to various medical services, 1945-51. Reference file of publications, 1945-51.
331.50.2 Records of subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Records of the Health Statistics Division, including a subject file, 1945-50; and a file of statistical reports, 1945-51. Subject file of the Medical Services Division, 1945-51. Records of the Medical Services Division, consisting of general correspondence, 1945-52; records relating to communicable diseases, 1945-52; and records concerning public education in health matters, 1945-51. Subject files of the following other divisions: Welfare, 1945-52; Social Security, 1945-52; Supply, 1945-51; and Narcotic Control, 1945-52.
331.51 Records of the Office of the Civil Property Custodian
(SCAP)
1,874 lin. ft.
331.51.1 General records
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence maintained by the Executive Division, 1945-52, with separate project file. Records of subordinate organizations of the Executive Division, including a subject file of the Machine Records Branch, 1945-51; and a subject file, 1945-51, case files, 1947-51, and other records, 1945-52, of the Property Service Branch.
331.51.2 Records of the Foreign Property Division
Textual Records: Records of the German Assets Branch concerning destroyed, looted, and contraband German property, 1945-52. Records of the Looted Property Branch, consisting of subject and subject-numeric files, 1946-51; and accounting records, 1947-51. Records of the Enemy Property Branch, including decimal correspondence, ca. 1945-51, with separate project file; various types of case files, 1945-52, including a file on large companies ("Big Firm File"); and SCAP directives, 1947-50. Records of the United Nations Property Unit, including general correspondence, 1945-51; records concerning the administration of property in Japan owned by citizens and companies of United Nations member countries ("United Nations Individual and Firm File"), 1943-51 (bulk 1945-51); claims and other records relating to U.S.-owned property in Japan, 1946-52; and case files relating to the restoration of patent and trademark rights, 1945-51.
331.51.3 Records of other subordinate organizations
Textual Records: Subject file of the Policy Branch of the Policy and Management Group, 1945-50. Records of the Legal Section, 1945-52, mainly patent and trademark files, 1946-51. Records of subordinate units of the Property Liquidation Division, including records of the Miscellaneous Property Branch relating to companies, 1945-51; a subject file of the External Assets Branch, 1945-51; and a subject file of the Dissolved Organizations and Arrested Persons Branch, 1946-51. Records of the Reparations Branch of the Reparations Property Division, including correspondence, 1947-51; issuances ("Directives and Instructions"), 1945-51; and inventory, allocation, evaluation, and other reports, 1945-51. General accounting records, maintained by the Accounts Division, 1946-50. Property accounting records of the Precious Metals Branch of the U.S. Vaults, Bank of Japan Unit, 1947-51.
Bibliographic note: Web version based on
Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States. Compiled by Robert B. Matchette et al. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
3 volumes, 2428 pages.
| i don't know |
Which actor and comedian plays the role of 'Gavin Shipman' in the TV series 'Gavin & Stacey'? | Gavin & Stacey: Ten things you didn't know about the popular comedy | Daily Mail Online
Gavin & Stacey: Ten things you didn't know about the popular comedy
comments
The third - and final - series of Gavin & Stacey is about to return, with the nation eager to learn the fates of the Essex boy and his Welsh bride, and their tubby best friends Smithy and Nessa.
The show's first series in 2007 attracted barely half a million viewers, the second averaged 1.7 million, and last year's Christmas special was watched by almost seven million people.
Well-loved characters: Gavin and Stacey follows the ups and downs of a group of people living on Barry Island, Wales
Firm friends: Matthew Horne and Joanna Page in Gavin and Stacey
1 Fans of the show include Tom Jones and Tory leader David Cameron. Cameron confessed to using the show's catchphrases, such as Nessa's 'What's Occurring?' and 'Tidy'. He said, 'I've been to Barry (where the show is set) three times and want to go back. From now on, whenever we have an election success in Wales, I'm going to congratulate my Welsh MPs on a 'tidy' result.'
2 James Corden met Ruth Jones - Nessa and his co-writer on Gavin & Stacey - when they both starred in Fat Friends, an ITV drama about the members of a slimming group. James told her about a wedding he had just been to where the bride was Welsh and the groom English.
He says, 'The wedding was on Barry Island, and Ruth's from Cardiff and knows the area quite well. I told her I didn't think anybody had shown a wedding on TV like the one I had been to.'
3 Corden based his own character, Smithy, on a friend of his cousin. Others are based on people the co-writers met in the hotel bar during the filming of Fat Friends.
Jones says, 'We used to sit in the bar and look around. There was always a function going on, and we'd pick out characters that might be at Gavin and Stacey's wedding and improvise what they might say. We had an idea that there would be this best friend who, at every wedding she goes to, ends up getting really drunk and singing Wild Thing.'
4 The writers hoped to make Gavin & Stacey a one-off TV film. Jones says, 'When the BBC got our proposal they said, "We don't have a slot for a one-hour special. Why don't you chart their relationship and go back to when they met and culminate the end of the series in their wedding?"'
The re-written proposal for the first series was so good that when the BBC commissioning editor was reading it on the train, she completely missed her stop.
5 When Mathew Horne was chosen to play Essex-boy Gavin, Corden sent him a text saying, 'So chuffed you're doing it', and Horne rang back instantly. Their first phone call lasted 80 minutes, and they have been best friends ever since.
Horne says about Corden, 'He's a brilliant mate. We were both in Teachers, but not at the same time. He jokes that the series he was in was Bafta-nominated, and the series I was in killed the show - it was axed following the episodes I appeared in.'
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6 The leading characters are named after serial killers. Gavin's surname is Shipman, after the GP who murdered hundreds of his patients, while Stacey's name is West, after Fred and Rose. Another character, who has appeared in five episodes as a friend of the Shipman family, is Pete Sutcliffe - named after the Yorkshire Ripper.
7 Rob Brydon, who plays Stacey's Uncle Bryn, is well known for livening up the set with hilarious impressions. Joanna Page, who plays Stacey, says, 'While we were filming series two, he would do impressions of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. It was like having my own personal comedian on set.'
8 Corden is a dangerous man to invite on stage. Presenting a theatre award to Harry Potter's Daniel Radcliffe last year, he grabbed the stunned actor and subjected him to a long, intense kiss. On another occasion, while accepting an award on behalf of Keira Knightley, he joked she was absent because they had been 's****ing for three days'.
9 The larger-than-life character of Nessa has a cult following. A fansite on Facebook called 'Oh, What's Occurring?' has 30,000 members - while the real-life arcade in Barry where Nessa works has been bombarded with so many visitors that bosses have put up a sign saying 'Nessa is not working today'.
10 Tourists flock to the three-bedroom house overlooking Barry Docks that is used as Stacey's mum's house in the series. Owner Glenda Kenyon, 54, moves out to a local hotel for nine days at a time during filming. Glenda says, 'Last year alone, 57 people knocked on the door. They all started arriving three days after the Christmas special was on.'
Gavin & Stacey is on BBC1 on Thursday at 9pm.
| Matthew Horne |
The name of which famous French newspaper translates into English as 'the world'? | Gavin & Stacey: Ten things you didn't know about the popular comedy | Daily Mail Online
Gavin & Stacey: Ten things you didn't know about the popular comedy
comments
The third - and final - series of Gavin & Stacey is about to return, with the nation eager to learn the fates of the Essex boy and his Welsh bride, and their tubby best friends Smithy and Nessa.
The show's first series in 2007 attracted barely half a million viewers, the second averaged 1.7 million, and last year's Christmas special was watched by almost seven million people.
Well-loved characters: Gavin and Stacey follows the ups and downs of a group of people living on Barry Island, Wales
Firm friends: Matthew Horne and Joanna Page in Gavin and Stacey
1 Fans of the show include Tom Jones and Tory leader David Cameron. Cameron confessed to using the show's catchphrases, such as Nessa's 'What's Occurring?' and 'Tidy'. He said, 'I've been to Barry (where the show is set) three times and want to go back. From now on, whenever we have an election success in Wales, I'm going to congratulate my Welsh MPs on a 'tidy' result.'
2 James Corden met Ruth Jones - Nessa and his co-writer on Gavin & Stacey - when they both starred in Fat Friends, an ITV drama about the members of a slimming group. James told her about a wedding he had just been to where the bride was Welsh and the groom English.
He says, 'The wedding was on Barry Island, and Ruth's from Cardiff and knows the area quite well. I told her I didn't think anybody had shown a wedding on TV like the one I had been to.'
3 Corden based his own character, Smithy, on a friend of his cousin. Others are based on people the co-writers met in the hotel bar during the filming of Fat Friends.
Jones says, 'We used to sit in the bar and look around. There was always a function going on, and we'd pick out characters that might be at Gavin and Stacey's wedding and improvise what they might say. We had an idea that there would be this best friend who, at every wedding she goes to, ends up getting really drunk and singing Wild Thing.'
4 The writers hoped to make Gavin & Stacey a one-off TV film. Jones says, 'When the BBC got our proposal they said, "We don't have a slot for a one-hour special. Why don't you chart their relationship and go back to when they met and culminate the end of the series in their wedding?"'
The re-written proposal for the first series was so good that when the BBC commissioning editor was reading it on the train, she completely missed her stop.
5 When Mathew Horne was chosen to play Essex-boy Gavin, Corden sent him a text saying, 'So chuffed you're doing it', and Horne rang back instantly. Their first phone call lasted 80 minutes, and they have been best friends ever since.
Horne says about Corden, 'He's a brilliant mate. We were both in Teachers, but not at the same time. He jokes that the series he was in was Bafta-nominated, and the series I was in killed the show - it was axed following the episodes I appeared in.'
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
6 The leading characters are named after serial killers. Gavin's surname is Shipman, after the GP who murdered hundreds of his patients, while Stacey's name is West, after Fred and Rose. Another character, who has appeared in five episodes as a friend of the Shipman family, is Pete Sutcliffe - named after the Yorkshire Ripper.
7 Rob Brydon, who plays Stacey's Uncle Bryn, is well known for livening up the set with hilarious impressions. Joanna Page, who plays Stacey, says, 'While we were filming series two, he would do impressions of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. It was like having my own personal comedian on set.'
8 Corden is a dangerous man to invite on stage. Presenting a theatre award to Harry Potter's Daniel Radcliffe last year, he grabbed the stunned actor and subjected him to a long, intense kiss. On another occasion, while accepting an award on behalf of Keira Knightley, he joked she was absent because they had been 's****ing for three days'.
9 The larger-than-life character of Nessa has a cult following. A fansite on Facebook called 'Oh, What's Occurring?' has 30,000 members - while the real-life arcade in Barry where Nessa works has been bombarded with so many visitors that bosses have put up a sign saying 'Nessa is not working today'.
10 Tourists flock to the three-bedroom house overlooking Barry Docks that is used as Stacey's mum's house in the series. Owner Glenda Kenyon, 54, moves out to a local hotel for nine days at a time during filming. Glenda says, 'Last year alone, 57 people knocked on the door. They all started arriving three days after the Christmas special was on.'
Gavin & Stacey is on BBC1 on Thursday at 9pm.
| i don't know |
Which element is added to iron to make steel? | Stainless Steel - General Information - Alloying Elements in Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel - General Information - Alloying Elements in Stainless Steel
Alloying Elements in Stainless Steel
Stainless Steels comprise a number of alloying elements according to the specific grade and composition. Listed below are the alloying additions with the reason for their presence, whilst attched is a summary table.
Carbon (C): Iron is alloyed with carbon lo make steel and has the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of iron. Pure iron cannot be hardened or strengthened by heat treatment but the addition of carbon enables a wide range of hardness and strength. In Austenitic and Ferritic stainless steels a high carbon content is undesirable, especially for welding due to the threat of carbide precipitation.
Manganese (Mn): Manganese is added to steel to improve hot working properties and increase strength, toughness and hardenability. Manganese, like nickel, is an Austenite forming element and has been used as a substitute for nickel in the AISI200 Series of Austenitic Stainless Steels, e.g. AISI 202 as a substitute for AISI 304.
Chromium (Cr): Chromium is added to steel to increase resistance to oxidation. This resistance increases as more chromium is added. 'Stainless Steels have a minimum of 10.5% Chromium (traditionally 11 or 12%). This gives a very marked degree of general corrosion resistance when compared to steels with a lower percentage of Chromium. The corrosion resistance is due to the formation of a self-repairing passive layer of Chromium Oxide on the surface of the stainless steel.
Nickel (Ni): Nickel is added in large amounts, over about 8%, to high Chromium stainless steels to form the most important class of corrosion and heat resisting steels. These are the Austenitic stainless steels, typified by 18-8 (304/1.4301), where the tendency of Nickel to form Austenite is responsible for a great toughness (impact strength) and high strength at both high and low temperatures. Nickel also greatly improves resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum, when added to chromium-nickel austenitic steels, improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion especially in chlorides and sulphur containing environments.
Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen has the effect of increasing the Austenite stability of stainless steels and is, as in the case of Nickel, an Austenite forming element. Yield strength is greatly improved when nitrogen is added to stainless steels as is resistance to pitting corrrosion.
Copper (Cu): Copper is normally present in stainless steel as a residual element. However, it is added to a few alloys to produce precipitation hardening properties or to enhance corrosion resistance particularly in sea water environments and sulphuric acid.
Titanium (Ti): Ttitanium is added for carbide stabilization especially when the material is to be welded. It combines with carbon to form titanium carbides, which are quite stable and hard lo dissolve in steel, which tends to minimise the occurrence of inter-granular corrosion. Adding approximately 0.25 / 0.60% titanium causes the carbon to combine with titanium in preference to chromium, preventing a tie-up of corrosion-resisting chromium as inter-granular carbides and the accompanying loss of corrosion resistance at the grain boundaries. However, the use of titanium has gradually decreased over recent years due to the ability of steelmakers to deliver stainless steels with very low carbon contents that are readily weldable without stabilisation.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is usually added with sulphur, to improve machinability. The Phosphorus present in Austenitic stainless steels increases strength. However, it has a detrimental effect on corrosion resistance and increases the tendency of the material to crack during welding.
Sulphur (S): When added in small amounts Sulphur improves machinability. However, like Phosphorous it has a detrimental effect on corrosion resistance and weldability.
Selenium (Se): Selenium was previously used as an addition to improve machinability.
Niobium / Colombium (Nb): Niobium is added to steel in order to stabilise carbon, and, as such, performs in the same way as described for Titanium. Niobium also has the effect of strengthening steels and alloys for high temperature service.
SiIicon (Si): Silicon is used as a deoxidising (killing) agent in the melting of steel and as a result most steels contain a small percentage of Silicon.
Cobalt (Co): Cobalt becomes highly radioactive when exposed to the intense radiation of nuclear reactors, and, as a result, any stainless steel that is in nuclear service will have a Cobalt restriction, usually approximately 0.2% maximum. This problem is emphasized because there is normally a residual Cobalt content in the Nickel used in producing Austenitic stainless steels.
Calcium (Ca): Small additions are used to improve machiniability, without the detrimental effects on other properties caused by Sulphur, Phosphorus and Selenium.
| Carbon |
Which metal is mixed with steel to make stainless steel? | Steel
Steel
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Steel is an alloy of iron that contains carbon . Typically the carbon content ranges from 0.002% and 2.1% by weight. Carbon makes steel harder than pure iron. The carbon atoms make it more difficult for dislocations in the iron crystal lattice to slide past each other.
There are many different types of steel. Steel contains additional elements, either as impurities or added to confer desirable properties. Most steel contains manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and trace amounts of aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen. Intentionally addition of nickel, chromium, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, boron, niobium and other metals influence the hardness, ductility, strength, and other properties of steel.
Steel History
The oldest piece of steel is a piece of ironware that was recovered from an archaeological site in Anatolia, dating back to about 2000 BC. Steel from ancient Africa dates back to 1400 BC.
How Steel Is Made
Steel contains iron and carbon, but when iron ore is smelted, it contains too much carbon to confer desirable properties for steel.
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Iron ore pellets are remelted and processed to reduce the amount of carbon. Then, additional elements are added and the steel is either continuously cast or made into ingots.
Modern steel is made from pig iron using one of two processes. About 40% of steel is made using the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. In this process, pure oxygen is blown into melted iron, reducing the amounts of carbon, manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Chemicals called fluxes further reduce levels of sulfur and phosphorus in the metal. In the United States, the BOF process recycles 25-35% scrap steel to make new steel. In the U.S., the electric arc furnace (EAF) process is used to make about 60% of steel, consisting nearly entirely of recycled scrap steel.
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Which horse won the 1967 Grand National at odds of 100/1 after a melee at the 23rd. fence caused most of the field to pull up? | How the slowest horse won — and caused the biggest upset in Grand National history
How the slowest horse won — and caused the biggest upset in Grand National history
Laid-back, relaxed Foinavon was given 100-1 odds of winning the 1967 race. Then disaster struck
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On a grey October morning, along a Berkshire lane leading up to the Ridgeway amid fields stuffed with pheasant, 30 of us joined a mini-pilgrimage. The former champion jockeys Graham Thorner and Stan Mellor had made it along with Marcus Armytage, who won the Grand National on Mr Frisk. There, too, were a cluster of racing historians including Chris Pitt and John Pinfold. More importantly, the former trainer John Kempton and the former jockey John Buckingham were present with the author David Owen for the unveiling of a plaque to a horse whose name will never be forgotten in jump racing: Foinavon was the 100–1 winner of the 1967 Grand National after he and jockey Buckingham alone avoided the 23rd fence pile-up that devastated the field. Until then commentators only ever referred to the 23rd as ‘the fence after Becher’s’. Since then it has been ‘the Foinavon fence’.
It was in the Grey Ladies livery yard near Compton, in those days known as Chatham Stables, that Foinavon shared a box with a goat called Susie (who accompanied him to Aintree) and where his body lies buried. For all of us the ceremony triggered memories of that 1967 National. John Kempton, Foinavon’s young trainer who later quit racing to run diving boats, did not go with Foinavon to Aintree that day. He preferred to ride the stable’s best hope, the hurdler Three Dons, in a race at Worcester. At least he won. Head lad Colin Hemsley also chose Worcester. So did box driver Geoff Stocker. In 1967, he told us, he had tossed with colleague Tony Hutt over who should drive to Aintree. Stocker won — and chose Worcester. Stable lad Clifford Booth led up the National winner and suffered a real hard-luck story. After letting go horse and jockey for the start, he joined the Tote queue to back Foinavon — and was still queuing when the tapes went up.
‘I’m here to represent the jockeys who got out of the way,’ said Stan Mellor. His mount, The Fossa, put on the brakes amid the mêlée and ejected him on to the top of the fence. He recalls now, ‘I was the only one who didn’t find his horse afterwards.’ He thought he saw The Fossa’s distinctive blue saddlecloth and ran to the Canal Turn to catch him and remount, only to discover it was the wrong animal. His recollection prompted Graham Thorner’s memory of a day of many fallers in a Wincanton novice chase. Swiftly up again on his feet, he grabbed the horse waiting nearby and rode him into third place — only to discover that it was not the mount he had started with but another jockey’s horse.
Stan’s theory was that the carnage at the 23rd happened because it was the fence after Becher’s where the landing ground drops away. ‘It’s like going downstairs and finding a step isn’t there.’ The loose horses, he reckons, had been scared by that and tried to run out before the next. But there was no exit chute and they came back at a trot sideways across the approaching field to create pandemonium for the 28 remaining riders.
The full story of Foinavon’s Grand National and of the people who owned, trained and worked around him has now been skilfully woven together by David Owen, the master of ceremonies at the unveiling, in Foinavon: The story of the Grand National’s Biggest Upset (Wisden, £18.99). The day we met up, Foinavon’s cool jockey on the big day, John Buckingham, now retired from the weighing-room after several decades as a jockey’s valet, insisted that even without the mêlée Foinavon would have been in with a chance: ‘We were always going well.’ Perhaps Foinavon did win because he was the slowest horse in the race, but going for the gaps then hanging on in isolation over the last six fences required skill from the jockey and courage from the horse.
David Owen’s researches reveal, too, why Foinavon was more likely than some other horses to cope in such a situation. He was a laid-back, relaxed kind of horse never fazed by anything. In his early days as a stablemate of Arkle in Tom Dreaper’s yard (and owned like him by Anne Duchess of Westminster), Foinavon fell one day at Ballydoyle with Pat Taaffe. As the jockey was getting himself back together, he saw Foinavon still lying down and taking the opportunity to have a nice munch of grass: ‘He was that kind of horse. If he had been a man, he would have spent his days hands in pockets whistling through his teeth and scuffling the dust.’
David’s Owen’s book, a model of its kind, is far more than the story of one horse and one race. Studded with anecdotage, it is an insightful mini social history with entertaining diversions into the history of Aintree and its longtime owner Mirabel Topham, and into the weight-loss methods and the injuries suffered by National Hunt jockeys. Alas, my only contribution at Aintree on that famous day was backing Popham Down, the horse who caused all the trouble.
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Which city is the administrative centre of the French region of Alsace? | Grand National A To Z: Lords, Ladies and Diddymen | Betting @ Betfair
Home › Horse Racing › Grand National A To Z: Lords, Ladies and Diddymen
Grand National A To Z: Lords, Ladies and Diddymen
The 2013 Grand National takes place on April 6.
Timeform's Adam Brookes provides his A to Z for one of his favourite races in the whole calendar, the Aintree Grand National...
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A - Aldaniti will be one of hundreds of horses whose moniker is made up of abbreviations of their owner's/breeder's family member's names but he's almost certainly the most successful. Aldaniti and jockey Bob Champion's infamous 1981 episode ranks as only a short-head second to Lazarus in the list of The 100 Greatest Comebacks, with the horse even having the requisite charisma to star as himself in the subsequent 'Champions' feature film.
B - As many a racing historian has informed us, Becher's Brook is so named because of the early-19th century incident in which Captain Martin Becher got his breeches wet before dryly remarking how foul water tasted without the addition of whisky. The fence itself has long been in the sights of those who question the race's safety and has consequently had its 'drop' reduced to a maximum 10 inches.
C - While Canal Turn and the name Carberry would be worthy entries in this list, it would be unjust to overlook the heroic efforts of Crisp in 1973. It became obvious early on just why the former Australian two-miler had been nicknamed "The Black Kangaroo" and Julian Wilson's incredulous cry of "I can't remember a horse so far ahead in the Grand National at this stage" at around the 20th was right on the money. However, with 250 yards to run there was an air of inevitability about the result with fellow joint-favourite Red Rum (receiving 23 lb!) stalking and, as has become racing legend, Crisp was mugged in the dying strides.
D - The 1956 running will forever be associated with the letter D; Devon Loch's baffling bellyflop handing the race to E.S.B, ridden by Dave Dick. The reason for the Queen Mother-owned Devon Loch's depositing of Dick Francis 45 metres from the post remains a mystery, with the noise from the crowd having spooked the horse the most plausible explanation.
E - Having withstood the attentions of animal activists at the start, the 1993 National became embroiled in turmoil for a secondary reason when two false starts were given, notably with Richard Dunwoody becoming entangled in the take-off tape. Amazingly, however, seven riders managed to miss the shouts and gesticulations to pull up and complete the whole race, with John White and Esha Ness going on to 'win' what was soon to be known as "The National That Never Was". Dunwoody would ride his second winner of the big race on the Freddie Starr-owned Minnehoma 12 months later.
F - So unconvinced was owner Cyril Watkins that his Foinavon would put up a bold show in the 1967 race that he didn't even bother to journey to the course. Punters shared Watkin's view with Foinavon, whose claim to fame up to then had been that he'd previously been owned by Anne, Duchess of Westminster, and shared being named after a Scottish mountain range with her Arkle, sent off a 100/1 chance. Foinavon managed to sidestep the mêlée at the 23rd fence and go on to become an unlikely winner, his owner having registered the black with red and yellow braces worn by John Buckingham in the lead up to the race having felt that the two-tone green quarters previously adorned were unlucky. Foinavon, of course, had the offending fence renamed in his honour.
G - Golden Miller still stands as the only winner of the Gold Cup and Grand National in the same year (1934).
H - The Hobbs family scribed their name in the National history book when 17-year-old Bruce became the youngest jockey to win the race when partnering his father Reg's diminutive Battleship to success in 1938. Battleship was also the first American owned and bred horse to land the Liverpool feature.
I - The Irish are always well represented, responsible for five winners since the Carberry family's Bobbyjo did the business just before the turn of the century. The Willie Mullins-trained favourite On His Own presently heads the market for the 2013 renewal, closely followed by fellow Irish-trained contender Seabass.
J - Jenny Pitman became the first woman to train an Aintree National winner when Corbiere, who was named after a lighthouse located near his owner's home in the Channel Islands, narrowly defeated the persistent Greasepaint in 1983. Pitman was to win the race again with Royal Athlete a dozen years later and became the only trainer other than Martin Pipe to win all of the big four Nationals when Mudahim triumphed in the Irish version in 1997.
K - No Grand National is complete without the customary appearance of Ken Dodd, the octogenarian looking tickled to be cutting the ribbon at last year's proceedings on what was officially 'Liverpool Day'.
L - While the Lake District plays its part in proceedings as it provides the spruce used to make the iconic fences what they are, pub quizzers' pal Lord Gyllene surely deserves a mention for being the winner of the 'bomb scare' National run on Monday April 7, 1997.
M - With the McCain's being given due credit in this piece under the letter R (no prizes for guessing why) attention is turned to J P McManus, who fulfilled a lifelong dream when Don't Push It landed the race in 2010. The owner went close 12 months ago with Sunnyhillboy, who looks set to take his chance once more, and he could also be represented by Colbert Station.
N - N is for nationwide gambles. The presence of A P McCoy launched Don't Push It into one two years ago, while 7/1 joint-favourite Comply Or Die repaid punters' faith a couple of years before that. What's more, the Northern Irish-based Dee Racing Syndicate reportedly scooped a cool £1 million when Barry Geraghty guided their Monty's Pass to success in 2003.
O - Sir Peter "The Voice" O'Sullevan called home the winners of the 50 renewals from '47 to '97 on television and radio.
P - Standing 18 hands high, the tubed Party Politics became the biggest horse to ever win the Aintree marathon when a topical scorer on the eve of a General Election in 1992. Bought by Patricia Thompson of Cheveley Park Stud fame just three days before his finest hour, Party Politics would go on to finish second as an 11-year-old to the year-older Royal Athlete in '95.
Q - Quare Times relished to torrential conditions to score in 1955, providing Vincent O'Brien with his third consecutive winner.
R - There's nothing that can be said about Red Rum that hasn't been much more eloquently stated since the horse's never-to-be-surpassed achievements in the 1970s. Red Rum provided three legs of the late Ginger McCain's National quartet that was completed by veteran Amberleigh House almost three decades later, with son Donald continuing the family's successful association with the race by saddling Ballabriggs to victory in 2011.
S - There's nearly always something of the inevitable with National winners and 1991 was no different, the race seemingly destined to go to the Sir Eric Parker-owned winner Seagram owing to the event sponsor, The Seagram Company alcohol distillery.
T - The Chair is the tallest fence on the course at five foot two inches but, somewhat surprisingly, is rarely the scene of mass exits; just 11 departing there in the last 11 renewals. The obstacle is one of only two to be jumped just once and takes its name from the days when a chair was sited alongside the fence seating a distance judge used when races were to be comprised of heats.
U - Unseating is understandably a common occurrence in the National and it was a factor in just two finishing the 1928 race won by 100/1-shot Tipperary Time. Famously, Foinavon's National was similarly high on carnage, while over a quarter of the field unseated in the heavy-ground slog won by Red Marauder in '01 (four completed, but two had been remounted).
V - Valentine's Brook, Bechers' slightly smaller brother, also got its name from a strange turn of events by where Irish amateur jockey Alan Power struck a wager that he would be leading at the halfway mark on his mount Valentine in 1840. You guessed it, a furlong clear after Canal Turn, Power reportedly attempted to drive his mount into the next impediment so vigourously that the horse thought better of it, catapulting the rider over both fence and brook.
W - West Tip became a favourite amongst the once-a-year punters of the 1980s, his success in 1986 achieved on the second of his six starts in the race.
X - The symbol that connections don't want to see next to their horse's Timeform master rating going into the National. Aintree in April is no place for bad jumpers.
Y - Youth was a big advantage it seemed from 1929-1934, with four seven-year-olds victorious during that period. Just the one horse, namely Saint Are, is entered in this years' renewal at present.
Z - Zoedone was a winner in 1883 and one of only 13 mares to have won the race, the last being Nickel Coin in 1951.
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The group of French composers known as 'Les Six' were, Francis Poulenc, Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Germaine Tailleferre and which other? | Les Six | French composers | Britannica.com
French composers
France
Les Six, ( French: “The Six”) group of early 20th-century French composers whose music represents a strong reaction against the heavy German Romanticism of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss , as well as against the chromaticism and lush orchestration of Claude Debussy . Les Six were Darius Milhaud , Francis Poulenc , Arthur Honegger , Georges Auric , Louis Durey, and Germaine Tailleferre. The French critic Henri Collet originated the label Les Six in his article “The Russian Five, the French Six, and M. Erik Satie” (Comoedia, January 1920). Collet wished to draw a parallel between the well-known, highly nationalistic, late 19th-century Russian composers called The Five (Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky , Aleksandr Borodin , Mily Balakirev , and César Cui) and Les Six, who drew much of their inspiration from the music of Erik Satie and the poetry of Jean Cocteau .
The artificiality of Collet’s assemblage has often been remarked on by critics, and certainly each of the six composers developed along lines best suited to his or her own tastes and abilities. Yet it is impossible to ignore such distinctive elements as dry sonorities, sophisticated moods, and references to everyday life and vernacular entertainments that characterize each of these composers. Les Six performed together in a number of concerts, and they collaborated on the play-ballet Les Mariés de la tour Eiffel (first performed 1921; “The Wedding on the Eiffel Tower,” text and choreography by Cocteau).
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| Darius Milhaud |
In the Christian calendar, what name is given to the Sunday immediately prior to Palm Sunday? | Springtime in Paris: Les Six
From Emory University
Three weeks after the premiere of Parade , Blaise Cendrars organized an evening of poetry and music in honor of the ballet, attended by artists and musicians who rallied around Satie, forming the group Les Nouveaux Jeunes, and marking the emergence of a new musical avant-garde.
Les Nouveaux Jeunes' lineup would change somewhat, and finally crystallize with Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Arthur Honegger, Louis Durey, Germaine Tailleferre, and Georges Auric. With Erik Satie as spiritual father, and Jean Cocteau as spokesman, the group was christened "Les Six" by critic Henri Collet, after the Russian "Mighty Five." With this identifying label, and a recognizable aesthetic of simplicity, the composers who had been writing privately for years were able to gain attention from the public as a force.
Despite the elements the six composers had in common, there differences were far greater, and by the 1920s each was pursuing solo careers on their own. Today, we best remember Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, and Arthur Honegger. Few pieces by the other three are performed.
Arthur Honegger
"Composing is not a profession. It is a mania - a harmless madness." - Honegger
From Arthur Honegger
A major early modern influence on French music, Honegger was one of Les Six's founding members. Ironically, Honegger was probably the most "Germanically" influenced of the members of the group, in stated contrast to the original aesthetic ideal as set by Cocteau. He also devoted more time to "serious study" than most of his contemporaries. In time, Honegger rejected Satie, and strove after high seriousness in a way alien to the rest of the group. While most members primarily produced short, jewel-like pieces, Honegger was the symphonist.
Listen to an excerpt of his work: Sonate pour violon seul (RealAudio 3.0: How to Listen .)
Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)
"Above all do not analyze my music. . . Love it!" - Poulenc
Like Satie, Francis Poulenc held a strong opposition to the excessive sensitiveness and refinement of French Impressionism. His works were marked by this plain statement and frankness of thought, especially in early works. Poulenc was the finest choral composer of the group and is still praised for his spontaneous melodic invention and originality.
Listen to an excerpt of his work: Sonate pour violoncelle et piano (RealAudio 3.0: How to Listen .)
Darius Milhaud (1892-1974)
""I have no aesthetic rules, or philosophy, or theories. I love to write music. I always do it with pleasure, otherwise I just do not write it." - Milhaud
Darius Milhaud
Three Musicians, by Pablo Picasso
From Synthetic Cubism ; click painting for a larger image.
Georges Auric came to Les Six as a student of Satie. Together with Honegger and Durey he was one of the founding members of the group, but his music had more in common with that of Poulenc, his contemporary, than that of Honegger and Durey, his seniors. Together with Poulenc and Milhaud, Auric most exemplified the ideals put forth by Cocteau. As one critic noted, "with these three we penetrate more closely into the heart of the artichoke . . . they have the bite, the courage, the brutality."
Listen to an excerpt of his work: Cinq Bagatelles (RealAudio 3.0: How to Listen .)
Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983)
Germaine Tailleferre was the one woman in Les Six, and perhaps because of this, is today also one of the most recorded. She was a student of Darius Milhaud, and was one of the latecomers to Les Six.
Listen to an excerpt of her work: Suite Burlesque (RealAudio 3.0: How to Listen .)
Other Resources
Music of Les Six : This Classical.Net site gives a detailed review of Les Maris de la Tour Eiffel, the closest thing to a collective work performed by Les Six.
A Poulenc Biography : This straightforward biography offers a brief look at Poulenc's relationship with Les Six before going into greater depth about his composing career.
Opera: A Philatelic History : Brief information about the members of Les Six, accompanied by images of postage stamps bearing their portraits.
Arthur Honegger Biography : Without going into great depth of detail, this biography offers an introduction to the man and his work.
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The group of Russian composers known as 'The Five' or 'The Mighty Handful' were Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky, Mily Balakirev, Cesar Cui and which other? | The Five | Russian composers | Britannica.com
Russian composers
Alternative Titles: Moguchaya Kuchka, The Mighty Five, The Russian Five
Similar Topics
Les Six
The Five, also called The Russian Five or The Mighty Five, Russian Moguchaya Kuchka (“The Mighty Little Heap”), group of five Russian composers— César Cui , Aleksandr Borodin , Mily Balakirev , Modest Mussorgsky , and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov —who in the 1860s banded together in an attempt to create a truly national school of Russian music, free of the stifling influence of Italian opera, German lieder, and other western European forms. The original name of the group, Moguchaya Kuchka, was coined in a newspaper article in 1867. Centred in St. Petersburg , the members of The Five are often considered to have been a rival faction to the more cosmopolitan , Moscow-centred composers such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , although Tchaikovsky often used actual folk songs in his music and Borodin and Rimsky-Korsakov emphasized traditional European training in their work. Precursors of The Five were Mikhail Glinka and Aleksandr Dargomyzhsky . They were succeeded by a less energetic generation including Anatoly Lyadov , Sergey Taneyev , and Aleksandr Glazunov .
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Russia
country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
César Cui
Jan. 6 [Jan. 18, New Style], 1835 Vilna [now Vilnius], Lithuania, Russian Empire March 24, 1918 Petrograd [St. Petersburg], Russia Russian composer of operas, songs, and piano music. He was a music critic and military engineer who, with Aleksandr Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Modest Mussorgsky, and...
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Date Published: May 10, 2002
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Five
Access Date: January 19, 2017
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| Alexander Borodin |
Which Christian feast is celebrated on the Thursday following Trinity Sunday? | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - New World Encyclopedia
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Next (Nikolai Trubetzkoy)
Portrait of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov by Valentin Serov (1898)
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov ( Russian : Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков, Nikolaj Andreevič Rimskij-Korsakov), also Nikolay, Nicolai, and Rimsky-Korsakoff, (March 6/18, 1844 – June 8/21, 1908) was a Russian composer , one of five great nineteenth-century Russian composers known as “The Five,” or “The Mighty Handful.” Rimsky-Korsakov later taught harmony and orchestration. He is particularly noted for a predilection for folk and fairy-tale subjects, one of the hallmarks of Russian Romanticism , and for his extraordinary skill in orchestration, which may have been influenced by his synesthesia (synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more senses are experienced simultaneously. Certain sounds, for example, might be perceived by the synesthete as having their own color). The use of folklore for musical motifs was guided by the Romantic sense that each nation or culture had its own animating spirit that would be expressed in its own national laws, customs, mores, government and arts. The "Mighty Handful," more than any other group of composers in Russia or the rest of Europe, were associated with this notion.
Contents
10 Credits
Biography
Born at Tikhvin (near Novgorod) into an aristocratic family, Rimsky-Korsakov showed musical ability from an early age, but studied at the Russian Imperial Naval College in Saint Petersburg and subsequently joined the Russian Navy. It was only when he met Mily Balakirev in 1861 that he began to concentrate more seriously on music. Balakirev encouraged him to compose and taught him when he was not at sea (a fictionalized episode of Rimsky-Korsakov's sea voyages forms the plot of the motion picture Song of Scheherazade, the musical score adapted by Miklós Rózsa). He also met the other composers of the group that were to become known as "The Five," or "The Mighty Handful," through Mily Balakirev.
While in the navy (partly on a world cruise), Rimsky-Korsakov completed his first symphony (1861-1865), which some have (mistakenly) deemed the first such piece to be composed by a Russian, although Anton Rubinstein composed his own first symphony in 1850. Before resigning his commission in 1873, Rimsky-Korsakov also completed the first version of his well known orchestral piece, the opera Sadko (1867) as well as the opera The Maid of Pskov (1872). These three are among several early works which the composer revised later in life.
Nadezhda Purgold, Rimsky-Korsakov’s wife
In 1871, despite his lack of conservatory training, Rimsky-Korsakov became professor of composition and orchestration at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. The next year he married Nadezhda Nikolayevna Purgol'd (1848-1919), who was also a pianist and composer. During his first few years at the conservatory, Rimsky-Korsakov assiduously studied harmony and counterpoint in order to make up for the lack of such training, despite his informal education during his years with The Mighty Handful.
In 1883 Rimsky-Korsakov worked under Balakirev in the Court Chapel as a deputy. This post gave him the chance to study Russian Orthodox church music. He worked there until 1894. He also became a conductor, leading Russian Symphony Concerts sponsored by Mitrofan Belyayev as well as some programs abroad.
Rimsky-Korsakov's grave at Tikhvin Cemetery
In 1905 Rimsky-Korsakov was removed from his professorship in Saint Petersburg due to his expression of political views contrary to the authorities (1905 proved a turning point in the popularity of the Imperial government due to the events of Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905, a precursor to the events of 1917 ). This sparked a series of resignations by his fellow faculty members, and he was eventually reinstated. The political controversy continued with his opera The Golden Cockerel (Le Coq d'Or) (1906-1907), whose implied criticism of the monarchy upset the censors to the extent that the premiere was delayed until 1909, after the composer's death.
Towards the end of his life Rimsky-Korsakov suffered from angina . He died in Lyubensk in 1908, and was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg. His widow, Nadezhda, spent the rest of her life preserving the composer's legacy.
The Rimsky-Korsakovs had seven children: Mikhail (b.1873), Sofia (b.1875), Andrey (1878-1940), Vladimir (b.1882), Nadezhda (b.1884), Margarita (1888-1893), and Slavchik (1889-1890). Nadezhda married another Russian composer, Maximilian Steinberg in 1908. Andrey Rimsky-Korsakov was a musicologist who wrote a multi-volume study of his father's life and work, which included a chapter devoted to his mother Nadezhda. A nephew, Georgy Mikhaylovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1901-1965), was also a composer.
Russian Nationalism
The social upheaval of the French Revolution in 1789 and the attitudes it engendered, specifically the primacy of individual rights, signified an important cultural change for music and musicians The populist ethos surrounding the beginnings of Romanticism in Europe engendered a spirit of inclusiveness in which in turn led to music becoming more public and less private, a condition which allowed for greater exposure of high art.
As composers of the Romantic era looked to literary and folk influences as inspiration for their creativity, this spawned numerous compositions based on the legends, folklore, history and mythology of their native countries. Composers such as Dvorak , Smetana, Grieg, Albeniz, to name a few, based a number of their works on these particular aspects. This too became a defining attribute of Romantic music.
As a member of the "Mighty Five" in Russia (which included, Cesar Cui, Milay Balikirev, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin) Rimsky-Korsakov was part of the vanguard of nationalist tendencies that permeated Russian culture of the late 19th century. Though Tchaikovsky was not a member of "the Might Five," he nonetheless utilized Russian folk music as source material and several of his operas are based on Russian legend.
Rimsky-Korsakov often utilized folk melodies liturgical themes of the Russian Orthodox church in his music. This was a feature not only of Russian Romanticism, but Romanticism in music in general. Romanticism dominated music in the last half of the 19th century.
In 1882, Russian author Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov wrote in a compelling essay entitled "Our Music" in which he asserted that Russian independence from past traditions (particularly German ones) was necessary for a "New Russian School" of music to emerge. Citing composer Mikhail Glinka (104-1857) as being the progenitor of a independent Russian school, Stasov called for Russian composers to follow Glinka's lead in developing a distinct national tradition. He wrote, " Our musicians need to verify everything for themselves according to their own lights, and only then will they acknowledge the greatness in a composer and significance of his work."
For Stasov, striving for a "national character" meant connecting the tradition of high art with populist sentiment. Folk songs a part of nearly every aspect of Russian life and as such Stasov felt it to be imperative to use this rich folkloric material as the basis for Russian music .
Legacy
In his decades at the conservatory, Rimsky-Korsakov taught many composers who would later achieve international fame, including Alexander Glazunov, Sergei Prokofiev , and Igor Stravinsky .
Rimsky-Korsakov's legacy goes far beyond his compositions and his teaching career. His tireless efforts in editing the works of other members of The Mighty Handful are significant, if controversial. These include the completion of Alexander Borodin 's opera Prince Igor (with Alexander Glazunov), orchestration of passages from César Cui's William Ratcliff for the first production in 1869, and the complete orchestration of Alexander Dargomyzhsky's swan song, The Stone Guest. This effort was a practical extension of the fact that Rimsky-Korsakov's early works had been under the intense scrutiny of Balakirev and that the members of The Mighty Handful, during the 1860s and 1870s, experienced each other's compositions-in-progress and even collaborated at times.
While the effort for his colleagues is laudable, it is not without its problems for musical reception. In particular, after the death of Modest Mussorgsky in 1881, Rimsky-Korsakov took on the task of revising and completing several of Mussorgsky's pieces for publication and performance. In some cases these versions helped to spread Mussorgsky's works to the West, but Rimsky-Korsakov has been accused of pedantry for "correcting" matters of harmony, etc., in the process. Rimsky-Korsakov's arrangement of Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain is the version generally performed today. However, critical opinion of Mussorgsky has changed over time so that his style, once considered unpolished, is now valued for its originality. This has caused some of Rimsky-Korsakov's other revisions, such as that of the opera, Boris Godunov, to fall out of favor and be replaced by productions more faithful to Mussorgsky's original manuscripts.
