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Deficiency in which vitamin causes 'Night Blindness'?	What Vitamin Deficiency Can Cause Night Blindness? \| LIVESTRONG.COM What Vitamin Deficiency Can Cause Night Blindness? by ELLE PAULA Last Updated: Aug 21, 2015 Elle Paula Elle Paula has a Bachelor of Science in nutrition from Framingham State College and a certificate in holistic nutrition from the American College of Healthcare Sciences. She is also a licensed aesthetician with advanced training in skincare and makeup. She plans to continue on with her education, complete a master's degree program in nutrition and, ultimately, become a registered dietitian. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness. Photo Credit Comstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images Your nutritional status plays a major role in determining the health of your eyes and your ability to see. Fat soluble vitamin A helps maintain proper vision. Night blindness, or a decreased ability to see at night, usually occurs as the first sign of vitamin A deficiency. Physiology Vitamin A supports the synthesis of rhodopsin, a protein in the cells of your retina. Rhodopsin absorbs incoming light and helps transmit nerve signals from your optic nerve to your brain. These nerve signals translate into vision. Without sufficient vitamin A, your body could not properly make rhodopsin and your vision would become impaired. Causes Vitamin A deficiency usually results from a failure to meet dietary needs of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency may also result from malabsorption due to digestive diseases, such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease. Liver disease and cirrhosis can also reduce the ability to absorb vitamin A and lead to a vitamin A deficiency. Complications In addition to night blindness, vitamin A deficiency can also lead to extreme dryness and damage to the cornea, a condition called xerophthalmia. Left untreated, xerophthalmia can lead to blindness. In her book “Nutrition and You,” Joan Salge Blake identifies vitamin A deficiency as the number one cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide. Vitamin A deficiency can also cause stunting of the bones. Daily Recommendations Consume adequate amounts of vitamin A each day to prevent vitamin A deficiency. According to the Linus Pauling Institute, males require 900 micrograms of vitamin A daily, whereas females require 700 micrograms. The most popular sources of vitamin A in the American diet include milk, cereals, cheese, eggs, carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach, according to Blake. Fat in the intestinal tract can help increase fat soluble vitamin A absorption and decrease your risk of developing a vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A Supplements If you take vitamin A supplements to help prevent a deficiency, avoid potentially dangerous side effects by taking them under a doctor's supervision. Exceeding the recommended daily allowance can cause liver failure according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Excessive consumption of vitamin A and beta-carotene can increase triglycerides as well as your risk of dying from heart disease, especially if you smoke. UMMC warns that smoking or drinking alcohol while taking vitamin A supplements might increase your risk for lung cancer. They also caution that taking supplemental vitamin A in addition to prenatal vitamins can cause birth defects. Related Searches Lose Weight. Feel Great Change your life with MyPlate by LIVESTRONG.COM GOAL Gain 2 pounds per week Gain 1.5 pounds per week Gain 1 pound per week Gain 0.5 pound per week Maintain my current weight Lose 0.5 pound per week Lose 1 pound per week Lose 1.5 pounds per week Lose 2 pounds per week GENDER	Vitamin A
Which all-girl group had a hit in 1998 with 'C'est La Vie'?	Vision - night blindness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Retinitis pigmentosa Home Care Take safety measures to prevent accidents in areas of low light. Avoid driving a car at night, unless you get your eye doctor's approval. Vitamin A supplements may be helpful if you have a vitamin A deficiency. Ask your health care provider. When to Contact a Medical Professional It is important to have a complete eye exam to determine the cause, which may be treatable. Call your eye doctor if symptoms of night blindness persist or significantly affect your life. What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will examine you and your eyes. The goal of the medical exam is to determine if the problem can be corrected (for example, with new glasses or cataract removal ), or if the problem is due to something that is not treatable. The doctor may ask you questions, including: How severe is the night blindness? When did your symptoms start? Did it occur suddenly or gradually? Does it happen all the time? Does using corrective lenses improve night vision? Have you ever had eye surgery? What medications do you use? How is your diet? Have you recently injured your eyes or head? Do you have a family history of diabetes ? Do you have other vision changes? What other symptoms do you have? Do you have unusual stress, anxiety, or a fear of the dark? The eye exam will include: Color vision testing External and internal eye anatomy References Sieving PA, Caruso RC. Retinitis pigmentosa and related disorders. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2008:chap 6.10. Tomsak RL. Vision loss. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008:chap 14. Tsang SH, Gouras P. Molecular Physiology and Pathology of the Retina. In: Tansman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. 2013 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:chap 2. Review Date 9/2/2014 Updated by: Franklin W. Lusby, MD, ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Related MedlinePlus Health Topics	i don't know
Which 'Ivy League' University is at Ithaca in New York State?	The History Of The Ivy League - Best College Reviews The History Of The Ivy League Ivy League schools are considered to be the most prestigious of all colleges in the United States. These schools are primarily located in the Northeastern part of the country. There are eight total colleges that are considered to be Ivy League. These schools are Brown, Harvard, Cornell, Princeton, Dartmouth, Yale, and Columbia universities and the University of Pennsylvania. Of all institutions of higher learning, these elite schools are considered to be the most outstanding and the most sought-after in terms of acceptance and graduation. How the Ivy League Was Formed The term “Ivy League” came about in 1954, when the NCAA athletic conference for Division I was formed. At the time, the elitism of these schools was really due to their prestige in the realm of sports like basketball. Although the term “Ivy League” was not created until the 1950s, many of these schools were in existence as far back as 1636, when John Harvard became the first benefactor of Harvard University. This school is located in the Boston, Massachusetts, area. Yale was formed in 1702 by a benefactor by the name of Elihu Yale. Yale is located in the state of Connecticut in the town of New Haven. In 1746, the New Jersey school of Princeton was founded and was originally simply named the College of New Jersey. The fourth-oldest university in America is the University of Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1740 by famous founding father Benjamin Franklin. Brown University, founded in 1746, is located in Providence, Rhode Island. The smallest Ivy League school, Dartmouth, was established in 1769 in Hanover, New Hampshire. It received a large endowment of several billion dollars. In 1754, Columbia University began thanks to King George II of England. It is located in New York City. And finally, Cornell University got its start in 1865 thanks to two benefactors named Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White. This school is located in Ithaca, New York. History of Brown University Rivalries Although this group of elite schools is considered to be part of one big league of the elite, there have been plenty of internal rivalries over the years. Princeton and the University of Pennsylvania have been longtime basketball rivals. Cornell and Harvard have been hockey rivals for many years, and Harvard and Penn have beenlong time football rivals. Many other Ivy League schools have had serious sports rivalries as well. The Yale and Princeton rivalry is considered the country’s second-oldest college rivalry behind Lehigh University and Lafayette College. The sports that these colleges play were so popular that some teams began playing games in New York City so spectators could come from far away and watch the games. The popularity of both the athletes who played and the college team rivalries brought in a good deal of attention to the schools as well as revenue from ticket sales. There have also been academic rivalries between schools. Mostly, these rivalries are a matter of opinion in terms of which school has the most honor graduates, which schools offer the most prestigious scholarships, and what famous graduates have come from each school. Cornell vs. Harvard Accomplishments and Cultural Impacts Each Ivy League college has its own unique accomplishments that make it important. All carry a certain reputation with them, and each school has programs that excel primarily in the medical and law fields, making them some of the most sought-after schools in the world. Their admissions process is very selective, which helps the schools ensure that they only accept the best and brightest. Many famous people have graduated from Ivy League schools, including recent presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama. This prestige leads many to believe that these colleges are only for the wealthy and elite. Often, companies look for Ivy League graduates as potential employees, usually preferred by law firms, medical facilities, and large corporations. It has long been coveted to have earned a degree from an Ivy League school. Today, there are other competitors that some claim to be just as good as their Ivy counterparts. Some of these well-known schools include Duke University, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Vanderbilt, and Georgetown University, to name a few. The Ivy League schools are still excellent in both academia and in sports, and they have left a legacy of higher education with an exceptional track record and reputation to go along with them.	Cornell University
Which country's flag incorporates a wheel in the centre?	CMUNC 2017 - Cornell and Ithaca Cornell and Ithaca Tweets by @CMUNCCornell Cornell University Once called "the first American university" by educational historian Frederick Rudolph, Cornell University represents a distinctive mix of eminent scholarship and democratic ideals. Adding practical subjects to the classics and admitting qualified students regardless of nationality, race, social circumstance, gender, or religion was quite a departure when Cornell was founded in 1865. Today's Cornell reflects this heritage of egalitarian excellence. It is home to the nation's first colleges devoted to hotel administration, industrial and labor relations, and veterinary medicine. Both a private university and the land-grant institution of New York State, Cornell University is the most educationally diverse member of the Ivy League. On the Ithaca campus alone nearly 20,000 students representing every state and 120 countries choose from among 4,000 courses in 11 undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. Many undergraduates participate in a wide range of interdisciplinary programs, play meaningful roles in original research, and study in Cornell programs in Washington, New York City, and the world over. In keeping with the founding vision of Ezra Cornell, our community fosters personal discovery and growth, nurtures scholarship and creativity across a broad range of common knowledge, and engages men and women from every segment of society in this quest. We pursue understanding beyond the limitations of existing knowledge, ideology, and disciplinary structure. We affirm the value to individuals and society of cultivation and enrichment of the human mind and spirit. Our faculty, students, alumni, and staff strive toward these objectives in a context of freedom with responsibility. We foster initiative, integrity, and excellence, in an environment of collegiality, civility, and responsible stewardship. As the land-grant university for the state of New York, we apply the results of our endeavors in service to our alumni, the community, the state, the nation, and the world. For more information, visit cornell.edu . Places Around Cornell Explore Cornell campus through pictures, by clicking on the places around the map that are colored bright green or salmon! Map courtesy of Cornell University, School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions Ithaca The Cornell University campus is bordered by the quaint city of Ithaca, which boasts an array of shops, more restaurants per capita than New York City proper, and beautiful upstate scenery, from gorges and waterfalls to some of the state’s best hiking and nature trails. Ithaca (pop. 30,000) is located in the Central Finger Lakes Region of New York State at the southern tip of 40-mile-long Cayuga Lake. The city is 227 miles from New York City, 231 miles from Philadelphia and 251 miles from Toronto. Ithaca is home to the Ivy League Cornell University, four State Parks, including Taughannock Falls – a waterfall with a higher vertical drop than Niagara Falls – and a magnitude of galleries, museums, theatres, and cultural attractions. Tompkins County abounds with outdoor activities to suit any enthusiast. The local slogan "Ithaca is Gorges" refers to the 100+ gorges and waterfalls located within 10 miles of downtown. The largest, 215-foot Taughannock Falls (pronounced Tuh-GAN-ick) is three stories taller than Niagara. Along with the falls, gorges and beautiful lakefront, the surrounding county offers access to 28,000 acres of public forestland for hiking, mountain biking and outdoor recreation. Popular activities in Ithaca include dining at restaurants, visiting museums and galleries, attending theater and enjoying live music. For more information, please visit the following sites:	i don't know
Which actor was nominated for a Best Actor 'Oscar' for the film 'Starman'?	Best Actor: Best Actor 1984: Jeff Bridges in Starman Thursday, 29 July 2010 Best Actor 1984: Jeff Bridges in Starman Jeff Bridges received his third Oscar nomination for portraying Starman in the body Scott Hayden in Starman. Starman is a profoundly boring film, one in which I could barely stand watching the first time I was it and had an even harder time this time. It is not interesting and it never entertaining. Here is an oddity of an nomination, because this is such an oddity of a performance. People are not really ever nominated for non-human roles, Bridges may be the only one in the lead actor category. Bridges in this performance plays the alien Starman in a way that seems alien enough, I really am sure it is the way the director wanted it but it creates nothing in terms of cinematic magic. Bridges plays an outstandingly one dimensional character as the alien. There is nothing to him really, he is an alien but an alien who I guess only wishes to observe mankind. Bridges does one thing and only one thing in this performance and that is speak it this almost monotone voice throughout. It is suppose to be an alien voice and it sound like it is, but it is also an incredibly dull voice. This is basically his whole performance, oh wait, he also makes the same emotionless face over and over again too, I almost forget. He does both consistently throughout the film never changing, even though his character is suppose to gain more humanity throughout, but this is not really shown is more of just said. He does not have chemistry with Karen Allen because he always stays with that dull unemotional behavior. Now Bridges should merely have not been nominated for this role. It is too simple and uninteresting. He technically does plays the part as you would aspect some would should play the part but that is not a challenge. Bridges never shows a hint of his actual talent in this performance, and this simply is one of his dullest and most uninteresting performances. Maybe John Carpenter the director would have forced anyone to play the part this way, I do not know, but either way the performance just comes off as dull and completely uninspired. Posted by	Jeff Bridges
In mythology, who was forced to dine luxuriously beneath a sword, suspended by a single hair?	Academy Awards Best Actor The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) ); two were consecutive nominations (from 1930/31-1931/32) Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins (Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1993-1994) Sean Penn (5) - with two wins (Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008)); nominations were from 1995-2008 The Most Best Actor Nominations: Actors with the highest number of Best Actor acting nominations (in parentheses) include: Spencer Tracy (9) - with two wins Laurence Olivier (9) - with one win (Hamlet (1948)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1939-1940) Jack Nicholson (8) - with two wins Paul Newman (8) - with one win (The Color of Money (1986)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1981-1982) Peter O'Toole (8) - with no wins; two were consecutive nominations (from 1968-1969); nominations from 1962-2006 Marlon Brando (7) - with two wins Dustin Hoffman (7) - with two wins Jack Lemmon (7) - with one win (Save the Tiger (1973)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1959-1960, and from 1979-1980) Paul Muni (6) - with one win (The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1935-1937) Richard Burton (6) - with no wins; three were consecutive nominations (from 1964-1966) Gary Cooper (5) - with two wins Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins Fredric March (5) - with two wins Sean Penn (5) - with two wins Daniel Day-Lewis (5) - with three wins James Stewart (5) - with one win ( Anthony Hopkins (3) - with one win ( The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ); nominations from 1991-1995 Russell Crowe (3) - with one win (Gladiator (2000)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1999-2001) Jeff Bridges (3) - with one win (Crazy Heart (2009)); nominations from 1984-2010 George Clooney (3) - with no wins; nominations from 2007-2011 Consecutive Best Actor-Winning Performers: There are only two actresses (Luise Rainer and Katharine Hepburn) who have received two consecutive Best Actress awards, as there are only two actors who have received two consecutive Best Actor statuette wins: Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)) Tom Hanks (Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994)) [Note: Jason Robards won two consecutive Best Supporting Actor Oscars in 1976 and 1977.] Winners of Both a Lead and Supporting Actor Oscar: In 1997, Jack Nicholson tied Walter Brennan for the most wins (3) for a male performer (Brennan has three Best Supporting Actor trophies, Nicholson has two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor). The only stars to win both a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor (BSA) Oscar are the following: Jack Nicholson (BA for Gene Hackman (BA for The French Connection (1971) , BSA for Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey (BA for American Beauty (1999), BSA for The Usual Suspects (1995)) Denzel Washington (BA for Training Day (2001), BSA for Glory (1989)) The Only Best Actor Tie: In the Best Actor category, an unusual tie (the only occurrence among male acting performances) occurred in 1931/32 between Wallace Beery and Fredric March, for their respective performances in The Champ (1931/32) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32). The Most Best Actor Oscar Nominations - Without Winning: Peter O'Toole is the only star with eight Best Actor Oscar nominations without a single win. His record extends 44 years, from 1962 to 2006. Richard Burton was nominated seven times (and never won), although his first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for My Cousin Rachel (1952) -- his last six nominations were as Best Actor. Oscar-Winning Actor Roles and Trends: Biographies of remarkable, real-life individuals (military figures or soldiers, law-and-order enforcers, historical figures) and portrayals of the mentally ill are heavily represented among male Oscar winners, particularly in the acting awards. It helps an actor's chances of winning an Oscar if the character dies a tragic death during the movie, or is slightly eccentric (or genius). Physical and Mental Disabilities or Diseases An overwhelming number of actors have won (or been nominated for) the top acting (and supporting) awards for portraying characters with physical or mental disabilities (personality disorders, amnesia) or diseases (with handicaps, such as blindness or muteness, tics, etc.): Fredric March won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual, split personality role as a respected doctor and as a fiendish mad-man in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32) Ronald Colman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as shell-shocked amnesiac Charles Rainier in Random Harvest (1942) Harold Russell (real-life amputee) won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as courageous and resourceful returning sailor Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) [Note: Russell is the only performer to win two Oscars for the same performance. In 1946, he won Best Supporting Actor and was voted an Honorary Oscar that same year for his performance.] Arthur Kennedy was nominated as Best Actor for his role as veteran Larry Nevins made blind in WWII combat in Bright Victory (1951) Cliff Robertson won the Best Actor Oscar for his title role as Charly Gordon - a mentally-retarded, thirty year-old bakery worker temporarily made a genius through surgery in Charly (1968) Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for his role as deaf-mute Singer in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968) Sir John Mills won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as mute, gentle, mis-shaped village idiot Michael in Ryan's Daughter (1970) - he became the sole male actor to win an Oscar for a non-speaking role Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as life-affirming, ill-fated, free-spirited, anarchic misfit patient Randle Patrick McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Jon Voight won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as handicapped Luke Martin - a bitter but sensitive paraplegic veteran paralyzed during the Vietnam War in Coming Home (1978) Timothy Hutton won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as guilt-ridden, depressed teenaged Conrad Jarrett in Ordinary People (1980) John Malkovich was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for his role as blind boarder Mr. Will in Places in the Heart (1984) Dustin Hoffman won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt in Rain Man (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as Irish-born artist and author Christy Brown - a self-reliant, spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy victim who could only write and draw with his foot in My Left Foot (1989) Anthony Hopkins won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as cannibalistic, menacing, psychopathic serial psychiatrist/killer Dr. Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Al Pacino won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as foul-mouthed, suicidal, blind (as a result of a boozing-related accident), retired Lt. Col. Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992) Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as AIDS-infected corporate attorney and victim Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) - Hanks' 1994 acceptance speech for his Best Actor Oscar win for Philadelphia (1993) directly inspired the homosexuality-themed film In & Out (1997), about an outed English literature teacher (Kevin Kline) in an Indiana town when one of his former students (Matt Dillon) thanked him at the Academy Awards and mentioned he was gay Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar again for his title role as Forrest Gump, a good-hearted, naive, eccentric, dim-witted protagonist (an idiot-savant) in Forrest Gump (1994) Geoffrey Rush won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as talented but agonizingly-troubled, mentally-disabled Australian concert pianist David Helfgott who suffered a crippling nervous breakdown in Shine (1996) Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as rich, bigoted, obsessive-compulsive romance novelist Melvin Udall living in New York in As Good As It Gets (1997) Geoffrey Rush was also nominated as Best Actor for his role as sexually-crazed French novelist Marquis de Sade in Quills (2000) Jamie Foxx won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as legendary blues singer and blind pianist Ray Charles in Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as brutal, infamous, genocidal Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland (2006) Colin Firth won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as stuttering monarch George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Eddie Redmayne won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as ALS-diagnosed physicist Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014) Alcoholics And a number of other actors have won Oscar awards (or been nominated) for portraying alcoholic characters: Lionel Barrymore won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as dissolute and drunken lawyer Stephen Ashe (co-star Norma Shearer's father) in A Free Soul (1930/31) Van Heflin won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Shakespeare-quoting, alcoholic confidant Jeff Hartnett who befriended gangster co-star Robert Taylor in Johnny Eager (1942) Ray Milland won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as whiskey-soaked, boozing, writer's blocked Don Birnam in The Lost Weekend (1945) Fredric March won Best Actor for his role as anguished, middle-aged, alcoholic banking executive - and returning war veteran and ex-sergeant Al Stephenson in A Star Is Born (1954) Jack Lemmon was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic advertising man Joe Clay in Days of Wine and Roses (1962) Lee Marvin won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual role as cold-eyed, ruthlessly evil desperado Tim Strawn (with an artificial silver nose) and Strawn's aging, once-famous, drunken and whiskey-soaked twin gunman Kid Shelleen in Cat Ballou (1965) Dudley Moore was nominated as Best Actor for his role as drunk, spoiled, amiable and millionaire-rich playboy - title character Arthur Bach in Arthur (1981) Paul Newman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic, ambulance-chasing, Boston trial lawyer Frank P. Galvin in The Verdict (1982) Robert Duvall won Best Actor for his role as ex-drinking, ex-country/western music star Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies (1983) Note: in 1983, all five Best Actor nominees played drunks of one sort or another (two were nominated for the film The Dresser (1983), Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay) Albert Finney was nominated as Best Actor for his role as self-destructive alcoholic Geoffrey Firmin drinking himself to death in the shadow of a Mexican volcano in Under the Volcano (1984) Nicolas Cage won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as failed, Hollywood scriptwriter and fatally-destructive, genial, but suicidal alcoholic Ben Sanderson in Leaving Las Vegas (1995) Robert Duvall was nominated as Best Actor for his role as Texas Pentecostal preacher Eulis ("Sonny") Dewey who became 'The Apostle' of God in Louisiana to escape his past in The Apostle (1997) James Coburn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Nick Nolte's tyrannical, abusive and alcoholic father Glen "Pop" Whitehouse in Affliction (1998) Jeff Bridges won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as broken-down, aging, boozy country-music singer Bad Blake in Crazy Heart (2009) Denzel Washington was nominated as Best Actor for his role as tragic, heroic, and addicted boozy airline pilot Whip Whitaker in Flight (2012) Homosexual Roles Some straight actors have been nominated (and often won) for homosexual roles: Peter Finch received his first Best Actor nomination (without winning) for his role as middle-aged, homosexual Jewish Dr. Daniel Hirsh involved in a three-sided love story in Sunday, Bloody Sunday (1971) William Hurt won Best Actor for his role as imprisoned, flamboyant gay South American Luis Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) Tom Hanks won Best Actor for his role as dying AIDS patient Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) Sean Penn won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide when he was assassinated, in Milk (2008) Mediocre or Compensatory Oscar Wins: Oscar victories for Best Actor haven't always been for the stars' best work either, but have often been an effort to right past injustices, or retroactively for an entire body of work: 56 year-old Ronald Colman's late win as Best Actor for A Double Life (1947) - a tribute to his entire silent and sound film career 62 year-old John Wayne's belated win as Best Actor for True Grit (1969), when he should have been honored years earlier for The Grapes of Wrath (1940) or The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) Also, elderly nominees seem to fare better, such as 54 year-old Art Carney winning the Best Actor Oscar for Harry and Tonto (1974), 60 year-old Peter Finch's posthumous Best Actor award for Network (1976) , 80 year-old George Burns winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Sunshine Boys (1975), Melvyn Douglas winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Being There (1979), Don Ameche winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Cocoon (1985), and 72 year-old Alan Arkin winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). Many other elderly actors have been nominated for supporting roles, including Eric von Stroheim for The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) , John Mills for Ryan's Daughter (1970), Lee Strasberg for The Godfather, Part II (1974) , Burgess Meredith for Rocky (1976) , Robert Preston for Victor/Victoria (1982), Denholm Elliott for A Room With a View (1986), and Armin Mueller-Stahl for Shine (1996). Post-Humous Acting Nominations and Award(s): There are only been seven post-humous performance nominees in Academy history. Only two posthumous nominees have won the Oscar: the first by Peter Finch and and the second by Heath Ledger - see below: Jeanne Eagels - unofficially nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for The Letter (1928/29) posthumously (Academy records indicated that she was "under consideration" for an award) James Dean - the only actor who was twice nominated (in two consecutive years) for a Best Actor Oscar after his death and lost, for East of Eden (1955) , and Giant (1956) Spencer Tracy - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) posthumously Peter Finch - nominated and winning the Best Actor Oscar for Network (1976) posthumously - Finch was the first performer to have won the Oscar after his death Ralph Richardson - nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) posthumously Italian actor Massimo Troisi - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) posthumously Heath Ledger - nominated and winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Dark Knight (2008) posthumously - the second performer to win posthumously The Most Best Actor Nominations for a Single Film: The film with the most Best Actor nominations (3) was Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) , for Clark Gable, Franchot Tone, and Charles Laughton. It was the first film to have three acting nominations, and the first film to have three co-performers competing against each other in the same category - as Best Actor. African-American (or Black) Notables: There have only been twenty African-American (or black) nominations for Best Actor, divided amongst thirteen different performers. Four actors (Poitier, Freeman, Washington and Smith) have been nominated twice (or more) for the top award. Some regard Denzel Washington as the first African-American performer to win Best Actor -- because previous Oscar-winner Sidney Poitier was of Bahamas descent: # Chiwetel Ejiofor 12 Years a Slave (2013) In total, there have only been 23 different African-American (or black) performers nominated for the top award (either Best Actor or Best Actress). Only fourteen awards have been won by African-Americans (or blacks) in both lead and supporting categories (four Best Actor, one Best Actress, four Best Supporting Actor, and five Best Supporting Actress). Only five black performers have won the Oscar in the lead category (four Best Actor, one Best Actress). Only four African-American actors have won the Best Actor Oscar: Sidney Poitier for Lilies of the Field (1963) Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland (2006) Five of the 20 acting nominations in 2004 and 2006 were African-American nominees. This bested the record of three nominated blacks that occurred in three different years (2001, 1985, and 1972): 2006 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day, and Will Smith for Ali 1985: Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Avery and Oprah Winfrey for The Color Purple 1972: Diana Ross for Lady Sings the Blues, and Cicely Tyson and Paul Winfield for Sounder Jamie Foxx also set a record for being the first black to debut as a nominee in two categories in the same year, lead and supporting, for Ray (2004) and Collateral (2004). Denzel Washington is the only black actor nominated six times for Best Actor or Best Supporting Actor. With his nomination for Flight (2012), he became the most nominated African-American actor in Academy history. He is the only black actor to have won two competitive Oscars (as Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and as Best Actor for Training Day (2001)). Two African-American actors have been nominated for Best Actor in the same year, numerous times: Year Don Cheadle for Hotel Rwanda (2004), Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004) 2001 Will Smith for Ali (2001), Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001) Morgan Freeman's Best Supporting Actor win for Million Dollar Baby (2004), paired with Jamie Foxx's Best Actor win for Ray (2004), was the first time that African-American actors won in their respective categories in the same year. In three instances, African-Americans have won two of the four acting prizes: 2006: Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland, Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls 2004: Morgan Freeman for Million Dollar Baby, Jamie Foxx for Ray 2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day Latino, Asian and Other Ethnic-Minority (Non-English) Performers: There have been only a few Best Actor Oscar wins by ethnic/other minority (or non-English) performers: French actor Jean Dujardin won Best Actor for The Artist (2011) - he was the first French actor to win the Best Actor Oscar Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar for Life is Beautiful (1998) - he was the first male actor to win an Oscar for a foreign-language film (his Best Actor Oscar win was only the second time a nominee won an acting Oscar for a foreign language film role - the earlier winner was Sophia Loren) Ben Kingsley, with half-Indian (birth name Krishna Bhanji) and half-English descent, won the Best Actor Oscar for Gandhi (1982) - he became the first South Asian performer to achieve such a feat Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer won the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Notable ethnic/minority performance nominations for Best Actor include: Australian actor Hugh Jackman was nominated as Best Actor for Les Miserables (2012) Mexican-born actor Demián Bichir was nominated as Best Actor for A Better Life (2011) Ben Kingsley was nominated as Best Actor for House of Sand and Fog (2003) Spanish/Latino actor Javier Bardem was nominated as Best Actor for Before Night Falls (2000) and for Biutiful (2010) - he was the first Best Actor nominee for a fully Spanish-language role Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was nominated as Best Actor for Shine (1996) (win) and Quills (2000) - Geoffrey Rush became the first Australian actor to win Best Actor (for the role of the mad pianist in Shine (1996)) since Peter Finch won posthumously for Network (1976) Italian actor Massimo Troisi was nominated as Best Actor for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) French actor Gerard Depardieu was nominated as Best Actor for Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Swedish actor Max Von Sydow was nominated as Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988) Mexican-American Edward James Olmos was nominated as Best Actor for Stand and Deliver (1988) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Dark Eyes (1987) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for A Special Day (1977) Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini was nominated as Best Actor for Seven Beauties (1976) Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Divorce - Italian Style (1962) Mexican-born Anthony Quinn was nominated twice as Best Actor for Wild Is the Wind (1957) and Zorba the Greek (1964) Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer was nominated as Best Actor for Moulin Rouge (1952) Note: In 1985, all ten of the Best Actor/Actress nominees were American-born - the first time in Oscar history. Also, in 1964 and in 2007, all four winners of the performance/acting Oscars were non-Americans. Multiple Nominations for the Same Character -- The Most Oscar-Friendly Role: The character of Henry VIII has the most acting nominations (three) and is the most Oscar-friendly role: Charles Laughton as Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) - the only winner of the three - a Best Actor Oscar Robert Shaw as Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966) - nominated as Best Supporting Actor Richard Burton as Henry VIII in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) - nominated as Best Actor Other historical or fictional characters with two acting nominations include: Norman Maine, Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips"), Abraham Lincoln, Father Chuck O'Malley, King Henry V, Professor Henry Higgins, Cyrano de Bergerac, Joe Pendleton, President Richard Nixon, Vito Corleone. (See below). Only two nominees in Oscar history have been nominated for playing the role of a real-life Oscar nominee: Cate Blanchett as Best Supporting Actress (win) for playing the role of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), and Robert Downey, Jr. nominated as Best Actor for the title role of Oscar nominee Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin (1992). Multiple Nominations for the Same Character: Five actors have been nominated twice for playing the same character in two different films (wins are marked with an ): Bing Crosby as Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley in Going My Way (1944) and The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) Paul Newman as 'Fast' Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) and The Color of Money (1986)* Peter O'Toole as King Henry II in Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa in Rocky (1976) and Creed (2015) (Crosby won Best Actor for his first role, and Newman won Best Actor for his second role.) Only one actress has ever received two nominations for playing the same character in two different films: Cate Blanchett became the fifth performer to draw mentions for the same role (Queen Elizabeth I) in two different films: Best Actress for Elizabeth (1998) and Best Actress for Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) Performers who were nominated as Best Actor for the same character in different films in different years include: Fredric March and James Mason as Norman Maine in A Star is Born (1937) and A Star is Born (1954) Robert Donat and Peter O'Toole as Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips") in Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) and Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh as King Henry V in Henry V (1944) and Henry V (1989) - both were directed by their stars Charles Laughton and Richard Burton as King Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Leslie Howard and Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion (1938) and My Fair Lady (1964) Jose Ferrer and Gerard Depardieu as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) and Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Robert Montgomery and Warren Beatty as Joe Pendleton in Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) and Heaven Can Wait (1978) Anthony Hopkins and Frank Langella as President Richard Nixon in Nixon (1995) and Frost/Nixon (2008) John Wayne and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969) and True Grit (2010) Raymond Massey and Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln in Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and Lincoln (2012) Robert De Niro won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Vito Corleone in The Godfather, Part II (1974) , the role for which Marlon Brando had previously won Best Actor in The Godfather (1972). Multiple Nominations: After 1929/30, an actor could not receive more than one nomination per category. In 1944, the rules permitted Barry Fitzgerald to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor (which he won) for the same performance - Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way (1944). Subsequently, new rules have prevented this from re-occurring, although an actor may still be nominated in both categories for two different roles. (See the Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress pages for further information on double nominees.) Barry Fitzgerald is the only actor to be nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same character (or performance) in the same year. Since then, two other male performers have been double-nominated in a single year (wins are marked with ) - Pacino was the first actor to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in two different roles; the second actor in Oscar history to do so was Jamie Foxx in 2004: Barry Fitzgerald (Best Actor for Going My Way (1944)* and Best Supporting Actor for Going My Way (1944)) Al Pacino (Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992)* and Best Supporting Actor for Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)) Jamie Foxx (Best Actor for Ray (2004)* and Best Supporting Actor for Collateral (2004)) One Nomination for Multiple Roles: Peter Sellers is the only actor to be nominated (as Best Actor) for playing three entirely-different roles in the same film, Three films have had the entire speaking casts nominated for awards: Sleuth (1972), with Best Actor nominations for Michael Caine and Laurence Olivier Give 'Em Hell, Harry! (1975), with a Best Actor nomination for James Whitmore Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) , with various nominations for all four cast members, Elizabeth Taylor (Best Actress win), Richard Burton (Best Actor loss), George Segal (Best Supporting Actor loss), and Sandy Dennis (Best Supporting Actress win) Actors Who Won An Oscar for a Dual Role: Fredric March, Best Actor winner for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32): Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Laurence Olivier, Best Actor winner for Hamlet (1948, UK): Hamlet and the Voice of the Ghost (uncredited) Lee Marvin, Best Actor winner for Cat Ballou (1965): Tim Strawn and Kid Shelleen The Best Actor Award for Two Films in the Same Year: Emil Jannings was the only performer to win the Best Actor award for his performances in two films in the same year: The Last Command (1927/28) and The Way of All Flesh (1927/28) - he was the very first actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor; the Switzerland-born actor was the first non-American to win the award, which was presented to him a month before the ceremony. Winning Co-Stars: Best Actor and Best Actress in the Same Film: Seven films have won in both the leading actor and leading actress categories: Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in Gene Hackman, Best Actor ( The French Connection (1971) ), Best Supporting Actor ( Unforgiven (1992) ) Kevin Spacey, Best Supporting Actor (The Usual Suspects (1995)), Best Actor (American Beauty (1999)) Denzel Washington, Best Supporting Actor (Glory (1989)), Best Actor (Training Day (2001)) Films With the Most Oscars for Acting: (see also here ) The Only Films in Which Three Stars Won Performance Oscars A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - 12 nominations total, 4 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Vivien Leigh (Best Actress), Karl Malden (Best Supporting Actor), Kim Hunter (Best Supporting Actress) Network (1976) - 10 nominations total, 5 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Peter Finch (Best Actor), Faye Dunaway (Best Actress), Beatrice Straight (Best Supporting Actress) Film Debut Nominees/Winners for Best Actor Oscars: Not a single actor has ever won the Best Actor Oscar for a feature film debut. A few of those below had very small debuting roles before a substantial film appearance. Others have received nominations for Best Actor for their debut role (a sampling): Paul Muni in The Valiant (1928/29) (nomination) Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song (1929-30) (nomination) Orson Welles in The Graduate (1967) (nomination) Ben Kingsley in Gandhi (1982) (win) (he had a bit role in his feature film debut, Fear is the Key (1972)) Geoffrey Rush in Shine (1997) (win) (he had a bit role in a few earlier films, including Hoodwink (1981)) Reprising an Acclaimed Stage Role: Six Best Actor winners won the Oscar for an acclaimed stage role that they reprised on the screen. Those with an asterisk () won both a Best Actor Oscar and a Tony Award for musical roles they had created on stage: George Arliss for Disraeli (1929/30) Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine (1943) Jose Ferrer for Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) Paul Scofield in A Man For All Seasons (1966) Oscar-Winning Roles First on TV: The only two Best Actor winners who first played their Oscar-winning roles on TV were: Maximilian Schell for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) [Note: Schell is the lowest-billed performer to win a Best Actor Academy Award. He received fifth billing - behind Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, and Marlene Dietrich.] Cliff Robertson for Charly (1968) Best Actors Refusing Their Oscar Trophy: George C. Scott refused his Best Actor Oscar for Patton (1970) Marlon Brando refused his Best Actor Oscar for Note: Much earlier in 1935, Dudley Nichols (the Best Writing Oscar winner for The Informer (1935)) also boycotted the Oscars, thereby refusing his Academy Award Actors/Actresses With the Most Consecutive Acting Nominations (in both Leading and Supporting categories) (wins marked with ): Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Chicago (2002), Cold Mountain (2003)* Longest Time Period Between First and Last Nomination/Win: 48 years - Katharine Hepburn was first nominated and won Best Actress for Morning Glory (1932/33) and then 48 years later was nominated and won Best Actress for On Golden Pond (1981) - her fourth (and last) Oscar win! 46 years - Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for The Russians are Coming, The Russians are Coming! (1966) and then two years later as Best Actor for The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968). Then, there was a long gap - 38 years later, after which he won Best Supporting Actor for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). He topped that with another six year wait for another Best Supporting Actor nomination for Argo (2012). 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and wasn't nominated again until 41 years later - when he won his sole Oscar (Best Actor) for On Golden Pond (1981) 40 years - Mickey Rooney was first nominated as Best Actor for Babes in Arms (1939), then as Best Actor for The Human Comedy (1943), then as Best Supporting Actor for The Bold and the Brave (1956), and then as Best Supporting Actor for The Black Stallion (1979), 40 years later, but he didn't ever win! 39 years - Sylvester Stallone was first nominated as Best Actor for Rocky (1976) , then again as Best Supporting Actor for Creed (2015) 39 years - Jack Palance was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Sudden Fear (1952) and then as Best Supporting Actor for Shane (1953) - it was a time span of 39 years from his first nomination to his eventual victory as Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991)! 38 years - Helen Hayes had to wait 38 years between her only Oscar nominations (both wins), Best Actress for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32), and Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970) 37 years - Albert Finney was first nominated as Best Actor for Tom Jones (1963) and then received three more nominations for Best Actor: for Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Dresser (1983), and Under the Volcano (1984) -- 37 years after his first nomination, he received his fifth and final Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Erin Brockovich (2000) - he never won! Longest Gap Between First Nomination and First Winning Film: 41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and didn't win an acting award (Best Actor) until 41 years later for On Golden Pond (1981), and these were his only two career acting nominations (Note: Fonda did receive a producing Best Picture nomination for 12 Angry Men (1957) ) 32 years - Geraldine Page was first nominated in 1953 as Best Supporting Actress for Hondo (1953), and won Best Actress for A Trip to Bountiful (1985), 32 years later; she was the only actress with seven unsuccessful nominations (in both categories) before finally winning Best Actress with nomination # 8 28 years - Paul Newman was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actor for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) , and won Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), 28 years later; he was the only actor with six unsuccessful Best Actor nominations before finally winning Best Actor with nomination # 7 - and he later added another nomination as Best Actor for Nobody's Fool (1994), and his first Best Supporting Actor nomination also came later for Road to Perdition (2002) 25 years - Shirley MacLaine was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actress for Some Came Running (1958), and won Best Actress for Terms of Endearment (1983) , 25 years later 20 years - Al Pacino was first nominated in 1972 as Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather (1972) , and won Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992), 20 years later 20 years - John Wayne was first nominated in 1949 as Best Actor for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), and won Best Actor for True Grit (1969), 20 years later 18 years - Ronald Colman was first nominated in 1929/30 as Best Actor for Bulldog Drummond (1929/30), and won Best Actor for A Double Life (1947), 18 years later 17 years - Gregory Peck was first nominated in 1945 as Best Actor for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), and won Best Actor for 12 years - Leonardo DiCaprio was first nominated in 1993 as Best Supporting Actor for What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), and won Best Actor for The Revenant (2015), 12 years later Shortest Best Actor Performance: Anthony Hopkins had the shortest screen time for his Best Actor Oscar win - as Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in Silence of the Lambs (1991) - supposedly 16 minutes of screen time Only Non-Human Best Actor-Nominated Performance: Jeff Bridges as the alien 'Starman' in Starman (1984) Directors Directing Themselves to a Best Actor Oscar or Nomination: There are only two actors/performers that have directed themselves to an Oscar-winning Best Actor Oscar: British actor Laurence Olivier as the title character in Hamlet (1948, UK) - Olivier became the first individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar (as producer) - this time for the same film Italian actor Roberto Benigni as Guido in Life is Beautiful (1998, It.) Many actors have directed themselves to Best Actor Oscar nominations, most prominently: Charles Chaplin for The Great Dictator (1940) Woody Allen for Annie Hall (1977) Warren Beatty for Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981) Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989) Billy Bob Thornton for Sling Blade (1996) Roberto Benigni for Life is Beautiful (1998) Ed Harris for Pollock (2000) Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby (2004) Michael Douglas became the second individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar, this time for different films: Best Picture ( One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) ) and Best Actor (Wall Street (1987)). Winning Performances Portraying Royalty: Yul Brynner, Best Actor as King Mongkut of Siam in The King and I (1956) Ingrid Bergman, Best Actress as Anastasia (possibly daughter of murdered Russian czar Nicholas II) in Anastasia (1956) Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter (1968) Helen Mirren, Best Actress as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006) Colin Firth, Best Actor as King George VI in The King's Speech (2010) Married (or Attached) Oscar-Winners: Only three times have married couples (husband-wife) won acting Oscars: Laurence Olivier, Best Actor for Hamlet (1948), and Vivien Leigh, Best Actress for Gone With the Wind (1939) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) [Note: They were not yet married when Leigh won her first Oscar in 1939.] Paul Newman, Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), and Joanne Woodward, Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve (1957). [Note: They were married in 1958, prior to Woodward receiving 1957's Best Actress Award.] Newman also directed Woodward to her second Best Actress nomination for his Best Picture-nominated film Rachel, Rachel (1968). Catherine Zeta-Jones, Best Supporting Actress for Chicago (2002), and husband Michael Douglas, Best Actor for Wall Street (1987) [Note: The couple were not married until the year 2000.] There are others (girlfriend/boyfriend, or unmarried companions) who are close to (or have achieved) the same milestone: Spencer Tracy, Best Actor and Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) Diane Keaton, Best Actress winner for Best Director-winning Woody Allen's Annie Hall (1977) - although they were romantically linked, they never married Amy Madigan, Best Supporting Actress for Twice in a Lifetime (1985), and Ed Harris, nominated four times (1995, 1998, 2000, 2002) [Note: Harris directed himself to a Best Actor nomination for Pollock (2000).] Susan Sarandon, Best Actress for Dead Man Walking (1995) (directed by her Best Director-nominated husband (unofficial live-in) Tim Robbins); Robbins won Best Supporting Actor for Mystic River (2003); earlier, Sarandon was married to Chris Sarandon, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Dog Day Afternoon (1975) Others: Jack Nicholson-Anjelica Huston, Al Pacino-Diane Keaton, and William Hurt-Marlee Matlin Married (or Attached) Oscar-Nominees: Five married couples have earned acting nominations in the same year (three times, a husband-and-wife team have been nominated for the same picture): Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for The Guardsman (1932) - both lost Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress nominations for Witness for the Prosecution (1957) - both lost Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor (win), Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) Frank Sinatra, Best Supporting Actor nomination (and win) for From Here to Eternity (1953) , and Ava Gardner, Best Actress nomination for Mogambo (1953) Rex Harrison, Best Actor nomination for Cleopatra (1963), and Rachel Roberts, Best Actress nomination for This Sporting Life (1963) The only divorced couple to co-star in a film with each receiving an Oscar nomination: William Powell and Carole Lombard, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for My Man Godfrey (1936) Brother-Sister Oscar Winners/Nominees: The only brother and sister to win acting Oscars are: Lionel Barrymore, Best Actor for A Free Soul (1930/31) Ethel Barrymore, Best Supporting Actress for None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The only sisters to win acting Oscars are: Joan Fontaine, Best Actress for Suspicion (1941) Olivia de Havilland, Best Actress for To Each His Own (1946), and The Heiress (1949) The only brothers nominated for acting Oscars are: River Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Running on Empty (1988) Joaquin Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Gladiator (2000), Best Actor for Walk the Line (2005), and Best Actor for The Master (2012) Youngest and Oldest Best Actors: Nominees and Winners Note: The calculated time is from date of birth to the date of either (1) the nominations announcement, or (2) the date of the awards ceremony. Youngest Best Actor Nominee	i don't know