Synesthesia
Rimsky-Korsakov was a synesthete, a condition which associates colors to various sounds. He perceived colors with keys as follows [1] :
Note
rosy colored
Overview of compositions
Rimsky-Korsakov was a prolific composer. Like his compatriot César Cui, his greatest efforts were expended on his operas . There are fifteen operas to his credit, including Kashchey the Immortal and The Tale of Tsar Saltan. The subjects of the operas range from historical melodramas like The Tsar's Bride, to folk operas, such as May Night, to fairytales and legends like The Snow Maiden. In their juxtaposed depictions of the real and the fantastic, the operas invoke folk melodies, realistic declamation, lyrical melodies, and artificially constructed harmonies with effective orchestral expression.
Most of Rimsky-Korsakov's operas remain in the standard repertoire in Russia to this day. The best known selections from the operas that are known in the West are "Dance of the Tumblers" from Snowmaiden, "Procession of the Nobles" from Mlada, "Song of the Indian Guest" (or, less accurately, "Song of India,") from Sadko, and especially "Flight of the Bumblebee" from Tsar Saltan, as well as suites from The Golden Cockerel and The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya.
Nevertheless, Rimsky-Korsakov's status in the West has long been based on his orchestral compositions, most famous among which are Capriccio Espagnol, Russian Easter Festival Overture, and especially the symphonic suite Scheherazade. In addition, he composed dozens of art songs, arrangements of folk songs, some chamber and piano music, and a considerable number of choral works, both secular and for Russian Orthodox Church service, including settings of portions of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom .
Major literary works
My Musical Life. [Летопись моей музыкальной жизни —literally, Chronicle of My Musical Life.] Trans. from the 5th rev. Russian edited by Judah A. Joffe with an introduction by Carl Van Vechten. London: Ernst Eulenberg Ltd, 1974.
Practical Manual of Harmony. [Практический учебник гармонии.] First published in Russian in 1885. First English edition published by Carl Fischer in 1930, trans. from the 12th Russian ed. by Joseph Achron. Current English ed. by Nicholas Hopkins. New York: C. Fischer, 2005.
Principles of Orchestration. [Основы оркестровки.] Begun in 1873 and completed posthumously by Maximilian Steinberg in 1912. First published in Russian in 1922, ed. by Maximilian Steinberg. English trans. by Edward Agate. New York: Dover Publications, 1964.
References
Abraham, Gerald. 1945. Rimsky-Korsakov: a Short Biography. Reprint edition, 1975. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0404145000
Griffiths, Steven. A Critical Study of the Music of Rimsky-Korsakov, 1844-1890. New York: Garland, 1989. ISBN 0824001974
Rimsky-Korsakov, A. N. Н.А. Римский-Корсаков: жизнь и творчество (N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov: Life and Work). 5 vols. Москва: Государственное музыкальное издательство, 1930.
Taruskin, Richard. "The Case for Rimsky-Korsakov." Opera News 56: 16-17 (1991–1992: 12–17 and 24-29.
Yastrebtsev, Vasily Vasilievich. Reminiscences of Rimsky-Korsakov. Ed. and trans. by Florence Jonas. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
References
↑ *Harrison, John. 2001. Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. ISBN 0192632450 . p.123.
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Which Asian capital city is situated at the confluence of the rivers Klang and Gombak? | DAILY PHOTO: Confluence of Gombak and Klang « Stories & Movement
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Taken in December of 2013 in Kuala Lumpur.
The Gombak and Klang rivers join together right in the middle of Malaysia’s capital city. The Jamek Mosque is located just North of where they meet.
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Which city is the administrative centre of the French region of Lorraine? | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Social Travel Network - Touristlink
Malaysia
3.139101.6869
Kuala Lumpur, often abbreviated as K.L., is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia . The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 6.9 million as of 2010. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara , is also situated in Kuala Lumpur.
Rated as an alpha World city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.
History
Kuala Lumpur has its origins in the 1850s, when the Malay Chief of Klang, Raja Abdullah, hired some Chinese labourers to open new and larger tin mines for tin prospectors. The miners landed at the confluence of Sungai Gombak (previously known as Sungai Lumpur, meaning "muddy river") and Sungai Klang ( Klang River ) to open mines at Ampang, Pudu and Batu. These mines developed into a trading post which became a frontier town.
Geography
The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterized by the huge Klang Valley. The valley is bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term which translates to "muddy confluence" as it is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers.
Districts
Kuala Lumpur's eleven districts serve as administrative subdivisions under the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority. Two districts lie to the west is Segambut and Lembah Pantai; while Kepong, Batu and Wangsa Maju to the north; Setiawangsa, Titiwangsa and Cheras to east; Seputeh and Bandar Tun Razak for the south; and Bukit Bintang in centralised Kuala Lumpur.
Economy
Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialized and economically, the fastest growing region in Malaysia. Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.
Tourism
Tourism plays an important role in the city’s service-driven economy. Many large worldwide hotel chains have a presence in the city. Kuala Lumpur is the sixth most visited city in the world, with 8.9 million tourist per year. Tourism here is driven by the city's cultural diversity, relatively low costs and wide gastronomic and shopping variety.
MICE tourism which mainly encompasses conventions— has expanded in recent years to become a vital component of the industry, and is expected to grow further once the Malaysian government's Economic Transformation Programme kicks in, and with the completion of a new 93,000m2-size MATRADE Centre in 2014. Another notable trend is the increased presence of budget hotels in the city.
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Released in 2009, 'Dawn Of The Dinosaurs' was the title of the third instalment of which film series? | Movies Released July 3rd, 2009
Movies Released July 3rd, 2009
112 mins
PG
In Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, much-loved characters from the worldwide blockbusters Ice Age and Ice Age: The Meltdown are back, on an incredible adventure... for the ages. Scrat is still trying to nab the ever-elusive nut (while, maybe, finding true love); Manny (Ray Romano) and Ellie (Queen Latifah) await the birth of their mini-mammoth, Sid (John Leguizamo) the sloth gets into trouble when he creates his own makeshift family by hijacking some dinosaur eggs; and Diego (Denis Leary) the saber-toothed tiger wonders if he's growing too "soft" hanging with his pals. On a mission to rescue the hapless Sid, the gang ventures into a mysterious underground world, where they have some close encounters with dinosaurs, battle flora and fauna run amuck – and meet a relentless, one-eyed, dino-hunting weasel named Buck.
143 mins
R68%
In the action-thriller "Public Enemies," acclaimed filmmaker Michael Mann directs Johnny Depp, Christian Bale and Academy Award® winner Marion Cotillard in the story of legendary Depression-era outlaw John Dillinger (Depp)—the charismatic bank robber whose lightning raids made him the number one target of J. Edgar Hoover’s fledgling FBI and its top agent, Melvin Purvis (Bale), and a folk hero to much of the downtrodden public.
98 mins
PG-1319%
A comedy for the romantically challenged, "Valentine's Day" revolves around a romantic, carefree florist who charms a commitment-phobic restaurant owner into trying her theory of "relationship-less" dating.
95 mins
PG-13
"Evangelion 1.0" is the first installment in a film series known as the Rebuild of Evangelion that reinterprets the story first told in the critically acclaimed anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion.
86 mins
Unrated
Americas foremost humorist and commentator, Garrison Keillor, takes his skits and jokes, music and monologues across the country in his traveling radio show, spinning his stories into American gold. This free form, intimate look at the private man in the public spotlight goes behind the scenes of Americas most popular radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, and inside the imagination of the man who created it.
June 30th, 2009
89 mins
HEADER portrays the grueling psychological journey taken by ATF Agent Stewart Cummings. On the surface, Stewart struggles to solve a string of bizarre murders, but in secret, his life falls into a world of corruption that's impossible to escape. Deceit, rape, and murder spiral out of control triggering a hellish conclusion that defies description.
July 3rd, 2009
142 mins
If women are from Venus and men are from Mars, then Viraj Shergill (Akshay Kumar) and Simrita Rai (Kareena Kapoor) are certainly fighting it out on planet earth. Aside from a mutual hatred for each other, the only thing these polar opposites share is the viewpoint that marriage is a total waste of time.
Viraj is a top stuntman in Hollywood, living the high life of glamour, guest lists and gorgeous girls. Simrita is a part time model and an aspiring surgeon who is constantly focused on her career. Braun and Brain clash when their respective best friends elope to get married and the unlikely pair are thrown together in the most absurd situations, with hilarious results. Their disdain for each other only continues to grow until one quirky twist of fate binds them together in a manner they could never have imagined in their wildest fantasies.
Set against the glitz, the glamour and the sexiness of LA, ‘Kambakkht Ishq’ is a romantic comedy, sprinkled with action and topped with sing-along musical numbers to inspire any audience to its feet. If there was ever a successful marriage between East and West, rom-com and action, Hollywood and Bollywood… audiences will witness that "Kambakkht Ishq" is certainly it.
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What name is given to the cooler areas of the Sun's surface that are visible as dark patches? | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs DVD Movie
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Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs DVD for sale Product Description
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs movie was released Oct 27, 2009 by the 20th Century Fox studio. Manny, Sid, Diego, and Ellie are back in this third film in the computer-animated Ice Age series. Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs movie With those creatures in starring roles, fans also get another dose of the vocal talents of Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary, and Queen Latifah, who are joined by SHAUN OF THE DEAD�s Simon Pegg. Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs video In ICE AGE: DAWN OF THE DINOSAUR, Manny and Ellie are expecting their first baby, while Sid the sloth tries an unconventional way of starting a family that gets him into trouble. Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs film With all this talk of babies, Diego might be losing his saber-toothed edge, but a journey to save Sid may just turn the whole group into heroes. In addition to all that adventure, it wouldn�t be an Ice Age film if Scrat weren�t on a desperate hunt for an acorn, but he might get distracted by a shapely female squirrel.
When Sid attempts to adopt three dinosaur eggs, he get abducted by their real mother in this $192.4 million-grossing film. .
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The Order of the Chrysanthemum is the highest order of which country? | Order of the Chrysanthemum | Japanese order | Britannica.com
Order of the Chrysanthemum
Alternative Title: Dai-Kun-i Kikka-shō Kubikazari
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Royal Victorian Order
Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japanese Dai-kun-i Kikka-shō Kubikazari, Japan’s highest and most exclusive order, established in 1877 by the Meiji emperor, awarded mainly to members of Japan’s royal family and to foreign royalty or heads of state. The order has only one class and is exclusively for men.
The badge consists of a white enameled star with 32 rays edged in gold with a central cabochon garnet surrounded by a gold band. Four small silver chrysanthemums placed between green leaves encircle the garnet. The medal is suspended from a large, gold-rimmed likeness of a chrysanthemum.
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Article Title: Order of the Chrysanthemum
Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica
Date Published: July 20, 1998
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Chrysanthemum
Access Date: January 18, 2017
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What was the name of the IRA hunger striker who died in 1981 after refusing to eat for 66 days? | Promotional Chrysanthemums Cuttings Fresh Jasmine Flowers Single White Chrysanthemum Flower Growers Directly Supply - Buy Chrysanthemums Cuttings,Fresh Jasmine Flowers,Jasmine Flower Importers Product on Alibaba.com
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Released in 2008, 'Escape 2 Africa' was the title of the second instalment in which film series? | Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
113 out of 155 people found the following review useful:
You Got To Move It, Move It!
from United States
25 October 2008
Rarely have I seen animated family sequel movie that's as good or better than its predecessor but speaking as a movie freak who didn't like the first installment, I gotta say I'm very much entertained by MADAGASCAR: ESCAPE 2 Africa and it way funnier than the original movie. Dreamworks has a habit of doing this
what it lacks in its story and overall animation (Pixar still rules in those departments!) it makes up for it in its sense of humor. This is the movie that every age can enjoy and it has only a very, very few silly, lame moments but for the most part, you just got to move it, move it! The whole team is back, it doesn't take long for you to remember what each character is all about, there's no need for re-introduction but there is a bunch of new characters thrown in to the den without having to take us in unnecessary complication of having to understand what they are. The concept is simple and the jokes are funny. Here you see all the characters stranded in Africa and meet a their own kind. It's the freedom they've always wanted but don't really want at the same time. They have trouble fitting in and getting in touch with their heritage, all the while friendship and feelings are being put to the test resulting in an exciting adventure at the end that brings them closer together again. Kids will love it, Parents will be glad about it, and the rest of us will find it to be very amusing.
MADAGASCAR: ESCAPE 2 Africa will feel like too short of a movie, but that's also something that I can appreciate because I don't think it has any intention of trying to be all Oscar worthy, it's nothing more than telling a light, enjoyable story with good moral value lesson and that's about it. If the running time were any longer, it would lose some of its target audience. Hands down, without dragging this review any more than it has to, the best part of this movie once again, are the penguins! Those dudes are hardcore gangsters and freakin' hilarious! They should have their own spin-off, stand-alone movie, just about them scheming something deviant and mission impossible-esquire. I could watch them work together and hear their smartass, cocky remarks/attitude about a thousand more times and they'll still crack me up. If you find no reason to watch this movie, then at least watch it to check out those awesome penguins.
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70 out of 115 people found the following review useful:
Better than the original
from United States
7 November 2008
I thought that the first Madagascar had promising characters and a decent premise, but it was very poorly put together. My son, who was 8 or 9 at the time loved the movie, however. We saw the sequel this morning and we both agreed - it was much better than the original. And, since part II begins with a brief summary of part I, there is no need to see the first one to understand what's happening in the new movie. All the main characters are back and there are many new ones as well. Going in, the big question on my mind was "do the penguins play a bigger role in the sequel?"... answer is "Yes, but not much bigger". All in all an enjoyable movie that outshines it's predecessor!
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75 out of 125 people found the following review useful:
Madagascar 2: Return of the Penguins
from los angeles
30 October 2008
As with the comment ahead of mine: it's all about the penguins. They should have their own movie.
We were chanting: more penguins, more penguins. At the screening we just saw, people who loved the first Madagascar movie waited excitedly for the magic to begin... I LOVED the first one. Interesting note: I liked the first one better, but my BF thinks this one has a better and deeper plot and pointed out in particular that while in the first one Gloria (the hippo) was the butt of many fat jokes, in this one she is celebrated just for being beautiful.
The whole movie is breathtakingly beautiful. We didn't see this on IMAX but I bet the IMAX version will be a treat.
Sascha Baron Cohen's King is again the hands-down favorite, I heard a ripple of joy murmur through the theater at everything he said and did, although my personal favorites (after the Penguins) are Maurice and Mort, the King's cohorts.
BF was also teasing me mercilessly because (and I'm nearly ashamed to admit it) there's one scene that had me totally teared up! Yes, I cried. Can't spoil it - go see the movie and tell me after if you know what choked me up! The film did not hold the attention of some of the very small children at the screening we saw, because some portions of the film only involve adult storyline concerning the adult star characters (Alec Baldwin, Jada Pinkett Smith, Chris Rock, and so forth) but when the little characters are on screen (the baby lion in particular is DARLING) the children present were absolutely captivated.
It's fun. It's not the greatest movie of all time, but it's very fun and children will want to watch it again and again.
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51 out of 78 people found the following review useful:
A Nutshell Review: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
from Singapore
8 November 2008
Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, David Schwimmer and Jada Pinkett Smith are back in their animated animal roles which 3 years ago saw their zoo animals being transported to Madagascar in a typical fish out of water tale, where they had to rely on their street smarts and friendship to survive in an environment they do not fully understand. While it's the usual pop-culture jokes and witty one liners that plague recent animated films, there were some gems in that movie, the ones which stuck suck as the crowd favourite penguins stealing the whole show, as well as the madcap rave party tune Move It!
Beginning directly where we last saw Alex the Lion (Stiller), Marty the Zebra (Rock), Melman the Giraffe (Schwimmer) and Gloria the Hippo (Smith), the penguins have finally built a plane that ought to bring our merry crew back to New York, together with Julien the lemur (Sacha Baron Cohen) and his sidekick (Cedric the Entertainer), but of course should that happen, there'll be no sequel to begin with. So we have the crew crash land into the continent Africa, thereby guaranteeing yet another tale of being from the outside, but now having a habitat that's much closer to their natural environment, one which sees the animal types in question grouped together into one reserve for storytelling convenience.
Directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath, who also provided the voice of Skipper the head penguin, the storyline might seem like a poor man's cousin to Disney's The Lion King, what with exiles and alpha-lions battling it out to be king of the habitat. The filmmakers had taken the opportunity to craft the backstory for Alex a little more, so that the main plot of his return to his home could be dwelled upon, with sub plots for the others to fall into place. You have Alex's return and reunion with his parents, with adversary coming from an earlier generation, there's Marty who discovers that he's no longer unique but the same as every other hundredth zebra out there, Glora looking for love with other hippos now that there's no lack of suitors, and Melman fighting his own cowardice to reveal his feelings for Gloria, as well as being appointed the witch doctor for the land.
And if you think that the primary voice cast is already A-list, the film piles on to that list with the likes of the late Bernie Mac voicing Zuba the alpha-lion, Alec Baldwin again in a villainous role as his rival Makunga, and Will.i.am of Black Eyed Peas in a hilarious role of hippo-Casanova Moto Moto (the name's so good you have to say it twice!) The songs department falls up a bit short this time round, though thankfully "Move It!" wasn't conveniently and lazily played ad-nauseam. Given the army of illustrators working on the project, you can't expect quality to drop from its predecessor, though there's nothing new to be injected into a mature presentation.
Despite the plundering of the same old family values / theme / storyline and the importance of establishing strong friendships, this new Madagascar managed to deliver on multiple fronts, joining the ranks of the few whose sequels are superior than the original. The comedy which got piled up here managed to work through the punchlines, leading to a number of characters like the monkeys and even the tough-cookie granny to steal some limelight from the lovable penguins. If you liked the original, then you'e likely to fall in love with this one.
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40 out of 60 people found the following review useful:
I wanna see a spin off with the penguins!
from Chicago, Illinois
12 November 2008
I am a fan of the first Madagascar film, I know there are a lot of people who dissed it, but I thought it was cute. So when I saw the trailer for Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, I was excited. I saw it on Friday and I absolutely enjoyed this fun family film. I think this even had a more coherent plot as well, plus how could you not love the penguins? They are absolutely hilarious and need their own movie, maybe a Full Metal Jacket with penguins! Anyways, I loved the characters so much, they're back and better than ever. They even ended up giving the little old lady from the first Madagascar who fought Alex the Lion, she has a bigger role and was so awesome to watch and listen too. I think the jokes were even funnier than the first Madagascar, my favorite scene without a doubt was the plane sequence in the beginning. But the whole story was just a blast to watch.
Alex, Marty, Gloria, and Melman are still looking to go back to Africa, everything seems to be a good and they start to fly back with the penguins as well as Julien. But the plane runs out of fuel and crashes, they are still in Africa, but bump into an animal pack where Alex finds his long lost parents, Marty finds out that all zebras are like him(imagine being surrounded by 1,000 Chris Rocks*shudder*), Gloria has a hunky hippo who is crushing on her, and Melman becomes the giraffe witch doctor of his group. Alex is about to be initiated into his pride, but one lion does not want him part of the group and will do anything to become leader.
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa is definitely worth your watch, it's not the animated film of the year, but it was a lot of fun to watch. It kind of reminded me of The Lion King a little bit, it has a similar story. It's a great family film and is fun for both the kids and the adults as well. Although I still think it's funny that Alex is voiced by Ben Stiller and his dad is voiced by Bernie Mac, but it's all good, who knows, maybe Alex's dad just had a little more soul in him. I would recommend this film, it was a lot of fun to watch and I suggest we write in a script for those penguins! They're a blast to watch on screen.
7/10
from Orlando, Florida
10 November 2008
The original Madagascar was a break from the typical mold in family animated entertainment; it was fearless, didn't slow down to teach a lesson, and was not afraid of entertaining solely on physical humor. The content was light, but it was so satisfying that it wound up being Dreamwork's second best animated movie of them allbehind Shrek. The zany cast of characters easily exceeds the number of memorable characters in Shrek, and contained more humor and creativity than all of the other Dreamworks animated flicks before and ever since.
In the second installment, you see the writers trying to give the franchise a dosage of heart and sentimentality, which is what made Shrek the instant classic it became. A bit of heart can definitely propel an animated movie into masterpiece status (see Toy Story and Finding Nemo) however this is not the franchise to do it. Madagascar is about the cast and how they interact with each other and the conflict that is presented onto them. While the laughs are definitely here, the attempt for emotion constantly makes this film slows down and keeps it from being a superior installment when placed against the original. That being said, it's still a fun, entertaining, and unpredictable movie that continues the zaniness that made the original a personal guilty pleasure of mine.
In Escape 2 Africa, we follow the New York zoo animals, the psychotic penguins, the monkeys, and the lemur leaders as they unexpectedly are stranded in the middle of Africa. While at first the main four (Marty, Alex, Melman, Gloria) are rather happy at their new environment, they quickly realize that it's not all that it seems, and that their new temporary home is splitting the four apart. In the meantime, the penguins attempt to repair the plane that they accidentally destroyed. The writers did a good job in presenting all sorts of new gags and yet again refrain from referencing pop culture too much (although the Twilight Zone nod was hilarious). But, they couldn't deliver the emotional impact because of one main reason: this franchise wasn't meant to ever slow down in terms of pacing. Like a roller coaster, this movie moves sometimes extremely fast, and then can grind into a halt in the next scene. Lastly the main four don't interact much with each other, but more with the environment. There literally are at least 8 plots happening at oncesome of them are good, some of them aren't.
The voice acting remains decent, but there are fewer lines by the original cast, and more from supporting characters and new characters. Bernie Mac, rest in peace, but his performance was rather bland and could have been done by anyone else. Alec Baldwin didn't have much of a chance to lend his comedic skills either. Yet again, the penguins and Sacha Baron Cohen steal every scene they are in, no matter how mediocre the previous scene was. Cohen (as Julien) has an obvious knack for comedy, and delivers every line perfectly for two movies in a row; not bad at all. Ben Stiller had fewer chances at being funny, as they had to handle all the major slower moments. Chris Rock's role was surprisingly limited, especially for someone who did so well in the original.
The one major improvement from the original was the animation, which was crisp, fluid, and flowed better. Surely it's undeniably no Wall-E (Or even 2007's Ratatouille), but it's still respectably an improvement over previous work. The jokes themselves are hit-and-miss like the original; the only difference is this one has more misses. Plus it's the recurring jokes that are missing; the hula girl, feisty tourist, repetitive herd, and lion-dancing bits all didn't elicit much laughter from the audience, nor from me. We just needed much more Julien, and much more penguin-action. Maybe in the future the focus will shift; in the meantime they are just grabbing all the spotlight and attention.
Bottom Line: Exactly what Scrat did to Ice Age: The Meltdown years ago, we have minor/supporting characters becoming the main hit and running the show. While the original four characters take a backseat and add emotion to a franchise that's too fast-paced for this sort of stuff, we have the penguins and Julien taking over the movie and keeping it from being another totally disappointing animated sequel like every straight-to-video Disney sequel, the ugly Shrek sequels, or Ice Age 2. The entertainment level is still magnificent the second time around, but it won't age as well as the first Madagascar did. Leave the heart to Pixar, because those folks have nailed it perfectly for years. Dreamworks can serve as the escapist cinema in terms of animation, but if they continue imitating and try to outdo Pixar, it will just dampen the quality of all their movies. Madagascar 2 is the prime example of this: purely fun and entertaining until it tries to distribute family values. Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa is also proof that those hilarious penguins need their own movie, pretty much immediately.
Yes, right now.
from China
6 May 2009
This movie really will give you a good laugh. It is about a new adventure of the four friends: Alex the lion, Melman the giraffe, Marty the zebra, Gloria the hippo. On the trip back to New York, they had an air crash and came to Africa instead. There, they found their roots and also came across some difficulties. In this movie, there are many supporting roles. And among them, the four little penguins played an important part and even covered the other main roles for their genius and humor. From the very beginning, the four penguins spoofed the DreamWorks icon. As for their popularity, the DreamWorks even planned to make a film about the Madagascar Penguins. I'm really looking forward to it. In this movie, the film makers pictured us an amazing Africa with wild animals and beautiful landscapes. The visual effects are pretty good and impressing. And I like the theme song "Move It", really making me full of energy and feel the desire of dancing with the characters. The last scene when Marty said that "Love has no boundary", I can't agree more. And I think that this does not only apply to love between lovers but also apply to love between friends and family. All in all, this is quite a funny movie and worth watching.
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12 out of 15 people found the following review useful:
I like to watch it, watch it.
from United States
17 January 2009
Just saw this at a discount movie theater ($2.50 a seat) and that's about what it's worth. Don't watch it expecting some major innovative work of art - it isn't, nor was it meant to be. It's purely fun fluff.
Without a doubt, the penguins steal the show. Their banter and antics are just downright hysterical. Granny on the other hand, needs to be retired. A cameo of her might have been funny, but she is overused to the point of irritation.
The ill-fated aircraft ride is a raucous ride, but after that the story splits into four or five (at least) concurrent sub-plots, so enough time isn't really given to each, and the pacing tends to jerk along in spurts. Basically it seems as if the filmmakers just strung together scenes of the funniest supporting characters from the original then tried to wrap it around a Lion King send-up.
All that said, I actually liked this one better than the original. Not every movie is intended to be a piece of ground-breaking cinematic artistry and this certainly isn't. But it IS just downright fun to watch. Now if Dreamworks would just give the penguins their OWN full-length picture...
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30 out of 51 people found the following review useful:
A perfect sequel; totally lived up to the first
from United States
9 November 2008
I was really excited about seeing the sequel to Madagascar, because I really loved the first and thought it was one of the best animations of the decade, regardless of how underrated it is, and this looked just as good, and in my opinion it almost was. Both of them are excellent films that are nothing but fun and are super energetic from the moment they come on screen, and this just made me appreciate the first even more than I already did, and am even looking forward to a third installment. The quality of this film might seem more fast paced and careless, but it is just as lovable.
When it started up, I was immediately sucked in, and I never became uninterested and it never stopped entertaining, because they did an excellent job at keeping your attention just like the first. There were some parts in the movie where I felt as if they tried too hard to please the audience and then others it got a little dumb and boring, but overall I laughed insanely and was very pleased. When it was over I wanted to watch it again. It's a great sequel to a great movie and I enjoyed watching it as much as the first, as I have said. Some hilarious scenes like the plane crash, any scene with Moto Moto and of course Mort are lovable too. It's story is touching and fantastic as well, go see it.
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18 out of 30 people found the following review useful:
Another Madagascar Winner
from United States
3 March 2009
Well, so far "Madagascar" is two-for-two in the laughs department. This is just as good, if not better, than the first film.
It's another good example of the "new" (last 10 years) kind of animated feature film that adults can enjoy just as much as the kids. In some cases, perhaps like this one, adults would laugh even more because many of the gags might over the kids' heads. I'm not talking sexual innuendos, just references to things older people could recognize.
It isn't just the writing that is excellent; the artwork is spectacular, especially on Blu-Ray. The colors and the detail are just amazing! More than once, my jaw dropped at what I was seeing on the TV screen. Like the first Madagascar, the high-def images are truly spectacular.
The combination of humor, drama, family and friendship ties and romance all make this a wonderful animated movie and the 90 minutes zip by.
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| Madagascar |
In Arthurian legend, what name is given to the sunken land believed to lie off the Isles of Scilly? | The Penguins of Madagascar | Madagascar Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Penguins of Madagascar
Taken from Wikipedia
The Penguins of Madagascar is a spin-off of the "Madagascar" films, which takes place after the second movie. The series follows the adventures of four penguins: Skipper, Kowalski, Private, and Rico who perform various paramilitary missions to protect their home in the Central Park Zoo. The penguins often have to deal with problems caused, or made worse, by the lemurs King Julien XIII, Maurice, and Mort.
It is not known how the penguins and lemurs arrived at the zoo after their adventures in both "Madagascar" films; however, at the end of the second movie, the penguins were seen flying to Monte Carlo in a repaired aircraft. During the show's opening title, the penguins are also seen opening a crate that reads "Madagascar" and contains the three lemur characters. DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg has stated that "there is at least one more chapter. We ultimately want to see the characters make it back to New York."
Taken from The Penguins of Madagascar HQ!
"The Penguins of Madagascar" is an animated show currently airing on the Nickelodeon network. The series is based on the military-esque adventures of 4 penguins living in the Central Park Zoo in New York. The penguins had their first appearance in the movies "Madagascar" in 2005 where they were part of a subplot to try to make it back to their homeland of Antarctica by hijacking a ship. They find Antarctica too cold and eventually end up on the warm island of Madagascar. "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa" was the 2008 sequel to "Madagascar" and once again featured the penguins antics as they tried to reconstruct an old airplane in order to leave Africa.
The penguins had their first separate adventure in an animated short called "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper" which aired in theaters on October 7th, 2005 with the stop-motion film, "Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit". This short was included on later editions of of the "Madagascar" and "Shrek" DVDs which were both released on November 15, 2005.
It was decided in 2006 that their should be a Nicktoon based on the "Madagascar" movie. No details about anything having to do with the show or its characters were confirmed until November 2007, when Nickelodeon advertised a sneak peak of three new shows that were coming to Nickelodeon for the 2008 year.
On November 28, 2008, the pilot episode, "Gone in a Flash" aired as part of a "Super Stuffed Nicktoons Weekend" along with two other contenders for new shows, "The Mighty B!" and "Making Fiends". They aired right before a brand new episode of "Spongebob Squarepants".
Due to a delay of the release of the movie "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa" to November 7th, 2008, the Nickelodeon show was also delayed. Season one was confirmed for 26 episodes and in January of 2009, even before the shows actual television premier, a second season was confirmed for another 26 episodes, bringing the total to 52.
On February 6, 2009, the double DVD Pack of "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa" was released and came with a preview DVD of the show, featuring the episodes “Popcorn Panic” and “Gone in a Flash". The "Popcorn Panic" episode was shown in many other countries around the world before airing on Nickelodeon on May 9th, 2009.
The actual series premier happened on March 28, 2009 with the episodes "Launchtime" and "Haunted Habitat". The premier occurred right after the Nickelodeon 2009 Kids' Choice Awards and drew 6.1 million viewers making it Nickelodeons most watched series premier of all time.
Each half hour show consists of two 11 minute episodes and are not permanently paired, meaning the two episodes shown together in the half-hour time slot might not be the same pair as a future airing of the show. The show is is produced at the Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank, California, in the US and the animation is done by DK Ent. and Paprikaas studios in India. For voice casting, the series used many original voice actors from the "Madagascar" movies, however a few of the original movie voice talents were not able to do work for the show due to other involvements so other actors had to be found. The final cast ended up being perfect and unless noted, one cannot tell the difference between the film and show voices!
There are small other differences between the movies and the show such as the zoo grounds/habitats and certain features of some the animals. The 4 penguins were given different silhouettes then their movie counterparts in order to better tell them apart. Many new animals now live at the zoo as well, most likely in order to form new stories for episodes around.
The actual show revolves around the adventures of the 4 penguins, Skipper, Kowalski, Private and Rico as they try to get by on a daily basis and protect their habitat at the Central Park Zoo. Everything they do is treated as a strategic military style commando/spy mission and each team member plays a certain role in the group. They are often harassed by a trio of Lemurs from Madagascar, King Julien, Maurice and Mort. The events of the series are supposedly set after "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa" but it is unknown as to how the penguins and lemurs arrived at the zoo without the other characters from the Madagascar movies. The show started production before an ending to "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa" had been established. Tom McGrath, creator of the show and voice of Skipper said "It's not specifically before or after the movie, I just wanted them all back at the zoo. I think of it as taking place in a parallel universe." A third installment of the movie series has been confirmed so hopefully this completes the missing storyline segments!
| i don't know |
Which 2001 'Westlife' song is the only UK number one single to begin with the letter 'Q'? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| Queen of My Heart |
Which 1980 Olivia Newton-John and ELO song is the only UK number one single to begin with the letter 'X'? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
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What was the name of the British nurse who was shot by a German firing squad during World War I after being court-martialled for helping Allied troops escape from a military hospital in Belgium? | WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History in the Headlines
WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago
October 6, 2015 By Evan Andrews
Color portrait of Cavell. (Credit: Wellcome Library)
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At dawn on October 12, 1915, World War I nurse Edith Cavell was shot by a German firing squad on the outskirts of Brussels, Belgium. The 49-year-old Englishwoman had been condemned to death for helping run an underground network that spirited some 200 Allied soldiers out of German-occupied territory. Her execution caused an outrage both in Britain and abroad, and became a recurring motif in Allied propaganda for the rest of the war. Get the story of one of the most celebrated female heroes of World War I.
When World War I erupted in August 1914, Edith Cavell was in her seventh year as the head matron of the Berkendael Medical Institute, a nurse training school in Brussels, Belgium. The grey-haired nurse was visiting family in England on the eve of Germany’s invasion of Belgium, but she immediately packed her bags and rushed back to her students. “At a time like this I am more needed than ever,” she told her worried mother. Cavell’s school was converted into a Red Cross hospital, and as the wounded began pouring in from the front, she treated all soldiers regardless of nationality. “Each man is a father, husband or son,” she reminded her nurses. “The profession of nursing knows no frontiers.”
A pre-war photo of Edith Cavell. (Credit: Imperial War Museum)
Brussels fell to the Germans in late August, but the stern-faced Cavell ignored a call to return to England and remained at her post. That same month, the 150,000-strong British Expeditionary Force retreated from Belgium following the Battle of Mons, leaving scores of wounded Englishmen stranded behind enemy lines. Many were reduced to hiding out in the countryside to avoid being captured or shot as spies. Some even donned disguises or pretended to be deaf-mutes to cover up their nationality.
Cavell knew the penalties for helping Allied troops could be severe—the Germans had papered Brussels with warning posters—but when a pair of refugee British soldiers showed up at Berkendael in November 1914, her conscience wouldn’t allow her to turn them away. She took the two men in, nursed them back to health and sheltered them in her hospital until a guide was found to lead them out of occupied territory. The act of defiance marked the beginning of Cavell’s transformation from strait-laced nurse to resistance member. When word of her actions reached Prince Reginald de Croy, himself a resistance member and cousin of the Belgian king, she was enlisted into a clandestine group of Allied patriots. Her hospital soon became a vital way station on an underground network used to shepherd British, French and Belgian soldiers to the neutral Netherlands. Cavell carried out her role in secret, determined not to incriminate her fellow nurses.
As the months passed, the stoic matron became adept in the cloak and dagger tactics needed to avoid detection by the German secret police. Most of the men she sheltered were signed in as fake patients and provided with phony identity cards. If the Germans arrived to conduct inspections of her hospital, she would usher the soldiers out the back door or cover them up in sickbeds. During one surprise search, Cavell hid a British private in a barrel and covered him with apples. When the time came to hand her refugees over to their border guides, she would personally lead them to the drop-off point by pretending to take her dog on a walk through the city—all the while watching for spies in the reflections of shop windows. Her soldiers would trail behind at a safe distance, often disguised as beggars or even monks.
An Anti-German propaganda poster that references Cavell.
Despite Cavell’s precautions, her British nationality made her an obvious target for the Germans. By the summer of 1915, she began to notice suspicious men conducting surveillance on Berkendael, and searches by the secret police became more frequent. Even more troubling were the potential spies who started showing up at her door posing as Allied troops. Most were turned away for not knowing the password (“yorc”), yet unbeknownst to Cavell, a French collaborator got through and began funneling information to the Germans.
It was clear that the enemy was closing in, but rather than flee the country, Cavell stayed put and continued aiding Allied soldiers as best she could. “We shall be punished in any case, whether we have done much or little,” she told her accomplices. “So let us go ahead and save as many as possible of these unfortunate men.” She managed to assist several more refugees before August 5, when she was finally arrested and placed in solitary confinement in Brussels’ St. Gilles prison. The German secret police also rounded up dozens of other members of the escape organization, including many of Cavell’s closest allies. Nearly all of them were charged with “conducting soldiers to the enemy”—an offense that carried the death penalty under German martial law.
British officers using a picture of Cavell to recruit soldiers.
Cavell had told countless lies to protect her soldiers from being discovered, but when it came to her own fate she adopted a policy of unflinching honesty. During a group trial in October 1915, she admitted to her role in the resistance ring, and estimated that she had assisted as many as 200 soldiers in their escape from occupied Belgium. “My aim was not to help your enemy but to help those men who asked for my help to reach the frontier,” she said during her testimony. “Once across the frontier they were free.” The argument fell on deaf ears. When the Germans issued their verdict, Cavell and four others were found guilty of aiding the Allies and sentenced to death. Diplomats from the neutral United States and Spain immediately scrambled to win her a stay of execution, to no avail. Brussels’ German governor ordered that Cavell and a fellow resistance member named Philippe Baucq would face the firing squad on the morning of October 12.
Cavell spent the night before her execution writing goodbye letters in her cell. Shortly before 10 p.m. she was visited by the Reverend Stirling Gahan, who was astonished to find her looking “calm and resigned.” Cavell told Gahan that she hoped to be remembered as a nurse who had done her duty. “They have all been very kind to me here,” she said. “But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity: I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.”
The following morning, Cavell and Baucq were driven to a rifle range and shot by a German firing squad. A chaplain who witnessed the execution later said the nurse “was brave and bright to the last. She professed her Christian faith and that she was glad to die for her country. She died like a heroine.”
Nurses marching in Cavell’s funeral procession in Britain. (Credit: A. R. Coster/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)
The Germans had intended for Cavell’s execution to deter others from aiding the enemy, but it proved to be a massive misstep. The British press condemned the killing as an act of barbarism and held Cavell up as a martyr to the Allied cause. “Let Cavell be the battle cry,” wrote one newspaper. Seizing on the public outrage, the British government issued reams of propaganda incorporating her story. Cavell’s name and picture were used to win other nations over to the Allied cause, sell war bonds and convince young men to enlist. By all accounts, the media blitz worked. Anti-German sentiment soared to new heights in the neutral United States, and in the eight weeks after Cavell’s death was made public, the British army experienced an astonishing 50 percent spike in new recruits. “Emperor Wilhelm would have done better to lose an entire army corps than to butcher Miss Cavell,” novelist Rider Haggard observed.
Bust of Cavell in Norwich, England. (Credit: RDImages/Epics/Getty Images)
Tributes to Edith Cavell’s heroism continued after World War I came to a close. In 1919, her body was exhumed and returned to England. Before it was reburied at Norwich Cathedral, it made a brief stopover in London, where thousands attended a state funeral at Westminster Abbey. A statue of Cavell was later unveiled near Trafalgar Square in 1920, and dozens of landmarks have since been named after her including streets, hospitals, schools and even a mountain in Canada. The most recent tribute came earlier this year, when the U.K.’s Royal Mint struck a special five pound coin to honor the centennial of her death.
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By what traditional name was the Chinese city of Guangzhou known in Britain? | 1000+ images about WORLD WAR 1 1914-1918 on Pinterest | Wwi, World War I and World war
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Edith Louisa Cavell - Was a British nurse who is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from all sides during World War I, for which she was arrested. She was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage. She is well known for her statement that "patriotism is not enough. I can’t stop while there are lives to be saved."
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How was the American outlaw and gunfighter Harry Longabaugh better known? | Sundance Kid - Thief - Biography.com
Sundance Kid
Sundance Kid was an American criminal best known for his train robberies and bank heists with the Wild Bunch gang in the late 1890s and early 1900s.
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Synopsis
American criminal Sundance Kid, originally named Harry Longabaugh, was born in 1867 in Mont Clare, Pennsylvania. At age 15, he headed west and received his nickname when was arrested for stealing a horse in Sundance, Wyoming. After a couple of years in jail, Sundance Kid resumed a career in crime, robbing trains and banks. Named the Wild Bunch, he and his conspirators went on the longest crime spree in the history of the American West. Sundance Kid eventually fled to South America where he continued his life of crime. Historians disagree on his death with some citing a shootout in Bolivia on November 3, 1908 while others suggest he returned to the U.S. under the name William Long and lived there until 1936.
Early Years
Harry Alonzo Longabaugh was born in 1867 in Mont Clare, Pennsylvania. He was considered the fastest gunslinger in the Wild Bunch, a well-known gang of robbers and cattle rustlers that roamed the American West during the 1880s and 1890s.
Longabaugh was just 15 when he left home for good. He took his nickname from the Wyoming town of Sundance, where he was arrested for the only time in his life after stealing a horse. For the crime, Sundance served nearly two years in jail. Upon his release in 1889, he attempted to create an honest life for himself as a cowboy.
The Wild Bunch
By the early 1890s, Sundance was back to being an outlaw. Authorities fingered him for a train robbery in 1892, and five years later for a bank heist that he pulled off with a group that came to be known as the Wild Bunch. The gang largely consisted of Robert Parker (aka Butch Cassidy), Harry Tracy (“Elzy Lay”), Ben Kilpatrick (the “Tall Texan”) and Harvey Logan (“Kid Curry”). Together, the group embarked on the longest stretch of successful train and bank robberies in the history of the American West.
Among the men, Sundance was considered to be the fastest gunslinger, though historical evidence indicates he never killed anyone during the Wild Bunch’s run. The gang’s robberies were scattered around parts of South Dakota, New Mexico, Nevada and Wyoming. Between robberies, the men hid out at Hole-in-the-Wall Pass, located in Johnson County, Wyoming, where several outlaw gangs had their hideouts.
With each new robbery, the Wild Bunch became better known and well liked by an American public eager to read about their exploits. Their robberies also became bigger. One of the largest was a $70,000 haul from a train just outside Folsom, New Mexico.
Unable to stop the Wild Bunch, the Union Pacific Railroad hired the famed Pinkerton National Detective Agency to find and arrest Sundance and the rest of the gang. Perhaps sensing their run was over, Sundance and Cassidy pushed into South America, first to Argentina, where they tried to make it as honest farmers. With the pair was Etta Place, a former prostitute who’d become Sundance’s lover.
Final Years
An honest life, however, was not a good fit for either Sundance or Cassidy. Before long the two were back to being outlaws, robbing banks and trains just as they’d done in the States.
As the story goes, Cassidy and Sundance lost their lives in a shootout with soldiers in southern Bolivia on November 3, 1908, but the truth of their end has never been fully settled. Debate lingers over where and when Sundance actually died. One account, which bears some historical evidence, suggests he returned to the United States under a new name, William Long, and settled into a new life as a Utah rancher. According to the story, he married a widow with six children in 1894 and lived to be an old man, eventually dying in 1936.
Whatever the true story might be, Sundance is one of the real legends of the American West. In 1969, his life and relationship with Butch Cassidy was turned into an Oscar-winning movie, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, starring Paul Newman (Cassidy) and Robert Redford (Sundance).
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This article is about the Old West profession or avocation . For the 1950 movie, see The Gunfighter (film) . For other uses, see Gunslinger (disambiguation) . For the American football player popularly known as the Gunslinger, see Brett Favre .
Gunfighter, also gunslinger, is a 20th century name, used in cinema or literature, referring to men in the American Old West who had gained a reputation as being dangerous with a gun.
Contents
9 References
Origin of the term
Noted amateur etymologist Barry Popik has traced the term "gun slinger" back to its use in the 1920 Western movie Drag Harlan. [1] The word was soon adopted by other Western writers such as Zane Grey and became common usage. In his introduction to The Shootist , author Glendon Swarthout says that "gunslinger" and "gunfighter" are modern terms and that the more authentic terms for the period would have been "gunman", "pistoleer", "shootist" or "bad man". While Swarthout seems to have been correct about "gunslinger", Bat Masterson used the term "gunfighter" in the newspaper articles he wrote about the lawmen and outlaws he had known. Clay Allison (1841–1887), a notorious New Mexico and Texas gunman and cattleman originated the term, "shootist". Chuck Parsons, Clay Allison: Portrait of a Shootist (Seagraves, Texas: Pioneer, 1983).
Usage
Often the term was applied to men who would hire out for contract killings or at a ranch embroiled in a range war where they would earn "fighting wages." Others, like Billy the Kid , were notorious bandits and still others were lawmen like Pat Garrett and Wyatt Earp . A gunslinger could be an outlaw , a robber or murderer who took advantage of the wilderness of the frontier to hide from, and make periodic raids on genteel society. The gunfighter could also be an agent of the state, archetypally a lone avenger, but more often a sheriff , whose duty was to face the outlaw and bring him to or, more likely, personally administer justice. The title is often misused in historical accounts to describe men killed in gunfights. For instance, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral victims Billy Clanton , Frank McLaury , and Tom McLaury were called "gunfighters", when the three were simply cowboys and ranchers, as that fight was their first and only.
Gunslingers frequently appear, along with cowboys , as stock characters in Western movies and novels . In Western movies, the characters' gun belts are often worn low on the hip and outer thigh, with the gun having an exposed trigger and grip for a smooth fast draw. This type holster is a Hollywood anachronism. Twirling one's revolvers is a trademark trick of gunslingers, and drawing and spinning the pistol from time to time, without intending or being expected to shoot, is a commonly portrayed habit or compulsion. Fast-draw artists can be distinguished from other movie cowboys because their guns will often be tied to their thigh. Long before holsters were steel-lined, they were soft and supple so they could be comfortably worn all day long. Tie-downs were used to keep the pistol from catching on the holster as it was drawn.
Fact versus fiction, gunfights
Most gunfights are portrayed in films or books as having two men square off, waiting for one to make the first move. This was rarely the case. Often, a gunfight was spur-of-the-moment, with one drawing his pistol, and the other reacting. Often it would develop into a shootout where both men bolted for cover. Other times, one or both were drunk and missed several normally easy shots. Many times the shootout was little more than one taking advantage of the other's looking away at an opportune moment. Regardless of popular folklore, the men who held noteworthy reputations as a gunfighter were not anxious to match up against another gunman with the same reputation. On the contrary, in cases where two men held a similar reputation, both reputable gunmen would avoid confrontation with one another whenever possible. They rarely took undue risks, and usually weighed their options before confronting another well-known gunman. This respect for one another is why most famous gunfights were rarely two or more well-known gunmen matched up against one another, but rather one notable gunman against a lesser known opponent or opponents.
Generally, two well-known gunmen coming into contact with one another would result in either the two keeping a distance but being social, or avoiding one another altogether. In cases where one well-known gunman was a lawman, and another was merely in town, the one that was visiting would avoid problems. He avoided confrontation with the gunman serving lawman.
How famous gunfighters died is as varied as each man. Many well-known gunfighters were so feared by the public because of their reputation that when they were killed, they died as a result of ambush rather than going down in a "blaze of glory". Others died secluded deaths either from old age or illness.
Gunfighters King Fisher , John Wesley Hardin , Ben Thompson , Billy the Kid , and Wild Bill Hickok all died as a result of an ambush, killed by men who feared them because of their reputation. Gunmen Kid Curry , Jim Courtright , Dallas Stoudenmire and Dave Rudabaugh were killed in raging gun battles, much as portrayed in films of the era, and usually against more than one opponent. Bill Longley and Tom Horn were executed. Famed gunman Clay Allison died in a wagon accident. Gunmen Wyatt Earp , Doc Holliday , Commodore Perry Owens , and Luke Short all died of natural causes, living out their lives on reputation and avoiding conflict in secluded retirement.
Living on reputation
Most Old West men who were labelled as being "gunfighters" did not kill nearly as many men in gunfights as they were given credit for, if any at all. They were often labelled as such due to one particular instance, which developed from rumours into them having been involved in many more events than they actually were. Often their reputation was as much "self-promotion" as anything else, such was the case of Bat Masterson .
Wyatt Earp, for example, has been said to have been involved in more than one hundred gunfights in his lifetime. In reality, less than ten would be more accurate. His fame was mostly due to his involvement in the Gunfight at the OK Corral, and his Vendetta Ride afterward. Although history has since portrayed him as having been legendary and well known when that gunfight took place, he in fact was not well known until after that, and due to that. Doc Holliday, another figure whose fame mostly derived from his involvement in the events leading up to and after the Gunfight at the OK Corral, was known in fact to have killed only one man prior to that gunfight, therefore it was more his reputation than any actual deeds that led to his notoriety.
Johnny Ringo , as supported by noted author Louis L'Amour , has no factual deeds to support the reputation he developed. Of the men who are actually known for a fact to have been killed by him, all were unarmed, and he has no actual evidence to support his having been in even one gunfight. Yet because of the Earp - Clanton feud in Tombstone, Arizona , and his association with that, he is well remembered as a "gunfighter".
There were others, however, whose lifestyle definitely lived up to the reputation they had. Jim Courtright, for example, did in fact kill several men, as did Dallas Stoudenmire, in gunfights both as lawmen and as civilians. Clay Allison and Ben Thompson also lived up to their reputations. At the same time, gunmen like Scott Cooley are all but unknown, when they actually led a life reflective of what most would consider a gunfighter to be. In other cases, certain gunfighters were possibly confused, over time, for being someone else with a similar name. The most well known of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang, the Sundance Kid , was in reality only known to have been in one shootout during his lifetime, and no gunfights. Some historians have since stated that it is possible that over time he was confused with another Wild Bunch member, Kid Curry , who was without a doubt the most dangerous member of the gang, having killed many lawmen and civilians during his lifetime before being killed himself. Hence, it is the Sundance Kid who is better known.
Most famous gunfights of the Old West
The image of a Wild West filled with countless gunfights was a myth generated primarily by dime-novel authors in the late 19th century. However, gunfights did occasionally occur. The most notable and well known of these took place in the states of Arizona , New Mexico , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Texas . They each varied in what led up to them. Some were simply the result of the heat of the moment, others were the result of long standing feuds , while others were between outlaws and lawmen. There were also various other reasons that resulted in gunfights. Some of these shootouts became famous, while others simply faded into history with only a few accounts of them left today. Listed below are some of the more notable and remembered gunfights that did receive wide acclaim:
Moab Shootout , May 26, 1900, Moab, Utah
Gunfighter, outlaw, or lawman
It is often difficult to separate lawmen of the Old West from outlaws of the Old West. In many cases, the term gunfighter was applied to constables. Despite idealisstic portrayals in television, movies, and even in the history books, very few of these lawmen/gunfighters could claim their law enforcement role as their only source of employment. Unlike contemporary peace officers, these lawmen generally pursued other occupations, often working as gamblers, business owners, or outlaws, as was the case with "Curly" Bill Brocius , who, while always referred to as an outlaw, served as a deputy sheriff under Sheriff Johnny Behan . Many shootouts involving lawmen were caused by disputes arising from these alternative occupations, rather than the lawman's attempts to enforce the law.
Tom Horn, historically referred to as an assassin , served both as a deputy sheriff and as a Pinkerton detective , a job for which he was quite well suited and in which he killed seventeen men in the line of duty, before going on to kill better than twenty two as a killer for hire. Ben Thompson, best known as a gunfighter and gambler, was a very successful chief of police in Austin, Texas . King Fisher had great success as a county sheriff in Texas. Doc Holliday and Billy the Kid both wore badges as lawmen at least once during their lifetime. "Big" Steve Long served as deputy marshal for Laramie, Wyoming , while the entire time committing murders and forced theft of land deeds. A town with a substantial violent crime rate would often turn to a known gunman as their town marshal, chief, or sheriff, in the hopes that the gunman could stem the violence and bring order. Typically, this move was successful.
These gunmen/lawmen would generally be very effective, and in time the violence would subside, usually after the gunman/lawman had been involved in several shooting incidents, eventually leading to a substantial and well earned fear that kept everyone in line.At times they were hired by cattlemen or other prominent figures to serve as henchmen during cattle wars. Although technically "sanctioned" by law enforcement officials, the gunmen were not always actually deputized. Sometimes, however, just to make things "official", they would go through the formality of deputizing the gunmen. Case in point, the service of the Jessie Evans Gang , and outlaw Jessie Evans himself, working for the "Murphy-Dolan" faction during the Lincoln County War . While they were technically working as lawmen, they were little more than hired guns. Usually, when a gunman was hired by a town as Town Marshal, they received the full support of the townspeople until order was restored. Once order was restored, however, the town would tactfully indicate it was time for a change to a more politically correct lawman who relied more on respect than fear.
In others, the gunman would simply become bored as the times changed and move on. A good example of both these scenarios was the 1882 decision by the El Paso, Texas , town council to dismiss Town Marshal Dallas Stoudenmire . Stoudenmire entered the council hall and dared them to try and take his guns or his job, at which point they immediately changed their mind, telling him he could keep his job. He resigned on his own a couple of days later. Another example was the dismissal of Sheriff Commodore Perry Owens in Holbrook, Arizona , after which the local county commission also withheld his last paycheck. Owens entered the county building and forced them to pay him at gun point, and he received no resistance.In the case of Marshal Jim Courtright, for example, he did "clean up the town" while serving as town marshal for Fort Worth, Texas . However, it was his habit of strong-arming local businesses in the area into paying him for protection that ultimately led to his fateful gunfight with gunman and saloon owner Luke Short, in which Courtright was killed.
List of famous gunfighters
Burnham's sidearm: Remington 1875, .44-40 caliber
There is historical dispute about the authenticity of the records of most of these men, and there is evidence that a select few stand out as masters. They all, however, had a reputation as dangerous gunfighters. In fiction the term gunslinger has anachronistically been tied to them. Since most served as a lawman at one time, they can not be easily separated into categories of lawman or outlaw.
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Which famous nude painting in the National Gallery was attacked with an axe, by a militant suffragette in 1914? | A Deranged Suffragette Attacks and Damages the Rokeby Venus by Valasquez
SUFFRAGIST PRISONER IN COURT.
EXTENT OF THE DAMAGE.
The famous Rokeby Valasquez, commonly known as the “Venus with the Mirror,” which was presented to the National Gallery in 1906, was mutilated yesterday morning by the prominent militant woman suffragist Mary Richardson. She attacked the picture with a small chopper with a long narrow blade, similar to the instruments used by butchers, and in a few seconds inflicted upon it severe if not irreparable damage. In consequence of the outrage the National Gallery will remain closed to the public until further notice.
To judge from the damaged frame, the first blow was struck at the point marked by the star in the reproduction of the picture which will be found on the preceding page. From that point to the bottom of the frame the plate glass, about one-third of an inch thick, is cracked in all directions upwards and sideways. Downwards nothing remains of the glass except splintered fragments filling the base of the frame and spreading out in front. Altogether the canvas has been slashed in six or seven places, the cuts extending from the top to the bottom of the picture.
What is described by one who afterwards saw the damaged masterpiece as probably the most serious blow has caused a cruel wound in the neck. For three or four inches, he says, it runs almost vertically, and spreads out an inch wide. Another severe cut has been aggravated apparently by the chopper’s having been twisted a little as it withdrawn for the next blow. Further, there is a broad laceration starting near the left shoulder and roughly forming, with two other cuts, a letter “N.” Two of the limbs of that letter are six or eight inches long, and the third is a gash extending right beyond the body and some inches through the drapery below it. The other cuts are cleanly made in the region of the waist. The weapon with which the damage was done luckily had a keen edge, and so did less mischief than an old and blunt weapon would have done.
THE ATTACK ON THE PICTURE.
Miss Richardson, who was released under the “Cat and Mouse Act” in October last and has not since been rearrested, visited the National Gallery about 11 o’clock yesterday morning. She is a small woman, and was attired in a tight-fitting grey coat and skirt. She stood in front of the Rokeby Venus for some moments, apparently in contemplation of it. There was nothing in her appearance or demeanour to arouse the suspicions of the uniformed attendant and a police constable who were on duty in the room and were standing within seven or eight yards of her. The first thought of the attendant, when he heard the smashing of glass, was that the skylight had been broken; but a moment later he saw the woman hacking furiously at the picture with a chopper which, it is assumed, she had concealed under her jacket. He ran towards her, but he was retarded somewhat by the polished and slippery floor. The constable reached the woman first and seizing her by the right arm prevented her from doing further mischief. She allowed herself to be led quietly away to the inspectors’ office. Addressing a few visitors to the Gallery who had meanwhile collected, she said, “Yes, I am a suffragette. You can get another picture, but you cannot get a life, as they are killing Mrs. Pankhurst.”
CLOSING OF THE GALLERY.
Immediately after the outrage the National Gallery was closed to the public and Sir Charles Holroyd, the Director, called a meeting of the Trustees to consider what steps should be taken to afford greater protection to the collection. Among those who attended were Lord Lansdowne, Lord Curzon, Lord Ribblesdale, and Mr Alfred Rothschild. The meeting began at 3 o’clock and lasted until nearly 5 o’clock. It is understood that the meeting was adjourned without any decision having been arrived at. The only official announcement made at the close of that meeting was that the National Gallery would remain closed until further notice. We understand, however, that the need for more adequate protection of the treasures in the National Gallery was the subject of prolonged discussion, and so grave is the view taken of the situation that it is probable that the Government will be approached on the matter. The possibility of a suffragist outrage in the National Gallery has long been present to the minds of the authorities, and special precautions have been taken to prevent it. For the last 12 months the ordinary staff of attendants has been supplemented by police constables, and plain clothes officers have been engaged to watch all the rooms.
The Wallace collection has also been closed until further notice, and the Tate Gallery was closed yesterday afternoon, though it was stated last night that it would probably be open as usual this morning. Sir Whitworth Wallis, Keeper of the Birmingham Art Gallery, gave instructions yesterday that not only the sticks and umbrellas belonging to visitors should be left with the attendants at the doors, but that muffs, parcels, and satchels should also be deposited in their custody.
MISS RICHARDSON’S STATEMENT.
The following statement, signed by Miss Richardson in explanation of her act, has been received by the Women’s Social and Political Union:–
I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in mythological history as a protest against the Government for destroying Mrs. Pankhurst, who is the most beautiful character in modern history. Justice is an element of beauty as much as colour and outline on canvas. Mrs. Pankhurst seeks to procure justice for womanhood, and for this she is being slowly murdered by a Government of Iscariot politicians. If there is an outcry against my deed, let every one remember that such an outcry is an hypocrisy so long as they allow the destruction of Mrs. Pankhurst and other beautiful living women, and that until the public cease to countenance human destruction the stones cast against me for the destruction of this picture are each an evidence against them of artistic as well as moral and political humbug and hypocrisy.
HISTORY OF THE PICTURE.
CHANGES OF OWNERSHIP.
The Rokeby Velasquez was purchased in January, 1906 from Messrs. Agnew by the National Art-Collections Fund for £45,000, and was by them presented to the National Gallery, where it has hung ever since. It was universally recognised by good judges as one of the masterpieces of the great Spanish artist, and the width of the circle to which it appealed was shown by the subscription list, which contains names from lovers of art of every class, from the very rich to persons of extremely modest means. The list was headed by “An Englishman,” who gave £10,000, then followed Lord Michelham with £8,000, Messrs Agnew with £5,250, the late Dr. Ludwig Mond with £2,000, and many others who gave £500, £250, £100, £50, and so on, till we come to “A Young Student,” who contributed 2s.
Considerable controversy has from time to time taken place concerning the history of the picture. Many judges believed at one period that it was identical with the “Cupid and Psyche” of Velasquez, which was catalogued amongst the collection in the Mirror Hall of the Alcazar Palace, Madrid, and which disappeared after the great fire of 1734. On this assumption, the question of possible damage by fire was raised about the time when the picture was bought for the National Gallery. Recent researches have, however, proved that the Venus was not in the Alcazar collection, but was entered in the catalogue of the collection of Don Gaspar de Haro, Viceroy of Naples, and cousin of that famous Count-Duke Olivarez, renowned as the patron of Velasquez. The history of the picture is thus known to within a few years of the time when it was painted – about 1655.
From the Haros it passed to the Dukes of Alba as part of a marriage portion, and from them to Godov, the Spanish statesman. It was brought to England by the Duke of Wellington in 1806, having been sold to Buchanan, the dealer and agent, who bought it for £500 for Mr. Morritt, of Rokeby Hall, Yorkshire, the friend of Sir Walter Scott. It remained in his family for close upon 100 years. In 1905 Mr. H. E. Morritt, the then owner, obtained the permission of the Court of Chancery to sell the picture, which was an heirloom, and it came, after one or two interesting stages, into the hands of Messrs. Agnew.
During the time that it belonged to the Merritt family the picture was only exhibited on two occasions – in Manchester, in 1857, when local prejudice against studies from the nude caused it to be “hung high up,” and afterwards at Burlington House, in 1890, when it was so obscured by dirt and old varnish that the face in the mirror could scarcely be distinguished.
The statements current about the time of the purchase for the National Gallery that the picture had been injured were controverted by a report published in December, 1905, by a special committee of three members, who inspected it with the glass removed. They declared that, while the canvas had been enlarged by a strip at the top a few inches wide to make room for the figure of the Cupid holding a mirror, as a whole it was quite sound.
After purchase it was shown in Manchester, Liverpool, and Edinburgh.
THE MASTERPIECE DESCRIBED.
For the benefit of those who have not seen it, we may state that the picture measures about 70in. by 50in., and that it represents Venus, a marvellously graceful female figure, lying on a couch, quite nude, with her back to the spectator, and looking at herself in a small mirror, which shows the reflection of her face, and is held for her by a delightful little Cupid. The picture, which is in perfect condition, is neither idealistic nor passionate, but absolutely natural, and absolutely pure. We may indeed echo the words of an eminent critic and say that “This Spanish Venus is, it may be, not that Aphrodite at all whom lovers tremulously invoke in worship and in awe. She is rather the Goddess of Youth and Health, the embodiment of elastic strength and vitality – of the perfection of Womanhood at the moment when it passes from the bud into the flower.”
The Venus is the only nude study by Velasquez, who seized the chance which the favour of Philip IV. gave him to defy the strict edicts of the Church and Inquisition on the matter. Three other works by the painter in the National Gallery are Admiral Pereja, a head of Philip IV., and a full length portrait of the same King, the latter an early work.
In April, 1910, the Venus once more became the centre of controversy owing to the publication of a statement by Mr. James Greig to the effect that he had discovered the monogram J.B – DM on the picture. This was taken to signify Juan Bautista del Mazo, the son-in-law of Velasquez and his successor as Court painter to Philip IV. Once again the glass covering the picture was removed and a committee of experts requisitioned to make an examination. They reported that they had satisfied themselves that the marks and cracks observed did not show the vestige of any monogram or signature.
A PROBLEM FOR THE OFFICE OF WORKS.
Our Parliamentary Correspondent writes:– The outrage at the National Gallery has given serious concern to the Office of Works. The chief London collections, such as the National Gallery and the British Museum, are not under the immediate supervision of the Department. It is, however, responsible for many national treasures, and among them are the collections at Hampton Court and Kensington Palace. Both buildings, as it happens, are at present closed to the public. Fears of suffragist outrages are not the immediate cause, though both have been closed in the past for this reason. The Department finds that there is very little need for keeping Hampton Court open to the public during the winter, as visitors are so few. Kensington Palace is closed to allow of the removal of the London Museum to its new home at Stafford House.
The Office of Works will now have seriously to consider whether the palaces are to be re-opened to the public, and if any restrictions are to be imposed on visitors.
Questions on the subject were put yesterday in the House of Commons.
POLICE COURT PROCEEDINGS.
AN EXPERT’S ACCOUNT OF THE DAMAGES.
When, as has already been stated, Miss RICHARDSON was brought up before Mr. Hopkins at Bow-street Police Court, the charge-sheet described her as being 31 years of age, a journalist, giving as her address the offices of the Women’s Social and Political Union, Kingsway. The accusation was that she had maliciously damaged the “Rokeby Venus” to the amount of £40,000, the property of the Trustees and Director of the National Gallery.
Mr. Herbert Muskett, who prosecuted on behalf of the Commissioner of Police, described the circumstances of the outrage, and went on to state that the prisoner had been prosecuted on many occasions and was present under the provisions of the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act.
After Police-constable 223 C and Charles Lewis Atkinson, an attendant at the National Gallery had given evidence as to their having seized the prisoner while she was “hammering away” at the picture with the chopper.
Mr. Hawes Turner, Keeper and Secretary of the National Gallery, was called as a witness. He said that the picture was presented to the nation by a body of subscribers in 1906. It was quite a unique picture , and cost £45,000. The glass had now been shattered, and there were seven distinct injuries to the canvas on the most important part of the work. Six were clean cuts, having apparently been inflicted with the cutting edge of a chopper, and the seventh and most important injury was a ragged bruise, and appeared to have been inflicted with the flat part of the end of a chopper.
Mr. Musket. – In the mere matter of commerce, what do you suppose is the amount of damage done?
The witness replied that to speak of the market value of a picture in a national collection was misleading, because it could have no market value. Assuming that the picture was in the open market and that its original value was £45,000, he should say that its selling value would be affected to the extent of about £10,000 to £15,000. That, however, was only a personal opinion of his own, and he should desire it to be supported. Having regard to the cleanness of most of the cuts, the cost of relining and repairing the injuries would probably be less than £100.
The prisoner, who had not cross-examined any of the witnesses, said that she was amazed at any magistrate being willing to preside over this farce of trying her, as this was the tenth time she had been brought before a magistrate in one year. The situation was ridiculous, and Mr. McKenna had made the Criminal Code into a comic valentine. The magistrate must surely see that he could not administer the dead letter of the law against the spirit of a new law which was manifest in the women suffragists. She also wished to say that she had a great contempt for any Administration which did not treat all persons equally. Mr. McKenna had not had her rearrested under the Cat and Mouse Act, as he had done other women. He was afraid of killing her by forcible feeding and torture, but she was not afraid of dying. Therefore he was the greater coward and could not coerce her. He could not make her serve her sentences, but could only again repeat the farce of releasing her or else killing her; either way, hers was the victory.
The magistrate committed her for trial, and said that he should not allow bail.
The Times
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Rokeby Venus by Diego Velezquez (1651) Suffragette, Mary Richardson walked into the National Gallery in 1914 and attacked the canvas with a meat cleaver protesting the arrest of Emmeline Pankhurst the day before. Richardson was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment, the maximum allowed for destruction of an artwork.
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Which car company produces a model called the 'Charade'? | Daihatsu Parts & Spare Parts Online | AutoPartsWarehouse
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Daihatsu: The World's Trusted Engine and Car Manufacturer
Known for its small cars and off-road vehicles, Daihatsu is considered as one of the oldest car manufacturers in Japan today. During its early years, Daihatsu was known as Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd.?an internal combustion engine manufacturing company that was focused mainly on producing industrial engines. With the emergence of automobiles, Hatsudoki created two prototype trucks that performed really well and because of this, the brand decided to pursue making cars. In 1930, the brand launched its first production vehicle that was known as the Model HA. This three-wheeler ride is the first domestically produced car in Japan, making it an important milestone in the history of Japanese automobiles. It was not until 1951 that the company's name was changed to Daihatsu, which means "Osaka Great Manufacturer". The following decade, Daihatsu entered into an agreement with multinational Japanese automaker Toyota. And after several years, the brand finally found its way to American shores when two models were launched in the US?Charade and Rocky. During the 80s, Daihatsu found great success in terms of sales, but before the year 1999 ended, it officially became a part of the Toyota family.
Hijet
Daihatsu's Hijet is the brand's famous line of micro vans and pickup trucks. Starting its production in 1960, this line is considered as the rival of Honda's Acty, Subaru's Sambar, Mitsubishi's Minicab, and Suzuki's Carry. The first Hijet was equipped with a 360 cc two-stroke engine and overtime, this evolved into better versions as the brand adapted the latest technological advancements from the automotive industry.
The fifth generation Hijet was the first to receive a ton of attention from the export market. This vehicle was characterized by a matured body style appearance that came along with a 182 cm wheelbase. It also came in several versions starting the Jumbo?an extended cab high-roof truck that had a very balanced look. After that came the Climber?a four-wheel-drive high-profile tire version. And last but definitely not least was the Daihatsu Atrai?a passenger van that was offered with a turbo engine version.
Diesel Motor Manufacturing
Because Daihatsu was initially a producer of engines, it decided to come up with a spin off engine manufacturing arm in 1966. This brand-new company was known as the Daihatsu Diesel Motor Manufacturing Company. This brand provides the market with heavy-duty marine engines and diesel generators. After acquiring an ISO9001 accreditation in 1994, the company remains to be one of the most trusted engine manufacturers in the world today.
Daihatsu Top Sellers
Daihatsu Highlights
Daihatsu's Resource-Saving Compact Cars
Greenhouse gases, shortage of the earth's resources, and environmental issues?these are just some the alarming things that have pushed Daihatsu to pursue efforts in going green. So aside from the brand's small cars and off-road vehicles, Daihatsu is now well-known for its line of hybrid cars. This all started with the company's development of its own electric vehicles, which included the so-called pavilion cars. This particular prototype was introduced to the market during the 1970 Osaka World Expo. In addition, Daihatsu has also been creating golf carts and vehicles intended for institutional use like the DBC-1. The 1973 oil crisis fueled this initiative even more and during the Tokyo Motor Show that same year, Daihatsu came up with two vehicles?a 550 W electric trike called the TR-503E and an electric car called the BCX-III. Throughout the 70s, Daihatsu created and showcased more electric vehicle prototypes. And in line with this, the brand created several electric versions of some of its popular models like the Fellow Max and Max Cuore.
Compact cars
Typically, the main concept of hybrid cars is to produce automobiles that use up less gasoline as compared to other conventional cars. This is made possible by having two or more power sources in one car. Since fuel-efficient cars burn less gasoline, they also emit less carbon dioxide, which is a major pollutant in the earth's atmosphere. However, hybrid vehicles aren't all that perfect because they tend to weigh more due to their large motors. And if a car weighs more, it also needs more energy to run. That's why Daihatsu stands by its belief that that producing lightweight and small compact cars is one of the best things to do to help the environment. Since compact cars require fewer materials to get made, they also use up less of the earth's resources.
The future of resource-saving cars
Today, Daihatsu strives to perfect its production of smaller and lighter cars that will use less of the earth's resources to get built and less fuel when it already runs. The brand's Eco-friendly vehicles are going to be more compact, but will maintain the safety that normal cars feature. Daihatsu has also come up with the smart Eco-idle system, which detects a car's deceleration and automatically turns off the engine before the car stops. This reduces unnecessary gasoline consumption when the car idles, making it more fuel efficient and Eco-friendly.
Daihatsu Trivia
Daihatsu All Over the Globe
In Chile, Daihatsu is a pretty well-known brand, and it's most well-known for its 1970s models like the Charade and Cuore.
In Trinidad and Tobago, Daihatsu has had an established market presence since the 1950s. During that time, the most popular model manufactured by the brand was Midget Mk I.
In Malaysia, Daihatsu has released a number of models under different car badges. For instance, it is known for supplying engines and transmissions to Malaysian car brand Perodua.
Are you planning to buy OE replacement Daihatsu parts? If you do, then you probably love getting small things that give big performance. You might also advocate Green Revolution, of which Daihatsu is a known supporter. Daihatsu, a Japanese car making company, has made a name for itself by building extremely efficient and reliable compact cars. Daihatsu engineers and designers get their inspiration from Japan's rich history of making miniature dolls and artworks, whose masters (takumi) are famous for their marvelous gift for creating miniature works of art filled with great details. Just like its inspiration, Daihatsu parts are also carefully designed to achieve such great results as greener environment, better road safety, and more innovative automotive technology. But Daihatsu car parts such as shock absorbers, strut assemblies, brake pads, and many others, do get damaged or worn out over time. When they become unfit for use, you should immediately replace them with genuine OE parts. By replacing these damaged or worn out parts with premium-quality OE replacement Daihatsu auto parts, you can expect continued great performance from your prized Daihatsu. Get the best replacement parts for your Daihatsu from Auto Parts Warehouse today. You're guaranteed to get big savings when you buy from us since we have the lowest-priced products online. So what are you waiting for? Shop for Daihatsu parts now!
Why don't we show the price?
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By ensuring we follow manufacturer advertising guidelines, AutoPartsWarehouse.com is able to offer the very best pricing and value to our customers.
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| Daihatsu |
Which spirit gives 'Sauce a la Normandie' its name? | Daihatsu Parts & Spare Parts Online | AutoPartsWarehouse
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Daihatsu: The World's Trusted Engine and Car Manufacturer
Known for its small cars and off-road vehicles, Daihatsu is considered as one of the oldest car manufacturers in Japan today. During its early years, Daihatsu was known as Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd.?an internal combustion engine manufacturing company that was focused mainly on producing industrial engines. With the emergence of automobiles, Hatsudoki created two prototype trucks that performed really well and because of this, the brand decided to pursue making cars. In 1930, the brand launched its first production vehicle that was known as the Model HA. This three-wheeler ride is the first domestically produced car in Japan, making it an important milestone in the history of Japanese automobiles. It was not until 1951 that the company's name was changed to Daihatsu, which means "Osaka Great Manufacturer". The following decade, Daihatsu entered into an agreement with multinational Japanese automaker Toyota. And after several years, the brand finally found its way to American shores when two models were launched in the US?Charade and Rocky. During the 80s, Daihatsu found great success in terms of sales, but before the year 1999 ended, it officially became a part of the Toyota family.
Hijet
Daihatsu's Hijet is the brand's famous line of micro vans and pickup trucks. Starting its production in 1960, this line is considered as the rival of Honda's Acty, Subaru's Sambar, Mitsubishi's Minicab, and Suzuki's Carry. The first Hijet was equipped with a 360 cc two-stroke engine and overtime, this evolved into better versions as the brand adapted the latest technological advancements from the automotive industry.
The fifth generation Hijet was the first to receive a ton of attention from the export market. This vehicle was characterized by a matured body style appearance that came along with a 182 cm wheelbase. It also came in several versions starting the Jumbo?an extended cab high-roof truck that had a very balanced look. After that came the Climber?a four-wheel-drive high-profile tire version. And last but definitely not least was the Daihatsu Atrai?a passenger van that was offered with a turbo engine version.
Diesel Motor Manufacturing
Because Daihatsu was initially a producer of engines, it decided to come up with a spin off engine manufacturing arm in 1966. This brand-new company was known as the Daihatsu Diesel Motor Manufacturing Company. This brand provides the market with heavy-duty marine engines and diesel generators. After acquiring an ISO9001 accreditation in 1994, the company remains to be one of the most trusted engine manufacturers in the world today.
Daihatsu Top Sellers
Daihatsu Highlights
Daihatsu's Resource-Saving Compact Cars
Greenhouse gases, shortage of the earth's resources, and environmental issues?these are just some the alarming things that have pushed Daihatsu to pursue efforts in going green. So aside from the brand's small cars and off-road vehicles, Daihatsu is now well-known for its line of hybrid cars. This all started with the company's development of its own electric vehicles, which included the so-called pavilion cars. This particular prototype was introduced to the market during the 1970 Osaka World Expo. In addition, Daihatsu has also been creating golf carts and vehicles intended for institutional use like the DBC-1. The 1973 oil crisis fueled this initiative even more and during the Tokyo Motor Show that same year, Daihatsu came up with two vehicles?a 550 W electric trike called the TR-503E and an electric car called the BCX-III. Throughout the 70s, Daihatsu created and showcased more electric vehicle prototypes. And in line with this, the brand created several electric versions of some of its popular models like the Fellow Max and Max Cuore.
Compact cars
Typically, the main concept of hybrid cars is to produce automobiles that use up less gasoline as compared to other conventional cars. This is made possible by having two or more power sources in one car. Since fuel-efficient cars burn less gasoline, they also emit less carbon dioxide, which is a major pollutant in the earth's atmosphere. However, hybrid vehicles aren't all that perfect because they tend to weigh more due to their large motors. And if a car weighs more, it also needs more energy to run. That's why Daihatsu stands by its belief that that producing lightweight and small compact cars is one of the best things to do to help the environment. Since compact cars require fewer materials to get made, they also use up less of the earth's resources.
The future of resource-saving cars
Today, Daihatsu strives to perfect its production of smaller and lighter cars that will use less of the earth's resources to get built and less fuel when it already runs. The brand's Eco-friendly vehicles are going to be more compact, but will maintain the safety that normal cars feature. Daihatsu has also come up with the smart Eco-idle system, which detects a car's deceleration and automatically turns off the engine before the car stops. This reduces unnecessary gasoline consumption when the car idles, making it more fuel efficient and Eco-friendly.
Daihatsu Trivia
Daihatsu All Over the Globe
In Chile, Daihatsu is a pretty well-known brand, and it's most well-known for its 1970s models like the Charade and Cuore.
In Trinidad and Tobago, Daihatsu has had an established market presence since the 1950s. During that time, the most popular model manufactured by the brand was Midget Mk I.
In Malaysia, Daihatsu has released a number of models under different car badges. For instance, it is known for supplying engines and transmissions to Malaysian car brand Perodua.
Are you planning to buy OE replacement Daihatsu parts? If you do, then you probably love getting small things that give big performance. You might also advocate Green Revolution, of which Daihatsu is a known supporter. Daihatsu, a Japanese car making company, has made a name for itself by building extremely efficient and reliable compact cars. Daihatsu engineers and designers get their inspiration from Japan's rich history of making miniature dolls and artworks, whose masters (takumi) are famous for their marvelous gift for creating miniature works of art filled with great details. Just like its inspiration, Daihatsu parts are also carefully designed to achieve such great results as greener environment, better road safety, and more innovative automotive technology. But Daihatsu car parts such as shock absorbers, strut assemblies, brake pads, and many others, do get damaged or worn out over time. When they become unfit for use, you should immediately replace them with genuine OE parts. By replacing these damaged or worn out parts with premium-quality OE replacement Daihatsu auto parts, you can expect continued great performance from your prized Daihatsu. Get the best replacement parts for your Daihatsu from Auto Parts Warehouse today. You're guaranteed to get big savings when you buy from us since we have the lowest-priced products online. So what are you waiting for? Shop for Daihatsu parts now!
Why don't we show the price?
As a retailer, we set our own prices independently, but some manufacturers restrict how we may communicate those prices. In some cases the manufacturer does not allow us to show you our lower prices until you take further action.
By ensuring we follow manufacturer advertising guidelines, AutoPartsWarehouse.com is able to offer the very best pricing and value to our customers.
Part Number: Manufacturer Number:
Same Part. Same Fit. Excellent Value.
$24.47 208.53
This item is currently out of stock:
Get notified OR
In Stock Notifier
We're working with our friends at to have this item in stock as soon as possible. We'll be happy to e-mail you when they are available. Just fill in your e-mail address below.
Yes, please send me APW exclusive offers and promotions.
Continue
Please Note: Due to limited supply, all stock is sold on a first-come first-served basis. In-Stock Notifier does not guarantee availability or price. All prices are subject to change without notice.
Free Shipping on orders over $50* | Lowest Prices Guaranteed* | Over 2,345,124 Customers Served Since 1995
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.uk is the network identifier for the United Kingdom, which country uses the identifier .ch? | ISO country codes - A global success (2011-04-11) - ISO
ISO country codes - A global success
ISO country codes - A global success
by François Demay on
11 April 2011
The ISO country codes included in ISO 3166, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions, is among the most well-known and used of all ISO standards. The standard establishes coded representations of names of countries, dependencies, and other areas of particular geopolitical interest and their subdivisions. Over the years, ISO 3166 has become the most popular and widely implemented standards-based solutions for coding the names of countries.
Key to global trade
ISO 3166 is used in a broad variety of fields of activity – by institutions as well as by private individuals. It consists of three interdependent parts and forms the basis of a coherent system for all types of exchanges (economic, financial, legal, cultural, scientific, etc.) both within and between countries, in combination with the International Standards on :
Names of languages – ISO 639, Codes for the representation of names of languages
Writing systems – ISO 15924:2004, Information and documentation – Codes for the representation of names of scripts
Currencies – ISO 4217:2008, Codes for the representation of currencies and funds.
It is one of the building blocks underpinning globalization and, in particular, communication and exchanges on the Web.
An essential presence
Wikipedia, the most well-known and highly visited online encyclopaedia gives a good estimate of the international penetration of ISO 3166. In Wikipedia, the general presentation of ISO 3166 is available in 36 languages, while Part 1 (ISO 3166-1) relating to country codes is described in 92 languages, Part 2 (ISO 3166-2) relating to country subdivision codes is described in 47 languages, and Part 3 (ISO 3166-3) providing the codes for formerly used names of countries is available in 15 languages. In addition, all articles on countries or country subdivisions (at least in the English version) display the ISO 3166-1 or ISO 3166-2 codes, in the general information box.
A search on the Web also gives an idea of the number of pages mentioning or introducing this three-part standard. For example, a search on Google (as of 14 March 2011) provided 819 000 results for ISO 3166, 886 000 for ISO 3166-1, 3 720 000 for ISO 3166-2 and 35 000 for ISO 3166-3. By way of comparison, there are 852 000 results on ISO 639, 67 000 on ISO 15924 and 237 000 on ISO 4217.
Scale of the applications of ISO 3166
The acceptance which an International Standard has gained within its potential user community can be seen from the number or scale of its applications. The most well-known applications of ISO 3166 are :
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) which uses the alpha-2 code (alphabetic 2-character code) to identify the Internet ccTLDs (country code top-level domains) designating all of the domain names assigned to the different countries such as, for instance, “.fr” for France, “.eg” for Egypt or“.jp” for Japan
The code elements from ISO 4217, which are based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code; e.g., USD for US dollar, where US comes from ISO 3166-1.
Passport numbers which use the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes as well as a number of alpha-3 codes which are reserved for identifying the country or the authority issuing a machine-readable passport (see Box below).
Searching the Internet is a good strategy to find many other examples. The following examples encompass a highly diversified range of fields or subject areas from economics to art and culture, through transport and safety, health or international and national organizations. They provide a broader view of the full spectrum of implementations of ISO 3166. Yet, they account for only a small share of the results obtained, and they all relate to a lesser or a greater extent to geolocation features.
Travel documents
Among the many applications of ISO standard for country codes ISO 3166, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions, is that of travel documents.
With the growth and proliferation of international travel, the global community required that travel documents and the information they contain be standardized to speed up and increase security of identification checks. Among this was the data stating a person’s origin or nationality
The three-letter code used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted by ISO/IEC 7501-1:2008, Identification Cards – Machine Readable Travel Documents – Part 1: Machine Readable Passports, and used by all international machine readable travel documents (MRTD) issuing entities, is intimately linked with the alpha-3 code employed in the first part of ISO 3166-1, Part 1: Country codes.
This ICAO code is not a country code per se (nor completely an alpha-3 code), but can be better described as a quasi alpha-3 code for designation of nationality, place of birth or issuing state/authority. The ICAO code comprises four distinct parts, as follows.
Nationality, place of birth, issuing authority
The first part is Part A – Codes for designation of nationality, place of birth or issuing state/authority. Part A reproduces the complete list of entries and corresponding alpha-3 code elements specified by ISO 3166-1, with a few exceptions. For instance, ICAO’s code for Germany is not the alpha-3 code element “DEU”, as in ISO 3166-1, but the alpha-1 code element “D”.
For the United Kingdom, where ISO 3166-1 provides the alpha-3 code element “GBR”, ICAO’s code system includes the following six additional code elements representing the indicated classifications:
GBR (Citizen)
GBP (Protected person)
GBS (Subject).
The last five codes mentioned in this list ha ve acquired “exceptionally reserved” status in ISO 3166-1.
UN travel documents
The second part is Part B – Codes for use in United Nations travel documents. Part B contains three entries, which have no counterparts in ISO 3166-1, but which have also acquired exceptionally reserved status in ISO 3166-1:
UNO : United Nations organization or one of its officials
UNA : Specialized agency of the United Nations or one of its officials
UNK : Resident of Kosovo to whom a travel document has been issued by the United Nations Interim Administrative Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK).
Issuing authorities
The third part of the ICAO codes is Part C – Codes for issuing authorities. This part contains the following entries, which have no counterparts in ISO 3166-1:
XCC : Designates the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
XOM : Designates the Sovereign Military Order of Malta or one of its emissaries
XPO : Designates the International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL).
These code elements may additionally be found in the list of user-reserved code elements in ISO 3166-1.
No defined nationality
The fourth part is Part D – Codes for persons without a defined nationality. Once again, Part D contains codes which have no counterpart in ISO 3166-1, but are listed as user-reserved code elements:
XXA : Stateless person
XXB : Refugee, as defined in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of refugees
XXC : Refugee, other than as defined under the code XXB
XXX : Person of unspecified nationality whatever the person’s status may be. This category may include a person who is neither Stateless nor a refugee, but who is of unknown nationality and legally residing in the State of issue.
This text is written by Gérard Lang, Chair of the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, and Convenor of ISO/TC 46/WG 2, Coding of country names and related entities. It originally appeared in the ICAO MRTD Report, Volume 6, Number 1, 2011. It is reprinted here with the knowledge and permission of ICAO.
From finance to geography
ISO 3166 is widely used in the economic, trade and financial environments. The ISO 3166-1 coding system is used not only for the representation of currencies, but also for the International Bank Account Number (IBAN) and the universal Bank Identifier Code (BIC, often called SWIFT code). More generally, it is found in online payment systems such as PayPal, Alertpay. The GTAP 7 (Global Trade Analysis Project), a network of researchers whose mission is to improve the quality of the quantitative analysis of global economic issues, not only uses the ISO 3166 alpha-3 codes (alphabetic 3-character code) to identify countries and world regions, but also uses a free X code to designate specific parts of the world.
Similarly, the transportation sector, which facilitates the movement and exchange of goods, uses the ISO 3166 codes for different contexts: i.e., sea transport (NAVTEX maritime safety information system, monitoring stations), European road transport (European Union legislation), transportation of dangerous goods, cross-border movements of hazardous waste, etc., including for the labelling of chemical products.
Geography, cartography and geolocation are some of the major sectors using ISO 3166 for the identification of the code elements of some countries, drawing maps with Google tools, or locating areas on an atlas.
Another widespread use of the standard concerns the geofiltering features applied by countries to the videos and players they use, in order to restrict access to content and reading to some geographical areas, as the world is divided in different zones.
Geolocation is also used to identify, record or register places relating to clients, addresses, job announcements, etc.
Supporting art, culture and the media
Art and archaeology use the ISO 3166 codes and conventions for identification and location purposes.
For example, after the creation of a basic index of place names, Afghanistan’s archaeological sites have been numbered according to the present-day province where they are located, on the basis of ISO 3166-2.