Which striking building in the Manchester area has been designed by architect Daniel Liberskind?	Work - Libeskind Berlin, Germany The Jewish Museum Berlin, which opened to the public in 2001, exhibits the social, political and cultural history of the Jews in Germany from the fourth century to the present, explicitly presenting and integrating, for the first time in postwar Germany, the repercussions of the Holocaust. The new building is housed next to the site of the original Prussian Court of Justice building which was completed in 1735 now serves as the entrance to the new building. Daniel Libeskind’s design, which was created a year before the Berlin Wall came down, was based on three insights: it is impossible to… New York, New York, USA In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) announced a competition for a master plan to develop the 16 acres in Lower Manhattan destroyed by the terrorist attack of 9/11. Studio Libeskind’s design, “Memory Foundations,” won the commission. In designing the master site plan, Daniel Libeskind worked closely with all the stakeholders, knowing that it was fundamental to balance the memory of the tragedy with the need to foster a vibrant and working neighborhood. In the end, he devoted half of the 16-acre site to public space, defined by the Memorial and the Memorial Museum, while also setting aside locations… Keppel Bay, Singapore Standing at the entrance to historic Keppel Harbor, six undulating towers and 11 low-rise villa apartments offer sustainable living, views and privacy for residents in 1,129 apartments. The artful composition of the sleek curving towers affords the delight of visual complexity and provides enough spatial gaps and shifting orientations to multiply the views of the ocean, Sentosa Island, the golf course and Mount Faber. Two distinct typologies of housing—along the waterfront the lower Villa blocks and, set just behind, the towers ranging from 24 to 41 floors—create an airy, light-filled grouping of short and tall towers, none of which has… -Vilnius, Lithuania The Downtown Tower-k18B is a harmonious progression of glass volumes that consists of a 18-storey tower, set atop a 6-storey podium that are connected by a luminous glass-covered galeria. The building’s ground floor hosts public facilities including a restaurant, bar and retail as well as hotel and office lobbies. The geometry creates a unique expression enriching the city skyline and improving its multi-dimensionality. The bold, sculptural design of this multi-faceted glass tower reflects the light, sky and Lithuanian surroundings with a play of transparent and opaque surfaces. The 20,000 sq. meter building complex is strategically located steps from the nexus… Frankfurt, Germany The Alte Oper concert hall in collaboration with Daniel Libeskind created a 24-hour musical experience with more than 75 consecutive concert events featuring nearly 200 musicians on May 21-22, 2016, entitled “One Day in Life” in Frankfurt, Germany. The performers included prestigious artists and ensembles such as the pianist Pierre-Laurent Aimard, the violinist Carolin Widmann, the hr-Sinfonieorchester (The Frankfurt Radio Symphony), the Ensemble Modern, as well as students from Frankfurt am Main University of Music and Performing Arts. Libeskind hand-selected the music ranging from works by Claudio Monteverdi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Schubert, to pieces by contemporary composers, as… Erbil, Iraq The Kurdistan Museum will be the first major institution to present the Kurds’ national heritage to the world. In collaboration with the Kurdistan Regional Government (the KRG) and client representative RWF World, the team has embarked on a visionary project to share the story of the Kurdish people and inspire an open dialogue for future generations within Kurdistan. “The museum aims to convey the spirit of the Kurdish people, their rich culture and the future of Kurdistan,” said architect Daniel Libeskind. “The design had to navigate between two extreme emotions: sadness and tragedy, through the weight of history, and of joy and… Pristina, Kosovo Studio Libeskind (in collaboration with !melk and Buro Happold Engineering) has won the international design competition for the 47 acre “Kodrina” development, in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. The Master Plan comprises 5,000,000 sq ft of residential program and 600,000 sq ft of commercial program, as well as a cultural center with a central plaza and a 5 acre park. This large project is an important new development for Pristina and is regarded a precedent for mixed-use developments in the Kosovo region. Studio Libeskind’s winning plan will create a place for the people of Kosovo that is clearly organized yet varied,… Amsterdam, Netherlands Situated along the Weesperstraat, an important axis within the Jewish Cultural Quarter, the Names monument is adjacent to the Hermitage Museum, East of the Diaconie’s verdant Hoftuin garden and café, just a stone’s throw from the Amstel River and in close proximity to important Jewish cultural institutions such as the Jewish Historical Museum and the Portuguese Synagogue . The 1,550 square meter monument incorporates four volumes that represent the letters in the Hebrew word לזכר meaning “In Memory of”. The volumes are arranged in a rectilinear configuration on the north-south axis of the main thoroughfare Weesperstraat and the Hoftuin pavilion… Vilnius, Lithuania The Modern Art Center in Vilnius will be dedicated to the exploration of works created from 1960 to present by Lithuanian artists. The collection, belonging to Viktoras Butkus and Danguole Butkiene, co-founders of the non-profit Modern Art Center (MAC) Vilnius, contains more than 4,000 works including paintings: Vincas Kisarauskas “Falling Broken Man” 1965; Arvydas Saltenis “Woman” 1972; and Kostas Dereskevicius “Mailboxes” 1987; photographs by Antanas Sutkus “J. P. Sartre ir S. de Beauvoir in Lithuania”; video by Deimantas Narkevicius “The Dud Effect”. Surrounded by a new public piazza located steps away from the historic medieval city, the 3,100 square-meter museum stands… Songdo, South Korea Located in the commercial and retail heart of the South Korean Songdo International Business District (New Songdo City) a 600 hectare waterfront development, Studio Libeskind designed the Lotte Mall to create a 21st-century live-work experience. The New Lotte Mall is inspired by the aesthetics of Korean efficiency and luxury, with a form that is composed of glass, greenery and steel. The round entrance and the broad site plan create differentiated areas, allowing for a diversity of light, lines and form. The towers are visible beyond the shopping center’s asymmetric façade, creating a balance between the low and high-rise structures. The bold… Berlin, Germany This residential commission in Germany brought Daniel Libeskind back to Berlin for his first residential project in the city. The project, located on a busy corner in the Mitte neighborhood in central Berlin, presented a design challenge: how to carve out 73 desirable one- to four-bedroom apartments on a plot measuring a little less than half an acre? In large part, Studio Daniel Libeskind succeeded by incorporating large angular windows and canted walls that bring in natural light and invoke a feeling of spaciousness. The design team also added a dramatic flourish: atop the roof and visible above the façade is… Rome, Italy Located on 100 hectares/247 acres site that was the former home to Rome’s hippodrome, the 287,000 square meter business park is developed by Eurnova SRL (Roma). The business park is part of a larger master plan conceived by Studio Libeskind in collaboration with Meis Studio (New York) that includes the stadium, training facilities, low and high-rise office buildings, retail, dining, and cinemas. The masterplan envisions a round-the-clock, sustainable, urban district linked to the historic center of Rome, Italy. The design for the business park features three towers in conversation with one another. They stand in close volumetric relationship—seemingly cut from… Swarovski In the first collaboration between the architect and the luxury crystal producer, Daniel Libeskind and Swarovski present a championship-size chess set, whose pieces celebrate some of Libeskind’s most iconic buildings. With a board depicting maps of Milan and New York – the set uses materials from the worlds of construction – concrete and marble – as well as luxury: silver from Wiener Silber Manufactur and Swarovski crystal. The two crystal kings take the form of the Freedom Tower in New York. The Queen, also in crystal, is represented by Libeskind’s CityLife tower in Milan. The silver Bishop is the L… Milan, Italy The corporate pavilion for Vanke China explores key issues related to the theme of the Expo Milano 2015, “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life”. The concept for the Vanke Pavilion incorporates three ideas drawn from Chinese culture related to food: the shi-tang, a traditional Chinese dining hall; the landscape, the fundamental element to life; and the dragon, which is metaphorically related to farming and sustenance. All three of these concepts are incorporated in the Vanke Pavilion’s exhibition, architecture and program. Situated on the southeast edge of the Lake Arena, the 800-square meter pavilion appears to rise from the east, forming a dynamic,… Jerusalem, Israel Located in Jerusalem, Israel adjacent to the Mahane Yehuda market—commonly known as “The Shuk”—in the heart of the city, the 105-meter, 26-story complex conceived by Studio Libeskind in collaboration with local architect Yigal Levi, entitled The Pyramid, will feature 200 apartments, a boutique hotel, a public plaza lined with shops, and a roof-top observatory and restaurant that will provide sweeping views of the ancient city. “The Pyramid mediates between ancient traditions and myths, while providing a 21st century reinterpretation of that great form,” said architect Daniel Libeskind. “The design complements the context and gives the neighborhood a vibrant public space in the heart… Toronto, Canada The extension to the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), now named the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, is situated at one of the most prominent intersections in downtown central Toronto. It is the largest Museum in Canada and attracts more than a million visitors a year. Its new name is derived from the building’s five intersecting metal-clad volumes, which are reminiscent of crystals—inspired by the crystalline forms in the ROM’s mineralogy galleries. Libeskind created a structure of organically interlocking prismatic forms turning this important corner of Toronto, and the entire museum complex, into a luminous beacon. With the expansion, a new group entrance… São Paulo, Brazil A luminous residential tower in the Itaim Bibi district, near a number of the city’s main thoroughfares, offering quick and easy access to the popular Ibirapuera and Do Povo parks, Vitra is Studio Libeskind’s first project in South America. A bold, sculptural design, the multi-faceted glass tower includes 14 floor-through apartments. A shaped composition of glass balconies with green gardens articulates the form amidst a play of transparency and opaqueness. Soon to assume its place at the highest end of São Paulo’s residential market, Vitra contains only one apartment per floor—and each floor plan is unique. A two-floor penthouse occupies the… Milan, Italy Situated in the heart of the Expo in the Piazza Italia, four 10 meter-high (33 ft.) shimmering tree-like sculptures will anchor the four corners of the central square in Milan, Italy. Conceived as gates each structure’s dynamic form spiral out of the ground and spread into two branches spanning 10 meters over the square. Crafted out of brushed aluminium and fitted with innovative LED technology, the Wings will animate the public space with a constant flow of pulsating patterns and imagery related to the theme of the Expo: health, energy, sustainability and technology. London-based media agency Innovision will provide the creative content for… Mons, Belgium Studio Libeskind completed this innovative convention center in time for the advent of cultural and diplomatic activities in 2015, when this small medieval town metamorphosizes into the European Capital of Culture. The City of Mons conceived of Congres Centre as a new architectural landmark, a key element in a plan for economic revitalization, and as a connector between the old and the new. From the light- steel viewing platform at the top, a visitor can spy the 17th-century Beffroi tower, a UNESCO Heritage Site of Belgium, in the historic center of town, and a new train station designed by Santiago Calatrava… Alessi “Time is not circular: it veers sharply to mark the event as unexpected—As the clock itself.” —Daniel Libeskind Daniel Libeskind’s Time Maze clock for Alessi seemingly defies the notion of time altogether: time is not linear; it is not circular; time is a labyrinth of abstract connections and playful interactions. To underline this concept the clock can be hung in any orientation allowing for a customized hanging in each home. The Time Maze clock is constructed of stainless steel and comes in red, black and stainless versions. Libeskind’s deep interest in the concept of time is reflected in some of his most… Fiam Comprised of front and side mirrored silver-glass panels, set at different inclinations in balanced, but palpable, tension. The luxe object was born of Daniel Libeskind’s desire to reconceive this traditional type of furniture in his own signature dynamic geometries to express the contemporary gestalt. The simplicity of its form is belied by the hand-crafting of its surfaces and joinings and engineering challenges that pushed the borders of current glass technology. The mirrored Libeskind design will be made in a limited edition of 40 for Fiam’s 40th anniversary. A similar model will be manufactured for a broader market. Wuhan, China Located in the steelmaking capital of eastern China,The Zhang Zhidong and Modern Industrial Museum, was designed to balance three narrative themes within an integrated building and landscape. The three themes, each of which have a dedicated floor, are: the life of Zhang Zhidong, a 19th-century leader in government who inspired the movement towards modernization that established the steel industry in Wuhan; the steel industry; and the history of the city of Wuhan. At the turn of the 20th century, all the railroads in China converged in Wuhan, connecting the city to all the provinces, and in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution… Moroso Intended for both commercial and residential use, the Gemma collection—first launched in Spring, 2015, in Milan—has been expanded to include a chair, sofa and sofa system for public spaces such as airports and lobbies. “Gemma is an exercise in architecture on a small scale,” says Daniel Libeskind. Asymmetrical hard edges are offset by Blur, a luxurious soft ombre knitted fabric that morphs from dark to light. The multi-faceted profile is reminiscent of a precious gemstone, and of the geometries typical of fifteenth century Italian tapestries. Gemma represents the synergy between the complex geometries for which Libeskind is known, and the highly respected craftsmanship of Moroso’s upholstering… Connecticut, USA This gleaming, chocolate-colored structure, designed as one folded plan, and set into the green Connecticut countryside. Created for a client that wanted a mixture of the avant-garde and the cozy, the tour-de-force is clad in mirror-finish, bronzed stainless steel. Studio Libeskind specified the cladding to accentuate luster and exaggerate the changes of light and season. The interior is solid stained white oak. Within the scrolling of the ribbon, enclosure is achieved via large glass planes that at junctures virtually disappear. There are porches on every side and from the interior, unimpeded picturesque views of hay meadows and distant foothills. The… Düsseldorf, Germany By artfully connecting the city’s central park and historic commercial center—and by expanding public space and inserting landscape elements—Studio Libeskind produced a mixed-use commercial complex that is a dynamic new attraction in the heart of Düsseldorf, Germany. Kö-Bogen, or the `King’s Bow,’ is a large-scale office and retail complex whose sinuous form hugs the point where the Königsallee Boulevard, Düsseldorf’s primary avenue, converges with the newly created Hofgarten promenade. The complex sits on two plots, comprised of two structures—one to the east, the other to the west—separated on the ground by a central pedestrian passageway and joined above by a… Manila, Philippines Century Spire is a mixed-used, 60-story tower in Makati City, the Philippines’ financial and economic hub. Century Spire is a glass-clad high-rise tower that expands with a dramatic crown, as it rises. As the Century Spire’s tower shaft extrudes upwards from the street, it divides subtly into three branches that rise to different heights. Studio Libeskind creates a design crescendo at the top of the tower by placing a glass-clad form between the two highest tower shafts. Introducing this fourth volume at the crown also serves to provide more floor space for the spacious, light-filled penthouses with spectacular views of… Denver, Colorado, USA Studio Libeskind’s extension to the Denver Art Museum is the Studio’s first building to reach completion in the USA. Silhouetted against the majestic backdrop of the Rocky Mountains, Libeskind’s design consists of a series of geometric volumes inspired by the peaks and valleys of the mountain range. A sharply angled cantilevered section juts across the street, pointing towards the existing Museum by Milanese architect Gio Ponti, which first opened in 1971. The Frederic C. Hamilton Building, as the 146,000-square-foot Denver Art Museum extension is named, is clad in an innovative new surface with 9,000 titanium panels that cover the building’s surface… Osnabrück, Germany Dedicated to the oeuvre of a Jewish artist put to death at Auschwitz, the Felix Nussbaum Museum is an extension to the Cultural History Museum in Osnabrück, Germany, where Felix Nussbaum was born in 1904. As well as displaying paintings created by Nussbaum, the museum presents changing exhibitions focusing on the themes of racism and intolerance. With sudden breaks in its pathways, unpredictable intersections, claustrophobic spaces, and dead ends, the structure of the building reflects the Nussbaum’s predicament as a Jewish painter in German before WWII. Visitors enter by a tall and narrow central corridor, whose concrete exterior is a… Loloey Daniel Libeskind collaborated with luxury Italian carpet company Loloey to create a collection that explores form, pattern and color in a series of limited edition rugs and carpets for contract and retail markets. Inspired by the fractal geometry that can be recognized throughout Libeskind’s body of work, such as his crystalline addition to the Royal Ontario Museum, or the intricately patterned façade of the Kö-Bogen commercial complex in Düsseldorf, these geometric patterns will be abstracted and transposed onto each piece. Truly unique and functional, the wall-to-wall carpets are handmade by means of a tufting technique from 100% bamboo silk that… Vilnius, Lithuania The City of Vilnius, together with private investors and world renowned architect Daniel Libeskind reveal the design for Vilnius Beacon at the Liepkalnis Ski Hill. The project is a collaboration between the City of Vilnius and Daniel Libeskind to create a new tourist destination and aid in the transformation of the city as a center of the Baltic region. Ideally located between the historic center, the business district and the airport, the new center will connect the two central areas and create a multi-purpose destination for Europe. The Beacon will offer a wide range of winter and summer sports, combined… San Francisco, California, USA Studio Libeskind designed this new museum in the heart of downtown San Francisco as an ode to dialogue, inserting its angled, glowing blue steel-clad structure within the historic red brick power plant from the 19th century. Studio Libeskind based the design of the building on the two Hebrew letters spelling “L’Chaim,” which means “To Life.” Following the Jewish tradition, according to which letters are not mere signs, but substantial participants in the story they create, the ‘chet’ provides an overall continuity for the exhibition and educational spaces, and the ‘yud,’ with its 36 windows, serves as special exhibition, performance and… Hong Kong, China An elegant, low-tech design placed at the service of high-tech invention. This nine-story crystalline building is designed to accommodate a range of flexible environments for research and experimentation. Each space, whether self-contained or open, is unique. The dramatic central stair spirals upward with irregular twists and curves creating unexpected gathering spaces. Asymmetrical windows cut into the walls of lecture halls, classrooms and computer labs allowing for natural light to fill even the inner-most rooms of the Center. Interactive spaces flow in and around the sound stages, recording studios, screening rooms, exhibit and performance spaces, multipurpose theater, and other areas. More… London, United Kingdom The 10,000 sq. ft. Graduate Student Centre for the London Metropolitan University is an addition to the bustling block on London’s Holloway Road. Composed of three intersecting volumes, clad with embossed stainless steel panels for a shining and ever-changing surface, the Graduate Center houses a lecture theater, seminar rooms, staff offices and a café for the university’s graduate students. The interiors are filled with natural light by way of large windows of geometrical cuts and slashes. The Centre serves not only as a facility to enhance the staff and student experience, but acts as a major gateway to the University… Dresden, Germany Now the official museum of the German Armed Forces, the Dresden Museum of Military History was once shut down by a German government uncertain of how the institution would fit into a newly unified German state. Studio Libeskind was selected as design architect for an extension in 2001, when an architectural competition was held. The winning design boldly interrupts the original building’s classical symmetry. The extension, a massive, five-story 14,500-ton wedge of glass, concrete, and steel, cuts into and through the former arsenal’s classical order. An 82-foot high viewing platform (the highest point of the wedge is at 98 feet)… Denver, Colorado, USA The Museum Residences sit directly across the plaza from the iconic extension to the Denver Art Museum, also by Studio Libeskind. Clad in a translucent glass skin and shard-like metal panels the Residences complement the titanium-clad Museum. The syncopated rhythm of windows and loggias, and the geometric façade elements are among the qualities that earned this 127,000 square-foot residential and retail building an Award of Honor for design excellence from the American Institute of Architects (2008). The project came to be shortly after Studio Libeskind was hired for the museum commission, when the project expanded to include an above-ground parking… Como, Italy In collaboration with the business association of Como (Amici di Como) Studio Libeskind created Life Electric, a dazzling 16.5 meter (54 feet) high stainless steel sculpture on the beloved Lake Como in Italy. The public monument, the first contemporary work ever to be installed in Como, is an homage to famed scientist Alexander Volta who hails from the city. “It is an amazing honor to be able to give this work a home in one of the most beautiful places in the world—and a place very close to my heart,” said Daniel Libeskind. “It is my hope this work will give… Milan, Italy The interior design of Orrick’s Milan office, located in the heart of the city center, reflects the innovative nature and collaborative spirit of this global law firm. The project overcomes the rigid organization of the office design transforming distribution areas into social spaces. The main corridor becomes a cinematographic promenade with wooden inclined walls, creating a complex and spectacular sequence of spatial compressions and expansions. This creates a great variety of areas, encouraging social interaction and ensuring stimulating spatial experiences for visitors. The use of walnut wood, characterized by a double layer of staves, creates a warm atmosphere and confers a… Casalgrande Padana, Italy The Crown is a spectacular new landmark that follows from the famous Casalgrande Ceramic Cloud, the first work created by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma in Italy. Installed near the Casalgrande Padana production facility on two roundabouts situated on the Pedemontana route linking Casalgrande and Sassuolo, the two installations make up a monumental structure of notable architectural merit and symbolic value, creating a sort of “East Access Door” to the Emilian ceramics district. Libeskind has been involved in a fruitful collaboration with Casalgrande for some time now, which sees the two parties working together in a cycle of formal research and technological… Thorn London, April 2015 – Thorn announces the launch of Zoar, a unique architectural lantern with a tiltable LED engine, exclusively designed by world-class architect, Daniel Libeskind. With a modern textured black finish, Zoar offers a striking slim profile and elegant column package with continuous geometries from the lantern to the column. A tiltable LED engine allows freedom and innovation in lighting design, as well as easy integration into the landscape. Daniel Libeskind’s work includes, among other famous projects, the World Trade Center Master Plan; Canada’s Royal Ontario Museum; Jewish Museum Berlin, Germany; the Vitra tower in Sao Paolo, Brazil; and… Ottawa, Canada The National Holocaust Monument, established through the National Holocaust Monument Act by the Government of Canada, will ensure a permanent, national symbol that will honor and commemorate the victims of the Holocaust and recognize Canadian survivors. The Monument will stand on a .79 acre site at the intersection of Wellington and Booth Streets within the historic LeBreton Flats in Ottawa, symbolically located across from the Canadian War Museum. “We are deeply honoured to be entrusted to design the monument to Holocaust victims and survivors, and we are committed to creating a place of meaning and value for all Canadians in… Las Vegas , Nevada, USA As the retail heart of the MGM MIRAGE CityCenter project, The Shops at Crystals is a 500,000-square-foot retail and entertainment space that serves as the connective tissue of the otherwise vertical “city within a city.” Crystalline stainless steel-clad volumes house the flagship retailers along The Strip while the spiraling roof structure animates the public arcade internally. Visible in a 180 degree-sweep from along the legendary Strip, the structure is a work of architecture read from many different angles. The dramatic form and skylights of its spiraling roof soar over luxury retail and dining and accommodate a public space that features… Durham, United Kingdom Durham University commissioned Studio Libeskind to create a new university building to accommodate their expanding student body and staff, as well as to house a new research facility for the study of fundamental physics. The Ogden Centre will provide eighty new offices for professors, lecturers, doctoral students, postdoctoral researchers, support staff and visiting academics of the Institute for Computational Cosmology and the Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology. It will include interaction space, a research outreach area, meeting rooms and a cold computer room to house the Institute’s super-computing facilities. Light and openness is at the core of the design for the… Copenhagen, Denmark Located in one of the oldest parts of Copenhagen in Denmark, the Danish Jewish Museum is housed in a former 17th-century boathouse and library built by King Christian IV. Studio Libeskind designed the new interior space, while preserving the original building. The museum differs from other European Jewish Museums because the Danish Jews were, by and large, saved from the Nazis by the efforts of their countrymen. This historical act of kindness or “mitzvah” is the guiding concept of the museum’s design and symbolized in its form, structure and light. Studio Libeskind intertwined the historic vaulted brick structure with new… Dublin, Ireland Located on the Dublin waterfront, the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre, formerly the Grand Canal Theatre, is a 2,000-seat theater at the heart of a multi-use complex conceived for by the City of Dublin as part of a plan to revitalize its docklands. Studio Daniel Libeskind completed the theatre in 2010 and an office complex called the Grand Canal Harbour development a year later. The theater overlooks a public plaza designed by Martha Schwartz Associates. Like a grand outdoor lobby, the plaza invites the public to view the soaring glass façade of the theater much like a glass curtain, which tilts back… Milano, Italy In 2004 Studio Libeskind, in conjunction with Zaha Hadid Architects and Arata Isozaki & Associates, won the competition in Italy for a master plan to develop and reconnect the existing city fabric of Milan to an abandoned 61 acre site, formerly home to the Fiera Milano, the city’s historic fairgrounds. Close to the center of the new grand central park will be three iconic commercial high rise buildings, with each skyscraper designed by one of the contributing architects. This component of the site is deliberately concentrated in order to maximize space for an open public park, a piazza and the… Seoul, South Korea The design concept for the three 41-story residential towers in Seoul, South Korea was inspired by a traditional Korean Buddhist dance, Seung-Moo, wherein the billowing sleeves of a dancer’s gown are gracefully propelled by her movements. In this case, a subtle rotation in the form of the towers creates the illusion of movement. Sophisticated engineering makes this illusion possible. Floor weight is supported by a central concrete core and alternating cantilevered fin walls, allowing for column-free buildings that enable the forms to twist, creating the illusion of ‘dancing,’ while opening up interior spaces for panoramic views. The general location and… Manchester, United Kingdom The Imperial War Museum North (IWMN) in Manchester, England, tells the story of how war has affected the lives of British and the Commonwealth citizens since 1914. The design concept is a globe shattered into fragments and then reassembled. The interlocking of three of these fragments—representing earth, air, and water—comprise the building’s form. The Earth Shard forms the museum space, signifying the open, earthly realm of conflict and war; the Air Shard serves as a dramatic entry into the museum, with its projected images, observatories and education spaces; and the Water Shard forms the platform for viewing the canal, complete… Ramat-Gan, Israel In this major expansion to the Bar-Ilan University Campus in Ramat-Gan, Israel, Studio Libeskind gives visual form to the concept of `voices’ and `echoes’ as symbols of Bar-Ilan’s essential quality—respect for the secular and the sacred. The building is made up of an “open book” perched on top of two horizontal walls like the spine of a book. The book-like form holds a 1000-seat auditorium, which is acoustically suitable for musical performances and lectures. The auditorium lighting on the ceiling is a labyrinth of Hebrew letters. The interior spaces are bright and clean spaces. Flexible ground level rooms hold seminar… Warsaw, Poland Daniel Libeskind returned to his native country to create this predominately residential skyscraper in central Warsaw in association with Polish architects Artchitecture. High-rise residential living is new to Warsaw; this 54-floor tower is expected to provide a model from which a new skyline will emerge. To preserve precious daylight amid a dense and historic urban fabric, the team meticulous sculpted the buildings’ form with the arc of the sun path, allowing for maximum daylight to reach neighboring buildings. The wing-shaped façade counters the Communist-era Palace of Culture situated directly across. Zlota represents a new Warsaw with great aspirations. AWARDS RECEIVED… Bern, Switzerland The Westside Shopping and Leisure Centre in Bern-Brunnen, Switzerland, is notable for its unique integration of architecture and landscape and the ways in which it invites glimpses of the natural world into the usually hermetic world of a large urban shopping complex. Extensive window cuts in varying designs open up the façade and conjure a web of natural light, including a panoramic window in the food court and spa area. The bulk of the retail space of the Westside project is organized in the well-tested convention of boxes and their efficient relationship between retail, circulation and delivery. In dialogue and… Moroso In collaboration with performance artist Marina Abramovic, Daniel Libeskind created a limited edition table based on Abramovic’s exercise “Counting the Rice”. The table is an embodiment of the performance staged by the Marina Abramovic Institute that involves counting grains of rice for six hours or more—the type of physically demanding experiment for which the contemporary artist is known. “I wanted to create something austere, but also beautiful that speaks to Marina’s work in a very direct way,” said Daniel Libeskind. “The design comes from the idea of a church pew or monastic cloister.” Produced in an edition of 30 by the… Uozu, Japan Outside Line, an installation situated in the Sports Park near the city of Uozu, Japan, was proposed as a place to contemplate the relationship between man and nature. The project was inspired by the search for a contemporary understanding of space and light, and its design was informed by a precisely determined web of conceptual, topographical relationships between objects and space, eye and mind. A red line orients itself upon an imaginary axis connecting the descending history of the Buried Forest Museum and the ascending horizon of the Tateyama mountain range. This line creates special, ever-changing qualities of light and… Milano, Italy Commissioned by the Ambrosiana in Milan, Italy and realized by Daniel Libeskind, the bold, sculptural design pays homage to the genius of Leonardo da Vinci, while enlivening the piazza with a dramatic contemporary work. The form is based on the geometric shape of the fractal— a fundamental idea in da Vinci’s work— linear, oblique shapes intertwine and stretch upward, to create a dance of form, movement, line and light. The iron structure sits on a round base embossed in bronze with Leonardo’s Codex Atlanticus f. 199 v Map of the City of Milan, with a plan of the Castello of… Salone del Mobile 2014 “Where Architects Live” is an original installation, inspired by leading contemporary architects’ own concepts of the domestic space, conceived as a cultural accompaniment to the Salone del Mobile. The exhibition has been specially devised for the Salone, providing an exclusive glimpse into “rooms” designed by eight of the world’s most respected architects: Shigeru Ban, Mario Bellini, David Chipperfield, Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas, Zaha Hadid, Marcio Kogan, Daniel Libeskind and Studio Mumbai/Bijoy Jain. We use to see only the work architects do for other people and for other people’s lives. But where do architects live, or rather, what are their homes like and in what way? Exact reflections of their distinctive design styles… Tampere, Finland Central Deck and Arena project in Tampere, Finland is an urban scale development on top of existing railway tracks in the heart of the city. The mixed-use program includes a multi-purpose ice hockey arena, four office blocks topped by residential towers and a hotel with residential condominiums on top. The arena, which occupies one fifth of the complex, has the capacity to accommodate 11,000 fans. With its shopping arcade, bars and restaurant at deck level, the arena redefines its pivotal function as a hub for diverse urban activities. There is a total of approximately 60,000 m2 of mixed-use program area… Datteln, Germany This four bedroom, two-floor home while completed in Germany can be constructed and shipped to almost any location in the world within months and assembled by a team of experts within weeks. A limited edition of 30 have been created. Made of wood from renewable sources, zinc, and aluminum, the 5,000 square foot, German-made structure meets the highest standards of design and craftsmanship and complies with the highest energy-saving standards in the world. The prefabricated structure is composed of three interlocking ribbons with striking angles, creating an asymmetrical, double height, and dynamic interior. The Villa fills a niche in the… Venice Biennale, Italy Sonnets in Babylon, The Venice Pavilion, Venice Biennale, Italy, 2014 Some 100 never-before-exhibited drawings by Libeskind, created by hand from pen and sepia-toned washes of coffee, comprise the principal element of the pavilion. The series is screen-printed by Lasvit, the architectural glass-maker, using a ceramic process, on large-scale glass panels and arranged around the curved wall of the pavilion. Using state of the art technology, ribbons of aluminum panels fixed with discreet LED lights will create a luminous wall of light and transparency. The drawings themselves depict explosive uncouplings of ambiguous forms that alternately evoke favelas, futuristic cities, mechanical parts,… Urban Stories, Palazzo Litta, Milano, Italy Berlin Dreams is a piece of glass architecture designed by Daniel Libeskind, sponsored by AGC Glass Europe in collaboration with Fiam Italia, based on 9 invisible lines traced through Potsdamer Platz, after it was No Man’s Land between East and West Berlin, yet before it was rebuilt. Constructed in Milan, Italy, each of the 9 “Muse Lines” represents a cluster of architectonic typologies representing Berlin’s civic history: from the tavern to the graveyard, concert hall, library, hospital, school, shelter, festival, moving monuments, sacred wilderness, etc. that works like a temporal map or spatial clock, demarcating a matrix of historical figures,… Seoul, South Korea Archipelago 21, Studio Libeskind’s masterplan for the redevelopment of the Yongsan International Business District, dramatically re-envisions the landscape of Seoul, South Korea’s historic capital city. Incorporating more than 30 million square feet of built area in a large urban park along the Han River, the sustainable plan was conceived to include an international business district, residential neighborhoods, cultural institutions, educational facilities, retail, and transportation. The Studio approached the plan from a human perspective, designing the project from the ground up. The site is organized like an archipelago, broken into distinct neighborhoods called “islands” connected internally by using a retail valley,… Sonnets in Babylon Concealing art with art is like wearing out a sleeve of the angel’s robe in a Resurrection. Why Aristotle dismisses Parmenides and other Eleatics (on the issue of the One and the many on the grounds of form) is a conundrum for which many should have killed themselves before, not after. One senses here not love but a distaste for the angled beams which emerge from the center of four, probably square, flat volumes to release the celestial ray locked in matter. I’ve never heard of a prettier trick! So let me join you in establishing a city… One might… Mallorca, Spain Studio Weil is a painting and sculpture studio designed and built for the American painter and sculptor Barbara Weil overlooking the sea in Port d’Andratx in Mallorca, Spain. Daniel Libeskind worked closely with Ms. Weil to create a building that not only responds to the surrounding landscape, but also forms a space which complements and contrasts the artist’s work. The building houses exhibition spaces, working quarters and a dramatic landscaped garden. The studio takes the form of a concrete arc that is cut through with a pair of stairs: one leading up to a roof deck with spectacular views of… Paris, France Daniel Libeskind’s proposal for Tour Signal radiates a vibrant new spirit for this mixed-use development located in France in the City of Paris. The building is composed of two intertwined ribbons that spiral together formally and programmatically. The interstitial space between the two ribbons would be filled with southern-facing vertical gardens, creating biotopes for workers, visitors and residents, and illuminating the sky with life. These unique vertical gardens bring innovation to 21st-century towers, allowing nature to fill not only the parks, but the City’s skylines as well. The tower has a multitude of uses, including office, residential, hotel, entertainment, culture, retail,… Tirana, Albania Studio Libeskind’s first project in Albania, the Magnet housing development, consists of a master plan for a new residential neighborhood within walking distance of Tirana’s city center, along with the design for the first 13,000 sq.m tower within the master plan to serve as a catalyst for revitalizing the entire district. The thirteen story tower is crescent-shaped in plan, rising with stepped terraces toward a crescendo of 45 meters-high at the western tip. The ridges of the undulating façade and the peaked penthouse silhouettes echo the surrounding mountain range seen beyond the city skyline from the terraces and balconies of… Toronto, Canada Studio Libeskind viewed the repurposing of a mid-modern theater into the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts as an opportunity to integrate city life with culture and the arts in Toronto, Canada. Working as part of a public/private partnership, the firm situated a 58-floor condominium tower next to the performing arts center and created a public plaza along the west side of the redevelopment. The L Tower extrudes upward, with bold, clean lines, until it expands with a dramatic curve at the top of the tower. The functional form: tapering backward prevents shadows from being cast onto the adjacent Berczy… Rotterdam, Netherlands “This project is composed of architectural models and drawings as well as their extension to the concrete space they open to the public. This particular exhibition represents the search for architecture and is a microcosm of ideas and thoughts. It is the intention of the exhibition design that the public co-participate in a scheme by following an imaginative and nonlinear path in order to experience “the other side” : “the substance” of hope and the proof of what remains invisible in space. The public is invited to reflect on a different relationship between drawings and thought, building and construction. The… Milan, Italy The Libeskind residences employ the classical courtyard configuration and naturalistic materials of an historic Milanese neighborhood, while presenting an asymmetrical layering of the façade. The residential buildings are sited on the perimeter of the site to the south and rise towards the park to the north. The facades are clad in a finely textured, light grey tile, developed for the project by the Italian tile company Casalgrande Padana. Undulating outdoor spaces create a rhythmic pattern and are draped with a brise soleils, made with new, highly-sustainable composite wood. Each building is topped off by double-height penthouses, conceived as villas, with… Lasvit Working with the master craftsmen at the Lasvit factory in the Czech Republic, Mr. Libeskind has created a bold, geometric chandelier that achieves a ‘one-of-a-kind’ luminosity through the delicate and fluid quality of hand-blown glass. The Ice chandelier is made up of clear glass ‘cells,’ blown into angular molds and then clustered together in a series of puzzle-like, triangular patterns. These modular patterns can be twisted and turned into any number of horizontal compositions to suit a wide variety of spaces. Like stalactites or icicles, the glass forms capture light, refracting it into prisms, so that each column glows in unpredictable… Singapore Corals is a highly sustainable mid-rise residential complex situated on the historic King’s Dock on Keppel Bay in Singapore. The 11-building complex ranges in height from 4 to 12 stories and is comprised of 366 luxurious waterfront homes. In contrast to the conventional approach of building up the along the shoreline, Studio Libeskind carefully sited Corals in a V-formation, keeping the ocean frontage open, and thus allowing for spectacular views of the bay from even the furthest set back units. Clad in a naturalistic palette of glazed, white metal tile and glass panels, the facades of each building create an undulating rhythm… Cranbrook Academy of Art, Michigan, USA The Space of Encounter, by Daniel Libeskind Three Lessons in Architecture: The Machines Installation, Venice Biennale, 1985 The proposal deals with the city and its architecture in the form of participatory engagement with three large machines. The public is involved with creating and interpreting architecture in its broad social, cultural, and historical perspective. The three machines propose a fundamental recollection and a retrieval of the historical destiny of architecture; a singular, if unexpected, homecoming. This mechanism constitutes a single project: Each segment forms a starting point for the understanding and functioning of the others. Together they form a cycle in… Busan, South Korea Here, on the waterfront of the southern city of Busan, the largest city in South Korea after Seoul, Studio Libeskind created the tallest residential tower in Asia*. The Haeundae Udong mixed-use project also encompasses two other residential towers, a 34-floor high-rise hotel, an office tower, and a three-floor retail building with residential units—altogether a 4 ½ million-square-foot development. Instead of simply extruding the footprints of these oceanside buildings, Studio Libeskind varied the heights, curved the façades and tapered the profiles to create a sculptural composition on the horizon. The curvilinear geometry serves a sustainability strategy, harvesting and modulating natural light. … Covington, Kentucky, USA The curving crescent form and sloping roofline of this 20-story residential tower built in Covington, Kentucky were designed to maximize views for residents to have unobstructed visibility from every unit towards the Cincinnati skyline that sits across the Ohio River. The reflections of sky and river also introduce an accent of blue to an otherwise earth-tone palette. In its ascending height, the form of the building mimics the suspension cables of the nearby Roebling’s Bridge, a central feature of Covington’s waterfront, and links the lower residential structures to the east with the more modern commercial buildings to the west. Reaching 300 feet at… Bologna Water Design, Italy Geometric Fragment, a sculpture designed by Daniel Libeskind and produced by Antrax for Water Design, inside the chapel of the ex-Bastardini Hospital in Bologna, gestures towards the Baroque by erecting a broken fragment of a sphere. The installation consists of two elements which dialogue in tension with each other: the spherical fragment, in contrast with the chapel’s interior, and the sheet of black oil from which it emerges, reflecting light and absorbing color, thereby highlighting its dynamic plasticity. The complex relationship between the context and the installation offers a reflection on the transformation of architecture through history; from the Baroque to… Almere, Netherlands This quiet meditation garden is located in the ‘town without a history’ of Almere, The Netherlands. The garden consists of an observation platform, three narrow water canals, and a fourth dry channel on which a rectilinear volume is resting. These lines direct themselves toward three particular locations: Salamanca, Paris, and Almere. They signify a world location in which love (Juan de la Cruz) and fire (Paul Celan) intersect in Almere’s future. The inscribed ciphers refer to the encounter between Juan de la Cruz and Paul Celan in the newly reclaimed land. They become readable at precisely those times when the… Fiam The WING mirror collection, designed for Fiam, reimagines the mirror and its magical space. The name refers to the way our image is reflected back at us each morning, jolting us awake and forcing the dreams and desires of the night to take wing. The mystery of reflection is suggested by two parallel lines near the top and the bottom of each mirror that break the flat surface and cause a frisson of dislocation in the viewer. The effect is heightened by the fact that, if the mirrors are hung perpendicular to the floor, the “breaks” appear at an angle, while if the… Toto Gallery Ma, Tokyo, Japan In this exhibition, Major Silence, a twenty-meter track extends from the entry, past the glass wall and into the rear of the garden, upon which a disc two meters in diameter shuttles slowly to one end of the track and back again. The device is entitled, “Line and Wheel”. Beside the track at the center of the exhibition space is another object, resembling a giant automatic weighing scale. Six discs of different sizes have been inserted into the slightly slanted top of its aluminum-clad cylinder, enabling the aluminum model to revolve. These two objects, moving nowhere noiselessly, seem somehow to cry out… Berlin, Germany This one-floor 25,000-square-foot academy is located across the street from the Jewish Museum Berlin, on the site of the historic Blumengrossmarkt (flower market) in Berlin, Germany. Here, the Jewish Museum Berlin offers public programs in a space that includes a library as well as offices, archives, and support spaces. Within the building, there is a Garden of the Diaspora, filled with plants and shrubs from all around the world. The Academy is integrated into the ensemble of the Kollegienhaus and the Jewish Museum Berlin. A tilted cube penetrates the outer wall of the hall, creating a counterpart to the main… Seoul, South Korea A 46-floor sustainable office high-rise, The Harmony Tower was designed as a glowing gateway to the western entrance to the Yongsan International Business District (YIBD) in Seoul, South Korea. Inspired by traditional Korean paper lanterns, the design concept considers the tower a faceted lantern with multiple planes that reflect the sky and earth and capture light from its differing angles. In subtle ways, the tower serves its urban context, tapering at its base to create a feeling of space for a pedestrian plaza, expanding in its middle to maximize floor plates and Han River views, and tapering again at the… iGuzzini Developed for iGuzzini, the patented Radix ceiling lighting system aims to provide more than a certain level of wattage: rather, the Radix allows the user to control not only the amount, but also the character of light to create a mood of well-being. It is the result of experimentation in photobiology—the biological effects of exposure to light and the nature of variations of daylight in artificial spaces. “I think well-being and light are intimately correlated. As somebody that travels a lot around the world, I see that there is a need for daylight and also to create an atmosphere… TreP-TrePiù The IDEA door evolved from extensive research and a creative collaboration between Daniel Libeskind and TRE-Più. It offers a unique sensorial experience and adds something special to the space it’s placed within. The goal of the collaboration was to create a truly unique product with a high level of perceptual richness and technical capability. The way the door feels to the touch, what it looks like to the eye, what it sounds like to the ear, and what it does to the atmosphere of a place is of paramount importance. The rich tactile sense of IDEA is reinforced by the exclusive patented profile in… Milan, Italy Daniel Libeskind presents an installation called Beyond the Wall as part of the Interni Hybrid/Metissage Architecture & Design Exhibition being held at the Cortile d’Onore Seicentesco of the Università Statale April 9-14 in Milan, Italy. Made from Silestone® quartz treated with Consentino’s innovative matte “suede” finish, this spectacular polycentric spiral opens in multiple directions along many different trajectories, propulsively twisting to a dramatic zenith. The exhibition’s other contributors include Sefer Caglar, Michele Cazzani, Mario Cucinella, Michele de Lucchi, Akihisa Hirata, Steven Holl, Simone Micheli, Chritophe Pillet, Luca Scacchetti, Dean Skira and Sergei Tchoban and Sergey Kuznetsov with Marco Bravura. Alessandria, Italy Located next to a legendary battlefield from Napoleon’s second campaign, the Palazzo dell’Edilizia is the headquarters of the public company that manages the union of construction workers in the Alessandria province in northern Italy. A tall photovoltaic tower tilts upward as a dramatic symbol of sustainability, atop four floors accommodating a laboratory for new technology testing, classrooms, a conference center that can hold up to 250 people, union offices and parking. Using both geothermal energy and photovoltaic technology, the Palazzo dell’Edilizia of Alessandria will provide 100% of the energy necessary for the life and work of the building year-round. Sawaya & Moroni The Torq armchair and table is inspired by the Museo di Arte Contemporanea (in Milano) which is based on Leonardo’s inscription of the human figure in the circle and the square. This dynamic ensemble is created by simple geometries in a complex relationship that offers an artistic expression for the home or office. The concept of the Torq continues a conversation with the traditions of tubular steel furniture originating in the Bauhaus, passing through the art deco period and into our time. What is new in the architecture of the armchair and the table, is the concept of transforming a square tubular base… Berlin, Germany This 7,000 square foot addition to the Jewish Museum in Berlin is located in the courtyard of the historical building, “Kollegienhaus”, which was built in 1735. The museum needed a multifunctional space that would provide additional room for the museum’s restaurant and extend the lobby to provide event space for lectures, concerts, and dinners. The distinctive architecture of the addition creates a space that can be used throughout the year while preserving the courtyard qualities of the baroque building. Within the columns supporting the roof, there is a sophisticated sound system and within the enclosure itself, a stage rises from… Zumtobel / Sawaya & Moroni Daniel Libeskind’s eL Chandelier is roughly nine feet tall and two-and-a-half feet wide. It weighs 350 pounds. A luminous, sharp-edged, cascading shape, the chandelier has a highly-polished stainless steel exterior and a stainless-and-23-carat-gold-plated-leaf interior. Created in collaboration with SAWAYA & MORONI S.p.A. and Austrian lighting company Zumtobel, the limited-edition eL Chandelier is distinguished by both its striking design and the sophisticated technology that underlies it. The light emitted by eL mimics and reproduces the cosmic light that fills the Universe. To achieve this, Dr. Noam I Libeskind, Daniel Libeskind’s son and an astrophysicist at the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics in Potsdam, used eL’s LEDs… Halifax, Canada The Wheel of Conscience is a kinetic installation on display in Halifax at the Canadian Museum of Immigration on Pier 21, the gateway to Canada for a million immigrants and now a National Historic Site. The work was inspired by the story of the M.S. St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, which the Canadian government turned away in 1939. The work is a heavy steel wheel placed vertically and housing four interlocking steel gears powered by an electric motor. The words “hatred, racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism” are applied in relief to the face of the gears. The… Osnabrück, Germany Daniel Libeskind was invited to return to the Felix Nussbaum Haus in Osnabrück, Germany, his first completed project, to design an extension 13 years after the museum’s opening. Attached to the Kunstgeschichtliche Museum and connected to the Felix Nussbaum Haus by a glass bridge, the new building transforms the existing buildings into a cohesive complex by acting as a gateway. As a part of the transformation, an entrance hall with a museum shop and learning center has been added, and the lower floor of the Kunstgeschichtliche Museum redesigned to include a flexible lecture hall and event space, caterings facilities, cloakrooms… Almeria, Spain Beyond The Wall, located at Cosentino’s world headquarters in Almeria, Spain, is a remarkable result of the ongoing collaboration between Libeskind Design and Cosentino Group. A temporary version of this sculpture was showcased in Milan’s Statale University during Milan’s Design Week 2013. Based on the infinite possibilities of the spiral, Beyond the Wall is a unique structure and is the first to be created using Dekton® by Cosentino. It is not a traditional spiral with a single center and axis, but a contemporary spiral which opens a plurality of directions along many different trajectories; a polycentric spiral, propulsively twisting to… Copenhagen, Denmark This stylish hotel in Copenhagen capitalizes on its maritime theme by a highly graphic design program and tiny guest rooms made inviting through smart built-ins that echo ship cabins. The building is made up of two intersecting volumes, clad in glass and aluminum composite: one, lower and straight, and another, higher and curved. The deep blue and light gray aluminum cladding forms the canvas for line patterns that extend over the main facades in the form of aluminum profiles or etched glass, based on Daniel Libeskind’s drawing series, Chamberworks, while the two end walls are painted a lush, lipstick red…. Columbus, Ohio, USA This outdoor memorial in Columbus, Ohio was conceived to keep alive the memory of the millions who lost their lives in the Holocaust and the American soldiers who liberated those in concentration camps. Studio Libeskind’s design encourages the contemplation of ideas and values that cut across generations, ethnic identity, and creed. Approaching from the Statehouse, the visitor walks on a limestone walkway between inclined, graduated stone walls and two stone benches towards a pair of large 18-ft-high bronze panels. Embossed with a story told by a survivor of Auschwitz, the panels are also irregularly angled at their inner edges. The… Seoul, South Korea Studio Libeskind designed the bold façade of the new Hyundai Development Company headquarters located in Seoul, South Korea, to integrate the building with a public plaza and below-grade spaces, as well as serve future development on the site. A gigantic, 203 ft. ring, encompassing red and white geometric forms, and an inclined metal vector was superimposed onto the existing modern office tower, transforming the main façade and plaza areas. The façade also includes working balconies and louvers. “Viewed from the street, the façade is a vivid and memorable expression through a combination of graphic elements and colours, creating a play of… Bologna Water Design, Italy The installation Pinnacle, grew out of Libeskind’s desire to celebrate the history and tradition of ceramic manufacturing in Italy’s Emilia Romagna region. The 8m-high sculpture, which sits in the 17th-century Courtyard of the Priory in the former Children’s Hospital of Bologna, the region’s capital, consists of two imposing facades made of metalized-porcelain ceramic panels. The facades converge to form a pinnacle that serves as a gate to the former hospital complex. The sculpture is a collaboration with the well-known Italian floor and cladding tile manufacturer Casalgrande Padana, while the joint project began at the CityLife construction site, where the Emilia-based… Nienkämper Furniture & Accessories Inc In advance of the June 2nd opening of the new Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), architect Daniel Libeskind and Toronto furniture designer Klaus Nienkämper have unveiled a new limited edition, custom built piece of furniture entitled the Spirit House Chair, inspired by the architectural peaks and facades of Libeskind’s Lee-Chin Crystal. The contemporary, multi-faceted Spirit House Chair is architect Daniel Libeskind’s first foray into the world of furniture. The chair is constructed entirely of 14 gauge stainless steel with a brushed finish and weighs 180 lbs. It is designed to be oriented in five different positions… Zumtobel The Zohar luminaire designed by Daniel Libeskind explores the idea of street lighting from a new perspective. Based on human proportions, it modulates light through its stainless steel facets, achieving a friendly yet striking effect. Reaching beyond the mechanical and anonymous device, the light pole imbues the street with a subtle complexity and contributes to the richness and diversity of the city. The intricate physiognomy of the pole allows the Zohar to maintain its sculptural qualities even when used in clusters and rows: its emotional sensibility creates a living space around it, making the urban experience a little more multi-faceted… do ut do 2014 Design for Hospice The Wedge by Daniel Libeskind, a sculpture designed for the do ut do Hospice exhibition, is a representation of the metaphysics of space. It poses the question: is space tangible if infinite, or a finite dream? Through the disjuncture between positive and negative spaces, The Wedge is an homage to the tradition of Italian sculpture which challenges the weight and solidity of marble with the malleability of pure Form. The cube out of which the wedge is cut could be seen as the Euclidean, whereas the wedge itself is the Modern. As Frank Lloyd Wright said, the wedge is the strongest form…	Imperial War Museum North
Which animal has the scientific name Scirius carolinensis?	Sightseeing in Manchester, UK \| rentalcars.com Sightseeing in Manchester, UK January 13, 2015 1:08 PM Share Famous for its football, music scene and a certain soap opera, Manchester's a cosmopolitan, bustling city with plenty of sights and attractions for visitors to enjoy. The city is home to excellent shopping centres, a great choice of cultural offerings and a wealth of entertainment venues (from its huge arena to its intimate comedy clubs), making it the perfect place for a UK city break. The city’s nightlife is varied and vibrant too — whether you want quirky boozers, glamorous nightclubs or classy cocktail bars, Manchester has something to suit you. Getting around Manchester has never been easier: simply book one of our hire cars and explore this northern gem in comfort. To help you take full advantage of your hire car, we’ve rounded up some of the best thing to see and do while you’re in Manchester: Old Trafford Football Club Undoubtedly one of the most iconic stadiums in the world, Old Trafford makes a great day out for any football fan (and it’s still good fun for those who aren’t so keen). Even if you don’t get chance to see a match, you can still enjoy an 80-minute tour of the grounds, where you’ll see the stadium through the eyes of the players. Highlights include visiting the players' dressing-room, taking in the dizzying heights of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand and emerging from the players' tunnel onto the pitch. You’ll also find a museum, a café and a large gift shop at the stadium. Sir Matt Busby Way, Manchester M16 0RA. The museum is open most days from 9.30am-5pm (it’s closed on weekend match days and closes at 3pm on weekday match days). Tours start at 9.40am, and the last is at 4.30pm, except on match days and during some school holidays. Tours cost £18 for adults and £12 for children/concessions. intu Trafford Centre The intu Trafford Centre is five miles from central Manchester: just a short drive in your hire car. This huge shopping centre is home to both high-street and designer shops, with big names like John Lewis, Selfridges, H&M and Topshop. The Barton Square area is where you’ll find high-quality homeware stores, such as Next Home, BHS Home and Laura Ashley. Away from the array of shops, the centre has a vast choice of dining options — from fast food to established restaurant chains. The eateries are mostly centred around the large food court known as ‘The Orient’, designed to look like the interior of a cruise ship. You’ll find numerous entertainment and leisure facilities, including: a bowling alley, a games arcade, a multiplex cinema, a Laser Quest arena, a Sea Life Centre and a tree-top adventure course. intu Trafford Centre, Manchester, M17 8AA The Printworks A great place for a lively night out, The Printworks is a dynamic entertainment and dining complex in the heart of the city centre. There are a good choice of restaurants, including Nando’s, Wagamama and Café Rouge, as well as a selection of bars where you can relax over a drink — The Printworks even boasts a Hard Rock Café. If late-night partying’s your thing, head to Lloyd’s Bar, Tiger Tiger or Entourage, which stay open until the early hours. For live music and a traditional Irish pub experience, try Waxy O’Connor’s. 27 Withy Grove, Manchester M4 2BS The Museum of Science and Industry The Museum of Science and Industry is the perfect place for a free, family day out. Spread over five historic buildings, the museum’s exhibits cover a range of themes, including: industry and innovation, transport, energy and science & technology. There’s plenty to keep both children and adults entertained, with interactive displays and demonstrations that will fascinate visitors of any age. Liverpool Road, Manchester M3 4FP. Open daily from 10am-5pm (except December 24th-26th and January 1st). Entry is free. Imperial War Museum North Providing an insight into how war continues to shape lives, the Imperial War Museum North is a thought-provoking place to visit. The main exhibition takes you on a journey of wars that Britain and the Commonwealth have faced, from the First World War to the present day. The striking building (designed by the architect Daniel Libeskind) is itself worth a visit. Quay West, Trafford Wharf Rd, Manchester M17 1TZ. Open daily (except December 24th-26th) from 10am-5pm, with last admissions at 4.30pm. The Lowry The Lowry is where you’ll find an extensive collection of L.S. Lowry’s masterpieces, from various points throughout his career. The artist was famous for his matchstick men and bleak, industrial landscapes, so The Lowry’s setting at the once-derelict Manchester Docks (over in Salford) is a fitting location for the complex; it also houses two theatre halls, so why not catch a show while you’re there? Pier 8, Salford Quays M50 3AZ. The gallery is open from 11am-5pm Sunday-Friday, and 10am-5pm on Saturdays. Entry is free. Manchester Cathedral One of the city’s 15 Grade I listed buildings, Manchester Cathedral is well worth a look round. The medieval cathedral has a wide nave formed of six bays, and a unique choir stall with its 16th-century misericord seats and medieval carvings. Not only is the cathedral a remarkable place of worship; it’s also used as a unique live music venue, having hosted performances by Elbow and Alicia Keys, among others. Victoria Street, Manchester M3 1SX. Open daily (Monday-Saturday from 8.30am-6.30pm, and 8.30am-7pm on Sundays). Entry is free, although voluntary donations are gratefully received. If you've enjoyed reading our Manchester sightseeing guide, you might also like our Sightseeing in London guide . Related Articles	i don't know