In France, a 3D architectural model project using augmented reality technology, aiming to reconstitute part of the former buildings of the Cluny Abbey, is based on cutting out a number of components identified by a bar code incorporating the FR-071 (for the Saône-et-Loire administrative division in France) code element from ISO 3166-2.
Many libraries have also based their coding system on ISO 3166. In order to facilitate bibliometric measures, the standardization of document descriptions has been proposed, with the coding of the principal author’s country of affiliation based on ISO 3166.
The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, DNB) uses ISO 3166 in its standardized descriptors (Schlagwortnormdatei, SWD). The Website of Arabic libraries (arablibrariannet), and the ABES French Website (Higher Education Bibliographic Association) with respect to metadata relating to electronic theses (TEF), have adopted ISO 3166 for coding the original country of such documents.
In the United Kingdom, libraries (and similar organizations) have an ISIL identifier (International Standard identifier for libraries and related organizations) based on the “ MARC organisation code ” whose uniqueness is ensured by assigning a country code prefix based on ISO 3166-1.
In the cultural and media sectors, organizations as well as individuals often recommend using the ISO 3166 2 codes to identify countries among the embedded metadata. For example, this type of recommendation is found on the Website of an American agency responsible for archiving audiovisual documents, or on the initiative of a private individual for the management of digital photographic materials.
A Market research on the video-on-demand (VoD) carried out in 24 European countries, displays countries in the sequence of the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code elements to maintain neutrality in the classification (Switzerland under CH, United Kingdom under GB).
News agencies often assign ISO 3166 code elements to texts and images. Job offers can be posted on the Internet using programmes incorporating the ISO 3166-1 and ISO 3166-2 codes.
An ideal system for IT
A significant number of companies or individuals developing software (database management systems for example) have adopted, among all the tools made available to developers, the ISO 3166 code elements used for identifying countries.
For instance, the “boiteaoutils.info” Website whose official aim is “to help IT specialists and students easily cooperate and share multiple resources” gives under a list of “XHTML tags”, the alpha-2 code elements for countries, languages and scripts.
Another Website provides – as part of the elements required for software localization – under the “Local class” name, the objects for identifying or changing the country and the language used by the computer running the application.
A number of Websites have a search help feature by location in the form of a menu using the ISO 3166 codes or country names (e.g., the European Commission Website).
In order to further promote the use of the standard, and considering that entities are “only” provided in French and English, translation programmes are developed (e.g., in Chinese) for the names of said entities, in order to “internationalize” the ISO 3166 entity names.
From a more global perspective, note that ISO 3166 (and the other codes mentioned at the beginning of this article) is included in the basic information provided by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) responsible for promoting compatibility between Web technologies as well as by the Dublin Core (a generic metadata schema for describing digital or physical resources and establishing links with other resources), and which is intended to be used in all projects where countries, languages, and scripts play an essential part.
From the United Nations to stamp collecting
Many international organizations recommend or use ISO 3166. Examples include the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
National or governmental organizations, e.g., the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Department of Defense, extensively use ISO 3166 sometimes to replace their national coding system (particularly in the USA, or within the Philippine government).
In the security sector, Interpol (the International Criminal Police Organization) uses a Destination Agency Identifier (DAI) which includes an Interpol Country Code based on ISO 3166, in order to communicate fingerprint images to relevant agencies.
In a significant number of scientific fields and disciplines, the ISO 3166 code elements are assigned to country-based objects, products and symbols, such as stamps (philately) or flags (vexillology).
ISO 3166 is also used to identify original place names for genealogical purposes or regional patronymic researches. The case of England provides an interesting anecdote. The ISO 3166-2 codes representing the administrative divisions of this part of the United Kingdom, derived from the British Standard BS 6879, were initially based on the County (or Chapman) Codes established by Dr. Colin Chapman precisely for genealogical searches.
Finally, the health sector (epidemics, disease control, biomedical equipment) uses ISO 3166 code elements in its work.
Living organisms themselves are no exception to the rule, and their identifications refer to ISO 3166 code elements :
Animals : horses (Universal equine life number), marine organisms
Plants : herbariums, flora, taro species.
Even if the many examples offered in this article only marginally represent the great variety of uses of ISO 3166, they provide an overview of the breadth and scale of its adoption and implementations.
About the author
François Demay is, since 2000, a consultant in lexicography, terminology, and information and language processing. He was Secretary General of the Encyclopaedia Universalis publication from 1965 to 1977. In 1977, he became the Scientific and Technical Editor and subsequently, the Editor-in-Chief of the Larousse dictionaries and reference books. Mr. Demay became special advisor to Larousse’s CEO in 1996 and was seconded to New York on an observation assignment. From 1997 to 2000, he was the Editor-in-Chief of the French version of (Microsoft) Encarta Encyclopedia.
Related information
| Switzerland |
If you are attending a local derby match between 'Flamengo' and 'Fluminence', in which city would you be? | Internet Country Abbreviations
Internet Country Abbreviations
You can usually tell what country someone is in by looking at their email address.
For instance, [email protected] is in the United Kingdom. The trick is to look at the last two letter of the email address. They will usually be a fairly obvious abbreviation of the country name
In addition to explicit country codes, it is also helpful to know that ".com", ".net", ".edu", and ".org" are U.S. domains 99% of the time.
COUNTRY CODES
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
This is a list based on the lists of entities contained in the ISO 3166:1988 standard, Third edition 1988-08-15. ------------------------------------------------------- Codes from ISO 3166 Version: III-58, 1993-08-11 DOMAIN COUNTRY (short name in English) ------ ------------------------------- .ad ANDORRA .ae UNITED ARAB EMIRATES .af AFGHANISTAN .ag ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA .ai ANGUILLA .al ALBANIA .am ARMENIA .an NETHERLANDS ANTILLES .ao ANGOLA .aq ANTARCTICA .ar ARGENTINA .as AMERICAN SAMOA .at AUSTRIA .au AUSTRALIA .aw ARUBA .az AZERBAIJAN .ba BOSNIA AND HERZEGOWINA .bb BARBADOS .bd BANGLADESH .be BELGIUM .bf BURKINA FASO .bg BULGARIA .bh BAHRAIN .bi BURUNDI .bj BENIN .bm BERMUDA .bn BRUNEI DARUSSALAM .bo BOLIVIA .br BRAZIL .bs BAHAMAS .bt BHUTAN .bv BOUVET ISLAND .bw BOTSWANA .by BELARUS .bz BELIZE .ca CANADA .cc COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS .cf CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .cg CONGO .ch SWITZERLAND .ci COTE D'IVOIRE .ck COOK ISLANDS .cl CHILE .cm CAMEROON .cn CHINA .co COLOMBIA .com UNITED STATES (generally) .cr COSTA RICA .cu CUBA .cv CAPE VERDE .cx CHRISTMAS ISLAND .cy CYPRUS .cz CZECH REPUBLIC .de GERMANY .dj DJIBOUTI .dk DENMARK .dm DOMINICA .do DOMINICAN REPUBLIC .dz ALGERIA .ec ECUADOR .edu UNITED STATES (generally) .ee ESTONIA .eg EGYPT .eh WESTERN SAHARA .er ERITREA .es SPAIN .et ETHIOPIA .fi FINLAND .fj FIJI .fk FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) .fm MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF) .fo FAROE ISLANDS .fr FRANCE .fx FRANCE, METROPOLITAN .ga GABON .gb UNITED KINGDOM .gd GRENADA .ge GEORGIA .gf FRENCH GUIANA .gh GHANA .gi GIBRALTAR .gl GREENLAND .gm GAMBIA .gn GUINEA .gp GUADELOUPE .gq EQUATORIAL GUINEA .gr GREECE .gs SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS .gt GUATEMALA .gu GUAM .gw GUINEA-BISSAU .gy GUYANA .hk HONG KONG .hm HEARD AND MC DONALD ISLANDS .hn HONDURAS .hr CROATIA .ht HAITI .hu HUNGARY .id INDONESIA .ie IRELAND .il ISRAEL .in INDIA .io BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY .iq IRAQ .ir IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) .is ICELAND .it ITALY .jm JAMAICA .jo JORDAN .jp JAPAN .ke KENYA .kg KYRGYZSTAN .kh CAMBODIA .ki KIRIBATI .km COMOROS .kn SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS .kp KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF .kr KOREA, REPUBLIC OF .kw KUWAIT .ky CAYMAN ISLANDS .kz KAZAKHSTAN .la LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC .lb LEBANON .lc SAINT LUCIA .li LIECHTENSTEIN .lk SRI LANKA .lr LIBERIA .ls LESOTHO .lt LITHUANIA .lu LUXEMBOURG .lv LATVIA .ly LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA .ma MOROCCO .mc MONACO .md MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF .mg MADAGASCAR .mh MARSHALL ISLANDS .mk MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF .ml MALI .mm MYANMAR .mn MONGOLIA .mo MACAU .mp NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS .mq MARTINIQUE .mr MAURITANIA .ms MONTSERRAT .mt MALTA .mu MAURITIUS .mv MALDIVES .mw MALAWI .mx MEXICO .my MALAYSIA .mz MOZAMBIQUE .na NAMIBIA .nc NEW CALEDONIA .ne NIGER .net UNITED STATES (generally) .nf NORFOLK ISLAND .ng NIGERIA .ni NICARAGUA .nl NETHERLANDS .no NORWAY .np NEPAL .nr NAURU .nu NIUE .nz NEW ZEALAND .om OMAN .org UNITED STATES (generally) .pa PANAMA .pe PERU .pf FRENCH POLYNESIA .pg PAPUA NEW GUINEA .ph PHILIPPINES .pk PAKISTAN .pl POLAND .pm ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON .pn PITCAIRN .pr PUERTO RICO .pt PORTUGAL .pw PALAU .py PARAGUAY .qa QATAR .re REUNION .ro ROMANIA .ru RUSSIAN FEDERATION .rw RWANDA .sa SAUDI ARABIA .sb SOLOMON ISLANDS .sc SEYCHELLES .sd SUDAN .se SWEDEN .sg SINGAPORE .sh ST. HELENA .si SLOVENIA .sj SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN ISLANDS .sk SLOVAKIA .sl SIERRA LEONE .sm SAN MARINO .sn SENEGAL .so SOMALIA .sr SURINAME .st SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE .sv EL SALVADOR .sy SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC .sz SWAZILAND .tc TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS .td CHAD .tf FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES .tg TOGO .th THAILAND .tj TAJIKISTAN .tk TOKELAU .tm TURKMENISTAN .tn TUNISIA .to TONGA .tp EAST TIMOR .tr TURKEY .tt TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO .tv TUVALU .tw TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA .tz TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF .ua UKRAINE .ug UGANDA .um UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS .us UNITED STATES .uy URUGUAY .uz UZBEKISTAN .va VATICAN CITY STATE (HOLY SEE) .vc SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES .ve VENEZUELA .vg VIRGIN ISLANDS (BRITISH) .vi VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) .vn VIET NAM .vu VANUATU .wf WALLIS AND FUTUNA ISLANDS .ws SAMOA .ye YEMEN .yt MAYOTTE .yu YUGOSLAVIA .za SOUTH AFRICA .zm ZAMBIA .zr ZAIRE .zw ZIMBABWE
| i don't know |
If you are attending a local derby match between 'Penerol' and 'Nacional' in which city would you be? | South America's Biggest Football Rivalries | Sportslens
All the major football rivalries from South America:
Argentina
River Plate vs Boca Juniors
The Superclasico is arguably the world’s biggest derby game. Pitting the most popular ( It’s commonly accepted that close to 70% of football fans in Argentina support either River or Boca) and successful clubs in Argentina against each other. There have been 320 Superclasicos. Boca Juniors currently hold a slight advantage, 116 wins to River’s 104 wins.
The most noteworthy aspect of the Superclasico is the unbridled passion of the fans. Fireworks, flags, rolls of coloured paper and lively songs back and forth between supporters, bring the stands alive! The Observer in England listed attending the Superclasico as the top sporting event you must attend before you die.
Featured Derby: The old rivalry, Montevideo, Uruguay
Penarol vs Nacional
The Montevideo derby is the oldest derby outside of the UK. Whilst the first game between these Uruguanian powerhouses was played on July 15th 1900, Penarol was playing as the football section of the Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club. It wasn’t until 1913, when the football section broke away from the Cricket club, that Penarol existed as we know today. Since that time Penarol and Nacional have faced each other on 432 occasions with 154 victories to Penarol and 137 to Nacional.
Other South American Derbies:
Barcelona SC vs Emelec (Ecuador)
LDU Quito vs Aucas (Ecuador)
Universidad de Chile vs Colo Colo (Chile)
Universidad Catolica vs Universidad de Chile (Chile)
Alianza Lima vs Universitario (Peru)
Olimpia vs Cerro Porteno (Paraguay)
Caracas FC vs Deportivo Tachira (Venezuela)
Caracas FC vs UA Maracaibo (Venezuela)
America de Cali vs Deportivo Cali (Columbia)
Atletico Nacional vs Independiente Medellin (Columbia)
Santa Fe vs Millonarios (Columbia)
Bolivar vs The Strongest (Bolivia)
Back to the main Football Rivalries page.
We encourage anyone who has personally experienced any of the above derby fixtures to write a feature article on their experiences and get it published on Soccerlens .
| Montevideo |
Which shipping area lies between Wight and Plymouth? | BBC - Tim Vickery: Uruguayan football on the rise
Uruguayan football on the rise
Post categories: Football
Tim Vickery | 08:44 UK time, Monday, 22 March 2010
In 'Back Home,' his excellent account of the 1970 World Cup, Jeff Dawson does a disservice to the first kings of the global game - after 90 minutes of their quarter-final with the Soviet Union, he writes "the score is that old Uruguayan party piece, 0-0".
Just 16 years earlier, Uruguay produced a very different party piece in the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland . They beat Scotland 7-1, ended England's campaign in with a 4-2 win in the quarter-finals, but then fell 4-2, after extra time, to the great Hungarians in the semi-final.
It was the first time Uruguay had lost a World Cup match and six years later, when World Soccer magazine was launched, its inaugural edition carried a feature arguing that this was the greatest match ever played.
In recent decades it has been Brazil who have been renowned for artistic football, but once upon a time this image belonged to Uruguay.
In terms of their global standing, it is unfortunate that the Sky Blues' great days precede the age of television - and that subsequently some of their less attractive antics were beamed into living rooms all around the globe.
Semi-finalists once again in 1970, Uruguay were humiliated in '74, failed to qualify for '78 and '82 but hoped to make a glorious return at Mexico '86 . Instead, in the second game, they were embarrassed 6-1 by Denmark.
With so much national pride tied up in prowess on the football field, this was hard to take. An aggressive mentality was a traditional part of their footballing make-up, but this became twisted into an ugly caricature as they took refuge in violence.
If Uruguay's reputation has improved since then, much of the credit must go to Oscar Washington Tabarez , who placed his calm intelligence at the service of his country's football and took charge at Italia '90, producing a ball-playing side without the ugly excesses of four years earlier.
But it is his current second spell in charge of the national team, which has seen them qualify for this summer's finals in South Africa , that looks particularly promising.
Uruguary celebrate after beating Costa Rice to qualify for this summer's World Cup - photo: Getty
Tabarez is thinking in the long term, heading a project aimed at identifying technically gifted youngsters and developing them through the country's youth sides. Encouraging displays last year in the under-17 and under-20 World Cups show the project is on the right lines - and the evidence of this year's Copa Libertadores , Uruguayan clubs are also benefiting.
Nacional are one of the country's two giants, along with Penarol . They have won the Libertadores twice, but not since 1988. Last year they became the first Uruguayan club for 20 years to reach the semi-finals, with a team based around the subtle talents of playmaker Nicolas Lodeiro , since sold to Ajax.
With two wins and two draws, they have made a good start to this year's campaign, where the stand out has been another member of last year's under-20 team, gangling centre-back Sebastian Coates .
He was Man of the Match in last week's 2-0 victory away to dangerous Argentines Banfield. His aerial power was decisive - he scored one and set up the other - and he also defended well, especially after his experienced partner Lembo had to go off injured in the first half.
It meant that Coates had to take responsibility for leading the defensive line, and he did it in style.
Nacional have an impressive tradition in the Libertadores, but the same certainly cannot be said for Uruguay's other two entrants this year, Cerro and Racing. These are neighbourhood clubs, Montevideo's equivalent of Leyton Orient.
For them to qualify for the Libertadores is achievement enough - Cerro have taken part only once in the past, Racing are debutants. For them to hold their own in the competition is quite remarkable, but that is exactly what they are doing.
Half-way through the programme, Cerro top their group, while Racing are second in theirs, even though the two Uruguayan minnows can only draw tiny crowds to Montevideo's giant Centenario stadium .
Last week Cerro switched their home game with Internacional of Brazil to the city of Rivera, on the Brazilian border. It meant that they were effectively the away side, but they were comfortable enough in a 0-0 draw, having already beaten one Ecuadorian club at home and another away.
Racing's campaign is even more surprising. After overcoming Colombia's in-form Junior in the qualifying round, they suffered a narrow defeat away to Brazil's mighty Corinthians - Ronaldo, Roberto Carlos and all - but beat Cerro Porteno, Paraguay's most popular club, and last week played out a terrific 0-0 draw in an open and entertaining game away to Medellin of Colombia.
To put this in perspective, this is a club who half-way through the qualifying round lost captain Diego Scotti to the Spanish Second Division.
Hope, though, lies with the youngsters. Racing's most eye-catching figure is Matias Mirabaje, another member of last year's under-20 squad. Strong and with an exquisite left foot, Mirabaje has scored two well struck goals so far in the campaign, and rattled the post from long range against Medellin.
The fact that he is playing for such a tiny club makes Mirabaje a symbol of Uruguay's resurgence and suggests that, if it can keep grooming technically gifted players then this country of just 3.4m people will continue to punch above its weight on the football field - and that, surely, is a better course of action than punching below the belt.
Comments on the piece in the space provided. Questions on South American football to [email protected], and I'll pick out a couple for next week.
From last week's postbag:
Q) I would be really interested on your thoughts on Fabio Da Silva. I wonder whether you think that given Manchester United's expectations for full-backs to overlap may preclude a right-footed, left-back such as Fabio from integrating as effectively as his brother ? The game, at the absolute highest level, seems so fast now that it is highly unconventional for a full-back to play on the opposite flank to his natural foot ? Denis Irwin was an exception, but I struggle to think of a truly effective recent example, since even Philip Lahm has flaws.
Matt Savage
A) I remember when I first saw him, three years ago in the South American under-17s. It took me a couple of games to work out that he was right footed - he's very good with his left, far, far better than Philip Lahm. He can hit running crosses on the outside, so I see it as an extra virtue that he can cut in towards goal so well.
With United's tradition for wing play it shouldn't be a problem, as long as there's a left footer higher up to keep the pitch wide. Remember Brazil 82? Junior, right footed, cutting in from left back because Eder on the flank was creating the space.
Q) You have said that Maradona now seems to have settled upon his preferred first 11. With this in mind, will Higuain be spearheading Argentina's attack at the World Cup, as seems likely? Is there any chance that Aguero, Tevez and/or Milito will get a place in the first team, or will Maradona stick with the Real Madrid man, supported by Messi?
Stuart Bird
A) I think the attacking trident will be Higuain flanked by Messi and Di Maria. As options off the bench, this will leave Tevez, Aguero, Milito or Palermo and maybe Lavezzi.
A year or so back Maradona was talking in terms off persisting with the diddy men attack - Messi, Aguero, Tevez - but he said that the only way it could work would be with the time on the training ground that he will only have in the weeks leading up to the World Cup. He will obviously use this time to look at some variations, but that win over Germany has probably solidified his starting line-up.
| i don't know |
Which European country was ruled by the 'House of Vasa' from 1523-1818? | List of Rulers of Europe | Lists of Rulers | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
List of Rulers of Europe
See works of art
52.189.11
1983.183.5
The list that follows is meant as a complement to the Timeline of Art History, not as a comprehensive historical reference. It presents a simplified picture of dynastic succession in a small number of large European principalities. The names of numerous princes who ruled smaller states are not to be found here, nor are the names of many pretenders, regents, and fully legitimate monarchs whose reigns were short or ambitions otherwise stifled. The abridged list includes above all those kings and queens whose rule affected the arts of Europe in important ways and whose names are most commonly raised in art historical discussion.
Central Europe
Holy Roman Empire (see below for a list of emperors)
962–1806
Zygmunt III Wasa (Sigismund III Vasa)
1587–1632
Vladislav IV Wasa (Wladyslaw IV Vasa)
1632–1648
Jan II Kasimierz Wasa (John II Casimir Vasa)
1648–1668
Jan III Sobieski (John III Sobieski)
1674–1696
Augustus II, the Strong ( 1982.60.318 )
1697–1704, 1709–1733
divided under Habsburg, Prussian, and Russian rule
1795–1867
Friedrich Wilhelm I (Frederick William I)
1713–1740
Friedrich II, der Grosse (Frederick II, the Great)
1740–1786
Friedrich Wilhelm II (Frederick William II)
1786–1797
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Wessex (centered in southern England)
519–871
Aethelred
866–871
The kings of Wessex, supreme throughout England, become the first royal house of England: see England.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent (centered in southeastern England)
455–827
Baldred
823–825
The kings of Wessex, who have controlled Kent periodically during the eight and ninth centuries, secure it for good as of 827.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria (centered in northern England, bordering Scotland)
592–841
Eanred
809–841
The kings of Wessex control Northumbria after 827, following a period of disorder and decline after Eadberht's demise.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia (centered in central and western England, bordering Wales)
626–919
Mercia is annexed by the kings of Wessex.
England
Harold I, called Harold Harefoot
1035–1040
William II, called William Rufus
1087–1100
Mary I, called Mary Tudor or Bloody Mary
1553–1558
William III and Mary II
1689–1694
William IV, the Sailor-King or Silly Billy
1830–1837
Charles (Charlemagne)
768–814
The Kingdom of the Franks ends when Charlemagne raises it to imperial stature in 800—thereafter, see the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Duchy of Aquitaine (centered in western France)
898–1204
William IV, Fierabras (the Strong-Armed)
963–993
The duchy is united with England upon Eleanor's marriage to Henry II of England.
Duchy of Brittany (centered in western France)
937–1514
Alan IV, Fergant (the Iron-Gloved)
1084–1112
Arthur I (husband of Alix, daughter of Geoffrey II)
1187–1221
The duchy is united with France upon Anne's marriage to Louis XII of France.
Duchy of Burgundy (centered in eastern France)
1162–1477
The dynasty ends with a female heir, and the duchy reverts to the French crown.
County of Provence (centered in southeastern France)
1112–1481
Provence becomes French territory according to the terms of Charles III's will.
County of Toulouse (centered in southwestern France)
844–1271
Bernard II, Hairfoot, of Auvergne
872–885
Raymond V, of St. Gilles
1093–1105
Alfonso of Poitiers
1249–1271
The county is united with France upon the death of Joan, daughter of Raymond VIII and wife of Alfonso of Poitiers, son of Louis VIII of France.
France
Robert II, le Pieux (the Pious)
996–1031
Louis VI, le Gros (the Fat)
1108–1137
Louis VII, le Jeune (the Young)
1137–1180
Louis IX (St. Louis) ( 37.173.3 )
1226–1270
Philippe III, le Hardi (Philip III, the Bold)
1270–1285
Philippe IV, le Bel (Philip IV, the Fair)
1285–1314
Louis X, le Hutin (the Stubborn)
1314–1316
Philippe V, le Long (Philip V, the Tall)
1316–1322
Charles IV, le Bel (the Fair)
1322–1328
Philippe VI (Philip VI) ( 17.190.387,388,392 )
1328–1350
Jean II, le Bon (John II, the Good)
1350–1364
Charles V, le Sage (the Wise)
1364–1380
Charles VI, le Bien-Aimé (the Well-Beloved)
1380–1422
François I (Francis I) ( 41.100.245 )
1515–1547
Henri II (Henry II) ( 25.2.93 )
1547–1559
Henri IV (Henry IV, called Henry of Navarre)
1589–1610
Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil (the Sun King) ( 46.43.4 )
1643–1715
Louis XV, le Bien-Aimé (the Well-Beloved)
1715–1774
Louis-Philippe, le Roi-Citoyen (the Citizen King) ( 41.16.1 )
1830–1848
Napoleon III, called Louis-Napoléon ( 1974.297 )
1852–1870
Charlemagne (Charles I, the Great)
800–814
Louis I, le Pieux (the Pious)
814–840
Lothair I (in the Western part of the empire)
840–855
Ludwig II, der Deutsche (Louis II, the German) (in the Eastern part of the empire)
843–876
Charles II, le Chauve (the Bald)
875–877
Charles III, le Gros (the Fat)
881–887
Ludwig III, das Kind (Louis III, the Child)
899–911
Heinrich I, der Vogelfänger (Henry I, the Fowler)
919–936
Otto I, the Great ( 41.100.157 )
936–973
Heinrich II, der Heilige (Henry II, the Saint)
1002–1024
Friedrich I (Frederick I), Barbarossa ( 71.121 )
1152–1190
Albrecht I (Albert I) (Habsburg)
1298–1308
Heinrich I (Henry VII) of Luxembourg
1308–1313
Ludwig IV der Bayer (Louis IV of Bavaria)
1314–1347
Ruprecht Klem (Rupert) of the Palatinate
1400–1410
Papacy (from John VIII, first pope to use the title officially)
John VIII
John XXII (ruled from Avignon)
1316–1334
Benedict XII (ruled from Avignon)
1334–1342
Clement VI (ruled from Avignon)
1342–1352
Innocent VI (ruled from Avignon)
1352–1362
Urban V (ruled from Avignon)
1362–1370
Gregory XI, Pierre-Roger de Beaufort
1370–1378
Innocent VII, Cosimo de' Migliorati
1404–1406
Calixtus III, Alfonso de Borgia
1455–1458
Pius II, Enea Silvio Piccolomini
1458–1464
Sixtus IV, Francesco della Rovere
1471–1484
Innocent VIII, Giovanni Battista Cibò
1484–1492
Pius III, Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini
1503
Julius II, Giuliano della Rovere
1503–1513
Leo X, Giovanni de' Medici
1513–1521
Adrian VI, Adrian Florensz Boeyens
1522–1523
Clement VII, Giulio de' Medici
1523–1534
Julius III, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
1550–1555
Paul IV, Gian Pietro Carafa
1555–1559
Pius IV, Giovanni Angelo de' Medici
1559–1565
St. Pius V, Antonio Ghislieri
1566–1572
Innocent IX, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
1591
Leo XI, Alessandro de' Medici
1605
Innocent X, Giovanni Battista Pamphilj ( 08.49 )
1644–1655
Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi ( 57.20 )
1655–1667
Clement XI, Giovanni Francesco Albani
1700–1721
Benedict XIV, Prospero Lambertini ( 2009.145 )
1740–1758
Pius VI, Giovanni Angelo Braschi
1775–1799
Pius VII, Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti
1800–1823
Leo XII, Annibale della Genga
1823–1829
Pius VIII, Francesco Saverio Castiglioni
1829–1830
St. Pius X, Giuseppe Sarto
1903–1914
Benedict XV, Giacomo della Chiesa
1914–1922
Paul VI, Giovanni Battista Montini
1963–1978
John Paul I, Albino Luciani
1978
John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla
1978–2005
Francis I, Jorge Mario Bergoglio
2013–present
Leovigild (sole king after 572)
568–586
Muslim conquest brings kingdom to an end.
Kingdom of Aragon (northeastern Spain)
1035–1516
Alfonso I, el Batallador (the Battler)
1104–1134
Ramiro II, el Monje (the Monk)
1134–1137
Alfonso II, el Casto (the Chaste)
1164–1196
Jaime I, el Conquistador (James I, the Conqueror)
1214–1276
Pedro III, el Grande (Peter III, the Great)
1276–1285
Alfonso III, el Liberal (the Generous)
1285–1291
Alfonso IV, el Benigno (the Benign)
1327–1336
Pedro IV, el Ceremonioso (Peter IV, the Ceremonious)
1336–1387
Alfonso V, el Magnánimo (the Magnanimous)
1416–1458
Fernando II, el Católico (Ferdinand II, the Catholic)
1479–1516
Kingdom of Castile (central Spain)
1029–1555
Sancho I, el Mayor (the Great)
1029–1035
Fernando I, el Magno (Ferdinand I, the Great)
1035–1065
Alfonso VI, el Bravo (the Valiant)
1072–1109
Fernando III, el Santo (Ferdinand III, the Saint)
1217–1252
Alfonso X, el Sabio (the Learned)
1252–1284
Fernando IV, el Emplazado (Ferdinand IV, the Summoned)
1295–1312
Pedro, el Cruel (Peter, the Cruel)
1350–1369
Enrique III, el Doliente (Henry III, the Sufferer)
1390–1406
Isabel I, la Católica (Isabella I, the Catholic)
1474–1504
Juana I, la Loca (Joan / Joanna I, the Mad)
1504–1555
Carlos I (Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) ( 17.190.745 )
1516–1556
Felipe II (Philip II) ( 38.150.9 )
1556–1598
Felipe IV (Philip IV) ( 14.40.639 )
1621–1665
Felipe V (Philip V) (abdicated)
1700–1724
Felipe V (Philip V) (reinstated)
1724–1746
Langobardic Kingdom (centered in northern Italy)
569–774
Authari (first husband of Theodelinda)
584–590
Agilulf (second husband of Theodelinda)
590–615
Invasion of the Franks brings kingdom to an end.
Doges of Venice
Ludovico Monin
1789–1797
The Venetian Republic and the office of Doge come to an end with the French invasion of 1797.
Low Countries
Johanna (daughter of John III and wife of Wenceslas)
1383–1406
The duchy is united with Burgundy as of Philip's reign.
Russia
Fyodor I Ivanovich (Theodore I Ivanovich)
1584–1598
Catherine (Yekatrina) II, the Great ( 52.189.11 )
1762–1796
Kingdom of Denmark (centered in the Danish peninsula)
940–1396
Kalmar Union (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden)
House of Pomerania
Kingdom of Denmark and Norway
1521–1914
regency of Johann Friedrich Struense
1770–1772
Kingdom of Sweden (centered in Baltic Scandinavia)
980–1388
Houses of Sverker and Erik
1130–1234
Albert
1364–1388
The Swedes invite Margaret of Denmark to reign over them, and the two kingdoms are joined in the Kalmar Union from 1397 to 1523.
House of Vasa
Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus)
1611–1632
Karl X Gustav (Charles X Gustav)
1654–1660
Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
October 2003 (originally published)
April 2007 (last revised)
Citation
Department of European Paintings. “List of Rulers of Europe.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euru/hd_euru.htm (originally published October 2003, last revised April 2007)
Related
Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the History of His Relics
King Louis IX Carrying the Crown of Thorns
Seasons and Elements (Air) (set of four)
King, from a group of Donor Figures including a King, Queen, and Prince
François I (1494–1547), King of France
Henri II, King of France, Between France and Fame
Portrait of Napoleon I
The Past, the Present, and the Future (Le passé – Le présent – L'Avenir), published in La Caricature, no. 166, Jan. 9, 1834
Napoléon III (1808–1873), Emperor of the French
Plaque with Christ Receiving Magdeburg Cathedral from Emperor Otto I
The Investiture of Bishop Harold as Duke of Franconia
Presentation Coin (Doppelguldiner) Showing Maximilian I (1459–1519)
Allegory of Virtues and Vices at the Court of Charles V
Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576)
Portrait of Rudolph II
Pope Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamphili, reigned 1644–55)
Pope Alexander VII (1599–1667)
Pope Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini, 1675–1758)
Emperor Charles V (1500–58) and his Son Philip II of Spain (1527–98)
Philip IV (1605-1665), King of Spain
The Empress Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762) on Horseback, Attended by a Page
Catherine II (The Great), Empress of Russia
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| Sweden |
Which measurement is a tenth of a nautical mile? | Sweden history - Sweden political history - Sweden culture history
Sweden history - Sweden political history - Sweden culture history
Sweden History
The first contact of Sweden with other countries of Europe was established during the Viking era, when arms and furs were first traded by the country to Russia, via the eastern channel. The main milestones of Sweden history in the thirteenth century include birth of feudalism, establishment of hereditary nobility, and emergence of a prosperous middle-class of burghers. Another turning point during the period was the attainment of the throne by Margaret, the Norwegian ruler, in 1387.
The most important events in 15th and 16th centuries included the 1520 Stockholm Massacre, the National Revolt led by Gustav E. Vasa, establishment of the House of Vasa headed by Gustav I in the year 1523, development of Protestantism in 1593, and crowning of Gustav II Adolf as King of Sweden in the year 1611. Gustav II entered into the 30-year War in year 1629 with the sole objective of changing the Baltic into the Swedish lake. Numerous other significant events followed in the political, cultural, and social areas until King Gustav II finally died in 1632 in Battle of Lutzen. Sweden was proclaimed a super power by the 1648 Peace Treaty of Westphalia.
However, after Gustav’s daughter Christina stepped down the throne in 1654, the rule of her 3 major successors that lasted until 1718 was marked by violent military campaigns, slow retreats into Austria and Russia, and remarkable victories like Narva (1701). More...
Sweden Culture History
The cultural history of Sweden is specifically remarkable because of its rich heritage in fields of literature, fine arts, sculpture, and cinema. Sweden has several authors of universal gratitude. The most popular and highly acclaimed Swedish authors having their own place in history include Astrid Lindgren, Harry Martinson, Selma Lagerlof, and August Strindberg.
The country boasts of having bagged 7 Nobel Prizes in field of literature. The brilliant paintings of Anders Zorn and incredible sculptures by Carl Milles and Tobias Sergel are also amongst the numerous jewels that embellish the culture history of Sweden.
The 20th century Swedish culture is renowned for the revolutionary works of Victor Sjostrom and Mauritz Stiller in the field of cinema. The contributions made by internationally acclaimed Swedish filmmakers and actors, like Ingrid Bergman and Greta Garbo, are also noteworthy. Some Swedish films that received recognition on global platform include Lasse Hallstorm and Lukas Moodysson. More...
Sweden Political History
The genuine age of the Swedish Kingdom is debatable and still not known. It largely depends on the time when the kingdom got established as a nation. While some historians believe that Sweden became a nation at the time when Svealand was ruled over by the Svears, some others believe that formation of Sweden as one united country began only after the political unification of the Gotars and the Svears under one leader, named Erik the Great.
However, if the former school of thought is taken to be true, the political history of Sweden would date back to year 98, when the nation was ruled by a single monarch, named Tacitus. But, if the latter assumption is true, Sweden’s political history can be considered to have begun in the 10th century. Until the early 1920s, the official title used for the monarch was “We, the king of Sweden, of the Goths and Wends". However, Carl Gustaf XIV, the present Swedish King, is the first ruler of the country to be conferred with the title of “King of Sweden”. More...
| i don't know |
Which actor was nominated for a Best Actor 'Oscar' for the film 'The People Vs Larry Flynt'? | Premature Oscar Predictions: The 2017 Best Actor Academy Award Contenders | IndieWire
Premature Oscar Predictions: The 2017 Best Actor Academy Award Contenders
Premature Oscar Predictions: The 2017 Best Actor Academy Award Contenders
Talk
By now, you’ve had enough of Oscar season. Besieged by For Your Consideration ads and awards pundits who throw objectivity to the wind, you can only hear about Leonardo DiCaprio eating bison liver so many times before you either rip your hair out or say "screw it" and give in and buy a bison liver burger for lunch and then rent the “The Revenant” on Blu-Ray.
The last thing you want to hear is anything about the Academy Awards, #OscarsSoWhite, or who wore the worst dress on the red carpet. Well, we’ve got you covered. Actually, not really. We realize it’s "Too soon!" but it’s become an admittedly-ridiculous tradition around The Playlist to reveal our ludicrously early premature Oscar predictions . Think of it as a foolish self-immolation and purging of all things Oscar into the toilet so we don’t have to ever speak of the Academy Awards again (well, until when we have to again).
READ MORE: 2016 Oscars: The Best And Worst Of The 2016 Academy Awards
So duh, it’s way too early, but the spirit of our premature predictions are mostly in fun —if you can describe awards punditry in that fashion. Earlier this week, we predicted 2017 Oscar wins for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Actress , and now, we’re finishing up with Best Actor.
2016 saw a rather less competitive Best Male Acting category than usual, with a slight lack of serious contenders beyond the actual nominees. And it didn’t help that DiCaprio had virtually sewn up his win as soon as anyone saw “The Revenant.” Things are much less certain at this early stage, obviously: will 2017 be the year that #OscarsSoWhite becomes unnecessary and allows a non-white winner for the first time in a decade? Take a look at our ten possibilities below, and let us know who you think might be in contention in the comments.
Casey Affleck – “Manchester By The Sea”
Andrew Dominik’s “The Assassination Of Jesse James By The Coward Robert Ford” feels so much like the kind of movie that should be overlooked by the Oscars that it’s easy to forget that Casey Affleck received his sole Oscar nod to date for the film, albeit in Best Supporting Actor for what was clearly a lead role. Multiple fine performances since have seen the picky actor fail to repeat that feat with the Academy, but he might have his best chance yet this year with Kenneth Lonergan’s “Manchester By The Sea.” Playing a troubled man who returns to his hometown after his brother’s death, the film seems in many respects to be a follow-up to Lonergan’s “You Can Count On Me,” and with rave reviews and promises of an Oscar push from Amazon, it’s not difficult to imagine Affleck getting an invite to the Dolby Theater.
Christian Bale or Oscar Isaac – “The Promise”
Right now, “The Promise,” from “Hotel Rwanda” director Terry George, is a little under the radar, but we don’t expect that to last. Firstly, it’s a lavish period love triangle set against the Armenian genocide in the last days of the Ottoman Empire, a subject matter rarely examined on film but is long overdue for the big-budget treatment. Secondly, it has a heavyweight cast, particularly when it comes to its two male leads Christian Bale and Oscar Isaac, and we think either one could end up registering with the Academy. It’ll depend on which actor ends up campaigning for lead (assuming it’s picked up in time for an awards season release), but both are deserving: Bale earned his third nomination last year for “The Big Short” (having won for “The Fighter,” his first nod), while Isaac has never been recognized but is much more familiar to voters now after “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” and likely stands his best chance yet. Either could follow in the footsteps of George’s “Hotel Rwanda” star Don Cheadle for a nod.
Michael Keaton – “The Founder”
Earlier this week, we included “The Founder,” John Lee Hancock’s biopic of Ray Kroc, the man who took McDonald’s worldwide and made it one of America’s most iconic corporations, in our Best Picture hopefuls , but the landscape has since changed. Having been originally set by The Weinstein Company for a prime November release, Harvey Weinstein moved it forward to August. Some would argue that it’s an attempt to put the movie in for a slot that has proved profitable for adult dramas like “Straight Outta Compton,” “The Butler” and “The Help.” But it’s worth noting that only one of those movies made much impact with the Academy. That said, while we’re more skeptical than we were (TWC tend to give its biggest prospect a Thanksgiving opening), we still wouldn’t count the film out yet, and particularly the lead turn by Michael Keaton. The actor was in the last two Best Picture winners but didn’t win for “Birdman” and wasn’t nominated for “Spotlight” —a feeling that he’s due might well help push him in even if the movie has faded as a whole by awards time.
Dev Patel – “Lion”
When “The Founder” got moved up by the Weinstein Company to August, the film to benefit was “Lion,” which will now open in the same November Thanksgiving slot that Harvey Weinstein found so useful for “The Imitation Game,” “Philomena,” “Silver Linings Playbook,” “The Artist” and “The King’s Speech.” That’s an impressive run, and it means that all eyes are now on this film by Garth Davis (Jane Campion’s co-director on “Top Of The Lake”), and its star Dev Patel. Patel, who wasn’t even nominated for Oscar juggernaut “Slumdog Millionaire,” will play a young Indian boy who has been separated from his family, thrown into a juvenile home and eventually adopted by an Australian couple, only to later track down his family using Google Earth. Rooney Mara and Nicole Kidman will also star, but it’s Patel who’ll have to carry the film, and you can read in this Vanity Fair account of the true story on which the film is based that he clearly has an incredibly emotionally potent part to play. Weinstein’s been wrong before, but not often, and this kind of bullish confidence suggests test screenings have been going well —we wouldn’t want to bet against him.
Colin Firth – “Deep Water”
It hasn’t been that long since Colin Firth was a bit of a punchline, having been reduced to bill-paying fare like “St. Trinian’s” and “Mamma Mia.” But the last few years have seen him undergo an extraordinary credibility makeover, thanks to an Oscar nod and then an Oscar win for “A Single Man” and “The King’s Speech” respectively, followed by a reinvention as an action star with “Kingsman: The Secret Service.” And a return to the awards season looks absolutely viable this year, as he’s teamed with “The Theory Of Everything” director James Marsh for “Deep Water.” Based on a documentary of the same name and telling the troubling and fascinating story of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, falling somewhere between “All Is Lost” and “A Beautiful Mind,” it should let Firth show further range. If this film can find a U.S. distributor in time, it could well be in the conversation.
Andrew Garfield – “Silence”
Some actors break out, and keen to strike while the iron’s hot, immediately take every job they’re offered. Others are more meditative, and it’s been fascinating to see the way Andrew Garfield has approached his career: since making a big impression in “Never Let Me Go” and “The Social Network,” he’s made just three movies, two of which were “Spider-Man” films. Now free of that ill-advised franchise reboot, he looks to be gearing up his workload with two new movies hitting this year. And while we’re not sure that people have yet forgiven Mel Gibson enough for “Hacksaw Ridge,” which he directs and Garfield stars in, to be an Oscar player, Garfield’s likely to be very much in the Best Actor mix for Martin Scorsese’s “Silence,” in which he plays a conscience-stricken priest forced to choose between his faith and his life. Garfield’s more than talented enough to make it sing, and assuming Scorsese delivers, the actor could easily pick up his first nod (For the record, Liam Neeson’s role in the picture like more of a supporting one, but we suppose there could still be some category skulduggery).
Tom Hanks – “Sully”
Only two men have won back-to-back Best Actor trophies: Spencer Tracy and Tom Hanks. The latter has only grown as a performer, and yet in the 21 years that have passed since he won for “Forrest Gump,” he’s only been nominated twice and has not won. And the last nomination was fifteen years ago, for “Cast Away.” It’s surely only a matter of time before Hanks is nominated again (he was sorely unlucky not to get one for “Captain Phillips”), and it could come as soon as this year, with Clint Eastwood’s “Sully.” It’s the first collaboration between the two Hollywood fixtures, with some powerful material centering on Chesley Sullenberger, the airline captain who in 2009 safely piloted a plane into a safe crash landing in the Hudson River with no casualties. Eastwood’s films don’t always perform with the Academy, and Hanks is sometimes taken for granted, but this could be his best bet in a while.