Which artefact in the British Museum was painstakingly restored after being smashed by a drunkard in 1845?	Extended Articles from Glass Circle News Could the Portland Vase really have been made for Caesar Augustus? Stephen Pollock-Hill The Portland Vase, discovered in the grave of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, (200-224 AD), in 1582, on the Monte del Grano, a few miles south of Rome, is probably the most famous and valuable piece of glass in the world. But four major mysteries remain. Who made it? How was it made? Who was it made for? And, who are the seven figures portrayed? It has a well documented history, from its discovery up to the present day, and is as important as any other Roman artefact. It is a prized possession of The British Museum and has inspired major artists by its beauty and rarity. Artists like Josiah Wedgwood, who borrowed it to help him create and make his jasper ware, (which is still in production), William Blake, who sketched it, and John Evelyn, the diarist who marvelled at it. The vase was broken twice: firstly, early in its life, when a replacement disc for the base was made, perhaps by a different artist as the colours and engraving styles are different; and then, more recently, smashed on February 7th 1845 by a vandal at the British Museum into over 200 fragments and painstakingly, (twice) glued together. In 1840 it inspired Stourbridge glassmaker, Benjamin Richardson, to offer a prize of £1,000, to anyone who could make a good copy. In 1873 Paul Pargeter, a glassmaker, made a copy and John Northwood did the cameo engraving. This 125 year old copy is a much prized possession of the Corning Glass Museum, in New York State. By using a bit of logic and detective deduction, it is possible to answer some of the above questions. The answers below throw a whole new light on this glass masterpiece, and may make it not only older than previously thought, but perhaps even an important and vital component in the success of the Roman Empire. This is a daring claim and readers will have to judge for themselves the strength of the argument. Dating the vase The vase was originally thought to have been made in the first century AD. This dating was based on the discovery of similar Roman cameo glass in the ruins of Pompeii, buried in the Vesuvius eruption of the morning of the 25th August 79 AD. Since then the vase has been dated to around 5 BC to 25 AD by The British Museum, its keeper. The reason for this dating was that this was the earliest that mouth blown glass had been found. However, it can be argued that the vase is about 30 years older than that, and there are clues that support this re-dating. Recently mouth blown glass has been discovered in ruins in Jerusalem dating from 80 BC and therefore the Portland Vase could have this earlier date. It is unfortunate that there is no carbon dating process for glass which could provide a definitive answer. There is another theory that the vase was not mouth blown but made by the core technique, but this is not convincing. Consider the fact that Pompeii was a very wealthy town, full of Roman-owned villas overlooking the Bay of Naples, and that some of its citizens would have had valuable artefacts; like the comparison to Mayfair, the Wirral, Brighton or Sandbanks, Dorset. It is unlikely that all the pieces of cameo glass would be new. As well as new items it is likely that some would have been inherited family artefacts and some would have been acquired “antique” treasures by the nouveaux riche, designed to show their taste and also to hide their simple origins. Then, as now, owning antiques confers an aura of wealth from past generations. Therefore, based on current discoveries, much of the cameo work could have been made earlier than 5 BC, but not before 80 BC because no glass-making cameo studio that could have made them has been found among the excavations in Pompeii. According to recent research by Dr Paul Roberts, Curator of Roman Antiquities at the British Museum and his team, it is generally recognised that over 90% of all Roman cameo glass has been discovered in Rome. This means that the vase was probably made in Rome, perhaps in as few as one or two small studios. The name of the glassmaker, or team head (gaffer), will probably never be known, but there is a fair chance that the engraver was a Greek, called Dioskourides. This is deduced from a signed gem (now in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire), depicting Diomedes, a Greek warrior (see fig 4). The work and style looks to be identical to that of the Portland Vase. There are known portraits by Dioskourides of both Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus. Could this be a key to unlocking a “Da Vinci Code” scale mystery? Bearing in mind that Caesar Augustus died in 17 AD at the age of 77 it follows that if the engraver was contemporary to the greatest of all Roman Emperors, the vase would also have been contemporary; ie.30-40 BC rather than as late as 25 AD. Who was the vase made for? Even more startling is the possibility that it may have been made for the aspiring Octavius, later named Caesar Augustus, perhaps to his own design, (or at least he could have had an input), prior to his election to help him secure the supreme position. This could not be before 40 BC and not later than 27 BC when he reached the pinnacle of his power and became emperor; a period of less than thirteen years. This ties in nicely with the facts known about the engraver. A case can be made to narrow this dating further. It is unlikely that the engraver, Dioskourides, lived as long as Augustus, who died in his seventy sixth year, a great age for the time. If he had also engraved Julius Caesar, during his lifetime, (and there seems little point in engraving him after his death, when another ruler was in power), there is a good chance he was older than Octavian. This points to the last part of the last century BC. To acquire his skills he must have been in his late twenties, early thirties, and bearing in mind normal deterioration in eyesight, and without the benefit of spectacles, he would probably have been under fifty as superb eyesight is needed to engrave such fine detail. Again, further proof that 40-27 BC is likely is that Julius Caesar attained full power in 27 BC. Although there are a lot of “ifs” and “buts” many other aspects of this two thousand year old unsolved riddle begin to fall into place if we follow this scenario. Below is a new date theory and also an explanation as to the identities of the seven figures. Who are the figures? The question of who the figures represent has puzzled dozens of experts for nearly four centuries. There are over fifty different theories as to who the figures are. The only unequivocally identified one is Cupid. Most of the represented figures are either from antique legend, gods and goddesses, like Apollo, Paris, Theseus or real people like Alexander the Great. A reading of the extensive list of possibilities, a list which there is little purpose in reproducing, raises the questions of, “Why him or why her?” Surely there must be a logical reason for the choice of figures. Most previous analysis has been made by Greek or Roman historians, or archaeologists. However, taking the alternative perspective of a glassmaker and designer with the experience of helping hundreds of customers design, choose and select suitable gifts and commissions to commemorate a significant event or date reveals a different understanding of the choice of figures. Throughout history the choices of images chosen to be engraved on glass, be they initials, dates, crests, coats of arms, or other images, are personally chosen precisely because of their significance to the recipient of the item. Then, as now, the choices of images would have been chosen carefully and specifically because of their significance and meaning. To understand the choice of figures on the vase it is necessary to consider some Roman History. Caesar Augustus, as he became known later, was the first and greatest of all the Roman emperors and held power from about 40 BC, until his death in 14 AD. He was originally born Octavius, the son of a Roman senator and provincial governor, Gaius Octavius. Gaius Octavius came to prominence by putting down the rebellion of a tribe called the Thurii in 60 BC and died when Octavius was only four. It was he who added the name Thurinus to his young son’s birth names. His wife Atia, Octavius’ mother, however, had dynastic blood; her mother was Julius Caesar’s sister, Julia. This made Octavius a great nephew of Julius Caesar and therefore part of the “royal Julian family.” It meant that he was closely related to the (then) greatest emperor; the emperor who gave the name Caesar to Rome. Octavius served alongside his uncle on campaigns and was adopted by Julius Caesar in his will. Hence his full name was Gaius Julius Thurinus Octavius, today commonly called Octavian, or later, Caesar Augustus. He is mentioned in the Bible at the time of Christ. Seeing as the vase is likely to be contemporary to Octavian’s life it is reasonable to assume that it may depict some facts from his life. The first three figures (cover, left image) portray a courting couple, arms outstretched towards each other in a loving gesture, with Cupid hovering above. Dr. Susan Walker, of the Ashmoleum Museum and former deputy keeper of Roman artefacts in the British Museum, is an expert on the Portland Vase. She believes these figures to be Anthony and Cleopatra. The Lovers and the snake-like creature make this at first appear highly likely. But other factors should be taken into consideration. Octavian’s mother, Atia, is reported, by contemporary sources, (namely Suetonius a former British consul and historian who lived about fifty years later) to have had a dream when she fell asleep at the temple of Apollo, God of the sun, music, poetry and prophecy. In this dream, recounted by Suetonius, she dreamt that Apollo sent, or disguised himself as a serpent (snake or sea serpent, we are not sure), which impregnated her. (Zeus/Jupiter often adopted animal form to seduce a beauty e.g., a bull to seduce Europa). When she awoke, on her stomach was a birth mark shapedlike a snake that stayed on her belly until she gave birth to Octavian, when it disappeared. A careful look at the reptile on the vase reveals that, given the choice of it being either a snake or a “ketos,” a sea serpent then the latter is more probable seeing as it appears to have ears. The fact that it is emerging from between her legs should preclude Cleopatra, for although she loved snakes she preferred Mark Anthony as a lover. Who then, would commission the vase? An obvious candidate is Mark Anthony. However, he seems an unlikely candidate as he was in Egypt a great deal, not Rome, and the vase is Roman and not Egyptian. Also it needs to be explained how it could have ended up over two hundred years later in an emperor’s tomb unless it had been handed down though the imperial family. Finally, Egyptian hairstyles and dress of the period were very different to Roman styles. It is unlikely that Cleopatra would have adopted Roman dress. And if the engraver intended it to be Cleopatra, who visited Julius Caesar in Rome when Queen of Egypt, he would have portrayed her as such. Note the hair style shown on a contemporary coin (Figure xxx). The theory that Cleopatra is portrayed in Roman garb is an improbable one. The question needs to be asked as to why there is an on looking God-like creature observing both of them? Dr Walker thinks it is Antonius, an ancestor of Mark Antony. Whilst acknowledging Dr Walker’s great erudition and expertise on the subject her theory must be challenged. There is an alternative explanation. The leering on-looking God-like figure on their right could be the god, Apollo. It cannot be a coincidence that Atia’s dream took place at the temple of Apollo. Was the sea serpent sent by him? This is the hardest puzzle to solve. Apollo is usually displayed as a handsome youth, son of Zeus and Leto, whose twin was the huntress Artemis. Associated with healing, he could bring good health or plague, and the ability to cure. He is usually seen with a lyre and a snake (not a sea serpent). The reason for this is that when he was young he wrestled with a mighty serpent called “Python” and tamed it. Apollo’s son was Asclepius, the god of healing, which explains why the medical symbol for medicine and doctors is a staff with two snakes intertwined. It is called the Asclaupian staff and is not to be confused with the Caduceus of Hermes. Asclepius was brought up by the centaur Chiron, and went on to have two children, Hygea and Panacea, (the origin of two commonly used English medical terms) and is always shown with a beard. Dr. Walker postulates this figure is Anton, ancestor of Mark Anthony. But the theory that this figure is Asclepius is unconvincing as there is no staff shown on which he could have carried the snake. As this figure is an onlooker there is another theory that fits better. There is the possibility that this character be Aeneas, second only to Hector in heroic status, one of the few Trojans to escape the city of Troy after its sacking by the Greeks and their wooden horse. He was the son of Aphrodite/Venus and Anchises. He is significant because he is a direct ancestor of the Julii clan, who founded Rome in 753 BC, from whom, via Julius Caesar, Atia Julius Balba, Octavius’ mother was directly descended, (her mother Julia was his sister!). A famous ancestor, and a founder of Rome, would be best placed to witness the impregnation of Atia by Apollo’s serpent with the seed of the future “father of Rome” and the greatest ever Emperor, that Octavius was to become. Aeneas was also known to be a favourite of Apollo and Poseidon. It was Aeneas, the Trojan who carried his elderly father away from Troy on his back. Consider this ubiquitous quote: “Aeneas had an extensive family tree. His wet-nurse was Cieta, and he is the father of Ascaneus with Creusa and of Creuseus with Sylvinia. the former, is also known as Iulus (Julius), founded Alba Longa and was the first in a long series of kings. According to the mythology outlined by Virgil in the Aeneid, Romulus and Remus were both descendants of Aeneas through their mother Rhea Silvia, making Aeneas progenitor of the Roman people. Some early sources call him their father or grandfather, but, considering the commonly accepted dates of the fall of Troy (1184 BC) and the founding of Rome (753 BC) this seems unlikely. The Julian family of Rome, most notably Julius Caesar and Augustus, traced their lineage to Ascanius and Aeneas, thus to the goddess Venus. Through the Julians, the Palemonids also make this claim. The legendary kings of Britain also trace their family through a grandson of Aeneas, Brutus.” This quote supports the idea that there is a message conveyed in this figure on the vase; a message that seeks to portray Octavius as having an illustrious ancestry conveyed in the form of a vitreous family tree. We know that Octavius was obsessed by Apollo. He used to give special dinner parties to his close associates, called “twelves”, (involving six men and six women), where he was always dressed and masked as Apollo. As the senior god of love, he had the right to seduce any of the women there. Perhaps he believed his father was Apollo. Perhaps this give him the faith, determination and drive to achieve what he did. He was not a tall, striking powerful leader. In fact he was very bright, smallish and could be described as “Putin-like!” Octavius was an autocrat who ruthlessly disposed of his rivals, one by one, all the while denying he craved ultimate power. In summary, if we accept that the seated lady with the snake is Atia, mother of Octavian/Augustus, it is logical to conclude that she is holding the arm and looking back fondly at her husband, Gaius Octavius. The pair are being blessed by Cupid hovering above and, on the right, events are being closely followed by a somewhat speculative Apollo, stroking his beard in contemplation. The scene appears to fit the known facts or legend, complete with the admiring ancestor. The figures on the reverse side of the vase ( cover, right image). On the reverse side of the vase there is the key figure of a strong, seated naked male figure looking rather secure and serene. He is observing two women, both seated and both looking back at him. A comparison of this face and those in figs 6,7,8 & 9 raises the question whether or not this Octavian. The central lower seated female figure looks the elder of the two and is carrying a down-turned flambeau above broken books or stone slabs; not a fortuitous omen. The other younger one seems to be catching the attention of the seated male figure. We need to consider Octavian’s life. He married three times, once when very young, but the marriage was not consummated, and then he married Scribonia. Maybe a pun is intended as under the figure there is a book, or a binder of writings and “scribere” means to write in Latin below here,? This apparently intellectual, austere lady lasted less than two years as his wife, from 34-32 BC, (he is reported to have described her as having a shrewish disposition and having been already wed to two ex consuls before he married her), when he met Livia, a beautiful young mother, (picture right). She was a most remarkable character, perhaps one of the most famous and notable women in Roman history. They fell instantly in love and she divorced her husband and married Octavian within weeks. Her son, Tiberius, by her previous husband became Octavian’s eventual heir and future emperor,. This gap between second and third wife happened in exactly 31BC. That fits neatly into the time window above of 40BC- 23BC. This means it may be possible to get closer to the real date. There is another alternative for the middle woman. Octavius had a sister, Octavia, who married Mark Anthony, another consul, until he sided with Cleopatra to overthrow Octavius. This was far better known story, and after Mark Antony’s suicide following his defeat at Actium in BC 31, Octavia was married to another leading Roman. Her unhappy life could be portrayed by the broken tablets and downcast flambeau. The events of Octavian’s career around this date are significant. He defeated Mark Antony, the second of three proconsuls, and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in September 31 BC and both committed suicide shortly afterwards. In January 27BC, Octavian surrendered all his power to the Senate, as he wished to avoid the fate of his famous uncle, but, in fact, was continually elected consul between 31 and 23BC. This latter date is about when he was called “Augustus”, meaning sacred or revered, and is recognised as Caesar Augustus. He was known in retrospect as the father of the Pax Romana; a period over over 200 years of Roman peace and power. He preferred the term “princeps” (first citizen, from which comes our term Prince). He kept also the title “imperator” meaning military chief of staff, from which we get the term emperor. He fell gravely ill in 23BC and again amended the Roman constitution. After his recovery, in 19 BC he was confirmed with power for life. In 12 BC the other consul Leipidus died, which meant the title “pontifex maximus” fell to Octavian. The best way of demonstrating his ambition for the supreme position would have been to commission an incredible vase, a wonder technique of the age, complete with his life story to date engraved upon it. This gives a date of between 23 and 31 BC. A date much later than this and the reference to Scribonia would be outdated. Also if we ascribe a later date the political point would be irrelevant unless it was engraved for Tiberius; although this is unlikely as he was not Octavius’ son. If it had been made any earlier then Livia and Octavius would not have met. What is certain of is that whoever commissioned this vase must have been fabulously wealthy. It was the Roman equivalent of Damien Hurst’s infamous silver skull encrusted with diamonds. It was a clever piece of political manipulation. No doubt all the prominent people in Rome who came to see Octavian would have seen the magnificent vase, or more probably amphora, and were perhaps served wine from it. They could not have failed to have been impressed by it. One can imagine how his guests would have comprehended the meaning and significance of the imagery: Apollo, indicating Octavian’s divine antecedents; Aeneas, the on-looking founder of Rome and ancestor; Gaius Octavius, his respected late father; and the two handles with the heads of a satyr, perhaps Sagittarius, the archer, Octavian’s birth sign. So, if the obverse portrays Octavian’s inflated pedigree, could the reverse portray his well-known divorce and remarriage? There is also another interesting layer to the propaganda value of the vase. Whilst on his mother’s side Octavian could justly claim he had “Julian” blood, Mark Anthony, his rival, jibed at his relatively humble male ancestry by referring to him as “moneychanger” or “horsedealer.” Octavian must have found this slur on his male lineage galling; especially so, when Mark Anthony could claim descent from Antonius, a well known Roman senator and much respected elder of Rome. All the more reason, then, for Octavian to promote the family legend that he was descended directly from Apollo and Aeneas, and other heroes. To be the son, albeit an illegitimate one, of a God would clearly increase his credibility. It is difficult to imagine a better medium for propaganda than the commissioning of an astonishing amphora and wonder of the age, along with its depiction of the legend of the sea-serpent. It is interesting to speculate whether Mark Antony ever saw the vase while still a friend and co-consul with Octavian. It seems unlikely that he did. The Portland Vase could even have been a wedding gift for Octavian and Livia from an aspiring senator or very wealthy merchant, or even from Livia herself. It is fascinating to speculate on the role the vase played in history but, sadly, we will never know how important that role was. The vase may have even played a crucial part in shaping his career. But part of the allure of the vase is our ability to wonder about its place in history; potentially it had an importance out all proportion to the broken and neglected artefact whose significance has been lost. Perhaps it should be called “The Augustan Amphora or Urn.” Precedence for the Octavius connection It could be argued that the case for the vase being commissioned by or for Octavius is a rather fanciful idea. We need to consider the likelihood of Octavius undertaking such a commissioning. There are precedents for this. In a fascinating exercise in political spin, Augustus and the Roman establishment connived together to cloak the new despotic order with historic legitimacy. Everyone knew that the old system of governance that had evolved when Rome was simply a local power in central Italy and as such was inadequate to the task of running a massive empire. But the Romans' self-image was of a nation faithful to its traditions and its roots. So Augustus' first step was formally to return power to the Senate and to rehabilitate the republic after its years in humiliating suspension. In practical terms the restoration meant little more than treating a handful of patrician families with passing respect and turning up now and again to their meetings. However, Senate had huge symbolic significance. Although powerless, it was restored to its role as constitutional ruler. Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR – then delegated power to its chief executive, the emperor. And to avoid any doubt in this matter, Augustus was declared a god. Virgil and the Aeneid At the same time, Augustus turned to Virgil, the pre-eminent poet of the day, and gave him a huge commission amounting to 10 million sesterces to create an epic lineage for him. After three years, Augustus asked Virgil if he could see some of the work in progress. Virgil said he had nothing worth showing. And six years later, when he died, Virgil left instructions that what he had written should be destroyed. Augustus overruled him and what we have is the Aeneid. The myth that Virgil created for the emperor told the story of how Aeneas, a Trojan, escaped from the crushing defeat by the Greeks and set off on a voyage that eventually took him to Italy. There he slew the local hero of the town of Latinus in single combat, claimed leadership of the Latins and merged them with the remnants of Troy. Despite his epic's elegant verse, you can see why Virgil thought he had failed. One of his aims in writing this was to dispel any idea that Rome was inferior to Greece. However, the Aeneid shows its Greek pedigree in every line. At times it's almost like a translation of the great Homeric epics. Another of Virgil's aims was to create a heroic foundation myth for Rome. But Aeneas is a man afflicted by doubt, hounded by his goddess mother and made treacherous to his love by sanctimonious duty. This ambivalence is embedded in Rome's true history. Damage, repair and a new role for the vase Another mystery is the significance, maker and date of the disc. Dr Susan Walker suggests that there is another possibility as to the use of the vase: a cinerary vase. If so, perhaps it could have been commissioned by Livia, his surviving widow, and made to contain the emperor’s ashes and appropriately engraved with scenes of his conception and life upon it. As far as is known, relics from Augustus’ tomb in the Mausoleum he built have never been found and were probably pillaged. This may explain why it was found in another emperor’s tomb who was interred two hundred years later. At some point the base of the vase was broken, and the replacement disc made (cover picture). Originally the vase could have been an amphora but, when it was damaged, was then repaired with the addition of the disc. The disc was made by another studio in different coloured glass and decorated by another engraver’s hand. Left in its baseless state it would have been useless as an amphora. Even with the disc fitted it would not have held wine and so it would still have been unfit for its original purpose. Also the vase would have looked comparatively unattractive, what with the colour and the new engraving not matching. Perhaps the vase was repaired with its potential use as Augustus’ cinerary urn in mind. Wine could not be put into a “vase” without a base, but with a repair it could be pressed into service as a container f or ashes. The figure on the disc wearing the Phrygian hat, with a look of contemplation on his face, could be saying, “Behold the achievements of this remarkable man!” (c.f. “Look upon my Mighty works and despair” … to quote Shelley!), and need not be any specific person. Suggestions that the figure is Paris contemplating the three goddesses, as some have suggested, do not seem plausible. However, more likely is that he could be a representation of Virgil, done at a later date, who, as mentioned above, Caesar Augustus much admired. The image says more than any words could possibly say to sum up such a successful life; a success which lead to Rome’s total world dominance? Contemplating Caesar Augustus’ life would leave anyone wondering and speechless... and this is exactly the sentiment the character seems to be expressing. Summary Thus the seven figures on the vase are: Octavian’s father, Gaius Octavius; his mother, Atia Julius Balbona; Cupid; Aeneas, the founder of Rome; Octavian himself as Caesar Augustus; Scribona, his second wife, or more likely Octavia his recently widowed sister; and finally, Livia his third wife, whose son Tiberius succeeded Augustus as Emperor. This is a new interpretation and is presented here for evaluation and to stimulate discussion. Agreed that it is just another theory, but it is a theory that answers many more of the questions raised by this fantastic glass wonder than any previous interpretations. It is based on the latest common knowledge, more so than all of the previous ones. With this new theory much more of the jigsaw puzzle of facts appear to fit and less questions remain unanswered. Whatever else, the one certainty is that this magnificent piece of Roman craftsmanship will continue to intrigue and puzzle the experts and laymen for many years to come, and I am sure others will attempt to reveal the Portland Vase’s hidden secrets in years to come. About the author *Stephen Pollock-Hill has been a glass manufacturer for over forty years. In fact, he started at the age seven in 1955, in the packing department of the family company on Saturday mornings, earning 2/6d. He is Chairman of The British Glass Education Trust (since 1982), a Council Member of The British Glass Manufacturer’s Confederation (British Glass), the industry trade association, and son of a past president, a member of both the Glass Circle and The Glass Association, and a liveryman since 1973 of The Glass Sellers Company. His father was also a Fellow of the Society of Glass Technology. In 2007 he opened the Nazeing Glass Museum of 20thCentury British Domestic Glass to display his private collection of over 3,000 glass artefacts, and has set about completing short histories of all the known British Domestic glass factories of the 20th century- some 87 at the last count! Stephen intends to make twelve accurate reproductions of the Portland Vase by 2012: taking advantage of all the latest analytical techniques to get as close as possible to the original composition. Then he will commission twelve different interpretations of the vase using twelve different cameo glass engravers. This explains his fascination and detailed study of this magnificent vase. All images of the vase, here and on the cover, copyright The British Museum. The remains of Emperor Caesar Augustus’ villa on the Palatine Hill, where he lived in the years before he became Rome’s absolute ruler were found in 1960. They have just been restored and opened to the public, see www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1581209/Augustus-home-opens-after-40-year-	Portland Vase
In Greek mythology, whose punishment was to stand in a lake whose waters receded whenever he tried to drink?	Extended Articles from Glass Circle News Could the Portland Vase really have been made for Caesar Augustus? Stephen Pollock-Hill The Portland Vase, discovered in the grave of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, (200-224 AD), in 1582, on the Monte del Grano, a few miles south of Rome, is probably the most famous and valuable piece of glass in the world. But four major mysteries remain. Who made it? How was it made? Who was it made for? And, who are the seven figures portrayed? It has a well documented history, from its discovery up to the present day, and is as important as any other Roman artefact. It is a prized possession of The British Museum and has inspired major artists by its beauty and rarity. Artists like Josiah Wedgwood, who borrowed it to help him create and make his jasper ware, (which is still in production), William Blake, who sketched it, and John Evelyn, the diarist who marvelled at it. The vase was broken twice: firstly, early in its life, when a replacement disc for the base was made, perhaps by a different artist as the colours and engraving styles are different; and then, more recently, smashed on February 7th 1845 by a vandal at the British Museum into over 200 fragments and painstakingly, (twice) glued together. In 1840 it inspired Stourbridge glassmaker, Benjamin Richardson, to offer a prize of £1,000, to anyone who could make a good copy. In 1873 Paul Pargeter, a glassmaker, made a copy and John Northwood did the cameo engraving. This 125 year old copy is a much prized possession of the Corning Glass Museum, in New York State. By using a bit of logic and detective deduction, it is possible to answer some of the above questions. The answers below throw a whole new light on this glass masterpiece, and may make it not only older than previously thought, but perhaps even an important and vital component in the success of the Roman Empire. This is a daring claim and readers will have to judge for themselves the strength of the argument. Dating the vase The vase was originally thought to have been made in the first century AD. This dating was based on the discovery of similar Roman cameo glass in the ruins of Pompeii, buried in the Vesuvius eruption of the morning of the 25th August 79 AD. Since then the vase has been dated to around 5 BC to 25 AD by The British Museum, its keeper. The reason for this dating was that this was the earliest that mouth blown glass had been found. However, it can be argued that the vase is about 30 years older than that, and there are clues that support this re-dating. Recently mouth blown glass has been discovered in ruins in Jerusalem dating from 80 BC and therefore the Portland Vase could have this earlier date. It is unfortunate that there is no carbon dating process for glass which could provide a definitive answer. There is another theory that the vase was not mouth blown but made by the core technique, but this is not convincing. Consider the fact that Pompeii was a very wealthy town, full of Roman-owned villas overlooking the Bay of Naples, and that some of its citizens would have had valuable artefacts; like the comparison to Mayfair, the Wirral, Brighton or Sandbanks, Dorset. It is unlikely that all the pieces of cameo glass would be new. As well as new items it is likely that some would have been inherited family artefacts and some would have been acquired “antique” treasures by the nouveaux riche, designed to show their taste and also to hide their simple origins. Then, as now, owning antiques confers an aura of wealth from past generations. Therefore, based on current discoveries, much of the cameo work could have been made earlier than 5 BC, but not before 80 BC because no glass-making cameo studio that could have made them has been found among the excavations in Pompeii. According to recent research by Dr Paul Roberts, Curator of Roman Antiquities at the British Museum and his team, it is generally recognised that over 90% of all Roman cameo glass has been discovered in Rome. This means that the vase was probably made in Rome, perhaps in as few as one or two small studios. The name of the glassmaker, or team head (gaffer), will probably never be known, but there is a fair chance that the engraver was a Greek, called Dioskourides. This is deduced from a signed gem (now in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire), depicting Diomedes, a Greek warrior (see fig 4). The work and style looks to be identical to that of the Portland Vase. There are known portraits by Dioskourides of both Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus. Could this be a key to unlocking a “Da Vinci Code” scale mystery? Bearing in mind that Caesar Augustus died in 17 AD at the age of 77 it follows that if the engraver was contemporary to the greatest of all Roman Emperors, the vase would also have been contemporary; ie.30-40 BC rather than as late as 25 AD. Who was the vase made for? Even more startling is the possibility that it may have been made for the aspiring Octavius, later named Caesar Augustus, perhaps to his own design, (or at least he could have had an input), prior to his election to help him secure the supreme position. This could not be before 40 BC and not later than 27 BC when he reached the pinnacle of his power and became emperor; a period of less than thirteen years. This ties in nicely with the facts known about the engraver. A case can be made to narrow this dating further. It is unlikely that the engraver, Dioskourides, lived as long as Augustus, who died in his seventy sixth year, a great age for the time. If he had also engraved Julius Caesar, during his lifetime, (and there seems little point in engraving him after his death, when another ruler was in power), there is a good chance he was older than Octavian. This points to the last part of the last century BC. To acquire his skills he must have been in his late twenties, early thirties, and bearing in mind normal deterioration in eyesight, and without the benefit of spectacles, he would probably have been under fifty as superb eyesight is needed to engrave such fine detail. Again, further proof that 40-27 BC is likely is that Julius Caesar attained full power in 27 BC. Although there are a lot of “ifs” and “buts” many other aspects of this two thousand year old unsolved riddle begin to fall into place if we follow this scenario. Below is a new date theory and also an explanation as to the identities of the seven figures. Who are the figures? The question of who the figures represent has puzzled dozens of experts for nearly four centuries. There are over fifty different theories as to who the figures are. The only unequivocally identified one is Cupid. Most of the represented figures are either from antique legend, gods and goddesses, like Apollo, Paris, Theseus or real people like Alexander the Great. A reading of the extensive list of possibilities, a list which there is little purpose in reproducing, raises the questions of, “Why him or why her?” Surely there must be a logical reason for the choice of figures. Most previous analysis has been made by Greek or Roman historians, or archaeologists. However, taking the alternative perspective of a glassmaker and designer with the experience of helping hundreds of customers design, choose and select suitable gifts and commissions to commemorate a significant event or date reveals a different understanding of the choice of figures. Throughout history the choices of images chosen to be engraved on glass, be they initials, dates, crests, coats of arms, or other images, are personally chosen precisely because of their significance to the recipient of the item. Then, as now, the choices of images would have been chosen carefully and specifically because of their significance and meaning. To understand the choice of figures on the vase it is necessary to consider some Roman History. Caesar Augustus, as he became known later, was the first and greatest of all the Roman emperors and held power from about 40 BC, until his death in 14 AD. He was originally born Octavius, the son of a Roman senator and provincial governor, Gaius Octavius. Gaius Octavius came to prominence by putting down the rebellion of a tribe called the Thurii in 60 BC and died when Octavius was only four. It was he who added the name Thurinus to his young son’s birth names. His wife Atia, Octavius’ mother, however, had dynastic blood; her mother was Julius Caesar’s sister, Julia. This made Octavius a great nephew of Julius Caesar and therefore part of the “royal Julian family.” It meant that he was closely related to the (then) greatest emperor; the emperor who gave the name Caesar to Rome. Octavius served alongside his uncle on campaigns and was adopted by Julius Caesar in his will. Hence his full name was Gaius Julius Thurinus Octavius, today commonly called Octavian, or later, Caesar Augustus. He is mentioned in the Bible at the time of Christ. Seeing as the vase is likely to be contemporary to Octavian’s life it is reasonable to assume that it may depict some facts from his life. The first three figures (cover, left image) portray a courting couple, arms outstretched towards each other in a loving gesture, with Cupid hovering above. Dr. Susan Walker, of the Ashmoleum Museum and former deputy keeper of Roman artefacts in the British Museum, is an expert on the Portland Vase. She believes these figures to be Anthony and Cleopatra. The Lovers and the snake-like creature make this at first appear highly likely. But other factors should be taken into consideration. Octavian’s mother, Atia, is reported, by contemporary sources, (namely Suetonius a former British consul and historian who lived about fifty years later) to have had a dream when she fell asleep at the temple of Apollo, God of the sun, music, poetry and prophecy. In this dream, recounted by Suetonius, she dreamt that Apollo sent, or disguised himself as a serpent (snake or sea serpent, we are not sure), which impregnated her. (Zeus/Jupiter often adopted animal form to seduce a beauty e.g., a bull to seduce Europa). When she awoke, on her stomach was a birth mark shapedlike a snake that stayed on her belly until she gave birth to Octavian, when it disappeared. A careful look at the reptile on the vase reveals that, given the choice of it being either a snake or a “ketos,” a sea serpent then the latter is more probable seeing as it appears to have ears. The fact that it is emerging from between her legs should preclude Cleopatra, for although she loved snakes she preferred Mark Anthony as a lover. Who then, would commission the vase? An obvious candidate is Mark Anthony. However, he seems an unlikely candidate as he was in Egypt a great deal, not Rome, and the vase is Roman and not Egyptian. Also it needs to be explained how it could have ended up over two hundred years later in an emperor’s tomb unless it had been handed down though the imperial family. Finally, Egyptian hairstyles and dress of the period were very different to Roman styles. It is unlikely that Cleopatra would have adopted Roman dress. And if the engraver intended it to be Cleopatra, who visited Julius Caesar in Rome when Queen of Egypt, he would have portrayed her as such. Note the hair style shown on a contemporary coin (Figure xxx). The theory that Cleopatra is portrayed in Roman garb is an improbable one. The question needs to be asked as to why there is an on looking God-like creature observing both of them? Dr Walker thinks it is Antonius, an ancestor of Mark Antony. Whilst acknowledging Dr Walker’s great erudition and expertise on the subject her theory must be challenged. There is an alternative explanation. The leering on-looking God-like figure on their right could be the god, Apollo. It cannot be a coincidence that Atia’s dream took place at the temple of Apollo. Was the sea serpent sent by him? This is the hardest puzzle to solve. Apollo is usually displayed as a handsome youth, son of Zeus and Leto, whose twin was the huntress Artemis. Associated with healing, he could bring good health or plague, and the ability to cure. He is usually seen with a lyre and a snake (not a sea serpent). The reason for this is that when he was young he wrestled with a mighty serpent called “Python” and tamed it. Apollo’s son was Asclepius, the god of healing, which explains why the medical symbol for medicine and doctors is a staff with two snakes intertwined. It is called the Asclaupian staff and is not to be confused with the Caduceus of Hermes. Asclepius was brought up by the centaur Chiron, and went on to have two children, Hygea and Panacea, (the origin of two commonly used English medical terms) and is always shown with a beard. Dr. Walker postulates this figure is Anton, ancestor of Mark Anthony. But the theory that this figure is Asclepius is unconvincing as there is no staff shown on which he could have carried the snake. As this figure is an onlooker there is another theory that fits better. There is the possibility that this character be Aeneas, second only to Hector in heroic status, one of the few Trojans to escape the city of Troy after its sacking by the Greeks and their wooden horse. He was the son of Aphrodite/Venus and Anchises. He is significant because he is a direct ancestor of the Julii clan, who founded Rome in 753 BC, from whom, via Julius Caesar, Atia Julius Balba, Octavius’ mother was directly descended, (her mother Julia was his sister!). A famous ancestor, and a founder of Rome, would be best placed to witness the impregnation of Atia by Apollo’s serpent with the seed of the future “father of Rome” and the greatest ever Emperor, that Octavius was to become. Aeneas was also known to be a favourite of Apollo and Poseidon. It was Aeneas, the Trojan who carried his elderly father away from Troy on his back. Consider this ubiquitous quote: “Aeneas had an extensive family tree. His wet-nurse was Cieta, and he is the father of Ascaneus with Creusa and of Creuseus with Sylvinia. the former, is also known as Iulus (Julius), founded Alba Longa and was the first in a long series of kings. According to the mythology outlined by Virgil in the Aeneid, Romulus and Remus were both descendants of Aeneas through their mother Rhea Silvia, making Aeneas progenitor of the Roman people. Some early sources call him their father or grandfather, but, considering the commonly accepted dates of the fall of Troy (1184 BC) and the founding of Rome (753 BC) this seems unlikely. The Julian family of Rome, most notably Julius Caesar and Augustus, traced their lineage to Ascanius and Aeneas, thus to the goddess Venus. Through the Julians, the Palemonids also make this claim. The legendary kings of Britain also trace their family through a grandson of Aeneas, Brutus.” This quote supports the idea that there is a message conveyed in this figure on the vase; a message that seeks to portray Octavius as having an illustrious ancestry conveyed in the form of a vitreous family tree. We know that Octavius was obsessed by Apollo. He used to give special dinner parties to his close associates, called “twelves”, (involving six men and six women), where he was always dressed and masked as Apollo. As the senior god of love, he had the right to seduce any of the women there. Perhaps he believed his father was Apollo. Perhaps this give him the faith, determination and drive to achieve what he did. He was not a tall, striking powerful leader. In fact he was very bright, smallish and could be described as “Putin-like!” Octavius was an autocrat who ruthlessly disposed of his rivals, one by one, all the while denying he craved ultimate power. In summary, if we accept that the seated lady with the snake is Atia, mother of Octavian/Augustus, it is logical to conclude that she is holding the arm and looking back fondly at her husband, Gaius Octavius. The pair are being blessed by Cupid hovering above and, on the right, events are being closely followed by a somewhat speculative Apollo, stroking his beard in contemplation. The scene appears to fit the known facts or legend, complete with the admiring ancestor. The figures on the reverse side of the vase ( cover, right image). On the reverse side of the vase there is the key figure of a strong, seated naked male figure looking rather secure and serene. He is observing two women, both seated and both looking back at him. A comparison of this face and those in figs 6,7,8 & 9 raises the question whether or not this Octavian. The central lower seated female figure looks the elder of the two and is carrying a down-turned flambeau above broken books or stone slabs; not a fortuitous omen. The other younger one seems to be catching the attention of the seated male figure. We need to consider Octavian’s life. He married three times, once when very young, but the marriage was not consummated, and then he married Scribonia. Maybe a pun is intended as under the figure there is a book, or a binder of writings and “scribere” means to write in Latin below here,? This apparently intellectual, austere lady lasted less than two years as his wife, from 34-32 BC, (he is reported to have described her as having a shrewish disposition and having been already wed to two ex consuls before he married her), when he met Livia, a beautiful young mother, (picture right). She was a most remarkable character, perhaps one of the most famous and notable women in Roman history. They fell instantly in love and she divorced her husband and married Octavian within weeks. Her son, Tiberius, by her previous husband became Octavian’s eventual heir and future emperor,. This gap between second and third wife happened in exactly 31BC. That fits neatly into the time window above of 40BC- 23BC. This means it may be possible to get closer to the real date. There is another alternative for the middle woman. Octavius had a sister, Octavia, who married Mark Anthony, another consul, until he sided with Cleopatra to overthrow Octavius. This was far better known story, and after Mark Antony’s suicide following his defeat at Actium in BC 31, Octavia was married to another leading Roman. Her unhappy life could be portrayed by the broken tablets and downcast flambeau. The events of Octavian’s career around this date are significant. He defeated Mark Antony, the second of three proconsuls, and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in September 31 BC and both committed suicide shortly afterwards. In January 27BC, Octavian surrendered all his power to the Senate, as he wished to avoid the fate of his famous uncle, but, in fact, was continually elected consul between 31 and 23BC. This latter date is about when he was called “Augustus”, meaning sacred or revered, and is recognised as Caesar Augustus. He was known in retrospect as the father of the Pax Romana; a period over over 200 years of Roman peace and power. He preferred the term “princeps” (first citizen, from which comes our term Prince). He kept also the title “imperator” meaning military chief of staff, from which we get the term emperor. He fell gravely ill in 23BC and again amended the Roman constitution. After his recovery, in 19 BC he was confirmed with power for life. In 12 BC the other consul Leipidus died, which meant the title “pontifex maximus” fell to Octavian. The best way of demonstrating his ambition for the supreme position would have been to commission an incredible vase, a wonder technique of the age, complete with his life story to date engraved upon it. This gives a date of between 23 and 31 BC. A date much later than this and the reference to Scribonia would be outdated. Also if we ascribe a later date the political point would be irrelevant unless it was engraved for Tiberius; although this is unlikely as he was not Octavius’ son. If it had been made any earlier then Livia and Octavius would not have met. What is certain of is that whoever commissioned this vase must have been fabulously wealthy. It was the Roman equivalent of Damien Hurst’s infamous silver skull encrusted with diamonds. It was a clever piece of political manipulation. No doubt all the prominent people in Rome who came to see Octavian would have seen the magnificent vase, or more probably amphora, and were perhaps served wine from it. They could not have failed to have been impressed by it. One can imagine how his guests would have comprehended the meaning and significance of the imagery: Apollo, indicating Octavian’s divine antecedents; Aeneas, the on-looking founder of Rome and ancestor; Gaius Octavius, his respected late father; and the two handles with the heads of a satyr, perhaps Sagittarius, the archer, Octavian’s birth sign. So, if the obverse portrays Octavian’s inflated pedigree, could the reverse portray his well-known divorce and remarriage? There is also another interesting layer to the propaganda value of the vase. Whilst on his mother’s side Octavian could justly claim he had “Julian” blood, Mark Anthony, his rival, jibed at his relatively humble male ancestry by referring to him as “moneychanger” or “horsedealer.” Octavian must have found this slur on his male lineage galling; especially so, when Mark Anthony could claim descent from Antonius, a well known Roman senator and much respected elder of Rome. All the more reason, then, for Octavian to promote the family legend that he was descended directly from Apollo and Aeneas, and other heroes. To be the son, albeit an illegitimate one, of a God would clearly increase his credibility. It is difficult to imagine a better medium for propaganda than the commissioning of an astonishing amphora and wonder of the age, along with its depiction of the legend of the sea-serpent. It is interesting to speculate whether Mark Antony ever saw the vase while still a friend and co-consul with Octavian. It seems unlikely that he did. The Portland Vase could even have been a wedding gift for Octavian and Livia from an aspiring senator or very wealthy merchant, or even from Livia herself. It is fascinating to speculate on the role the vase played in history but, sadly, we will never know how important that role was. The vase may have even played a crucial part in shaping his career. But part of the allure of the vase is our ability to wonder about its place in history; potentially it had an importance out all proportion to the broken and neglected artefact whose significance has been lost. Perhaps it should be called “The Augustan Amphora or Urn.” Precedence for the Octavius connection It could be argued that the case for the vase being commissioned by or for Octavius is a rather fanciful idea. We need to consider the likelihood of Octavius undertaking such a commissioning. There are precedents for this. In a fascinating exercise in political spin, Augustus and the Roman establishment connived together to cloak the new despotic order with historic legitimacy. Everyone knew that the old system of governance that had evolved when Rome was simply a local power in central Italy and as such was inadequate to the task of running a massive empire. But the Romans' self-image was of a nation faithful to its traditions and its roots. So Augustus' first step was formally to return power to the Senate and to rehabilitate the republic after its years in humiliating suspension. In practical terms the restoration meant little more than treating a handful of patrician families with passing respect and turning up now and again to their meetings. However, Senate had huge symbolic significance. Although powerless, it was restored to its role as constitutional ruler. Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR – then delegated power to its chief executive, the emperor. And to avoid any doubt in this matter, Augustus was declared a god. Virgil and the Aeneid At the same time, Augustus turned to Virgil, the pre-eminent poet of the day, and gave him a huge commission amounting to 10 million sesterces to create an epic lineage for him. After three years, Augustus asked Virgil if he could see some of the work in progress. Virgil said he had nothing worth showing. And six years later, when he died, Virgil left instructions that what he had written should be destroyed. Augustus overruled him and what we have is the Aeneid. The myth that Virgil created for the emperor told the story of how Aeneas, a Trojan, escaped from the crushing defeat by the Greeks and set off on a voyage that eventually took him to Italy. There he slew the local hero of the town of Latinus in single combat, claimed leadership of the Latins and merged them with the remnants of Troy. Despite his epic's elegant verse, you can see why Virgil thought he had failed. One of his aims in writing this was to dispel any idea that Rome was inferior to Greece. However, the Aeneid shows its Greek pedigree in every line. At times it's almost like a translation of the great Homeric epics. Another of Virgil's aims was to create a heroic foundation myth for Rome. But Aeneas is a man afflicted by doubt, hounded by his goddess mother and made treacherous to his love by sanctimonious duty. This ambivalence is embedded in Rome's true history. Damage, repair and a new role for the vase Another mystery is the significance, maker and date of the disc. Dr Susan Walker suggests that there is another possibility as to the use of the vase: a cinerary vase. If so, perhaps it could have been commissioned by Livia, his surviving widow, and made to contain the emperor’s ashes and appropriately engraved with scenes of his conception and life upon it. As far as is known, relics from Augustus’ tomb in the Mausoleum he built have never been found and were probably pillaged. This may explain why it was found in another emperor’s tomb who was interred two hundred years later. At some point the base of the vase was broken, and the replacement disc made (cover picture). Originally the vase could have been an amphora but, when it was damaged, was then repaired with the addition of the disc. The disc was made by another studio in different coloured glass and decorated by another engraver’s hand. Left in its baseless state it would have been useless as an amphora. Even with the disc fitted it would not have held wine and so it would still have been unfit for its original purpose. Also the vase would have looked comparatively unattractive, what with the colour and the new engraving not matching. Perhaps the vase was repaired with its potential use as Augustus’ cinerary urn in mind. Wine could not be put into a “vase” without a base, but with a repair it could be pressed into service as a container f or ashes. The figure on the disc wearing the Phrygian hat, with a look of contemplation on his face, could be saying, “Behold the achievements of this remarkable man!” (c.f. “Look upon my Mighty works and despair” … to quote Shelley!), and need not be any specific person. Suggestions that the figure is Paris contemplating the three goddesses, as some have suggested, do not seem plausible. However, more likely is that he could be a representation of Virgil, done at a later date, who, as mentioned above, Caesar Augustus much admired. The image says more than any words could possibly say to sum up such a successful life; a success which lead to Rome’s total world dominance? Contemplating Caesar Augustus’ life would leave anyone wondering and speechless... and this is exactly the sentiment the character seems to be expressing. Summary Thus the seven figures on the vase are: Octavian’s father, Gaius Octavius; his mother, Atia Julius Balbona; Cupid; Aeneas, the founder of Rome; Octavian himself as Caesar Augustus; Scribona, his second wife, or more likely Octavia his recently widowed sister; and finally, Livia his third wife, whose son Tiberius succeeded Augustus as Emperor. This is a new interpretation and is presented here for evaluation and to stimulate discussion. Agreed that it is just another theory, but it is a theory that answers many more of the questions raised by this fantastic glass wonder than any previous interpretations. It is based on the latest common knowledge, more so than all of the previous ones. With this new theory much more of the jigsaw puzzle of facts appear to fit and less questions remain unanswered. Whatever else, the one certainty is that this magnificent piece of Roman craftsmanship will continue to intrigue and puzzle the experts and laymen for many years to come, and I am sure others will attempt to reveal the Portland Vase’s hidden secrets in years to come. About the author *Stephen Pollock-Hill has been a glass manufacturer for over forty years. In fact, he started at the age seven in 1955, in the packing department of the family company on Saturday mornings, earning 2/6d. He is Chairman of The British Glass Education Trust (since 1982), a Council Member of The British Glass Manufacturer’s Confederation (British Glass), the industry trade association, and son of a past president, a member of both the Glass Circle and The Glass Association, and a liveryman since 1973 of The Glass Sellers Company. His father was also a Fellow of the Society of Glass Technology. In 2007 he opened the Nazeing Glass Museum of 20thCentury British Domestic Glass to display his private collection of over 3,000 glass artefacts, and has set about completing short histories of all the known British Domestic glass factories of the 20th century- some 87 at the last count! Stephen intends to make twelve accurate reproductions of the Portland Vase by 2012: taking advantage of all the latest analytical techniques to get as close as possible to the original composition. Then he will commission twelve different interpretations of the vase using twelve different cameo glass engravers. This explains his fascination and detailed study of this magnificent vase. All images of the vase, here and on the cover, copyright The British Museum. The remains of Emperor Caesar Augustus’ villa on the Palatine Hill, where he lived in the years before he became Rome’s absolute ruler were found in 1960. They have just been restored and opened to the public, see www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1581209/Augustus-home-opens-after-40-year-	i don't know
Which battle near Moscow turned the tide against Napoleon in 1812?	1812 Overture by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) - YouTube 1812 Overture by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 10, 2011 The Year 1812, as the Overture was formally titled, was commissioned to commemorate the Russian defense of Moscow against Napoleon's army in the Battle of Borodino in 1812.Tthe piece was an immediate success, both in Russia and in the United States, where it was played in the inaugural concert of Carnegie Hall. The Overture begins with an Orthodox Russian hymn, followed by several martial and folk tunes, representing the struggle of the Russian people as they are overcome by the advancing French army. Cannon shots are heard amid strains of La Marsiellaise; the woodwinds evoke the winter storms that turn the tide of the battle; the French soldiers retreat during a long descending passage in unison, followed by a victorious chorus of church bells and the Russian anthem, God save the Tsar. In 1974, the 1812 Overture was featured in a Boston Pops Fourth of July Esplanade concert, with live cannons, real church-bells, and fireworks. The piece has since become an American Independence Day standard. Category	Battle of Borodino
Which American city is served by 'Stapleton Airport'?	War of 1812 \| Russia Beyond The Headlines war of 1812 This year Russia celebrates the 200th anniversary of the 1812 Patriotic War and its victory over French army headed by Napoleon. The 1812 campaign, named the Patriotic War by the Russians, is known to many foreigners primarily through Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, which recounts how the seemingly invincible Corsican, Napoleon, tasted defeat. Initially outnumbered by the French, the two Russian armies retreated, avoiding major battles. They eventually joined forces at Smolensk, where Field Marshal Kutuzov took command over the Russian forces. The bloodiest battle was fought on Sept. 7 at Borodino, a little more than 60 miles west of Moscow. The Russians consider it their victory although the Russian army had to retreat after a battle that was inconclusive in the military sense. Historians of the period are still trying to separate facts from fiction while archeologists continue finding artifacts on the Borodino field.	i don't know
By what name was Music Hall entertainer Matilda Wood known to the general public?	Music hall : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Strand, London Did you know ... More interesting facts on Music hall Include this on your site/blog: Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the British form of theatre and the venues associated with it. For other uses of the term Music Hall, see Music Hall (disambiguation) . The Oxford Music Hall, ca. 1875 Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960. The term can refer to: A particular form of variety entertainment involving a mixture of popular song, comedy and speciality acts . British music hall was similar to American vaudeville , featuring rousing songs and comic acts, while in the United Kingdom the term vaudeville referred to more working-class types of entertainment that would have been termed burlesque . The theatre or other venue in which such entertainment takes place; The type of popular music normally associated with such performances. Contents Origins and development The Eagle Tavern in 1830 Music hall in London had its origins in entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by traditional fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and the Cremorne Gardens . These latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. [1] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed. The most famous London saloon of the early days was the Grecian Saloon, established in 1825, at The Eagle (a former tea-garden), 2 Shepherdess Walk, off the City Road in north London. [2] According to John Hollingshead , proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London (originally the Strand Music Hall), this establishment was "the father and mother, the dry and wet nurse of the Music Hall". Later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with the somewhat mysterious lyrics: Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle That's the way the money goes Pop goes the weasel . [3] The interior of Wilton's (here, being set for a wedding). The lines of tables give some idea of how early Music Halls were used as supper clubs. Another famous "song and supper" room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms , 43 King Street, Covent Garden , established in the 1840s by W.H. Evans. This venue was also known as 'Evans Late Joys' - Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand , the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden and the Mogul Saloon in Drury Lane [1] . The music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. Such establishments were distinguished from theatres by the fact that in a music hall you would be seated at a table in the auditorium and could drink alcohol and smoke tobacco whilst watching the show. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls and there was a separate bar-room. An exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre , Hoxton (1841) which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a music hall, this famous establishment later hosted music hall variety acts. [4] The first music halls Interior of the Canterbury Hall , opened 1852 in Lambeth The establishment often regarded as the first true music hall was the the Canterbury , 143 Westminster Bridge Road , Lambeth built by Charles Morton , afterwards dubbed "the Father of the Halls", on the site of a skittle alley next to his pub, the Canterbury Tavern. It opened on 17 May 1852: described as "the most significant date in all the history of music hall". [5] The hall looked like most contemporary pub concert rooms, but its replacement in 1854 was of then unprecedented size. It was further extended in 1859, later rebuilt as a variety theatre and finally destroyed by bombing in 1942. [6] Another early music hall was The Middlesex, Drury Lane (1851). Popularly known as the 'Old Mo', it was built on the site of the Mogul Saloon. Later converted into a theatre it was demolished in 1965. The New London Theatre stands on its site. [7] Several large music halls were built in the East End . These included the London Music Hall aka The Shoreditch Empire, 95-99 Shoreditch High Street, (1856-1935). This theatre was rebuilt during 1894 by Frank Matcham, the architect of the Hackney Empire. [8] Another in this area was the Royal Cambridge Music Hall, 136 Commercial Street (1864-1936). Designed by William Finch Hill (the designer of the Britannia theatre in nearby Hoxton), it was rebuilt after a fire in 1898. [9] The construction of Weston's Music Hall , High Holborn (1857), built up on the site of the Six Cans and Punch Bowl Tavern by the licensed victualler of the premises, Henry Weston, signalled that the West End was fruitful territory for the music hall. During 1906 it was rebuilt as a variety theatre and renamed as the Holborn Empire . It was closed as a result of enemy action in the Blitz on the night of 11-12 May 1941 and the building was pulled down in 1960. [10] Significant West End music halls include: The Oxford Music Hall , 14/16 Oxford Street (1861) - built on the site of an old coaching inn called the Boar and Castle by Charles Morton, the pioneer music hall developer of The Canterbury, who with this development brought music hall to the West End . Demolished in 1926. [11] The London Pavilion (1861). Facade of 1885 rebuild still extant. [12] The Alhambra, Leicester Square (1860), in the former premises of the London Panopticon. This sophisticated venue was noted for its alluring corps de ballet and was a focal point for West End pleasure seekers. It was demolished in 1936. [13] Other large suburban music halls included: The Old Bedford, 123-133 High Street, Camden Town (1861). Built on the site of the tea gardens of a pub called the Bedford Arms. The Bedford was a favourite haunt of the artists known as the Camden Town Group headed by Walter Sickert who featured interior scenes of music halls in his paintings, including one entitled 'Little Dot Hetherington at The Old Bedford'. The Old Bedford was demolished in 1969. [14] Collins', Islington Green (1862). Opened by Sam Collins, in 1862, as the Lansdowne Music Hall, converting the pre-existing Lansdowne Arms public house, it was renamed as Collins' Music Hall in 1863. It was colloquially known as 'The Chapel on the Green'. Collins was a star of his own theatre, singing mostly Irish songs specially composed for him. It closed in 1956, after a fire, but the street front of the building still survives (see below). [15] Deacons in Clerkenwell (1862). A noted music hall entrepreneur of this time was Carlo Gatti who built a music hall, known as Gatti's, at Hungerford Market in 1857. He sold the music hall to South Eastern Railway in 1862, and the site became Charing Cross railway station . With the proceeds from selling his first music hall, Gatti acquired a restaurant in Westminster Bridge Road , opposite The Canterbury music hall. He converted the restaurant into a second Gatti's music hall, known as "Gatti's-in-the-Road", in 1865. It later became a cinema. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War , and was demolished in 1950. In 1867, he acquired a public house in Villiers Street named "The Arches", under the arches of the elevated railway line leading to Charing Cross station. He opened it as another music hall, known as " Gatti's-in-The-Arches ". After his death his family continued to operate the music hall, known for a period as the Hungerford or Gatti's Hungerford Palace of Varieties. It became a cinema in 1910, and the Players' Theatre in 1946. [16] By 1865 there were thirty-two music halls in London seating between 500 to 5000 people plus an unknown, but large, number of smaller venues. In 1878 numbers peaked, with seventy-eight large music halls in the metropolis and 300 smaller venues. Thereafter numbers declined due to stricter licensing restrictions imposed by the Metropolitan Board of Works and LCC , and because of commercial competition between popular large suburban halls and the smaller venues, which put the latter out of business. [17] Variety theatre A new era of ' variety theatre ' was developed by the rebuilding of the London Pavilion in 1885. Contemporary accounts noted : “ Hitherto the halls had borne unmistakeable evidence of their origins, but the last vestiges of their old connections were now thrown aside, and they emerged in all the splendour of their new-born glory. The highest efforts of the architect, the designer and the decorator were enlisted in their service, and the gaudy and tawdry music hall of the past gave way to the resplendent 'theatre of varieties' of the present day, with its classic exterior of marble and freestone, its lavishly appointed auditorium and its elegant and luxurious foyers and promenades brilliantly illuminated by myriad electric lights „ —Charles Stuart and A.J. Park The Variety Stage (1895) One of the most famous of these new palaces of pleasure in the West End was the Empire, Leicester Square , built as a theatre in 1884 but acquiring a music hall licence in 1887. Like the nearby Alhambra this theatre appealed to the men of leisure by featuring alluring ballet dancers and had a notorious promenade which was the resort of courtesans. Another spectacular example of the new variety theatre was the Tivoli in the Strand built 1888-90 in an eclectic neo-Romanesque style with Baroque and Moorish-Indian embellishments. "The Tivoli" became a brand name for music-halls all over the British Empire. [18] During 1892, the Royal English Opera House, which had been a financial failure in Shaftesbury Avenue , applied for a music hall license and was converted by Walter Emden into a grand music hall and renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties , managed by Charles Morton . [19] . Denied by the newly created LCC permission to construct the promenade, which was such a popular feature of the Empire and Alhambra, the Palace compensated in the way of adult entertainment by featuring apparently nude women in tableau vivants , though the concerned LCC hastened to reassure patrons that the girls who featured in these displays were actually wearing flesh toned body stockings and were not naked at all. [20] One of the grandest of these new halls was the Coliseum Theatre built by Oswald Stoll in 1904 at the bottom of St Martin's Lane . [21] This was followed by the London Palladium (1910) in Little Argyll Street. Both were designed by the prolific Frank Matcham . [22] As Music Hall grew in popularity and respectability, and as the licensing authorities exercised ever firmer regulation, [23] the original arrangement of a large hall with tables at which drink was served, changed to that of a drink-free auditorium . The acceptance of Music Hall as a legitimate cultural form was established by the first Royal Variety Performance before King George V during 1912 at the Palace Theatre. However, consistent with this new respectability the best-known music hall entertainer of the time, Marie Lloyd , was not invited, being deemed too 'saucy' for presentation to the monarchy. [24] 'Music Hall War' of 1907 The development of syndicates controlling a number of theatres, such as the Stoll circuit, increased tensions between employees and employers. On 22 January 1907, a dispute between artists, stage hands and managers of the Holborn Empire worsened. Strikes in other London and suburban halls followed, organised by the Variety Artistes' Federation. The strike lasted for almost two weeks and was known as the Music Hall War. [25] It became extremely well known, and was advocated enthusiastically by the main spokesmen of the trade union and Labour movement - Ben Tillett and Keir Hardie for example. The strike ended in arbitration, which satisfied most of the main demands, including a minimum wage and maximum working week for musicians. 