Woody Harrelson – “Wilson”/“LBJ”
On any list of "great actors who’ve never won an Oscar," Woody Harrelson must be near the top. In fact, he’s only been nominated twice, for “The People Vs. Larry Flynt” in 1997 and then for ‘The Messenger” thirteen years later. But he has a handful of movies coming this year, and at least two of them could see him return to the Oscars. You’ll forgive us if we’re a little skeptical right now of “LBJ,” in which Harrelson has an impressive physical transformation as the 36th President of the United States: though the cast is good, it’s from the long-off-form Rob Reiner, and could be overshadowed by Bryan Cranston playing the same role in HBO movie “All The Way.” But the dark horse might be “Wilson” —an adaptation of Daniel Clowes’ graphic novel about a middle-aged misanthrope. It’s produced by Alexander Payne, who’s been something of an awards magnet of late, and directed by Craig Johnson, who produced revelatory turns from Bill Hader and Kristen Wiig in “The Skeleton Twins,” plus the always awards-friendly Fox Searchlight are distributing. Could it finally be Woody’s year?
David Oyelowo – “A United Kingdom”
Speaking of being overdue, there were few Oscar snubs that were more baffling in recent years, or that spoke to the overwhelming whiteness of the Academy, than the case of David Oyelowo missing a nomination for “Selma.” It was an extraordinary performance that saw the actor transformed, capturing Martin Luther King not just as an icon but as a man, yet voters decided they’d rather honor Benedict Cumberbatch’s prickly genius in "The Imitation Game." Fortunately, they have more than one chance to make it up to Oyelowo, and while he could definitely turn up for Mira Nair’s “Queen Of Katwe,” our money’s on Amma Asante’s “A United Kingdom,” which Oyelowo both stars and produces, as Seretse Khama, the ruler of Botswana who gave up his throne for the woman he loved, only to win it back. Comparisons to “The King’s Speech” are obvious, but assuming Oyelowo’s up to his usual standards, he’s unlikely to be snubbed again.
Nate Parker – “Birth Of A Nation”
In terms of actors-turned-directors whose films have won big with the Academy, it still seems to be a hurdle to be nominated for a starring performance in your own film. Neither Mel Gibson or Ben Affleck were nominated for acting in their Best Picture winners "Braveheart" and "Argo," while Kevin Costner ("Dances With Wolves"), Clint Eastwood ("Million Dollar Baby") and Warren Beatty ("Reds") won Best Director but lost in Best Actor. Could Nate Parker be the guy to break this particular record? He became a sensation when his “Birth Of A Nation” blew up at Sundance, and while the film has a scattering of naysayers, it got mostly glowing notices, and with the Academy still reeling from #OscarsSoWhite, it could sweep its way through the nominations in a way that few films, especially indies, do. It’ll depend on the eventual strength of the category (Parker has less name recognition than some of his potential rivals), but we think he’ll be talked about all the way through to January.
Honorable mentions: Obviously, there are plenty more performances that could and will feature in. Among them, we’ll see the omnipresent Jim Broadbent get one of the best roles of his career in the adaptation of Julian Barnes’ “Sense Of An Ending.” Ryan Gosling and Joel Edgerton could figure in for “La La Land” and “Loving,” and newcomer Joe Alwyn has the lead in Ang Lee’s “Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.”
Matthew McConaughey has two contenders with “Free State Of Jones” and “Gold,” while Mark Wahlberg has “Deepwater Horizon,” Brad Pitt has Robert Zemeckis’ WWII movie and “War Machine,” Mark Rylance could break performance-capture ground with “The BFG,” Andre Holland leads Barry Jenkins’ “Moonlight,” Liam Neeson gets to punch things less in Scorsese’s “Silence,” Jake Gyllenhaal stars in Tom Ford’s “Nocturnal Animals” and Chris Pratt returns to space for “Passengers.” Don’t discount Michael Fassbender in “Light Between Oceans” or Joseph Gordon-Levitt in “Snowden” either.
And as far as Supporting performances go, we’d keep an eye on Tadanobu Asano in “Silence,” Peter Sarsgaard in “Jackie,” Michael Shannon in one of the literally nine movies he’s in this year (maybe “Loving” or “Nocturnal Animals”), Mahershala Ali in “Free State Of Jones” or “Moonlight,” Lucas Hedges in “Manchester By The Sea,” Bill Nighy in “Their Finest Hour And A Half,” or John Boyega in “The Circle.” Let us know who you’re backing in the comments.
| Woody Harrelson |
What name is given to a volcanic opening that gives out gas and steam? | List of best actor Oscar winners and nominees they beat
Arts criticism for those who appreciate landmark films, again and again
List of best actor Oscar winners
and other Academy Award nominees
Updated: February 2016
Who beat who for best actor Oscar: Year indicates year/period for which films were judged, not year of ceremony. Sources: Oscar.com, Internet Movie Database, Wikipedia
2015: Leonardo DiCaprio (The Revenant) — beat Eddie Redmayne (The Danish Girl), Bryan Cranston (Trumbo), Matt Damon (The Martian), Michael Fassbender (Steve Jobs)
2014: Eddie Redmayne (The Theory of Everything) — beat Michael Keaton (Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)), Bradley Cooper (American Sniper), Steve Carell (Foxcatcher), Benedict Cumberbatch (The Imitation Game)
2013: Matthew McConaughey (Dallas Buyers Club) — beat Bruce Dern (Nebraska), Christian Bale (American Hustle), Chiwetel Ejiofor (12 Years a Slave), Leonardo DiCaprio (The Wolf of Wall Street)
2012: Daniel Day-Lewis (Lincoln) — beat Hugh Jackman (Les Misérables), Denzel Washington (Flight), Bradley Cooper (Silver Linings Playbook), Joaquin Phoenix (The Master)
2011: Jean Dujardin (The Artist) — beat George Clooney (The Descendants), Brad Pitt (Moneyball), Demián Bichir (A Better Life), Gary Oldman (Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy)
2010: Colin Firth (The King’s Speech) — beat Jeff Bridges (True Grit), James Franco (127 Hours), Jesse Eisenberg (The Social Network), Javier Bardem (Biutiful)
2009: Jeff Bridges (Crazy Heart) — beat George Clooney (Up in the Air), Morgan Freeman (Invictus), Jeremy Renner (The Hurt Locker), Colin Firth (A Single Man)
2008: Sean Penn (Milk) — beat Mickey Rourke (The Wrestler), Brad Pitt (The Curious Case of Benjamin Button), Frank Langella (Frost/Nixon), Richard Jenkins (The Visitor)
2007: Daniel Day-Lewis (There Will Be Blood) — beat George Clooney (Michael Clayton), Johnny Depp (Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street), Tommy Lee Jones (In the Valley of Elah), Viggo Mortensen (Eastern Promises)
2006: Forest Whitaker (The Last King of Scotland) — beat Leonardo DiCaprio (Blood Diamond), Peter O'Toole (Venus), Ryan Gosling (Half Nelson), Will Smith (The Pursuit of Happyness)
2005: Philip Seymour Hoffman (Capote) — beat Heath Ledger (Brokeback Mountain), Terrence Howard (Hustle & Flow), Joaquin Phoenix (Walk the Line), David Strathairn, (Good Night, and Good Luck)
2004: Jamie Foxx (Ray) — beat Clint Eastwood (Million Dollar Baby), Leonardo DiCaprio (The Aviator), Johnny Depp (Finding Neverland), Don Cheadle (Hotel Rwanda)
2003: Sean Penn (Mystic River) — beat Bill Murray (Lost in Translation), Johnny Depp (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl), Ben Kingsley (House of Sand and Fog), Jude Law (Cold Mountain)
2002: Adrien Brody (The Pianist) — beat Jack Nicholson (About Schmidt), Daniel Day-Lewis (Gangs of New York), Michael Caine (The Quiet American), Nicolas Cage (Adaptation)
2001: Denzel Washington (Training Day) — beat Russell Crowe (A Beautiful Mind), Sean Penn (I Am Sam), Will Smith (Ali), Tom Wilkinson (In the Bedroom)
2000: Russell Crowe (Gladiator) — beat Tom Hanks (Cast Away), Ed Harris (Pollock), Javier Bardem (Before Night Falls), Geoffrey Rush (Quills)
1999: Kevin Spacey (American Beauty) — beat Denzel Washington (The Hurricane), Russell Crowe (The Insider), Sean Penn (Sweet and Lowdown), Richard Farnsworth (The Straight Story)
1998: Roberto Benigni (Life is Beautiful) — beat Tom Hanks (Saving Private Ryan), Edward Norton (American History X), Nick Nolte (Affliction), Ian McKellen (Gods and Monsters)
1997: Jack Nicholson (As Good as It Gets) — beat Matt Damon (Good Will Hunting), Dustin Hoffman (Wag the Dog), Robert Duvall (The Apostle), Peter Fonda (Ulee's Gold)
1996: Geoffrey Rush (Shine) — beat Tom Cruise (Jerry Maguire), Billy Bob Thornton (Sling Blade), Ralph Fiennes (The English Patient), Woody Harrelson (The People Vs. Larry Flynt)
1995: Nicolas Cage (Leaving Las Vegas) — beat Sean Penn (Dead Man Walking), Anthony Hopkins (Nixon), Richard Dreyfuss (Mr. Holland's Opus), Massimo Troisi (The Postman)
1994: Tom Hanks (Forrest Gump) — beat John Travolta (Pulp Fiction), Morgan Freeman (The Shawshank Redemption), Paul Newman (Nobody's Fool), Nigel Hawthorne (The Madness of King George)
1993: Tom Hanks (Philadelphia) — beat Anthony Hopkins (The Remains of the Day), Daniel Day-Lewis (In the Name of the Father), Liam Neeson (Schindler's List), Laurence Fishburne (What's Love Got to Do with It)
1992: Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman) — beat Clint Eastwood (Unforgiven), Denzel Washington (Malcolm X), Robert Downey Jr. (Chaplin), Stephen Rea (The Crying Game)
1991: Anthony Hopkins (The Silence of the Lambs) — beat Warren Beatty (Bugsy), Robert De Niro (Cape Fear), Nick Nolte (The Prince of Tides), Robin Williams (The Fisher King)
1990: Jeremy Irons (Reversal of Fortune) — beat Kevin Costner (Dances With Wolves), Robert De Niro (Awakenings), Richard Harris (The Field), Gerard Depardieu (Cyrano de Bergerac)
1989: Daniel Day-Lewis (My Left Foot) — beat Tom Cruise (Born on the Fourth of July), Morgan Freeman (Driving Miss Daisy), Robin Williams (Dead Poets Society), Kenneth Branagh (Henry V)
1988: Dustin Hoffman (Rain Man) — beat Tom Hanks (Big), Gene Hackman (Mississippi Burning), Edward James Olmos (Stand and Deliver), Max von Sydow (Pelle the Conqueror)
1987: Michael Douglas (Wall Street) — beat Jack Nicholson (Ironweed), William Hurt (Broadcast News), Robin Williams (Good Morning, Vietnam), Marcello Mastroianni (Dark Eyes)
1986: Paul Newman (The Color of Money) — beat William Hurt (Children of a Lesser God), James Woods (Salvador), Bob Hoskins (Mona Lisa), Dexter Gordon (Round Midnight)
1985: William Hurt (Kiss of the Spider Woman) — beat Jack Nicholson (Prizzi’s Honor), Harrison Ford (Witness), Jon Voight (Runaway Train), James Garner (Murphy’s Romance)
1984: F. Murray Abraham (Amadeus) — beat Tom Hulce (Amadeus), Jeff Bridges (Starman), Albert Finney (Under the Volcano), Sam Waterston (The Killing Fields)
1983: Robert Duvall (Tender Mercies) — beat Michael Caine (Educating Rita), Albert Finney (The Dresser), Tom Courtenay (The Dresser), Tom Conti (Reuben, Reuben)
1982: Ben Kingsley (Gandhi) — beat Dustin Hoffman (Tootsie), Paul Newman (The Verdict), Jack Lemmon (Missing), Peter O’Toole (My Favorite Year)
1981: Henry Fonda (On Golden Pond) — beat Warren Beatty (Reds), Dudley Moore (Arthur), Paul Newman (Absence of Malice), Burt Lancaster (Atlantic City)
1980: Robert De Niro (Raging Bull) — beat Robert Duvall (The Great Santini), Jack Lemmon (Tribute), Peter O’Toole (The Stunt Man), John Hurt (The Elephant Man)
1979: Dustin Hoffman (Kramer vs. Kramer) — beat Al Pacino (And Justice for All), Jack Lemmon (The China Syndrome), Roy Scheider (All That Jazz), Peter Sellers (Being There)
1978: Jon Voight (Coming Home) — beat Robert De Niro (The Deer Hunter), Warren Beatty (Heaven Can Wait), Laurence Olivier (The Boys from Brazil), Gary Busey (The Buddy Holly Story)
1977: Richard Dreyfuss (The Goodbye Girl) — beat John Travolta (Saturday Night Fever), Woody Allen (Annie Hall), Richard Burton (Equus), Marcello Mastroianni (A Special Day)
1976: Peter Finch (Network) — beat Sylvester Stallone (Rocky), Robert De Niro (Taxi Driver), William Holden (Network), Giancarlo Giannini (Seven Beauties)
1975: Jack Nicholson (One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest) — beat Al Pacino (Dog Day Afternoon), Maximilian Schell (The Man in the Glass Booth), Walter Matthau (The Sunshine Boys), James Whitmore (Give ’em Hell, Harry!)
1974: Art Carney (Harry and Tonto) — beat Al Pacino (The Godfather, Part II), Jack Nicholson (Chinatown), Dustin Hoffman (Lenny), Albert Finney (Murder on the Orient Express)
1973: Jack Lemmon (Save the Tiger) — beat Al Pacino (Serpico), Marlon Brando (Last Tango in Paris), Jack Nicholson (The Last Detail), Robert Redford (The Sting)
1972: Marlon Brando (The Godfather) — beat Laurence Olivier (Sleuth), Michael Caine (Sleuth), Peter O’Toole (The Ruling Class), Paul Winfield (Sounder)
1971: Gene Hackman (The French Connection) — beat George C. Scott (The Hospital), Peter Finch (Sunday Bloody Sunday), Walter Matthau (Kotch), Topol (Fiddler on the Roof)
1970: George C. Scott (Patton) — beat Jack Nicholson (Five Easy Pieces), James Earl Jones (The Great White Hope), Ryan O’Neal (Love Story), Melvyn Douglas (I Never Sang for My Father)
1969: John Wayne (True Grit) — beat Jon Voight (Midnight Cowboy), Dustin Hoffman (Midnight Cowboy), Peter O’Toole (Goodbye, Mr. Chips), Richard Burton (Anne of the Thousand Days)
1968: Cliff Robertson (Charly) — beat Peter O’Toole (The Lion in Winter), Alan Arkin (The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter), Alan Bates (The Fixer), Ron Moody (Oliver!)
1967: Rod Steiger (In the Heat of the Night) — beat Dustin Hoffman (The Graduate), Paul Newman (Cool Hand Luke), Warren Beatty (Bonnie and Clyde), Spencer Tracy (Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner)
1966: Paul Scofield (A Man for All Seasons) — beat Steve McQueen (The Sand Pebbles), Michael Caine (Alfie), Alan Arkin (The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming), Richard Burton (Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?)
1965: Lee Marvin (Cat Ballou) — beat Laurence Olivier (Othello), Rod Steiger (Pawnbroker), Richard Burton (The Spy Who Came In from the Cold), Oskar Werner (Ship of Fools)
1964: Rex Harrison (My Fair Lady) — beat Peter Sellers (Dr. Strangelove), Peter O'Toole (Becket), Richard Burton (Becket), Anthony Quinn (Zorba the Greek)
1963: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field) — beat Paul Newman (Hud), Albert Finney (Tom Jones), Rex Harrison (Cleopatra), Richard Harris (This Sporting Life)
1962: Gregory Peck (To Kill a Mockingbird) — beat Peter O’Toole (Lawrence of Arabia), Burt Lancaster (Birdman of Alcatraz), Jack Lemmon (Days of Wine and Roses), Marcello Mastroianni (Divorce — Italian Style)
1961: Maximilian Schell (Judgment at Nuremberg) — beat Spencer Tracy (Judgment at Nuremberg), Paul Newman (The Hustler), Charles Boyer (Fanny), Stuart Whitman (The Mark)
1960: Burt Lancaster (Elmer Gantry) — beat Jack Lemmon (The Apartment), Laurence Olivier (The Entertainer), Spencer Tracy (Inherit the Wind), Trevor Howard (Sons and Lovers)
1959: Charlton Heston (Ben-Hur) — beat Jack Lemmon (Some Like It Hot), James Stewart (Anatomy of a Murder), Laurence Harvey (Room at the Top), Paul Muni (The Last Angry Man)
1958: David Niven (Separate Tables) — beat Paul Newman (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof), Sidney Poitier (The Defiant Ones), Tony Curtis (The Defiant Ones), Spencer Tracy (The Old Man and the Sea)
1957: Alec Guinness (The Bridge on the River Kwai) — beat Marlon Brando (Sayonara), Anthony Quinn (Wild Is the Wind), Charles Laughton (Witness for the Prosecution), Anthony Franciosa (A Hatful of Rain)
1956: Yul Brynner (The King and I) — beat James Dean (Giant), Rock Hudson (Giant), Laurence Olivier (Richard III), Kirk Douglas (Lust for Life)
1955: Ernest Borgnine (Marty) — beat James Dean (East of Eden), Frank Sinatra (The Man with the Golden Arm), James Cagney (Love Me or Leave Me), Spencer Tracy (Bad Day at Black Rock)
1954: Marlon Brando (On the Waterfront) — beat Humphrey Bogart (The Caine Mutiny), Bing Crosby (The Country Girl), James Mason (A Star Is Born), Dan O’Herlihy (Adventures of Robinson Crusoe)
1953: William Holden (Stalag 17) — beat Marlon Brando (Julius Caesar), Burt Lancaster (From Here to Eternity), Montgomery Clift (From Here to Eternity), Richard Burton (The Robe)
1952: Gary Cooper (High Noon) — beat Marlon Brando (Viva Zapata!), Kirk Douglas (The Bad and the Beautiful), Alec Guinness (The Lavender Hill Mob), José Ferrer (Moulin Rouge)
1951: Humphrey Bogart (The African Queen) — beat Marlon Brando (A Streetcar Named Desire), Montgomery Clift (A Place in the Sun), Fredric March (Death of a Salesman), Arthur Kennedy (Bright Victory)
1950: José Ferrer (Cyrano de Bergerac) — beat William Holden (Sunset Blvd.), Spencer Tracy (Father of the Bride), James Stewart (Harvey), Louis Calhern (The Magnificent Yankee)
1949: Broderick Crawford (All the King’s Men) — beat John Wayne (Sands of Iwo Jima), Kirk Douglas (Champion), Gregory Peck (Twelve O’Clock High), Richard Todd (The Hasty Heart)
1948: Laurence Olivier (Hamlet) — beat Montgomery Clift (The Search), Lew Ayres (Johnny Belinda), Dan Dailey (When My Baby Smiles at Me), Clifton Webb (Sitting Pretty)
1947: Ronald Colman (A Double Life) — beat Gregory Peck (Gentleman’s Agreement), John Garfield (Body and Soul), William Powell (Life with Father), Michael Redgrave (Mourning Becomes Electra)
1946: Fredric March (The Best Years of Our Lives) — beat James Stewart (It’s a Wonderful Life), Laurence Olivier (Henry V), Gregory Peck (The Yearling), Larry Parks (The Jolson Story)
1945: Ray Milland (The Lost Weekend) — beat Gregory Peck (The Keys of the Kingdom), Gene Kelly (Anchors Aweigh), Bing Crosby (The Bells of St. Mary’s), Cornel Wilde (A Song to Remember)
1944: Bing Crosby (Going My Way) — beat Cary Grant (None but the Lonely Heart), Charles Boyer (Gaslight), Barry Fitzgerald (Going My Way), Alexander Knox (Wilson)
1943: Paul Lukas (Watch on the Rhine) — beat Humphrey Bogart (Casablanca), Gary Cooper (For Whom the Bell Tolls), Mickey Rooney (The Human Comedy), Walter Pidgeon (Madame Curie)
1942: James Cagney (Yankee Doodle Dandy) — beat Gary Cooper (The Pride of the Yankees), Walter Pidgeon (Mrs. Miniver), Ronald Colman (Random Harvest), Monty Woolley (The Pied Piper)
1941: Gary Cooper (Sergeant York) — beat Orson Welles (Citizen Kane), Cary Grant (Penny Serenade), Walter Huston (All That Money Can Buy), Robert Montgomery (Here Comes Mr. Jordan)
1940: James Stewart (The Philadelphia Story) — beat Charlie Chaplin (The Great Dictator), Laurence Olivier (Rebecca), Henry Fonda (The Grapes of Wrath), Raymond Massey (Abe Lincoln in Illinois)
1939: Robert Donat (Goodbye, Mr. Chips) — beat Clark Gable (Gone With the Wind), Laurence Olivier (Wuthering Heights), James Stewart (Mr. Smith Goes to Washington), Mickey Rooney (Babes in Arms)
1938: Spencer Tracy (Boys Town) — beat James Cagney (Angels with Dirty Faces), Leslie Howard (Pygmalion), Robert Donat (The Citadel), Charles Boyer (Algiers)
1937: Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous) — beat Fredric March (A Star Is Born), Paul Muni (The Life of Emile Zola), Charles Boyer (Conquest), Robert Montgomery (Night Must Fall)
1936: Paul Muni (The Story of Louis Pasteur) — beat Gary Cooper (Mr. Deeds Goes to Town), Walter Huston (Dodsworth), Spencer Tracy (San Francisco), William Powell (My Man Godfrey)
1935: Victor McLaglen (The Informer) — beat Clark Gable (Mutiny on the Bounty), Charles Laughton (Mutiny on the Bounty), Franchot Tone (Mutiny on the Bounty), Paul Muni (Black Fury)
1934: Clark Gable (It Happened One Night) — beat William Powell (The Thin Man), Frank Morgan (The Affairs of Cellini)
1932-33: Charles Laughton (The Private Life of Henry VIII) — beat Leslie Howard (Berkeley Square), Paul Muni (I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang)
1931-32: Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) and Wallace Beery (The Champ) — beat Alfred Lunt (The Guardsman)
1930-31: Lionel Barrymore (A Free Soul) — beat Fredric March (The Royal Family of Broadway), Richard Dix (Cimarron), Jackie Cooper (Skippy), Adolphe Menjou (The Front Page)
1929-30: George Arliss (Disraeli) — beat George Arliss (The Green Goddess), Wallace Beery (The Big House), Maurice Chevalier (The Big Pond) (The Love Parade), Ronald Colman (Bulldog Drummond) (Condemned), Lawrence Tibbett (The Rogue Song)
1928-29: Warner Baxter (In Old Arizona) — beat Paul Muni (The Valiant), Lewis Stone (The Patriot), George Bancroft (Thunderbolt), Chester Morris (Alibi)
1927-28: Emil Jannings (The Last Command) (The Way of All Flesh) — beat Richard Barthelmess (The Noose) (The Patent Leather Kid)
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After which battle of June 1800 in northern Italy was Napoleon's future secured? | Napoleonic Wars | European history | Britannica.com
European history
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Europe in 1812.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815). Inset shows the greatest extent of the Napoleonic empire (1812).
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Learn about this topic in these articles:
in French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars
a series of wars between 1792 and 1815 that ranged France against shifting alliances of other European powers and that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe. The revolutionary wars, which may for convenience be held to have been concluded by 1801, were originally undertaken to defend and then to spread the effects of the French Revolution. With Napoleon’s rise to absolute power,...
in Battle of Austerlitz
(Dec. 2, 1805), the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon’s greatest victories. His 68,000 troops defeated almost 90,000 Russians and Austrians nominally under General M.I. Kutuzov, forcing Austria to make peace with France (Treaty of Pressburg) and keeping Prussia temporarily out of the anti-French alliance.
in Battle of Borodino
(Sept. 7 [Aug. 26, Old Style], 1812), bloody battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, about 70 miles (110 km) west of Moscow, near the river Moskva. It was fought between Napoleon’s 130,000 troops, with more than 500 guns, and 120,000 Russians with more than 600 guns. Napoleon’s success allowed him to occupy Moscow. The Russians were commanded by General M.I....
in Battle of Copenhagen
(April 2, 1801) British naval victory over Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars. The armed-neutrality treaty of 1794 between Denmark and Sweden, to which Russia and Prussia adhered in 1800, was considered a hostile act by England. In 1801 a detachment of the British navy was sent to Copenhagen. After a fierce battle in the harbour, Adm. Horatio Nelson, ignoring orders to withdraw from the fleet...
in Battle of Eylau
(Feb. 7–8, 1807), one of the engagements in the Napoleonic War of the Third Coalition. The first major deadlock suffered by Napoleon, the battle was fought around the East Prussian town of Eylau (modern Bagrationovsk, Russia), 23 miles (37 km) south of Königsberg (Kaliningrad). The 76,000 Russians and Prussians under Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen confronted 74,000 men under Napoleon...
in Battle of Friedland
(June 14, 1807), victory for Napoleon that compensated for a setback the preceding February at Eylau and led to the Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Alexander I of Russia. It was fought at Friedland (modern Pravdinsk, Russia), 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in East Prussia.
in Battle of Jena
(Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the reduction of Prussia to half its former size at the Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807.
in Battle of Leipzig
...resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland. The battle was fought at Leipzig, in Saxony, between approximately 185,000 French and other troops under Napoleon, and approximately 320,000 allied troops, including Austrian, Prussian, Russian, and Swedish forces, commanded respectively by Prince Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, General Gebhard Leberecht...
in Siege of Mantua
(June 4, 1796–Feb. 2, 1797), the crucial episode in Napoleon Bonaparte’s first Italian campaign; his successful siege of Mantua excluded the Austrians from northern Italy. The city was easy to besiege: the only access to it was via five causeways over the Mincio River. The two Austrian commanders, Count Dagobert Siegmund Graf von Wurmser and Baron Josef Alvintzy, in four successive tries,...
in Battle of Marengo
(June 14, 1800), narrow victory for Napoleon Bonaparte in the War of the Second Coalition, fought on the Marengo Plain about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Alessandria, in northern Italy, between Napoleon’s approximately 28,000 troops and some 31,000 Austrian troops under General Michael Friedrich von Melas; it resulted in the French occupation of Lombardy up to the Mincio River and secured...
in Battle of the Nile
The French Revolutionary general Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 made plans for an invasion of Egypt in order to constrict Britain’s trade routes and threaten its possession of India. The British government heard that a large French naval expedition was to sail from a French Mediterranean port under the command of Napoleon, and in response it ordered John Jervis, earl of St. Vincent, the commander...
in Battle of Wagram
(July 5–6, 1809), victory for Napoleon, which forced Austria to sign an armistice and led eventually to the Treaty of Schönbrunn in October, ending Austria’s 1809 war against the French control of Germany. The battle was fought on the Marchfeld (a plain northeast of Vienna) between 154,000 French and other troops under Napoleon and 158,000 Austrians under Archduke Charles. After a...
in Battle of Waterloo
(June 18, 1815), Napoleon’s final defeat, ending 23 years of recurrent warfare between France and the other powers of Europe. It was fought during the Hundred Days of Napoleon’s restoration, 3 miles (5 km) south of Waterloo village (which is 9 miles [14.5 km] south of Brussels), between Napoleon’s 72,000 troops and the combined forces of the duke of Wellington’s allied army of 68,000 (with...
in Hundred Days (French history)
Less than a year following his abdication (April 6, 1814) and the Bourbon Restoration, Napoleon left his island exile in the Tyrrhenian Sea and landed at Cannes on March 1, leading 1,500 men, and marched at once upon Paris. Louis XVIII fled to Ghent on March 13, and Napoleon entered Paris one week later. To broaden his support, Napoleon made liberal changes to the Imperial Constitution, which...
in Peninsular War
(1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Napoleon’s peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal, though costly, exercised only an indirect effect upon the progress of French affairs in central and eastern...
in Stendhal: Life
...This was the beginning of an administrative career in the French army that allowed Henri Beyle to discover parts of Germany and Austria. His army appointment gave him a direct experience of the Napoleonic regime and of Europe at war. He watched Moscow go up in flames, took part in the French forces’ retreat from Russia, and helped organize the military defense of the province of...
in Austria: Conflicts with revolutionary France, 1790–1805
...conflict (or preparation for conflict) between Austria and France. During that time Austria and France fought five wars for a total of 14 years, and Austria lost all of them but the last. At one time (1809–12), Austria was stripped of all its Italian possessions, the Austrian Netherlands, its western German...
in Denmark: The Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath
The Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century ended an era of peace for Denmark and Norway that had lasted since the 1720s. The armed neutrality treaty of 1794 between Denmark and Sweden, which Russia and Prussia joined in 1800, was considered hostile by Great Britain. In 1801 British navy ships entered The Sound and destroyed much of the Danish fleet in a battle in the Copenhagen harbour. When...
in history of Europe: The Napoleonic era
...create a French-dominated empire in Europe. To this end he moved steadily to consolidate his personal power, proclaiming himself emperor and sketching a new aristocracy. He was almost constantly at war, with Britain his most dogged opponent but Prussia and Austria also joining successive coalitions. Until 1812, his campaigns were usually successful. Although he frequently made errors in...
in France: Campaigns and conquests, 1797–1807
Napoleon’s sway over France depended from the start on his success in war. After his conquest of northern Italy in 1797 and the dissolution of the first coalition, the Directory intended to invade Britain, France’s century-long rival and the last remaining belligerent. Concluding that French naval power could not sustain a seaborne invasion, however, the government sent Napoleon on a military...
in Germany: End of the Holy Roman Empire
...the Imperial Diet entrusted a committee of princes, the Reichsdeputation, with the task of drawing a new map of Germany. France, however, exercised the major influence over its deliberations. Napoleon had resolved to utilize the settlement of territorial claims to fundamentally alter the structure of the Holy Roman Empire. The result was that the Final Recess (Hauptschluss) of the...
in Hanover (historical state, Germany)
...“Achilles’ heel” in continental Europe, Hanover suffered invasions during Britain’s wars, especially during the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1793. The Prussians seized it in 1801 and 1805 and the French in 1803 and 1806, after which part of it was incorporated into the French empire and the rest into the Kingdom of...
in India: The ascent to paramountcy
...as well as salutary. The more-compelling immediate cause was the transformation of European politics by the French Revolution. A new French threat to India emerged, this time overland, with Napoleon I’s Egyptian expedition of 1798–99. It was certain that a French army under such a leader would find many friends in India to welcome it, not least Tippu Sultan.
in India: The government of Lord Minto
Lord Minto (governor-general 1807–13) was occupied with the revived French danger, which was once again serious with the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) and Napoleon I’s resulting alliance with Russia. To guard against a French-sponsored Russian attack, British missions were sent to Afghanistan, to Persia, and to Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the Punjab. The first two proved fruitless, but the...
in Thomas Jefferson: Presidency
But Jefferson’s major disappointment had its origins in Europe with the resumption of the Napoleonic Wars, which resulted in naval blockades in the Atlantic and Caribbean that severely curtailed American trade and pressured the U.S. government to take sides in the conflict. Jefferson’s response was the Embargo Act (1807), which essentially closed American ports to all foreign imports and...
in United States: The Jeffersonian Republicans in power
By the start of Jefferson’s second term in office, Europe was engulfed in the Napoleonic Wars. The United States remained neutral, but both Britain and France imposed various orders and decrees severely restricting American trade with Europe and confiscated American ships for violating the new rules. Britain also conducted impressment raids in which U.S. citizens were sometimes seized. Unable...
in logistics (military): Fundamentals
Jomini’s discussion of logistics was really an analysis of the functions of the Napoleonic general staff, which he conceived as the commander’s right arm, facilitating his decisions and seeing to their execution. The mobility and gargantuan scale of Napoleonic warfare had left the simple old logistics of marches and encampments far behind. The new logistics, said Jomini, had become the science...
in logistics (military): Logistic systems before 1850
The era of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic domination of Europe (1789–1815) brought back both mobility and range of movement to European warfare, along with an immense further increase in the size of armies. Abandoning the siege warfare of the 18th century, Napoleonic strategy stressed swift offensives aimed at smashing the enemy’s main force in a few decisive battles. The...
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Which car company produces a model called the 'Sonata'? | Napoleonic Battles
Valmy
20 September 1792
French Army, the "Armee du Centre", under the elder General Kellerman had maybe 52,000 men consisting of 35 battalions of infantry, 60 squadrons of cavalry, and 40 guns. The French consisted of about one third regulars and two thirds volunteers.
Prussian Army under the Duke of Brunswick with 34,000 men and 36 guns. King Frederick William III was with the army.
Valmy is about half way along the main road from Verdun to Rheims. The Prussians had just taken Verdun and were moving on Paris. The morning being foggy the Prussian didn't get formed up into line and moving until 1:00 P.M. being stopped very shortly afterward by French fire. A mutual cannonade continued until 4:00 P.M. when heavy rain put an end to the battle.
The French casualties were about 300 men.
The Prussians lost 180 men killed and wounded.
Although Valmy was anything but a pitched battle it was nevertheless extremely important. The Prussian advance which had looked to put an end to the Revolution was halted and within a month Brunswick was retreating to the Rhine.
18 March 1793
French Army of about 45,000 men, mostly raw recruits, under General Dumouriez .
Austrian Army of about 40,000 men. Main body under Prince Frederick of Saxe-Coburg . Advance Guard led by Archduke Charles.
The French deployed on the 16th on some heights near Tirlemont about 35 km, or 23 miles, north-west of Leige. The Austrians came up and deployed on the 17th. On the 18th the French attacked. After fierce fighting in the center the French paused to reorganize around noon. However, the Archduke Charles having won his battle to the north intervened bringing on a French defeat.
The French lost about 4,000 men.
The Austrians lost about 2,000 men
This defeat shattered French morale and led to their abandoning their attack on the Netherlands. The Austrians recovered Brussels. Dumouriez defected to the Allies shortly afterwards.
15-16 October 1793
French Army of the North under General Jourdan with around 50,000 raw troops.
Austrian Army under Prince Frederick of Saxe-Coburg with about 20,000 men, several thousand more according to some sources at the battle. Maybe 14,000 maintaining the seige of Maubeuge.
The French were moving on Maubeuge attempting to lift the seige there. The Austrians deployed on a plateau near Wattignies village, about 10 km from Maubeuge, in defense of the seige. Initial French attacks on the 15th were beaten off with heavy loss.
Jourdan, however, redeployed about a fifth of his force during the night and on the 16th succeeded in turning the Austrian left flank.
The French lost about 8,000 men.
The Austrians lost about 5,000 men.
The seige of Maubeuge was lifted. Critical because it was the last position the Allies needed to take before being able to move on Paris. Jourdan got to keep his head.
First Battle of Altenkirchen
4 June 1796
French Army of the Meuse and Sambre commanded by General Jourdan Actual forces engaged were its Northern wing led by General Kleber with around 22,000 men.
Left wing of Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine under Prince Wurttemburg with about 24,000 men.
The French with three divisions, the center under Lefebvre, Soult on the right, and Ney on left, had already manouvered the Austrians off the line of the Seig, and out of a position at Ukerath since the beginning of the month.
The Austrians tried to hold at Altenkirchen but after hard fight were pushed out.
The French losses are unknown but are unlikely to have been great.
The Austrians lost about 1,500 men and 12 guns.
The French pursued the retreating Austrians vigorously; pushing them back to line of the Lahn river 50 km to the south. The battle also led to their capturing vital Austrian magazines with badly needed supplies.
19 June 1796
Rearguard of the French Army of the Meuse and Sambre with around 22,000 men, General Kleber commanding.
Advance guard Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine under General Kray with about 13,000 men.
The Archduke Charles of Austria having marched with reinforcements to the support of the Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine, Prince Wurtemburg commanding, the fortunes of war turned against General Jourdan commanding the French Army of the Sambre and Muese.
Forced back from the line of the Lahn the French were in full retreat when General Kleber commanding their rearguard decided to turn and give the Austrian advance guard under Kray which he significantly outnumbered a lesson.
As it happened it it was the normally very capable Kleber that received the lesson. He learned that Austrian troops could indeed fight very hard and that in the pursuit the Austrian superiority in cavalry was something to be feared.
The French lost about 1,500 men killed or wounded and another 700 taken prisoner.
The Austrians lost 500 to 600 men killed or wounded.
The battle was undoubtly a caution to the French generals and a help to Austrian morale. Unfortunately for the Austrians, Bonapartes successes in Italy had led to half their Army of the Upper Rhine being being sent there. This significantly weakened the Austrian position along the southern portions of the Rhine and General Moreau commanding the opposing French Army of the Rhine and Mosselle was not slow to take advantage.
The Archduke Charles and the some 25,000 troops he commanded had to hurry south. The situation in the north reverted back into favoring the French.
Kinzig (Rechen)
28 June 1796
The French Army of the Rhine and Moselle under General Moreau , actually engaged was the column commanded by General Desaix with around 34,000 men.
The Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine commanded by General (FML) Latour, forward elements actually engaged commanded by General Sztarry numbered about 17,000 men.
The French under Moreau had stolen a few marchs on the already outnumbered Austrians under Latour, and managed to take a bridgehead across the Rhine opposite Strasbourg at Kehl by stealth and daring.
The Austrians fighting in the terriority of wavering allies held a strong position along the Kinzig River and so decided to try and hold out until reinforcements arrived despite being heavily outnumbered.
In the event the Austrians were unable to hold and had to fall back
The French losses are unknown
The Austrians lost about 1,800 men.
The Austrians lost what little hope they had of containing the French bridgehead. A bad situation had become worse.
5 July 1796
The French Army of the Rhine and Moselle with around 34,000 men engaged, General Moreau commanding.
Forward elements of the Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine under General Latour with about 18,000 men.
Having failed to hold the line of the river Kinzig the Austrian forces retreated a little north to the line of the River Murg. Rastatt was one of the main positions on this line. The Austrians actually managed to hold there, but not elsewhere. Once again they were forced back.
Both sides lost about 500 men
Despite their numerical inferiority the Austrians had hoped the terrain and being on the defence might allow them to hold the French up long enough for reinforcements to arrive.
Against an opponent other than a French Revolutionary army commanded by General Moreau this might have worked.
Ettlingen (Malsch)
9 July 1796
The French Army of the Rhine and Moselle with around 65,000 men engaged, General Moreau commanding. The columns of both Desaix and St. Cyr were present.
The Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine with reinforcments around 40,000 men, about half cavalry, the Archduke Charles commanding.
The Archduke Charles having reinforced General Latour's Army of the Upper Rhine the Austrian's once again attempt to stop the advance of the French under General Moreau.
They faced two of the three "columns" making up the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. That of Desaix attacked in the center around the village of Malsch. Here the fighting was bloody but the Austrians held.
The column under St.Cyr attacked the Austrian left and the Austrians were pushed back.
The French lost about 2,000 men.
The Austrians also lost about 2,000 men, half of them prisoners.
Tactically a draw, stategically the battle was a loss for the Austrians. Charles needed to have defeated Moreau decisively. His line of communications ran east back through Stuttgart and along the Danube to Austria.
It was threatened locally by the French movement on his left, in his deep rear to the north it was threatened by the advance of Jourdan's army, and to the south in the Black Forest it was threatened by the successes of Moreau's third column under General Frolich.
On July 12th Charles ordered garrisons into forts intended to deny the French a secure line of communications and fell back on his own.
Haslach
14 July 1796
General Ferino's column of the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle with likely with somewhere around 20,000 men.
A mostly German Allied force under General Frolich with about 15,000 men, strong in cavalry.
General Frolich's Allied force deployed between Kinzig and Elz tried to deny passage of the Black forest to the French column under General Ferino. The French succeed in pushing in the Allied center around Haslach and the flanking Allied forces were forced to retreat.
Losses are unknown, but not likely high as only the center was engaged.
The French sucess in the Black Forest created yet another threat to the Austrian lines of communication. Frolich and the other Austrian commanders in the south began to fall back on Danube hoping to concentrate on the Danube along with the forces of Archduke Charles. The territory of the small south German states was abandoned.
Forcheim
7 August 1796
The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse with around 46,000 men engaged, General Kleber commanding, as Jourdan was ill.
The Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine with 40,000 men, General Wartensleben commanding.
Given the fort of Forcheim, a defensible river line and the fact that the more numerous French had been forced to make detachments to defend their communications, an Austrian stand seemed possible.
Kleber, acting as General-in-Chief, sent Lebefvre's division to attack the Austrian right. He sent Bernadotte's and Championnet's divisions to attack the Austrian right.
He sent Collaud's division against Forcheim in the center. Ney's regiment of this division suceeded in taking Forcheim, which as well as forcing the Austrian's to retire earned Ney promotion to Brigadier General.
Losses unknown, French claim to have taken 60 cannon and "many other munitions" in Forcheim.
The Austrians under Wartensleben were forced to continue their withdrawal south and east.
24 August 1796
The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse with around 45,000 men, General Jourdan commanding.
The Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine plus reinforcements with about 63,000 men, the Archduke Charles commanding.
The Archduke fell on Jourdan's right flank and rear as Wartensleben's Army attacked from the front. Now outnumbered and in a false position Jourdan fell back north and then west on poorer secondary roads.
Ney showed, for perhaps the first time, the brilliance in rear-guard actions that he later displayed in Portugal and Russia. The French Army although defeated and involved in a costly retreat did not disintegrate, and was not trapped.
The French lost about 4,000 men.
The Austrians also lost about 4,000 men.
Amberg and the subsequent Austrian pursuit of Jourdan completely reversed the strategic situation in Germany.
It was a bold and timely move by a commander that had up to that time been underestimated.
3 September 1796
The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse with around 40,000 men engaged, General Jourdan commanding.
The Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine with reinforcements for about 44,000 men, the Archduke Charles commanding.
An Austrian column under General Hotze beat the French to Wurzberg. The rest of the Archduke's army was in close pursuit. The Austrian superiourity in cavalry and light troops, as well as the fury of the local population at French depredations was telling on the French Army
Jourdan decided to make a stand on the heights on the right bank of Main running between Wurzberg and Schweinfurt.
In the event he was unable to keep the Austrian columns from crossing the river and eventually after hard fighting prevailing along his entire front. The French army was routed.
The French lost about 2,000 men and 7 guns. Graham reports 3,000 taken prisoner
The Austrians lost about 800 men.
Wurzberg sealed the results of Amberg. The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse in Franconia was defeated and was driven back to its starting positions of the early summer with heavy losses.
Furthermore it was so disorganized as to pose no further threat. Moreau would have to face the Archduke on his own.
Montenotte
12 April 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , then simply General Bonaparte, with 9,000 men mainly belonging to LaHarpe's division. Massena led one of LaHarpes's brigades on the decisive flanking attack while LaHarpe himself conducted the pinning frontal assault.
Allied Austrian-Piedmontese Army represented by the Austrian division of General (FML) Argenteau with 6,000 men.
Argenteau's forces had been pushing back a small French brigade under Rampon throughout the days of April the 10th and 11th. This was part of a rather ill co-ordinated Austro-Sardinian offensive against Savona and Genoa. On the 12th the French counter-attacked. LaHarpe's brigade joined Rampon's and did so frontally. While the Austrians were engaged in defending against this Messena's force flanked them on their rear right. Given how the mountainous terrain channeled movement and communications the Austrians stood in danger of being totally cut off. Their force disintegrated trying to withdraw.