1907 poster from the Music Hall War between artists and theatre managers Several music hall entertainers such as Marie Dainton , Marie Lloyd , Arthur Roberts , Joe Elvin and Gus Elen were strong advocates of the strike, though they themselves earned enough not to be concerned personally in a material sense. [26] Lloyd explained her advocacy: “ We (the stars) can dictate our own terms. We are fighting not for ourselves, but for the poorer members of the profession, earning thirty shillings to £3 a week. For this they have to do double turns, and now matinées have been added as well. These poor things have been compelled to submit to unfair terms of employment, and I mean to back up the federation in whatever steps are taken. „ —Marie Lloyd, on the Music Hall War [27] [28] The pressure for greater rewards for music hall songwriters resulted in the application of copyright law to musical compositions. This in turn increased the profitability of the music publication industry, and the sale of music in printed form. The term " Tin Pan Alley " for the music publication industry gained currency from the practice of rival publishers of banging together pots and pans in order to disrupt their competitors' musical auditions.[citation needed] The music publishers at the time (Feldman, Francis and Day...) were large, extremely profitable companies. They sold the right to sing songs to particular artists, and no other person had the right to sing the songs in public. Recruiting See also Recruitment to the British Army during World War I World War I may have been the high-water-mark of music hall popularity. The artists and composers threw themselves into rallying public support and enthusiasm for the war effort. Patriotic music hall compositions like Keep the Home Fires Burning ( 1914 ), Pack up Your Troubles ( 1915 ), It's a Long Way to Tipperary ( 1914 ) and We Don't Want to Lose You (but we think you ought to Go), were sung by music hall audiences, and sometimes by soldiers in the trenches. [29] Many songs promoted recruitment (All the boys in khaki get the nice girls, 1915); others satirized particular elements of the war experience. What did you do in the Great war, Daddy ( 1916 ) criticized profiteers and slackers; Vesta Tilley 's I've got a bit of a blighty one ( 1916 ) showed a soldier delighted to have a wound just serious enough to be sent home. The rhymes give a sense of grim humour (When they wipe my face with sponges/ and they feed me on blancmanges / I'm glad I've got a bit of a blighty one). [30] Tilley became more popular than ever during this time, when she and her husband, Walter de Frece , managed a military recruitment drive. In the guise of characters like Tommy in the Trench and Jack Tar Home from Sea, Tilley performed songs like The army of today's all right and Jolly Good Luck to the Girl who Loves a Soldier. This is how she got the nickname Britain's best recruiting sergeant - young men were sometimes asked to join the army on stage during her show. She also performed in hospitals and sold War Bonds . Her husband was knighted in 1919 for his own services to the war effort, with Tilley becoming Lady de Frece. [31] Possibly the most notorious of music hall songs from the First World War was Oh! It's a lovely war ( 1917 ), popularised by male impersonator Ella Shields . Decline Music hall continued during the interwar period , but no longer as the single dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain. The improvement of cinema , the development of radio, and the cheapening of the gramophone damaged its popularity greatly. It now had to compete with Jazz , Swing and Big Band dance music. Licensing restrictions also changed its character. In 1914 the LCC enacted that drinking be banished from the auditorium into a separate bar and during 1923 even the separate bar was abolished by parliamentary decree. The exemption of the theatres from this latter act prompted some critics to denounce this legislation as an attempt to deprive the working classes of their pleasures, as a form of social control, whilst sparing the supposedly more responsible upper classes who patronised the theatres (though this could be due to the licensing restrictions brought about due to the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , which also applied to public houses as well). [32] Even so, the music hall gave rise to such major stars as George Formby , Gracie Fields , Max Miller , and Flanagan and Allen during this period. After World War II , competition from television and other musical idioms, including Rock and Roll , caused the slow demise of the British music halls, despite some attempts to retain an audience by putting on striptease acts. During 1957, the playwright John Osborne delivered this elegy [33] : “ The music hall is dying, and with it, a significant part of England. Some of the heart of England has gone; something that once belonged to everyone, for this was truly a folk art. ” —John Osbourne, The Entertainer (1957) Moss Empires , the largest British Music Hall chain, closed the majority of its theatres in 1960, closely followed by the death of music hall stalwart Max Miller in 1963, prompting one contemporary to write that: "Music-halls...died this afternoon when they buried Max Miller". [34] [35] Stage and film musicals , however, continued to be influenced by the music hall idiom. Oliver! , Dr Dolittle , My Fair Lady , and many other musicals were influenced by music hall. The BBC series The Good Old Days , which ran for thirty years, recreated the music hall for the modern audience, and the Paul Daniels Magic Show allowed several speciality acts a television presence from 1979 to 1994. Aimed at a younger audience, but still owing a lot to the music hall heritage, was the late '70s series The Muppet Show . [36] History of the songs The musical forms most associated with music hall evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama, becoming by the 1850s a distinct musical style. Subject matter became more contemporary and humorous, and accompaniment was provided by larger house-orchestras as increasing affluence gave the lower classes more access to commercial entertainment and to a wider range of musical instruments, including the piano . The consequent change in musical taste from traditional to more professional forms of entertainment arose in response to the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of previously rural populations during the industrial revolution . The newly created urban communities, cut off from their cultural roots, required new and readily accessible forms of entertainment [37] . Music halls were originally tavern rooms which provided entertainment, in the form of music and speciality acts, for their patrons. By the middle years of the nineteenth century the first purpose-built music halls were being built in London . The halls created a demand for new and catchy popular songs that could no longer be met from the traditional folk song repertoire. Professional songwriters were enlisted to fill the gap. The emergence of a distinct music hall style can be credited to a fusion of musical influences. Music hall songs needed to gain and hold the attention of an often jaded and unruly urban audience. In America from the 1840s Stephen Foster had reinvigorated folk song with the admixture of Negro spiritual to produce a new type of popular song. Songs like Old Folks at Home (1851) [38] and Golden Slippers ( James Bland, 1879 ) [39] spread round the globe, taking with them the idiom and appurtenances of the minstrel song. Other influences on the rapidly-developing music hall idiom were Irish and European music, particularly the jig , polka , and waltz . Typically a music hall song consists of a series of verses sung by the performer alone, and a repeated chorus which carries the principal melody , and in which the audience is encouraged to join. In Britain, the first music hall songs often promoted the alcoholic wares of the owners of the halls in which they were performed. Songs like Glorious Beer [40] , and the first major music hall success, Champagne Charlie (1867) had a major influence in establishing the new art form. The tune of Champagne Charlie became used for the Salvation Army hymn Bless His Name, He Sets Me Free (1881). When asked why the tune should be used like this, William Booth is said to have replied, Why should the devil have all the good tunes?. The people the Army sought to save, knew nothing of the hymn tunes or gospel melodies used in the churches, but "the music hall had been their melody school" [41] . By the 1870s the songs were free of their folk music origins, and particular songs also started to become associated with particular singers, often with exclusive contracts with the songwriter, just as many pop songs are today. Towards the end of the style the music became influenced by ragtime and jazz , before being overtaken by them. Music hall songs were often composed with their working class audiences in mind. Songs like My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) , Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road, and Waiting at the Church, expressed in melodic form situations with which the urban poor were very familiar. Music Hall songs could be romantic, patriotic, humorous or sentimental, as the need arose [37] . The most popular Music Hall songs became the basis for the Pub songs of the typical Cockney " knees up ". Although a number of songs show a sharply ironic and knowing view of working class life, no doubt a larger number were repetitive, derivative, written quickly and sung to make a living rather than a work of art. Famous music hall songs Harry Wincott , writer of "The Old Dun Cow" Music hall comedy The typical music hall comedian was a man or woman, usually dressed 'in character' to suit the subject of the song, or sometimes attired in absurd and eccentric style. Until well into the twentieth century the acts were essentially vocal, with songs telling a story, accompanied by a minimum of patter. They included a variety of genres, including: Lions Comiques: essentially, men dressed as a 'toff', who sang songs about drinking champagne, going to the races, going to the ball, womanising and gambling, and living the life of an Aristocrat. Male and female impersonators , perhaps more in the style of a pantomime dame than a modern drag queen . Nevertheless these included some more sophisticated performers such as Vesta Tilley , whose male impersonations communicated real social commentary. 'Stand up', spoken wisecracking acts and double acts with one performer being prompted and interrupted by a 'straight' partner, belong to later developments, derived partly from pantomime and partly from the importation of American comedy styles. The phrases 'I don't wish to know that!' and 'kindly leave the stage!' and some of today's habits, such as finishing on a song, belong to this later period. Inter-war radio programmes such as Band Waggon adapted the music hall and variety traditions to the new medium, while later, 'The Goon Show' took radio comedy into the surreal. Early television variety shows picked up some of the pieces, but this was at a time when music hall was already on its last legs. Nearer to today, the spirit of music hall genre has enjoyed a new kind of life in television's The Muppet Show . Speciality acts The vocal content of the music hall bills, was, from the beginning, accompanied by many other kinds of act, some of them quite weird and wonderful. These were known collectively as speciality acts (abbreviated to 'spesh'), which, over time, have included: Jules Léotard - The Daring Young man on the Flying Trapeze Aerial acts , of the sort usually seen at the Circus Adagio: essentially a sort of cross between a dance act and a juggling act, consisting usually of a male dancer who threw a slim, pretty young girl around. Some aspects of modern dance choreography evolved from Adagio acts [42] . The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America a London based theatre charity, strives to care for and restore the final resting places of Music Hall artistes. Cultural influences of music hall: Literature, drama, screen, and later music The music hall has been evoked in many films, plays, TV series and books. About half of the film Those Were The Days (1934) is set in a music hall. It was based on a farce by Pinero and features the music hall acts of Lily Morris , Harry Bedford , the gymnasts Gaston & Andre, G.H. Elliott, Sam Curtis and Frank Boston & Betty. A music hall with a 'memory man' act provides a pivotal plot device in the classic 1935 Hitchcock thriller The 39 Steps [43] . The Arthur Askey comedy film I Thank You (1941) features old time music hall star Lily Morris as an ex-music hall artiste now ennobled as "Lady Randall". In the last scene of the film, however, she reverts to type and gives a rendition of "Waiting at the Church" at an impromptu concert at Aldwych tube station organised by Askey and his side-kick Richard "Stinker" Murdoch . The Victorian era of music hall was celebrated by the 1944 film Champagne Charlie [44] . Charlie Chaplin's 1952 film Limelight , set in 1914 London, evokes the music hall world of Chaplin's youth where he performed as comedian before he achieved worldwide celebrity as a film star in America. The film depicts the last performance of a washed-up music hall clown called Calvero at The Empire theatre, Leicester Square. The film premiered at the Empire Cinema, which was built on the same site as the Empire theatre [45] . The Good Old Days (1953 to 1983) was a popular BBC television light entertainment programme recorded live at the Leeds City Varieties which recreated an authentic atmosphere of the Victorian–Edwardian music hall with songs and sketches of the era performed by present-day performers in the style of the original artistes. The audience dressed in period costume and joined in the singing, especially the singing of Down at the Old Bull and Bush which closed the show. The show was compered by Leonard Sachs who introduced the acts. In the course of its run it featured about 2000 artists. The show was first broadcast on 20 July 1953. The Good Old Days was inspired by the success of the Ridgeway's Late Joys at the Players' Theatre Club in London: a private members' club that ran fortnightly programmes of variety acts in London's West End [46] . John Osborne 's play The Entertainer (1957) portrays the life and work of a failing third-rate music hall stage performer who tries to keep his career going even as his personal life falls apart. The story is set at the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956, against the backdrop of the dying music hall tradition, and has been seen as symbolic of Britain's general post-war decline, its loss of its Empire, its power, and its cultural confidence and identity. It was made into a film in 1960 starring Laurence Olivier in the title role of Archie Rice [47] . In Grip of the Strangler (1958), set in Victorian London, the raunchy can-can dancers and loose women of the sleazy "Judas Hole" music hall are terrorised by the Haymarket Strangler, played by Boris Karloff . J. B. Priestley 's 1965 novel Lost Empires also evokes the world of Edwardian music hall just before the start of World War I; the title is a reference to the Empire theatres (as well as foreshadowing the decline of the British Empire itself). It was recently adapted as a television miniseries, shown in both the UK and in the U.S. as a PBS presentation. Priestley's 1929 novel The Good Companions , set in the same period, follows the lives of the members of a "concert party" or touring "Pierrot troupe". The parodic film Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), based on the stage musical Oh, What a Lovely War! (1963) by Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop , featured the music hall turns and songs that had provided support for the British war effort in World War I [48] . The popular British television series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971-1975) and its spin-off Thomas & Sarah (1979) each dealt frequently with the world of the Edwardian music hall, sometimes through references to actual Edwardian era performers such as Vesta Tilley or to characters on the show attending performances, and other times through the experiences of the popular character Sarah Moffat , who left domestic service several times and often ended up going on stage to support herself when she did. Between 1978 and 1984 BBC television broadcast two series of programmes called The Old Boy Network [49] . These featured a star (usually a Music Hall performer, but also some younger turns like Eric Sykes ) performing some of their best known routines while giving a slide show of their life story. Artistes featured included Arthur Askey , Tommy Trinder , Sandy Powell , and Chesney Allen . The modern Players' Theatre Club provides a brief impression of contemporary music hall in the film The Fourth Angel, where Jeremy Irons ' character creates an alibi by visiting a show [50] . Sarah Waters 's book Tipping the Velvet (1998) revolves around the world of music halls in the late Victorian era, and in particular around two fictional "mashers" ( drag kings ) named Kitty Butler and Nan King [51] . Music hall had a profound influence on the Beatles through Paul McCartney , who is himself the son of a music hall performer (Jim McCartney, who led Jim Mac's Jazz Band). Many of McCartney's songs are indistinguishable from music hall except in their instrumentation. When I'm Sixty-Four and Honey Pie are two fine examples. Herman's Hermits , led by Peter Noone , also incorporated music hall into their repertoire, scoring a major hit with their cover of the Harry Champion music hall standard I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am in 1965 (but Noone's version included only the chorus, not the many verses of the original). In James Joyce 's short story The Boarding House , Mrs. Mooney's boarding-house in Hardwicke Street accommodates "occasionally (...) artistes from the music halls". The Sunday night "reunions" with Jack Mooney in the drawing-room create a certain atmosphere. In Vivian Stanshall and Ki Longfellow-Stanshall's musical, Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera , the lead performer is an aging music hall artiste named Soliquisto. Legendary soul singer Michael Jackson openly admitted his admiration for music hall performers such as Charlie Chaplin . Garry Bushell 's punk pathetique band, The Gonads, did rock versions of music hall songs. Many punk pathetique acts were idebted to the music hall tradition. Surviving music halls The Hackney Empire, August 2005 London was the centre of Music Hall with hundreds of venues, often in the entertainment rooms of public houses. With the decline in popularity of Music Hall, many were abandoned, or converted to other uses, such as cinemas and their interiors lost. There are a number of purpose built survivors, including the Hackney Empire , an outstanding example of the late Music Hall period ( Frank Matcham 1901). This has been restored to its moorish splendour and now provides an eclectic programme of events from opera to "Black Variety Nights". A mile to the south is Hoxton Hall an 1863 example of the saloon-style. It is unrestored but maintained in its original layout, and currently used as a community centre and theatre [52] . In the neighbouring borough, Collins Music Hall (built about 1860) still stands on the North side of Islington Green. The hall closed in the 1960s and currently forms part of a bookshop [53] . In Clapham , The Grand, originally the 1900 'Grand Palace of Varieties', has been restored, but its interior reflects its modern use as a music venue and nightclub [54] . The Greenwich Theatre was originally the 'Rose and Crown Music Hall' (1855), and later became 'Crowder's Music Hall and Temple of Varieties'. The building has been extensively modernised and little of the original layout remains [55] . In the nondescript Grace's Alley, off Cable Street, Stepney stands Wilton's Music Hall . This 1858 example of the giant pub hall survived use as a church, fire, flood and war intact, but was virtually derelict, after its use as a rag warehouse, in the 1960s. The Wilton's Music Hall Trust has embarked on a fund-raising campaign to restore the building [56] . In June 2007 the World Monuments Fund added the building to its list of the world's "100 most endangered sites". [57] Many of these buildings can be seen as part of the annual London Open House event. 1904 London Coliseum, Matcham theatre with London's widest proscenium arch There are also surviving music halls outside London, a notable example is the Leeds City Varieties (1865) with a preserved interior. This was used for many years as the setting for the BBC television variety show, based on the music hall genre, The Good Old Days . The Alhambra Theatre, Bradford was built in 1914 for theatre impresario Frank Laidler, and later owned by the Stoll - Moss Empire'. It was restored in 1986, and is a fine example of the late Edwardian style . It is now a receiving theatre for touring productions, and opera [58] . In Northern Ireland , the Grand Opera House (Belfast) . Frank Matcham 1895, was preserved and restored in the 1980s [59] .The Gaiety Theatre , Isle of Man is another Matcham design from 1900 [60] that remains in use after an extensive restoration programme in the 1970s. In Glasgow , the Britannia Music Hall (1857), by architects Thomas Gildard and H.M. McFarlane remains standing, with much of the theatre intact but in a poor state having closed in 1938. There is a preservation trust attempting to rescue the theatre [61] . One of the few fully functional music hall entertainments, is at the Brick Lane Music Hall in a former church in North Woolwich . The Players' Theatre Club is another group performing a Victorian style Music Hall show at a variety of venues and The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America stage music hall-style entertainments.[citation needed] See also Alexander, John, Tearing Tickets Twice Nightly:The Last Days of Variety (Arcady Press, 2002) Bailey, Peter, ed., Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure, (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1986) Bergen, Edgar, How To Become a Ventriloquist, (Mineola: Dover Publications, 2000) Bratton, J.S., ed., Music Hall: Performance & Style (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1986) Bruce, Frank, More Variety Days: Fairs, Fit-ups, Music hall, Variety Theatre, Clubs, Cruises and Cabaret (Edinburgh, Tod Press, 2000) Busby, Roy, British Music Hall: An Illustrated Who's Who from 1850 to the Present Day (London: Paul Elek, 1976) Cheshire, D.F., Music Hall in Britain, (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974) Connor, Steven, Dumbstruck: A Cultural History of Ventriloquism (Oxford University Press, 2000) Earl, John, British Theatres and Music Halls (Princes Risborough, Shire, 2005) Earl, John and Stanton, John, The Canterbury Hall and Theatre of Varieties (Cambridge, Chadwyck-Healy 1982) Earl, John and Sell, Michael (eds.) The Theatres Trust Guide to British Theatres, 1750-1950 (A & C Black Publishers Ltd, 2000) Garrett, John M., Sixty Years of British Music Hall, (London, Chappell & Company in association with Andre Deutsch, 1976) Green, Benny, ed., The Last Empires: A Music Hall Companion (London, Pavilion Books Ltd. in association with Michael Joseph Ltd., 1986) Honri, Peter John Wilton's Music Hall, The Handsomest Room in Town (1985) Howard, Diana London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950 (1970) Hudd, Roy, Music Hall (London, Eyre Methuen, 1976) Maloney, Paul, Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850-1914 (Manchester University Press, 2003) Mander, Raymond, and Mitchenson, Joe, British Music Hall (London, Gentry Books, 1974) Mellor, G.J., The Northern Music Hall (Newcastle Upon Tyne, Frank Graham, 1970) Mellor, G.J., They Made us Laugh: A Compendium Of Comedians Whose Memories Remain Alive (Littleborough, George Kelsall, 1982) O'Gorman, Brian, Laughter in the Roar: Reminiscences of Variety and Pantomime (Weybridge, B. O'Gorman, 1998) Scott, Harold, The Early Doors: origins of the music hall (London, Nicholson & Watson 1946) Stuart, C D and Park, A J, The Variety Stage (London, Unwin 1895) Wilmut, Roger, Kindly Leave The Stage - The story of Variety 1919-1960 (London, Methuen 1985) External links	Marie Lloyd
'Somebody, Someday' is the autobiography of which British male singer?	Music hall : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Strand, London Did you know ... More interesting facts on Music hall Include this on your site/blog: Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the British form of theatre and the venues associated with it. For other uses of the term Music Hall, see Music Hall (disambiguation) . The Oxford Music Hall, ca. 1875 Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960. The term can refer to: A particular form of variety entertainment involving a mixture of popular song, comedy and speciality acts . British music hall was similar to American vaudeville , featuring rousing songs and comic acts, while in the United Kingdom the term vaudeville referred to more working-class types of entertainment that would have been termed burlesque . The theatre or other venue in which such entertainment takes place; The type of popular music normally associated with such performances. Contents Origins and development The Eagle Tavern in 1830 Music hall in London had its origins in entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by traditional fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and the Cremorne Gardens . These latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. [1] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed. The most famous London saloon of the early days was the Grecian Saloon, established in 1825, at The Eagle (a former tea-garden), 2 Shepherdess Walk, off the City Road in north London. [2] According to John Hollingshead , proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London (originally the Strand Music Hall), this establishment was "the father and mother, the dry and wet nurse of the Music Hall". Later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with the somewhat mysterious lyrics: Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle That's the way the money goes Pop goes the weasel . [3] The interior of Wilton's (here, being set for a wedding). The lines of tables give some idea of how early Music Halls were used as supper clubs. Another famous "song and supper" room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms , 43 King Street, Covent Garden , established in the 1840s by W.H. Evans. This venue was also known as 'Evans Late Joys' - Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand , the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden and the Mogul Saloon in Drury Lane [1] . The music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. Such establishments were distinguished from theatres by the fact that in a music hall you would be seated at a table in the auditorium and could drink alcohol and smoke tobacco whilst watching the show. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls and there was a separate bar-room. An exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre , Hoxton (1841) which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a music hall, this famous establishment later hosted music hall variety acts. [4] The first music halls Interior of the Canterbury Hall , opened 1852 in Lambeth The establishment often regarded as the first true music hall was the the Canterbury , 143 Westminster Bridge Road , Lambeth built by Charles Morton , afterwards dubbed "the Father of the Halls", on the site of a skittle alley next to his pub, the Canterbury Tavern. It opened on 17 May 1852: described as "the most significant date in all the history of music hall". [5] The hall looked like most contemporary pub concert rooms, but its replacement in 1854 was of then unprecedented size. It was further extended in 1859, later rebuilt as a variety theatre and finally destroyed by bombing in 1942. [6] Another early music hall was The Middlesex, Drury Lane (1851). Popularly known as the 'Old Mo', it was built on the site of the Mogul Saloon. Later converted into a theatre it was demolished in 1965. The New London Theatre stands on its site. [7] Several large music halls were built in the East End . These included the London Music Hall aka The Shoreditch Empire, 95-99 Shoreditch High Street, (1856-1935). This theatre was rebuilt during 1894 by Frank Matcham, the architect of the Hackney Empire. [8] Another in this area was the Royal Cambridge Music Hall, 136 Commercial Street (1864-1936). Designed by William Finch Hill (the designer of the Britannia theatre in nearby Hoxton), it was rebuilt after a fire in 1898. [9] The construction of Weston's Music Hall , High Holborn (1857), built up on the site of the Six Cans and Punch Bowl Tavern by the licensed victualler of the premises, Henry Weston, signalled that the West End was fruitful territory for the music hall. During 1906 it was rebuilt as a variety theatre and renamed as the Holborn Empire . It was closed as a result of enemy action in the Blitz on the night of 11-12 May 1941 and the building was pulled down in 1960. [10] Significant West End music halls include: The Oxford Music Hall , 14/16 Oxford Street (1861) - built on the site of an old coaching inn called the Boar and Castle by Charles Morton, the pioneer music hall developer of The Canterbury, who with this development brought music hall to the West End . Demolished in 1926. [11] The London Pavilion (1861). Facade of 1885 rebuild still extant. [12] The Alhambra, Leicester Square (1860), in the former premises of the London Panopticon. This sophisticated venue was noted for its alluring corps de ballet and was a focal point for West End pleasure seekers. It was demolished in 1936. [13] Other large suburban music halls included: The Old Bedford, 123-133 High Street, Camden Town (1861). Built on the site of the tea gardens of a pub called the Bedford Arms. The Bedford was a favourite haunt of the artists known as the Camden Town Group headed by Walter Sickert who featured interior scenes of music halls in his paintings, including one entitled 'Little Dot Hetherington at The Old Bedford'. The Old Bedford was demolished in 1969. [14] Collins', Islington Green (1862). Opened by Sam Collins, in 1862, as the Lansdowne Music Hall, converting the pre-existing Lansdowne Arms public house, it was renamed as Collins' Music Hall in 1863. It was colloquially known as 'The Chapel on the Green'. Collins was a star of his own theatre, singing mostly Irish songs specially composed for him. It closed in 1956, after a fire, but the street front of the building still survives (see below). [15] Deacons in Clerkenwell (1862). A noted music hall entrepreneur of this time was Carlo Gatti who built a music hall, known as Gatti's, at Hungerford Market in 1857. He sold the music hall to South Eastern Railway in 1862, and the site became Charing Cross railway station . With the proceeds from selling his first music hall, Gatti acquired a restaurant in Westminster Bridge Road , opposite The Canterbury music hall. He converted the restaurant into a second Gatti's music hall, known as "Gatti's-in-the-Road", in 1865. It later became a cinema. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War , and was demolished in 1950. In 1867, he acquired a public house in Villiers Street named "The Arches", under the arches of the elevated railway line leading to Charing Cross station. He opened it as another music hall, known as " Gatti's-in-The-Arches ". After his death his family continued to operate the music hall, known for a period as the Hungerford or Gatti's Hungerford Palace of Varieties. It became a cinema in 1910, and the Players' Theatre in 1946. [16] By 1865 there were thirty-two music halls in London seating between 500 to 5000 people plus an unknown, but large, number of smaller venues. In 1878 numbers peaked, with seventy-eight large music halls in the metropolis and 300 smaller venues. Thereafter numbers declined due to stricter licensing restrictions imposed by the Metropolitan Board of Works and LCC , and because of commercial competition between popular large suburban halls and the smaller venues, which put the latter out of business. [17] Variety theatre A new era of ' variety theatre ' was developed by the rebuilding of the London Pavilion in 1885. Contemporary accounts noted : “ Hitherto the halls had borne unmistakeable evidence of their origins, but the last vestiges of their old connections were now thrown aside, and they emerged in all the splendour of their new-born glory. The highest efforts of the architect, the designer and the decorator were enlisted in their service, and the gaudy and tawdry music hall of the past gave way to the resplendent 'theatre of varieties' of the present day, with its classic exterior of marble and freestone, its lavishly appointed auditorium and its elegant and luxurious foyers and promenades brilliantly illuminated by myriad electric lights „ —Charles Stuart and A.J. Park The Variety Stage (1895) One of the most famous of these new palaces of pleasure in the West End was the Empire, Leicester Square , built as a theatre in 1884 but acquiring a music hall licence in 1887. Like the nearby Alhambra this theatre appealed to the men of leisure by featuring alluring ballet dancers and had a notorious promenade which was the resort of courtesans. Another spectacular example of the new variety theatre was the Tivoli in the Strand built 1888-90 in an eclectic neo-Romanesque style with Baroque and Moorish-Indian embellishments. "The Tivoli" became a brand name for music-halls all over the British Empire. [18] During 1892, the Royal English Opera House, which had been a financial failure in Shaftesbury Avenue , applied for a music hall license and was converted by Walter Emden into a grand music hall and renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties , managed by Charles Morton . [19] . Denied by the newly created LCC permission to construct the promenade, which was such a popular feature of the Empire and Alhambra, the Palace compensated in the way of adult entertainment by featuring apparently nude women in tableau vivants , though the concerned LCC hastened to reassure patrons that the girls who featured in these displays were actually wearing flesh toned body stockings and were not naked at all. [20] One of the grandest of these new halls was the Coliseum Theatre built by Oswald Stoll in 1904 at the bottom of St Martin's Lane . [21] This was followed by the London Palladium (1910) in Little Argyll Street. Both were designed by the prolific Frank Matcham . [22] As Music Hall grew in popularity and respectability, and as the licensing authorities exercised ever firmer regulation, [23] the original arrangement of a large hall with tables at which drink was served, changed to that of a drink-free auditorium . The acceptance of Music Hall as a legitimate cultural form was established by the first Royal Variety Performance before King George V during 1912 at the Palace Theatre. However, consistent with this new respectability the best-known music hall entertainer of the time, Marie Lloyd , was not invited, being deemed too 'saucy' for presentation to the monarchy. [24] 'Music Hall War' of 1907 The development of syndicates controlling a number of theatres, such as the Stoll circuit, increased tensions between employees and employers. On 22 January 1907, a dispute between artists, stage hands and managers of the Holborn Empire worsened. Strikes in other London and suburban halls followed, organised by the Variety Artistes' Federation. The strike lasted for almost two weeks and was known as the Music Hall War. [25] It became extremely well known, and was advocated enthusiastically by the main spokesmen of the trade union and Labour movement - Ben Tillett and Keir Hardie for example. The strike ended in arbitration, which satisfied most of the main demands, including a minimum wage and maximum working week for musicians. 1907 poster from the Music Hall War between artists and theatre managers Several music hall entertainers such as Marie Dainton , Marie Lloyd , Arthur Roberts , Joe Elvin and Gus Elen were strong advocates of the strike, though they themselves earned enough not to be concerned personally in a material sense. [26] Lloyd explained her advocacy: “ We (the stars) can dictate our own terms. We are fighting not for ourselves, but for the poorer members of the profession, earning thirty shillings to £3 a week. For this they have to do double turns, and now matinées have been added as well. These poor things have been compelled to submit to unfair terms of employment, and I mean to back up the federation in whatever steps are taken. „ —Marie Lloyd, on the Music Hall War [27] [28] The pressure for greater rewards for music hall songwriters resulted in the application of copyright law to musical compositions. This in turn increased the profitability of the music publication industry, and the sale of music in printed form. The term " Tin Pan Alley " for the music publication industry gained currency from the practice of rival publishers of banging together pots and pans in order to disrupt their competitors' musical auditions.[citation needed] The music publishers at the time (Feldman, Francis and Day...) were large, extremely profitable companies. They sold the right to sing songs to particular artists, and no other person had the right to sing the songs in public. Recruiting See also Recruitment to the British Army during World War I World War I may have been the high-water-mark of music hall popularity. The artists and composers threw themselves into rallying public support and enthusiasm for the war effort. Patriotic music hall compositions like Keep the Home Fires Burning ( 1914 ), Pack up Your Troubles ( 1915 ), It's a Long Way to Tipperary ( 1914 ) and We Don't Want to Lose You (but we think you ought to Go), were sung by music hall audiences, and sometimes by soldiers in the trenches. [29] Many songs promoted recruitment (All the boys in khaki get the nice girls, 1915); others satirized particular elements of the war experience. What did you do in the Great war, Daddy ( 1916 ) criticized profiteers and slackers; Vesta Tilley 's I've got a bit of a blighty one ( 1916 ) showed a soldier delighted to have a wound just serious enough to be sent home. The rhymes give a sense of grim humour (When they wipe my face with sponges/ and they feed me on blancmanges / I'm glad I've got a bit of a blighty one). [30] Tilley became more popular than ever during this time, when she and her husband, Walter de Frece , managed a military recruitment drive. In the guise of characters like Tommy in the Trench and Jack Tar Home from Sea, Tilley performed songs like The army of today's all right and Jolly Good Luck to the Girl who Loves a Soldier. This is how she got the nickname Britain's best recruiting sergeant - young men were sometimes asked to join the army on stage during her show. She also performed in hospitals and sold War Bonds . Her husband was knighted in 1919 for his own services to the war effort, with Tilley becoming Lady de Frece. [31] Possibly the most notorious of music hall songs from the First World War was Oh! It's a lovely war ( 1917 ), popularised by male impersonator Ella Shields . Decline Music hall continued during the interwar period , but no longer as the single dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain. The improvement of cinema , the development of radio, and the cheapening of the gramophone damaged its popularity greatly. It now had to compete with Jazz , Swing and Big Band dance music. Licensing restrictions also changed its character. In 1914 the LCC enacted that drinking be banished from the auditorium into a separate bar and during 1923 even the separate bar was abolished by parliamentary decree. The exemption of the theatres from this latter act prompted some critics to denounce this legislation as an attempt to deprive the working classes of their pleasures, as a form of social control, whilst sparing the supposedly more responsible upper classes who patronised the theatres (though this could be due to the licensing restrictions brought about due to the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , which also applied to public houses as well). [32] Even so, the music hall gave rise to such major stars as George Formby , Gracie Fields , Max Miller , and Flanagan and Allen during this period. After World War II , competition from television and other musical idioms, including Rock and Roll , caused the slow demise of the British music halls, despite some attempts to retain an audience by putting on striptease acts. During 1957, the playwright John Osborne delivered this elegy [33] : “ The music hall is dying, and with it, a significant part of England. Some of the heart of England has gone; something that once belonged to everyone, for this was truly a folk art. ” —John Osbourne, The Entertainer (1957) Moss Empires , the largest British Music Hall chain, closed the majority of its theatres in 1960, closely followed by the death of music hall stalwart Max Miller in 1963, prompting one contemporary to write that: "Music-halls...died this afternoon when they buried Max Miller". [34] [35] Stage and film musicals , however, continued to be influenced by the music hall idiom. Oliver! , Dr Dolittle , My Fair Lady , and many other musicals were influenced by music hall. The BBC series The Good Old Days , which ran for thirty years, recreated the music hall for the modern audience, and the Paul Daniels Magic Show allowed several speciality acts a television presence from 1979 to 1994. Aimed at a younger audience, but still owing a lot to the music hall heritage, was the late '70s series The Muppet Show . [36] History of the songs The musical forms most associated with music hall evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama, becoming by the 1850s a distinct musical style. Subject matter became more contemporary and humorous, and accompaniment was provided by larger house-orchestras as increasing affluence gave the lower classes more access to commercial entertainment and to a wider range of musical instruments, including the piano . The consequent change in musical taste from traditional to more professional forms of entertainment arose in response to the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of previously rural populations during the industrial revolution . The newly created urban communities, cut off from their cultural roots, required new and readily accessible forms of entertainment [37] . Music halls were originally tavern rooms which provided entertainment, in the form of music and speciality acts, for their patrons. By the middle years of the nineteenth century the first purpose-built music halls were being built in London . The halls created a demand for new and catchy popular songs that could no longer be met from the traditional folk song repertoire. Professional songwriters were enlisted to fill the gap. The emergence of a distinct music hall style can be credited to a fusion of musical influences. Music hall songs needed to gain and hold the attention of an often jaded and unruly urban audience. In America from the 1840s Stephen Foster had reinvigorated folk song with the admixture of Negro spiritual to produce a new type of popular song. Songs like Old Folks at Home (1851) [38] and Golden Slippers ( James Bland, 1879 ) [39] spread round the globe, taking with them the idiom and appurtenances of the minstrel song. Other influences on the rapidly-developing music hall idiom were Irish and European music, particularly the jig , polka , and waltz . Typically a music hall song consists of a series of verses sung by the performer alone, and a repeated chorus which carries the principal melody , and in which the audience is encouraged to join. In Britain, the first music hall songs often promoted the alcoholic wares of the owners of the halls in which they were performed. Songs like Glorious Beer [40] , and the first major music hall success, Champagne Charlie (1867) had a major influence in establishing the new art form. The tune of Champagne Charlie became used for the Salvation Army hymn Bless His Name, He Sets Me Free (1881). When asked why the tune should be used like this, William Booth is said to have replied, Why should the devil have all the good tunes?. The people the Army sought to save, knew nothing of the hymn tunes or gospel melodies used in the churches, but "the music hall had been their melody school" [41] . By the 1870s the songs were free of their folk music origins, and particular songs also started to become associated with particular singers, often with exclusive contracts with the songwriter, just as many pop songs are today. Towards the end of the style the music became influenced by ragtime and jazz , before being overtaken by them. Music hall songs were often composed with their working class audiences in mind. Songs like My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) , Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road, and Waiting at the Church, expressed in melodic form situations with which the urban poor were very familiar. Music Hall songs could be romantic, patriotic, humorous or sentimental, as the need arose [37] . The most popular Music Hall songs became the basis for the Pub songs of the typical Cockney " knees up ". Although a number of songs show a sharply ironic and knowing view of working class life, no doubt a larger number were repetitive, derivative, written quickly and sung to make a living rather than a work of art. Famous music hall songs Harry Wincott , writer of "The Old Dun Cow" Music hall comedy The typical music hall comedian was a man or woman, usually dressed 'in character' to suit the subject of the song, or sometimes attired in absurd and eccentric style. Until well into the twentieth century the acts were essentially vocal, with songs telling a story, accompanied by a minimum of patter. They included a variety of genres, including: Lions Comiques: essentially, men dressed as a 'toff', who sang songs about drinking champagne, going to the races, going to the ball, womanising and gambling, and living the life of an Aristocrat. Male and female impersonators , perhaps more in the style of a pantomime dame than a modern drag queen . Nevertheless these included some more sophisticated performers such as Vesta Tilley , whose male impersonations communicated real social commentary. 'Stand up', spoken wisecracking acts and double acts with one performer being prompted and interrupted by a 'straight' partner, belong to later developments, derived partly from pantomime and partly from the importation of American comedy styles. The phrases 'I don't wish to know that!' and 'kindly leave the stage!' and some of today's habits, such as finishing on a song, belong to this later period. Inter-war radio programmes such as Band Waggon adapted the music hall and variety traditions to the new medium, while later, 'The Goon Show' took radio comedy into the surreal. Early television variety shows picked up some of the pieces, but this was at a time when music hall was already on its last legs. Nearer to today, the spirit of music hall genre has enjoyed a new kind of life in television's The Muppet Show . Speciality acts The vocal content of the music hall bills, was, from the beginning, accompanied by many other kinds of act, some of them quite weird and wonderful. These were known collectively as speciality acts (abbreviated to 'spesh'), which, over time, have included: Jules Léotard - The Daring Young man on the Flying Trapeze Aerial acts , of the sort usually seen at the Circus Adagio: essentially a sort of cross between a dance act and a juggling act, consisting usually of a male dancer who threw a slim, pretty young girl around. Some aspects of modern dance choreography evolved from Adagio acts [42] . The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America a London based theatre charity, strives to care for and restore the final resting places of Music Hall artistes. Cultural influences of music hall: Literature, drama, screen, and later music The music hall has been evoked in many films, plays, TV series and books. About half of the film Those Were The Days (1934) is set in a music hall. It was based on a farce by Pinero and features the music hall acts of Lily Morris , Harry Bedford , the gymnasts Gaston & Andre, G.H. Elliott, Sam Curtis and Frank Boston & Betty. A music hall with a 'memory man' act provides a pivotal plot device in the classic 1935 Hitchcock thriller The 39 Steps [43] . The Arthur Askey comedy film I Thank You (1941) features old time music hall star Lily Morris as an ex-music hall artiste now ennobled as "Lady Randall". In the last scene of the film, however, she reverts to type and gives a rendition of "Waiting at the Church" at an impromptu concert at Aldwych tube station organised by Askey and his side-kick Richard "Stinker" Murdoch . The Victorian era of music hall was celebrated by the 1944 film Champagne Charlie [44] . Charlie Chaplin's 1952 film Limelight , set in 1914 London, evokes the music hall world of Chaplin's youth where he performed as comedian before he achieved worldwide celebrity as a film star in America. The film depicts the last performance of a washed-up music hall clown called Calvero at The Empire theatre, Leicester Square. The film premiered at the Empire Cinema, which was built on the same site as the Empire theatre [45] . The Good Old Days (1953 to 1983) was a popular BBC television light entertainment programme recorded live at the Leeds City Varieties which recreated an authentic atmosphere of the Victorian–Edwardian music hall with songs and sketches of the era performed by present-day performers in the style of the original artistes. The audience dressed in period costume and joined in the singing, especially the singing of Down at the Old Bull and Bush which closed the show. The show was compered by Leonard Sachs who introduced the acts. In the course of its run it featured about 2000 artists. The show was first broadcast on 20 July 1953. The Good Old Days was inspired by the success of the Ridgeway's Late Joys at the Players' Theatre Club in London: a private members' club that ran fortnightly programmes of variety acts in London's West End [46] . John Osborne 's play The Entertainer (1957) portrays the life and work of a failing third-rate music hall stage performer who tries to keep his career going even as his personal life falls apart. The story is set at the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956, against the backdrop of the dying music hall tradition, and has been seen as symbolic of Britain's general post-war decline, its loss of its Empire, its power, and its cultural confidence and identity. It was made into a film in 1960 starring Laurence Olivier in the title role of Archie Rice [47] . In Grip of the Strangler (1958), set in Victorian London, the raunchy can-can dancers and loose women of the sleazy "Judas Hole" music hall are terrorised by the Haymarket Strangler, played by Boris Karloff . J. B. Priestley 's 1965 novel Lost Empires also evokes the world of Edwardian music hall just before the start of World War I; the title is a reference to the Empire theatres (as well as foreshadowing the decline of the British Empire itself). It was recently adapted as a television miniseries, shown in both the UK and in the U.S. as a PBS presentation. Priestley's 1929 novel The Good Companions , set in the same period, follows the lives of the members of a "concert party" or touring "Pierrot troupe". The parodic film Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), based on the stage musical Oh, What a Lovely War! (1963) by Joan Littlewood 's Theatre Workshop , featured the music hall turns and songs that had provided support for the British war effort in World War I [48] . The popular British television series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971-1975) and its spin-off Thomas & Sarah (1979) each dealt frequently with the world of the Edwardian music hall, sometimes through references to actual Edwardian era performers such as Vesta Tilley or to characters on the show attending performances, and other times through the experiences of the popular character Sarah Moffat , who left domestic service several times and often ended up going on stage to support herself when she did. Between 1978 and 1984 BBC television broadcast two series of programmes called The Old Boy Network [49] . These featured a star (usually a Music Hall performer, but also some younger turns like Eric Sykes ) performing some of their best known routines while giving a slide show of their life story. Artistes featured included Arthur Askey , Tommy Trinder , Sandy Powell , and Chesney Allen . The modern Players' Theatre Club provides a brief impression of contemporary music hall in the film The Fourth Angel, where Jeremy Irons ' character creates an alibi by visiting a show [50] . Sarah Waters 's book Tipping the Velvet (1998) revolves around the world of music halls in the late Victorian era, and in particular around two fictional "mashers" ( drag kings ) named Kitty Butler and Nan King [51] . Music hall had a profound influence on the Beatles through Paul McCartney , who is himself the son of a music hall performer (Jim McCartney, who led Jim Mac's Jazz Band). Many of McCartney's songs are indistinguishable from music hall except in their instrumentation. When I'm Sixty-Four and Honey Pie are two fine examples. Herman's Hermits , led by Peter Noone , also incorporated music hall into their repertoire, scoring a major hit with their cover of the Harry Champion music hall standard I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am in 1965 (but Noone's version included only the chorus, not the many verses of the original). In James Joyce 's short story The Boarding House , Mrs. Mooney's boarding-house in Hardwicke Street accommodates "occasionally (...) artistes from the music halls". The Sunday night "reunions" with Jack Mooney in the drawing-room create a certain atmosphere. In Vivian Stanshall and Ki Longfellow-Stanshall's musical, Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera , the lead performer is an aging music hall artiste named Soliquisto. Legendary soul singer Michael Jackson openly admitted his admiration for music hall performers such as Charlie Chaplin . Garry Bushell 's punk pathetique band, The Gonads, did rock versions of music hall songs. Many punk pathetique acts were idebted to the music hall tradition. Surviving music halls The Hackney Empire, August 2005 London was the centre of Music Hall with hundreds of venues, often in the entertainment rooms of public houses. With the decline in popularity of Music Hall, many were abandoned, or converted to other uses, such as cinemas and their interiors lost. There are a number of purpose built survivors, including the Hackney Empire , an outstanding example of the late Music Hall period ( Frank Matcham 1901). This has been restored to its moorish splendour and now provides an eclectic programme of events from opera to "Black Variety Nights". A mile to the south is Hoxton Hall an 1863 example of the saloon-style. It is unrestored but maintained in its original layout, and currently used as a community centre and theatre [52] . In the neighbouring borough, Collins Music Hall (built about 1860) still stands on the North side of Islington Green. The hall closed in the 1960s and currently forms part of a bookshop [53] . In Clapham , The Grand, originally the 1900 'Grand Palace of Varieties', has been restored, but its interior reflects its modern use as a music venue and nightclub [54] . The Greenwich Theatre was originally the 'Rose and Crown Music Hall' (1855), and later became 'Crowder's Music Hall and Temple of Varieties'. The building has been extensively modernised and little of the original layout remains [55] . In the nondescript Grace's Alley, off Cable Street, Stepney stands Wilton's Music Hall . This 1858 example of the giant pub hall survived use as a church, fire, flood and war intact, but was virtually derelict, after its use as a rag warehouse, in the 1960s. The Wilton's Music Hall Trust has embarked on a fund-raising campaign to restore the building [56] . In June 2007 the World Monuments Fund added the building to its list of the world's "100 most endangered sites". [57] Many of these buildings can be seen as part of the annual London Open House event. 1904 London Coliseum, Matcham theatre with London's widest proscenium arch There are also surviving music halls outside London, a notable example is the Leeds City Varieties (1865) with a preserved interior. This was used for many years as the setting for the BBC television variety show, based on the music hall genre, The Good Old Days . The Alhambra Theatre, Bradford was built in 1914 for theatre impresario Frank Laidler, and later owned by the Stoll - Moss Empire'. It was restored in 1986, and is a fine example of the late Edwardian style . It is now a receiving theatre for touring productions, and opera [58] . In Northern Ireland , the Grand Opera House (Belfast) . Frank Matcham 1895, was preserved and restored in the 1980s [59] .The Gaiety Theatre , Isle of Man is another Matcham design from 1900 [60] that remains in use after an extensive restoration programme in the 1970s. In Glasgow , the Britannia Music Hall (1857), by architects Thomas Gildard and H.M. McFarlane remains standing, with much of the theatre intact but in a poor state having closed in 1938. There is a preservation trust attempting to rescue the theatre [61] . One of the few fully functional music hall entertainments, is at the Brick Lane Music Hall in a former church in North Woolwich . The Players' Theatre Club is another group performing a Victorian style Music Hall show at a variety of venues and The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America stage music hall-style entertainments.[citation needed] See also Alexander, John, Tearing Tickets Twice Nightly:The Last Days of Variety (Arcady Press, 2002) Bailey, Peter, ed., Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure, (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1986) Bergen, Edgar, How To Become a Ventriloquist, (Mineola: Dover Publications, 2000) Bratton, J.S., ed., Music Hall: Performance & Style (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1986) Bruce, Frank, More Variety Days: Fairs, Fit-ups, Music hall, Variety Theatre, Clubs, Cruises and Cabaret (Edinburgh, Tod Press, 2000) Busby, Roy, British Music Hall: An Illustrated Who's Who from 1850 to the Present Day (London: Paul Elek, 1976) Cheshire, D.F., Music Hall in Britain, (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974) Connor, Steven, Dumbstruck: A Cultural History of Ventriloquism (Oxford University Press, 2000) Earl, John, British Theatres and Music Halls (Princes Risborough, Shire, 2005) Earl, John and Stanton, John, The Canterbury Hall and Theatre of Varieties (Cambridge, Chadwyck-Healy 1982) Earl, John and Sell, Michael (eds.) The Theatres Trust Guide to British Theatres, 1750-1950 (A & C Black Publishers Ltd, 2000) Garrett, John M., Sixty Years of British Music Hall, (London, Chappell & Company in association with Andre Deutsch, 1976) Green, Benny, ed., The Last Empires: A Music Hall Companion (London, Pavilion Books Ltd. in association with Michael Joseph Ltd., 1986) Honri, Peter John Wilton's Music Hall, The Handsomest Room in Town (1985) Howard, Diana London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950 (1970) Hudd, Roy, Music Hall (London, Eyre Methuen, 1976) Maloney, Paul, Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850-1914 (Manchester University Press, 2003) Mander, Raymond, and Mitchenson, Joe, British Music Hall (London, Gentry Books, 1974) Mellor, G.J., The Northern Music Hall (Newcastle Upon Tyne, Frank Graham, 1970) Mellor, G.J., They Made us Laugh: A Compendium Of Comedians Whose Memories Remain Alive (Littleborough, George Kelsall, 1982) O'Gorman, Brian, Laughter in the Roar: Reminiscences of Variety and Pantomime (Weybridge, B. O'Gorman, 1998) Scott, Harold, The Early Doors: origins of the music hall (London, Nicholson & Watson 1946) Stuart, C D and Park, A J, The Variety Stage (London, Unwin 1895) Wilmut, Roger, Kindly Leave The Stage - The story of Variety 1919-1960 (London, Methuen 1985) External links	i don't know
Who was the first woman cox in a boat race?	The Cancer Research UK Boat Races - Personalities Personalities Multi-Olympic Gold Medalist Matthew Pinsent Sir Matthew Pinsent CBE is perhaps the most distinguished oarsman ever to compete in The Boat Race. He was in the Oxford Blue Boat in 1990, 91 & 93, winning twice but was losing President in 1993. In 1992 he missed out on a Blue to take time to win his first Olympic Gold with Steve Redgrave at the Barcelona Olympics. He went on to win 3 more golds, two with Blues; in 2000 with Oxford's Tim Foster and in 2004 with Oxford's Ed Coode. In 2011 Pinsent returned to the Boat Race appearing in and winning his first Veterans Race. He was the umpire for The 2013 BNY Mellon Boat Race. Sir Matthew with his gold Olympic medals World Champion and Olympic Silver Medallist Cath Bishop Cath Bishop became World Champion in 2003 with Katherine Grainger in the coxless pair, going on to win Silver at the Athens Olympic Games of 2004. Cath competed in two Boat Races, those of 1991 and 1993. She describes losing the 1991 Women's Boat Race as the trigger for her ultimate success in the sport, helping her to realise how much winning meant. Cath learned to row whilst at Pembroke College and was on her year abroad for the 1992 race. Leaving Cambridge with a win and a loss, she went on to win her first World Championship medal in 1999 (Silver) in Cologne in the coxless pair. She currently holds the position of Chair at Cambridge University Women's Boat Club. Cath Bishop (L) with Katherine Grainger, having won Silver in Athens Actor & Comedian Hugh Laurie Cambridge 1980 Hugh Laurie rowed in the Cambridge Blue Boat in 1980. His father Ran Laurie had stroked Cambridge to victory between 1934-36 and won a Gold at the 1948 London Olympics. Laurie had been a GB Junior International while at Eton, however his Cambridge crew narrowly lost in an exciting race featuring clashes of blades and the collapse of the Oxford bow man. This was Laurie's only Boat Race before the lure of the 'footlights' led him into his distinguished career. Hugh Laurie training in the 1980 Cambridge crew Lord (Colin) Moynihan Chairman of the British Olympic Association Colin Moynihan was a double blue coxing the victorious Oxford crew in the 1977 Boat Race and boxing against Cambridge in the Bantamweight division. He beat Benazir Bhutto to win the Presidency of the Oxford Union in 1976. In the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games he was cox for the GB men's VIII winning a silver medal. Moynihan became an MP in 1983 and was MInister for Sport between 1987-1990. He is an hereditary Peer but was elected to stay in the House of Lords in 2000 where he has been a Conservative spokesman on Sport and Foreign Affairs. In 2005 The 4th Baron Moynihan became Chairman of the British Olympic Association for the run-up to the London 2012 Olympic Games. Moynihan in 1977 shoveling hops at the Young's brewery in order to lose weight Boris Rankov rowed in more Boat Races than any other athlete Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford (MA 1980, DPhil 1987), Boris Rankov is best known for leading Oxford to victory six times between 1978 and 1983, three times in the 4 seat and three times in the 5 seat. This led to the establishment of the so-called Rankov Rule, which states that oarsmen will compete in the race no more than four times as an undergraduate and no more than four times as a graduate. Rankov has however, umpired the race in 2003, 2005 and 2009. He is currently a professor of Roman history at Royal Holloway, University of London. Boris Rankov following one of his six victories Sue Brown, the first woman to compete in the Boat Race On April 4th 1981 Sue Brown became the first woman to participate in The Boat Race, as cox of the Oxford Blue Boat, a task she repeated in 1982, winning on both occassions. Since then both clubs have used female coxes to steer their crews. The first woman cox in the Cambridge Blue Boat was Henrietta Shaw in 1985. The first time both crews were coxed by women was 1989, the dark blues with Alison Norrish, the light blues with Leigh Weiss. Sue Brown Oxford cox 1981-82 Legendary Oxford coach Dan Topolski Dan Topolski as an oarsman won the 1967 and lost the 1968 Boat Race, he was also a highly successful lightweight international. He is best known as the Oxford coach between 1973-1987, winning twelve of fifteen races, including an unbroken run of ten victories from 1976. This run of success and its continuation after Topolski's departure brought Oxford to a point in 1992 where they had won sixteen of the last seventeen races and were within one victory of equalling Cambridge's overall total of wins. He departed in 1987, sparked by the infamous 'mutiny' and inspiring his book True Blue. He was Oxford's coxing advisor and provided analysis for the BBC on Boat Race day. Daniel Topolski passed away on February 21st 2015, aged 69. Oxford's Dan Toploski on the Tideway during his 15 year coaching tenure Dan Snow author & TV historian Dan Snow won a bronze medal at the World Junior Championships prior to studying at Balliol, Oxford. He appeared 3 times in the Oxford Blue Boat between 1999-2001. He was the losing President in the controversial 2001 race where the umpire stopped the crews following a clash of blades. His father is TV journalist Peter Snow but Dan has carved out his own highly successful career in TV following his double first in Modern History. He is well known for his appearances on The One Show and for presenting numerous history programmes. He is the author of Death or Victory: the Battle of Quebec and the birth of Empire and has won a number of BAFTA and Sony Awards. TV historian, author and former Oxford President Dan Snow The Winklevoss twins Cameron & Tyler Winklevoss, identical American twin brothers rowed in the 2010 losing Oxford Blue Boat. They had rowed in the 2008 Olympic Games coming 6th in the coxless pair and had distinguished careers at Harvard. Their chief claim to fame however is as the disputed joint founders of the Facebook social network. Having founded a Harvard based network with the assistance of Mark Zuckerburg they saw Zuckerburg's Facebook take off. Litigation followed and it is reported that the Winklevoss brothers settled for upwards of $50 million. The tale of their part in the launch of Facebook plays a large part in the film The Social Network, where the twins are played by one actor. Cameron (L) & Tyler Winklevoss, made famous by the film The Social Network Andrew (Sandy) Irvine, Mountaineer & Adventurer Sandy Irvine was mountaineer George Mallory's summit partner on the ill-fated British Everest Expedition of 1924. It is thought likely that he and Mallory were the first men to reach the mountain's peak, but died during the descent. An outstanding oarsman, he rowed for Merton College, Oxford and in the losing Dark Blue Boat of 1922 and the winning Boat in 1923. He was also a wild boy with a streak of fearlessness that exasperated his parents and delighted his friends. He had a passionate love affair with his best friend’s step mother, made the first crossing of the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen in 1923 and perhaps, just perhaps climbed to the top of the world 29 years before Sir Edmund Hillary. Irvine's story is told in the book Fearless on Everest by Julie Somers. Andrew (Sandy) Irvine. Image by permission of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College Oxford ©Merton College Oxford, this image may not be copied or downloaded	Sue Brown