The French casualties were likely about 120 men. Messena's force being known to have lost about 50 men
The Allies lost 700 men killed, wounded, and (mostly) missing according to Austrian official returns although Napoleon claimed 3,000, and several modern authorities give 2,500. Regardless, more importantly, according to Argenteau's own account his force was effectively destroyed at the end of the day. His men were exhausted and scattered. He was left with only 700 disorganized men under his direct control.
Napoleon had identified a low pass running west and slightly north from the area of Savona through Millesimo and Ceva to the area of Mondovi as the primary route he needed to open for his Army to able to establish itself in the plains of Northern Italy. Montenotte lay north of this route's eastern end. Stalling the Austrian threat in this area so he could fall upon the Sardinians under Colli was a necessary first step in his plans. So although the actual losses in this series of hard fought but small skirmishs are uncertain and likely not that high, the undeniable disorganization of the Austrians was a critical precondition to Napoleon's final success.
Millesimo
13 April 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , forces under General Augereau with two demi-brigades and Joubert's brigade, about 10,000 men in all, were engaged.
Allied Austrian-Piedmontese Army under General Colli, his leftmost Austrian provisional Corps under Provera with about 2,500 men was engaged.
The main French attack came on the 13th. The plan had been that it would be spearheaded by Augereau's division attacking through Carcare from the south and then east along the Savona-Ceva road to Millesimo. As it happened Carcare was occupied without resistance on the evening of the 12th, but Augereau's main force then got held up by the castle of Cassario on the 13th. The Sardinians had hastily thrown a picked force of men into it after the Austrian set-backs of the 12th. While the French main force made fruitless and costly attacks upon Cassario, a demi-brigade of Augereau's commanded by Menard by-passed the castle and drove the Sardinians out of Millesimo. Being the day's only French success this is what made its way into Napoleon's reports and the history books. The Allied force in Cassario, surrounded and short of supplies, finally surrendered on the morning of the 14th.
The French casualties were likely about 1,200 men, at least 600 at Cassario.
The Allies likely lost about 1,200 men, at least 800 at Cassario
Although it put a days delay into French plans and a dent into their morale the isolated bravery of the defenders at Cassario failed to affect the campaign's course. By the morning of the 14th the French were solidly in place to continue their attack against either the Austrians in Dego or the Sardinians at Montezemolo. Montezemolo which is between Millesimo and Ceva is the highest point in the road between Savona and Ceva which Napoleon was seeking to capture. Dego was a vital point on the main line of communications between the Austrian and Sardinian armies.
Dego
14-15 April 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , the 8,500 men of Messena 's division were directly engaged initially. Later joined by perhaps 8,000 men of LaHarpe's division.
Allied Austrian-Piedmontese Army under General Argenteau and Colonels Avogadro and Vukassovich with about 8,000 men.
Massena attacked Dego on the morning of the 14th with another of his frontal pinning attacks combined with a flanking maneuver. He took the position rather easily at a cost of about 200 French dead. The Austrian defending force had about twice as many dead and thousands of them were taken prisoner. Both the original 4,000 defenders of Dego under Colonel Avogadro and a relief column under General Argenteau were caught up in the Austrian rout.
At nightfall on the 14th while their cavalry pursued the defeated Austrians the poorly supplied French soldiers dispersed to forage and loot. Early the next morning a force of some 3,000 plus Austrians under Colonel Vukassovich surprised the unwary French routing them in their turn, taking many of them prisoner.
However, by the middle of the 15th Messena and a furious Napoleon were staging yet another counter-attack with both Massena's own troops and those of LaHarpe's division. Despite inflicting severe casualities of about 1000 men upon the French Vukassovich was forced out of Dego. He managed to extricate only a small fraction of his men from the defeat.
The French casualties were somewhere between 1000 and 2000 men, 200 to 400 dead.
The Allies lost 4000 to 6000 men, upwards of 400 dead, but most taken prisoner
Once again the initiative of individual Allied commanders and the bravery of their men was wasted due to ineffective overall command. The French may have been deeply disturbed by events at Dego and Napoleon temporarily induced to greater caution, but stategically Napoleon had succeeded in separating the Austrian and Sardinian armies from each other. He was now free to fall upon the Sardinians under Colli without fear of Austrian interference.
Ceva
16-17 April 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , then simply General Bonaparte, with 24,000 men. Generals Augereau and Serurier commanded the main two divisions engaged.
Allied Austrian-Piedmontese Army under General Colli with 13,000 men.
Ceva was a fortified location the taking of which had figured largely in Napoleon's planning from the beginning of the campaign. Augereau's forces suffered about 150 casualities in an unsuccessful assault they made on the 16th. The next day they tried again this time in conjunction with the 9,000 men of Serurier's division coming up from the south. Colli had already withdrawn the night before. He'd feared being outflanked by Serurier. The French found that only a garrision in the fortress remained. They occupied the town and surrounding fortifications without opposition. Morever although the fortress garrison refused to surrender it did not harass the main body of French troops that Napoleon ordered to bypass it.
The French casualties were likely about 750 men.
The Allies probably lost about 350 men in actual battle, but more (up to several thousand) from desertion and straggling
How to take the excellent defensive position at Ceva had been a major concern of Napoleons. Having mostly neutralized it without having to bring up artillery and making a setpiece attack was a major stroke of good fortune. It also let Napoleon shorten his extremely overstretched supply lines as the route to Ceva from the south was much shorter than that through Savona. Still the French supply situation remained very bad and Napoleon needed to break through to the wealthy plains of Northern Italy quickly before his army disintegrated.
Fombio
8 May 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , then simply General Bonaparte, with 12,000 men actually engaged consisting of an Advance-Guard under General Dallemagne supported by LaHarpe's division.
Austrian Army of North Italy under General Beaulieu. Left wing detachment of General Liptay with 5,000 men defending, 4,000 of them infantry, 1,000 cavalry.
After extracting his army from Piedmont, the Austrian general Beaulieu set up a cordon defence of Lombardy behind the flood swollen Po River. He destroyed all the bridges across it. This made any direct frontal attack by the French problematic, but it also meant the Austrians were in turn unable to easily interfere with French movements.
Napoleon exploited this by rapidly marching across the Austrian front to their far left wing and crossing at Piacenza on May 7th. The Austrian force under Liptay that Beaulieu had dispatched to oppose this crossing arrived too late.
Instead reaching reaching the village of Fombio north of the Po near Piacenza it stopped and dug in to await the French attack. This attack came early on the 8th. By the evening, after heavy fighting the forces under Liptay had been pushed out of Fombio. They retreated north through the town of Codogno and to the crossing of the Adda River at Pizzighettone. The French took Codogno but almost lost it again when a column from the Austrian main army stumbled across them during the night. LaHarpe, the senior French general on the scene, was killed amid the confusion.
The French loss of momentum allowed the Austrian Army to escape intact.
The French casualties were more than 450 men, at least 150 killed.
The Austrians lost close to 1000 men, mostly prisoners
The actions of Fombio/Codogno sealed the success of Napoleon's crossing at Piacenza and doomed the Austrian defence of the Duchy of Milan. However, they also put paid to Napoleon's hope of either trapping the Austrian Army or at least forcing it to retreat north and away from its eminently defensible base at Mantua.
Lodi
10 May 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , then simply General Bonaparte, with about 15,000 men. Advance-Guard under Dallemagne later supported by Massena's and Augereau's divisions.
Rearguard of Austrian Army under General Sebottendorf with 10,000 men total.
The bulk of the Austrian Army had got across the Adda River on the 9th, but the French caught up with its rearguard under General Sebottendorf at the Lodi crossing on the 10th. They took the town itself without difficulty in the morning but the bridge across the Adda was better defended.
Most of the day passed in an artillery duel as the French brought up more guns and men.
Finally around six the Advanced-Guard of 3,500 picked men stormed across the bridge with the encouragement of many higher ranking officiers including Lannes, Dallemagne, Messena and Berthier. Napoleon had taken a hand in the laying of the supporting cannon. The first line of Austrians broke and fled.
Faced with the deploying divisions of Augereau and Messena as well as the Advance-Guard the Austrian rearguard as a whole made an orderly retreat. Apparently the French were too exhausted or it was too late for them to vigorously pursue the Austrians.
The French casualties were at least 500 men, and likely closer to 2000.
The Austrians lost about 2100 men
Lodi was a French tactical victory. It may have had wider repercussions by cementing the relationship between the leadership of the French Army of Italy and their troops. However, any hope Napoleon may have had of catching a retreating Austrian Army and destroying it with a vigorous pursuit were dashed. The Austrians had got away to fight another day, and would have time to properly garrison Mantua. The French Army took several weeks in which it occupied Milan, got some deserved rest, and received its first pay in years.
Lonato
31st July to 5th August 1796
French Army of Italy under Napoleon , then simply General Bonaparte, actually engaged piecemeal by brigades were the divisions of Despinoy with 4,000 men. and Massena with maybe 11,000 men around Lonato itself. For particular periods Augereau 's division also participated in the battles against the Austrian Western column. Serurier 's division gave up two brigades, one each to reinforce Augereau's and Massena's divisions. The smaller divisions of Kilmaine and Sauret, about 5,000 men each, also played a role in defeating Quosdanovich's forces. Both of these gentleman fell ill during the campaign and their units were temporarily commanded by Beaumont and Guieu respectively. So in summary starting with a weak division of about 4,000 men the French reinforced until almost their whole army, something in excess of 30,000 men, was concentrated against Quosdanovich.
Austrian Forces western column under General Quosdanovich with about 17,500 men. Quosdanovich's force was divided into two advance-guards and 4 brigades. The advance guards seem to have had about 1,800 men each and the brigades roughly 3,500 men each. Much of the hottest action around Lonato involved Ott's and Ocskay's brigades.
The week's action in which Napoleon first stopped and then forced back the Austrian western column under Quosdanovich was a chaotic dogfight of which the two actions at Lonato were only a representative part.
The first of these actions took place on July 31st between Ott's brigade in Lonato and Despinoy with about 4,500 men who succeeded after a hard fought action in forcing Ott back.
The second action was on August 3rd in which Massena with about 11,000 men managed to throughly maul the much out-numbered brigade under Osckay.
Overall the situation went from one in which Quosdanovich with the advantages of superior numbers and surprise had managed to sever the French main line of communications, and Napoleon was seriously considering retreat to Lombardy, to one where Quosdanovich was retreating north having lost half his men.
Part of the reason for this was a fatal Austrian inability to co-ordinate their various forces, both the main columns and the brigades within them. But Napoleon's decisive willingness to abandon the seige of Mantua, and by harsh forced marchs combine his whole army sucessively against the separate columns of Austrians was also key.
The French casualties were likely about 5,000 men over the week.
The Austrians lost about 7,000 men in the same period
Quosdanvich's threat to French communications was beat off and his forces prevented from combining with or even indirectly aiding the main column under Wurmser. The price the French paid was having to lift the seige of Mantua and losing their seige train in the bargain.
Roveredo
4 September 1796
French Army of Italy under General Bonaparte . Actual battle fought by Massena 's division with about 10,200 men. Divisions of Augereau (10,100 men) and Vaubois (5,445 men) plus brigade under Guien (2,775 men) in support.
Austrian main army under General Wurmser . Actual battle fought by portion of General Davidovich's wing (25,000 men) of about 14,000 men in strength.
The major engagement in the opening phase of the autumn portion of the 1796 Italian campaign. Napoleon was under orders to take the offensive against the Austrians, and for his part Wurmser was making the second Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua.
Wurmser led off by advancing down the Brenta river valley with 20,000 thousand of his 45,000 men. The idea was to meet Bonaparte in the plains around Verona rather in the mountainous Adige river valley.
He left 25,000 men under General Davidovich to defend Trent and his supply lines. More than enough he believed given the mountainous terrain.
Wurmser and the Austrians were very mistaken about this. Although the formidable terrain had the potential to allow small numbers of men to hold up much larger bodies troops it also greatly amplified the effects of the greater cohesion and speed of French command, and those of the superiour morale and initiative of the French troops.
As in the spring small bodies of Austrians faced locally more numerous French forces who attacked them vigorously in the front while at the same time other French forces turned their flank. They rarely managed to hold or retreat in good order.
And so it was just south of Roveredo on the morning of September 4th. The Austrians fought hard against Massena's forces, but Vaubois forces threatened to flank them from the west and Augereau's from the east.
Once the retreat began the Austrians proved unable to reform a defense despite very favorable terrain. The French pursuit continued until they took the vital city of Trent some days later.
The French casualties were a few hundred men.
The Austrians lost about 6,000 men; mostly prisoners, as well as 20 guns.
The French shattered half the Austrian army and secured the Adige river valley for both defensive and offensive purposes. They were securely in the Austrian rear having cut their previous supply lines although the Austrians could potentially draw supplies from the east. Napoleon had the choice of moving down the Adige Valley to defend in the Verona area or of advancing down the Brenta valley in an effort to take Wurmser's force in the rear.
Bassano
8 September 1796
French Army of Italy under General Bonaparte using divisions of Massena and Augereau with about 22,000 men in all.
Austrian main army under General Wurmser with about 20,000 men.
The French Army of Italy pursued the Austrians under Wurmser down the Brenta Valley towards Bassano overwhelming the rearguards of a few thousand men Wurmser had left behind to delay them. Very early on the 8th of September, with Massena's division on west side of the Brenta River and Augereau's on the east side, the French caught up with the two rear 'divisions' of the Austrian Army commanded by Quasadanovich and Sebottendorf near Bassano. The Austrians were not ready. Their supply trains were blocking the streets of the town and they had at most 14,000 men available, perhaps no more than 7,000.
Whatever the case they were quickly defeated with heavy losses, the survivors split and scattered. Their supply train fell into French hands.
Wurmser, however, was able to rally a significant number of survivors plus the forces of his leading division under Meszaros into a body of 10 to 12 thousand men and lead them on a daring march into Mantua.
The French casualties were a few hundred men.
The Austrians lost about 4,000 men, 35 guns, and 2 pontoon bridges.
Bassano marked the the defeat of the second Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua. It came very close to resulting in the total destruction of the main Austrian field army in Italy. In the event, the main surviving fragment of that army and its commander were bottled up in Mantua. Disease was rampant and supplies short there so its strength began to rapidly waste away. In practical if not moral effect the Austrians might as well as been killed or taken prisoner. The Austrian authorities would need to find yet another army somewhere.
Arcola
15-17 November 1796
French Army of Italy under General Bonaparte mainly using the divisions of Massena and Augereau but with detachments from other formations for a total of about 19,000 men in all.
Austrian main army under General Alvintzy with about 24,000 men total.
Having failed to defeat Alvintzy's army on its approach march Bonaparte was left facing a new more numerous Austrian army before Verona in terrain that favoured Austrian tactics. Morever his troops were tired and their leadership decimated by constant hard campaigning.
Not wishing to force another head long battle in open terrain he resolved upon a daring flank attack across a couple of rivers and through marshland. Leaving small forces to hold Verona and the line of the Adige river near it he marched to Ronco and attacked with the goal of taking the town of Arcola on the far side of the Alpone river, and an area marshland to the east and north of the bigger Adige.
Most importantly Arcola was clearly in the rear of any army before Verona and once Bonaparte had established himself there he'd be a clear threat to the rear and communications of Alvintzy's army.
At dawn on the 15th of November Massena's and Augureau's divisions crossed the Adige at Ronco. Messena deployed north west to Belifiore di Porcile to defend Augereau's flank while he attacked towards Arcola. Despite Bonaparte's direct participation in the fighting Augureau's attack failed. A smaller French force (Guieu's brigade) did cross in boats and take the town from the south later but Augereau and Massena had both already withdrawn. Guieu elected to do the same.
So on the ground the first day looked like a tactical failure despite heroic efforts and high losses. Strategically however it had succeeded in convincing Alventzy to call off a planned attack on Verona and to withdraw forces to cover the French threat to his flank.
The 16th saw Massena and Augereau repeating their efforts of the 15th. In the process they met Austrian forces advancing on the French bridgehead at Ronco. The Austrians were severely mauled. Once again, however, Augereau failed to take Arcola and Bonaparte withdrew his forces to the bridgehead at Ronco.
During the night of the 16th/17th French engineers built a bridge over the Alpone south of Arcola and just north of where the Alpone joins the Adige.
On the 17the Massena as well as guarding the bridgehead made a demonstration along the route Augereau had taken the two previous days. While Messena dealt severe blows to the Austrian forces sent against him, Augereau's division was crossing the Alpone over the bridge built the night before.
Their flank turned by Augereau the Austrians withdrew after some hard fighting.
The French admitted losses of about 4,600 men.
The Austrians losses exceeded 6,000 men.
The battles around Arcola left the troops of both sides physically exhausted. Morally and strategically the victory went to Bonaparte and the French. They had stymied the third Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua.
Rivoli
14 January 1797
French Army of Italy under General Bonaparte using divisions of Joubert, Rey, and Massena totalling approximately 21,000 men.
Austrian army under General (FZM) Alvintzy with about 28,000 men.
Rivoli was the culmination of the Austrian's fourth attempt, the second under Alvintzy, to relieve Mantua.
Alvintzy this time attacked straight down the line of the Adige from Trent towards Verona. He did so in several columns which although perhaps close on the map or as the crows flies were not necessarily in easy communication due to the north-south trend of the mountainous terrain. In particular the troops marching in the mountain valleys above and to the west of the river bottom where the road that could take wagons and guns ran were effectively out of supporting range. The place where the river road and the mountain roads connected again was Rivoli. And that's where the defending troops of the 10,000 man strong division under Joubert made their stand on the 13th of January 1797.
This time it had been Bonaparte who'd been caught a bit off guard, but he reacted quickly. He ordered a variety of reinforcements for Joubert including most importantly, Massena's division of almost 10,000 men.
Bonaparte himself was present on the battlefield by 0200 on the 14th. He immediately ordered a counterattack to take key tactical features.
Throughout the morning of the 14th Massena's troop's arrived and were thrown in to save the desperate French defense. By the afternoon the Austrians were defeated and the French ready to begin their pursuit.
An attempt by Alvintzy to counter-attack on the 15th was a dismal failure.
The French casualties were some 5,000 men.
The Austrians lost around 14,000 men; many of them prisoners.
The outcome of Rivoli was not just the defeat of the third and last effort to relieve Mantua, but the destruction of the Austrian Field Army in Italy and the complete demoralization of its remenants. Mantua surrendered several weeks later. In the spring Bonaparte marched on Vienna.
21 July 1798
The French Army of the Orient with around 28,000 men, General Bonaparte commanding.
A Mameluke commanded Eygptian force with about 24,000 men and 30 guns. Most of the force was poor grade infantry, its core was its Mameluke cavalry consisting of at most 6,000 men. Murad Bey commanded that part of the Eygptian force actually engaged.
Bonaparte having made it most of the way to Cairo the Mamelukes resolved to meet him.
They did so on on the west side of the Nile facing north, on their right near the Nile was most of their infantry and their guns entrenched around and in the the village of Embabeh. On their left was their heretofore unbeaten Mameluke cavalry. Bonaparte being vastly inferior in cavalry formed his forces into five large divisional squares. He integrated his artillery with these squares and kept any vulnerable "rear" elements protected within them
From the left near the Nile to the right on the desert flank these divisional formations were those of Bon, Vial, Dugua, Reynier and Desaix.
It was mid-afternoon before the Mameluke's cavalry opened the battle with a wild charge at Desaix's and Reynier's squares. They were unable to make headway against the superior discipline and firepower of the French and but took heavy losses in ferocious attempts.
In the meantime the divisions of Bon and Vial took the village of Embabeh and slaughtered the troops there. The day ended with the Eygptians defeated and in flight.
The French losses were about 300 men.
The Eygptians lost about 5,000 men in casualties, many of them Mamelukes.
The previously demoralized and almost mutinous French troops enjoyed much rich looting.
Cairo the key to Eygpt fell to Bonaparte's forces.
Mount Tabor
16 April 1799
The French Army of the Orient with around 4,000 men in the end, an initial 2,000 under General Kleber and another 2,000 in the relief column commanded by General Bonaparte .
The Ottoman Army of Damascus with about 35,000 men, Achmed Bey commanding.
Bonaparte was beseiging Acre, the Ottomans had raised an army at Damascus which was marching to relieve it. Bonaparte sent Kleber with a very small division to intercept and defeat this threat.
Kleber intended a night march to surprise the Ottoman force early in the morning while it was still dark.
He mistimed his movements and ended up encountering the Ottomans after sunrise.
Kleber's heavily outnumbered force spent the day in two small squares sucessfully beating off every attack but unable to move or break ranks even to reach the water they could plainly see close by. It was a temporary stalemate that didn't bode well for the French.
Bonaparte, in the meantime, either hearing the guns or having expected the turn of events, was marching to Kleber's relief.
He arrived in time around four in the afternoon. A few cannon shots through the attacking Ottomans into disarray and Kleber and Bonaparte moved together to inflict heavy losses on their fleeing foes.
The French losses were about 300 men.
The Ottomans lost about 5,000 men.
One of the two main armies the Ottamans had been organizing to retake Eygpt was defeated.
The French seige of Acre continued. In the event, it failed and Bonaparte was forced to retreat to Eygpt with a much diminished and demoralized army. Without the victory at Mount Tabor he might not have been even so lucky.
20-21 March 1801, Also known as Battle of Alexandria.
The French Army of the Orient with around 10,000 men, General Menou commanding.
A British Army with about 12,000 effectives, General Abercromby commanding.
The British had begun landing at Aboukir Bay on the 8th March, by the 18th they'd taken Aboukir Castle.
Their main army was at the time in positions just short of 5km from Alexandria.
Menou, who'd taken command after General Kleber's assasination, reached Alexandria with the main French field force on the 19th. He attacked the British during the night of the 20th.
General Moore who was in command until General Abercromby's arrival was able to discern the main French attacks and commit his reserves appropriately. The British, although hard pressed, managed to hold and inflict heavy casualities on the French. Their own losses were not light and included General Abercromby himself.
The French suffered about 3,000 casualties.
The British casualties were about 1,400 men killed or wounded.
The British had proven they could meet the French on equal terms
Menou retreated to Cairo. The British put Alexandria under seige and followed him.
Menou's Army was intact and still held much of Eygpt but its position was no longer tenable.
9 June 1800
The Advance Guard of the French Army of the Reserve with around 8,000 men, General Lannes commanding.
Later reinforced by General Victor 's Corps of 5,000 men.
An Austrian column with about 18,000 men, and 35 guns, General Ott commanding.
The French and Austrian's were both manouvering in confusion and ignorance of each others positions.
Lannes had crossed the Po and was moving west between its southern bank and the Appennines towards Voghera when he met Ott's force, which had just taken up positions at Casteggio, head on.
Initially he was repulsed. But after Victor arrived with reinforcements, he broke Ott's forces and pursued them through Montebello.
The French casualties were about 500 men .
The Austrians lost about 4,000 .
The French had finally gained some idea of where the Austrian's were.
And if the situation wasn't as rosy as Napoleon had thought, the battle at Montebello did give the Austrians some pause leading them to undertake a cautious plan of concentrating at Alessandria rather than attempting something more aggressive.
Marengo
14 June 1800
The French Army of the Reserve with around 15,000 men at first reinforced to 23,000 men. The French likely had 42 guns. General Berthier was in nominal command, the actual command was held by Napoleon who was technically still just "First Consul Bonaparte".
The Austrian Army of Italy with about 35,000 men with 100 guns, General Melas commanding.
Napoleon thought he was pursuing an Austrian Army that was trying to evade him and regain secure lines of supply, either by passing north of Po and marching east or by marching south to Genoa where the Royal Navy could ensure its supply by sea.
By the 13th he was facing, if not completely in contact, with the main Austrian army at Alessandria, between them lay the plain between the river Scrivia and the Bromida river, and most importantly the Bromida river itself.
At this point he chose to detach two divisions one north and one south to keep the Austrians from getting away. In the process he reduced his strength to almost half of that of the main Austrian army and certainly no more than two thirds of it.
As a consequence when the Austrians attacked on the morning of the 14th the French situation rapidly became serious.
Despite the restriction posed by the bridges over the Bromida and general Austrian ponderousness by eleven in the morning the French were being forced back along their entire line and were in danger of breaking.
At this point Napoleon finally realizing his danger sent messages off to recall the divisions he'd sent north and south earlier in the day. He also ordered his reserves, the Guard and Monnier's division forward. Conveniently for the French the Austrians chose to take an hour at midday to pause and re-group.
By 1300 their attack had resumed, and by 1400 Victor's position in Marengo was desperate, and an Austrian Force under General Ott was threatening to turn the French right and cut the line of retreat for the French center. The bulk of the French army faced annilhilation.
Rather than reinforcing his crumbling center Napoleon deployed his reserves to face Ott on the right. This prevented an envelopment but between 1400 and 1500 the French were again being forced back all along their line. Their withdrawal remained orderly, partly because the Austrian cavalry had been completely committed, but they'd clearly been defeated. At about 1500 the Austrian Commander in Chief Melas, old and battered from a hard day's fight, chose to turn the pursuit over to his subordinate Zach and leave the field.
At about this point Desaix with Boudet's division which had been sent south close behind him arrived on the field of battle. He is famously suppossed to have told Napoleon that although one battle had been lost there was still time to win another.
That the Austrians under Zach took until 1630 to organize their pursuit gave the retreating French troops time to rally, and Desaix time to deploy Boudet's fresh division south of the road along which the Austrian pursuit would come.
The Austrian pursuit column in the center essentially walked into a gigantic unexpected ambush.
It broke, and routed, fled. The flanking Austrian forces were left hanging in the air.
The French defeat had become a victory, but a very expensive one. The price included the life of Desaix who'd been killed leading the counter-attack.
The French casualties were about 7,000 men.
The Austrians had roughly 6,000 men killed, lost 40 guns and had 8,000 men taken prisoner.
As First Consul, Napoleon's political position was still fragile. He had needed victory and and he took pains to re-write the record to make Marengo appear more of one than it was.
He had planned on annihilating Melas army and was forced to allow it retire more or less intact; his own army being considerably battered. He was forced to wait most of the year for Moreau in Germany to achieve a sufficiently great victory at Hohenlinden that the Austrians were compelled to make peace.
A less than ideal outcome from the First Consul's point of view, first the war weary French were forced to wait for peace and then it came as the result of the success of a rival general.
Still an outright defeat at Marengo might have ended his career.
Second Battle of Stockach
3 May 1800
The French Army of the Rhine with around 28,000 men belonging to the French right wing under General LeCourbe actually engaged, General Moreau in overall command.
The Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine with about 9,000 men of Prince Joseph of Lorraine detachment actually engaged, General (FZM) Kray commanding overall.
Stockach was a major depot on the main Austrian line of communications to its armies on the Upper Rhine throughout the wars of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. Lake Constance lies just a few kilometers to the south-east. The upper Danube is 20 to 25 kilometers north of it, in a rougher more forested area. Stockach was also frequently the location of the Austrian Army's HQ in this period.
In the spring of 1800 the French used their control of Switzerland to flank the main Austrian force by crossing the Rhine at Schaffhuasen in strength. The fortress at Hohentweil meant to secure the Austrian flank in this area quickly surrendered.
The result being that on the 3rd of May while the French and Austrian main forces under Moreau and Kray respectively slugged it out at Engen about 20 km west of Stockach, an Austrian force under the Prince of Lorraine was overwhelmed by a vastly superior force consisting of the French Right wing Corps commanded by General Lecourbe.
The French losses were about 2,000 men.
The Austrians lost about 2,000 men.
Although the main action at Engen was at least a draw on hearing of the loss of Stockach Kray ordered an Austrian retreat that ended in his force being forced all the way back to the fortifications at Ulm. The loss of Stockach had unhinged the entire Austrian postion. It also directly resulted in considerable losses of stores as well as the rout and considerable loss to the Austrian forces engaged there.
Hochstadt
19 June 1800
The French Army of the Rhine with around 25,000 men of General Lecourbe's right wing Corps engaged, General Moreau commanding overall.
The Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine with about 70,000 men, General (FZM) Kray commanding overall. Main part of engagement fought by what was originally the Austrian right wing commanded by General (FZM) Sztarray with about 16,000 men.
General Kray's main force was in Ulm but he was again flanked by Moreau's right wing under General Lecourbe who managed a surprise river crossing of the Danube some 60km down river near Hochstadt (close to the site of Marlbourough's famous victory at Blenhiem).
Despite hard fighting by General Sztarray's forces the French managed to gain control of both sides of the river severing Austrian supply lines once again.
The French losses are uncertain but not likely more than a few hundred.
The Austrians lost about 1,000 men killed and wounded and another "several thousand" taken prisoner.
Kray was forced to abandon Ulm and ulitimately most of Bavaria.
20 October 1805
The French Grande Armee with around 210,000 men, under the command of Napoleon .
The Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine with about 40,000 men at Ulm, 72,000 overall, Archduke John in nominal command. In fact the Austrians were under the direction of General Mack .
Ulm was a manouver and a surrender rather than a battle per se.
Under the defacto leadership of the delusional General Mack the Austrian Army had been positioned out on limb in the west of Bavaria while Napoleon marched the finest army he was ever to command to completely surround and cut it off.
The Austrian high command had expected Napoleon's main effort to be in Italy.
Mack had expected the French to follow the traditional invasion route from Strasbourg across the Rhine and the Black Forest to the upper Danube near Ulm. Instead Napoleon crossed the Rhine further north and moved along the line of the Main and Neckar towards a section of the Danube between Dillingen and Inglostadt. That this involved violating Prussian neutrality is one reason Mack discounted the possiblity, but it was still a major failure of Austrian intelligence and reconnaisance that the movement was not detected.
The crossing of the Danube by Napoleon's troops was all but unopposed and they proceeded to sweep around and behind the Austrian main force.
Some hard actions were fought at Haslach (Albeck) and Elchingen as the net closed but close it did.
Greatly outnumbered as well as completely isolated the Austrians had little choice but to surrender.
The French losses at Ulm itself were minimal.
The Austrians surrendered about 45,000 men; 27,000 at Ulm, another 12,000 at Neustadt and 6,000 with Archduke John at Trochtelfingen.
The Russians were still coming, but the Austrians had little to nothing left between the Grande Armee and Vienna. The boost to French morale was immense. The blow to Austrian morale close to shattering. The manouver on and capitulation of Ulm to this day continue to enhance Napoleon's personal reputation.
2 December 1805
The French Grande Armee with around 73,200 men and 139 guns, under the command of Napoleon .
The Austrian and Russian Allied Army with about 85,000 men and 278 guns, General Kutuzov in command.
Napoleon and his Grande Armee had pursued Kutuzov's Russians across most of Germany and Austria. The French supply lines were stretched and two possible threats were forming to them. The Archduke Charles forces in Italy threatened them from the south and Prussia looked ready to intervene from the north.
So when Kutuzov received reinforcements it was mixed news. Particularly because those reinforcements included the Tzar Alexander who was spoiling for a fight and had the power to override the decisions of his general Kutuzov. The battle Napoleon wanted now looked possible.
Napoleon did everything he could to encourage the Allies to attack. He gave up the very defensible Prautzen Plateau west of the village of Austerlitz and allowed the Allies to occupy it. He kept Davout's and Bernadottes' corps presence hidden, and resorted to a variety of other diplomatic and operational stategems.
It worked. The Tzar overruled Kutuzov and ordered an offensive battle. The plan that Kutuzov's Austrian Chief of Staff Weyrother, a massive sweep south and then north again by the Allied left wing, was very close to what Napoleon had hoped for and expected.
While Davout's forces held this attack in the south, Napoleon waited until the Allied center on the Prautzen was fatally weakened and then attacked with Soult's Corps.
Lannes Corps in the north on the French left wing, in the meantime, kept the Allied right busy.
Soult's attack succeeded despite some good battlefield decisions by lower level Allied leaders and considerable bravery on the part of Allied soldiers.
Seeing the hole Soult's Corps had opened in the Allied center Prince Constantine commanding the elite Russian Guard formations that constituted the Allied reserve attacked. His attack was only beat off with the help of the cavalry of Napoleon's own elite Imperial Guard and the infantry of Bernadotte's Corps. The fighting ended with the thorough defeat of the Russian Imperial Guard.
The French having shattered the Allied center were now positioned to take Allied left in the rear flank. The southern Allied forces had only a narrow route through which they could retreat.
Soult's hard fighting troops, especially those of Vandamme's division, swung south and closed the trap. Some Allied soldiers escaped, but they were in no shape to continue the fight.
The French losses were 1,300 men killed, 6,400 wounded, and 500 missing.
The Allies lost about 16,000 men killed or wounded, 11,000 men taken prisoner, and 180 guns.
Austerlitz was Napoleon's finest victory achieved by the Grande Armee at the heights of its power. It forced the Austrians to make peace and thus ended the Third Coalition.
Jena
14 October 1806
The French Grande Armee (minus Davout's and Bernadottes Corps) with around 90,000 men, under the command of Napoleon .
The Prussian Army with about 35,000 men under Prince Hohenlohe initially engaged, plus a further 15,000 reinforcments under Ruchel.
The battle took place on an open plateau north west of Jena in the valley of the Saale river.
The Prussian Flank guard under Hohenlohe, guarding the retreat of the main Army under Brunswick north-east, was already present on the eastern part of this plateau.
The French, on the other hand, were faced with crossing the Saale largely through Jena and climbing steep closely wooded slopes before reaching that small part of the plateau that the Prussians had left unoccupied.
Napoleon thought he was facing the main Prussian army under Brunswick, Hohenlohe thought he was just dealing with a French flank guard.
As a result Napoleon spent the night of the 13th/14th getting Lannes Corps up onto the plateau before ordering it to attack as early as possible (0630) on the morning of the 14th. He feared that allowed the initiative the Prussians might drive Lannes back off the plateau and trap him against the Saale. Hohenlohe to the contrary not taking the French presence seriously failed to commit even to a full out defence at first.
By mid-morning Lannes attack had secured more room for the full French army to deploy and leading elements from the corps of Augereau (on the left), Ney (between Augereau and Lannes), and Soult (to Lannes right) had done so. Ney on arriving had attacked prematurely and finally provoked Hohenlohe into a serious counter-attack that caused something of a crisis for the French center, but by noon the situation had been retrieved and the full strength of four French corps, the Imperial Guard, and Murat's cavalry were available for the general attack that Napoleon launched at 1300.
The Prussian right and center were routed. Ruchel's forces arrived on the right and counter-attacked but were then themselves caught up in the general defeat. The Prussian left although originally retiring in good order got caught in the rout of the main army from its own defeat at Auerstadt to the north.
The French losses were about 5,000 men.
The Prussians lost about 25,000 men.
Together Jena/Auerstadt knocked Prussia out of the war. They also revealed the bankruptcy of the existing Prussian Army organization and system of tactics. Until Jena the Prussian Army had still enjoyed a formidable reputation based on the successes of Frederick the Great.
14 October 1806
III Corps of the French Grande Armee with around 27,000 men, General Davout commanding.
The main Prussian Army with about 60,000 men, senior officers present were the Duke of Brunswick and King Frederick William III.
Davout's task was to, with Bernadottes assistance, flank the main Prussian Army as it fought Napoleon and to block its retreat.
Block it he did, without any help from Bernadotte's Corp, and without its having been first defeated by Napoleon.
The battle began early on the 14th (0600) as a meeting engagement in the strategic pass of Kosen.
Basically Davout got his smaller force up faster and fought it in a disciplined and co-ordinated fashion. The Prussians on the other hand launched a series of piecemeal and ill-coordinated attacks.
Ill-coordinated in two senses in that they failed to apply all their strength at the same time and in that the various arms the cavalry, infantry and artillery failed to work together.
When Blucher's cavalry attacks forced the French into squares there was no infantry or artillery present to take advantage.
Davout's superbly drilled soldiers efficiently adopted whatever formation was necessary to defeat the current Prussian attack.
All hopes of any proper tactical or operational co-ordination by the Prussians likely died mid-morning with their leader the Duke of Brunswick. His death was not the only one among the Prussian leadership and it was slow in being reported, but even after taking over command the King Frederick William failed to effectively co-ordinate his forces.
By 1230 Davout was deploying to envelope the larger Prussian force on both flanks and his counter attack then drove them back against the remenants of Hohenlohe's men routing from Jena.
The French losses were very roughly 11,000 men.
The Prussians lost about 13,000 men and 175 guns.
Jena was a severe defeat for the Prussians, but it was Davout's blocking action at Auerstadt that turned it into the destruction of the Prussian Army. Auerstadt was also a convincing demonstration of the French Army's superiority operationally and tactically to the Prussians and of Davout's own skill as a general.
Eylau
7-8 February 1807
The French Grande Armee with around 45,000 men and 200 guns initially, under the command of Napoleon , later reinforcements in the form of Davout 's and Ney 's Corps numbered around 26,000 men.
The Russian Army with about 67,000 men and 460 guns General Bennigsen in command.
a further 9,000 men later arrived under General Lestroq.
Napoleon's army had already been in winter quarters for most of a month when, during late January, the Russians launched an unseasonal and unexpected offensive through East Prussian and towards Danzig.
Contrary to Napoleon's claims at the time and to that of some later historians this was not likely in response to aggressive foraging by Ney's Corps but rather a deliberate plan by the Russians that had been arrived at some weeks earlier.
In the event both the Russian offensive and Napoleon's countering attempt to trap them failed to come off successfully. The Russians were retreating when Bennigsen decided to turn his army and face the pursuing French at Eylau.
The initial part of the battle seems to have begun by accident on the evening of 7th. Napoleon's original plan having been to draw up his army on the heights to the west of Eylau itself and there await the attack of the Russians until Ney turned up on their north flank and Davout on their southern one.
Apparently the French train (including Napoleon's own personal staff) got lost and attempting to set up in Eylau became involved in an action with Russian outposts that rapidly escalated out of control as both sides fed troops into the battle.
The struggle ended with the Frenchmen of Soult's, Murat's, and Augereau's Corps in control of the village, perhaps at least some of them enjoyed a somewhat more sheltered night because of this, but losses on both sides had been heavy.
The 8th opened with snowstorms, and an immense artillery duel, soon followed by Soult's Corps attacking in the center with the intent of pinning the Russians until Ney's and Davout's flanking Corps could arrive.
The Russians obliged with a counter-attack that resulted in Napoleon committing Augereau in the south center in hopes of taking the pressure off of Soult. Unfortunately for the French Augereau's Corps got lost in the blowing snow and stumbled into the artillery duel between the grand batteries of both sides and was mauled past usability by a combination of heavy fire from the Russian guns and their own artillerymen firing blind.
Napoleon had to commit his last reserve, the cavalry under Murat, to restore his center and save the remenants of Augereau's men. Murat succeeded in this; breaking the Russian center and taking a battery of 70 Russian guns, but at the cost of 1,500 troops out of 10,000.
When a stray Russian column threatened Napoleon's HQ in Eylau the Guard infantry itself had to be used to restore the situation.
So after a desperate morning for the French center, Davout was finally fully in position on the southern Russian left flank, and Napoleon ordered his attack for 1300. By 1530 the Russian line had been pushed back into a great right angle and was about to break when reinforcements in the form of Lestocq's 9000 Prussians arrived from the north and marching across the rear of the Russian forces formed on their far left.
Davout was outflanked on his right by these new forces and the battle seemed to be favoring the Allies when Ney in his turn arrived, by 2000 (8:00pm) he was successfully attacking the Russian left flank in the north. The Allied counter-offensive on the opposite flank ground to a halt around 2200 (10:00pm).
Dark and exhaustion closed the battle without any decisive result despite bitter losses for both sides.
Bennigsen withdrew his forces during the night.
The French losses were about 4,000 men on the 7th, and a further 10,000 on the 8th.
The Russians lost about 4,000 men on the 7th and maybe about 25,000 on the 8th.
As the French held the field afterwards they could claim a victory. The general consensus since is that Eylau was a horrible and costly draw and the first major exception to Napoleon's long record of victories.
14 July 1808
French with around 14,000 men and 40 guns initially, under the command of General Bessieres .
The Spanish with about 23,000 men and 30 guns General Cuestra in overall command, although almost 16,000 of the Spanish force was from General Blakes Army of Galacia.
Cuestra being senior despite commanding only about 6,500 newly raised and untrained men was able to summon Blake's intact force of regulars to assist him in attacking the French in Castile.
In the event it was the French who took the intiative. The Spanish chose to defend on a low plateau to the east and south of Medinia. Their two forces deployed separately; Blake's Army of Galacia along the top of plateau's south east slopes, Cuestra's Army of Castile to the north and west beyond and behind Blake's northern left flank.
The French approached from the east and attacked Blake's center while turning that northern left flank. Cuestra's Army for whatever reason did not interfere, and Blake's Army was rolled up and defeated.
Instead of a launching sustained pursuit the French sacked Medinia committing atrocities there that did nothing to help their political position in the Peninsula.
The French losses were about 105 men killed and 300 wounded.
The Spanish lost about 2,300 men, 1,200 of them having surrendered, and 13 guns.
As well as opening the road to Madrid, Medina del Rio Seco was an important boost to French (especially Napoleon's) morale. They'd met Spanish regulars for the first time in pitched battle and scored an easy and dramatic success.
Baylen would come later, and would it also later become clear that beating Spanish armies wasn't the same as destroying Spanish armies or forcing the Spanish people to surrender, but at the time Medina del Rio Seco seemed like a positive omen of French success.
22 July 1808, shocking set back to French arms.
French with around 14,000 men and 40 guns initially, under the command of General Dupont.
The Spanish with about 23,000 men and 30 guns under General Reding.
Dupont had been charged with taking Andalusia. The French, Napoleon in particular, having been grossly over-optimistic he'd been given wholly inadquate forces both in number and quality for the task.
Forced back to the upper Guadalquiver River valley and then reinforced with Vedel's division to almost double his previous numbers Dupont waited, not wanting to retreat over the mountain passes to the north and abandon Andalusia, but uncertain of his ability to maintain himself there safely let alone to go on the attack.
The Spanish did not wait. Combining regular forces from both Andalusia (Castanos) and Grenada (Reding) as well as various bands of popular irregulars they attacked.
Dupont was deployed along the northern bank of the Guadalquiver from Andujar east, his own main force being in Andujar itself, Vedel's division to the east both holding the river line and the line of communications that ran north-east back through the towns of Baylen and La Carolina to the passes through the Sierra Morena. The Spanish plan was that Castanos would pin Dupont at Andujar while Reding flanked him upstream crossing the river and descending on his left rear.
It can't be said that the Spanish plan worked out as intended, but in a sense through a combination of their own errors and confusions and much worse ones on the part of the French matters worked out better than they could have realistically planned for.
Reding was able to occupy Baylen without a fight because Vedel had marched away to meet an illusory threat at La Carolina. At the same time with no idea what had happened Dupont evacuated Andujar and marched for Baylen with only a weak advance guard, his wounded and loot in the center of his column, and a strong rear guard intended to hold off the attacks from Castanos that were his main fear.
It was dawn on the 19th when Dupont's advance guard discovered Redings troops in Baylen.
Reding had time to deploy properly across the road into town as well to leave a detachment to delay Vedel should he arrive. Dupont in contrast worried about being attacked in the rear threw his tired and not very good troops into a series of piecemeal attacks. The last of these came close to success but failed. With that failure the morale of the French troops broke completely and they refused to make further efforts. Dupont was trapped between two Spanish armies with no way out, he had to make terms. Worse for the French once Vedel had awoken to the situation and marched on Baylen, Duponts cornered soldiers were used as hostages, Dupont was pressured into ordering Vedel to surrender his undefeated troops and Vedel felt compelled to follow those orders.
The equivalent of an entire French Corps had been totally defeated.
The French losses were about 20,000 men, about 18,000 having surrendered. 1,200 Swiss deserted to the enemy, the rest were dead either in battle or from the rigors of campaigning.
The Spanish lost about 1,000 men.
Baylen not only shook the French hold on Spain forcing them to retreat to north of the Elbro, it shook the French hold on Europe. French armies had earned a ruputation for invincibility at Marango, Austerlitz, Jena and Friedland, Baylen gave that reputation the lie.
21 August 1808, future Duke of Wellington defeats Junot
French with around 13,000 men and 24 guns, under the command of General Junot.
The British and Portuguese with about 16,000 men (about 2,000 of them Portuguese) under General Arthur Wellesley .
Wellesley had drawn up his troops north of Lisbon in and around the villiage of Vimiero. Junot resolved to attack him before he could get any closer to Lisbon itself.
Junot's plan was a combined pinning effort against Wellesley's center and flank attack against his left. Wellesley's well drilled redcoats were easily able to re-deploy to meet this, and Junot's columns got to experience the future Lord Wellington's tactics of hiding his main infantry line behind terrain and heavy screens of skirmishers for the first time.
Just as they did for the last time at Waterloo, these tactics, when first used at Vimiero, resulted in the French being repulsed with heavy losses.
Wellesley's intent to pursue the beaten French army was countermanded by his newly arrived superior General Burrard.
The French losses were about 2,000 men and 14 guns.
The Allies lost about 730 men.
The result of Vimiero was a French surrender, but Wellesley's newly arrived superiors granted such favorable terms that both of them and Wellesley himself were recalled to England for an enquiry.
Talavera
28-29 July 1809
French with around 46,000 men and 80 guns, under the command of King Joseph Bonaparte, General Jourdan advising.
The British and Spanish with about 52,000 men (incl. 32,000 Spanish of General Cuesta) General Sir Arthur Wellesley in overall command.
Having chased Soult out of Northern Portugal Wellesley next moved to central Portugal with the aim of meting out the same treatment (in conjunction with Cuesta's Spanish army of Estremadura) to the French 1st Corps under Marshal Victor.
If Victor had remained in place in the frontier province of Estremadura facing Cuesta, Wellington would have fallen on his rear or flank and the outnumbered French would have doubtless taken a severe drubbing leaving the road to Madrid open.
In the event Victor fell back to Madrid well before hearing of Wellesley's advance because his soldiers had been starving. They'd stripped Estremadura, a poor province in the first place, of all sustenance.
Given his own problems with supply and co-ordination with the Spanish Wellesley's efforts to take Victor at a disadvantage failed. The 27th of July saw the Allies at Talavera de la Reyna several marchs west of Madrid facing not just Victor's 1st Corps, but the French reserves from Madrid under King Joseph (with Jourdan advising) and the 4th Corps of Sebastiani. The plan had been that Spanish Army of La Mancha under Venegas would keep Sebastiani busy, it hadn't worked.
Talavera lies on the river Tagus, in 1809 there were still several miles of open plain between it and the hills to the north. The Spanish defended the town and part of the plain to it's north, the British defended most of the open plain and the first major hill, the Cerro de Medellin, to its north. A small valley to the north of that before the Sierra de Sequirilla was watched by cavalry.
The British had four divisions, three of them in line, Campbell in the south, Sherbrooke in the center and Hill in the north holding the Cerro de Medellin, with Mackenzie in reserve behind Sherbrooke.
The French deployed their forces almost entirely against the northern British held part of the Allied line. Some of the northernmost Spanish battalions faced French infantry but most of the Spanish Army was screened with cavalry. The northern right part of the French line was made of of Victor's 1st Corps, from north to south the divisions of Ruffin, Villatte, and Lapisse. To their south the line was composed of Sebastiani's 4th Corps, He directly commanded his northernmost 1st division of Frenchmen, Laval's 2nd division of Germans formed the far left of the French infantry line.
The evening of the the 27th saw some accidental skirmishs embarrassing to the British but without serious results, and one serious night attack ordered by Victor and carried out by Ruffin's division against Hill's division holding the Cerro de Medellin. Victor had indentified it as the key to the Allied position.
Two of the three columns committed became lost, and although the third column succeeded in surprising the ill prepared British division and both sides lost heavily in the sharp and confused action that resulted, the night ended with the British still holding the position.
At five in the morning, dawn saw a better organized repeat of the effort, this time the better prepared British sent Ruffin's troops reeling back with heavy losses amounting to a quarter of their entire force all lost in less than an hour.
Their initial efforts stymied the French paused for several hours before trying again. This time their intent was to hold the British by a broad front attack especially against the British right and and center in the plains, and to send Ruffin's and Villettes on a flanking movement to the north. Cerro de Medellin they decided to let be until success elsewhere.
Seeing the French re-deploying for their flanking movement Wellesley asked for and received Spanish help, Bassecourt's infantry division, a heavy artillery battery, and Albuquerque's cavalry division. Wellesley also redeployed his own cavalry and what he coould of Hill's artillery on Cerro de Medellin.
At around two in the afternoon the French guns opened up, completely overpowering the Allied artillery, they took a terrible toll especially on the exposed troops in the British center.
The first infantry attack was made by Laval's Germans around 2:30 (1430). It was driven back with heavy losses by Campbell's division which made a limited counter attack and then re-formed its lines. Some part of this attack also engaged the northern Spanish battalions which, giving a good account of themselves, held.
Three in the afternoon (1500) saw Laprisse and Sebastiani's divisions attacking Sherbrooke's lines in the British center. Once more British volley's decimated the front ranks of their attackers and a counter attack sent them fleeing. Unlike Campbell's division, however, Sherbrooke's men did not rally and return to their defensive lines, rather they continued their counter attack until they ran into the second line of the French forces and were countered attack and forced to flee in return.
This disaster was redeemed by the committment of Mackenzies brigade strength division and a strong battalion (the 1/48th) Wellesley detached from Hill's division. The survivors of Sherbrooke's ill fated counterattack rallied behind these fresh troops.
While this drama unfolded in the center, Campbell's division beat off a second attack by Laval at around four in the afternoon.
The losses had been terrible on both sides, including both generals Mackenzie and Laprisse, many more junior officers, and between a quarter and a half of the men involved. This was the battle's crisis and it had come and gone. The British had won although at a terrible cost.
The situation to the north saw the flanking manouver of Ruffin and Villate fail, forced into squares by the presence of Allied cavalry and then enfilated by Allied artillery fire, facing the infantry of Bassecourt to the north and Hill's to the south, and with the central attack having failed, they gave up their movement as a lost cause despite their troops being relatively fresh and undefeated.
Surveying the situation, Jourdan and Joseph, despite strong presentations by Victor declined to commit their reserves in a final effort.
The French losses were about 7,268 men and 20 guns.
The British lost about 5,365 men, the Spanish about 1,200 men.
Talavera saw an Allied army face the French in open battle and hold while inflicting heavy losses. It gained Wellesley a peerage, he became Lord Wellington. It did not make it easier to sustain his Army in Spain, shatter the French forces, or improve co-operation with the Spanish forces.
Nevertheless for a few days Wellesley comtemplated operations designed to liberate Madrid. That was before learning Soult was moving from the north against his communications with a force at least equal to his own.
The Allies had thought Soult's Corps a shattered remenant without equipment or artillery, that Mortier's Corps was spread throughout Leon, Castile and the Asturias holding them down, and that Ney's Corps was similarly occupied in Galacia. In fact, the French had evacuated both the Asturias and Galacia and concentrated Ney's and Mortier's Corps under Soult's command, and Joseph had sent Soult an artillery train to replace that he'd lost and ordered him south against the Allied rear. Soult had three Corps and about 50,000 men, more then the equal of both Allied armies together.
By the time Wellesley and Cuesta realized this they barely had time to escape to south across the Tagus river into a country naturally harsh and already denuded, their armies suffered terribly in the process. Many of the British wounded were left behind to be captured at Talavera.
Fuentes de Onoro
3-5 May 1811
French Army of Portugal with around 47,000 men, 4,600 of them cavalry, and 38 guns, commanded by Marshal Massena .
The British and Portuguese with about 35,000 men, of which 2,000 were cavalry, and 48 guns under Wellington .
Materially it did not take Messena long to put the French Army of Portugal back into fighting trim.
Morale and relations among the senior commanders, however, remained poor.
Still facing Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army in the open on the Spanish-Portuguese border between the fortresses of Almeida and Ciudad Rodrigo, Massena had every right to expect the more numerous French could beat the Allies. With superior cavalry he could hope that any such victory would be decisive. So although we have no actual record of Massena's intent, it seems likely his main goal when he attacked in May 1811 was the not the relief of Almeida, but rather the destruction of Wellington's army.
By May 3rd Massena had driven Wellington's screening forces back upon the main Allied position.
The French immediately attacked the key village of Fuentes de Onoro, in fact, taking it from its garrison of picked British troops and wounding the garrison commander Colonel Williams in the process. Wellington ordered a three regiment counterattack that re-took most of the village including the key high ground. The British lost 259 men to the French 652.
The 4th of May was spent by the French on reconnaisance and manouvering. Massena having learned Wellington's right flank was largely open past Fuentes de Onaro settled on a plan to outflank him there. An assault by picked troops would take the village unhinging the Allied flank just as it was being turned.
During the night of May 4th Wellington, anticipating a possible French flanking move, but not its size, moved his 7th Division into the village of Pozo Bello on his far right. He covered the gap between Pozo Bello and Fuentes de Onoro with cavalry. Wellington also moved troops , most notably the Light Division, from his left and center to the north to reserve positions on the plateau behind Fuente de Onoro.
Massena's cavalry attacked at dawn. The Spanish cavalry to the south on Wellington's farthest right was driven off. The 7th division was in danger of being cut-off. It was forced out of Pozo Bello by two French infantry divisions (supported by third). A courageous and disciplined covering action by the greatly outnumbered British cavalry and horse artillery kept it from being overwhelmed long enough that Wellington was able to send the elite Light Division to cover its further withdrawal to the far right of a new line. This new line formed by the the 1st and 3rd divisions met the old Allied line at right angles at the key village of Fuente de Onoro.
It was at Fuente de Onoro that Massena launched the second, and as it developed, bloodier, prong of his attack. This attack was led by picked grenadiers and strongly supported by the available French artillery. If successful it would unhinge Wellington's entire position by flanking both his wings, while Massena's own strong left wing to the south lay poised to contest the Allies' main line of retreat.
In the event the British Highlanders and Irish proved a match for the best the French could throw at them. The village was mostly lost at one point but retaken in a counter-attack. Unusually, thanks to its losses in the invasion of Portugal, the French artillery was weaker than the British and unable to blast a way open for the infantry.
By mid-afternoon it was clear to Massena that both his attempt to disorder and destroy part of the Allied right wing, and his attempt to unhinge the Allied position by taking Fuentes de Onoro, had failed. There was no point in wasting more lives and he called his attack off.
The French losses were about 2,192 men.
The Allies lost 1,542 men.
Fuentes de Onoro was an attempt to severely defeat, likely even destroy, the Anglo-Portuguese army. It was the first battle that army fought against the French in the open. Massena had every right to expect success. He knew he was one of the best generals in Europe, his infantry the equal of any, and his cavalry and artillery had proven themselves superior to every foe previously encountered.
In the event, Wellington proved himself Massena's match, and furthermore so did his infantry of all nationalities, his much maligned cavalry (for once its discipline was superb), and his artillery.
If the Wellington's Army had been badly defeated it would have ended the last major threat to French from regular formed troops in the Peninsula. The French would have been free to disperse their troops to suppress the guerillas and properly occupy most of Spain.
Fuentes de Onoro was the watershed of the Peninsular War. From that point on it was all downhill for the French, they never had enough troops to face both Wellington and the Spanish. Substantial reinforcements, the presence of Napoleon himself to co-ordinate operations properly, or a later decisive defeat of Wellington might have changed the situation, but none of those happened.
Abensburg
20 April 1809
French Army under Napoleon with about 113,000 men of which about 55,000 men in Lefebrve's VI and Lanne's Provisional Corps were actually engaged.
Austrian Army under Archduke Charles with about 161,000 men of which maybe 12,000 men in screening brigades detached from III and V Corps took the main weight of the initial French attack, later joined by the roughly 25,000 men of Hiller's VI Corps who halted the pursuit.
Charle's attack northward on the 19th with the bulk of his army left its left wing exposed and in danger. The more so that he failed to to prevent Davout's divisions from connecting up with the rest of the French Army.
The Austrians had two Corps covering their left flank, Hiller's VI Corps farthest to the south around the headwaters of the Abens near Au, and Archduke Louis V Corps holding the line of the Abens opposite Lefebvre's VI Allied Corps of mainly Bavarians. Louis and Hiller were not in contact and only a thin line of detached brigades connected Louis' Corps with the main army.
Charles, recognizing his danger, ordered Louis to march during the night of the 19th and 20th to join the main army and Hiller to move to take up the line Louis had been defending. Charles plan was to concentrate south of Ratisbon and change to a line of supply running through it rather than Landshut.
Hiller and Louis failed to follow Charles orders.
The next day, the 20th, the French took advantage. Lefebevre left a single division to occupy Louis and he and a provisional Corps under Lannes (consisting of the half of Davout's Corps that had successfully eluded Charles the day before plus a heavy cavalry division) attacked the thin screen joining the main Austrian army with its left wing.
It was a rout. A single brigade, Thierry's, was left to bear the brunt of the French attack. It was all but destroyed.
Louis position was flanked and he was forced to retreat. Hiller came up in time to stem the pursuit. But the situation of the VIth and Vth Corps was untenable. Rather than retreating on the main army as Charles had wished Hiller decided to retreat on Landshut with the aim of covering the direct road to Vienna.
The Austrian Army was split.
The French and Allied casualties were about 2,000 men.
The Austrians lost about 6,700 men, roughly half prisoners.
Abensburg split the Austrian army into two pieces and left the French between them and superior in numbers to both. The Austrian offensive had been defeated. It only remained to see what they could salvage from that defeat.
21 April 1809
French Army under Napoleon with about 60,000 men mainly from Lannes Provisional Corps and Lefebrves VI Corps.
Left wing of Austrian Army primarily VI and V Corps under FML Hiller with about 35,000 men.
It had been the Archduke Charle's intention that his extended left wing under Louis and Hiller should rejoin the main army. Their disregard of his orders had likely made that impossible by the middle of the 20th. Hiller's and Louis' Corps would have had to have marched north with a strong French force under Napoleon on their flank. Instead on the night of the 20th/21st they decided to fall back directly to their rear to a position around Landshut where their supply lines crossed the Isar river.
Early on the 21st Hiller, now in over all command of the southern part of the Austrian army, learned that the Isar river position had been flanked by a strong French force under Massena that had reached the Isar at Moosberg to the south of Landshut. He could no longer hope to make a stand at Landshut it was now merely a question of how much of his army could escape.
In the event, despite French stories about their heroics and undeniably severe losses to both Austrian fighting units and their trains, it took until around one in the afternoon for Landshut to fall, and most of the Austrian army escaped intact.
The French and Allied casualties were very roughly about 3,000 men.
The Austrians lost about 9,000 men and a considerable part of their train including guns, many ammo and supply wagons and a pontoon bridge the French later put to good use.
Landshut completed the isolation of the southern portion of the Austrian Army under Hiller from the main part to the north under the Archduke Charles. The losses to the Austrian trains were a boon to the French. The Austrian forces under Hiller, however, escaped to fight on other days. Some of them like that of Aspern-Essling not such good ones for the French and their Allies.
Maloyaroslavets
24 October 1812
French Grande Armee under Napoleon had about 90,000 men; Eugene 's IV Corp the force actually engaged had about 15,000 men.
Russian Army of the West under Kutuzov with maybe 110,000 men; Docturov's Corp with 20,000 men bore the brunt of the fighting .
Maloyaroslavets is some 110 kilometers south west of Moscow. It lies where the "New" Kuluga Road crossed the River Lusha. The "New" Kaluga road being the first link of the southern route from Moscow to Smolensk. Napoleon had decided to take the southern route, undevestated by the march on Moscow, back to Smolensk and he needed the bridge at Maloyaroslavets.
Kutusov sent Docturov and his Corps to hold Maloyaroslavets. Napoleon sent Eugene and his Corps to take it.
They fought the entire morning of the 24th. Only reinforcements from Raevski's Corps let Docturov hang on as long as he did, but by mid-day Eugene held the village and bridge.
The Russians didn't go far though. They remained deployed on a ridge within artillery distance of the bridge. Eugene had captured the bridge but not a crossing, and the rest of the Russian army was coming up.
On the 25th Napoleon decided against bringing on a major battle and turned the Grande Armee north-east back to the devestated northern route to Smolensk.
The French casualties were about 5,000 men.
The Russians lost 6,000 men.
Some commentator's claim that taking the northern route back to Smolensk sealed the Grande Armee's fate as there was no sustenance there. Others retort that there was no sustenance anywhere in Russia for a large army, that any large army needed proper magazines filled via a proper supply line and that the closest thing the French had to a supply line lay along the main northern route.
Most likely at this remove there is no resolution possible to this debate. Still it seems hard to believe that there weren't some advantages to the undevestated route, fewer angry peasants, more unburnt huts to shelter in, and some food supplies that had escaped pillage. Napoleon seems to have thought so and to have only given the advantages up when it was clear his now outnumbered men would have to fight a pitched battle with the Russians to gain them.
Beresina Crossing
25-29 November
French Grande Armee under Napoleon had maybe about 45,000 effectives and 250 guns, plus in the neighborhood of 40,000 stragglers.
The Russian Army of Moldavia under Chichagov with 34,000 men was Napoleon's main opponent.
The Russian I Corps (in effect the Army of the Dvina) under Wittgenstein with 30,000 men pressed the rear-guard.
The Russian Army of the West under Kutuzov with 65,000 men was a passive threat not an active participant.
Admiral Chichagov had unexpectedly marched from the south and severed Napoleon's supply line by taking Minsk. The Admiral attempted to deny Napoleon the route to the next French depot at Vilna by deploying forces along the Beresina river, the main obstacle lying in the French path. At the same time Wittgenstein's Forces were closing on Napoleon from the north. Kutusov with the main Russian Army trailed Napoleon at a distance. All the Russian generals at this time mistook the large number of French stragglers for effective troops and thus underestimated the numerical advantage they enjoyed. They also retained a healthy respect for French military ability. Napoleon's in particular.
The Russians held the main crossing of the Beresina at Borisov securely, but Napoleon learned of a possible crossing at the village of Studienka to the north of Borisov and decided to attempt it.
A fient by Oudinot's II Corps succeeded in drawing away the Russian force that had been guarding it and by early afternoon on the 26th two bridges, one for vehicles, had been built and Oudinot was across the river and had secured a bridgehead with his 11,000 men. Oudinot spent the 27th defending that bridgehead.
On the other side of the river Victor's IX Corps held off Wittgenstein's attacking forces allowing Eugene's IV Corps and Davout's I Corp to cross. By the evening of the 27th non-combatants were being allowed across. By the morning of the 28th Wittgenstein's Russians were within artillery range of the bridges. They broke the larger bridge and worked havoc among the stragglers and non-combatants. A stampede clogged the bridges. Still most of the rear-guard got across on the night of 28th and 29th. At the nine on the morning of the 29th the French burnt their bridges.
The French losses, especially among the stragglers and non-combatants, had been severe but a signficant portion of Napoleon's Army escaped the Russian trap.
The French lost about 25,000 effectives, 25 guns, and maybe 30,000 stragglers and refugees.
The Russians lost about 20,000 men.
Some call the Beresina Crossings an outstanding victory for Napoleon in that he managed to save a significant portion of his army from certain surrender or annilhation, but under any other circumstances the losses the French took at the Beresina would have been considered a horrible disaster.
In the event many of the rank and file saved died on the bitterly cold road back to Germany and Poland, but Napoleon did manage to preserve a substantial core cadre of officiers and NCO's around which he built new armies. If neither he nor that cadre had made it out of Russia it's hard to see how the Napoleonic Wars could have lasted another three years.
Bautzen
20-21 May 1813
French Grande Armee under Napoleon had about 155,000 effectives and 150 guns. Ney brought a further 96,000 men to the field.
The Allied Army under Wittgenstein with 96,000 men and 450 guns.
By the 15th of May the advance guard of Napoleon's main army had reached the river Spree near the town of Bautzen, some 60km east of Dresden. The Allies under Wittgenstein had decided to concentrate there.
Ney, effectively in command of a second French army of about half the strength of the main one, was concentrating to the north around Luckau about half way to Berlin.
Neither side was clear about what the other was doing, or about their own plans.
In the event the Allies decided to remain together and to give battle behind the Spree at Bautzen. Napoleon discerning this planned to attack frontally with his main army to pin them, and to bring Ney down from the north to attack the Allied right flank and communications.
Unfortunately for the French Napoleon settled on this plan only after sending Ney orders that meant he wouldn't be able to concentrate his full forces for the projected flank attack and without fully informing Ney of the situation at Bautzen. So Ney thought the Allies were further west on the left bank of the Spree and Napoleon was expecting Ney's full army. Both in error. This confusion was to cost the French dearly.
Ney having informed Napoleon that he would arrive in force on the Spree by the 21st, Napoleon duly launched his main attack at noon on the 20th concentrating on the Allied left. Oudinot's attack there with his XII Corps made good progress exacerbating Allied fears for that flank. Later attacks by MacDonald's XI Corps and Mormont's VI Corps to the north also succeeded in pushing the Allies back and gaining footholds on the east bank of the Spree.
The 20th ended with the main French army, at some cost, having fixed the Allies attention and in good position to continue it's attacks the next day.
The 21st started early with Allied counter-attacks against Oudinot. This suited Napoleon's plan and he denied the hard-pressed Oudinot the reinforcements he requested.
Despite Oudinot's problems in the south mid-morning (10:00am) saw the French center marking time and Ney with a substantial force and more coming up established on and behind the Allied left flank.
The Allies were in danger of being flanked and cut-off.
The question was what would Ney now try to do. He had three basic options. One, attack the rear flank of the Allied forces on the left. Two, move to cut the line of communications (and retreat) for the entire Allied army. Three, attempt to split the difference and his forces and try to do both. Ney chose the third option.
Ney has been harshly critized for this ever since. He failed to cut the Allied communications and they managed to escape.
Ney certainly seems to have misinterpreted the spirit of the orders he recieved the morning of the 21st, but they were unclear and only the latest of a series of unclear and confused orders he had received from Napoleon's headquarters. In the event seeing the Allied forces still apparently unengaged and defeated it was not unreasonable he should attack them.
Ney's attacks and those by the main French army forced an Allied retreat, but the Prussians in the north and the Russians in the south both managed to do so in good order. Ney was not in place, not in time, to stop them.
Without adequate cavalry or the hard marching veterans of previous years, and without forces astride the Allied line of retreat, Napoleon could not stop them or turn their retreat into a rout.
Bautzen was French victory, but a costly and indecisive one.
The French lost about 20,000 men.
The Allies lost about 20,000 men.
Bautzen was a disappointment for both sides. Napoleon had failed to get the decisive battle of annihilation he believed he needed. Also the battle had revealed significant weaknesses in French fighting power and organization. Napoleon's men were undertrained and exhausted. The Allies had escaped annihilation by a hair's breadth and taken terrible losses of their own. The Russians in particular believed they needed time to rest and reorganize after the strains of the winter of 1812 and the spring of 1813, they wished to fall back towards Poland. The Prussians wanted to defend both Silesia and Berlin. Contemporaries report that the Allied leadership laughed with joy when Napoleon agreed to an armistice on the 2nd of June. Napoleon later admitted it was one of his worst mistakes.
23 August 1813
The French Army of Berlin under Marshall Oudinot had about 66,000 men and 216 guns.
The Allied Army of the North under Bernadotte , Bulow 's and Tauentzien 's Corps with about 70,000 men and 112 guns actually engaged.
Napoleon had ordered Oudinot to take Berlin. He gave him three infantry corps and a cavalry corps for the task.
Both of the French commanders underestimated the task they faced. The Prussians were raw, the Swedes unblooded in battle, and Bernadotte was known for his caution, but the French troops were themselves very green, and furthermore most of them not French at all but Italians, Wurttemburgers (2 of the 3 divisions in Bertrand's IV Corps), Saxons (2 of the 3 divisions in Reynier's VII Corps), Bavarians, and Westphalians (2 of the divisions in Oudinots own XII Corps), and, therefore, of doubtful loyalty. Moreover the Russians bolstered their allies with veteran artillery and light cavalry units. So quality wise there was little to chose and the Allies also had rough equivalence in numbers.
The French had the burden of taking the offensive. Additionally the terrain was difficult being heavily wooded and divided by swamps and water courses, which would prevent easy support between forces taking different roads.
The record is skimpy, and far from free of bias, but Oudinot does not seem to have done much to address these problems.
His own attitude was definitely far from optimistic and there is no record of his having taken measures to improve the morale of his units or the coordination between them.
It is certain that his advance was ill-coordinated each of the Corps advancing by a separate road and out of each other's supporting range. Bertrands IV Corps took the easternmost road on the French right, Reynier's VII Corps took the Center road, and Oudinot's XII Corps took the westernmost road on the French left (as did the cavalry and Oudinot himself).
Bertrand's Corps was the first to engage. He spent the most of the morning and early afternoon of the 23rd failing to push the outnumbered Tauenzien (13,000 men and 32 guns) out of Blankenfelde.
Reynier in the center managed to take Gross-Beeren against weak resistance in the early afternoon. It was raining heavily and his troops were making supper when Bulow counter-attacked with his full Corps. After initially fighting hard the Saxons holding the town broke and ran taking a division coming up to their aid with them. Reynier covered his retreat with his remaining division. Aid in the form of some cavalry from Oudinot's force arrived too late and the battle petered out with a cavalry skirmish.
Impressed by the numbers and fighting spirit of the Prussians, and doubtful of the reliablity of their Saxon troops, Reynier and Oudinot threw in the towel and retreated back to Wittenburg on the Elbe.
The French lost about 3,000 men and 13 guns.
The Allies lost about 1,000 men.
The immediate consequence of Gross-Beeren was, of course, the collapse of Oudinot's attack on Berlin. It also left the other French forces advancing in Northern Germany out on a limb. Davout managed to get back to Hamburg safely, but the reinforced division under Girard that had been advancing from Magdeberg received a thorough mauling. Gross-Beeren was a major boost to the morale of the still mostly green Prussian soldiers. More broadly the loss of Berlin would have been a servere political set back to the Prussians, and the chances of the Alliance holding together. It would have also been a signficant practical set-back to the Prussian ability to recruit and support armies.
Oudinot's troubles, along with those of MacDonald in Silesia, also distracted Napoleon at time when he should have managing the pursuit of the Army of Bohemia after his victory at Dresden. It is likely Gross-Beeren contributed to the disaster that occurred at Kulm.
29-30 August 1813
French I Corps under General Vandamme had about 34,000 men.
The Allied Forces were in two parts, a holding force of mostly Russians under Ostermann-Tolstoy that started with about 15,000 men on the 29th and ended with about 44,000 men on the 30th.
and a "flanking" force of Prussians under von Kliest with about 10,000 men.
Vandamme's I Corps took the lead in the French pursuit of the Allies after Dresden. This retreat was south to Bohemia along narrow and constricted mountain roads. As Napoleon's attention was elsewhere, the movements of the other French Corps under St.Cyr and Marmont were not well co-ordinated with Vandamme's.
Vandamme was heading for the vital road junction of Teplitz, if he reached it much of the Allied force would be trapped in the mountains to its north. Among them Czar Alexander himself.
Just after the town of Kulm and at the last good defensive position before Teplitz the Allies mounted a defense of elite Russian troops under the command of Ostermann-Tolstoy.
The fighting began early on the 29th and at first Vandamme had the advantage of numbers, but the Russians died hard, and gradually throughout the day were reinforced. The 29th ended with Vandamme having failed to dislodge the Allied defense and no longer having the advantage of numbers.
The loss of his numerical superiority did not discourage Vandamme and on the 30th he launched a full out attack on the Allied defenders. While he was engaged in this, an Allied Corps of Prussians under von Kliest appeared in his undefended rear.
Half of Vandamme's Corps managed to fight their way out of the trap, but they left half of their number behind. Their losses included all their guns and Vandamme himself.
The French lost about 20,000 men and 82 guns in both days battles.
The Allies lost about 10,000 men again over both days.
The Allies defensive success at Kulm saved the Army of Bohemia. The trapping and near destruction of Vandamme's well trained Corps more than offset the Allied losses at Dresden. Dresden might have been the victory that won the campaign for Napoleon, Kulm rendered it empty.
3 October 1813
The French IV Corps under General Bertrand had about 13,000 men and 32 guns.
Yorck's Corps, part of Blucher 's Army of Silesia under General Yorck with about 12,000 men.
The Allies were on the offensive in the North which meant they needed places they could safely cross the river Elbe.
Bernadotte with the systematic caution he was notorious for, had secured two crossings for his Army of the North downstream and north of the French garrison at Wittenberg.
Blucher took a more aggressive approach to seizing a crossing for his Army of Silesia which had moved north. He launched Yorck's Corps of Prussians straight across a Russian pontoon bridge at the strongpoint of Wartenburg which lay on Elbe upstream and south of the French at Wittenberg.
Wartenburg was defended by Bertrand's IV Corps, which had three infantry divisions Morand's just north of Wartenburg, Fontanelli's in reserve just west of it, and Franquemont's to the south in the village of Bleddin. Bertrand also had a cavalry brigade under Beaumont stationed south-west of Wertenburg in Globig.
Yorck attacked with four strong brigades, Prince Charles of Mecklenburg's, Steinmetz's, Horn's, and Hunerbein's.
Mecklenburg led off and having discovered the terrain made a direct assualt on the town impossible turned south and attacked Franquemont in Bleddin. Steinmetz came up behind and deployed towards Wartenburg in order to keep Morand busy, a task accomplished at some cost.
While Mecklenburg was busy pushing Franquemont out of Bleddin, Horn arrived between him and Steinmetz and attacked Fontanelli's force which had taken up a strong position immediately south of Wartenburg. This costly attack was a near run thing but the success of the Prussia assault decided the battle.
It left Mecklenburg, who had succeeded in taking Bleddin and beaten off an attack by Beaumont's cavalry, free to hook around to the French rear behind Wartenburg. Out flanked the French withdrew.
Hunerbein's brigade had crossed the river and was positioned in support of Horn's force, but was otherwise not involved in the fighting.
The French lost about 1600 men.
The Allies lost at least 1,000 men as prisoners as well as 11 guns and an unknown number of killed and wounded.
Although it was only a small battle Wartenburg was strategically significant. Bernadotte had promised to cross the Elbe if Blucher did, Blucher did so and Bernadotte followed. The foxes were among the hens. The Allies had now significantly constrained the room Napoleon had for maneouver, and they were in position to threaten both his supply lines to his depots on the Elbe and his communications back to France.
Leipzig
16-19 October 1813
The concentrated French Forces in Germany (minus the Corps of Davout in Hamburg, and St.Cyr and Lobau in Dresden) under Napoleon about 177,000 men to start with and growing to a strength of about 195,000 men and 700 guns.
The converging Allied Armies, technically under the supreme command of Schwartzenburg ,
Schwartzenburg 's own Army of Bohemia,
Bernadotte 's Army of the North,
Blucher 's Army of Silesia, and
Bennigsen 's Army of Poland.
The Allies started with about 257,000 men around Leipzig and this grew to 365,000 men and 1,500 guns.
On October 14th Napoleon ordered his forces to concentrate on Leipzig.
There were some exceptions, the main one being the two Corps, St.Cyr's XIVth and Lobau's Ist, he left to defend Dresden. This seems to have been a serious mistake; he could have used those Corps at Leipzig. The Allies just masked Dresden with second rate troops and therefore did not lack in proportion.
The French position, both militarily and politically, had been getting steadily worse. The French soldiers were wasting away from fatigue and illness, they were mostly young and unaccustomed to long marches in bad weather on poor rations. Napoleon's German Allies were deserting him and he was in danger of being cut off from France. He needed a decisive victory. He had to catch one of the Allied armies and beat it throughly.
Napoleon had spent August and September based on Dresden trying to catch either Schwartzenberg's Army of Bohemia or Blucher's Army of Silesia. Both had eluded him. Dresden had almost been the victory needed, but the defeats at Gross-Beeren and Katzbach had distracted him, and Kulm had saved the Allies.
The first half of October saw him turning north and trying to catch Blucher or Bernadotte, but they had, just barely, eluded him too, ignoring his threat to cut them off from Berlin.
Leipzig was Napoleon's last chance. His plan was for Ney to hold Leipzig and an area north and east of it, while he turned south with the balance of his forces and defeated the Army of Bohemia. He would pin the Allies in their center around Wachau, flank them on their right, and then once the Allied reserves were committed defending their flank, commit his own reserves to break through in the center. He expected to be able to draw troops from Ney's force for both the flank attack and the final center attack.
Napoleon was convinced that Bernadotte would not move at all and that Blucher was to the west of the city and could not threaten it from the north until the 17th. He intended to win his decisive victory on the 16th. Ney ought to have troops to spare.
The Allied planning process was a little more complicated than that of the French. Schwartzenburg was in nominal command. His original plan was that Gyulai's Austrian Corps, and Blucher's Prussians would launch a diversionary attack on Lindenau, the western exit from Leipzig. Most of the Austrian forces and the Allied reserves would attack between the rivers Elster and Pleisse due south of Leipzig and Kliest's, Eugen's and Klenau's Corps would attack from a line east of the Pliesse centered on Wachau. This plan would have probably ended with Napoleon annihilating the eastern forces under Kliest, Eugen and Klenau. The rest of the Austrians would likely have retreated in the face of such a disaster leaving Napoleon free to mop up Blucher and Bernadotte.
Leipzig might have gone down in history as the later day counterpart to Austerlitz, where an overstretched Napoleon baited his foe into a trap, and then inflicted a decisive defeat. Of course, neither the French nor the Allies were the same as they'd been eight years earlier so perhaps the result would have been different. In any case, we'll never know because Czar Alexander intervened and insisted that the forces east of the Pleisse be reinforced. In particular, he positioned his reserves to be able to help there. Additionally Blucher got leave to attack Leipzig from the north rather than the west where he would have been easily contained.
The Allies attacked first, around 0800 on the 16th with Kliest's Prussians storming Markkleeberg on the left of their line, and Eugen's Russians Wachau in the center. Gortschakoff's Russians on the center right were held up waiting for Klenau's large Corps of Austrians to get into place on the Allied far right. An Austrian attack under Meerveldt across the Pleisse against the refused French right wing under Powiatowski took heavy losses for little gain.
Despite their initial success by 0930 Kliest and Eugen were stalled and taking heavy losses as Napoleon moved the corps of Mortier, Oudinot and Augereau forward to bolster his line. He massed his artillery and pummeled the Allies, Eugen's troops in particular, without mercy. If he'd had the spare troops Napoleon could have launched a counter attack at this point, but MacDonald's and Sebastiani's flanking force was slow arriving. He'd ordered Marmont's excellent corps to his aid, but it counter marched in the north at Ney's orders to meet an attack by Yorck's Corps of Blucher's army at Mockern. This was the attack Napoleon had believed wouldn't happen until the next day. Ney sent Bertrand's Corps instead, but it was diverted to Lindenau to help in holding off Guylai. Finally Souham commanding Ney's old III Corps was ordered south, but even Souham didn't arrive in time to affect the battle around Wachau.
By mid-morning Eugen had lost Wauchau and Gortschakoff's Corps had been driven off. Alexander ordered his reserves up to support his flagging forces.
By 1100 Klenau had finally got into the act, but so had MacDonald and Sebastiani and it was the French who gained ground. Napoleon counterattacked all along the line.
The French pushed the Allies back, but the arrival of Allied reserves and the determination of the Allied infantry, especially Eugen's Russians who took two thirds losses but kept fighting, prevented their victory from being decisive.
If Alexander hadn't positioned the Allied reserves to be available and then committed them when needed, or if one of Marmont's, Bertrand's, or Souham's Corps had been available when needed, or if either of the two Corps at Dresden had been available, then maybe the French might have had the decisive victory they needed. But none of those things were so, and strategically Napoleon had failed. All that remained was to see what he could salvage.
The 17th was a day of mostly inaction. The 18th saw great drama and savage fighting as the Allies now including the armies of Bernadotte and Bennigsen closed in concentrically on the French. The 18th ended with Saxon's having deserted and the French pushed back, but with Bertrand's IVth Corps having opened a line of retreat west from Lindenau to Weissenfels. Napoleon was already moving his trains and forces he could spare out of Leipzig through Lindenau.
During the night, a couple of hours into the 19th, the main French fighting formations started withdrawing. Napoleon almost succeeded in extracting his army intact, but around 0700 a single bridge on the causeway to Lindenau was blown prematurely.
Its single line of retreat broken his rearguard was trapped. In excess of two entire Corps, including many senior officers, were taken prisoner.
The French lost about 73,000 men about 30,000 prisoners on last day, plus about 300 guns and most of their supply train.
The Allies lost about 54,000 men.
Leipzig marked the destruction of the second great French army in as many years. It sealed the loss of Germany, and left little for the defense of France itself. A less self confident leader than Napoleon would have negotiated for the best peace he could get at this point.
10 February 1814
French Army under Napoleon had 30,000 men, tired and many of them raw recruits with 120 guns.
Allied Army; Olssufiev's Russian detachment of 5,000 men which was part of Blucher's Army.
The French surprised the strung out forces of Blucher's army. The corps of Marmont and Ney caught Olssufiev's 5,000 Russians by surprise and enjoyed a massive numerical advantage of six to one. By 10:00 am Olssufiev's pickets were being driven in but expecting support from the rest of Blucher's army Olssufiev stood and fought. The support never came and by 3:00pm the Russians had been driven back through Champaubert. The Russian retreat was cut off by cavalry that flanked them on both sides.
The French casualties were about 200 men.
The Allies lost 4,000 men many of them taken prisoner including Olssufiev himself.
Another battle that had a disportionate effect on morale this time in the French favor. This success placed Napoleon between the two wings of Blucher's army and was the prelude to his victories at Montmirail and Vauchamps.
18 June 1815
French Army under Napoleon with about 72,000 men of which 15,750 cavalry. 246 guns.
Anglo-Allied Army under Wellington with 67,500 British and Allied troops. including 12,400 cavalry, with 156 guns.
Prussian Army under Blucher with eventually 45,000 men, with 30,000 Prussians in Bulow's Corps, the remaining roughly 15,000 men from Pirch's.
Waterloo was the last major battle of the Napoleonic Wars and of Napoleon's career. It was a defensive battle fought on the Brussels road only a little short of the city itself. The weather having been wet the battle didn't start until almost noon despite elements of both armies having camped on the battlefield the night before. The wet ground also reduced the effectiveness of the superior French artillery. So did Wellington's now renowned tactics of deploying his formations on reverse slopes. A set of forward positions at Hougoumont, La Haie Sainte, and Papelotte had to be reduced before the main assaults could go forward and by the time that had been achieved the Prussian forces were appearing on Napoleon's left flank. A major infantry assault was broken at the expense of the destruction of much of the British cavalry. Later French cavalry attacks failed to break the Allied squares. The Imperial Guard made a last ditch attack as the French flank was crumbling under Prussian pressure at Plancenoit. The Guard having been repulsed the French army broke and except for the Guard itself fled. An effective pursuit was launched by arriving Prussian cavalry.
The French lost about 25,000 men in battle, another 16,000 afterward, and 220 guns.
The Anglo-Allies likely lost about 15,000 men. The Prussians lost about 7,000 men.
Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon's career and determined the shape of the 19th century.
| i don't know |
"""As I walked through the wilderness of the world"" are the opening words of which classic literary work?" | Project MUSE - Backpacking with the Saints: The Risk Taking Character of Wilderness Reading
The Risk Taking Character of Wilderness Reading
Belden C. Lane (bio)
Abstract
The lives of the saints are full of stories about the life-changing experience of reading classic texts in provocative, wilderness places. The author of this essay points to his own practice of taking classics of Christian spirituality on wilderness backpacking trips as a metaphor of the risks involved in spiritual reading generally. Drawing on Augustine’s understanding of the dynamic relationship between the reading of a text and the place in which one reads it, he examines the reading process in light of the “two-books” tradition (reading scripture and nature together), offering three vignettes from his own experience of wilderness reading.
For years I have been making solo backpacking trips into the wilderness of the Missouri Ozarks. Leaving on a Friday afternoon, I'll invariably stuff a copy of one of the spiritual classics into my well-worn Kelty pack. I hike at times with John Ruysbroeck or Hildegard of Bingen, now and then with Rumi or Lao-tzu. Old mountains seem to invite the company of old teachers. Some of the oldest rock on the continent lies in the St. Francois Mountains of southeast Missouri. The creek beds are lined with Precambrian granite and pink rhyolite, rocks over a billion and a half years old.
For some reason the texts of these wizened old travelers always speak with more authority in the Ozark back country than in the safety of my office back home. It may have something to do with the community of those who attend my reading there—the white-tailed deer in the brush, red-tailed hawks overhead, even the rock itself. In the Ozark wilderness, reading becomes a far more participative, and hazardous, activity than I'm accustomed to realizing. The unpredictable land becomes an accompanying text, read alongside the bound volume I carry with me.
Much has been written on reading as a spiritual practice and, to a lesser extent, on the experience of reading in a wilderness setting. 1 My concern in this essay is to use wilderness reading as a way of talking about the risk and relinquishment to which we expose ourselves in reading classic texts anywhere. Spiritual reading is always a dangerous exercise, threatening to overthrow our previous ways of looking at the world. Sometimes the place of the reading adds even more to the vulnerability we encounter through the text itself.