"What's the ""best preserved Stone Age village in Europe"", on Mainland in Orkney, called?"	The Boat Race Some quick and easy fun facts about The Boat Race. Heaviest and Lightest The heaviest oarsman ever was Christopher Heathcote, 17 stone 5lbs (110.22 kilos) - Oxford 1990 The lighest oarsman ever was Alfred Higgins, 9st 6.5lbs (60.1 kilos) - Oxford stroke 1882 The heaviest ever crew was Cambridge with an average weight of 14 st 13 3/8 lbs (94.9 kgs) in 1998 The lightest ever coxes were Francis Archer (Cambridge 1862) and Hart Massey (Oxford 1939) - both weighed in at 5 stone 2 lbs (32.66 kilos). There is now a 55kg weight limit for coxes in The Boat Race. Youngest and Oldest The youngest oarsman ever was Matthew Brittin, 18 years - Cambridge 1987 and one of the youngest winning oarsman ever was Matthew Smith, 18 years - Oxford 2000. He went on to victories with Oxford in 2002 and 2003 (as President). The oldest oarsman ever was Donald Macdonald, 31 and three months - Oxford 1987 but the oldest ever to compete was Andy Probert, 38 years - Cambridge cox 1992 . Tallest The tallest oarsman ever is Josh West 6' 9.5" (2 metres 7 cm) - Cambridge 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 The tallest ever crew was Cambridge with an average height of 6ft 6 9/32" in 1999 Winning margin The smallest winning margin on record is just one foot, which was the winning margin in 2003. In 1980 it was just a canvas - approximately four feet - to Oxford. In 1952, when Oxford also won by a canvas, the boats were bigger and a canvas was approximately six feet. Course Record The current Course Record is 16 mins 19 secs - set by Cambridge in 1998 Sinkings There have been six sinkings but the race result has only been determined by a sinking on three occasions: Cambridge twice (1859 and 1978) and Oxford once (1925). On 31 March 1912, both boats sank and the race was held again on 1 April. On 24 March 1951, Oxford sank and the race was rescheduled for 26 March, when Cambridge won First Race The first Boat Race was held in 1829 at Henley on Thames. The first Boat Race on the current course from Putney to Mortlake took place in 1845 Women In 1981 Sue Brown (Oxford cox) became the first woman to participate in the Boat Race. 1989 was the first year both Blue Boats were coxed by women The Boats The international class eights boats weigh 96kg (211lbs) and are 19.9m (62ft) long Training Every member of The Boat Race crews trains for approximately two hours for every stroke in The Race. It takes about 600 strokes to complete the course	i don't know
What is the better known name of the bird Cygnus olor?	Mute swan videos, photos and facts - Cygnus olor \| ARKive Top Mute swan biology The mute swan feeds chiefly on submerged aquatic vegetation, which is obtained by upending (tipping head first into the water, so that the tail remains visible above the surface) (5) . It also feeds in fields on young cereal crops (6) , spilt grain (5) , and on artificial food sources, such as bread given by the public (3) . Territorial disputes may result in aggressive fights between mute swan males, in which they rush at one another and slide along the surface of the water (2) . Pairs typically nest solitarily, although semi-domesticated birds may nest in large colonies (8) (notably at Abbotsbury in Dorset) (6) . The cone-shaped nest is built at the edge of the water, and may be used in subsequent years by the same pair (5) . After mid-April, between five and seven (up to 12) whitish or pale blue eggs are laid. They are incubated , mainly by the female, for 35 to 42 days; the young, known as 'cygnets', leave the nest soon after hatching (5) . Both parents take care of the cygnets for an extended period, often until the next breeding season (5) . Top Mute swan range Found throughout Britain, the mute swan is absent from high ground and areas without fresh water (3) . After 1960, the population began to decline as a result of poisoning from lead fishing weights (3) . Since the mid-1980s and the banning of lead weights however, the population has increased (7) . Outside of Britain, the mute swan is known throughout Europe and central Asia (8) ; it has also been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and North America (5) . Top Mute swan status The mute swan is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) . It is a widespread and common species in the UK, not listed under any conservation designations (3) . Included in the Birds of Conservation Concern Amber List (medium conservation concern) (4) . Top Mute swan threats Harsh winters and poisoning from lead fishing weights were responsible for the decline of the mute swan population in Britain. A series of mild winters combined with the banning of lead weights has resulted in the recovery of the numbers of this beautiful bird (7) . Top Mute swan conservation Strong lobbying to ban lead fishing weights has enabled mute swans to recover from the crash in numbers caused by lead poisoning. They will also have benefited from action carried out for other species of wildfowl, such as the creation and management of wetland nature reserves (6) . There may be further information about this species available via the National Biodiversity Network Gateway.	Mute swan
Which opera has 'Escamillo' as one of the central characters?	Cygnus olor - Wikidata Cygnus olor Cite this page This page was last modified on 7 January 2017, at 17:37. All structured data from the main and property namespace is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.	i don't know
Who was Archbishop of Canterbury at the start of World War II in 1939?	Archbishops of Canterbury Archbishops of Canterbury By Ben Johnson \| Comments In the Christian church, an archbishop is a bishop of superior rank who has authority over other bishops in an ecclesiastic province or area. The Church of England is presided over by two archbishops: the archbishop of Canterbury, who is 'primate of All England', and the archbishop of York, who is 'primate of England'. In the time of St. Augustine, around the 5th century it was intended that England would be divided into two provinces with two archbishops, one at London and one at York . Canterbury gained supremacy just prior to the Reformation in the 16th century, when it exercised the powers of papal legate throughout England. It is the Archbishop of Canterbury who has the privilege of crowning the kings and queens of England and ranks immediately after the princes of royal blood. The Archbishop's official residence is at Lambeth Palace, London, and second residence at the Old Palace, Canterbury. The first Archbishop of Canterbury was Augustine. Originally prior to the Benedictine monastery of St. Andrew in Rome, he was sent to England by Pope Gregory I with the mission to convert the natives to Roman Christianity. Landing in Ebbesfleet, Kent in 597 Augustine quickly converted his first native when he baptized Ethelbert, King of Kent along with many of his subjects. He was consecrated Bishop of the English at Arles that same year and appointed archbishop in 601, establishing his seat at Canterbury. In 603 he attempted unsuccessfully to unite the Roman and native Celtic churches at a conference on the Severn. The following list traces the Archbishops from the time of Augustine through the Reformation, up to the present day. Their influence on the history of England and the English people is apparent for all to see. Archbishops of Canterbury 604 Laurentius. Nominated by St. Augustine as his successor. Had a rocky ride when King Ethelbert of Kent was succeeded by his pagan son Eadbald. Remaining calm Laurentius eventually converted Eadbald to Christianity, thus preserving the Roman mission in England. 627 Honorius. The last of the group of Roman missionaries who had accompanied St. Augustine to England. 668 Theodore (of Tarsus). The Greek theologian was already in his sixties when he was sent to England by Pope Vitalian to assume the role of archbishop. Despite his age he went on to reorganise the English Church creating the diocesan structure, uniting for the first time the people of England. 693 Berhtwald. The first archbishop of English birth. Worked with King Wihtred of Kent to develop the laws of the land. Cuthbert. Established England as an important base from which Anglo-Saxon missionaries were despatched abroad. 765 Jaenberht. Backed the wrong horse in the King of Kent against King Offa of Mercia. He saw the importance of Canterbury reduce as power shifted to Offa's cathedral in Lichfield. 793 Ethelheard, St. Originally chosen by King Offa of Mercia, to make Lichfield into the premier archbishopric in England. Ethelheard appears to have messed things up a little in the politics of the day, and unwittingly succeeded in reinstating Canterbury's traditional superiority. 805 Wulfred. As with his predecessors Wulfred's rule was frequently disrupted by disputes with the kings of Mercia and was at one stage exiled by King Cenwulf. 833 Ceolnoth. Maintained Canterbury's superiority within the Church of England by forming close relationships with the rising power of the Kings of Wessex, and abandoning the pro-Mercian policies of Feologeld. 890 Plegmund. Appointed Archbishop by Alfred the Great. Plegmund played an influential role in the reigns of both Alfred and Edward the Elder. He was involved in early efforts to convert the Danelaw to Christianity. 942 Oda. Oda's career serves to demonstrate the integration of Scandinavians into English society. The son of a pagan who came to England with the Viking 'Great Army', Oda organised the reintroduction of a bishopric into the Scandinavian settlements of East Anglia. 960 Dunstan. He was originally Abbot of Glastonbury from 945, and made it a centre of learning. He was King Edred's chief advisor and virtually became the kingdom's ruler. Following the death of Edred in 955, his nephew King Edwy drove Dunstan into exile for refusing to authorize his proposed marriage with Ælfgifu. After Edwy's death in 959, Dunstan became Archbishop of Canterbury from 960. He is said to have pulled the devil's nose with a pair of tongs. His feast day is 19th May. 990 Sigeric. In the reign of Ethelred II the Unready, Sigeric was promoted from humble monk to the top job of archbishop. He is associated with the policy of paying Danegeld in an attempt to buy off Scandanavian attacks. 1005 Alphege. In 1012, he was captured by the Danes who had invaded Kent, and was held at Greenwich. He refused to pay his own ransom, and, during a drunken feast at which the Danes threw left-over bones and skulls at Alphege, he was murdered by a Dane whom he had converted to Christianity earlier in the day., The Danish leader, Thorkill, was disgusted by the murder and changed sides, bringing 45 ships to Æthelred 's service. In 1033, Canute moved Alphege's bones from St Paul's Cathedral to Canterbury Cathedral. 1020 Ethelnoth. One of the most distinguished of the Anglo-Saxon archbishops. The first monk of the Canterbury monastery to be elected archbishop. 1051 Robert of Jumieges. One of a small number of Normans who came to England with Edward the Confessor in 1041. His scheming and elevation to archbishop fuelled a civil war between Edward and Earl Godwine of Wessex. Robert was also the ambassador who promised the succession to Duke William (The Conqueror) of Normandy. 1052 Stigand. Became archbishop after the expulsion of Robert of Jumieges, as such he was never recognised by the church in Rome. A worldly and very wealthy man he was at first accepted by William I The Conqueror, but in 1070 was deposed by Papal Legate. 1070 Lanfranc. A native of Italy, he left home around 1030 to pursue his studies in France. He was responsible for presenting the case to the Pope for William of Normandy's claim to the English crown. It was William I The Conqueror who appointed him archbishop in 1070. Lanfranc was responsible for reforming and reorganising the English Church and rebuilt the Cathedral on the model of St Stephen's in Caen where he had previously been Abbot. 1093 Anselm. Another Italian who had left home in search of better things and had found Lefranc as Prior at the Norman Abbey of Bec. He followed in Lefranc's footsteps first as Prior and then as Archbishop. His strongly held views on the Church-State relationship would greatly influence Thomas a Becket and continue to rumble on for centuries ensuring a greater control of the Church from Rome. 1139 Theobald. Yet another monk from the Norman Abbey of Bec. He was created Archbishop by Stephen. The relationship between the King and Archbishop strained over the years culminating in Theobald refusing to crown Stephen's son Eustace. He drew Thomas a Becket into his service Thomas a Becket . Worked as a banker's clerk before entering the service of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury in 1145. He was a close friend of Henry II and was Chancellor from 1152 until 1162, when he was elected archbishop. He then changed his allegiance to the church, alienating Henry. In 1164, he opposed Henry's attempt to control the relations between church and state – preferring the clergy to be judged by the church and not by the state – and fled to France. There was a reconciliation between Henry and Becket and he returned in 1170, but the reconciliation soon broke down. After an outburst from the king, four knights – probably misunderstanding Henry's instructions – murdered Becket in front of the altar of Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. He was canonised – as St Thomas Becket – in 1172, and his shrine became the most popular destination of pilgrimage in England until the Reformation. His feast day is 29th December. 1184 Baldwin. Despite being described as gentle and guileless, he did take action when needed, galloping up and saving Gilbert of Plumpton from the gallows, forbidding such hangman's work on a Sunday. Also saw action in the Crusades, he died five weeks after his 200 knights had fought at Acre. 1193 Hubert Walter. Rector of Halifax in 1185. He travelled to the Holy Land with Richard the Lion-Heart on the Third Crusade 1190 and, when Richard was taken prisoner by emperor Henry VI, Walter brought the army back to England and raised a ransom of 100,000 marks for the king's release. He was Dean of York from 1186 to 1189, then Bishop of Salisbury, and he became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193. On Richard's death in 1199, he was appointed Chancellor 1207 Stephen Langton. He was consecrated archbishop by Pope Innocent III, which annoyed King John so much that he refused to admit him into England. The quarrel between King and Pope lasted until John submitted in 1213. Once in England he proved to be an important mediator playing a key role in negotiating Magna Carta . 1375 Simon Sudbury. He was blamed for government mismanagement and unjust taxation which led to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, led by Wat Tyler . The 'revolting' rebels dragged him from the Tower of London and beheaded him. His mummified head is displayed in the vestry of St. Gregory's church in Sudbury, Suffolk. 1381 William Courtenay. He led the opposition within the English Church to John Wyclif, dubbed by some to be 'the morning star of the Reformation', and the Lollards, and was influential in driving them out of Oxford. 1396 Thomas Arundel. The combination of his high aristocratic birth and driving ambition made him one of the most powerful men in England. His political connections led first to his banishment by Richard II in 1397, and then to his restoration by Henry IV two years later. 1414 Henry Chichele. He helped to finance the war against France, organised the fight against Lollardy and founded All Souls College in Oxford. 1443 John Stafford. It was said of him if he had done little good he had done no harm. 1452 John Kempe. Initially Henry V's Keeper of the Privy Seal and Chancellor in Normandy, he also served two terms as Chancellor of England. Before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury he was Bishop of; Rochester (1419-21), Chichester (1421), London (1421-5) and York (1425-52). 1454 Thomas Bourchier. Also served as Chancellor of England from 1455 to 1456, during an illness of Henry VI and while Richard of York was Protector. 1486 John Morton. Originally an Oxford-trained lawyer he fled to Flanders, to the court of Henry Tudor, after Richard III attempted to imprison him in 1483. Henry VII summoned him home after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 and made him archbishop. After this he applied much of his energy to financial matters of state giving his name to the 'Morton's fork' principle of tax assessment: ostentation is proof of wealth - stricken appearance is proof of hidden savings. 1503 William Warham. He expressed doubts as to the wisdom of Henry VIII marrying Catherine of Aragon, the widow of Prince Arthur, but presided at their coronation. He did nothing to help Catherine against Henry's efforts to have their marriage declared null, but was less than happy with the increasingly anti-papal royal policy adopted after 1530. The martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer, from an old edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs Archbishops of Canterbury since the Reformation 1533 Thomas Cranmer. Compiled the first English Book of Common Prayer. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1551, his 42 Articles laid down the basis of Anglican Protestantism. Burned at the stake for heresy and treason in opposing Bloody Mary. His feast day is 16th October. 1556 Reginald Pole. Returned from a self imposed exile in Italy following the accession of his Catholic cousin Queen Mary I. He died within a few hours of her in November 1558. 1559 Mathew Parker. He was apparently surprised when Elizabeth I decided that her mother's (Anne Boleyn) old chaplain would make an ideal Archbishop of Canterbury. Presided over the very difficult opening years of the new religious settlement. 1576 Edmund Grindal. He had been exiled under Queen Mary I because of his Protestant beliefs and was therefore the obvious choice for the top job in the Church of Elizabeth I. His defiance of her wishes in 1577 however, led to his suspension under house arrest. He failed to recovered favour by the time of his death. 1583 John Whitgift. A former Cambridge don, he first attracted the attention of Elizabeth I by his strict disciplining of the non-conforming Puritans. Yet another archbishop who annoyed the lady, with the thought that a clergyman should attempt to decide theology for her Church. 1604 Richard Bancroft. Was born and intially educated in Farnworth, near modern day Widnes, he graduated from Cambridge and was ordained around 1570. Whilst still Bishop of London, he drafted the rules for the translation of what would eventually become the 'most popular book in the world' ... The King James Bible . 1611 George Abbot. He found favour under James I, his reputation as a churchman however was dented when he accidentally killed a gamekeeper whilst out hunting with a crossbow. 1633 William Laud. His High Church policy, support for Charles I, censorship of the press, and persecution of the Puritans aroused bitter opposition. He was responsible for moving the altar from a its central position to the east end of churches. His attempt to impose the Prayer Book in Scotland precipitated the Civil War. He was impeached by the Long Parliament in 1640, imprisoned in the Tower of London, condemned to death, and beheaded. 1660 William Juxon. A friend of William Laud, he had attended Charles I at his execution in 1649 and spent the years until the restoration of Charles II in retirement. His appointment as archbishop in 1660 being a reward for loyal royal service. 1663 Gilbert Sheldon. Another former advisor to Charles I, he attempted to unite the thinking of the Anglican and Presbyterian branches of the Church. 1678 William Sancroft. Following an unsuccessful attempt to convert King James II to Anglicanism, he and the king fell out. He openly and publicly defied royal orders to accept the King's Declaration of Indulgence for Dissenters and Catholics. A man of integrity it appears, as he played no part in Glorious Revolution and argued that the oath he had taken to James precluded him taking another to William III and Mary II. 1691 John Tillotson. He succeeded Sancroft as archbishop, having carried out the duties of the office since 1689 when Sancroft had refused to take the oaths that recognised William and Mary as rightful monarchs. William of Orange 1695 Thomas Tenison. A 'friend' of those who invited William of Orange to England in 1688. He warned about the threat to Anglicanism from a Stuart restoration. 1716 William Wake. He attempted to persuade the French Gallican Church to break with Rome and ally itself with the Church of England. In later life he gained a reputation for corruption, appointing members of his family to financially lucrative positions within the Church. Frederick Temple. Followed the well worn path from Oxford to Rugby to Canterbury. 1903 Randall Thomas Davidson. Born in Edinburgh into a Presbyterian family, he studied at Oxford, and became chaplain to Archbishop Tait (his father-in-law) and also to Queen Victoria . 1928 Cosmo Gordon Lang. Born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, he was Principal of Aberdeen University and entered the Church of England in 1890. He was both counsellor and friend to the royal family. 1942 William Temple. The son of Frederick Temple he deviated the well worn path from Oxford to Canterbury via Repton. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform in crusades against money lenders, slums and dishonesty. 1945 Geoffrey Francis Fisher. He also followed the now deeply rutted path from Oxford to Repton to Canterbury. As archbishop he crowned Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey in 1953. 1961 Arthur Michael Ramsey. Educated at Repton, where his headmaster was the man he would succeed as archbishop - Geoffrey Fisher, he worked for Church unity with an historic visit to the Vatican in 1966. He also attempted to forge a reconciliation with the Methodist Church.	Cosmo Gordon Lang
"From which t.v. comedy series did the catchphrase ""This is a local shop for local people"" come?"	Archbishops of Canterbury Archbishops of Canterbury By Ben Johnson \| Comments In the Christian church, an archbishop is a bishop of superior rank who has authority over other bishops in an ecclesiastic province or area. The Church of England is presided over by two archbishops: the archbishop of Canterbury, who is 'primate of All England', and the archbishop of York, who is 'primate of England'. In the time of St. Augustine, around the 5th century it was intended that England would be divided into two provinces with two archbishops, one at London and one at York . Canterbury gained supremacy just prior to the Reformation in the 16th century, when it exercised the powers of papal legate throughout England. It is the Archbishop of Canterbury who has the privilege of crowning the kings and queens of England and ranks immediately after the princes of royal blood. The Archbishop's official residence is at Lambeth Palace, London, and second residence at the Old Palace, Canterbury. The first Archbishop of Canterbury was Augustine. Originally prior to the Benedictine monastery of St. Andrew in Rome, he was sent to England by Pope Gregory I with the mission to convert the natives to Roman Christianity. Landing in Ebbesfleet, Kent in 597 Augustine quickly converted his first native when he baptized Ethelbert, King of Kent along with many of his subjects. He was consecrated Bishop of the English at Arles that same year and appointed archbishop in 601, establishing his seat at Canterbury. In 603 he attempted unsuccessfully to unite the Roman and native Celtic churches at a conference on the Severn. The following list traces the Archbishops from the time of Augustine through the Reformation, up to the present day. Their influence on the history of England and the English people is apparent for all to see. Archbishops of Canterbury 604 Laurentius. Nominated by St. Augustine as his successor. Had a rocky ride when King Ethelbert of Kent was succeeded by his pagan son Eadbald. Remaining calm Laurentius eventually converted Eadbald to Christianity, thus preserving the Roman mission in England. 627 Honorius. The last of the group of Roman missionaries who had accompanied St. Augustine to England. 668 Theodore (of Tarsus). The Greek theologian was already in his sixties when he was sent to England by Pope Vitalian to assume the role of archbishop. Despite his age he went on to reorganise the English Church creating the diocesan structure, uniting for the first time the people of England. 693 Berhtwald. The first archbishop of English birth. Worked with King Wihtred of Kent to develop the laws of the land. Cuthbert. Established England as an important base from which Anglo-Saxon missionaries were despatched abroad. 765 Jaenberht. Backed the wrong horse in the King of Kent against King Offa of Mercia. He saw the importance of Canterbury reduce as power shifted to Offa's cathedral in Lichfield. 793 Ethelheard, St. Originally chosen by King Offa of Mercia, to make Lichfield into the premier archbishopric in England. Ethelheard appears to have messed things up a little in the politics of the day, and unwittingly succeeded in reinstating Canterbury's traditional superiority. 805 Wulfred. As with his predecessors Wulfred's rule was frequently disrupted by disputes with the kings of Mercia and was at one stage exiled by King Cenwulf. 833 Ceolnoth. Maintained Canterbury's superiority within the Church of England by forming close relationships with the rising power of the Kings of Wessex, and abandoning the pro-Mercian policies of Feologeld. 890 Plegmund. Appointed Archbishop by Alfred the Great. Plegmund played an influential role in the reigns of both Alfred and Edward the Elder. He was involved in early efforts to convert the Danelaw to Christianity. 942 Oda. Oda's career serves to demonstrate the integration of Scandinavians into English society. The son of a pagan who came to England with the Viking 'Great Army', Oda organised the reintroduction of a bishopric into the Scandinavian settlements of East Anglia. 960 Dunstan. He was originally Abbot of Glastonbury from 945, and made it a centre of learning. He was King Edred's chief advisor and virtually became the kingdom's ruler. Following the death of Edred in 955, his nephew King Edwy drove Dunstan into exile for refusing to authorize his proposed marriage with Ælfgifu. After Edwy's death in 959, Dunstan became Archbishop of Canterbury from 960. He is said to have pulled the devil's nose with a pair of tongs. His feast day is 19th May. 990 Sigeric. In the reign of Ethelred II the Unready, Sigeric was promoted from humble monk to the top job of archbishop. He is associated with the policy of paying Danegeld in an attempt to buy off Scandanavian attacks. 1005 Alphege. In 1012, he was captured by the Danes who had invaded Kent, and was held at Greenwich. He refused to pay his own ransom, and, during a drunken feast at which the Danes threw left-over bones and skulls at Alphege, he was murdered by a Dane whom he had converted to Christianity earlier in the day., The Danish leader, Thorkill, was disgusted by the murder and changed sides, bringing 45 ships to Æthelred 's service. In 1033, Canute moved Alphege's bones from St Paul's Cathedral to Canterbury Cathedral. 1020 Ethelnoth. One of the most distinguished of the Anglo-Saxon archbishops. The first monk of the Canterbury monastery to be elected archbishop. 1051 Robert of Jumieges. One of a small number of Normans who came to England with Edward the Confessor in 1041. His scheming and elevation to archbishop fuelled a civil war between Edward and Earl Godwine of Wessex. Robert was also the ambassador who promised the succession to Duke William (The Conqueror) of Normandy. 1052 Stigand. Became archbishop after the expulsion of Robert of Jumieges, as such he was never recognised by the church in Rome. A worldly and very wealthy man he was at first accepted by William I The Conqueror, but in 1070 was deposed by Papal Legate. 1070 Lanfranc. A native of Italy, he left home around 1030 to pursue his studies in France. He was responsible for presenting the case to the Pope for William of Normandy's claim to the English crown. It was William I The Conqueror who appointed him archbishop in 1070. Lanfranc was responsible for reforming and reorganising the English Church and rebuilt the Cathedral on the model of St Stephen's in Caen where he had previously been Abbot. 1093 Anselm. Another Italian who had left home in search of better things and had found Lefranc as Prior at the Norman Abbey of Bec. He followed in Lefranc's footsteps first as Prior and then as Archbishop. His strongly held views on the Church-State relationship would greatly influence Thomas a Becket and continue to rumble on for centuries ensuring a greater control of the Church from Rome. 1139 Theobald. Yet another monk from the Norman Abbey of Bec. He was created Archbishop by Stephen. The relationship between the King and Archbishop strained over the years culminating in Theobald refusing to crown Stephen's son Eustace. He drew Thomas a Becket into his service Thomas a Becket . Worked as a banker's clerk before entering the service of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury in 1145. He was a close friend of Henry II and was Chancellor from 1152 until 1162, when he was elected archbishop. He then changed his allegiance to the church, alienating Henry. In 1164, he opposed Henry's attempt to control the relations between church and state – preferring the clergy to be judged by the church and not by the state – and fled to France. There was a reconciliation between Henry and Becket and he returned in 1170, but the reconciliation soon broke down. After an outburst from the king, four knights – probably misunderstanding Henry's instructions – murdered Becket in front of the altar of Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. He was canonised – as St Thomas Becket – in 1172, and his shrine became the most popular destination of pilgrimage in England until the Reformation. His feast day is 29th December. 1184 Baldwin. Despite being described as gentle and guileless, he did take action when needed, galloping up and saving Gilbert of Plumpton from the gallows, forbidding such hangman's work on a Sunday. Also saw action in the Crusades, he died five weeks after his 200 knights had fought at Acre. 1193 Hubert Walter. Rector of Halifax in 1185. He travelled to the Holy Land with Richard the Lion-Heart on the Third Crusade 1190 and, when Richard was taken prisoner by emperor Henry VI, Walter brought the army back to England and raised a ransom of 100,000 marks for the king's release. He was Dean of York from 1186 to 1189, then Bishop of Salisbury, and he became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193. On Richard's death in 1199, he was appointed Chancellor 1207 Stephen Langton. He was consecrated archbishop by Pope Innocent III, which annoyed King John so much that he refused to admit him into England. The quarrel between King and Pope lasted until John submitted in 1213. Once in England he proved to be an important mediator playing a key role in negotiating Magna Carta . 1375 Simon Sudbury. He was blamed for government mismanagement and unjust taxation which led to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, led by Wat Tyler . The 'revolting' rebels dragged him from the Tower of London and beheaded him. His mummified head is displayed in the vestry of St. Gregory's church in Sudbury, Suffolk. 1381 William Courtenay. He led the opposition within the English Church to John Wyclif, dubbed by some to be 'the morning star of the Reformation', and the Lollards, and was influential in driving them out of Oxford. 1396 Thomas Arundel. The combination of his high aristocratic birth and driving ambition made him one of the most powerful men in England. His political connections led first to his banishment by Richard II in 1397, and then to his restoration by Henry IV two years later. 1414 Henry Chichele. He helped to finance the war against France, organised the fight against Lollardy and founded All Souls College in Oxford. 1443 John Stafford. It was said of him if he had done little good he had done no harm. 1452 John Kempe. Initially Henry V's Keeper of the Privy Seal and Chancellor in Normandy, he also served two terms as Chancellor of England. Before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury he was Bishop of; Rochester (1419-21), Chichester (1421), London (1421-5) and York (1425-52). 1454 Thomas Bourchier. Also served as Chancellor of England from 1455 to 1456, during an illness of Henry VI and while Richard of York was Protector. 1486 John Morton. Originally an Oxford-trained lawyer he fled to Flanders, to the court of Henry Tudor, after Richard III attempted to imprison him in 1483. Henry VII summoned him home after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 and made him archbishop. After this he applied much of his energy to financial matters of state giving his name to the 'Morton's fork' principle of tax assessment: ostentation is proof of wealth - stricken appearance is proof of hidden savings. 1503 William Warham. He expressed doubts as to the wisdom of Henry VIII marrying Catherine of Aragon, the widow of Prince Arthur, but presided at their coronation. He did nothing to help Catherine against Henry's efforts to have their marriage declared null, but was less than happy with the increasingly anti-papal royal policy adopted after 1530. The martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer, from an old edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs Archbishops of Canterbury since the Reformation 1533 Thomas Cranmer. Compiled the first English Book of Common Prayer. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1551, his 42 Articles laid down the basis of Anglican Protestantism. Burned at the stake for heresy and treason in opposing Bloody Mary. His feast day is 16th October. 1556 Reginald Pole. Returned from a self imposed exile in Italy following the accession of his Catholic cousin Queen Mary I. He died within a few hours of her in November 1558. 1559 Mathew Parker. He was apparently surprised when Elizabeth I decided that her mother's (Anne Boleyn) old chaplain would make an ideal Archbishop of Canterbury. Presided over the very difficult opening years of the new religious settlement. 1576 Edmund Grindal. He had been exiled under Queen Mary I because of his Protestant beliefs and was therefore the obvious choice for the top job in the Church of Elizabeth I. His defiance of her wishes in 1577 however, led to his suspension under house arrest. He failed to recovered favour by the time of his death. 1583 John Whitgift. A former Cambridge don, he first attracted the attention of Elizabeth I by his strict disciplining of the non-conforming Puritans. Yet another archbishop who annoyed the lady, with the thought that a clergyman should attempt to decide theology for her Church. 1604 Richard Bancroft. Was born and intially educated in Farnworth, near modern day Widnes, he graduated from Cambridge and was ordained around 1570. Whilst still Bishop of London, he drafted the rules for the translation of what would eventually become the 'most popular book in the world' ... The King James Bible . 1611 George Abbot. He found favour under James I, his reputation as a churchman however was dented when he accidentally killed a gamekeeper whilst out hunting with a crossbow. 1633 William Laud. His High Church policy, support for Charles I, censorship of the press, and persecution of the Puritans aroused bitter opposition. He was responsible for moving the altar from a its central position to the east end of churches. His attempt to impose the Prayer Book in Scotland precipitated the Civil War. He was impeached by the Long Parliament in 1640, imprisoned in the Tower of London, condemned to death, and beheaded. 1660 William Juxon. A friend of William Laud, he had attended Charles I at his execution in 1649 and spent the years until the restoration of Charles II in retirement. His appointment as archbishop in 1660 being a reward for loyal royal service. 1663 Gilbert Sheldon. Another former advisor to Charles I, he attempted to unite the thinking of the Anglican and Presbyterian branches of the Church. 1678 William Sancroft. Following an unsuccessful attempt to convert King James II to Anglicanism, he and the king fell out. He openly and publicly defied royal orders to accept the King's Declaration of Indulgence for Dissenters and Catholics. A man of integrity it appears, as he played no part in Glorious Revolution and argued that the oath he had taken to James precluded him taking another to William III and Mary II. 1691 John Tillotson. He succeeded Sancroft as archbishop, having carried out the duties of the office since 1689 when Sancroft had refused to take the oaths that recognised William and Mary as rightful monarchs. William of Orange 1695 Thomas Tenison. A 'friend' of those who invited William of Orange to England in 1688. He warned about the threat to Anglicanism from a Stuart restoration. 1716 William Wake. He attempted to persuade the French Gallican Church to break with Rome and ally itself with the Church of England. In later life he gained a reputation for corruption, appointing members of his family to financially lucrative positions within the Church. Frederick Temple. Followed the well worn path from Oxford to Rugby to Canterbury. 1903 Randall Thomas Davidson. Born in Edinburgh into a Presbyterian family, he studied at Oxford, and became chaplain to Archbishop Tait (his father-in-law) and also to Queen Victoria . 1928 Cosmo Gordon Lang. Born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, he was Principal of Aberdeen University and entered the Church of England in 1890. He was both counsellor and friend to the royal family. 1942 William Temple. The son of Frederick Temple he deviated the well worn path from Oxford to Canterbury via Repton. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform in crusades against money lenders, slums and dishonesty. 1945 Geoffrey Francis Fisher. He also followed the now deeply rutted path from Oxford to Repton to Canterbury. As archbishop he crowned Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey in 1953. 1961 Arthur Michael Ramsey. Educated at Repton, where his headmaster was the man he would succeed as archbishop - Geoffrey Fisher, he worked for Church unity with an historic visit to the Vatican in 1966. He also attempted to forge a reconciliation with the Methodist Church.	i don't know
Who wrote the novel 'England Made Me'?	England Made Me (1973) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A story about an English businessman in 1930s Germany who encounters a financier who has forged his career on greed, corruption and opportunism, rather than the traditional British principles of decency and fair play. Director: a list of 81 titles created 21 Jul 2012 a list of 2241 titles created 27 Apr 2013 a list of 40 titles created 07 Aug 2014 a list of 33 titles created 11 Mar 2015 a list of 3826 titles created 03 Oct 2015 Title: England Made Me (1973) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. See more awards » Photos At a British Regimental party in Colonial India the widow of Captain Scarlett is assaulted in the garden and she accuses one of the newly arrived junior lieutenants of the crime. Director: Michael Anderson This retelling of the classic tale of James Hilton's Utopian lost world plays out uneasily amid musical production numbers and Bacharach pop music. While escaping war-torn China, a group of... See full summary » Director: Charles Jarrott In 1915, frustrated with the German air-raids on London, British Intelligence sends Scots officer Geoffrey Richter-Douglas, who has German ancestry, to Germany, to find information about the latest German Zeppelin. Director: Etienne Périer Young George Matcham visits his uncle Lord Nelson and the vulgar Lady Hamilton. With the clear eyes of youth, he measures Nelson's stature and notes his feet of clay. And yet, Nelson is a ... See full summary » Director: James Cellan Jones North Africa, December 1942. Valentin, a professional gardener ruined by the bombings of 1940, has fled to Tunis, where he traffics stolen goods, transporting them from Libya to Tunisia on an old boat. Director: Philippe de Broca The British royal Prince George travels to Japan and falls in love with a local woman named Sumi. Director: Lewis Gilbert When rookie P.C. Strange falls for an under aged girl, he is unknowingly compromised by a pair of pornographers. Meanwhile, seasoned Det. Pierce is out to catch mob boss Quince and soon both plots intertwine. Director: David Greene Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) abdicates and travels to Rome to embrace the Catholic church. Today, she is mostly known for the rumors that she was lesbian. Director: Anthony Harvey An unhappily married white policeman in Sierra Leone falls in love with a white girl and starts an affair. He soon starts feeling guilty. Director: George More O'Ferrall Great Expectations (TV Movie 1974) Drama A humble orphan suddenly becomes a gentleman with the help of an unknown benefactor. Director: Joseph Hardy A man having marital problems with his shrewish wife picks up a young, pretty and pregnant hitchhiker. Before he knows it, he's in over his head and mixed up in violence and murder. Director: Alastair Reid Edit Storyline A story about an English businessman in 1930s Germany who encounters a financier who has forged his career on greed, corruption and opportunism, rather than the traditional British principles of decency and fair play. Taglines: Brother + sister + lover. A triangle . . . A game of consequences. And the consequences were deadly in Nazi Germany. Genres: Rape of the Third Reich See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia John Scott wrote the music and Arthur Hamilton the lyrics for "Remembering" for the motion picture England Made Me. The song was performed by Lana Cantrell , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture. However, it became disqualified due to Ms. Cantrell's vocal being recorded over the motion picture title strip at the end of the feature. The Academy subsequently notified East Coast Records, and requested the instrumental version be nominated in its place. East Coast Records declined in support of Ms. Cantrell. As chairman of the Music Branch's Executive Committee, it was Mr. Hamilton's responsibility to disqualify his own song. The rule was changed the following year, and the use of a song over the end titles became eligible - and common practice. See more » Goofs German characters all speak British English to each other and to the English characters, with one exception. A boatman talks briefly with Kate in German. See more » Soundtracks Lavish production which ultimately fails to excite. 14 August 2007 \| by whatleym (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews This film is usually known by the title of Graham Greene's novel on which it is based 'England Made Me'. However it also has an alternative title of 'Rape of the 3rd Reich'. And that is perhaps more indicative of what this film is about the lives of several 'ordinary' people in Germany a few years prior to WW2, being affected by the increasing power of the Nazi party all around them. The central character is Anthony Farrant played by archetypal Englishman Michael York. His sister Kate played by Hildegarde Neil, works for a rich but ruthless and cynical German industrialist Erich Krogh (Peter Finch) in Germany. Having left England for new challenges Anthony meets up with his sister (initially in France) and she then secures him a job in Krogh's company. Anthony later forms a relationship with an English woman he meets in Germany Liz Davidge played by 'English Rose' (and famously U.K D.J. Tony Blackburn's ex-wife) Tessa Wyatt. Anthony also forms a friendship with journalist 'Minty', superbly acted as a 'slob' character by Michael Hordern. Anthony sometimes tells the journo perhaps too much at a time when the Nazis were seeking control of the press and this forms the basis for the later scenarios in the movie. The final key character is Haller (Joss Ackland); he works as Krogh's right-hand man and plays a central role in scenes towards the end of the film. This is clearly a lavish production, the photography and sets are superb, and the film budget must have been extensive. The movie also contains a raft of stars. But ultimately it disappoints. The plot often moves forward too slowly (and wavers) and some of the dialogue is cliché-ridden. In my view this movie represents a wasted opportunity much more could have been made of Greene's novel than this. It's difficult to work out just why it fails to deliver I note that it was made in Belgrade in the early 70s; perhaps the regime there would not allow the production team the freedom they wanted? It's still a viewable film but don't expect the epic that the cast, budget and BAFTA-nomination might suggest. 4 of 7 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Graham Greene
Viti Levu is the largest of which group of islands?	England Made Me (1973) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A story about an English businessman in 1930s Germany who encounters a financier who has forged his career on greed, corruption and opportunism, rather than the traditional British principles of decency and fair play. Director: a list of 81 titles created 21 Jul 2012 a list of 2241 titles created 27 Apr 2013 a list of 40 titles created 07 Aug 2014 a list of 33 titles created 11 Mar 2015 a list of 3826 titles created 03 Oct 2015 Title: England Made Me (1973) 6.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. See more awards » Photos At a British Regimental party in Colonial India the widow of Captain Scarlett is assaulted in the garden and she accuses one of the newly arrived junior lieutenants of the crime. Director: Michael Anderson This retelling of the classic tale of James Hilton's Utopian lost world plays out uneasily amid musical production numbers and Bacharach pop music. While escaping war-torn China, a group of... See full summary » Director: Charles Jarrott In 1915, frustrated with the German air-raids on London, British Intelligence sends Scots officer Geoffrey Richter-Douglas, who has German ancestry, to Germany, to find information about the latest German Zeppelin. Director: Etienne Périer Young George Matcham visits his uncle Lord Nelson and the vulgar Lady Hamilton. With the clear eyes of youth, he measures Nelson's stature and notes his feet of clay. And yet, Nelson is a ... See full summary » Director: James Cellan Jones North Africa, December 1942. Valentin, a professional gardener ruined by the bombings of 1940, has fled to Tunis, where he traffics stolen goods, transporting them from Libya to Tunisia on an old boat. Director: Philippe de Broca The British royal Prince George travels to Japan and falls in love with a local woman named Sumi. Director: Lewis Gilbert When rookie P.C. Strange falls for an under aged girl, he is unknowingly compromised by a pair of pornographers. Meanwhile, seasoned Det. Pierce is out to catch mob boss Quince and soon both plots intertwine. Director: David Greene Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) abdicates and travels to Rome to embrace the Catholic church. Today, she is mostly known for the rumors that she was lesbian. Director: Anthony Harvey An unhappily married white policeman in Sierra Leone falls in love with a white girl and starts an affair. He soon starts feeling guilty. Director: George More O'Ferrall Great Expectations (TV Movie 1974) Drama A humble orphan suddenly becomes a gentleman with the help of an unknown benefactor. Director: Joseph Hardy A man having marital problems with his shrewish wife picks up a young, pretty and pregnant hitchhiker. Before he knows it, he's in over his head and mixed up in violence and murder. Director: Alastair Reid Edit Storyline A story about an English businessman in 1930s Germany who encounters a financier who has forged his career on greed, corruption and opportunism, rather than the traditional British principles of decency and fair play. Taglines: Brother + sister + lover. A triangle . . . A game of consequences. And the consequences were deadly in Nazi Germany. Genres: Rape of the Third Reich See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia John Scott wrote the music and Arthur Hamilton the lyrics for "Remembering" for the motion picture England Made Me. The song was performed by Lana Cantrell , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture. However, it became disqualified due to Ms. Cantrell's vocal being recorded over the motion picture title strip at the end of the feature. The Academy subsequently notified East Coast Records, and requested the instrumental version be nominated in its place. East Coast Records declined in support of Ms. Cantrell. As chairman of the Music Branch's Executive Committee, it was Mr. Hamilton's responsibility to disqualify his own song. The rule was changed the following year, and the use of a song over the end titles became eligible - and common practice. See more » Goofs German characters all speak British English to each other and to the English characters, with one exception. A boatman talks briefly with Kate in German. See more » Soundtracks Lavish production which ultimately fails to excite. 14 August 2007 \| by whatleym (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews This film is usually known by the title of Graham Greene's novel on which it is based 'England Made Me'. However it also has an alternative title of 'Rape of the 3rd Reich'. And that is perhaps more indicative of what this film is about the lives of several 'ordinary' people in Germany a few years prior to WW2, being affected by the increasing power of the Nazi party all around them. The central character is Anthony Farrant played by archetypal Englishman Michael York. His sister Kate played by Hildegarde Neil, works for a rich but ruthless and cynical German industrialist Erich Krogh (Peter Finch) in Germany. Having left England for new challenges Anthony meets up with his sister (initially in France) and she then secures him a job in Krogh's company. Anthony later forms a relationship with an English woman he meets in Germany Liz Davidge played by 'English Rose' (and famously U.K D.J. Tony Blackburn's ex-wife) Tessa Wyatt. Anthony also forms a friendship with journalist 'Minty', superbly acted as a 'slob' character by Michael Hordern. Anthony sometimes tells the journo perhaps too much at a time when the Nazis were seeking control of the press and this forms the basis for the later scenarios in the movie. The final key character is Haller (Joss Ackland); he works as Krogh's right-hand man and plays a central role in scenes towards the end of the film. This is clearly a lavish production, the photography and sets are superb, and the film budget must have been extensive. The movie also contains a raft of stars. But ultimately it disappoints. The plot often moves forward too slowly (and wavers) and some of the dialogue is cliché-ridden. In my view this movie represents a wasted opportunity much more could have been made of Greene's novel than this. It's difficult to work out just why it fails to deliver I note that it was made in Belgrade in the early 70s; perhaps the regime there would not allow the production team the freedom they wanted? It's still a viewable film but don't expect the epic that the cast, budget and BAFTA-nomination might suggest. 4 of 7 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
'Tame' is the national airline of which South American country?	Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean - Nations Online Project Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean ___ Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean List of flag air carriers, domestic airlines, commercial airlines with passenger and cargo service, scheduled air carrier and low cost airlines. For more information about the companies click on the link to connect to the official site. The country links will open the respective country profile. Airlines of countries in the Caribbean Bookmark/share this page Aerolineas Argentinas IATA Designator: AR, ICAO Designator: ARG, Callsign: ARGENTINA Aerolineas Argentinas is the flag carrier of Argentina and the largest airline in the country.It operates a regional flight network within South America and offers flights to cities in Mexico ( Mexico City ), the United States ( Miami ), Europe ( Barcelona , Madrid and Rome ) and to Auckland in New Zealand and Sydney , Australia . Its main hubs are at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE), located 22 km (14 mi) south-southwest of Buenos Aires , Argentina's capital. LAN Argentina IATA Designator: 4M, ICAO Designator: DSM, Callsign: LANAR LAN Argentina is an affiliate of LAN Airlines. It operates scheduled domestic services and international services to Lima ( Peru ), Miami (Florida, USA ), Punta Cana ( Dominican Republic ), Santiago ( Chile ) and Sao Paulo ( Brazil ). Its main bases are Jorge Newbery Airport (AEP) and Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE), both located in Buenos Aires. Sol Líneas Aéreas IATA Designator: 8R, ICAO Designator: OLS, Callsign: FLIGHTSOL Sol Líneas Aéreas is a regional airline, it operates domestic flights as well as to Montevideo , Uruguay. Main hub is at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP), a main airport for domestic flights in Buenos Aires. AeroSur IATA Designator: SL, ICAO Designator: ASU, Callsign: AEREOSUR AeroSur is Bolivia's biggest airline and one of the flag carrier of Bolivia. AeroSur operates domestic and regional scheduled services and some international flights to Europe and the US. Its main hub is at Viru Viru International Airport (VVI), Bolivia's main air gateway of international flights. The airport is located near Santa Cruz. Boliviana de Aviación (BoA) IATA Designator: LB, ICAO Designator: -, Callsign: - BoA is the other Bolivian flag carrier. It operates scheduled domestic routes and international services to São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina. The airline has its main hub at Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (CBB) near Cochabamba in central Bolivia. Lloyd Aereo Boliviano S.A.- L.A.B. (defunct) IATA Designator: LB, ICAO Designator: LLB, Callsign: LLOYDAEREO LAB was the most important national airline of Bolivia until 2007. The airline has served South-America, Mexico, Miami, and the Caribbean. Avianca Brazil IATA Designator: O6, ICAO Designator: ONE, Callsign: OCEANAIR The former OceanAir is a subsidiary of Avianca (Colombia). Avianca Brazil is a regional airline which operates passenger services to 18 destinations in Brazil. Its main base is at Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), São Paulo and it operates a secondary hub at Brasília International Airport (BSB). Azul Brazilian Airlines IATA Designator: AD, ICAO Designator: AZU, Callsign: AZUL Azul is a domestic low-cost carrier which operates flights to destinaions within Brazil. Its hub is at Campinas-Viracopos Airport (VCP), near Campinas. GOL - GOL Transportes Aeros IATA Designator: G3, ICAO Designator: GLO, Callsign: GOL The Brazilian airline operates a domestic routes network and growing international services to destinations in the Caribbean and South America. The fleet of VRG Linhas Aéreas combines the brands Gol and Varig. Its main hubs are at Congonhas Airport (CGH), São Paulo , Galeão International Airport (GIG) near Rio de Janeiro and Brasília International Airport (BSB), Brasília . TAM Linhas Aeras IATA Designator: JJ, ICAO Designator: TAM, Callsign: TAM TAM Airlines is the largest airline in Latin America and Brszil's flag carrier. It operates domestic scheduled services and also international flights to destinations in North and South America and Europe. Its main hub airports are at São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), at Brasília International Airport (BSB), Brasília , Brazil's capital city, and at Galeão International Airport (GIG) near Rio de Janeiro . IATA Designator: T4, ICAO Designator: TIB, Callsign: TRIP TRIP Linhas Aéreas operates an extensive network of scheduled domestic service to about 80 destinations within Brazil. WebJet Linhas Aéreas IATA Designator: WH (WJ), ICAO Designator: WEB, Callsign: WEBJET Webjet Linhas Aéreas is a Brazilian low cost airline, it operates domestic services to 14 cities in Brazil: Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Natal, Navegantes, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador da Bahia, and São Paulo. LAN Airlines IATA Designator: LA, ICAO Designator: LAN, Callsign: LAN LAN is Chile's national flag carrier, the largest airline in the country and one of the largest airlines in Latin America. LAN operates an extensive network of both domestic and international flights to destinations in Latin America and the United States, to Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand, and to Paris, Frankfurt and Madrid in Europe. Its main hub is Santiago International Airport (SCL) near Santiago Sky Airlines IATA Designator: H2, ICAO Designator: SKU, Callsign: AEROSKY Sky Airline is the second largest airline in Chile. It operates a mainly domestic network of services to destinations within Chile, and to Buenos Aires in Argentina , to La Paz in Bolivia and to Arequipa and Lima in Peru . The airline is based at Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (SCL), Chile's largest and busiest international airport which is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of Santiago . Avianca IATA Designator: AV, ICAO Designator: AVA, Callsign: AVIANCA Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. - is Colombia's largest airline and the country's flag carrier. One of the world's oldest airlines operates a large network of passenger and cargo services within the country and to destinations in North, Central, and South America and to the Caribbean and to Spain. Avianca's main hub is at the El Dorado International Airport (BOG). Colombia's primary domestic and international airport is located near Bogotá, D.C. , Colombia's capital. EasyFly IATA Designator: EF, ICAO Designator: ESY, Callsign: EASYFLY Easyfly S.A. is a Colombian low-cost carrier that operates flights to 18 cities in Colombia. Its main base is El Dorado International Airport (BOG), Bogotá. Lacsa IATA Designator: LR, ICAO Designator: LRC, Callsign: LACSA Lacsa is the national airline of Costa Rica. The airline is part of Grupo TACA and operates as TACA/Lacsa international scheduled services to destinations in Central, North and South America. Its main hub is at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), located about 20 km (13 mi) northwest of San José , Costa Rica's capital city. Nature Air IATA Designator: 5C, ICAO Designator: NRR, Callsign: NATUREAIR Nature Air (formerly Travelair) is a Costa Rican domestic airline, it operates scheduled mainly domestic services. Its base is at Tobías Bolaños International Airport (SYQ), San José's main airport for domestic flights. AeroGal IATA Designator: 2K, ICAO Designator: GLG, Callsign: AEROGAL AeroGal is an airline based in Quito, Ecuador. It operates domestic passenger and cargo flights within the country and between the mainland and the Galápagos Islands, as well as flights from Ecuador to Bogotá , Colombia , and to New York City in the United States . The airline's main hubs are at José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport (UIO), Quito 's principal airport, and Mariscal Sucre International Airport (GYE) which serves Guayaquil , Equador's main port, its commercial center and largest city. tame IATA Designator: EQ, ICAO Designator: TAE, Callsign: TAME Línea Aérea del Ecuador. Tame is a regional carrier which operates a network of passenger and cargo services to 10 cities in Ecuador: Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Galápagos (Santa Cruz y San Cristóbal), Machala, Loja, Coca, Esmeraldas and Lago Agrio. It also connects Quito with some destinations in the Carribean and it flys to Cali, Colombia three times a week.TAME's main hub is at Mariscal Sucre International Airport (GYE), Guayaquil . Air Guyane IATA Designator: 3S, ICAO Designator: GUY, Callsign: GREENBIRD Air Guyane Express operates domestic flights and under the name of Air Antilles Express regional scheduled flights to Fort-de-France , Martinique , to Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Castries , Saint Lucia . Its main base is Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport. TACA (Grupo Taca) IATA Designator: TA, ICAO Designator: TAI, Callsign: TACA TACA is a regional airline and El Salvador's flag carrier. The group of five independent Central American airlines, whose operations are combined to serve destinations in Latin America, North America, and the most important business and tourist destinations in South America and the Caribbean. TACA's three main hubs are 1. at Comalapa International Airport (SAL), located about 50 km (30 mi) from San Salvador , El Salvador's capital city; and 2. at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), about 20 km (12.5 mi) from San José , Costa Rica , and 3. at Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM), located 11 km (7 mi) from Lima , the capital city of Peru . IATA Designator: AM, ICAO Designator: AMX, Callsign: AEROMEXICO Aerovias de Mexico, one of Mexico's two leading airlines. IATA Designator: MX, ICAO Designator: MXA, Callsign: MEXICANA Compania Mexicana De Aviacion, the other one of Mexico's two leading airlines. Copa Airlines IATA Designator: CM, ICAO Designator: CMP, Callsign: COPA The Compania Panamena de Aviacion S.A. is Panama's leading airline and its flag carrier. According to Copa, the airline operates scheduled passenger services to 49 destinations in 27 countries in North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Its main hub is at Copa Tocumen International Airport (PTY), the country's largest airport, located 24 km (15 mi) east of Panama City , Panama's capital.	Ecuador