Claus Westermann read the psalms in a Russian prison camp, discovering patterns that changed his life as well as his approach to biblical scholarship. Eldridge Cleaver's reading of Thomas Merton in Folsom Prison, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's reading of Dostoyevsky in a Soviet cancer ward, even Karl Marx's reading of the history of capitalism in the British Museum and Virginia Woolf's reading of women's fiction in a domestic setting ("a room of one's own") all indicate the potentially revolutionary associations people make between explosive texts and the places where they read them. 2
My own practice of reading in a wilderness setting has not infrequently resulted in provocative, even life-changing experiences. My intention is to [End Page 23] Lane | Backpacking with the Saints Spiritus 8 (2008): 23–43 © 2008 by The Johns Hopkins University Press reflect on this experience in light of the long history of wilderness reading in the lives of the saints and the importance of the two-books tradition in the history of Christian interpretation. Since John Chrysostom and Augustine, special significance has been attached to reading the book of scripture alongside the book of nature, as if creation itself (and the place of one's reading) should have a definitive influence on what one reads.
I define "wilderness reading," then, as a spiritual practice, generally undertaken in solitude, in a place that puts the reader on edge, cut off from the safe assurances of the familiar. It might even happen close to home, but "home" will inevitably be redefined in the process of the reading experience. Given the unique, isolated character of this exercise, the reader will also have to test his or her conclusions by attending to the book of scripture (from the perspective of the entire Christian tradition), as well as to the habitus (the pattern of communal experience) of those who have lived in such a place over an extended period of time and reflected on its meaning. 3 All of this protects the reader from the excesses of private interpretation.
Reading in the Wild: A Recurring Pattern in the History of Spirituality
Repeatedly in the lives of the saints we find a convergence of texts that challenge one's thinking with places that stir the imagination. The Christian tradition is full of stories of saints moved by their experience of reading in a wooded or exotic wilderness setting. The pattern suggests something important about the effect of the environment on the interpretation of texts as well as the nature of spiritual transformation. The surprising thing is how little attention scholars have given to the role that place plays in religious experience and the reading process generally. 4
In the solitude of the fourth-century Syrian Desert, Jerome read his Greek New Testament outside a cave to which he retreated before beginning his work on the Vulgate. In multiple paintings of the scene, Renaissance artist Giovanni Bellini celebrated the image of the wilderness saint wholly absorbed in his reading. On the rocky coast of Lindisfarne in seventh-century Scotland, Cuthbert was accustomed to reading the psalms each morning while standing waist deep in the crashing surf. As he came ashore afterwards, the brothers said that a seal would often come to lie on his feet to warm them. Savoring the view of the deep valley of the Aube outside his monastery at Clairvaux, Bernard delighted in pouring over the pages of the Canticle. Out of this passionate reading emerged his eighty-six sermons on the Song of Songs.
St. Seraphim immersed himself in reading the Philokalia each day in the dense and hostile forest, the taiga, of nineteenth-century Russia beyond his monastery at Sarov. In the twelfth-century Rhineland, overlooking the monastery vineyards at Bingen, Hildegard and her sisters—fresh from their work [End Page 24] with the vines—regularly read the holy office with dirt under their fingernails. In the Kentucky woods north of Gethsemani in the mid-1960s, Thomas Merton read Meister Eckhart, his "life-raft," to the sound of rain falling on the hermitage roof. He was drawn throughout his life to a habit of reading in the woods, atop the fire tower on Vineyard Knob, or on the porch of his hermit's hut, listening to the wind in the pines.
In other stories, life-changing experiences often emerge from shocking encounters with familiar texts in out-of-the-way places. In a liminal space, at a transitional moment between significant parts of their lives, the saints discover an unexpected and remarkably-textured reading of the work they encounter. It takes on new life in the offbeat, unpredictable place.
At an important point in his life, Isaac of Nineveh retreated to the desert solitude of the Zagros Mountains north of the Persian Gulf in sixth-century Persia. There he made himself blind through his constant study of the tearstained pages of the holy books. Francis of Assisi, near the end of his life, read the story of Christ's passion not only from the pages of the gospels, but from the huge, split rocks atop the cliffs on Mt. La Verna. It was revealed to him that these crevices had been opened on Good Friday afternoon when the rocks on Calvary were also rent. The awareness came to him, not accidentally, as he experienced the opening of wounds in his own body through the gift of the stigmata. The mountainous terrain and his body's interaction with it became active participants in his reading of the text. 5
Similarly, Teilhard de Chardin read mass in the wastes of the Ordos Desert in inner Mongolia on the feast of the Transfiguration in 1923. Lacking bread, wine, or altar in this faraway place, he made the whole earth his altar, celebrating the Eucharistic presence of Christ everywhere in the universe. He, too, conceived of a desolate place on the steppes of Asia as intimately sharing with him in the mystery of transfigured glory.
Outdoor Reading as Transformative Experience
In the history of the saints, therefore, reading is often more than a solitary, indoor affair, pursued in the shelter of monasteries and libraries. Their narratives suggest that there are books best read outside the enclosure of walls, where pages get dirty and have to be held down against the whipping of the wind. Most of the psalms should be read outdoors, perhaps, as well as the long version of Daniel's third chapter. Francis of Assisi might best be read in Umbrian fields of red poppies, even as John Scotus Eriugena's reflections on creation come more fully alive in the Western highlands of Scotland. I once spent a week with John Climacus' Ladder of Divine Ascent, trekking through the Sinai wilderness toward Saint Catherine's Monastery. The words echoed in my dreams every night, reverberating through the rock-strewn desert in which they had been written. [End Page 25]
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Leaving Lembert Dome, Dusk. Copyright © G. Dan Mitchell
It is not simply that classics should be read in the landscape that formed them, valid as that may be. The experience of the saints, after all, is indelibly molded by their environment. "An individual is not distinct from his place," said Gabriel Marcel, "he is that place." 6 Yet this is as true for the reader as it is the writer. Sensitivity to where we read a given text becomes an important part of what we find in reading it. Pondering the sayings of Abba Macarius in the Egyptian desert is a compelling experience. But reading him outside, in any wilderness setting where I lack a sense of control, may be nearly as good. If the place of one's reading offers a distinct entry into the text, then a wild and forbidding place multiplies even further its excess of meaning. Wilderness adds a sharp edge to the reading of any religious work. In a culture where children increasingly grow up with what Richard Louv calls "nature-deficit disorder"—a deprivation of spontaneous and uncontrolled outdoor experience—it is more important than ever that spiritual learning be exposed to the risks of the wild. 7
How, then, can we view wilderness reading as a metaphor of any serious encounter with a significant text? What difference does it make to read spiritual classics in a rustic, wilderness environment? Does the act of reading itself subtly change when I'm far from the nearest road, unprotected from weather and exposed to the unknown, depending entirely on what I've been able to carry on my back? How does a nagging sense of vulnerability affect the hermeneutic of back-country reading? How does any experience of reading outdoors become potentially transformative? [End Page 26]
St. Augustine asked himself this question in writing his Confessions . There he used the metaphor of fire to describe the process of encountering any spiritual text. As a teacher of rhetoric, he knew there is ever the risk of being burned, the danger of being set afire, by what one reads. He recognized this to be especially the case when reading is pursued outdoors. 8 He understood how the ambience of one's reading can stir the embers of a smoldering text.
In relating his conversion experience, for example, he analyzed what happens when one submits himself to a particular text within a context that heightens one's susceptibility to it. He employed the literary technique of a twinned narrative in disclosing his experience, setting it alongside an account of another individual who had similarly been transformed by reading the saints in an outside garden setting.
He spoke first of his friend Ponticianus who had read Athanasius' Life of Anthony while strolling through a garden outside the walls of Trier. Ponticianus' encounter with the book had changed his life, as if reading "outside the city walls" sharpened his attentiveness, connecting him more readily to "the fecund wastelands of the desert" in which Anthony himself had practiced his faith. Augustine immediately followed this narrative with a nearly identical story of his own conversion, in which he picks up a copy of the letters of the apostle Paul while sitting in a garden in Milan. 9
He pointedly mentions having retreated "as far from the house as possible," finding refuge "under a fig-tree," when he heard the words of a child singing, "Take and read." What he read from the book of Romans in that moment cut him to the quick. The text called him, as it had Anthony, from the compulsive gratification of his desires to a new desert freedom. The book's invitation to radical abandonment became transformative for him, partly because he read it outside the containment and safety of city walls. The place suggested a vulnerability that matched the prompting of the text.
Augustine went on later, in the final book of his Confessions, to explain why spiritual reading can be so life-changing when practiced outside. This way of reading touches the human soul with such power, he says, because it occasions the simultaneous reading of two books—God's truth inscribed in writing and God's voice proclaimed in nature. These two different "texts," when read together, are ruthlessly able to cut through human defenses and draw the soul to beauty. "We know no other books with the like power to lay pride low and so surely to silence the obstinate contender," the Bishop of Hippo insisted. He knew how the majesty of a Mediterranean thunderstorm, stretching across the vault of the heavens, can be as compelling (in its own "veiled" and "tantalizing" way) as the voice of God conveyed through biblical writers. 10 The book of nature communicates a danger and beauty that stirs the senses, opening the soul to the corresponding truth one finds in the written text of scripture. [End Page 27]
Both books, in other words, possess the highly provocative quality of classic texts. Classics, by definition, are dangerous and unpredictable phenomena. David Tracy says they confront us with the disturbing notion that "something else might be the case." 11 They haunt us with fundamental questions. Yet, for people like myself, challenging books may lose some of their bite when read at home in temperature-controlled comfort and artificial light. Wild terrain, on the other hand, magnifies their risk.
The Irish Wilderness in southern Missouri, for example, enhances the demanding character of Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Moses buried somewhere in my pack. The landscape's winding streams and limestone caves create in time and space the limit-experience that the timeless text tries to promote. As I hike, canoe, and explore caves in such a terrain, my body participates in the stretching that the book requires of my mind. I'm invited to leave behind any sense of comforting security, so as to enter more fully into the experience of Moses as he treks through the desert, up the mountain, and into a cloud of inexplicable darkness.
Backpacking as Mimetic Activity
So what are the advantages of reading spiritual classics by firelight, three days from the trailhead, with storm clouds gathering in the western sky? The discipline of backpacking exposes the hiker in the most vigorous way to the tactile lessons of the book of nature. It mimics the experience of the saints, cultivating wilderness virtues which enliven the process of hearing, interpreting, and practicing what one reads. For lovers of the unmarked trail, the act of wilderness reading echoes and reinforces the virtues of simplicity, attentiveness, and fearlessness that the saints themselves have written about so often and that years of backpacking have instilled in the readers as well. I read, in other words, out of a well-entrenched disposition (and need) to risk.
My teacher in this is St. John Climacus, the sixth-century abbot of the monastery at Mt. Sinai. John understood the correlation between physical survival in a rugged landscape and the hardy exercise of gospel virtues. He arranged his teachings on the spiritual life after a pattern of thirty rungs leading up the Ladder of Divine Ascent. These were instructions to desert monks trying to live a life of faith in a wild and desolate land. Three of the most important virtues, or rungs, on his ladder include:
• haplotes (the simplicity of moving through the world without being attached)
• agrupnia (a careful attentiveness to everything around and within oneself)
• aphobia (a fearless resistance to all threats, imagined as well as real)
On John's ladder they constitute rungs 24, 20, and 21, respectively. 12 [End Page 28]
These are virtues the landscape itself helps to foster. In John's mind, the Sinai desert teaches them as effectively as do the words of scripture. "Unadorned simplicity" (haplotes), he explained, resists all the temptations of an urban life marked by a wealth of possessions and activities. It turns its face from the world, rejecting the clever complexities of sophisticated Roman culture. The word literally refers to a delight in "non-abundance," a quality that John saw best exemplified in Paul the Simple, one of the earliest desert monks. 13
The alertness of agrupnia is another virtue acquired by desert dwellers, who have learned to keep vigil through the dark hours of the night. It resists the grogginess of sleep in the silence before the dawn. The wakeful monk, says John, is as alert to the psalms in the night offices as he is at meals or in lively conversation with others. Even in his sleep, there is an alertness honed by a careful attentiveness to the psalms. Similarly, the practice of aphobia grows out of a life that has faced all the fears of solitude and the unexpected sounds of the night in a desert landscape. John knows how easily "minds are unhinged" by such experiences. But "do not hesitate to go in the dark of the night to those places where you are normally frightened," he says. Armed with prayer, the soul can be unafraid, "even when the body is terrified." 14
These are virtues taught by wilderness backpacking as well. A thru-hiker on the Appalachian Trail can find them in the demands of a twenty-mile day trek as readily as in the spiritual writings carried along in his or her pack. They bring a new immediacy to the reading one practices on the trail. In wilderness, one learns to read the saints through the eyes of nature and the book of nature through the eyes of the saints.
Virtue, however, is never an automatic result of back-country experience. We have to disavow any geographical determinism that would privilege wilderness encounters as uniquely and inherently holy. I offer "backpacking with the saints" as simply a metaphor of risk-taking in reading, not claiming an experience in the wild as the only way of discovering such risk.
Yet a transformed life can (and often does) emerge from a practice of sustained reading that involves the studied example of the saints, an imaginative interchange with the natural terrain, and a sustained habitus of concentrated practice. Backpacking combines all three. It teaches a simplicity, attentiveness, and fearlessness that the saints write about, but that I never understand so clearly as when carrying a forty-pound pack down a winding path through dark trees.
Reading the Second Book through the Eyes of the Saints
The experience of reading the saints in a forest clearing, or along a canyon's edge, yields a different cluster of meanings from when I contemplate the same text quietly at home. In reading outside, as Augustine argued, I engage two [End Page 29] books at once. The metaphor of pondering God's self-disclosure in two accompanying volumes has a long history in the church's life. Theologians have routinely encouraged the simultaneous reading of these "complementary texts." 15 Studying the first book of scripture alongside the second book of nature allows for the interweaving of multiple modes of discourse. It supplies mutual commentary and suggests a wider play of the imagination in the difficult work of interpretation. This is no less true of one's encounter with scripture as sifted through the writings of the saints.
The "two-books" tradition thrives in the work of classic writers in the Christian tradition who have celebrated creation as a genuine revelation of God's wisdom, goodness, power, and love. Anthony of Egypt, when asked how he could live a devout life in the desert without holy books, answered that "My book is the nature of created things and any time I want to read the words of God the book is there before me." John Chrysostom observed that even the illiterate can read God's truth in the book of nature. It doesn't require the knowledge of any particular written language. 16 Bonaventure spoke of a duplex liber, a double book containing the mystery of the Holy Trinity in scripture and the vestiges of the Trinity discernable in the natural world around him. Cotton Mather declared nature a "publick library" available to everyone, even as Meister Eckhart, echoing Psalm 19, insisted that all creatures—even caterpillars—are words clearly spoken by God. 17
Many in the tradition recognize that one's ability to read and interpret this "second book" aright is limited because of human sin. Catholics as well as Protestants caution that the book of nature ought always to be read in the light of scripture, lest one be tempted to exalt the beauty of the creature over the magnificence of the Creator. Some, emphasizing Romans 1:20, suggest that the knowledge of God received from nature serves as little more than a basis for judgment, marking those who claim an insufficient knowledge of the divine as being "without excuse." 18
On the other hand, fifteenth-century Spanish theologian Raymond of Sabunde could go so far as to argue that "the book of the creature" provides a more reliable reading of God's truth than the bible, being less susceptible to impious interpretation. 19 His idea was rejected by the Council of Trent as failing to honor the priority of scripture and tradition. But the prospect of heresy has never prevented saints and scholars from extolling nature as an authentic "mirror," "school," or "theatre" of God's grandeur and providential care. The enduring popularity of the "second book" in the Christian imagination is undeniable. From the hexaemeral literature in the early church and widely-read medieval bestiaries to Puritan emblem books in the seventeenth century and contemporary writers like Annie Dillard, Christians have regularly turned to the tome of nature as an eloquent source of spiritual insight. My own habit of back-country reading is but a sharing in this longer tradition. [End Page 30]
Experiments in Wilderness Reading
The best way to explain the dynamics of the two-book tradition in spiritual reading may be to share three examples of my own wilderness encounters with particular texts. Hopefully these offer a deeper entry into the desert virtues of John Climacus as well as a better grasp of how the reading of words and the reading of landscape potently interact in human experience. The three places visited in a given calendar year are found along the Eastern edge of the Ozark bioregion, known for its spring-fed streams and karst geology. It is a rugged and beautiful landscape, a text never exhausted by a single reading.
Bell Mountain: John Bunyan on Simplicity
It is late October and I'm bushwhacking my way down a ridge in the Bell Mountain Wilderness Area toward a ribbon of water sheltered by yellow and orange maple trees in the hollow below. I'll camp there along Shut-in Creek tonight, falling asleep to the sound of running water. I'll probably wake up in the middle of the night to the haunting cry of coyotes in the distance. But I'll recognize familiar stars and sleep through the rest of the night with the deep contentment that only wilderness affords.
Half of the beauty in coming here is the simplicity it demands. Backpacking reminds me of how little I require to be happy, how light I can travel, how many of the resources I imagine I need are actually superfluous out in the wild. "We need great vigilance in all things," said John Climacus, "but especially in regard to what we have left behind." Haplotes, the deliberate abandonment of unimportant things, is a spiritual practice that wilderness teaches supremely well. I'll eat simply tonight, bread-on-a-stick baked over an open fire, washed down with creek water. Here I'm reduced to a life that John Climacus described as "simple and uncompounded." 20
I've brought along on the trip a copy of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress , an apt choice for reflecting on simplicity and non-attachment. In Bunyan's allegory of the Christian life, his pilgrim undertakes a long trek through the wicket-gate into the wilderness and toward the Celestial City. He stoutly leaves behind every distraction in embracing the path before him. His route passes through the Slough of Despond where he nearly drowns. He loses the trail as he takes what seems an easier way through By-pass Meadow. He trudges up the Hill of Difficulty and through the Valley of Humiliation. Disoriented again and again, he recovers the path as he sights the wooded slopes of the Delectable Mountains in the distance. Beyond them lies his destination.
I think of his difficulties as I recall how many times I've been tricked while hiking into or out of this winding hollow at the foot of Bell Mountain. The similar-looking ravines leading into it twist in different directions. I've often been convinced I was on the right one, only to find myself an hour later several [End Page 31] miles from where I had expected to be. One has to trust the compass in hiking such terrain. The easier or most obvious path is often the wrong one. Nor are there openings in the trees where seeing the distant mountain can restore a clear perspective. Careless misjudgment is a weight one can't afford to carry in these woods.
A prerequisite to hiking the Ozark wilderness is being stripped of one's certainties and preconceptions. It's never exactly what I expect. Only by trusting the map and relinquishing the presumptions I bring along with me can I move lightly enough to find my way. Bunyan speaks of Christian starting his journey with a heavy burden. This isn't a backpack with basics to sustain him along the trail. It is a heavier, inner burden that falls from his shoulders only as he passes overhanging cliffs, ascending a hill to the place of a cross. 21
One invariably carries two packs when hiking into wilderness. I can adjust the straps on one easily enough, but releasing the other is always beyond my skill. It holds all the things I come here to relinquish—my stubborn insistence on going the wrong way, the fragile reputation I try to nourish back home, the failure to hold myself accountable as husband, father, and friend. The work of the trail is to loosen the grip of this inner baggage, reminding me how little control I have of anything out here in the wilderness. "A snake can shed its old skin only if it crawls into a tight hole," John Climacus wisely observed. 22
Bunyan had penned his classic tale from a tight place of his own, having spent twelve and a half years in a Bedfordshire prison between 1660 and 1675. He had been convicted of preaching without a license as a non-conformist Protestant in Restoration England. His jail cell was located on a bridge overlooking the River Ouse. Deprived of everything but a Bible, the sound of flowing water, and his own dreams, he wrote from a place of forced simplicity. He gradually came to learn what this Ozark hollow tries to teach me as I wind my way over slippery, moss-covered rocks toward the singing creek in the distance. The path toward wholeness invariably demands a stark simplicity, a letting go of many things I once thought important. Book and landscape alike are coconspirators in teaching an unsettling back-country truth. They both ask how much I can leave behind.
Whispering Pines Trail: Jean-Pierre de Caussade on Attentiveness
Several months have passed since my trip with Bunyan into the hollows below Bell Mountain. A January thaw has now arrived in Eastern Missouri. I've camped this time in a stand of red cedar trees on a bluff overlooking the River Aux Vases. It's a site along the south loop of Whispering Pines Trail in Hawn State Park. Surrounded by sculpted sandstone cliffs and canyons, this is a stunning landscape shaped by thousands of years of rushing water.
I noticed clouds rolling in as I set up camp this afternoon. The temperature is beginning to drop and I ask myself if I've attended to everything necessary as [End Page 32] night comes on. I've tucked the ground cloth under the edges of the tent, suspended my backpack and food from a nearby tree, even put a Nalgene bottle of hot water in the bottom of my sleeping bag. Paying attention to details is as natural here as it is necessary, particularly at this time of year.
At home I'm easily distracted, often inattentive to the things around me. But surviving in the woods forces me to practice a sense of presence that carries over to home as well. This morning on the trail I was aware of the "bare ruin'd choirs" of a winter forest—shag-bark hickory and ironwood trees identifiable even without their leaves. I noticed deer tracks in sandy glades and gray-green lichens with their stunning red markings. I kept an eye out for bald eagles that sometimes nest here at this time of year. Learning to attend to the world through which I move is another virtue the wilderness teaches well.
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Merced River & Ililliouette Canyon, Autumn. Copyright © G. Dan Mitchell
The economic and ecological precariousness of the depressed counties in southeastern Missouri is readily apparent. I can't hike this section of federal land without being aware of its fragility as an ecosystem, the various dangers [End Page 36] that confront the bear I have just met, for example. These include recent plans to sell parts of the Mark Twain National Forest to huge logging companies. Mining interests also pose a threat to wilderness land and to those who suffer from poverty in the surrounding area. Lead mining has endangered the health of children in this region for years. On the drive to the trailhead yesterday, I passed the Doe Run Company in Herculaneum and huge mounds of mine tailings near the old, abandoned smelter in Leadington.
Such industries are responsible for unsafe levels of lead in local children's blood, far exceeding the national average. Moreover, the contamination reaches beyond our region. Doe Run currently operates a subsidiary plant in the mountains of La Oroya, Peru, where children suffer from lead in their blood at levels far higher than anything found in Missouri. 28 The land and its people cry out for justice, even as the wilderness itself evokes a fearlessness in speaking on its behalf.
Julian of Norwich knew the imperilment of everything that lives in the natural world. Her visions speak of the whole of creation as sharing in the sufferings of Christ. 29 In her thinking, the earth (including the Ozarks) is like a hazelnut held in the palm of a woman's hand. It's amazing that it exists at all; so easily it can fall into nothing. 30 Yet she knows ultimately that all will be well. There is nothing to fear. The God who commands our work for justice holds everything lovingly in her hand.
The storm-swept top of Lindsay Mountain, the black bear coming through the brush, the economic threats facing the land and its people—all these elicit the fearlessness that John Climacus expected of his desert monks. In late antiquity the practice of aphobia often provoked controversy. At times it made the desert fathers politically dangerous. 31 In its early usage, the word implied a "lack of reverence," a refusal to defer, for example, to the authority of Imperial Rome (or to the intimidating power of companies who neglect their social responsibilities). What are the implications of aphobia for someone hiking in a place like this? As I go back home, I'm not at all sure of what it may demand of me.
Lectio as Active, Engaged Reading
What fascinates me in experiences like this is the quality of the reading that occurs when the "two books" are joined. What happens when one practices spiritual reading in a remote wilderness setting? If lectio divina in the Benedictine tradition is a more circular than linear affair, involving a slower, more right-brained manner of reading, how does pursuing it in the backwater solitude of a national forest enhance still further the contemplative character of its meditation? 32 How do I account for the uncommonly rich interplay of factors that influence my practice of lectio alongside a spring-fed creek on the Ozark [End Page 37] Trail? There I give myself to a chosen text (protected from rain in a zip-lock bag), to the saint behind the text (bringing another world crashing into mine), to the multifaceted, sensuous earth around us (full of unexpected things), and to the mystery of myself (made newly vulnerable on the trail).
For help in understanding what happens in such a moment, I reach haltingly for phenomenologists like Maurice Merleau-Ponty and literary theorists like Roland Barthes. Both insist there is nothing passive about the reading that transpires when I move with Bunyan, de Caussade, and Julian across the landscape of Sainte Genevieve County in southern Missouri.
The places themselves participate in the understanding that emerges from my adventurous encounter with the texts. The winding hollow at the foot of Bell Mountain, the falling snow along Whispering Pines Trail, the trickster character of a landscape always full of surprises—each of these is active, alive, and animate in the perception I have of them and the text alike. The same is potentially true of any place where we are intensely engaged in reading.
When Merleau-Ponty contemplates the blue of the sky in the countryside of southern France, he is so immersed in the mystery of its reciprocal presence as to exclaim, "It thinks itself within me." He recognizes that the perceived as well as perceiver are both engrossed in the shared experience of perception. 33 We read with our bodies as much as we do with our minds. A complex inter-subjectivity becomes an inextricable dimension of wilderness reading as our bodies relate to the pulsing life-world around us.
My collaborative interaction with the phenomenal world is far more apparent in the wild. Reading there is a "reading with." The "improvised duet" that goes on between my body and "the fluid, breathing landscape it inhabits" molds my perception of the text, as David Abram observes. The sounds of rushing water, birds and tree frogs, the wind sweeping down the ridges all subtly suggest the origins of language—the mimicry of nature that first gave rise to human speech. 34 In the complementary differences between human and plant respiration, I'm aware that the trees and I virtually "breathe" each other, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Thought patterns interact with the terrain. Reading becomes a personal encounter, an acquisition of wisdom as well as knowledge. I move with the flow of the life around me.
Indeed, lines become hard to distinguish between my body, the world of the text, and the back country into which I've come. "For some people," says Barry Lopez, "what they are is not finished at the skin, but continues with the reach of the senses out into the land." 35 I experience that along the trail. Too often I live under the illusion of the unmistakable difference between myself and everything else. The "me—not me" distinction seems so clear. My skin, as the set boundary of my body, precisely differentiates between me and the miscellaneous objects in my office—the book shelves and stacks of paper "out there." [End Page 38]
But in the woods, I pass in and through the world with more fluidity—wading through water, breathing in air filled with the scent of honeysuckle and pine, extricating myself from briars that penetrate my clothing. What seems to be "me" doesn't stop at the fixed boundary of my skin. Every time I go backpacking, I come back with the sun having deeply penetrated this apparent barrier, like the rain or cold I've found there, not to mention the chiggers and ticks that move right across this "thin boundary of me" with complete abandon. My skin isn't a rigid line of demarcation, but a permeable membrane that opens me to continual interchange with the environment.
What results is an astounding sense of interdependence. Thich Nhat Hanh would say that the wind, trees, insects, and my body—even the text I carry—"inter-are." They move in reciprocity, with an "inter-being" that connects each part to the other. 36 Perception becomes fluid. The text ceases to be an object I regard, but a traveling companion, in dialogue with me and everything else on the trail. Consequently my reading is less distant and critical than it might be elsewhere—slower, more pensive. I move my lips, speaking the words aloud. Lectio naturally begins to take on a monastic quality.
A habit of wilderness reading has remarkable similarities to ancient patterns of meditative reading that developed in early Christian monasticism. These were deeply influenced by the silence and solitude of a desert landscape. The terrain itself fostered a sparseness of language, a careful attentiveness to the power of the words that were spoken and read there. Monastic reading, as a result, became more aural than visual. The monks perceived the words they read as "living things." They possessed a talismanic quality able to protect and to heal. 37
Reading in the early and medieval church, therefore, was a much more "active," oral, and embodied experience than we are accustomed to practicing today. Twelfth-century Benedictine monks used a highly sacramental language, rich in nature imagery, to describe their experience of "eating," even "digesting," the words they voiced in reading. They spoke of Peter the Venerable as constantly "ruminating" the sacred words, like a cow chewing its cud. They celebrated John of Gorze who murmured with his lips, reciting the psalms like the buzzing of a bee. Monastic reading, like wilderness reading, required "the participation of the whole body and the whole mind." 38 It remained deeply sensitive to its environment, never far removed from the daily (and earthy) tasks of manual labor.
Through much of the Christian tradition, the process of reading has been a dynamic and animated affair. Roland Barthes says that reading any classic ideally elicits an investment of risk and inventiveness that actively adds to the pleasure of the text. Reading, at its best, "makes the reader no longer a consumer, but a producer of the text." He or she thus "gains access to the magic [End Page 39] of the signifier, to the pleasure of writing." 39 Monastic reading, with its highly oral and participative character, regularly occasioned this magical experience, drawing reader, text, and place into dynamic relation. I've seen it happen myself with the turning of pages by candlelight at an Ozark campsite. Reading becomes an explosive, uncontrolled event, as whimsical as wilderness itself.
Backpacking with the saints, like any deep investment in the risks of reading, isn't an exercise for the faint-hearted. While it requires no particular strength or skill, it does exact a willingness to travel lightly (jettisoning one's preconceived ideas), a readiness to listen to all the voices that speak from the surrounding terrain, and a courage to act without fear in responding to needs that arise. Reading dangerous texts in unfamiliar places can be profoundly disturbing, prompting new ways of thinking and acting. The written word and the landscape in which one reads it illuminate (and prod) each other, entangling the reader in the middle.
In each of these narratives, my experience of a spiritual text is enhanced by its being read in a wilderness setting. The physical place plays an important role in the intricate process of interpretation, as I read "two books" simultaneously. Increasingly today, in a consumer society of digitized information and relentless activity, the retreat to the wilderness (much less with a book in tow) may seem an absurd reversion to a romanticized past. Yet stunning books like Gerald May's The Wisdom of Wilderness still point to the rejuvenating power of the back country to challenge and to heal. 40
My deepest concern is to recover the risk-taking character of spiritual reading. For me, that usually involves wilderness experience. Others may vividly encounter the same text in a library reading room, as I have myself in a place like Duke Humfrey's Library in the Bodleian at Oxford. An advantage of wilderness reading, in my experience, however, is its ability to nurture a profound sense of interdependence among all living things. The future of wilderness (given the current fragility of public lands protected from development) requires our getting over the idea of our human disconnectedness from the earth. Only at deep risk to ourselves and to our world, do we extract the intellectual exercise of reading (and of thinking in general) from the pulsing life-world around us.
After years of hiking in the desert expanses of Utah and Arizona, Craig Childs realized, "All this time I had thought that the land was something other than me." 41 It's a misconception shared by the whole of Western culture, cutting us off from the life-breathing cosmos that sustains a community larger than ourselves. A return to wilderness reading (and the reading of wilderness), therefore, may ultimately be as important for the earth as it is for our own spiritual transformation. Paying attention to wherever it is we read can anchor our experience of a powerful text in an equally powerful landscape. [End Page 40]
Belden C. Lane is Professor of Theological Studies at Saint Louis University. His books include The Solace of Fierce Landscapes (Oxford, 1998) and Landscapes of the Sacred (Johns Hopkins, 2001). [email protected]
Notes
1. On spiritual reading, see Paul J. Griffiths, Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), and his chapter, "Reading as a Spiritual Discipline," in The Scope of Our Art (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), 32–47. See also, Stephanie Paulsell, "The Inscribed Heart: Reading as a Spiritual Practice," Lexington Theological Quarterly XXXVI:3 (2001): 139–154; Lawrence S. Cunningham, "On Reading Spiritual Texts," Theology Today 56:1 (1999): 98–104; and Nancy Malone, Walking a Literary Labyrinth: A Spirituality of Reading (New York: Riverhead Books, 2003). On reading in a wilderness context, see David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous (New York: Random House, 1997), Douglas Burton-Christie, The Word in the Desert (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), and Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail (University of Virginia, 1998).
2. See Claus Westermann, The Praise of God in the Psalms (Richmond: John Knox Press, 1965); Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968); Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Cancer Ward (New York: Dial Press, 1968); Karl Marx, Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production (London: W. Glaisher, 1909); and Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991).
3. On the relationship between habitus and habitat see Belden Lane, The Solace of Fierce Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 9–14.
4. In addition to Douglas Burton-Christie's work, see Philip Sheldrake, Spaces for the Sacred (London: SCM Press, 2001); Belden Lane, Landscapes of the Sacred (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2001); and Fernando F. Segovia and Mary Ann Tolbert, eds., Reading From This Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1995).
5. See Omer Englebert, Saint Francis of Assisi: A Biography (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1965), 306.
6. Quoted in Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion Limited, 1976), 43.
7. Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2005).
8. He writes, for example, of being inflamed by his reading of the psalms while on holiday out in the country. "I read on and on, all afire," he recalled. Augustine, The Confessions , IX, 4, 8–11, trans., Maria Boulding (New York: Random House, 1998), 178. See Margaret R. Miles, "On Reading Augustine and on Augustine's Reading," The Christian Century (May 1902): 510–514.
9. Confessions, VIII, 13–29: 157–168.
10. Confessions, XIII, 17: 316–317.
11. David Tracy, The Analogical Imagination (New York: Crossroad, 1981), 102. See also Italo Calvino, Why Read the Classics? (New York: Vintage, 2001).
12. See John Climacus: The Ladder of Divine Ascent, trans., Colm Luibheid and Norman Russell (New York: Paulist Press, 1982), 81–84, 196–200.
13. Climacus, The Ladder, 215–217.
14. Climacus, The Ladder, 196–200. See John Chryssavgis, Ascent to Heaven: The Theology of the Human Person according to Saint John of the Ladder (Brookline, MS: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1989).
15. Early examples of Christian writings that used observations from the natural world as commentary on the scriptural text (particularly the six days of creation) include the Hexaemeron of Ambrose and Basil of Caesarea's Homilies on the Hexaemeron .
16. Anthony of Egypt, quoted in Thomas Merton, Wisdom of the Desert: Sayings from the Desert Fathers (New York: New Directions, 1960), 62. John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Statues, IX, 5–9, in The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, ed., Philip Schaff (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994), IX, 401–404. [End Page 41]
17. Bonaventure, Breviloquium, ed., Trophime Mouiren (Paris: Editions Franciscaines, 1967), II.xi.2. Cotton Mather, The Christian Philosopher, ed., Winton Solberg (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 18. Meister Eckhart, Die deutschen Werke, eds., Josef Quint and Erster Band (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958), I, 156. On the tradition of the two books, see Clarence Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967): 203–205, 239; George H. Williams, "Christian Attitudes toward Nature" Christian Scholar's Review 2:2 (Spring 1972): 112–119; and Kenneth J. Howell, God's Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002).
18. This view has been expressed in the Reformed tradition, from John Calvin in his Institutes (I.V.14–15) to Karl Barth's rejection of natural theology in his Church Dogmatics (II:1, 57–58).
19. Raimundus Sabundus, Theologia Naturalis seu Liber Creaturarum, ed., Friedrich Stegmüller (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1966), CCXII: 312–315.
20. Climacus, The Ladder, 82, 216.
21. John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress (New York: New American Library, 1964), 41.
22. Climacus, The Ladder, 257.
23. Jean-Pierre de Caussade, Abandonment to Divine Providence, trans., John Beevers (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 24, 36–43, 57.
24. Climacus, The Ladder, 75, 196.
25. De Caussaude, Abanonment, 27; Climacus, The Ladder, 191–193.
26. Julian of Norwich, Showings, trans., Edmund Colledge and James Walsh (New York: Paulist Press, 1977), 149–151.
27. Johann Baptist Metz, "Communicating a Dangerous Memory," in Communicating a Dangerous Memory: Soundings in Political Theology, ed., Fred Lawrence (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987), 47.
28. An August, 2005 study of children under the age of six living near the smelter in La Oroya found that 98% of them had blood lead levels exceeding international standards, with many of them having four times the amount permitted by the World Health Organization. Dr. Fernando Serrano of the Saint Louis University School of Public Health conducted this study, observing that company efforts to curb the pollution have been very slow in coming.
29. "All creatures able to suffer pain suffered with him" at Golgotha, she affirms. "All creatures which God has created for our service, the firmament and the earth, failed in their natural functions because of sorrow at the time of Christ's death, for it is their natural characteristic to recognize him as their Lord, in whom all their powers exist." Julian of Norwich, Showings, 210.
30. Julian of Norwich, Showings, 130–132.
31. Not a few of the Desert Christians were draft dodgers and tax resisters, sought out by magistrates who tracked them into the desert. As anyone must do in a wilderness setting, they had to identify real fears from those that were only imaginary. "Fear is danger tasted in advance," John Climacus reminded the brothers, "a quiver as the heart takes fright before unnamed calamity." Climacus, The Ladder, 199.
32. On the nature of reading in the Benedictine tradition, see Michael Casey, Sacred Reading: The Art of Lectio Divina (Liguori, MO: Liguori Publications, 1996), and Griffiths, Religious Reading .
33. Quoted in Abram, Spell of the Sensuous, 53–56.
34. Abram, Spell of the Sensuous, 53.
35. Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1986), 279. [End Page 42]
36. For his concept of "inter-being," see Thich Nhat Hanh: Essential Writings, ed. Annabel Laity (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2001), 53–69.
37. Burton-Christie, The Word in the Desert, 61–62, 107–129.
38. Jean Leclerq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture (New York: New American Library, 1961), 89–93, 19. See also Douglas Burton Christie, "Listening, Reading, Praying: Orality, Literacy and Early Christian Monastic Spirituality, Anglican Theological Review 83:2 (Spring 2001): 197–221, and Harry Gamble, Books and Readers in the Early Church (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
39. Roland Barthes, S/Z: An Essay, trans., Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1974), 4–5, 200. See also his The Pleasure of the Text (New York: Hill & Wang, 1975).
40. Gerald G. May, The Wisdom of Wilderness (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2006).
41. Craig Childs, Soul of Nowhere: Traversing Grace in a Rugged Land (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 2002), 209.
Copyright © 2008 The Johns Hopkins University Press
| The Pilgrim's Progress |
Which game has the nickname 'Nero's Game' and is probably the oldest dice game still played? | Pilgrim’s Progress, The (unabridged) – Naxos AudioBooks
The Pilgrim's Progress (unabridged)
Reviews
Never out of print since 1678, but who has read the whole of this most influential allegory? Christian’s trials and temptations on his journey to the Celestial City are part of our language: the Slough of Despond and Vanity Fair; Doubting Castle where his protector Greatheart slew the Giant Despair; Appolyon the winged Destroyer. It’s uncannily cinematic – Christian spies the light of the Celestial City through the shepherd’s ‘perspective glass’ – and the narration highlights Bunyan’s biblical and colloquial rhythms.
Rachel Redford, The Oldie
John Bunyan’s classic allegory tells the story of Christian, who searches for salvation amid a world of temptation and deceit. As the story is presented in the framework of the author’s dream, Christian must follow his path to redemption by discerning between friend and foe. Narrator David Shaw-Parker speaks clearly and often slows his pace for Bunyan’s lengthy explanations. The story has a barrage of metaphorical characters, and Shaw-Parker handles each distinctly. Christian himself speaks earnestly and emphatically. Because of the abstract nature of the story as well as its seventeenth-century English, The Pilgrim’s Progress is challenging in audio form. Readers may even find themselves listening to sections again. This is no fault of Shaw-Parker, who gives an excellent performance and directs listeners steadily down Christian’s path.
D.M.W., AudioFile
Booklet Notes
The Pilgrim’s Progress was first published in 1678, and swiftly achieved the popularity which it has retained ever since. Further editions and revisions soon followed, and in 1684 Part Two was added. Its author, John Bunyan, wrote much of The Pilgrim’s Progress in prison, probably in the county gaol rather than in the tiny lock-up in Bedford which legend used to claim as its birthplace.
Bunyan had been imprisoned because he refused to accept the demands for religious conformity imposed after the Restoration of 1660. He had in earlier years served in the Civil War on the Parliamentary side; he had also undergone a severe crisis of faith in which he struggled to hold on to his religious belief. The first literary fruit of this crisis was Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, an intense autobiographical account of his period of spiritual turmoil. The Pilgrim’s Progress followed, in which he turned this personal material into the great work of fiction we know today.
The Pilgrim’s Progress is an allegorical account of the heroic journey of Christian towards heaven and salvation. The story clearly has something of the quality of an epic, and also echoes the older English tradition of the knightly romance – much of it is couched in terms of a holy war between Good and Evil. There is, too, an obvious echo of Everyman, the medieval morality play, yet its memorable opening – ‘As I walked through the wilderness of this world…’ – has a poetic urgency which recalls that other medieval classic of spiritual journeying, Piers Plowman. That urgency, that yearning for salvation set against the terror of damnation, is to sustain the narrative throughout.
His style is
of dignified
colloquialism
As an allegory, The Pilgrim’s Progress inevitably relies on personification, but there is nothing strict or pedantic about Bunyan’s equivalents: the characters Christian encounters frequently rise above mere function to become vividly realized figures – people like the self-serving, hypocritical Byends, whose language is full of smooth, would-be courtly evasions. For him, religion must be made an easy thing: ‘My wife is a very virtuous woman, the daughter of a virtuous woman. She was my Lady Faining’s daughter, therefore she came of a very honourable family, and is arrived to such a pitch of breeding, that she knows how to carry it to all, even to prince and peasant. Tis true, we somewhat differ in religion from those of the stricter sort…’
Modern readers may be shocked by Christian’s abandonment of wife and children. We should remember, however, the powerfully personal emphasis on Calvinist doctrine: Christian must create his own relationship with his God, achieve his own salvation – and perhaps there is a recollection, too, of the way in which Christ’s disciples had to be ready to give up family and work to follow Him. At any rate, Christian passionately urges his family to accompany him, but the appeal falls on stony ground.
Thereafter, Christian goes through the various stages of full conversion to the faith. He begins by becoming ‘convicted of sin’ – aware of his moral and spiritual shortcomings – and moves on to a process of instruction (the House of the Interpreter), before shedding the burden of his sin by the Cross and receiving the roll which represents his guarantee of salvation as one of the elect. From now on he must resist all temptation as he travels the hard road to the Gates of Heaven.
Part Two tells how Christiana (his wife) and their four children follow his example and, indeed, his road. Some of Part One’s dramatic power is sacrificed for a gentler, more pastoral, narrative. Accompanied and protected by Great-Heart, Christiana, her friend Mercy and the children never seem to be in real danger, but Bunyan’s thoughtful treatment of ‘the problems of the small urban community of Nonconformists’ (Roger Sharrock) offers much in compensation for this reduction in intensity. The natural, almost domestic, way in which the pilgrims are eventually called to their reward provides a moving conclusion: ‘So he passed over, and the trumpets sounded for him on the other side.’
What of Bunyan’s language? His style is a triumph of dignified colloquialism, always able to achieve a plain tenderness – as in the description of the Delectable Mountains – or a domestic simplicity which owes much to the Authorized Version of the Bible: ‘Now while they lay here and waited for the good hour, there was a noise in the town that there was a Post come from the Celestial City… the contents whereof was, Hail, good woman, I bring thee tidings that the Master calleth for thee, and expecteth that thou shouldest stand in his presence, in clothing of immortality, within these ten days.’ Yet Bunyan is also equal to the demands of the sinister, the smoothly hypocritical, or the depiction of vigorous action, as in the great fights with Giant Despair and Apollyon. Throughout, he makes the ordinary extraordinary – suffusing the simple good things of everyday life with a sense of their ultimate source, God.
Notes by Perry Keenlyside
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