Welsh chieftain, Owen Glendower, led a revolt against the rule in Wales of which English king?	Discover South America with oneworld - Travel the World Visit South America Discover South America with oneworld With access to 65 destinations throughout 10 countries, a oneworld® Visit South America Pass is your key to discovering this amazing continent and its people. A Visit South America Pass enables you to visit the following countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. You can visit vibrant cities like Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, experience the spectacular Andes Mountains or travel to Easter Island, the Galapagos or the exotic Amazonian region in the north of the continent. Choice of flights Book as many flights as you like with your oneworld Visit South America Pass (minimum three flights), using the services of American Airlines, British Airways, LAN, Qatar Airways, TAM and their affiliates . Simply confirm the first segment of your itinerary when you make your booking and enjoy the flexibility of leaving your remaining segments open-dated. Simple pricing The price you pay for your oneworld Visit South America Pass is based on the following pricing zones: Journeys can be within a single zone or a combination of two or more. A minimum purchase of three sectors is required with no maximum limit. Zone Up to 560 miles (901km) Zone 2 2301-3500 miles (3703-5632km) How to book Visit South America fares are available to residents of countries outside of South America. Travel must be booked before departure from country of origin and in conjunction with return travel to South America on a oneworld airline. You can book your Visit South America Pass directly with a oneworld member airline. Please click on the links below for airline contact information. SriLankan Airlines Terms and conditions Valid on all services within South America operated and marketed by American Airlines, British Airways, LATAM and Qatar Airways and their affiliates . For the purpose of this fare, the definition of South America is the countries listed above. Available for sale only to residents of countries outside South America. This fare must be booked before departure from country of origin, and in conjunction with return travel to South America on oneworld member airlines. All information, routings, available destinations and fares are subject to change without notice. Fares are calculated per sector and are exclusive of any taxes and passenger fees (which must be collected separately). Fares are for travel in economy-class cabins, and are limited to availability and capacity controls. Cancellation and amendment penalties apply, subject to conditions of fare. Routing restrictions apply. Children and infants: Children pay 67%. Infants pay 10%. Minimum stay: One day. Maximum stay: 12 months. All destinations you wish to travel to must be stated at time of purchase, before departure from country of origin. You need to make a reservation (confirm the flight number and date) for only the first segment of the trip. All remaining segments may be left open, as long as the reservations are made at any time prior to the day of departure on the segment concerned. Local fees may apply. Further conditions may apply. Please speak to a oneworld member airline if you have further questions. All information is correct as of 1 February 2013. Subject to change without notice. © 2017 oneworld Alliance, LLC	i don't know
"Which broadcaster said "" The British motor industry is ..... owned by Nazis"" and South Koreans are ""too busy eating dogs to design a decent car""?"	2001 KO Final February, which ex-PM was awarded an earldom on his 90th birthday ? Harold Macmillan B1 A member of the House of Lords and an ex-MP, who celebrated his 100th birthday in November 1984 ? Mannie Shinwell Which government department banned trades unions causing a national outcry ? GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) Outside which foreign government building was policewoman Yvonne Fletcher shot and fatally wounded ? Libyan People's Bureau or Libyan Embassy A3 In the course of a violent argument in April, which recording artist was shot and killed by his father ? Marvin Gaye In October, who was killed by members of her own bodyguard ? Indira Ghandi A4 In March the British government announced its approval of the sale of which shipyard on the lower Clyde to Trafalgar House ? Scott Lithgow B4 In October which bank, a bullion dealer, was rescued from debts of around ï¿½250 million by a Bank of England buy-out ? Johnson Matthey Subject: ï¿½One Word Cinemaï¿½ Answers A1 A 1992 Oscar winning Clint Eastwood film in which a former hired killer turned unsuccessful farmer returns to his old ways in pursuit of a $1,000 reward ? Unforgiven B1 A 1972 John Boorman film in which a leading character, played by Ned Beatty, is raped by a ï¿½Hillbillyï¿½ ? Deliverance A2 A 1929 film, Hitchcockï¿½s first talkie, in which a Scotland Yard Inspector is placed in a difficult position when he discovers his girlfriend has committed a murder ? Blackmail B2 Set in Rio, a 1946 Hitchcock film with Cary Grant & Ingrid Bergman in which a woman marries a Nazi renegade to help the US Government ? Notorious A3 A 1916 film by D.W. Griffith starring Lillian Gish in one of four intercut stories including Balshazzarï¿½s Feast and the St Bartholomewï¿½s Day Massacre ? Intolerance B3 A 1967 camped-up version of Faust in which a short order cook is saved from suicide by Mr Spiggott - who offers him 7 wishes in exchange for his soul ? Bedazzled A4 A 1924 Erich von Stroheim film in which an ex-miner turned dentist kills his avaricious wife and her lover ? Greed B4 Set in the mid 19th century, a 1999 film starring Guy Pearce & Robert Carlyle in which a cannibalistic officer commands an isolated army outpost ? Ravenous Answers A1 The liqueur Curaï¿½ao (say ï¿½Koor-a-sowï¿½) is traditionally flavoured with sugar & which fruit ? Orange B1 Which spirit takes its name from a place near Guadalajara (say ï¿½Gwadlaharaï¿½) where the conquistadors first developed it from a variety of Aztec drink ? Tequila A2 With a peculiar but agreeable taste, which coarse & potent liquor is made in the East Indies from a variety of sources, including fermented rice & coconut juice ? Arrack B2 Used to season food & fruit as well as alcoholic drinks, which flavouring is prepared with oil distilled from the aromatic bark of two S. American trees blended with herbs, and bears the former name of a port in Venezuela ? Angostura (now called Cuidad Bolivar) A3 Derived from a town in north east Hungary, what name is shared by a grape variety and a golden-yellow coloured, sweet, aromatic wine ? Tokay (from Tokaj) Subject: Wordgame ï¿½Noï¿½ as in ï¿½Noteï¿½ Answers ï¿½ a spout on a hose etc. from which a jet issues ? Nozzel ï¿½ a small round piece of meat or a chocolate made with hazelnuts ? Noisette ï¿½ something or someone absolutely unrivalled or unique ? Nonpareil ï¿½ a short composition of a romantic nature, usually for piano ? Nocturne ï¿½ a composition for nine voices or instruments ? Nonet ï¿½ a devotion consisting of special prayers or services on nine successive days ? Novena ï¿½ something lacking distinctive characteristics, neither one thing nor another ? Nondescript ï¿½ a bunch of flowers, especially a sweet-scented posy ? Nosegay The main airport of which capital is located at Kastrup ? Copenhagen The main airport of which capital is located at Schwechat ? Vienna B2 Called the Escaut in France, which 270 mile-long river rises in the north of that country, flows across Belgium, and then empties into the North Sea in Holland ? Schelde A2 Which 590 mile long river rises on Franceï¿½s Langres plateau, enters Belgium at Givet, then flows across that country to Holland and thence to the North Sea ? Meuse B3 Greece has land borders with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and which three other countries ? Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey A3 Slovenia has land borders with the former Yugoslav republic of Croatia and which three other countries ? Austria, Hungary, Italy In which modern-day nation is the region known as Batavia to Ancient Rome ? Netherlands or Holland In which modern-day nation is the region known as Dacia to Ancient Rome ? Romania Answers B1 In a speech in 1989, who said ï¿½One word sums up ï¿½ the responsibility of any Vice President, and that one word is ï¿½to be preparedï¿½ï¿½ ? (James) Dan Quayle A1 Hoping to end their partyï¿½s squabbling over the Maastricht Treaty, who in 1992 said ï¿½Iï¿½m drawing a line under the sandï¿½ ? John Major B2 Which newly appointed UK junior health minister said in September 1986, ï¿½People in the North die of ignorance and crispsï¿½ ? Edwina Currie A2 Speaking of 800,000 murders in Rwanda, which French President said in 1994 ï¿½In some countries, genocide is not really importantï¿½ ? Franï¿½ois Mitterand B3 Born into a Lutheran Protestant family in 1844, which philosopher once said ï¿½When a woman becomes a scholar there is usually something wrong with her sex organsï¿½ ? Nietzsche (say ï¿½Kneechï¿½) A3 Which broadcaster said ï¿½The British motor industry is ï¿½ owned by Nazisï¿½ and South Koreans are ï¿½too busy eating dogs to design a decent carï¿½ ? Jeremy Clarkson B4 In 1991, which French Prime Minister described the Japanese in the following terms - ï¿½Ants ï¿½ little yellow men who sit up all night thinking how to screw usï¿½ ? Edith Cresson A4 Addressing Southampton students in 1994, which then Chief Secretary to the Treasury said ï¿½If any of you have got an A-level, it is because you have worked to get it. Go to any other country and when you have got an A-Level, you have bought itï¿½ ? Michael Portillo Subject: ï¿½Sciencesï¿½ Answers Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of what ? Law A1 The computing term Heuristics (say ï¿½Hew-risticsï¿½) refers to the arrival at a solution by the use of which familiar sounding experimental process ? Trial and error Concerning the written word, Orthography is the study or science of what ? Letters or Spelling Pomology is the study of growing what ? Fruit (Pom fruit in Latin) B3 What name is given to the science or study of the cultivation of grapevines ? Viticulture A3 Sometimes used in staff recruitment, what name is given to the science of measuring mental capacities and processes ? Psychometrics B4 What name is given to the science of classification, especially the classification of living and extinct organisms ? Taxonomy A4 What name is given to the science of classifying physical types, especially the typical body shapes that people can apparently be grouped into ? Somatology or Somatypes	Jeremy Clarkson
What sport did James Gibb invent in 1890?	2001 KO Final February, which ex-PM was awarded an earldom on his 90th birthday ? Harold Macmillan B1 A member of the House of Lords and an ex-MP, who celebrated his 100th birthday in November 1984 ? Mannie Shinwell Which government department banned trades unions causing a national outcry ? GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) Outside which foreign government building was policewoman Yvonne Fletcher shot and fatally wounded ? Libyan People's Bureau or Libyan Embassy A3 In the course of a violent argument in April, which recording artist was shot and killed by his father ? Marvin Gaye In October, who was killed by members of her own bodyguard ? Indira Ghandi A4 In March the British government announced its approval of the sale of which shipyard on the lower Clyde to Trafalgar House ? Scott Lithgow B4 In October which bank, a bullion dealer, was rescued from debts of around ï¿½250 million by a Bank of England buy-out ? Johnson Matthey Subject: ï¿½One Word Cinemaï¿½ Answers A1 A 1992 Oscar winning Clint Eastwood film in which a former hired killer turned unsuccessful farmer returns to his old ways in pursuit of a $1,000 reward ? Unforgiven B1 A 1972 John Boorman film in which a leading character, played by Ned Beatty, is raped by a ï¿½Hillbillyï¿½ ? Deliverance A2 A 1929 film, Hitchcockï¿½s first talkie, in which a Scotland Yard Inspector is placed in a difficult position when he discovers his girlfriend has committed a murder ? Blackmail B2 Set in Rio, a 1946 Hitchcock film with Cary Grant & Ingrid Bergman in which a woman marries a Nazi renegade to help the US Government ? Notorious A3 A 1916 film by D.W. Griffith starring Lillian Gish in one of four intercut stories including Balshazzarï¿½s Feast and the St Bartholomewï¿½s Day Massacre ? Intolerance B3 A 1967 camped-up version of Faust in which a short order cook is saved from suicide by Mr Spiggott - who offers him 7 wishes in exchange for his soul ? Bedazzled A4 A 1924 Erich von Stroheim film in which an ex-miner turned dentist kills his avaricious wife and her lover ? Greed B4 Set in the mid 19th century, a 1999 film starring Guy Pearce & Robert Carlyle in which a cannibalistic officer commands an isolated army outpost ? Ravenous Answers A1 The liqueur Curaï¿½ao (say ï¿½Koor-a-sowï¿½) is traditionally flavoured with sugar & which fruit ? Orange B1 Which spirit takes its name from a place near Guadalajara (say ï¿½Gwadlaharaï¿½) where the conquistadors first developed it from a variety of Aztec drink ? Tequila A2 With a peculiar but agreeable taste, which coarse & potent liquor is made in the East Indies from a variety of sources, including fermented rice & coconut juice ? Arrack B2 Used to season food & fruit as well as alcoholic drinks, which flavouring is prepared with oil distilled from the aromatic bark of two S. American trees blended with herbs, and bears the former name of a port in Venezuela ? Angostura (now called Cuidad Bolivar) A3 Derived from a town in north east Hungary, what name is shared by a grape variety and a golden-yellow coloured, sweet, aromatic wine ? Tokay (from Tokaj) Subject: Wordgame ï¿½Noï¿½ as in ï¿½Noteï¿½ Answers ï¿½ a spout on a hose etc. from which a jet issues ? Nozzel ï¿½ a small round piece of meat or a chocolate made with hazelnuts ? Noisette ï¿½ something or someone absolutely unrivalled or unique ? Nonpareil ï¿½ a short composition of a romantic nature, usually for piano ? Nocturne ï¿½ a composition for nine voices or instruments ? Nonet ï¿½ a devotion consisting of special prayers or services on nine successive days ? Novena ï¿½ something lacking distinctive characteristics, neither one thing nor another ? Nondescript ï¿½ a bunch of flowers, especially a sweet-scented posy ? Nosegay The main airport of which capital is located at Kastrup ? Copenhagen The main airport of which capital is located at Schwechat ? Vienna B2 Called the Escaut in France, which 270 mile-long river rises in the north of that country, flows across Belgium, and then empties into the North Sea in Holland ? Schelde A2 Which 590 mile long river rises on Franceï¿½s Langres plateau, enters Belgium at Givet, then flows across that country to Holland and thence to the North Sea ? Meuse B3 Greece has land borders with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and which three other countries ? Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey A3 Slovenia has land borders with the former Yugoslav republic of Croatia and which three other countries ? Austria, Hungary, Italy In which modern-day nation is the region known as Batavia to Ancient Rome ? Netherlands or Holland In which modern-day nation is the region known as Dacia to Ancient Rome ? Romania Answers B1 In a speech in 1989, who said ï¿½One word sums up ï¿½ the responsibility of any Vice President, and that one word is ï¿½to be preparedï¿½ï¿½ ? (James) Dan Quayle A1 Hoping to end their partyï¿½s squabbling over the Maastricht Treaty, who in 1992 said ï¿½Iï¿½m drawing a line under the sandï¿½ ? John Major B2 Which newly appointed UK junior health minister said in September 1986, ï¿½People in the North die of ignorance and crispsï¿½ ? Edwina Currie A2 Speaking of 800,000 murders in Rwanda, which French President said in 1994 ï¿½In some countries, genocide is not really importantï¿½ ? Franï¿½ois Mitterand B3 Born into a Lutheran Protestant family in 1844, which philosopher once said ï¿½When a woman becomes a scholar there is usually something wrong with her sex organsï¿½ ? Nietzsche (say ï¿½Kneechï¿½) A3 Which broadcaster said ï¿½The British motor industry is ï¿½ owned by Nazisï¿½ and South Koreans are ï¿½too busy eating dogs to design a decent carï¿½ ? Jeremy Clarkson B4 In 1991, which French Prime Minister described the Japanese in the following terms - ï¿½Ants ï¿½ little yellow men who sit up all night thinking how to screw usï¿½ ? Edith Cresson A4 Addressing Southampton students in 1994, which then Chief Secretary to the Treasury said ï¿½If any of you have got an A-level, it is because you have worked to get it. Go to any other country and when you have got an A-Level, you have bought itï¿½ ? Michael Portillo Subject: ï¿½Sciencesï¿½ Answers Jurisprudence is the science or philosophy of what ? Law A1 The computing term Heuristics (say ï¿½Hew-risticsï¿½) refers to the arrival at a solution by the use of which familiar sounding experimental process ? Trial and error Concerning the written word, Orthography is the study or science of what ? Letters or Spelling Pomology is the study of growing what ? Fruit (Pom fruit in Latin) B3 What name is given to the science or study of the cultivation of grapevines ? Viticulture A3 Sometimes used in staff recruitment, what name is given to the science of measuring mental capacities and processes ? Psychometrics B4 What name is given to the science of classification, especially the classification of living and extinct organisms ? Taxonomy A4 What name is given to the science of classifying physical types, especially the typical body shapes that people can apparently be grouped into ? Somatology or Somatypes	i don't know
What is the popular name for the plant Convallari majalis?	convallaria majalis Lily Of The Valley, European lily of the valley PFAF Plant Database Bloom Color: White. Main Bloom Time: Late spring, Mid spring. Form: Spreading or horizontal. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:390_Convallaria_majalis.jpg Physical Characteristics convallaria majalis is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.2 m (0ft 8in) by 0.3 m (1ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, self.The plant is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay and nutritionally poor soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in full shade (deep woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry moist or wet soil. Synonyms Convallaria bracteata. Convallaria fragrans. Convallaria latifolia. Polygonatum majale. Habitats Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; not Deep Shade; Ground Cover; Bog Garden; Edible Uses A wine can be prepared from the flowers, mixed with raisins[183]. Medicinal Uses Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. Laxative ; Poultice ; Sedative . Lily of the valley has a long and proven reputation in herbal medicine in the treatment of heart complaints. It contains the glycosides convallarin and convallamarin which are powerful cardiac tonics and diuretics and are also used in allopathic medicine[244]. However, because of the plants potential toxic properties it should never be used without expert advice[9]. All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative and sedative[4, 7, 9, 21, 46, 165, 222, 254]. The plant is usually harvested when in flower and can be dried for later use[4], though it is stronger acting when fresh[238]. The inflorescence is said to be the most active medicinally and is often harvested separately[4]. An infusion of the flowers and roots is a digitalis substitute (obtained from Digitalis species), though less powerful, that is especially useful in the treatment of valvula heart diseases, cardiac debility, dropsy and chronic lung problems such as emphysema[4, 222, 254]. Lily of the valley encourages the heart to beat more slowly, regularly and efficiently, at the same time it is strongly diuretic, reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure[254]. Its effect is less cumulative than digitalis which makes it safer for elderly patients[238]. It is often prescribed combined with the fruits of Crataegus spp[238]. An ointment made from the roots is used in the treatment of burns and to prevent scar tissue[222]. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Convallaria majalis : Lily Of The Valley for arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, nervous heart complaints (see [302] for critics of commission E). Other Uses Dye ; Essential . An essential oil is obtained from the flowers[46, 171]. It is used in perfumery and for snuff[238]. A green dye is obtained from the leaves in spring[13, 14, 115]. A yellow dye is obtained from the leaves in autumn[14]. Plants can be grown as a ground cover in woodland shade or in a shrubbery[200, 208]. As a garden ornamental it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Cultivation details Landscape Uses:Border, Container, Erosion control, Ground cover, Massing, Specimen, Woodland. garden Succeeds in almost any situation, including the dense dry shade of large trees[1, 4, 24]. Prefers a position in semi-shade in a moderately fertile well-drained moist woodland soil[200, 208]. Grows well in heavy clay, sand or chalky soils[208]. Dislikes pure clay soils and boggy sites[233]. Plants are hardy to -20°c or lower[200]. A polymorphic species[200]. It is a very ornamental plant, though it can become very invasive once it is established[28]. Plants can take a couple of years to become established[208]. There are several named varieties, selected for their ornamental value[233]. The flowers are sweetly scented[245]. Lily of the valley is occasionally cultivated as a medicinal plant for herbalists and allopaths. Plants seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits[233]. A good bee plant[4]. Special Features: Not North American native, Naturalizing, All or parts of this plant are poisonous, Suitable for cut flowers, Fragrant flowers. Propagation Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe, otherwise in late winter, in a cold frame[164]. Germination, particularly of stored seed can be very slow, taking 2 - 12 months or more at 15°c[164]. Sow the seed thinly so that the seedlings can be allowed to grow on undisturbed in the pot for their first year. Apply a liquid feed during the growing season to ensure that the seedlings are well fed. Divide the young plants into individual pots when they die down in late summer and grow them on in pots in a shady position in a cold frame for at least another year before planting them out into their permanent positions when they are dormant[K]. Division in September[111]. Very easy, larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring. Other Names European lily of the valley, lily-of-the-valley Found In Native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia, and Europe. In Europe it it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins. Convallaria majalis var. manschurica occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia. Convallaria majalis var. montana occurs in the Eastern United States. Weed Potential Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking. This plant can be weedy or invasive. Conservation Status IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : This taxon has not yet been assessed. Related Plants	The Lily of the Valley
Which Asian capital city is known as Krung Thep to its inhabitants and stands on the Chao Phraya River?	Convallaria majalis Convallaria majalis LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Distinguishing features This is a small perennial, about 6-10 inches above the ground. Each plant has two oblong-oval leaves with an arched flower stalk (raceme) bearing small, fragrant, bell-shaped white flowers on the down side. Later in the summer, some of these plants may form orange fleshy berries. It is most often found in gardens in thick beds.	i don't know
In which war did the battles of 'Cold Harbour' and 'The Wilderness' take place?	Battles of Cold Harbor - American Civil War - HISTORY.com Battles of Cold Harbor A+E Networks Introduction The battles of Cold Harbor were two American Civil War (1861-65) engagements that took place about 10 miles northeast of Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. The First Battle of Cold Harbor, more commonly known as the Battle of Gaines’ Mill, was part of the Peninsula campaign of 1862 and resulted in a Union defeat, as Major General George McClellan (1826-85) was forced to abandon plans to march on Richmond. Confederate General Robert E. Lee (1807-70) secured another victory two years later, in June 1864, at the Second Battle of Cold Harbor, one of the most lopsided engagements of the war. Google Battle of Gaines’ Mill: June 27, 1862 The Battle of Gaines’ Mill was the third of the Seven Days’ Battles (June 25-July 1, 1862), the climax of Union General George McClellan’s Peninsula campaign (March-July 1862) in Virginia , whose goal was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. Did You Know? In the 1864 U.S. presidential election, President Abraham Lincoln defeated his former top general, George McClellan, the Democratic candidate. McClellan later served as the governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881. On June 27, 1862, Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee went on the offensive against Brigadier General Fitz John Porter’s (1822-1901) Union troops, who had formed a defensive line behind Boatswain’s Swamp north of the Chickahominy River. Porter’s men withstood a series of Rebel assaults throughout the day; however, that evening, a coordinated attack by some 32,000 Confederates succeeded in breaking the Yankees’ defensive line and driving them back toward the Chickahominy. After darkness fell, Porter’s men retreated to the other side of the river; the Rebels did not pursue them. Of their approximately 34,000 troops at the Battle of Gaines’ Mill, the Yankees suffered some 6,800 killed, wounded, missing or captured, while the Confederates had some 8,700 casualties out of an estimated force of 57,000 to 65,000 men. It was first major victory of the war for Lee, who had been named commander of the Army of Northern Virginia earlier that same month. After the loss at the Battle of Gaines’ Mill, McClellan abandoned his plans to seize Richmond and instead withdrew his men to a base on the James River. Second Battle of Cold Harbor: May 31-June 12, 1864 In early May 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85) launched his Overland campaign, in which his Army of the Potomac clashed with Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in a series of battles in Virginia. That month, the two sides inflicted heavy losses upon each other as they wheeled along an arc around Richmond—from the Wilderness forest to Spotsylvania and other smaller battle sites. On May 30, Lee and Grant collided at Bethesda Church; the battle was inconclusive. The next day, the advance units of the armies arrived at the strategic crossroads of Old Cold Harbor (in the same vicinity as the site of the Battle of Gaines’ Mill), where a Yankee attack seized the intersection. Sensing that there was a chance to destroy Lee at the gates of Richmond, Grant prepared for a major assault along the entire Confederate front on June 2. But when Winfield Hancock’s (1824-86) Union corps did not arrive on schedule, the operation was postponed until the following day. The delay was tragic for the Union, because it gave Lee’s troops time to entrench. Perhaps frustrated with the protracted pursuit of Lee’s army, Grant gave the order to attack on June 3—a decision that resulted in an unmitigated disaster. The Yankees met with heavy fire and suffered significant casualties, and were only able to reach the Confederate trenches in a few places. Grant later expressed remorse for what many saw as his reckless actions at Cold Harbor, stating, “I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made… no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained.” Grant pulled out of Cold Harbor nine days later and continued to try to flank Lee’s army. The next stop was Petersburg, south of Richmond, where a nine-month siege ensued. Out of some 108,000 troops at the Second Battle of Cold Harbor, the Union suffered 13,000 casualties, while the Confederates suffered 2,500 casualties out of 62,000 troops. Tags	American Civil War
In which country does 100 Xu equal 1 Dong?	Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7, 1864) Summary & Facts Battle of the Wilderness Spotsylvania County and Orange County, Virginia Victor Confederate States Military Leaders Ulysses S. Grant George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Military Units in Battle Army of the Potomac IX Corps Army of Northern Virginia Unit Strength 101,895 61,025 Casualties and Deaths Total: 17,666 Total: 11,125 2,246 killed 12,037 wounded 1,702 captured/missing Part of the American Civil War The Battle of the Wilderness was one of the battles that took place during the American Civil War between Union and Confederate armies. The opposing forces met in Orange County and Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and the battle lasted from May 5 to May 7 in 1864. Background Union President, Abraham Lincoln, had become increasingly frustrated with the performance of his leading generals. Despite several changes to the command of the Union forces, the Civil War had dragged on, and the early objective of capturing the rebel capital at Richmond, Virginia had never been achieved. Lincoln attributed the successive failures to indecision and lack of aggression amongst his generals. He had also come to the conclusion that the priority should be the destruction of the Confederate army rather than the taking of Richmond. He believed that once the army was defeated, Richmond would have no option but to surrender. Lincoln decided to appoint Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant as supreme commander of the Union army. He was impressed by Grant’s successes in the western theater, where he had scored notable victories over the Confederates in Shiloh in 1862 and Vicksburg and Chattanooga in 1863. Grant became general in chief of the Federal army in March 1864 and immediately launched his Virginia Overland Campaign , of which the Battle of the Wilderness was to be the first engagement with the enemy. From the start, Grant’s leadership differed to that of his predecessors. Instead of headquartering himself in Washington, he chose to establish his headquarters in the field with the Army of the Potomac. Secondly, he did not undertake widespread administrative changes by changing or dismissing the commanding officers below him. Finally, he agreed with Lincoln that the main focus of the Union army’s campaign should be the total defeat of the Confederate forces, and not the capture of Richmond. He planned to use the numerical superiority of the Federal forces to launch coordinated assaults on the Confederate forces in several different areas. While Grant hoped for and sought a telling victory over the Confederate army, he realized that it might take much longer to gain total victory, and knew his resources could last longer than those of the Confederates’. His mindset, therefore, was to engage the enemy at every possible opportunity, regardless of cost. Grant withdrew Major General Ambrose E. Burnside’s IX Corps from the western theater and had these troops join up with the Army of the Potomac. This boosted the number of troops he had available to 118,000, nearly double the amount available to the Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee . Lee had been anticipating the more aggressive approach that Grant was likely to take, and had given careful consideration to how the Union general was likely to initiate his campaign. He was uncannily accurate in his assessment of what Grant’s initial actions would be. Grant wasted no time in mobilizing his forces and he marched to the Rabidan River, which he began crossing on May 4 at Ely’s Ford Germanna’s Ford. He consolidated his troops around Wilderness Tavern. The Wilderness was a 70 square mile region of rough terrain covered in brush and brambles. Lee’s deployment of troops was based on his correct assessment that the Union army would advance through this area. He felt that the inhospitable terrain would work against the Union soldiers, and he planned to attack the Union forces there. The Battle The Confederates launched an attack on the morning of May 5, taking Grant by surprise, because he was unaware that the Confederates had so many troops in the Wilderness area. The Confederates had been concealed in the woods near Saunder’s Field. Even though Grant ordered his army to immediately counterattack, it was almost 1pm before the offensive was launched. In previous battles, Union leaders had adopted a much more cautious approach, preferring to engage in meticulous preparation and ensuring supply lines before attacking, and this probably explains the delay before Grant’s orders were carried out. Grant entertained no excuses from his generals, who protested that the army could not move effectively through the brambles, and he insisted his troops move forward over the hostile terrain. They suffered heavy casualties because of the impediments, but gradually began to overcome the Confederates as more and more Union men were brought in. Over the remaining two days of the battle, heavy fighting took place and the Union army was losing more soldiers than the Confederates. But Grant maintained his aggressive stance and continued to push extra troops into the field. On May 7, Grant realized that several units of the Confederates had positioned themselves in areas that would be difficult to take with a straightforward attack. They had taken cover behind earthworks that had survived from previous military encounters in the area, and also had used an incomplete railway track to provide strongholds. Grant opted instead to try to draw the Confederates out by seeming to threaten Richmond. He intended to move his troops to the Spotsylvania Court House, which would position his army between the Confederate army and Richmond. However, by the time the Federal troops arrived there, Lee had already taken control of the crossroads. The theater of war had now moved away from the Wilderness. Grant’s Overland Campaign would resume the next day with the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House . Casualties and Aftermath Grant’s tactics resulted in the Union army suffering many more casualties than the Confederates did. In total, 2,246 Union soldiers died, 12,037 were wounded, and 3,383 were taken prisoner or missing. On the Confederate side, 1,495 troops were killed, 7,928 were wounded, and 1,702 were taken prisoner or missing. The Battle of the Wilderness marked the end of the Confederate rebellion. While neither side emerged as clear winners in the battle, the new strategy adopted by Grant was enough to ensure that the Union army would eventually overcome the Confederates. Once again, Lee had demonstrated his skill as a master tactician, and, as had so often happened in previous confrontations, he had managed to survive an engagement in which he was seriously outnumbered. However, he found it difficult to replace men and keep supplies coming to his army, whereas this was never a problem for Grant, who essentially had unlimited resources. One response to “Battle of the Wilderness”	i don't know
Which radio station would one listen to on 1089 KHz on Medium Wave?	talkSPORT Radio Listen Live UK 1089 AM - talkSport Outside UK Online 665 talkSPORT Radio UK Online talkSPORT (formerly known as Talk Radio UK) or TalkSport is the most listened radio station common in the areas of London, Scotland of UK, owned under the UTV radio and broadcasting from London, United Kingdom. This was came into being as a terrestial analogue Independent national radio station on 14 February, 1995 as Talk Radio UK. After 5 years it changed its name and allotted as talkSport. It provides a large variety of Sports news, discussion, commentary of matches (football, cricket, soccer, tennis, badminton), sports events (FIFA world cup, ICC cricket world cup) and Sports talk shows & discussions. The station is listened by more than 3 million listeners, audiences per month. Frequencies The station frequencies are in two listening methods: Medium Wave: 11D Digital One England and Wales 12A Digital One Scotland 12D Score Northern Ireland Northern Ireland UK It is transmitted on 1089 and 1053 kHz across the UK and digitally via DAB digital radio, Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media, Freesat and TalkTalk TV. talkSPORT Radio Online – Listen 1089 AM Live London UK Below is the streaming of the radio station, please wait a while the stream loads. it must be working outside uk, even If the stream is not working then Contact Us on contact page. Now enjoy live talk sports uk on our new dedicated flash player 🙂 Alertnative html5 player:	Talksport
In 1895 Arturo Vaccari named his new alcoholic drink after an Italian Major killed in Ethiopia, what was the drink?	MediumWave.Info - News News 19/01-2017 TAIWAN 1000kw station 612 Radio Taiwan Int'l has officially been off the air since September when Typhoon Megi destroyed the Lukang transmitting site. No plans to return to the air, I believe... Chris Kadlec, WRTH fb group (19/1-2017) 18/01-2017 ANTIGUA In an unsuccessful attempt to find out since when Caribbean Radio Lighthouse 1160 kHz ( http://www.radiolighthouse.org/ ) has been broadcasting with 10 kW, I found a video of the station at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9c2Zgjrhog . This video is a presentation of the Caribbean Radio Lighthouse for supporters and potential donors of the station. According to youtube the video was uploaded on 1. December 2015. The interesting point for me was that already in this video they say that they are broadcasting with 10 kW. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (18/1-2017) CANADA BANDSCAN From my results using Tecsun PL 606 and Tecsun PL 880 and the Tecsun AN 200 loop MW/AM Antenna i was able to get this memory list: Location : North-East New-Brunswick, Canada time 8:00 pm. Below is a memory list that contains Sports , or News channel gathered in my area AM - MW frenquencies 1140 , 810 , 1120 , 730 , 710 , 1010 , 990 , 880 , 690 , 910 , 830 , 580 , 680 , 620 , 1520 , 1200 ,970 , 1080 , 1440 , 1390 , 1370, 1360,1320, 1290, 1310 , 850 , 860. Jean-Denis Losier (17/1-2017) Some station names and where? Ydun Ritz (18/1-2017) 17/01-2017 U K Spectrum Radio (4 Ingate Place, London SW8 3NS, UK, http://www.spectrumradio.net/schedules ) has the following broadcast schedule on its medium wave 558 kHz (there are DAB-streams too): 0000-0100: Sout al Khaleej "London's Arabic Radio Station", Mo Irish Spectrum 0100-1100: Sout al Khaleej 1100-1200: World Music Show, Sa Irish Spectrum 1200-1300: World Music Show, Sa Irish Spectrum, So The Jewish Views 1300-1800: Sout al Khaleej 1800-1900: World Music Show, Sa Let the Bible Speak 1900-2300: World Music Show 2300-2400: World Music Show, every alternative Fr Negat Radio Spectrum Radio started on June 25, 1990 as a multilingual station for the immigrant population in the Greater London area and has also had various foreign services on offer since then. Although Sout at Khaleej (audi streams at http://www.spectrumradio.net/static/spectrum/radioplayer/ , http://www.soutalkhaleej.fm/ ) is subtitled as "London's Arabic Radio Station", it is actually a station from Qatar, which has taken over more and more broadcasting time on the medium wave since 2009. Sout al Khaleej has FM frequencies in its country of origin, as well as capital stations in Bahrain (Manama 94.4 MHz), Iraq (Baghdad 95.0 MHz, Basra 98.7 MHz), Kuwait (Kuwait 102.4 MHz), Oman (Muscat 107.7 MHz) and in the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi 105.2 MHz). Dr Hansjoerg Biener (17/1-2017) VENEZUELA 1310 kHz RNV El Informativo, Barcelona and 1590 kHz Radio Deporte, Caracas are reactivated. Me complace informar que RNV 1310 en Barcelona Edo Anzoategui, Radio Centro 610 en Cantaura Edo Anzoátegui y Radio Deporte 1590 en Caracas, Venezuela han reactivado sus señales. Pero hasta ahora Union Radio 640 lleva casi dos semanas fuera del aire y Radio Barcelona para tres meses fuera. Espero que las mismas sean reactivadas muy pronto. Jose Elias Diaz Gomez, WRTH fb group (17/1-2017) Steve Whitt, MWC fb group (13/1-2017) 12/01-2017 U K Radio Caroline is hoping to refloat on medium wave across East Anglia from its ship Ross Revenge. Read more at: http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/move-to-refloat-radio Steve Whitt, MWC fb group (12/1-2017) EUROPE Challenger Radio to Northern Italy on 1368 KHz every Saturdays from 20.00 UTC onwards Radio Merkurs on 1485 KHz every Saturday between 20.00 onwards Tom Taylor (12/1-2017) EUROPE The stations Atlantis FM and Coast Two, based in Tenerife have been relayed via an Irish transmitter on 1494 KHZ periodically in the past few weeks, on a hobby basis. I heard them on the night of 17 and 18 December, relaying Coast Two, and then on 05 and 06 January relaying Atlantis FM, the sister station. On Saturday 07 January they were relaying Laser Hot hits. It was a QRP setup I think, as although a sky wave signal with phase distortion, it never got above an S5 here in Leicestershire. I have also heard a strange signal on 1350 which announces itself as “I am Radio” in English and plays Sol and disco music continually. That has been on and off for several months and is audible here in the UK on some evenings. I think that it could be in Italy, but I can’t be sure. Hope this helps. You probably know about these stations anyway. Dave Angell (11/1-2017) Hmm! Laser Hot Hits is normally to be heard on 1494 kHz. (Ydun) 08/01-2017 INDIA Earlier in 2016, All India Radio published its intention to replace the 1 kW-medium wave facility at Almora by FM (Government of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting: Annual Report 2015-2016, New Delhi: Publications Division, 2016, page 158 http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/Annual_Report_2015-16.pdf ). According to a recent report, „a 5 kW and a 1 kW FM transmitter are being installed in Almorah which shall be made functional shortly to give the listeners in Almorah and surrounding areas option of listening to All India Radio programmes on the FM mode also.” ( http://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-india-radio-to-set-up-new-transmitters-in- uttarakhand-4463381/ forwarded by Alokesh Gupta) This seems to imply that the days of the mediumwave station of AIR Almora ( http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/ 51809247.jpg ) are now numbered. Unfortunately, the website http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/Almora/Pages/default.aspx is not too informative, but from my own files I see that the station was commissioned in 1986. It was the second medium wave facility in a region of Uttar Pradesh that has been the Indian state of Uttarakhand since the year 2000. All in all, there are five medium wave stations in Uttarakhand: 999 kHz Almora 1485 kHz Chamoli 1602 kHz Pauri, Pithoragarh, Uttarkashi It is also worth noting that All India Radio broadcast special Uttarakhand programmes on short wave from Delhi (until about 2014). To my knowledge there are (were?) special programmes broadcast on medium wave from neighbouring Najibabad in Uttar Pradesh (954 kW, 200 kW) for state wide coverage. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (8/1-2017) 07/01-2017 KOREA Chris Kadlec, Michigan while in USA, mainly an FM DXer, has asked me to make sure MW DXers know about this. He has done amazing work researching the radio situation in Koreas! I am sure he would appreciate further publicity (Glenn Hauser) After a long 14 months of work, I'm happy to present the completed Seoul AM Radio Listening Guide, a three-hour documentary broadcast exploring the Seoul AM band one frequency at a time, plus a look at the radio war on the Korean peninsula accompanied by a 115-page guide. http://www.beaglebass.com/dx/seoul/ In addition to radio broadcasts from across East Asia, the broadcast includes Korean noise jammers and AM, FM, shortwave, and television propaganda broadcasts from both the north and the south, additionally outlined in a 25-page broadcast transcript and 115-page informational guide. Chris Kadlec, via Glenn Hauser (7/1-2017) 06/01-2017 UNID / JAMMING Today at ~ 19:15 UTC I heard a weak "bubble" jammer for 1-2 minutes under the weak IRIB station on 1467 kHz. Any idea, what is this? The broadcast was Irib, not any clandestine. Location: Székesfehérvár, Hungary. The antenna was ~ 10m longwire on the roof, it was a very short "DXpedition" because of the -10 Celsius and ~80 km/h wind. Tringer László (6/1-2017) I fully understand, why it was a short DXpedition :-) This morning -13C here, but not much wind. (Ydun) ROMANIA Schedule of Radio Neumarkt in German: „Radio Neumarkt - die Stimme Siebenbürgens“ (B-dul 1 Decembrie 1918, No. 109, RO 540445 Târgu-Mureş) has a new frequency line up for its broadcast from 19:00 to 20:00 hours UTC. According to its own announcement, it broadcasts on the medium waves (Brașov) 1197 kHz, (Târgu-Mureş) 1323 kHz and (Sibiu) 1593 kHz as well as the „new“ FM frequency (Harghita) 106.8 MHz. „Your German program for Transylvania“ can also be heard via http://www.radiomures.ro/listenhu.php . Http://www.radioneumarkt.ro/ offers text information and some older audio files in German. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (6/1-2017) GREECE Greek radio still recovering from the 2013 lockout: Mediumwave radio from Megara to operate again http://www.thegreekradio.com/node/28583 Mike Terry, MWC fb group (6/1-2017) FRENCH POLYNESIA French Polynesia's public radio broadcaster says people in remote locations have complained about the end of transmissions on its AM frequency [738 kHz 20 kW]. Radio Polynesie Premiere switched to an all FM service at the beginning of December, leaving pockets of inhabitants in valleys and on remote atolls without any local radio service. The broadcaster added five FM transmitters to its network of 48 to improve its reach but in an area the size of Europe, the signal fails to reach all communities. Concern has been expressed that vital weather warnings are no longer heard. The mayor of Makatea in the Tuamotus Julien Mai said there is a risk to public safety because people have always been advised to have an emergency kit that includes a radio when severe weather strikes. Mariners can still receive weather updates via radio. Mike Terry, dxld yg (6/1-2017) ROMANIA Radio Romania used some pathetic words to remind its audience of the 25 year anniversary of Antena Satelor (* Christmas 1991). The programme is currently broadcast on medium wave (531, 603, 630, 1314 kHz) and long wave (153 kHz) as well as only three FM stations (Comăneşti 89 MHz, Sulina 103,2 MHz and Zalău 106,9 MHz). According to the news item Antena Satelor ( www.antenasatelor.ro ) has an audience of more than 700,000 listeners. http://www.radiomures.ro/stiri/radio-romania-antena-satelor-povestea-unei-relatii-de-25-de-ani.html via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (6/1-2017) ALGERIA Clandestine 1550 POLISARIO Front, Rabouni, has resumed operation today, possibly even so for the morning b/cast, after a few days' absence. During these days, I kept checking 700 & 702 to see whether they were active on these two other fqs. like they did in the past, but no, from that part of N.Africa, just R.Algérienne/R.Al-Aghwat, Al-Aghwat on 702 is heard. Carlos Gonçalves (5/1-2017) 05/01-2017 RUSSIA The 21th edition of the "Broadcasting in Russian" Handbook (winter 2016-spring 2017), published by St. Petersburg DX Club, has been recently released. The handbook is the most comprehensive guide to broadcasts in Russian in AM bands (LW, MW, SW). It features ALL radio stations transmitting Russian language broadcasts at present, both from Russia and abroad, that could be received in Russia, CIS, Europe and Far East (totally 56 stations from 32 countries and territories of the world). Station listings include frequency and programme schedules, transmitter location and power, target areas, postal addresses, phone/fax numbers, Web sites, social network pages, e-mail addresses as well as QSL policy info. The schedules are generally valid until 25 March 2017 (i.e. during B16 broadcasting season). The Handbook is in Russian and distributed as a hard copy only. Volume is 64 pages of A5 size. Please address your purchase requests and questions to St. Petersburg DX Club: Alexander Beryozkin, P.O.Box 463, St. Petersburg, 190000, Russia or by e-mail: dxspb[at]nrec.spb.ru. The price is 6 EUR or 7 USD (including delivery by registered mail) by cash/PayPal/Skrill. Alexander Beryozkin, St. Petersburg DX Club (5/1-2017 03/01-2017 EUROPE TWR Europe has stopped using 1395 kHz Albania relay and the following replacing transmissions have been added via other sites: Polish 2045-2115 mtwtf.s 1467 kHz Roumoules, France 25 degrees Hungarian 2000-2045 Mon-Fri & 2000-2025 Sat/Sun 1548 kHz Grigoriopol, Moldova Romanian 2030-2100 daily 999 kHz Grigoriopol, Moldova. http://www.twreurope.org/ Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (2/1-2017) TWR Europe is also to be heard via 1233 kHz Cape Greco, CYP and 1035 kHz Tartu, EST. Ydun Ritz (3/1-2017) 01/01-2017 ISRAEL I have been informed by Dxer Simon Peter Liehr a new religious medium wave station will be operating by April / May. From Israel on freq 1.287 khz which was used before by Israeli Defence Radio. / Galei Tzahal. This will be from a organisation such as KVOH or Voice of Hope. Power of 100 kw. Which is good news. For this region of the world. Costa Constantinides in Cyprus, MWC fb group (1/1-2016) FRANCE 162 kHz is at silent carrier at 2301 UTC. James Robinson (1/1-2017) 31/12-2016 FRANCE Bretagne 5 solved technical problems and is back on 1593 KHz. Great signal and lovely audio here in the West of Ireland. HNY de Michael Foertig/ei3gyb (31/12-2016) 30/12-2016 UNID / PIRATE? That station on 261 KHz [see UNID 26/12] is back on the air (1542 UTC, 30 December 2016). It is being called Radio Luxembourg, and is supposed to be a tribute to Radio Luxembourg. Here is a post that I found with a sample of a recent broadcast. They are playing past programs from Radio Luxembourg. Liron (30/12-2016) LESOTHO 891 kHz. While Algers still is absent, here and there western soul MX can be heard on the channel during the last weeks. Pretty good this evening. At 21.28 female announcer giving frequency of 99.8 FM in English which is a clear sign for Ultimate Radio from Lesoto. The accent of the presenter points also into this direction. Afterwords no more announcements just American MX and interference with Iran. At best SIO: 333. 73 Zeljko Crncic from Germany (29/12-2016) ARGENTINA News from MW scene https://gruporadioescuchaargentino.wordpress.com/2016/12/27/novedades-en-am-argentina/ Nuevas adjudicaciones: El Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones (ENACOM), aprobó los concursos públicos para la adjudicación de licencias para la instalación, funcionamiento y explotación de tres servicios de comunicación audiovisual por modulación de amplitud. Mediante la Resolución 8289 se adjudica a la Sra. Elida Araceli Vitti una licencia de Categoría V para la frecuencia de 1580 KHz, en la localidad de Charata, Provincia del Chaco. La Resolución 8497 adjudica al Sr. Jorge Ricardo Nemesio, una licencia de Categoría VI en la frecuencia de 1450 KHz, para la localidad de General Acha, Provincia de La Pampa. El nombrado resulta ser adjudicatario también de otra licencia de Categoría VI en la frecuencia de 1410 KHz, para la localidad de Godoy Cruz, Provincia de Mendoza, conforme surge de la Resolución 8498. Cambio de frecuencia: Recientemente se ha producido el cambio de frecuencia de LRG-203 LU-100 Radio Capital “Antena 10” de la ciudad de Santa Rosa, Provincia de La Pampa. Esta emisora emite ahora en la nueva frecuencia de 1130 KHz, abandonando así la de 1410 KHz en la que venía emitiendo hasta ahora. Esta emisora es propiedad del Sr. Jorge Ricardo Nemesio, y el cambio puede obedecer a que el mismo ha sido favorecido con una reciente adjudicación de una emisora en la ciudad de General Acha (Provincia de La Pampa) en 1410 KHz -(véase noticia anterior). Nueva emisora: RADIO SERODINO, es una nueva emisora de Onda Media de carácter “no oficial” que ha salido recientemente al aire desde la localidad homónima, en la Provincia de Santa Fe. La misma opera en la frecuencia de 1590 KHz, con estudios y administración ubicados sobre la calle Las Heras Nº 608, de Serodino. E-mail: [email protected] , Página Web: http://www.radioserodino.com.ar . Su propietario sería el Sr. Sergio Daniel Pozzi. Marcelo A. Cornachioni, Argentina, condiglist yg (29/12-2016) 28/12-2016 JAPAN A lot of AFN (the old AFRTS) stations have moved to FM but there are still about a dozen on AM.. mainly low powered 250-1KW signals, but AFN Okinawa on 648 with 10kw and AFN Tokyo with 50kw on 810 are still possible in the US. I found this list of AFN frequencies, which also incldues TV and FM Some of the lower powered ones may be off the air, Chris Kadlec has mentioned he hasn't heard Red Cloud in years. Just thought this might help. Paul B. Walker, mwdx yg (28/12-2016) 27/12-2016 FRANCE The Maximum Power of the DRM transmissions on 1071 kHz from Quimerc'h, France, is 8 kW, not 20 kW. This information has come to me directly from the Project SmartCAST team, who are conducting the transmissions. Kind regards, Neil Savin, Administrator, DRM Reception Project, www.drmrx.org (27/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter 162 kHz did not close down for good tonight. Checking this morning, and the station is booming in here in sourthern Denmark with qsa 25. So we still have a few more days left to listen, before it goes silent on December 31st 2300 utc. Ydun Ritz (27/12-2016) "Bonjour. France Inter va cesser d'émettre sur les grandes ondes à partir du premier janvier 2017...." Jean-Michel Aubier, France, dxld yg (26/12-2016) UNID Someone’s transmitting music on 261.75 KHz. Heard on the Twente SDR. Liron (26/12-2016) FRANCE It was said, that France Inter would stop broadcast on 162 kHz December 26th at 2300 utc, but Jean-Michel Aubier, France told today in dxld yg, that "Allouis will close on Jan 1 (probably dec 31 2300 UT). Confirmation heard today at 1835 on 162". We will know more after 2300 utc tonight! Ydun Ritz (26/12-2016) Remaining stations on AM in France & Monaco. (2017) 162 kHz Allouis 2000/1000 kW Syrte – obspm Time signal (24h) in PSK mode 216 kHz Roumoules 1400/900 kW RMC (04.56 – 00.08) Local time 1071 kHz Brest Quimerc’h 20 kW France Bleu Breizh Izel (24h) DRM mode 1467 kHz Roumoules 1000 kW TransWorld Radio (22.00 – 00.15) Local Time 1593 kHz St Gouéno 10 kW Bretagne 5 (off the air for technical problems) Christian Ghibaudo (22/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter will stop broadcast on 162 kHz, already on December 26th. Normally untill December 31st, an anoucement telling how to receive France Inter. About this there different info on the air, some times it’s 26 and some hours later it’s 31... As always, in France confusion and mixing... And from January no longer France Inter audio, but the Time signal still stay on the air. Christian Ghibaudo (22/12-2016) ITALY Ciao again Ydun, today, 1235 UTC, on 828 kHz here in Lombardia, North Italy, there is again Z-100, no more I AM Radio. The signal is the same. So I can think yesterday I AM Radio used Z-100 TX in Pavia area. Why? In Italy MW panorama is so confused. Pay attention Have nice time. Giampiero Bernardini, Milano, Italia (22/12-2016) ICELAND Solstice bandscan After a warm autumn, chill and a thin layer of snow have struck. My run across LW/MW was a quick one. Bodø on 153 kHz came in stronger than usual, whereas RTÉ on 252 kHz… was not there. The MW band felt so-so. The Brits were there, but not quite wall-to-wall. The Absolute Radio repeater on 1197 kHz was listenable, but the one on 1242 I could only ID through knowing what I should be hearing. Reynir Heiðberg Stefánsson (21/12-2016) 21/12-2016 ITALY In this moment I AM Radio (Milan Area) is not broadcasting on 1350 kHz but it is on 828 kHz, the frequency of Z-100 (Pavia area). Here a post about it on PlayDX blog: 73, Giampiero Bernardini, Milano, Italia (21/12-2016) FRANCE Although the licence for 162kHz LW from Allouis will be revoked from 1 January 2017, it was announced on air this morning that France Inter transmissions on that frequency will cease on 26 December 2016. David on the British DX Club list, via Mike Terry, dxld yg (21/12-2016) 19/12-2016 ALGERIA Algeria’s Chaine 1 is now [2240utc] on air on 891 KHz and can be clearly heard on the Twente SDR. Liron (18/12-2016) SAUDI ARABIA The Saudi Arabia transmitter on 1521 KHz has been back on air for at least a week. Liron (18/12-2016) FRANCE It’s official, Radio France lost the licence to broadcast on LW from Allouis 162 kHz. Here is the text published this morning in the Journal Officiel Christian Ghibaudo, wrth fb group (17/12-2016) 14/12-2016 NORWAY The Bergen transmitter [Bergen Kringkaster] on 1314 kHz is normally on the air on Sundays only between 0900-1300 UTC. Power 160-180 watts. Tomorrow Dec 14th the engineer of the transmitter, Mr Oysten Ask, will run a test during the evening between 1700-approx 1900 UTC. The program will be a mix of earlier programs. Please, check the frequency!. Bengt Ericson, wrth fb group (13/12-2016) 12/12-2016 ICELAND At 0745utc Monday Dec 12, heard Iceland on 666 khz running separate programming to its LW freqs of 189 and 207. This was confirmed by listening to the Iceland SDR receiver. This was also heard on the DX Tuners RX from Ireland. 73, Tony Magon AUS (12/12-201 11/12-2016 UNID / ALGERIA? Today from 16.45 to 17.45 utc it has been possible to detect a radio station[on 891 kHz] which broadcast in Arabic (Algeria - Chaine 1?). However, from 19:30 utc was heard again the 1 kHz tone signal. Alberto V. Pesaro, Italy (10/12-2016) New AM station approved: Vancouver 600 kHz (10 kW). Appendix 1 to Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2016-464 Sher-E-Punjab Radio Broadcasting Inc. Terms, conditions of licence, expectation and encouragement for the ethnic commercial AM radio programming undertaking in Vancouver, British Columbia Terms The licence will expire 31 August 2023. The station will operate at 600 kHz (class B) with a daytime and nighttime transmitter power of 10,000 watts. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, no licence may be issued until the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. Furthermore, the Commission will only issue a licence for this undertaking once the applicant has informed the Commission in writing that it is prepared to commence operations. The undertaking must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 28 November 2018. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted at least 60 days before this date. Conditions of licence 1. The licensee shall adhere to the conditions set out in Conditions of licence for commercial AM and FM radio stations, Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2009-62, 11 February 2009, as well as to the conditions set out in the broadcasting licence for the undertaking. 2. The licensee shall devote 100% of the programming broadcast each broadcast week to ethnic programs, as defined in the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time. 3. The licensee shall devote at least 85% of the programming broadcast each broadcast week to third-language programs, as defined in the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time. 4. In each broadcast week, the licensee shall provide programming directed to a minimum of 19 distinct ethnic groups in at least 17 different languages. 5. In each broadcast week, at least 67% of the programming shall be broadcast in the Punjabi and Hindi languages. 6. The licensee shall not broadcast Chinese-language programming. ii 7. In addition to the required basic annual contribution to Canadian content development (CCD), set out in section 15 of the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time, the licensee shall, upon commencement of operations, make an annual contribution of $250,000 ($1,750,000 over seven consecutive broadcast years) to the promotion and development of Canadian content. This additional CCD contribution shall be allocated to parties and initiatives fulfilling the definition of eligible initiatives set out in paragraph 108 of Commercial Radio Policy 2006, Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 2006-158, 15 December 2006. 8. The licensee shall comply with Broadcasting Mandatory Order 2014-592 and shall adhere to the terms specified within the Consent Agreement entered into by the licensee with the Commission on 9 October 2014. Expectation The Commission expects the licensee to reflect the cultural diversity of Canada in its programming and employment practices. In accordance with Implementation of an employment equity policy, Public Notice CRTC 1992-59, 1 September 1992, the Commission encourages the licensee to consider employment equity issues in its hiring practices and in all other aspects of its management of human resources. via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (10/12-2016) 09/12-2016 ALGERIA 891 R.Algérienne, Ouled Fayet, has indeed resumed operation albeit airing nothing more than an annoying 1 kHz tone signal via what's been reported as a new tx. The closest European tx also using 891 is that of R.Sim, Vilamoura, here in Portugal, and I suppose their audience isn't finding the "whistling" that amusing. Carlos Gonçalves POR (9/12-2016) ALGERIA 1550 POLISARIO Front, Rabouni. The morning b/cast is closing at 1300 and the evening one runs from 1700 to 2300. It's been quite some time since I last caught them with the usual segments in Castilian. Carlos Gonçalves POR (9/12-2016) FRANCE DRM on 1071kHz. Reports of noise are probably tests from Brittany this morning. Anyone able to hear audio? Mike Terry, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) 1071 DRM. This station was caught in Losan a de Piron, central Spain from 08 dec 17:00 to 09 december 09:00 and I afraid it is on air! Receiver Elad FDM-S2 with audio and text direct decodification DRM . This station is from Quimerc's, Brest, French Brittany They were relaying France Bleu. A phone call with a local fisherman was heard. More info on http://www.tdf.fr/smartcast Juan Antonio Arranz, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) Yes see: Jurgen Bartels Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) UNID / ALGERIA? I confirm since 15/11 that on 891 khz (former Radio 538) a very strong signal, perceptible with any portable radios and car radios, does not allow listening to any radio station. Alberto V. Pesaro, Italy (8/12-2016) UNID / ALGERIA? The 1 kHz tone on 891 kHz has been discussed quite a bit in the Twente WebSDR chatbox, and the idea is that it is a new/rebuilt transmitter in Algeria. Listening to it via this WebSDR (in the Netherlands) in the evening, one also hears muffled audio from the Radio Monte Carlo transmitter on 216 kHz on it. Presumably, this audio is transfered to it in the ionosphere (by the so-called Luxemburg effect). This suggests the signal passes over southern France, which would agree well with the transmitter being in Algeria. Regards, Pieter-Tjerk de Boer (amateur radio callsign PA3FWM, developer of the WebSDR) (8/12-2016) Laser Hot Hits on a new frequency, 1476 kHz MW. Also on 4.025 khz Short Wave. Herman Content, Gent , Belgium (08/12-2016) UNID I just tune the MW band on the Twente Receiver and on 891 khz former Radio 538 I hear a very loud tone of 1.000 kilohertz a very strong signal of S9 + 40 db on there S – Meter at 16:54 utc. I wounder what is going on here ? Maybe the wanne block this so no one can use it. Herman Content, Gent , Belgium (08/12-2016) I have heard the same strong tone on 891 kHz (on my Sangean ATS909X) for several days now. I don't have any idea of who and why. Ydun Ritz (8/12-2016) U K Radio Caroline wants 1kW to cover East Anglia Radio Caroline has asked Ofcom for permission to crank up a 1 kilowatt transmitter as part of its community radio application. Most community radio stations operate at around 50 watts, covering an area of around 5 kilometres, but Caroline boss Peter Moore has requested no less than 1000 watts to reach its community of interest base across East Anglia. It proposes to cover an area bounded by Ipswich in the South, Bury St Edmunds and Stowmarket in the West, Saxmundham to the East and Diss to the North. In the application, Peter Moore says: “We would however seek permission to operate at a considerably higher power level outside the “typical” limits suggested. Radio Caroline, is not a traditional community radio station seeking to serve a small geographical “community of place”. As set out elsewhere in this application, Radio Caroline can best be described as a “community of interest” station, with potential listeners spread throughout East Anglia. This means that our coverage requirements are therefore atypical.” The station has applied for a licence in Suffolk but proposes to broadcast most of the programmes from Kent, due to better internet connectivity, and from the Ross Revenge ship using 4G. Programming would be original for 20 hours per day and broadcast only in English. If awarded a licence, the station could be on-air in time for the 50th anniversary of the Marine Offenses Act, on 14th August 2017. AM Rock, another applicant for an AM community radio licence, has also requested an extended 20+ km radius to broadcast Rock, Blues, Folk and Jazz Music across East Kent Mike Terry, mwdx yg (7/12-2016) U K The Radio Caroline AM community radio licence application has now been published. (Thanks to Mike Barraclough for this news) Mike Terry, mwdx yg (7/12-2016) 06/12-2016 U K On the air since 1 December 2016, Bradford Asian Radio broadcasts on 1413 kHz in English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pothohari, Mirpuri and other languages. It also offers live online streaming at www.bradfordasianradio.co.uk. David Kernick, Interval Signals Online (6/12-2016) CANADA Not sure if it's still newsworthy. 940kHz CFNV is being received in Ottawa (~ 100 miles from Montreal) with a good signal at 23:10 UTC on December 5. ID, mention of test, contact information. Edith Piaf singing La Vie en Rose, and Bob McFerrin singing Don't Worry be Happy...not a bad start. :^) Regards, Vince, Ottawa, ON, dxld yg (6/12-2016) 04/12-2016 AUSTRALIA Australian MW DX. Hello Ydun, I just thought I would introduce myself and offer my services to you and your website followers: I work in the Sydney Radio Master Control centre of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney. Although the ABC no longer prints or issues QSL cards, I am happy to verify reception reports by email for listeners to our MW services. I have been doing this for some years now, with a great many reports coming in from Scandinavia in particular, but also parts of Europe, Asia and the USA. This is not an official service and therefore not advertised as such, but as a former DXer myself, and as I can access the off-air logs and programme schedules for all of our MW services, I am happy to verify reception reports for MW DXers anywhere. It has been gratifying in recent years to see the hobby being somewhat revived, thanks I think in large part to new technology such as Perseus SDR receivers and software. Listeners can email me at this address Himmelhoch-Mutton.Graham @ abc.net.au and I will endeavour to respond as quickly as I can. Attaching an mp3 file is welcome, helpful, and recommended. Kind regards, Graham Himmelhoch-Mutton, Radio Master Control, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (4/12-2016) VATICAN CITY STATE Vatican Radio has ceased all its medium wave broadcasts (1260 and 585 kHz) for Rome and Latium on November 30th; thus, Vatican City is another MW-silent country. This piece of news is reported in Italian on Regards, Giovanni Ricci (4/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter is now advertising a helpline for listeners to call for advice on what to do after 162 longwave closes. I wonder how many of the French people living in the UK (and Germany, Switzerland, etc) are aware that this is imminent. Chris Greenway, dxld yg (4/12-2016) PIRATES This evening I'm hearing Laser Hot Hits on a new frequency, 1476 kHz. It is probably a move from 1494 kHz. Regarding the Italian station with NPR News it seems the jingle ends with "Time Radio". My recording will be checked in Italy. However I have this update: Time Radio has now moved from 1350 to 1359 kHz. Best regards, Karl-Erik Stridh (3/12-2016) http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/hamburg/Sendemasten-in-Moorfleet-gefallen, moorfleet124.html [a look worth/ed] 184 metres tall radiator and 77 metres tall screening mast, as required by GE75 for running full 300 kW. The MW back-up antenna, a 120 metres mast moved in from the Osterloog site after it was closed in 1962, had been blown up already in 2011. The whole arrangement as it was until then: Kai Ludwig, mwmasts yg (2/12-2016) Mike Terry, MWC fb group (1/12-2016) 28/11-2016 CANADA Performing a band-scan 800-1000kHz with a Dirt-Cheap DSL radio. At 0535UT (0035EST) on 940kHz I came across a French language station. This is the new CFNV Montreal... not sure if still testing, or in full broadcast. Anouncement at 0050 that it was 940AM (my French is rusty, but may have spelled out the C-F-N-V before the 940 AM). Male French announcer as I write at 0057. Anyone else on the E. Coast/ E. Canada hearing this? Regards Paul S. in CT, dxld yg (28/11-2016) Here on the Cape this has been coming in at very good levels pretty much all day. I haven't checked in the last few days but last week they were still testing. Stephen Wood, Harwich, Mass., dxld yg (28/11-2016) U K Mike Terry, mwc facebook group (28/11-2016) ALGERIA Algeria is back on the air tonight, but it has a carrier on 890, 891 and 892, they all seem to have audio. Also 2 more carrier type signals on 889 and 893. Matt, Grimsby UK (28/11-2016) 24/11-2016 INDIA After 30 years of service on MW, All India Radio, Adilabad has ceased their service recently on 1485 kHz. The 1 kW transmitter was commissioned on 12 Oct 1986 and permanently went off air on 15 Oct 2016. The MW TX was replaced on 15 Aug 2015 by 10 kW FM tx operating on 100.2 MHz. AIR Adilabad is about 300 kms North from my location and occasionally I used to get their faint signals in the early mornings / night times. QSLs of AIR Adilabad in my collection: Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS, National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad, India via mwmasts yg (24/11-2016) BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA After three years Radio Banovici 792 kHz back on the air. Sanel Tufekcic (24/11-2016) James Robinson's excellent list of UK MW stations back in history. RRI Denpasar winner of the 2016 DRM Award 22 NOV DRM ENTERPRISE AWARD 2016 WINNERS ANNOUNCED. The Digital Radio Mondiale Consortium is delighted to announce that the recipients of the 2016 DRM Enterprise Award Asia Pacific Region 2016,, jointly sponsored with SAS, the leader in analytics, is awarded to the team of Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) engineers at Denpasar, Indonesia for their support and hard work in running a DRM AM [1206 kHz, HjB] trial in 2016. The winners are: Mr Salwan, Manager of Technology and New Media Director; Mr Ketut Suandi, Assistant Manager Transmitter, and Mr Cok Dalem Javadi, Staff of Technology and New Media unit. The award aims to stimulate interest in the DRM standard in various parts of the world that would benefit from the full introduction of digital radio. The RRI engineers on the beautiful island of Bali were selected to receive the award in recognition of their work in preparing a medium wave transmitter to broadcast in DRM during the Asia Broadcasting Union’s General Assembly in October. On behalf of RRI Mr R.Ginging, CTO, also proudly congratulated his staff for having engaged and worked so well together with Consortium representatives thus quickly learning about new digital opportunities for radio broadcasting. Ruxandra Obreja, DRM Consortium Chair, congratulated the local RRI engineers as “their work shows how quickly DRM can become part of day-to-day activity. This proved that the Indonesian public broadcaster has the talent and capacity to test the latest digital technologies in their effort to future proof public broadcasting.” Details of the 2017 DRM Enterprise Award – Africa will be announced at the beginning of 2017. Posted at 14:31h in News, Press Releases by glo34ry http://www.drm.org/drm-enterprise-award-2016-winners-announced/ via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (23/11-2016) U K Application list for new AM licences out today, includes the following: Radio Caroline (Suffolk) Phone Number: 020 8340 3831 Email Address: [email protected] Mike Terry, mwdx yg (22/11-2016) ICELAND More to ISL-item from yesterday: RUV's technicians have for a year been experimenting with an AM transmission system, and there are indications that it could replace the two powerful LW transmitters at Eiðar and Gufuskálar. The transmitter at Gufuskálar is Iceland's tallest manmade structure, about 412m tall, roughly equal to 5.5 church towers. [The reference tower is that of Hallgrím's Church that is visible from much of Reykjavík.] The mast at Eiðar is Iceland's third tallest structure, just shy of 220m. The LW transmitters are intended to transmit to ships around Iceland and plug holes in the FM distribution system. LW, however, is found on only a minority of radios sold today, and running the system is expensive. The LW masts need a lot of electricity and maintenance is expensive, not least fixing the strobe lights on the mast at Eiðar which have repeatedly been damaged by weather. They also disturb the people living at Eiðar. Gunnar Örn Guðmundsson, manager of RUV's technical division, says that an experimental AM transmitter at Vatnsendi has worked beyond expectations. Although it runs at only quarter power, its signals have been measured all the way to Eyjafjöll. AM masts are considerably lower and cheaper to run, and most, if not all, new radios can receive them. Further tests are needed before a decision can be made, but Gunnar thinks it likely to end with the LW transmitters will be taken down. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (20/11-2016) ICELAND In the RÚV News 1600Z today: RUV is considering abandoning LW for MW. Radios with LW are just too hard to find now-a-days, and the transmitter sites are too expensive to maintain and run, they say. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (19/11-2016) 17/11-2016 BULGARIA Radio Bulgaria closed their shortwave service in early 2012, switching most of their multilingual service to online streaming. Their Turkish output however can still be heard through the ether on 576 kHz (Vidin) from the country's high-powered and sole remaining mediumwave transmitter, presumably primarily intended for Bulgaria's sizable Turkish minority. These broadcasts are at 0600-0700, 1300-1400 & 1830-1930 UT [presumably an hour earlier in summer] and unlike the web streaming these programmes still start with the same interval signal and signature tune Radio Sofia/Radio Bulgaria has used since the 1960s, and identify as 'Bulgaristan Radyosu'. These broadcasts can also heard be heard locally via Radio Kardzhali, the latest of nine regional stations of Bulgarian National Radio (BNR). Kardzhali Province has an ethnic Turkish majority and the station transmits on 90.0 MHz FM with its own programmes in Bulgarian at 0900-1200 local time (currently 0700-1000 UT), the rest of the time relaying either Horizont [BNR 1st Programme] or Radio Bulgaria broadcasts in Turkish at the times given above. Radio Kardzhali and 18 other BNR radio services are available on live web streams from their website at http://bnr.bg/ Dave Kernick, WRTH fb group (17/11-2016) CANADA TTP Media’s CFNV 940 AM begins on-air testing. After occasional sputters of an audible tone a few hours a day over a few weeks, 940 AM has actual audio for the first time in almost seven years as TTP Media’s first AM radio station has officially begun testing. The programming consists of music in English and French, with a 23-second announcement about the station about every 15 minutes confirming its callsign of CFNV and asking people with reception issues to call 1-855-732-5940. It says the station will launch “progressivement sous peu” or “très bientôt” (the message varies slightly). CFNV will be a French-language talk station when it launches, which the CRTC has said it must do by Nov. 21. The licence was first authorized in 2011, and the deadline extended three times (one more than usual). The deadline to launch an English station at 600 AM passed on Nov. 9. The CRTC confirms to me it has received an application for an extension to that deadline (which was supposed to be final) but has not made a decision yet. A third station, a French sports-talk at 850 AM, had its authorization expire this summer with no request for extension. 940 AM, which is assigned to Montreal as a clear channel, so this station will have a very large footprint at night, was last used by AM 940, a Corus-owned station that began as 940 News and kept cutting resources and changing formats until it finally shut down in 2010. Alan Doherty on MWC fb group (17/11-2016) Hungarian political parties plans to left "Daylight saving time", the parliament will vote next week. Thats means, Hungary will be in UTC+2 during all year, like Ukraine. (In the early dusk (~16:00 HLT in December) causes depression in many people.) Tringer László (16/11-2016) 15/11-2016 NETHERLANDS Unfortunately, 538 left 891am earlier today... It was a great station, but now we can receive many N. Africans... It may even ease 890am – Cuba. RIP 538... Missed by many. Dean Denton (15/11-2016) The transmitter 891 Hulsberg, the Netherlands is definitely turned off today. Andre Schokker (15/11-2016) 14/11-2016 ALGERIA I’m assuming Algeria on 891 has been reactivated again. 1kHz test tone present, blocking 538. Also, a lux effect from 162kHz France Inter. EuropeDX/Dean Denton, Hull (13/11-2016) NIGERIA At the moment 2005 [12/11] on 1440 no signal from Saudi Arabia is detectable. So Adamawa BC from Nigeria is comming through on a clear channel. At times for instance at 1952 with local MX with SIO: 333. 73 from Zeljko Crncic (12/11-2016) 10/11-2016 SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia is back on the air tonight (Wednesday) on 1521 KHz. It looks like this transmitter is on the air every Wednesday evening. Liron (10/11-2016) 07/11-2016 ALBANIA As of January 2017 Trans World Radio will stop its broadcasts on the mediumwave frequency 1395 kHz from Albania. The discontinuation of broadcasts from Albania could mean good news for the low power AM transmitters in the Netherlands that broadcast on 1395 kHz. Trans World Radio will use other mediumwave stations in Europe to achieve its targets. For example, the radio programme is broadcast on a mediumwave transmitter of Radio Monte Carlo (1467 kHz) and a mediumwave frequency from Georgia (1548 kHz). The transmitter in Albania is in a poor condition and there is no money to renovate it. Trans World Radio was the only radio channel still using the transmitter near Tirana. The transmissions, which take place in the evening hours, use high power and can also be received in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is also currently using 1395 kHz for low-power transmissions up to 100 watts. Under the the current broadcasting licences, the Dutch stations are not allowed to broadcast between sunset and sunrise on this frequency. With the disappearance of broadcasts from Albania it should be possible for radio stations that broadcast on 1395 kHz in the Netherlands to broadcast 24 hours a day via this frequency. The Radiocommunications Agency will have to give formal consent, however. Current broadcasters omn 1395 kHz include Seabreeze Radio AM (Friesland) and Q-AM (Gelderland) via this frequency. In addition, there are various authorizations issued by the Radiocommunications Agency for stations that have not yet started broadcasting. Source: mediamagazine.nl translated by Andy Sennit, who has just reported this on the PCJ Facebook group. Mike Terry, MWC fb group (7/11-2016) 06/11-2016 LITHUANIA / POLAND Radio Poland, the external service of Polish Radio, is transmitted via Sitkūnai, Lithuania, on 1386 kHz (medium wave 216 m), 75 kW, omnidirectional, at 04:00-05:00 UTC in Belarusian and at 16:30-17:30 UTC in Russian. Other content providers are Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and NHK World radio. The transmitter is on air 12.5 hours a day, 16:30-05:00 UTC. The relay broadcaster is Radio Baltic Waves International. Rimantas Pleikys, MWC fb group (6/11-2016) CHINA According to the recent frequency list of CRI Russian at http://russian.cri.cn/3098/2016/05/30/1s582734.htm , 1521 kHz is used 0800-1000 and 1900-0400 h Bejing Time (UTC+8). That would be 0000-0200 and 1100-2000 h UTC. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (6/11-2016) 05/11-2016 SAO TOME Since the start of the new season, I have been checking the audibility of the remaining English broadcasts of the Voice of America. Many are also audible in Europe and do provide for some interesting listening (US presidential race, intercultural experiences in South Korea). Checking the medium wave Pinheira 1530 kHz today, I did find it at 0300 h UTC in English. Reception deteriorated quickly against European co-channel stations. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (5/11-2016) 04/11-2016 SAO TOME The northeast tower of the 600 kW São Tomé 1530 IBB/BBG medium wave relay has collapsed. The station is now operating non-direxionally on the remaining tower. The pattern was a wide-spaced two-tower array, with two major lobes, one more or less northerly, the other northeastward. So it is not clear whether this would diminish or increase its signal toward North America, where it has occasionally been DXed, around sign-on 0258 UT Glenn Hauser, dxld yg (4/11-2016) 03/11-2016 JAMMING? In central Italy (Marche Region) on 3 November 2016 from 17.00 to 18.00 UTC, using a simple car radio it was possible to listen on 1521 kHz traditional songs, information and news clearly read in Russian, but regarding the Republic of China. The different radio speakers that have followed have never made reference to a possible China Radio International. Alberto V. Pesaro (3/11–2016) The CHINA item 28/10-2016 mentions this frequency. Ydun Ritz GERMANY On 31 October 2016, AFN Bavaria Vilseck stopped "serving America's best" on medium wave 1107 kHz. The station was heard on 31 October in the region when checked in the morning and at noon, but was not on the air on 1 and 2 November. The medium wave station went on the air in 2008 replacing a station in Grafenwoehr. It is now the last AFN medium wave station to close down and in fact the last regular medium wave station in Germany to stop broadcasting. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (3/11-2016) U K Radio JCom (Radio JCom Limited), broadcasting in Leeds on medium wave 1386 kHz, surrendered its AM licence. The station began in 2007 as an internet station and started regular medium wave broadcasts in 2009. (BBC report back then: http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leeds/hi/people_and_places/religion A additional research by Dr Hansjoerg Biener (3/11-2016) CUBA Nov 3 2016 @ 0856 UTC, distinctive Radio Reloj [770 kHz] ticks & time-pips heard well under WABC whilst plundering a remote SDR in NW Ohio. New home for Fidel's newser; watch for other possible changes among Cuban MW outlets. Greg Hardison, dxld yg (3/11-2016) SAUDI ARABIA The Saudi transmitter on 1521 KHz is on the air at the moment (2325 UTC November 2 2016) with regular programming. Heard via KiweSDR, Haparanda, Sweden http://90.231.162.22:8073/?f=1521.74amz6 I also heard it one evening last week but not between then and now. Liron (3/11-2016) ISLE of MAN Another Radio Caroline North [1368 kHz] broadcast has come to an end. We hope you enjoyed what we played over the weekend and that you'll join us for the final 'North' broadcast of the year over the weekend 26th/27th November. Many thanks to Manx Radio for the use of their AM transmitter and to Tiptree for the prizes. Mike Terry, dxld yg (1/11-2016) 30/10-2016 NETHERLANDS The recording that is on your website is far from good, so I was able to make a much clear and better one http://vocaroo.com/i/s1P6RMSoiuwY 00:14 sec long to listen. Radio 538 on 891 khz loop tape. Here is a translation from Dutch in English on what the Dutch Male Voice does say this: “The broadcasting via this frequency is ceased, Radio 538 can now be heard in the best audio sound quality via he tv cable, DAB + and the are 538 app“ (also online at https://www.538.nl/ The play button is on the bottom of the website you can’t miss it, click there to watch the live webcam and hear the audio) Maybe a lot of people would like to know where the Radio Station Name 538 does come from? It does go back to the year 1972 when on the last weekend of september the Dutch Offshore Radio Station Radio Veronica 192 had to change the frequency from 192 m – 1.562 khz to 537 m – 557 khz the call it “ 538 “ because that does much better rhymes in Dutch like “ 538 op volle kracht “ in English that means : “ 538 on full power “ but that does not rhymes in English right , like 537 would not rhymes in Dutch also. That was to avoid the fact that Radio Beromunster would increase the power all the up to 300 kw and Radio Veronica only had a transmitter power of about 7 kw out of a 10 KW Continental Electonics 316 C and the did use about 3 kw at night on low power as far that I can remember. So Radio Veronica 538 did use this frequency and till the Anti Offshore Radio Law in The Netherlands on the 31 th of august 1974 and Radio Veronica did close down at 18 h local time (17 h UTC). Than later Radio Veronica became a legal Radio Station on land and did use the National Dutch Radio Station network for many years afther a long battle to become legal. A former DJ of Radio Veronica did set up some radio and also tv projects in The Netherlands and also in Belgium. And one of those radoi projects was Radio 538 and there did come the name 538 from. And that a big succes and became popular as a National Commercial Radio Station. But there was a big trouble, down South of the Country in Dutch Limburg (because there is also a Belgian Limburg just on the other side of the border) the is a a weak FM Band low coverage so the only opportunity the did had was, to use a MW transmitter on 891 khz in Hulsberg who was used before by Radio 1 or long time ago Hilversum 1 and also at some hours of the day for local radio transmissons. A other bit of history will be lost and also a other MW Transmitter in The Netherlands will go off air very soon, so now the is only one MW Station left and that is 1.008 khz (or 298 m) fomer Radio 1 and long time before Hilversum 2. In case that I make a error on this info than other Dutch writers me sure correct me I don’t have any problem. MW 891 khz with 22 KW daytime power and 5 kw at night me she RIP. 73 and remember and its UTC + 1 hour as from to day and tille next March , good DX all from Herman Content, Gent – Belgium (30/10-2016) 29/10-2016 LATVIA / (SPAIN) The Dutch internet MediaMagazine.nl writes that Radio Mi Amigo International will start using the (empty) 1476 KHz as from Novembre. The former offshore radiostation, now a radioproject on the Costa Brava, in Spain, is already hiring airtime in the eveninghours via Radio Merkurs in Riga – Latvia on 1485 Khz./ 1 Kw. Mainly to reach an audience in Scandanavia. Novembre is announced as a testperiod. After that a defenitive broadcasting schedule will come in function. The magazine writes that also the power of the transmitter will be increased and that instead of 1485 the neighbouring channel 1476 will come in use. Radio Mi Amigo International is expending there AM activities! Starting from Sunday Octobre the 30 th. using the shortwave facilities in Kall-Krekel in the Eifel in Germany. Until now two hours per weekday, and in the weekend more hours, programs were broadcasted via 6005, 3985, 7310 and 9560 Khz. New is a 9 hour programming on 6085, starting at 9 in the morning until 6 in the evening. The 1476 KHz. I do remember as the channel on which Austria earlier was audible all over Europe. Now the channel is almost empty here around the North Sea. Picking up now and then signals from the middle-east or Africa. The 1485 is a very crowded mix of many signals in the dark hours. Here in Holland (very) low power permissions are given out for this frequency. I´m really curious or the 1476 from Riga will carry much more further, and interferenc free, then the 1485. Best of 73’s, Willem Prins – Haren / The Netherlands (29/10-2016) GERMANY Contrary to the internet source correctly quoted by Harald Kuhl, AFN Vilseck [1107 kHz] was still heard on my car radio in Nuremberg on the evening of 28 October. Given the fact, that this is the remaining active medium wave of AFN and indeed all stations in Germany, an imminent closure seems plausible. On 1 November, I shall be in the Vilseck region and can check whether the station is still on the air. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/10-2016) AZERBAIJAN This autumn I haven't been able to hear Azerbaijan on either of their usual frequencies: 801 or 891 kHz. Both have been some tens of Hz above nominal and rather usual catches here in Finland. Also the very weak Voice of Azerbaijan transmitter on 1296 kHz has been missing these months. I'd be glad to be proven wrong, but looks like another country may be gone from medium wave. 73, Mauno Ritola, mwdx yg (29/10-2016) 28/10-2016 GERMANY "AFN Bavaria discontinues the AM broadcast on 1107 KHz Friday, Oct. 28 at approximately 10 a.m. You can still listen to AFN Bavaria in Grafenwoehr and Vilseck at FM frequencies 98.5 or 107.7. Tune in to AFN 360 anywhere, anytime. Visit www.afneurope.net/AFN-360 ." vy 73 Harald Kuhl (28/10-2016) CHINA China Radio Int was heard on 1521 in Russian at tune in 1810 UT on the 27th. The signal was strong on peaks but with fades down into the mush. It was checked to be parallel with Urumqi 7210, and the two transmitters were in sync. There is still no trace of the Saudi transmitter though. Noel R. Green [NW England], dxld yg (28/10-2016) Reportedly the Duba transmitter uses only the daytime frequency 594 kHz anymore. At least it's there right now, at 1645, considerably stronger than // 1440 and 1512. At the same time only the small 5 kW in Spain is audible on 1521 kHz. So in all likelyhood the presumably renovated Hutubi facility is not on air right now. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (28/10-2016) 27/10-2016 INDIA On 26 October at 1055 UTC, the Deputy Director General of All India Radio North East inaugurated the new DRM MW 200 kW transmitter of AIR Siliguri (Bengal). In his speech broadcast until 1115 UTC, he announced that the power of the analogue transmission on 711 kHz is 194 kW while the DRM-power on 720 kHz is 6 kW. The primary channel is also streamed at the website http://www.airsiliguri.in/live.html which was inaugurated about one year ago. All India Radio Siliguri was commissioned on 7 July 1963 as a 20 kW auxiliary station of All India Radio Kolkata to provide medium wave coverage to the people of North Bengal. On 8 August 1982, the station was upgraded to the status of a full-fledged station of its own right. The high power transmitter (200 kW) now replaced was commissioned in 1987. Alok Dasgupta 26 October 2016 DX India. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/10-2016) CANADA Several boards and blogs are reporting that 940 Montreal has begun testing. The calls are CFNV. 50kW's as before tho many suspect that they are not up to full power yet. The same company was also to bring 600 AM back to the air. Nothing heard yet on that frequency and the deadline to get this station on air is Nov. 9 (Nov. 21 for 940) Andy Reid, dxld yg (27/10-2016) Right now 940 Khz AM is on the air with a constant Tone at 1530 UTC. Gilles Letourneau, Montreal, Quebec, dxld yg (27/10-2016) NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS Radio 538 is indeed ended here programming via the AM. The announcement tells the listener that 538 has ceased his programm on this frequencie. Then the alternative ways of listening to Radio 538 are told, like the cablenetwork, digital radio DAB +, the website and the App. Radio 538 started broadcasting 13 years ago on 891. On that moment there was no coverage of the station in this southern part of The Netherlands via the FM. Earlier the 22.5 Kw TX in Hulsberg was in use by the public radio. The first national program Radio 1 was on. A spokesman of Radio 538 says in the press that broadcasting via this AM station is no longer necessary, because mainly of the digital alternatives. Unclear is what will happen whit the AM outlet on 891. Radio 538 has a licence for the frequencie until septembre 2017. A switch-off date is not announced, but probably the transmitter will be off -air after this weekend, when the new month of Novembre is starting. So a "switch-off party" leaving AM forever is not expected on the radiostation. The 891 Khz. will probably gonna be available for low power use, after Radio 538 has given back here licence to the authorities W. Prins - Haren / The Netherlands (27/10-2016) 26/10-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio 538 is currently looping a closure announcement on MW, so this is the timer where Radio 538 is quitting 538, but on the plus side, we can hear what is behind 891kHz. But I have one question, I am no good at Dutch, but does it announce a date? Dean Denton, Hull, UK \| EuropeDX on YouTube. NETHERLANDS Radio 538 from the Netherlands has closed their am 891 transmitter, today 26-10-2016. Andre Schokker (26/10-2016) Heard at my QTH October 21st. (ed) 25/10-2016 NETHERLANDS Lpam radio station More radio from Sneek, Netherlands official start at 5 october at 1200 local time at am 1485 khz. G reetz Andre Schokker (25/10-2016) UNID I hear French talk on 1530 khz around 20:30 h utc and after a check its not Vatican Radio or the VOA so would that be Africa? Can some help me out please ? Did listen at Receiver : Northern Ireland - MWDX - "KAZ" on Global Tuners. 73, Herman Content , Gent – Belgium (24/10-2016) ISLE OF MAN Radio Caroline North returns this weekend online and on 1368 kHz as we continue to trace the station's history. We'll hear about the final few months offshore and the difficulties the ship went through, culminating in the grounding on the Goodwin Sands and the rescue of the entire crew. We've more great prizes to give away from Tiptree, preserves of distinction, so join us this weekend online and on 1368 KHz courtesy of Manx Radio for Radio Caroline North. Your emails are always welcome at [email protected] o.uk . Radio Caroline North on AM from the Isle of Man is sponsored by Tiptree, Preserves Of Distinction. Saturday 29th October: 06:00 John Ellery (ON LINE ONLY) 08.30 Chris Williams' Carnaby Street from Manx Radio 1368khz 10:30 Kevin Turner 02:00 Note that clocks go back at 2am 02:00 Andrew Austin Mike Terry via mwdx yg (24/10-2016) 24/10-2016 TURKEY On various remote SDR units in Moscow Russia, Kiev Ukraine, Zakynthos Greece and Calabria southern Italy heard the TRT morning services on Oct 24: 1062 TUR acc MW lists TRT Diyarbakir, CONTINOUSLY music program, no ID, no spoken part heard. Likely "Kurdi Progr", at 0320 UT S=9+10dB proper signal in Ukraine unit. 926.994 TUR TRT Izmir in Turkish, S=7 in Ukraine, poor signal compared to much S=9+30dB stronger on 890.999 TUR TRT Antalya, observed at 0330 UT. atter. [selected SDR options, span 12.5 kHz RBW 15.3 Hertz] Wolfgang Büeschel, df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (24/10-2016) LIBYA [ N O T logged], 1053 not heard here in past months. There was a strange TV video RR report from the US of Tripolis Libya heard across the Atlantik, I've my doubts on this matter. [selected SDR options, span 12.5 kHz RBW 15.3 Hertz] Wolfgang Büeschel, df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (24/10-2016) Re 1521 kHz item from Oct. 15th: Yes, must be CRI Urumqi reactivated after many months of silence. 73, Mauno Ritola, dxld yg (18/10-2016) 17/10-2016 JAMMING Re 1521 kHz item from Oct. 15th: ...And tonight they modulate the transmitter with traditional Chinese music non-stop... I read that CRI Russian was missing from 1521 kHz for some time. So it's pretty obvious that the presumed equipment replacement took place in China instead... How is the signal in Russia now, considering its almost sensational level in Central Europe? Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (16/10-2016) Who's jamming who? Tudor Vedeanu, dxld yg (15/10-2016) This sweep from 0 to 1000 Hz in exactly one second sounds very much like a test tone to me, like a sign of life from the Duba transmitter that has been missed for at least some weeks if not months. Could it be that the old tube transmitter has been replaced by a new solid-state rig, testing right now? I think such replacements had already been done at other high power mediumwave sites in Saudi Arabia. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (15/10-2016) Hi, Tudor! Yes, I also heard the signal. I heard it from 1649 untill sign off at 1700 UTC on measured 1521.010 khz. Signal strength here (north-east of Cologne) is S9+20 dB. I also monitored it via the Twente receiver with S9 to S9+10 dB. I used my Inverted-V beamed 90°/270°. Unfortunately my other Inverted-V's are currently inactive due to maintainance. Receiver: Perseus SDR and Perseus software v5. I'll try to monitor the freq. again tomorrow also using different remote sites. 73, Manfred Reiff, dxld yg (15/10-2016) TWR EUROPE Since January 1, programs of TWR (ex 1395, Albania) will be in the Polish language on 1467 kHz via the MC, in Croatian - on the local FM network, in Romanian on 999 kHz (Pridnestrovie) after the Ukrainian and Russian services and the rest on 1548 kHz. 73, Vasily Gulyaev, Astrakhan, Russia, wrth fb group (15/10-2016) 14/10-2016 FRANCE One (bad) news: Radio Maria France will cease its broadcasts on medium wave from the Col de la Madone (Monaco frequency) 1467 kHz on 30 October 2016. To listen to Radio Maria will remain the FM frequency 88.2 MHz in Monaco and especially the RNT DAB + from the Mont Agel. For the moment, I think the 1467 kHz will remain silent, as the 702 kHz.... Christian Ghibaudo (14/10-2016) LATVIA Radio City every Saturday at 19.00 to 20.00 UTC on 1485 via Radio Merkurs in Riga, Latvia. Contact address remains: [email protected] 12/10-2016 NETHERLANDS 1602 is shared between Radio Seagull and KBC Radio http://www.kbcradio.eu/ . KBC is on the air 7:00-19:00 and Radio Seagull is on the air 19:00-07:00. Liron (12/10-2016) NETHERLANDS Radio Seagull is now also on 747 KHz, using a 100 W licence on the radioship Jenny Bayton, mored in the harbour of Harlingen. The management describes it as an extended test. Here at my location, near Groningen, I do hear a mix of two signals now. Radio Seagull and Radio TPot, a station near Assen. There is a problem in zero-beat at one of the stations. The signals are hetrodyning around 70 to 100 Khz. The former radiopirate Radio 0511 in the north-east of the provence of Friesland near Dokkum, has now changed frequencie to 1485 KHz. Earlier 1494 KHz. was in use. The 1485 is officialy only allowed for a low power output of 1 Watt. Radio 0511 is probaly using much more power, blocking this channel in the north western part of the Netherlands. I wonder what the broadcasting authorities think of this. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren (The Netherlands) (12/10-2016) NETHERLANDS Had been listening to Radio Seagull for about 2 years now on 1602, but in the last few days, I can´t hear the programs from Seagull on Mediumwave. The transmitter is on air, but if I compare to Seagull on Tunein radio in my cellphone, there is a different programme now on 1602 with only Non stop Music..!!! Not the regular show and there is no sound at all from Radio Seugulls webpage in my computer. Do you know anything? 73, Torleif Roos, Boras, Sweden (11/10-2016) I think, Radio Seagull uses a format for their online transmission, which your computer is not able to 'read'. According to their website, they should be on 1602 kHz between 1900 and 0700 CET (1700-0500 utc). Ydun 11/10-2016 TRANSATLANTIC DX I like to report that for about the last 7 days the MW band is wide open for Transarlatlantic DX to USA and Canada. For some nights I listen on 930 khz CJYQ announced ass KIXX Country and I can hear it not so very late at night that is around or afther 22:00 utc (00:00 hour CET local time) But I need to tell that I do listen at a Online Radio Receiver at Global Tuners http://www.globaltuners.com (you need to be a memberto use it ) at the location in Northern Ireland – UK look here http://www.qsl.net/gi0otc/ HF & MWDX - "KAZ" Loop Antenne 130 deg Null direction to North America & Canada. But later in the middle of the dark night time the MW singals from North America are boom in strong. So for those people ho not have a Kaz Loop antenne and are not based in Nothern Ireland would get also a signal I think ? maybe less strong but I think the will hear some thing. Maybe its time to be a member at Global Tuners. Its easy make a free account and you need to wait 14 days before you can tune a Receiver your self. In the you can listen at other Receiver. The do that for security reasons. Read the house rules and keep and respect them. Transatlantic MW DX is great fun in Fall , Winter and Early Spring. 73 and good DX from Herman Content, Gent, Belgium (11/10-2016) "Please note; We will stop broadcasting on 1395 kHz as of 1 January 2017. RTSH - General Technical Director, Eng. Henri Muca RTSH - Director of RTV Transmitting Stations - Tirane, Eng. Valmir Hajdari" TWR Europe Mon-Fri at 1930-2145 UT, Sat/Sun at 1950-2145 UT. Fllake relay TX#1 F-02 antenna at 330 deg to Ce/No/Ea-Europe. Trans World Radio - FLLAKE, ALBANIA UTC days program kHz kW degr ciraf zone 1927-1930 12345.. TWR ID signal 1395 500 330 28 1930-2015 12345.. Hungarian 1395 500 330 28 1947-1950 .....67 TWR ID signal 1395 500 330 28 1950-2015 .....67 Hungarian 1395 500 330 28 2015-2030 .....6. Polish 1395 500 330 28 2015-2045 12345.7 Polish 1395 500 330 28 2030-2145 .....6. Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2045-2100 ......7 Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2045-2115 12345.. Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2100-2145 ......7 Bosnian 1395 500 330 28 2115-2145 12345.. Serbian 1395 500 330 28 Day 1 = Mon ... 7 = Sun Fllake, Albania location; Made in P.R. China of 1967 year. G.C. 41 21 52.04 N 19 30 35.46 E TWR Europe Oct 7, via Drita Cico-ALB, Oct 9; Radiostacionet Shijak & Fllake. via Wolfgang Büschel df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (10/10-2016) 04/10-2016 ICELAND I did manage to catch that one-kilowatter at the Vatnsendi [666 kHz]site tonight, but it took both of my portables to do it: The Panasonic to act as a reference, and the SuperTech to make the catch. The signal was of course very weak. Reynir Heidberg Stefánsson, eastern Iceland (4/10-2016) AM in USA An interesting report from a trip to the USA this September by Willem Prins (4/10-2016) NETHERLANDS It's correct, the message from Herman Content, that Radio 538 is still on at 891 Khz. I also expected that the AM outlet should be switched-off already , but the signal is indeed still on the air. The only thing I know is that plans are made for the switch-off. In a rather short periode. But no info is available of the exact date. Unclear is or Radio 538 will make out a moment of the switch off, or that without any announcment the station will leave AM. Willem Prins HOL (4/10-2016) NETHERLANDS About 2 days ago I did hear Radio 538 on 891 Khz [which has been told switched off/ed] . And it listen to Dutch ads around 14:35 h UTC so early oct 2016 and 891 Khz still on air and signal was good (Wide-band WebSDR in JO32KF , Twente , The Netherlands) Herman Content, Gent, Belgium (04/10-2016) ICELAND About reactivated RÚV 666 kHz: This is Reykjavik (Vatnsendi) 1 kW. It is a test transmitter for evaluating the number and power of transmitters required to cover all Iceland and fishing waters around it with medium wave transmitters and replacing the high power long wave transmitters. The details of the project will be decided upon in 2017. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (3/10-2016) 02/10-2016 ICELAND Presently listening to RUV on 666 with a good signal at 2330utc [1/10] via Global tuners receiver in Northern Ireland. Tony Magon AUS (2/10-2016) ICELAND Icelandic public broadcaster Rikisutvarpid (RUV) was observed at 09:05 UT today (1 October 2016) carrying their second network RAS-2 on 666 kHz mediumwave - the broadcaster had recently been noted carrying test transmissions of continuous music on this frequency. This was monitored with good reception via a KiwiSDR remote receiver in Reykjavik. David Kernick, Interval Signals Online (1/10-2016) 01/10-2016 ICELAND [RUV] Iceland on 666 is now operating parallel to their longwave frequencies of 189 and 207. This was confirmed with a remote receiver in Iceland and also a remote receiver in Northern Ireland. 73, Tony Magon VK2IC, AUS (1/10-2016) 29/09-2016 NORWAY This old 250 watts friend , formerly as LLU on 1466 kHz through a 48 metres quarter-wave in Eitrheim, Odda for the NRK until 1978 is now broadcasting for us since 2012 with a proper license as LLE2 relaying bergenkringkaster.nu on 1314 kHz through a Comrod antenna. Normally on the air Sundays 1000-1400 CET with a Nostalgia format. In connection with our preparations yesterday for today's "Junk-Auction", it was on the air 1800-2200 with an unscheduled transmission of "Komiske Klipp" and "Radio Days". The signal locally was impressive along 555 and 561 even in darkness 2115-2200 although there was competition from RNE Radio 5 (Salamanca has been confirmed here before). Our CE Øystein Ask can be very proud! And, did you hear us? We will be on again tonight! [email protected] Svenn Martinsen, wrth fb group (29/9-2016) 26/09-2016 BENIN Trans World Radio plans to apply for a second licence for broadcasts from its present site at Parakou. The first transmitter on 1566 kHz went on the air in 2008. Years ago, the Protestant missionary broadcaster also announced plans for a short wave transmitter, but this idea was evidently dropped. The 200 kW-transmitter will broadcast on a medium wave frequency. although the frequency is not yet announced. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (26/9-2016) GERMANY At 00.55 h this morning I received CW-signals "RADIOREVOLTEN" on medium wave 1575 kHz. These apparently are test transmissions of Radio Revolten, Halle, Germany, which got a temporary (October 2016) license for medium wave broadcasts and will start regular transmissions on 01 October. Their website is http://radiorevolten.net . Best 73, Norbert Reiner (25/9-2016) GERMANY Deutschlandradio will in next year abandon this name as a media brand. What is now Deutschlandradio Kultur will then become "Deutschlandfunk Kultur" while DRadio Wissen, the digital-only station with a whopping market share of at present 0.03 percent (16,000 listeners per day in the whole of Germany), will be called "Deutschlandfunk Nova". Goal of this move is to use only a single brand, the most widely known one they have. They consider it as essential for being clearly recognized in the digital world (i.e. outside the broadcasting zoo) where they already see a great rise in the use of their offerings. http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/namensaenderung-deutschlandradio-kultur-wird.1008.de.html?dram%3Aarticle_id=366626 This move is a bit sensitive because Deutschlandfunk at Cologne had considered itself the only legitimate national broadcaster until the federal states decided to have a Berlin branch as well, created by merging RIAS and Deutschlandsender. This merge did not go well at all (thus history is not history in this case), as described in this newspaper report from 2014 which, I'm told, does not make up the situation. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (24/9-2016) GERMANY http://radiorevolten.net/wir-holen-uns-die-mittelwelle-zurueck/ Of course it is not true that the last mediumwave transmitter in Germany has been switched off on New Year's Day, with Vilseck 1107 kHz still being on air. That's just the narrative successfully established by Deutschlandradio PR. And "covering Central Europe": You can check out for yourself now, the transmitter has been turned on a few days ago with a special test loop (not the audio on the web stream that goes out on FM, too) of a voice announcement and morse code. At night I found this morse code poking through the jumble of Italy and Spain in the Netherlands and likewise, except that 1575 is mostly Italy here, also 100 km east of Halle. But that's about all. The mediumwave transmitter was supposed to achieve 0.5...0.6 kW, to be installed at the same ham radio facility as the temporary FM transmitter (on a frequency used already on earlier occassions). Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (24/9-2016) Equinox bandscan Dry weather tonight so a ‘DXpedition’ to the washing lines was not a problem. The LW band… well, it takes a big whomp to knock it out. No big whomp tonight. Not even a wee little small whomp, what with signals on almost every MW channel at 2130Z. BBC 5 on 693 and R. Scotland on 810 kHz came in wall-to-wall. The Absolute Radio repeaters on 1197 and 1242 kHz were easily listenable, as was Smooth Radio on 1152 and even 1161 kHz. Their transmitter on 1170 kHz was only identifiable. Come to think of it… I think the last MW transmitter in Iceland was AFRTS on 1530 kHz, which shut down around mid-year 2006. I also think the transmitters on 666 and 738 kHz were shut down before this century. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (24/9-2016) U K Radio Caroline North returns over the weekend of 24th-25th September live from the Ross Revenge. The Caroline story continues into 1988 when the crew built a new aerial system to replace the original mast, only to see much of their work destroyed by armed raiders the following year. We'll hear from some of those who were onboard. And of course we've more great prizes to give away from our friends at Tiptree, preserves of distinction. Your emails are always welcome at [email protected] . So join us this weekend online here and on 1368AM courtesy of Manx Radio. Mike Terry, dxld yg (19/9-2016) 21/09-2016 RUSSIA Just in via Facebook, notified by Vasily Gulyaev, was the RTRS announcement that from the UTC afternoon of Thursday 22 September 2016 the reopened MW and SW transmitters at Vladivostok Razdolnoye will be closed again. Presumably a) the effects from the typhoon are now under control and b) the running costs for these transmitters were raising alarm bells in the Kremlin?? So in short the entry for 810kHz will be officially closed from Friday 23 September. It is proof though that transmitters can be successfully fired up again after a long period of silence. Dan Goldfarb, mwmasts yg (21/9-2016) 18/09-2016 ITALY RAI TRST A 981 kHz: Weak signal behind Cesky Impuls, but it´s still there. I just got a clear ID. 73, Patrick Robic AUT (18/9-2016) NETHERLANDS Radio 0511 in Buitenpost continuous to use 1494 kHz, and not 1485 as listed. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (18/9-2016) 17/09-2016 ITALY I consider that radio RAI TRST A that use frequency 981 kHz is turned off. I haven't caught it for a long time. Does anyone know anything about it? Andrej Blazevic, Zagreb, HR (17/9-2016) AZORES I spent a couple of days in the Azores earlier this month. It is an amazing place for transatlantic MW DX. Using 100 meters of wire on the ground and a simple portable radio a lot of transatlantic stations were audible at sunrise: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-8VyMVPgys All MW stations in the Azores are inactive - except RTP 'Antena 1', Flores, on 828 and AFRTS on 1503 kHz. I believe AFRTS is on the air 24 hours a day but 'Antena 1' is off air at night - probably signing on a 0700 or 0730. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (17/9-2016) Radio Banovici [792 kHz] this stopped broadcasting and switched off transmitter medium wave by mid-2013. Sanel Tufekcic (16/9-2016) 15/09-2016 SLOVENIA Due to major works at the Beli Kriz site, Radio Koper 549 kHz and Radio Capodistria on 1170 kHz will be temporarily off between 12.09.2016 and 15.10.2016. The 50 years old mast is being shortened and refurbished. Günter Lorenz, mwmasts yg (15/9-2016) BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA Radio Banovići on 792 kHz and Radio Bosanski Petrovac on 1584 kHz are reported to have closed. On 1503 kHz, Radio Zavidovići has own program 24h (no more timesharing with BH Radio 1). Günter Lorenz, mwmasts yg (15/9-2016) GERMANY A new temporary station hold by Radio Corax: RADIO REVOLTEN from Halle. The station will be on the air from October 1st to October 30th for the International Radio Art Festival. Frequencies; 99.3 MHz on FM and also 1575 kHz MW with 600 watts... 14/09-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Radio Dechovka has now its new transmitter in Hradec Kralove - Stezery on the air, probably with a full power. Frequency: 792kHz, power: 10kW. There is a modulation delay of about 25 seconds compared to 1233kHz. I got a message that the power of Dechovka on 792kHz is 0.5kW only. The stronger 10kW transmitter is planned for the near future. Karel Honzik, CZE (5/9-2016) EDXC MANCHESTER During the EDXC conference2016 held in Manchester, and hosted by the BDXC, the participiants visited the Media City UK in Salford, the Moorside Edge transmitter and the Holme Moss transmitter site. A few fotos can be seen here . Ydun Ritz (14/9-2016) The brand new Solt transmitter (540 kHz) will be supplied by Nautel. Clik here for the full article! http://www.radioworld.com/article/nautel-to-update-antenna-hungarias-mw-station/279561 Tringer László, HNG (8/9-2016) NETHERLANDS As for Atlantis 1395 in the Netherlands. There seems to be a fight between the initiators. Some of them did sell out the station to an Amsterdam group (mind you, the signal has no coverage there) and the others now are disappointed. In the meantime I keep questioning why their signal is so powerful, my vision is that they are widely exceeding the 25 W licenced. Ruud Poeze (7/9-2016) 07/09-2016 NETHERLANDS It seems that the team of Atlantis Radio 1395 has split up and the station had to sign off. Maybe, a Dutch reader of mediumwave.info can investigate further und give additional information in English. http://www.atlantisradio.eu/radio/nieuwsberichten Het klopt helaas dat wij na een flitsende start niet meer op de middengolf zijn te beluisteren. Verblind door hoogmoed hebben M. Joustra en A. Zijlstra de zender en de licentie overgedaan aan Atlantis Amsterdam om samen met "grote jongens uit de radiowereld" iets groots op te zetten. Dit is gebeurt zonder enig overleg met de rest van het team die de afgelopen jaren met heel veel enthousiasme Atlantis hebben opgebouwd. De afgelopen maanden is hard gewerkt om de middengolfzender in de lucht te krijgen, dit heeft veel tijd, energie en geld gekost. Verbijsterd zijn wij, de Dj's en de luisteraars, dat iemand tot zo'n lafffe en doortrapte daad in staat is. Een prachtig station vanuit het hart van Friesland wordt hiermee de das omgedaan op de meest verachtelijke manier. Tevens heeft M.Joustra onze Facebookpagina onrechtmatig gekaapt , en post daar gewoon zijn achterbakse plannetjes alsof er niks aan de hand is. Jullie kunnen daar je reactie geven wat je daar van vind op https://www.facebook.com/Atlantis1395nl-370773786286376/?fref=ts , wij kunnen daar niks meer posten ! ( Bedankt voor de steun ! Hij heeft de pagina nu verwijderd na een stortvloed van negatieve reacties) Like onze nieuwe facebookpagina op https://www.facebook.com/atlantisradio Gelukkig krijgen we veel steun van trouwe luisteraars en betrokken mensen bij ons station en we gaan vol door op de ingeslagen koers. Atlantis radio blijft gewoon te beluisteren op de diverse streams via internet en tune-in. Wij blijven de mooie programma's maken voor jullie. Meer informatie over de toekomst van Atlantis Radio 1395/1521 volgt spoedig. ps. steunbetuigingen via [email protected] 06/09-2016 FRANCE About the news that Allouis (France Inter) was OFF air this night. The transmitter on 162 kHz, is always OFF on Tuesday (early morning) from 00.05 to 03.58 local time. Christian Chibaudo (6/9-2016) FRANCE At the time I am writing this (2356utc 6/9/16) I have noticed that France Inter [162 kHz]is off air... 30 Mins ago it kept transmitting and then suddenly stopped transmitting, and happened 5 times until it was off. What do you think it is? Maintenance? Simulating next year? New schedule? Broken transmitter? Dean Denton, Hull, UK (6/9-2016) U K BBC Radio 5 Live 693 kHz in the South West of England Some major re-engineering work is to be carried out at the Start Point (South Devon) transmitter serving the South West of England on 693 kHz. The service will transfer to a temporary mast nearby whilst a new mast is built and another refurbished, weather permitting, between 5th September and 18th November 2016. During this period the service will be transmitting at reduced power, so if you notice a reduction in signal strength, please try retuning to 909kHz or listen to BBC Radio 5 Live on DAB, the internet or Freeview. Date: 02.09.2016 Last updated: 02.09.2016 at 09.00 via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (4/9-2016) CANADA Now all the stickers have gone! It took less than 2 hours! :-) Thank you! Stickers: Neil Carleton in Almonte Ontario have sent me some stickers from Canadian MW radio stations, most of them now silent. He is offering them for free. CFQC, CJXX, CKST, CJNB and RCI are double. If interested drop me a line. Ydun Ritz (31/8-2016) 24/08-2016 NETHERLANDS Just a small update concerning Radio Seagull on 747 Khz here in the Netherlands. Station is now off air again, as from last Sunday. The operation must has been a sort of special event broadcast for 48 hours, using the radioship Jenni Baynton. The plan was to do broadcasts from the radioship anchored a few miles outside the harbour of Harlingen last weekend. Also trips, visiting the ship on `high seas` were planned. But the whole thing was cancelled. Only a special broadcast, using 747 Kc. went on. Unclear is or Seagull will now be appearing every weekend from the radioship. Old fashioned typical AM pirating music is now audible on 747. Probably coming out of the station near Assen. In the meantime still more initiatives are calling in at the broadcasting agent (Agentschap Telecom) here in the Netherlands for a low power AM licence. Sometimes the plans looks like it will stay a beautifull plan or dream, instead of becoming a really operation. Time will last, anyway. Frequencies available are 747, 828, 1035, 1251, 1395 and 1485 Khz. 891 Khz. will be available as Radio 538 (the 22.5 Kw tx in Limburg) is switched off. Pity!! Holidayspenders can pick up the station for the last time this summerseason in greater parts of western Europe in the evening hours, listening to a domestic popular radiosound. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren (The Netherlands) (24/8-2016) ARGENTINA LS11 Radio Provincia de Buenos Aires anuncia los nuevos horarios de sus programas dedicados a la radio, al diexismo y al mundo de las comunicaciones. Todos ellos salen al aire en amplitud modulada, por la frecuencia de 1270 khz y por Internet en http://www.radioprovincia.gba.gob.ar/ [LS11 Radio Provincia de Buenos Aires announces their new schedules dedicated to the radio, the diexismo and the world of communications programs. They are aired in amplitude modulated by the frequency of 1270 kHz and online at] Omar José Somma y Arnaldo Leonel Slaen, Lista ConDig yg (22/8-2016) 22/08-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio Seagull is now 24/7 also on 747 Khz. from the radioship Jenni Bayton moored in Harlingen Harbour in the north west of The Netherlands. Reception should be possible across the North Sea and along the East Coast of England. A 100 W. PEP is the power of the station, using the new type of licence for low power AM operations here in The Netherlands. Here in my area, south of the city of Groningen, the signal is mixed up in a zero-beat interference whit another station, Radio TPot / Radio Babylona, which is located east of the city of Assen. Also a 100 W PEP station. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren / The Netherlands (21/8-2016) Phaser Radio 1512kHz and via TuneIn Radio with special programming remembering 14th August 1967 Good signal here in Faversham. John Hoad, MWC fb group (14/8-2016) 08/08-2016 NETHERLANDS The mediumwave transmitter from Dutch catholic radiostation Radio Maria on the roof of a monastery near the village of Aarle-Rixtel is off air. The transmitter, on 675 khz, caused interference . Radio Maria is now looking for another location. René van Hoof, MWC fb group (8/8-2016) FINLAND Pispalan Radio plans to raise the power to 150 W on 729 kHz in the coming months. Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (7/8-2016) 07/08-2016 SAUDI ARABIA On 6th August at 2100z Jeddah appeared to be back [1521 kHz], but somewhat less powerful than it used to be. 73 Joost de Groot (7/8-2016) Heard the station August 5th around 2030utc Benghazi, Libya has reactivated 677.5 kHz [675 kHz / ed]. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (6/8-2016) 04/08-2016 NETHERLANDS This article was published today discussing the future of Radio 538. This was taken off https://mediamagazine.nl/radio-538-stopt-uitzendingen-middengolf/ . "The commercial radio station Radio 538 stops its broadcasts on medium wave in Limburg. This confirmed a spokesman for the radio station across from Media Magazine. Radio 538 broadcasts for years via the medium in Limburg on the frequency 891 kHz. This frequency was taken into use in 2003 because the FM frequency range of Radio 538 did not cover in South Limburg. The transmitter in Hulsberg was previously used by the public broadcaster for the programs, among other NPO Radio 1. Radio 538 indicates the short term to stop the broadcasts on medium wave: "We are now using DAB +, Internet and cable to be well received in Limburg and deem the aid station on the medium, therefore, no longer necessary." Said Maud Citizens, spokesman for the radio station across this website. When the medium wave transmitter exactly is extracted from the air is not yet known. It is expected that the disconnection is carried out within a month. The license of Radio 538 for the medium wave frequency in Limburg runs at least until 1 September 2017. After that it is possible to reduce the frequency to five-year extension. Radio 538 does not use this possibility which falls back the license to the government.There is a chance that the frequency is used in the future for low-power AM transmitters in the Limburg region."[google translate] Dean Denton, Hull (4/8-2016) Radio Maria https://mediamagazine.nl/radio-538-stopt-uitzendingen-middengolf/ Medium wave transmitter of Radio Maria in Aarle-Rixtel on 675 kHz is currently off the air. The transmitter had ttechnical problems and hopes to restart broadcasts on medium wave again. Radio Maria broadcasts for several months from the Brabant Aarle-Rixtel after the broadcasting of Radio Maria was dismantled in Lopik. Radio Maria have suggested over the broadcast medium wave to claim the connected digital capacity via DAB +.[google translate] Dean Denton, Hull (4/8-2016) 03/08-2016 LITHUANIA Dmitry Mezin writes on open_DX about Sitkunai 1386 kHz (Radio Baltic Waves International, 75 kW, 152 m towers and transmission lines, on air daily at 16:30 - 05:00 UTC): We're still using 75 kW transmitter and a mast of 152 m height. Redundancy is enabled: there are a standby transmitter, feeder line and antenna. 500 kW Vikhr MW transmitter has been dismantled and scrapped. We're expecting the delivery of the new Nautel NX200 (200 kW) transmitter that should be commissioned on Sitkunai site in late 2017. Rimantas Pleikys, Radio Baltic Waves project coordinator via Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (2/8-2016) Invitations for community radio licence applications Ofcom is currently inviting applications for community radio licences for the following: - London and other areas within the M25 motorway, broadcasting on either FM or AM (medium wave); and - Localities throughout the UK broadcasting on AM (medium wave) only. The closing date is 5pm on Tuesday 25 October 2016. Further information including the Notes of Guidance can be found on Ofcom’s website. NETHERLANDS New low power mediumwave station is now on air in the Netherlands. Q AM (is NOT the same as Q Music) with oldies on 1395 kHz from Waardenburg, between Den Bosch and Utrecht. It's the second low power station on this frequency, Atlantis from the province of Friesland started about a month ago on 1395 kHz. René van Hoof, MWC fb group (1/8-2016) CANADA Courtesy of Canadian Radio News Jean-Guy Landry informs us that CJVA in Caraquet, New Brunswick will shut down its 810 AM transmitter next Monday, August 1 after almost 30 years on the air – it signed on in September 1977. [almost 40 years :-) ] The new CJVA 94.1 began testing in June and has since officially launched. CJVA simulcasts sister station CKLE 92.9 in Bathurst during the morning show and afternoon drive. From 9 AM to 4 PM, it’s mostly 80s and 90s music. (thanks for the tip Jean-Guy). The station was replaced by a 100kW FM transmitter from Grande-Anse at 94.1 FM Andy Reid, dxld yg (31/7-2016) CANADA Courtesy of Canadian Radio News and SONWY board: Funny 1410 AM going off the air. It’s no joke — London radio station Funny 1410 AM is ceasing operations. 'brian451' on SOWNY says CKSL will shut down in mid August. The station has an all Comedy format and is called Funny 1410. Andy Reid, dxld yg (30/7-2016) [Not exactly news, but nevertheless very interesting item! / Ed.] It is a while since I looked here and am now up to date. However, you may be interested to know that an archive recording of the BBC's radio commentary of England winning the World Cup in 1966 has emerged. I supplied a copy to the BBC who had not kept a copy themselves and it was recorded by another listener who is a friend of mine who passed this on to me at a school reunion a few years ago. Given the quality of the recording, this was taken from a medium wave broadcast of "BBC Sports Service". The recording was made in Worcester, so would have been sourced from Daventry on 647 kHz, as Droitwich at that time only carried 1500 kHz (Light Programme). BBC Sports Service formed part of the BBC Third Network, which also comprised of "BBC Music Programme" (daytime) and "BBC Third Programme" (evenings), prior to 30 September 1967 when "BBC Radio 3" replaced it. The "BBC Sports Service" was on the Third Network frequencies on Saturday afternoons usually between 1230-1800 UK time It was on Network 3 from 25 April 1964 to 28 Mach 1970 inclusive, when it moved to Radio 2 LW then on 1500m 200kHz. From then on it was a programme called "Sport on 2". Prior to April 1964, sport was on "BBC Light Programme" listed as separate sports events. The medium wave frequencies for Network 3 at the time on 30 July 1966 were: 647 kHz (464m) from And on 1546 kHz (194m) from Belfast (250W) Liverpool (1kW) - possibly Rainford but not sure Plymouth (1kW) Dundee (250W) Bournemouth (250W) It was also on VHF/FM from the following transmitters (Horizontal polarisation): I would not normally list FM here but it is useful to have this info: 90.3 MHz 120kW: Sandale 90.3 MHz 60kW: North Nessory Tor 90.5 MHz 120kW: Sutton Coldfield 90.7 MHz 60kW: Rowridge 90.7 MHz 60kW: Pontop Pike 90.9 MHz 60kW: Meldrum 90.9 MHz 60kW: Blaen Plwyf 91.05 MHz 10kW: Llangollen 91.5 MHz 120kW: Holme Moss 91.8 MHz 12kW: Llandonna 92.1 MHz 120kW: Kirk O'Shotts 92.3 MHz 60kW: Divis 94.7 MHz 10W: Bristol 96.8 MHz 120kW: Wenvoe Sports output was removed from FM when the Sports Service stopped on Radio 3 as far as I know and remains only on MW (and now also digital platforms). I don't think this works outside the UK but the links for the commentary are here: Full 90 minutes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p042rkr0 I hope some of you will find interest in this. 73, James Robinson (29/7-2016) Does anyone know what happened to Jeddah on 1521 kHz? Kind regards, Joost de Groot (23/7-2016) [At the moment Groot Nieuws Radio is the only station using the frequency 1008 kHz -ymr]. Svenn Martinsen (DX-Listeners' Club) via Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (22/7-2016) 20/07-2016 FRANCE I have seen official releases by TDF in their new IRIS Headquarters (underneath the Romainville TV/FM tower) which state that some time after 1st August 2016 on 1071kHz from the Brest (48 16 30N 04 09 04W) site there will be 20kW DRM broadcasts for French sailors around Brittany. I don't know the hours of transmission yet but these broadcasts are scheduled to last 2 years. All of this is thanks to Mauno and Thierry Vignaud. I assume that the same East mast will be used as was previously used on to carry France Inter. I will soon be moving house (back to my newly renovated one) so I will be highly involved in that personal diversion over the next 2 weeks. I will try to keep track of DX things but I hope that you will understand. Dan Goldfarb, mwmast yg (20/7-2016) [Start time corrected 21/7, thanks to Remy Friess, mwdx yg] U K Radio Warrington goes on air. The Mayor of Warrington, Faisal Rashid, will be helping Warrington’s community radio station celebrate hitting the borough’s airwaves at an official re-launch party at the Town Hall on Wednesday 20 July, at 5pm. The radio station is celebrating broadcasting on 1332 AM/MW medium wave after being an online-only radio station for the past nine years. The community radio station has been broadcasting Warrington’s news and views for 24 hours a day on the internet since March 2007 and is run and staffed by volunteers. Jorma Mantyla, Kangasala Finland via MWDX yg (18/7-2016) FINLAND Pispalan Radio started 16.7.2016 also on mediumwave 729 kHz in Tampere. Only 20 Watts carrier power now, but they have plans for more powerful station from other mast. Their license for continuous transmission on mediumwave, is the only one in Finland. They started on FM 99,5MHz in last year. Some tests on 25760 kHz is made too, and is now on air 24/7 to end of July. They play mainly very old music. 17/07-2016 SWEDEN Hörby MW 1179 kHz on the air again. Hörby Mellanvåg on 1179 kHz will be on air again from 28 August to 10 Sept 2016. ARC web site via July BDXC-UK Communication via DXLD 16-28 (17/7-2016) 15/07-2016 U K Ofcom has today [15 July 2016] announced the award of six new community radio licences in East Sussex and Kent. The new stations will serve communities in Brighton and Hove, Herne Bay, Sheerness and northwest Kent. Community radio services are provided on a not-for-profit basis, focusing on the delivery of specific social benefits to a particular geographical community or a community of interest. Licences have been awarded to: [1 Brighton FM, Gaydio, Platform B, Radio Cabin, Sheppey FM and] Miskin Radio (North Kent College) Contact name: Lara Pool Website: www.miskinradio.co.uk Miskin Radio will be a community radio service on the AM (medium wave) band for people living in the Gravesham, Dartford and Bexley areas. Community radio licences are awarded for a five-year period. http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2016/six-radio-awards-july16 via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (16/7-2016) 14/07-2016 HUNGARY New infos [abt item from yesterday 13/7]: Sollt is OFF AIR until 25.07.2016. Now Siofok on 540 with 150 kW and Szolnok on 1341 with 135 kW Lakihegy not broadcasting due TX problems. Tringer László, HNG (14/7-2016) 13/07-2016 FRANCE Hi Ydun, news about France Inter on 162 Khz LW, at this moment in time will be closing down on Saturday 31st December 2016, possibly switching off at Midnight (European Time) into 2017, so for UK listeners switch off on 162 Khz would be 23.00 hrs on 31/12/16. Would be great shame to lose this and for many years people i knew who were French lived in the UK listened to 162 Khz which at the time 30 - 25 years ago was only way to listen to it, unlike now with Digital & Internet is here. Adam Birchenall (13/7-2016) SYRIA 13 July 2016 0220-0230 h 783 kHz: Checking for Syria at the Twente web receiver, I found a dominant Spanish station with another programme in the background. It was clearly not in parallel with http://live.rtv.gov.sy/RDimshq.aspx?live=1 , but seemed to be in „parallel“ (time delay) with http://live.rtv.gov.sy/RShabab.aspx?live=1 . Dr Hansjoerg Biener (13/7-2016) [In fact] there were two stations present: the Spanish or if you prefer Katalan station http://www.cope.es/menu/emisoras/barcelona/barcelona and a music programme which was not Radio Damascus which had religious chanting at the time, but was very much like Voice of the People, as checked against their webstreams. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (13/7-2016) Maybe it was Call of Islam from Saudi? At that time it wouldn't be wonder if the Koran recitation would coincide. Mauno Ritola (13/7-2016) HUNGARY The renovation of the Solt transmitter has been started. Now 540 khz is broadcasted from Lakihegy + on 1341 khz from Siofok and Szolnok is active again, with Kossuth Rádió! Not 100% clear info, earlier only 540 khz was mentioned. So now Kossuth Rádió is working on 540 and 1341 kHz! Tringer László, HNG (13/7-2016) The current schedule of AIR Chinsurah is: 594 kHz: 0130-0230 Nepali, 0230-0300 News from Delhi, 0700-0800 Nepali. 1134 kHz: 1000-1100 GOS-2, 1115-1215 Tamil, 1215-1315 Burmese 594 kHz: 1330-1430 Nepali, 1515-1600 News from Delhi. DRM is now available with Delhi Rainbow channel at all the transmissions on 604 kHz during analogue b'cast times on 594 kHz and on 1144 kHz during 1134 kHz b'cast times. May vary the timings soon till the run up to inauguration date of new Bangla Service. AWR program was heard yesterday (10 July 2016) in DRM on 1144 kHz at 1015-1030 UTC. AWR program in Hindi is scheduled on Fri/Sat/Sun at 1015-1030 UTC on AIR FM Rainbow Nettwork Delhi. Alok Das Gupta, Kolkata, via Jose Jacob, dx_india (11/7-2016) via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (12/7-2016) 10/07-2016 SYRIA I confirm that Syria is still alive on 783 kHz. The station was heard here in the South of Italy on 9 July at 2300 UTC with station identification announcement. The signal was good with Syria dominant over co-channel COPE Miramar from Spain. Antonello Napolitano, Taranto-Italy , dxld yg (10/7-2016) SYRIA Syria is back on MW. Radio Damascus Syria 783 kHz at 9th July 2016 at 2222UTC. Heard on Island of Funen, Denmark, on a mini-DXpedition, on AOR7030+ with 100 m longwire on the beach towards SE. Heard in parallel with Radio Damascus on the mobile app TuneIn Radio, the latter signal a few seconds behind. Bjarke Vestesen, DDXLK fb group (10/7-2016) INDIA Dear friends, AWR Hindi Programme Lamahe is scheduled in DRM on1144 kHz FM Rainbow Delhi Fri, Sat, Sun 1015-1030 UTC via Chinsurah (1000 kw Tx) Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (9/7-2016) 05/07-2016 CANADA AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver. No, this is a stand-alone site that is just on the SE side of route 17 and the town of Tidbury - it's seven km almost directly NW of the 1040/1410 site that's right on the north side of Highway 99 as you travel toward Vancouver. The news items says they've lost a tower, and since one of them is directly adjacent to the transmitter building or at least a large building of some sort, that would appear to be the location of the fire. Ben Dawson (5/7-2016) AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter destroyed by fire From Northwest Broadcasters: http://nwbroadcasters.com/index.html CHMJ AM 730 Vancouver 07/03/16 - http://www.am730.ca/ The AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter has been destroyed by a large fire at Burns Bog in Delta, south of Vancouver. The fire broke out on the west side of the bog where several transmission towers for local radio stations are located. Global News CKNW News CBC News ::: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/burns-bog-fire-in-delta-grows-to-100-hectares-1.3662928 Eric Floden, BC, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) That`s the all-traffic-all-the-time station. Nothing on homepage indicating they are NOT ``On Air Now``. How about the other stations mentioned in the same area? Not all the stories above mention CHMJ; the CKNW version does say, `` The fire has also damaged the AM 730 transmitter. The station is off air, but can still be listened to at am730.ca or through the am 730 app.`` Glenn Hauser, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) With extensive damage to the AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter site at Burns Bog in Delta, the station's signal has been added to 101.1 as HD3. Additionally, AM 730 continues with an on-line feed at its website. Station engineering reports that tower one is completely lost and other damage is to be assessed. The massive fire continues to burn with firefighters tackling it from both the north and south fronts. The large plume of smoke is visible from both sides of the border. News1130 via Clay Freinwald, SBE-16 Seattle, via Steven Lockwood, Hatfied-Dawson via Ben Dawson, WA, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) I'm surprised this could happen. The site is state of the art on the right side of the freeway as you head north into Vancouver. I think they share the 1040 site. The bog is wet. It would be like starting a fire in the Mercer Slough and burning the ATU buildings at any of the Vancouver AM sites. They don't have a dry site for Vancouver AM signals. All of them are in floodplain areas. Andrew Skotdal, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) 02/07-2016 NETHERLANDS Yes Radio Paradise has been (and probably still is) active on 1584 kHz. I'm enclosing [but the editor is not able to attach here] two DX-recorded made in the South of Sweden [Oct. 2015 & Oct 2009]. They are now also available on DAB in the West of the Netherlands. Best regards Karl-Erik Stridh (2/7-2016) NETHERLANDS List of MW allocations in the Netherlands. I wonder about Radio Paradijs.. it is also listed in the WRTH. But has it ever been on the air on 1584 or the other frequencies (1224 and 1332) listed? Stig Hartvig Nielsen, MWC fb group (1/7-2016) 29/06-2016 INDIA AIR Chinsurah now broadcasts on 594/604 kHz. Although the inauguration programme of the special Bangla service has been postponed All India Radio started using 594 kHz instead of 1134 kHz in the evening. Beginning on 28 June, the schedule reads as follows: General Overseas Service in English 1000-1100, Tamil 1115-1215 , Burmese 1215-1315, Nepali 1330-1430 and News 1515-1600 UTC. The station is also noted in DRM on 604 kHz with the Delhi Rainbow channel during the periods mentioned. Alok Das Gupta 28 June 2016 DX India via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/6-2016) 27/06-2016 ARGENTINA UNID 1190 kHz from June 26th: After listening to my recordings I have a clear Radio America ID, and also an announcement.. 'Nacional presenta...." so this might be Radio Nacional. Also from Argentina. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, mwc fb group (27/6-2016) INDIA The launch of All India Radio's new channel "Akashvani Maitree", which was scheduled in Kolkata on Tuesday, has been postponed due to "unforseen reasons," Prasar Bharati officials said today. The channel aims at providing a common platform for participatory content creation for listeners in India and Bangladesh. New dates for the launch would be announced later, the officials said. The Bengali language service channel was to be launched by President Pranab Mukherjee at a function in Kolkata on June 28. ( http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/launch-of-air-channel-postponed-116062500828_1html via Sudipta Ghosh, DX India 25 June 2016) Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/6-2016) INDIA (Kerala): A new tower is constructed for AIR Thiruvananthapuram and will start relaying from 26 June 2016 5.50 AM on 1161 kHz 20 KW. This is a speedy installation completed in record time after the tower collapse (Rajeesh Ramachandran, DX India 25 June 2016) Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/6-2016) Heard on the LW / MW in Russia? The radio station "Mayak" from Makhachkala to 918 kHz continued broadcasting. Last weekend it was heard very well https://youtu.be/-f_B2PyGHGw (Message to the WEB page "Victor City". Victor Rutkowski Editor. Ekaterinburg, Russia). RUS-DX # 878, 26 June, 2016. Anatoly Klepov, Moscow, Russia (27/6-2016) 26/06-2016 UNID This morning I had an unid. station on 1190 kHz playing non stop music for more than half an hour. Songs such as 'Owner of a Lonely Heart', 'Ghostbusters', 'Time After Time', 'I Just Called to Say I Love You', 'Wake Me Up Before You Go Go', 'Everybody Wants To Rule The World' and a song from Dire Straits. And absolutely no ann.s Conditions favoured reception from South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru) and the Caribbean. Only one station from NAm heard (750 CBGY) It was not // to Radio América, ARG web stream. Anyone - any idea? Stig Hartvig Nielsen, mwc fb group (26/6-2016) ISLE OF MAN From the Radio Caroline website: Our next Caroline North broadcast from the radio-ship Ross Revenge will be over the weekend 25th/26th June. We'll be continuing to trace the story of Radio Caroline, this time up until the end of 1985. It was a pivotal period for Caroline that saw the arrival of Dutch station, Radio Monique on board the Ross, a new neighbour in the Knock Deep, the MV Communicator and a blockade by the British Government, an interlude that was dubbed 'Euroseige '85'. The Communicator was home of the American backed radio station Laser 558 which only lasted for about 18 months but in that time made many friends, caused the UK radio industry to sit up and listen and Radio Caroline to change course. Listen to Radio Caroline North to hear the music from the era and interviews with some of those who were there at the time. We'll be online here, and also on 1368 kHz courtesy of Manx Radio, Saturday morning from 08.30 (BST. Please send suitable music choices and memories to [email protected] Mike Terry, dxld yg (24/6-2016) Radio Freq. (AM) Jakarta, Indonesia (21 Juni 2016) 630 Radio Samhan (PT. Radio Sabana Samhan) 693 Radio Muara (PT. Radio Musik Asik Nusantara) 792 Radio Assyafiiyah (Perkumpulan Radio Siaran As Syafi'iyah) 999 Radio Republik Indonesia Prog. 3 1026 Swara Khatulistiwa (PT. Radio Suara Multazam) 1062 C Radio (PT. Radio Pusat Siaran Cendrawasih) 1080 Radio Jakarta Islamic Center (PT. Radio Suara Mega Asri Indonesia) 1134 Radio Safari (PT. Radio Jawa Jakarta) 1332 Radio Republik Indonesia Prog. 4 Joe Alexanders, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) SOUTH KOREA A bit of a technical note on Korean AM stations: 837 Seoul (CBS Radio) is running 22kw, not 50kw as reported. Because most people listen to FM instead, 837, 900, and 792 - all in suburban Goyang - are all running at lower power. No word (yet) on the actual power of 792 and 900, but given the fact that the Chinese station totally erases 792 off its given frequency while listening up on the 20th floor -- Shenyang, China effortlessly replaces local 792 (less than 10 miles away) with a 65dBu signal -- I'm guessing their power isn't too intense. The info source is a station employee via a DX friend. Chris Kadlec, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) NETHERLANDS Atlantis Radio 1521: Testing [1395kHz] now until tomorrow morning, excluding TWR via Albania time. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) ICELAND SOLSTICE BANDSCAN: I managed to tear me away from #sigurrosrouteone around midnight for long enough to brave the storms, rains and darkness -- okay, slight breeze, drizzle and not-dark-enough-for-tourists-to-get-their-sleep -- with the Panny tranny. The LW band had what remains of the usual suspects. The MW band had mostly Brits, but the signal strength was OK. I managed to copy Absolute Radio relays on 1197, 1233, 1242 and 1260 kHz. There was also a music stream on 1008 kHz but no ID given. And on 1548 kHz I heard the same news stream from at least three stations. No audio sync there. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (21/6-2016) 19/06-2016 RUSSIA Radio Bonch 1593 kHz: Heard today still at 1600 here in eastern Finland. [See item Russia12/6-2016] Mauno Ritola, dxld yg (19/6-2016) INDIA Kerala: When reporting on the collapse of the medium wave tower of AIR Thiruvantapuram (1161 kHz, 20 kW) http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/akashvani-tower-collapses-halting-broadcast-for-first-time-in-history-english-news-1.1140203 the Mathurbhumi newspaper claims that the station commenced broadcasting on 30 September 1937. But looking at http://www.airtvm.com/history.php , the history should be reported differently: "HISTORY OF MALAYALAM BROADCAST During colonial rule, the erstwhile Travancore State set up the first Radio Station. The Princely State of Travancore has granted sanction for the establishment of a Broadcasting Station at Thiruvananthapuram, on 30th September 1937. His Highness the Maharaja Travancore showed great interest in broadcasting and formed a committee of the top officials to evaluate the possibility of installing a Transmitter at the capital Thiruvananthapuram. His Highness Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma inaugurated the Travancore State Broadcasting Station on 12th March 1943. The 5 KW Medium Wave Transmitter was installed at Kulathur and the Studio was located at old MLA Quarters. At that time two hours broadcasting on Friday evenings were aired by the station. Later it increased to Four day broadcast per week. After Independence when the Princely State of Travancore has joined in Indian Union, the Travancore Broadcasting Station also merged with All India Radio Network from 1st April 1950." Dr Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) INDIA Kerala: More newspaper report on the collapse of the medium wave tower of AIR Thiruvantapuram (1161 kHz, 20 kW) can be found at: INDIA AIR Thiruvanathapuram MW tower fallen down. According to a TV report seen by me, the Medium Wave transmission tower of All India Radio, Thiruvanathapuram operating on 1161 kHz with 20 kW has fallen down yesterday in the heavy wind and rain. However I am getting its SW transmitter on 5010 & 7290 kHz (50 kW) It also operates on 101.9 MHz with 10 kW (Vividh Bharati) Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS, National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad, India, dx india June 18th via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) INDIA AIR Thiruvanathapuram MW tower fallen down Akashvani tower collapses, halting broadcast for first time in history. The Medium Wave Transmitter aerial was destroyed in the incident. Regards, Alokesh Gupta, dx india June 18th via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) AIR Itanagar goes digital. OUR CORRESPONDENT Itanagar, June 14: The All India Radio (AIR) Itanagar is all set to begin a new innings with completely digitalized version, likely from this week with Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) technology. Aiming at providing better facilities in the world of Radio, AIR, Itanagar has installed DRM transmitter recently and would start functioning regularly after it gets properly tested and monitored. The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) technology would completely replace the analogue system with better signal and reception quality and other broadcasting facilities to the radio listeners, a press release informed. The coverage area would also be wider as the station has installed 200 kW capacity replacing its earlier 100 kW analogue system facilitating more people to listen to radio programmes broadcast from AIR, Itanagar including state’s border areas. Soon after AIR Itanagar starts functioning on DRM technology; AIR Pasighat in East Siang district would also begin to function on this technology within a week with 100 kW capacity. AIR, Dibrugarh in Assam is already functioning smoothly on DRM technology with 300 kW capacity. At present all total 27 All India Radio stations have installed DRM technology across the country. Digital Radio Mondiale AM transmitter, manufactured by Nautel, Canada, is a set of digital audio broadcasting technology designed to replace the analogue radio AM broadcasting. DRM technology has advantage of transmitting four different radio programmes simultaneously on same frequency at a time over analogue system where only a single programme can be transmitted at a time. Listeners would also be able to read the scrolling of text and bulletins in a DRM receiver along with JPEG file. Though at present DRM receivers are not readily available in the local market, Indian Radio Receiver manufacturer have already launched DRM radio sets and are available in main cities. Moreover, vehicle manufacturer like Mahindra has already included DRM technology in their car radio sets. Other companies are following it very soon. Till the period the broadcast from All India Radio would be on simulcast mode (Analogue + Digital), so that listeners can tune in to the analogue mode with the normal receivers available in market, the release added. Alokesh Gupta, New Delhi, dx-india yg via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (15/6-2016) 14/06-2016 IRELAND 252 RTÉ, Summerhill, may have been off the air, but it's already on. I observed it today between 2202 and 2235; the signal was heavily interfered by ALG like most of the time but there are good days providing one can use a directional aerial. The SINPO rating was 33442 via the NW/SE loop of the elevated K9AY, and dominated for a long period until 2235. Best regards, Carlos Goncalves (14/6-2016) ALGERIA Since today at 1200 UTC I noted that Alger Chaîne 3 transmitter on 1190 mts, 252 kHz is off: no signal is received here at my QTH, Valencia. The 1422 and 981 kHz are seen as usual. At 1800 UTC, the signal is on. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-Kingdom of Spain (13/6-2016) IRELAND RTE 252 is back on the air, heard via the Twente WebSDR. Liron (13/6-2016) 12/06-2016 RUSSIA 20th edition of the "Broadcasting in Russian" Handbook, published by St. Petersburg DX Club, has been recently released. The handbook features all radio stations transmitting Russian language broadcasts in all AM bands (including long and medium waves) at present, both from Russia and abroad. Station listings include frequency and programme schedules, transmitter location and power, target areas, postal addresses, phone/fax numbers, Web sites, social network pages, e-mail addresses as well as QSL policy info. The schedules are generally valid until 29 October 2016 (i.e. during A16 broadcasting season). The Handbook is in Russian and distributed as a hard copy only. Volume is 68 pages of A5 size. Please address your purchase requests and questions to St. Petersburg DX Club: Alexander Beryozkin, P.O.Box 463, St. Petersburg, 190000, Russia or by e-mail: dxspb[at]nrec.spb.ru. The price is 5 EUR or 6 USD (including delivery by registered mail). PayPal and Skrill money transfers are accepted. Your comments and suggestions regarding the handbook contents are always welcome. Alexander Beryozkin (12/6-2016) RUSSIA Radio Bonch, students' radio station of the Bonch-Bruyevich St.Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, transmits its own experimental broadcasts daily at 13.00-15.00 UTC on 1593 kHz since 27 May 2016 until 30 June 2016 with 60 W output power. Reception reports (to be sent me to to Alexander Beryozkin to dxspb -at- nrec.spb.ru) will be confirmed with QSL cards. Alexander Beryozkin (12/6-2016) IRELAND [RTÉ] 252 kHz is currently off air. Currently no info on this and no idea when it is returning. I will try to find out and update when known. James Robinson (10/6-2016) 10/06-2016 UKRAINE / CRIMEA Radio Krym Realii [Crimea Realities] is a joint project of Radio Liberty and Ukrainian Radio 1st Programme, broadcasting six days a week on the latter's 549 kHz mediumwave frequency. It's on the air Mon-Fri 0535-0600 & 1530-1600 UT, Sat 1510-1600 UT. Programming appears to be in Russian only. Radio Liberty has info and on-demand audio files on its Russian/Ukrainian/Tatar website at krymr.com . David Kernick, Interval Signals Online via dxld yg (9/6-2016) 08/06-2016 BERMUDA I emailed inquiries to some radio contacts in Bermuda regarding the status of 1160 BBC and 1280 BBN relays. Received the following on June 5 from Ed VP9GE: "I am listening to 1160 right now. It is alive and well. Not sure for how long. 1280 is sponsored, I believe, by a local church group. No sign that it will cease in the near future. Bermuda Broadcasting Company three AM stations have transitioned to FM. Ed VP9GE" Found this news report about Bermuda Broadcasting Company plans to restore BBC broadcasts, but haven't been able to determine if Bermuda Broadcasting has taken over 1160 kHz. The Bermuda Broadcasting website only indicates FM. Bermuda Broadcasting partners with BBC UK (Jan 12, 2016) http://bernews.com/2016/01/bbc-world-service-news-partnership-bbc-uk/ Bruce Conti, mwdx yg (5/6-2016) 567 khz SYR SRTV 1 Dimashk inactive 666 khz SYR SRTV 2 Sawt al-Sha'ab inactive 783 khz SYR SRTV 1 Dimashk low power 1071 khz SYR Al Nour Radio low power Sergio Sarabia (7/6-2016) 06/06-2016 EGYPT ERTU Al-Sharq al-Awsat. Since April was moved from 774 to 777 khz. The above transmission in 774 khz was suffering a strong buzz. Sergio Sarabia (6/6-2016) Re: MAURITANIA-item 28/5: Searching the internet, I found the following web sites of Radio Mauritanie: http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/ for Radio Mauritanie Chaine 1. The online stream was working when checked. http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/rc/ and http://radiocoran.mr/ fort Radio Coran. On both sites the online stream was working when checked, but the volume was very low. http://www.radio-culturelle.com/ . There is an audio link but it keeps playing the same title. There were more sites but they seem to be out of order. In the case of http://radiochabab.mr/ for the youth channel some links a broken. The player at http://www.radiochabab.mr/players.html did not start. The frequency list for Radio Mauritanie and Radio Coran at http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/index.php/home.html does not list any AM frequencies but only FM. Using the search routine for “783” is found a Ramadan site for 2013 at http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/index.php/component/content/article/873.html , which still mentions both medium wave 783 kHz and short wave 7245 kHz. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/5-2016) CLANDESTINE 1550 Polisario Front, Rabouni, ALG (so why insisting in listing this under "W. Sahara"?!). Again, no Castilian lang. segment 2300-2330; maybe it's irregular now. Carlos Gonçalves (29/5-2016) EGYPT As per my today's [28/5] observation, there it was again this Arabic speaking stn on 777 (measured 777.003 on my Perseus rx): 2307 UTC, SINPO 22441, QRM de E. In my previous report about this (and Mauritania), I forgot to mention the latest catch was already this month: 03May, 2148-2206, SINPO 23441. Carlos Gonçalves (29/5-2016) 28/05-2016 MONGOLIA I listened to the tape over again and a male announcer with British dialect says "This is a Test Transmission broadcasting on 1431Khz in the Medium Wave band" alternating 400Hz and 1Khz audio tones. Heard on Global Tuners Hong Kong at 1615z. Steven Wiseblood/AB5GP, dxld yg (28/5-2016) SYRIA / EGYPT The faulty transmitter is not the Syrian one on 783 kHz but the Egyptian on 774 and in late 2015 there was a buzz and now the frequency is drifted to 777 kHz. Syria on 783 kHz have a clear audio with some nice folk libanese Syrian music but I have interference from Spanish radio station. My location is in north west Greece. Alex Fitzios (28/5-2016) MAURITANIA 783 Nouakchott. Their signal is not heard for a number of months which makes me believe the tx is either off (and replaced by VHF-FM) or then simply running at very low power. Carlos Gonçalves POR (27/5-2016) Szia László and all of you, Are you sure it was Syria? I checked today (27th May) 783 khz on an israeli SDR receiver and it is not drifting at all. It is as stable as before. EMWG (www.emwg.info) mentions that it can drift 1-2 khz to 782 or 781 but not as much as in your case. That's why i think it was not Syria. In my opinion you heard a faulted transmitter from Egypt, namely ERTU's Middle East Radio. The transmitter is in Abis, Egypt. This transmitter broadcasts originally on 774 kHz. But, now, due to the transmitter fault, the center frequency moved to 777 or 778 kHz and the bandwidth became narrower than before. Originally the bandwidth is 9 khz wide in AM mode on mediumwave, but now it is much less. It is around 4.5 khz wide. It is like they broadcast only the upper sideband of the signal. The broadcasting mode remains AM. Egyptian transmitters are in a very bad health: they emit distorted, muffled, buzzing audio. Their shortwave transmitters are worse than their mediumwave ones. And, what is on 774 khz and on its lower sideband? An iranian transmitter, IRIB Radio Markazi can be heard in the late evenings on Alex's SDR in Afedri, Israel, but not here in Hungary. As László told, Spanish transmitters are occupying the frequency here. 73 and good DX to all, Tibor Gaal, Budapest, Hungary (27/5-2016) SYRIA Tringer László, are you sure it the Arabic lang. stn on 778 was Tartus? I wouldn't like to speculate, so maybe the following is a mere coincidence, but it provides clues to make one wonder whether the drifting is from 2 stns/countries or then just from one thereof: My recent observations: 777_2240-2218_11April_Abis, EGY? If not, surely or almost surely SYR. year 2015 774.8 2341-2353_02Nov_Abis. 774.8 2214-2227_13Oct_Abis. Today, 27May, I observed 783 between 2140approx. to 2206, and it seems the Arabic stn heavily interfered by E is from SYR. I am not confusing this with the other Arabic stn south of me, Nouakchott. If a directional aerial is used, one's able to separate MTN and SYR. Carlos Gonçalves, POR (27/5-2016) 27/5-2016 SYRIA Today noticed at 2040 UTC during my "regular" bandscan, that SRTV1 Dimashk, from Tartus transmitter site is drifted down from 783 kHz to 778 kHz. Causing annoying interference on the spanish station at 774 kHz. What is the reason? Aged transmitter? Tringer László (26/5-2016) MONGOLIA 1431 kHz: Many thanks to everyone in the region or using a remote receiver who made observations of the first day's tests. I can confirm that the time for the tests is 1300-1700 GMT (clarifying my first message) and that they will continue until 28 May inclusive. Babcock engineers are at the transmitter site supervising the tests, so there might be variations in power, etc as they adjust things from day to day, so it is worth continuing to make observations. Thanks again. Is this in preparation for a BBC Korean service on MW? Stephen Cooper, dxld yg (25/5-2016) 1431 kHz: Alternating 400Hz and 1200Hz tones heard weakly under Japanese domestics on GT's Japan receiver, May 25 around 1530 UTC. Greg Hardison, dxld yg (25/5-2016) Yes. And it`s an 8-tower direxional array toward 150 degrees, slewable plus or minus 30 per Wolfgang Büschel. There is a separate single mast nearby for 150 kW ND transmitter which perhaps will stay on 1350. Also in the area, LW 209 and SW 4995 antennas. Glenn Hauser, dxld yg (26/5-2016) Heard two alternating tonnes with voice announcements between the tones. The signal was at its best between 1418 and around 1435utc on the remote receiver in South Korea. Signal weak to maybe fair. The tone tests were also on the HongKong remote receiver but the signal was weak. It was not strong enough to hear the voice announcements. Regards, Tony Magon VK2IC, dxld yg (26/5-2016) 25/05-2016 The transmitter of Kossuth Rádió in Solt on 540 KHz will be renovated. From 30.05.2016 to 09.06.2016 will broadcast only from 03:53 to 19:05 UTC. From 11.07.2016 to 25.07.2016 and 22.08.2016 to 19.09.2016 the transmitter will be OFF, at this period Kossuth Rádió will be broadcasted from Siofok and Szolnok in SYNC mode. (Ex. Katolikus Rádió transmitters): Siofok, 150 kW, Szolnok, 135 kW From 19.09.2016 Solt will work with a brand new transmitter with 2000 kW output. Tringer László (20/5-2016) 19/05-2016 U K Reading about the The Wallasey transmitter of Talk Sport (1107 kHz 500W) causing interference on two other medium wave frequencies 1062 kHz and 1152 kHz both 45 kHz from 1107 kHz, I can tell you this is the same problem I noticed between November 2014 and April 2015. It took me quite some time to find out which transmitter was the cause of the interference but with lots of help by DXers in Holland, Belgium, Germany and the UK, it was clear that the Wallasey transmitter was giving this interference. I contacted the Senior Station Manager of Talk Sport. He sent a technician who solved the problem. Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (19/5-2016) Thanks, Max for this explanation. SPAIN Since two days ago the 50 kW R.N.E. 5's tx in Valencia on 537 mts. 558 is having interruptions. At this moment, 1340 UTC, is off interrupted since almost 1015 UTC. These stops don't affects R.N.E. 1 on 387 mts. 774 which comes from same facility. Other tx of R.N.E. 5 from other locations operate as always (I can check from here 576 Barcelona, 909 Mallorca, 936 Alicante, 1107 Teruel and 1125 Castellón). Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-Kingdom of Spain (19/5-2016) U K The Wallasey transmitter of Talk Sport (1107 kHz 500W) is causing interference on two other medium wave frequencies 1062 kHz and 1152 kHz both 45 kHz from 1107 kHz. The spurious signal on 1152 kHz is strong enough to completely erase the signal on 1152 kHz from Key 2 from Ashton Moss Manchester at my location near Liverpool. I emailed Arqiva and received an automated reply, but a week later the fault still persists. I was in Southport yesterday (18/05/16) and the interference on 1152kHz can clearly be heard. I wonder how long it will take Arqiva to fix the fault. Mike Smithson (19/5-2016) 17/05-2016 U K Local community station Radio Warrington is currently testing on 1332 kHz mediumwave, with a 5-minute loop with many IDs and interspersed with music. Reception reports are requested to: [email protected] . The station has been online since 2007 at www.radiowarrington.co.uk and is due to start regular mediumwave broadcasting on Monday 16 May (the online stream is currently carrying continuous music). Reception is good here, however I'm less than 10 km away! David Kernick, Interval Signals Online, dxld yg (14/5-2016) It's audible at good strength currently in NW England - about 35 miles distant - at 1530UT, with a co-channel way in the background. Radio Warrington will be going live from Monday the 16th of May for 24/7 on 1332 kHz. "in glorious analogue mono" according to announcer. Thanks to Dave Kernick. Date: 09.05.2016 Last updated: 13.05.2016 at 13.17 Planned work affecting Radio 4 LW and Radio 5 Live and Radio Scotland MW. From 9th May until 5th June the Westerglen transmitter in Scotland, will be subject to shutdowns for Radio 4 LW, Radio 5 Live Medium Wave, BBC Radio Scotland, between 10:05-17:45hrs, to ensure engineers can work safely on the mast. Some shutdowns will occur between 10:05-17:45 for Radio 4 LW, Radio 5 Live Medium Wave, BBC Radio Scotland from the 9th May - 5th June on 14 weekdays. There will also be some weekend shutdowns from 06:05- 12:00 on two Saturdays and 06:05 on two Sundays between the above dates. We need to do this level of maintenance about every 10 years. This work will be weather dependent. For up to date information please use our transmitter checker to look up the status of this transmitter by using your postcode and selecting MW or LW from the drop down list https://radioandtvhelp.co.uk/ . BBC Radio 5 Live will continue to be available on DAB, Sky, Freesat, cable and the Radio Player. All the other BBC Radio 5 Live MW transmitters will be unaffected. Radio 4 LW will continue to be available on Sky, Freesat, Cable and the BBC Radio Player. BBC Radio Scotland will be available on FM and DAB in some area's , Sky, Freesat, Cable and the BBC Radio Player. U K Bauer Media Completes Acquisition of Orion Media. The Bauer Media Group has acquired the market-leading Midlands based commercial radio group Orion Media, which operates the Free Radio and Gem radio brands. Reaching more than 1.25m million people weekly, Free Radio and Gem complement Bauer’s network of city stations and extend the total reach of Bauer‘s national and regional radio brands to 17.4 million. The move sees Bauer Media’s share of UK commercial radio listening increase to 34% The transaction provides an exit for Orion Media's institutional backers, LDC, the private equity arm of Lloyds Banking Group, which originally invested in the business in 2009. In the UK, Bauer Media now has 71 radio stations including national radio brands KISS, Magic and Absolute Radio; local brands forming the Bauer City Network including Key 103 in Manchester, Radio City in Liverpool, Hallam FM in Sheffield, Metro Radio in Newcastle, Clyde 1 in Glasgow and Forth 1 in Edinburgh; and is a UK market leader in digital listening with a strong portfolio of digital commercial radio stations. Bauer Media Completes Acquisition of Orion Media (Bauer press release 6 May 2016) This concerns the following FM and AM stations: Free Radio (Hereford/Worcester) 96.7 MHz Kidderminster, 97.6 MHz Hereford, 102.8 MHz Worcester Free Radio (Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury and Telford) 97.2 MHz Wolverhampton, 103.1 MHz Shrewsbury and Telford Free Radio (Birmingham and surrounding area) 96,4 MHz Free Radio (Coventry and surrounding area) 97,0 MHz Coventry, 102.9 MHz Leamington Spa Free Radio 80s (Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury and Telford) 990 KHz Wolverhampton, 1017 KHz Shrewsbury and Telford Free Radio 80s (Birmingham) The new plans in The Netherlands are: 747, 828, 1035 and 1251 khz: 1 to 100 Watts 1395 khz : only between sunrise and sunset due to an agreement between The Netherlands and Albania 1485 khz : only for 1 Watt stations. Stations can decide about their own transmission times; so stations can decide to be on the air only a few hours per day.. Stations are allowed to repeat their transmissions: 100 Watts stations can repeat their transmissions with a transmitter at least 60 km from the first transmitter. On 1485 the repeating transmitter distance is at least 1 km. On the 11th of May the fee for these transmissions will be published. 73, Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (5/5-2016) INDIA The following medium wave transmitters are to be replaced by FM transmitters in the foreseeable future: Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1584 kHz, commissioned in June 1997] Joranda (Odisha) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1485 kHz, commissioned on 3 October 1995] Soro (Odisha) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1485 kHz, built in 2000, commissioned on 2. December 2007 Almora (Uttarakhand) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [999 kHz, commissioned on 15 June 1986] Ootacamund (Tamil Nadu) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 10 kW FM Tr. [1602 kHz] Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 10 kW FM Tr. [1584 kHz, commissioned on 29 January 1967] Source: Government of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting: Annual Report 2015-2016, New Delhi: Publications Division, 2016, page 158 04/05-2016 NETHERLANDS Atlantis Radio 1521 today had revealed that they hope to be on the air within one to six weeks – with a little luck. The broadcasting hours will be 07 – 20 local time, and they also said today the frequency is not going to be 1521 kHz. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (4/5-2016) 03/05-2016 NETHERLANDS The Medium Wave band will now be open for new low power stations – operating with a power of 1-100 Watt. Full story here (in Dutch): http://radio.nl/810349/groen-licht-voor-laagvermogen-uitzendingen-op-am Former long time pirate radio – Atlantis Radio 1521 – in Friesland was granted a five year license to operate a commercial radio station on 1521 kHz in March 2016. The station recently purchased a new 75 W AM transmitter (300 W PEP). The format is golden oldies – and the station can be heard online here: http://www.atlantisradio.eu/radio/ and more details can be found here: https://www.facebook.com/RadioAtlantis1521KHz/ No on air date for 1521 has been given. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (3/5-2016) 26/04-2016 U K Radio Warrington the new community radio station started testing today on AM 1332 intially till 12.30 on low power then higher power to Warrington and surrounding areas day and night time. Signal level of 3 out of 10 received daytime in Wigan Lancashire and Nighttime 4 out of 10 at same receiving site. Video on details of the new transmitter site built with help of United Utilities on their website here: http://radiowarrington.co.uk/ Regards, Graham Fletcher (26/4-2016) FRANCE Radio Tou'caen's temporary licence shows power of 500 watts on 1602 kHz. (maybe audible on south coast of England daytime with seapath across the Channel, away from co-channel BBC Kent, Desi Radio, Radio Seagull?) Par délibération en date du lundi 22 février 2016, le Comité territorial de l'audiovisuel de Caen a décidé, en application de l'article 28-3 de la loi du 30 septembre 1986 modifiée relative à la liberté de communication, d'autoriser l'association Zones d'Ondes - Agence associative Normandie Média à diffuser un service de radio par voie hertzienne terrestre dénommé Radio Tou'Caen, pour la période du 4 avril au 30 septembre 2016. Site : 10, rue Molière, 14000 Caen. Puissance : 50 W. 24/04-2016 FRANCE Since April 19th, there is a new project in France. It’s a temporary station allow until September 30th 2016. It’ s in Caen, Normandy. The station is Radio Tou’caen on FM 91.9 and AM 1602 kHz. All details, with programme schedule, audio stream and contacts details are on 73’s Christian Ghibaudo (24/4-2016) RUSSIA “RUS-DX” # 869 - Broadcasting of Russia, countries of CIS and Baltiya (ex. USSR). Moscow: Radio station Teos closed broadcasting on a frequency of 1134 kHz and receive transmissions only on the Internet, on their page - http://s.teos.fm/ Now in Moscow there are only two working broadcast on medium wave frequencies: 612 kHz – Narodnoe radio and Radio Radonezh 738 kHz - World Radio Network. St. Petersburg: RTRS Branch "St. Petersburg Regional Center" turned off the medium wave transmitter radio center №11 (Krasny Bor). The transmitter "SRV-50" broadcast station "Radio Teos" at a frequency of 1089 kHz. Power equipment is 30 kW. One of the unique antenna towers located in the Red Bor - a highly directional antenna system "Dawn" medium wave range. The antenna system consists of 26 metal towers height of 41 meters each. The length of the chain towers - 2.1 km. Antenna complex supplement the four-mast antenna height of 271, 257, 106, 93 and 80 meters of antenna systems of short-range. The total output power of transmitters DV-, SV- and HF bands reached 10.6 mV. A quarter-century radio center worked with almost 100% load. 23 hours a day, eighteen short-wave transmitters "Snow" broadcast "International Radio Moscow", "the first program of the All-Union Radio", "Radio Mayak", "Leningrad Radio", "Radio Station Atlantic", "radio station Motherland" and other programs of the Soviet domestic and foreign broadcasting. Loading powerful transmitters broadcasting radio center in the Red Bor began to decline in the late 90s. For 15 years, we were off "Buran" transmitters and transmission hardware broadcasted SV- and HF bands. The transmitter "Radio Teos" was the last powerful transmitter radio center. Transmitting equipment mothballed. (Russian radio and television) SERBIA At my location (Székesfehérvár, HUN) the following frequencies are heard this year. 684 (QRM with Spain), 693 (QRM with England), 765 (QRM with Iran), 1107 (best at daytime), 1269 (Radio Novi Sad) and 1296 (QRM with spain and sometimes with Sudan), 1503 (202) 1440 is OFF, earlier it has been heard almost every night. Before 1999 on 684 Radio Beograd was crystal clear all day. After the bombardment of this TX by NATO only weak signal from the new one. László Tringer (14/4-2016) 12/04-2016 SERBIA I confirm more active transmitters-1269KHz-Novi Sad. Along with Beograd 202 on 1503 KHz, there is Bosnian transmitter “Radio Zavidovici”, that interferes during the night 202. Probably there is another arabic transmitter on the same frequency, but I do not which one. I’m pretty much suspicious that Serbia will continues and rise up the power of MW transmitters.The number of listeners is getting down constantly. Even now that number is very few. Romania probably has the highest number of MW transmitters ,Spain too. Alex, what is Your location?-North Greece if I’m not wrong. Vence BUL (12/4-2016) SERBIA Serbia is active from 675, 684, 693, 711 but with stong interference from Romania and just heard one two times only. Also active from 1008 I could hear before corfu activate era transmitter on 1008. Heard last year 765, 1107 active together with RAI. Active on 1296 and 1503 sometimes with Iran. But strong frequency to hear Serbia is only 684, 1296 and 1503 kHz. I hope Serbia will continue on medium wave and someday they upgrade their transmitters with more power. Receiving in north west Greece. Alex (12/4-2016) 10/04-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio Maria 675 kHz. The transmitter has been activated yesterday 1800 UT, the same day they were still busy installing the antenna. It's a 1 kW at the "Heilig Bloed" monastery 15 km northeast of Eindhoven. Report and photos: 1296 Radio Beograd 1 active 1440 Radio Beograd 1 appears inactive 1485 Radio Beograd 1 ? 1503 Radio Beograd 202 active 1602 Radio Beograd 1 ? ARGENTINA Two new stations: The one is Radio Unidad, a christian evangelical radiostation, which after being inactive on 1490 kHz for several months now has started up on 1630 kHz. The other is AM 1710 SELVA. The following Argentinean stations are currently operating in the"X-Band": 1610 KHz, RADIO GUABIYÚ (Gregorio de Laferrere) 1620 KHz, RADIO VIDA “Red de Vida” (Monte Grande) 1620 KHz, RADIO SENTIRES (Parque San Martín) 1620 KHz, RADIO ITALIA (Villa Martelli) 1630 KHz, RADIO UNIDAD (Alejandro Korn) 1630 KHz, AM RESTAURACIÓN (William C. Morris) 1640 KHz, RADIO HOSANNA (Isidro Casanova) 1650 KHz, RADIO 20 DE AGOSTO (Longchamps) 1650 KHz, RADIO EL MENSAJERO (Rafael Castillo) 1660 KHz, RADIO REVIVIR (Gregorio de Laferrere) 1670 KHz, RADIO BETHEL -[irregular]- (Banfield oeste) 1680 KHz, RADIO SANTA FE (Canning) 1690 KHz, RADIO CLS -Cristo la Solución- (San Justo) 1710 KHz, AM SELVA (Pdo. de La Matanza) Arnaldo Slaen, dxld yg (9/4-2016) 1440 KHZ Radio Beograd 1, Jagodina transmitter on 1440 kHz went off air at the end of 2014. Thanks to Dan Goldfarb for this info. Ydun Ritz (8/4-2016) 08/04-2016 NETHERLANDS The catholic radio station Radio Maria has resumed broadcast on MW on 675 kHz after being silent since September 2015. http://www.mediamagazine.nl/radio-maria-hervat-uitzendingen-middengolf/ "In September 2015 the station had to cease broadcasting via this medium wave frequency as the transmitter operator of the medium wave transmitter in Lopik decided to stop the service. The radio tower was dismantled in mid-September. Since then, the Catholic radio station could not broadcast on medium wave. Radio Maria is still heard in the Netherlands through the digital ether (DAB +). Radio Maria broadcasts through the network of the national commercial radio stations and through a number of top regional DAB + networks. Radio Maria has based its broadcasting license until September 2017 the requirement to also broadcast on medium wave. In consultation with the Radiocommunications Agency, the radio station can now broadcast from the North Brabant Aarle Rixtel. Radio Maria broadcasts recently on a low power from this new location. It is intended to improve the antenna in the short term and increase the ability of the medium wave transmitter at 675 kHz, so that a greater part of the southern Netherlands can be achieved. The radio station will broadcast ended with a power of 5 kilowatts from the transmitter location in Aarle Rixtel, North Brabant. The Radiocommunications Agency is the power to 25 kilowatts from the new location. This achieves a large part of the Catholic audience in the Southern Netherlands and parts of Belgium. Radio Maria will continue to be received via DAB + and Internet." (Google translation by yours truly!) Rene van Hoof, mwc fb group (8/4-2016) 1440 KHZ Sir, when did You listened to Radio Beograd 1 from the transmitter Jagodina on 1440KHz? Now in 2016? Oficial RTS site do not show active that transmitter. Radio Riyadh is today audible 60km away of Jagodina? All the territory of Bulgaria and South Romania, Greece, Turkey, Macedonia… Thank You! 02/04-2016 CANADA Radio Shalom, Canada’s only radio station devoted specifically to the Jewish community, signed off on Friday evening for the last time. Owner Robert Lévy, who for months has been trying to find financing for the Montreal station in a last-ditch effort to keep it running, told staff this week that he’s pulling the plug. The station’s signal, at 1650 AM and based in the Town of Mount Royal industrial park, will remain on the air. Lévy has asked André Joly, who operates an evangelical Christian service on Radio Shalom during the Sabbath, to take over programming 24/7. Joly said he is in talks to buy the station, but there may still be hope for someone in the Jewish community to step in and keep Radio Shalom alive. Lévy did not respond to requests for comment about the future of the station. Radio Shalom started about 15 years ago as a subcarrier service, which required a special FM radio to receive. But in 2006 it got licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, and CJRS 1650 went on the air on AM on May 5, 2007, according to the Canadian Communications Foundation. But even though the station was run almost entirely by volunteers, it struggled to pay the bills. In December, Lévy said he was no longer willing to run Radio Shalom out of his pocket and urged the Jewish community to step in. “In order to keep Radio Shalom and the voice it provides for the Montreal Jewish community alive and on the air, we need our Jewish community to work together to provide a recurrent and stable partnership that will assume responsibility of the radio’s administrative and financial needs,” he wrote at the time, giving an ultimatum of Jan. 31. Despite a two-month extension to the deadline, there was not enough support to keep it going. Stanley Asher, a Radio Shalom host involved with the station since Day 1, said he was disappointed but not surprised to see the station go. He said he went to the station on Monday and found his pre-recorded show from the previous week hadn’t been broadcast due to technical issues. He intended to run that show this week and prepare one for next week, but was told “don’t bother.” “It was a big part of my life, I have to adjust to that ending,” Asher said. “We were unique. We were trying to follow a model that’s common in Europe, trying on a very limited budget to provide a cultural service.” Radio Shalom’s CRTC licence, which expires Aug. 31, 2017, does not set language requirements or require it to be a Jewish radio station. But it does require balance on religious issues and set limits on popular music. A change in ownership of the station would also require CRTC approval, so for now Joly will be providing programming while Lévy remains in charge of the station. Steve Whitt, mwcircle FB group (2/4-2016) 01/04-2016 GERMANY Just in case, that someone cares: AFN Bavaria is still audible on its medium wave frequency Vilseck 1107 kHz. So the station "serving America's best" has survived both the change to DST on 27 March and the 1st of a new month. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (1/4-2016) TURKMENISTAN After the closure of the Belarus station on 279 kHz. I hear Turkmenistan on the same frequency. Here in Romania the signal is S5 now at 0745 UT (10:45 am local time) on my 60m random wire antenna. The modulation is rather low. I'm expecting the signal to improve a lot in the evening. Tudor Vedeanu (Gura Humorului, Romania), dxld yg (1/4-2016) NEPAL Radio Nepal, the oldest broadcasting agency, is set to provide 24-hour service from August 17. The state-run broadcasting agency has decided to follow a management reforms implementation action plan in this regard. It was also shared at a programme in Kathmandu that the government broadcasting agency was also set to establish a media village in Biratnagar in memory of Tarini Datta Koirala, the founder of Radio Nepal Broadcasting Services Development Committee (RNBSDC). Participants at the programme said that the broadcasting agency would keep up with modern technical equipment and modernise i ts service by establishing high-quality shortwave tower. Radio Nepal is running its programmes through central and regional transmissions through 21 frequency modulation relay centers across the nation. It also broadcasts through medium wave and online. Meanwhile, speaking at the programme, Minister for Information and Communications Sherdhan Rai suggested employees of Radio Nepal to perform result-oriented works, while praising their contribution to bring the broadcasting agency to this stage. He also suggested keeping up its functioning as per the new Constitution. The Minister also stressed the need to submit a report of works of the government broadcaster every month, while pointing out the need to launch its programmes up to local level to institutionalise the republic. Likewise, the Communications Secretary Dinesh Kumar Thapaliya, also Chairman of the RNBSDC, pledged doing everything possible to implement reform programmes launched earlier to make Radio Nepal a good means of communication. On the occasion, Radio Nepal Executive Director Suresh Kumar Karki presented a report on management reforms. 01/03-2016 U K BBC Radio 4 756kHz. Coverage from this little transmitter a 2kW station in Redruth, Cornwall is good along the south Irish coast. Nice audio. Nighttime reception has also improved since the closure of a German transmitter on this frequency on 31/12/15. Useful in cars without a LW band. Gearoid Quill (1/3-2016) 28/02-2016 CANADA The CBC has done a study that shows they would need two more FM repeaters on Cape Breton in order to replace CBI. So unless they come up with the funds to do that, 1140 will remain on air for some time. Andy Reid (28/2-2016) 26/02-2016 CANADA CBC Radio One is now available in Sydney NS at 92.1 FM as well as AM 1140. CBIS-FM signed on February 25th at 8:20 AM local time. Andy Reid, dxld yg (26/2-2016) Wondering, how long CBC will keep 1140 kHz alive?! (Ydun) ITALY Hello I live in Milan and i tuned now this station: Radio Z100 Milano on 828 khz. For information and reports [email protected] Best regards, Alberto Pavesi (26/2-2016) NORWAY After yesterday evening's transmission our CE Øystein changed back to Inverted "V" antenna on LLE-4 1611 kHz. 65 watts AM........ We're on again in the evening plus from 2330z into Saturday night. 24/02-2016 IRELAND Re Adam Birchenall’s comment about day time Algerian interference in S Devon one 252kHz I have noticed the same here all along the south coast of Ireland and well inland too , again during daytime some days and most evenings. Strangely the strength of the Algerian signals varies a lot day-to-day as if they were using varying power levels. Indeed last Autumn I was in west Cork and at night returning , NO RTE signal could be heard at all under the Algerian signal , until I reached Bandon about 20kM inland ! RTE should have moved to 261kHz but the powers-that-be are not interested and consider longwave AM obsolete. It’s a lot more rugged than DAB and not near as easily hacked .Too many employed with no knowledge and understanding of LW ,too eager to push DAB. I can see the local Cork city ( Togher ) transmission mast , but am at the back of the DAB bean, they’ve been experiment for years , Dead And Buried I say . FM reception in the valleys is variable enough, Band 3 TV at 200 MHz was very poor ! Des Walsh (24/2-2016) IRELAND In reply to your recent post. I found this from Wikipedia. RTÉ runs 252 Longwave at a lower power level than its licensed 500 kilowatts: in the daytime it operates at 300 kW and at night 100–150 kW. James Vincent (24/2-2016) IRELAND Further to the report below about 252 kHz LW, please can anyone tell us what is the power of the transmitter these days? Does anyone know if a recent change has happened this week? Thanks. 23/02-2016 IRELAND Reception of RTE-1 on 252 Khz in South Devon UK has been pretty poor most of today and daytime on 23/02/16 due to strong co channel interference of Algeria’s Chaine 3. It has been noted that RTE 1 on 252 Khz LW will close on Monday 1st May 2017. Regards, Adam Birchenall (Grundig YB-400) (23/2-2016) U K Radio Caroline North returns on 27th & 28th February, continuing to trace the Caroline story in the mid-seventies. In May 1976 after an absence of 3 years a daytime English service returned to the air. Caroline broadcasts were on 192m by day and 259m at night, later moving to 319m 24/7. We'll hear from some of those onboard at the time: Mark Lawrence, James Ross, Stevie Gordon and Stuart Russell, along with station manager Rob Eden. It was a good time for the station, lasting through most of 1977. So musically we extend our remit this time until the end of that year. We'll be broadcasting live from the radio-ship Ross Revenge again, available here online this time from 6am Saturday until 9pm Sunday, and also on Manx Radio 1368 AM. Please send suitable music choices and memories to [email protected] . Mike Terry, mwdx yg (23/2-2016) UKRAINE I want to tell you sad news. Today I read in the official group of Radio Mayak-Odessa [765 kHz] that since February, 9, 2016 the radiostation is closed because of financial problems. Sergei. Saint Petersburg, Russia (23/2-2016) ITALY Tonight (22-2-2016) I heard the following announement on 1368 Khz: "Challenger Radio, Long Propagation test on Kilohertz 567, Kilohertz 846 and Kilohertz 1368..." The message was followed by dots/pips and then again announed the same way on what looks like a loop-tape. Here in Holland audiable on 1368 on my Sangean 404 receiver and on the web-sdr Twente. Not audiable on the other frequencies they mention in their announcement. Peter van der Eijk, Nieuwegein, Netherlands (22/2-2016) BANDSCAN CARIBBEAN I have posted some 26 minutes of station ID's from Medium Wave stations which I heard during daytime in Christiansted, St. Croix, US Virgin Island, in late December 2015 and early January 2016 using my Perseus SDR-receiver and a Wellbrook loop outdoor. Daytime only – so no DX. This is my daytime band scan: QRK: 5 = very strong, 4: strong, 3: fair signal, 2: weak og 1 = very weak § = recording on the Soundcloud-file [kHz – country - Station-ID – language - remarks - QRK] § 550 - Puerto Rico - WPAB 550 - S - La Radio del Sur de Puerto Rico - 5 § 580 - Puerto Rico - WKAQ 580-– S - La Numero Uno. //1420 - 5 § 590 - Venezuela - Radio Continente - S - 1 § 610 - Puerto Rico - X-61 - S - 4 § 630 - Puerto Rico - NotiUno - S - //910, 1280 - 4 § 640 - Guadeloupe - Guadeloupe 1ère - F - QRM fra Venezuela? - 3 650 - Venezuela - RNV Activa – S - La Revolución Radical de la Radio – 1 § 670 - Venezuela - Radio Rumbos - S - La Emisora del Venezuela - 3 § 680 - Puerto Rico - Wapa Radio - La Poderosa - S - //1260, 1590 - 3 § 710 - Venezuela - Radio Capital - S - 2 § 740 - Puerto Rico - WIAC - S - 5 § 750 - Venezuela - Radio Caracas Radio RCR 750 - S - 4 § 780 - BVI - ZBVI Radio - E - 5 790 - Venezuela - Radio Venezuela 790 - S - 1 § 810 - Puerto Rico - Radio Paz 810 - S - 5 § 830 - Venezuela - Radio Sensación - S - 2 § 840 - Puerto Rico - Victoria 8-40 - S - Slogan: La Reina del Caribe - 5 § 860 - St. Kitts & Nevis - VON Radio - E - The Power House of the Eastern Caribbean - 4 § 870 - Puerto Rico - WQBS - S - 3 § 890 - Puerto Rico - La Nave WFAB - S - Religion - 5 900 - Barbados - FM 94.7 - E - 1 910 - Puerto Rico - NotiUno - S - //630, 1280 - 5 - (cf. § on 630) § 920 - Venezuela - Nueva Esparta - S - 2 § 940 - Puerto Rico - WIPR - S - 2 § 970 - US Virgin Islands - WSTX - E - Reggae - 5 § 1000 - US Virgin Islands - WVWI Radio 1000 - E - Fox Sports Radio - 5 § 1060 - Puerto Rico – WCGB. Sometimes with The Rock Radio Network - E - //1190, 1370 - 4 Application 2015-1192-3 CHRN Montréal – Technical change The Commission approves the application by Radio Humsafar Inc. to change the authorized contours of the radio programming undertaking CHRN MontréalFootnote 1 by relocating its transmitter site. All other technical parameters will remain unchanged. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The licensee stated that this change was necessary since its engineering team had found after various studies and tests that the original transmitter site was no longer viable, which is why the station is not yet in operation. The Commission reminds the applicant that pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, no licence may be issued until the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. The station's transmitter must be operational with implemented technical changes at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 9 February 2018. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General Footnotes Footnote 1 In Commercial ethnic radio stations in Montréal, Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2014-241, 16 May 2014, the Commission approved an application by Radio Humsafar Inc. to operate a commercial AM ethnic radio station in Montréal and indicated that the undertaking must be operational by 16 May 2016. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (22/2-2016) 21/02-2016 U K I have been told that the 990 kHz transmitter at Redmoss (1kW) carrying BBC Radio nan Gaidheal, closed in November 2015. James Robinson (21/2-2016) 20/02-2016 U K Confirmation that Mangotsfield 1260 kHz (Smooth Radio (Bristol)) and 1548 kHz (BBC Radio Bristol) transmitter was switched off permanently at 0104 UTC on 20 February 2016. The site is due to be redeveloped for housing. James Robinson (20/2-2016) 17/02-2016 U K In addition to BBC Radio Bristol on 1548 kHz closing, it has now also been confirmed that the transmitter from the same site - Mangotsfield - on 1260 kHz carrying Smooth Radio Bristol will also close on 19 February. The time is not confirmed. James Robinson (17/2-2016) 16/02-2016 UAE (Abu Dhabi): The website www.pravasibharathi.com is still very much under construction, but provides some additional information on the background of the new medium station Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM. The company information leads to the conclusion that, although the AM-DRM-operation is a financial risk, the station has some financial backing. Probably, the online transmissions will also help the reach of the station, although the links on the website did not yet work when checked. "Address: Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation FZ.LLC P.B.No. 77914, Twofour54, Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE Telephone: +971 2 3043 818, +971 2 401 2602 Web: www.pravasibharathi.com Company Info acc. to http://www.pravasibharathi.com/Company_Info.php Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation FZ.LLC is a media conglomerate incorporated under the licensing of Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi. Headquartered in Twofour54 Abu Dhabi, Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation has its own studios in Dubai and Thiruvananthapuram with marketing offices in six GCC nations - Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE and Saudi Arabia along with such offices in Thiruvananthapuram, Cochin, Calicut, Mumbai and New Delhi in India. Our Central Sales Division is responsible for the entire planning, sales implementation as well as forming marketing strategies through market research, surveys and audience demographics. Our news bureaus are existent in all the GCC nations and Thiruvananthapuram as well. Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation stands for a great vision of touching the lives of Indian community in the Gulf. We aspire to reach the Indian masses throughout the GCC nations via all modes of media, with clear objectives to inspire, educate, inform and entertain the masses by harnessing the power of creativity. We are making a serious and professional approach to the media arena keeping all the morals to fulfill our social commitment. ‘Infotainment’ is our motto, which will delight interests of the Indian masses here. We have an entirely different concept to reach those Indians who love and respect their motherland, its tradition and culture. Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation has seven core activities: Radio Broadcasting, Television (Gulf Malayalam TV), Print and Publishing (Gulf Malayalam Weekly), Digital Media, Song and Drama Division, Events and Exhibitions Division and Films Division. We aim to work through a clear vision that focuses on innovation and quality that represent creative, meaningful and unique media content, while respecting social, cultural, and family values." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (16/2-2016) 13/02-2016 Today is World Radio Day. More info at http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/news/item82 "BBC Radio Bristol’s medium wave transmitter will close down permanently on 19th February 2016. The site is being redeveloped for housing so it has not been possible to renew the lease. We examined a number of options to keep the medium wave service on air but none of them represented good value for money for the licence fee payer. However, there are still lots of ways to continue to enjoy listening to BBC Radio Bristol, though: 94.9 FM in the Bristol area 104.6 FM in Bath 103.6 FM in Weston-Super-Mare DAB on a newly enhanced transmitter network; check coverage here On your TV on Freeview Channel 719; and of course online, via computer, tablet or phone using BBC iPlayer Radio." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (10/2-2016) U K BBC Radio Bristol has confirmed it will be shutting down its Medium Wave transmitter, on 1548 kHz, in mid-February. The BBC has pointed out that the switch-off is necessary because the landlord of the Mangotsfield transmitter site is handing over the land to developers, a decision that is out of the BBC's control. The move had been expected for some while, with planning permission having been granted by the local council for redevelopment, according to a516digital.com. BBC Radio Bristol is inviting listeners via social media to spread the word about the changes, which will mean affected listeners will need to tune in to the station via FM, DAB, online or via Freeview after Feb. 19. 73, Alokesh Gupta, New Delhi (9/2-2016) U A E The world’s first Malayalam-language digital radio station is now broadcasting from Abu Dhabi. Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM was launched with a live broadcast from popular playback singer, G Venugopal. The official switch-on was performed by Abdul Rahman Awadh Al Harthi, executive director of radio for Abu Dhabi Media, and Noushad Abdul Rahuman, chairman of Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation. Also present at the inauguration ceremony were K C Joseph, Kerala’s minister for rural development, planning, culture and Norka. Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM is also the first digital-radio station in the Middle East and North Africa region. The channel is broadcast under the licence of Abu Dhabi Media and Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi. The station hosts analogue transmission from 5am to 12.10am each day, with digital transmission between 12.10am and 5am every day, broadcast from its headquarters in Al Maqta. The National staff http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/from-holly-to-bolly/new-malayalam-radio-channel-launched-in-uae 08/02-2016 PAPUA NEW GUINEA NBC Morobe [also known as Radio Morobe locally] no longer broadcasts on 3220 SW because of faulty equipment and obsolete parts. It can only be heard on 810 MW with 10kW and on FM 95.5 with 1kW. Daily schedule: 2300-0700 UTC NBC National from Port Moresby, 0700-1200 UTC NBC Morobe and 1200-0200 UTC NBC National from Port Moresby. There is also a full time relay of NBC National on 90.7 FM with 1kW and a full time relay of Tribe FM also from Port Moresby on 92.3 FM and also with 1kW. Contact: Micah Yanage, Regional Engineer-Momase, NBC Morobe. U K We are unable to broadcast our scheduled programmes on medium wave. BT have informed us that due to a major problem with their broadband service in the location of our transmitter we have lost our connection & unable to broadcast our scheduled programmes on medium wave. This problem may not be resolved until Wednesday morning. In the meantime we are providing an alternative selection of programmes on 1521 medium wave. Our digital broadcasts remain on schedule by using the tune in radio & radio player apps, on internet radio & on line. Tuesday 2nd February - positive radio sharing the Good News, Flame CCR Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (2/2-2016) U K According to a revised „Timetable for inviting applications for community radio licences“ (Updated 27 January 2016) Ofcom will in the second half of 2016 call for applications for medium wave licences for locations anywhere throughout the UK. ( http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radio-broadcast-licensing/community-radio/apply-for-licence/timetable ) This will mostly concern areas where FM frequencies are not available (urban conglomerates) or medium wave might provide better coverage (sparsely populated areas). Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (2/2-2016) WORLD RADIO DAY 2016 13 February is World Radio Day — a day to celebrate radio as a medium; to improve international cooperation between broadcasters; and to encourage major networks and community radio alike to promote access to information, freedom of expression and gender equality over the airwaves. This year, the UNESCO theme for World Radio Day is “Radio in Times of Emergency and Disaster”. Radio still remains the medium that reaches the widest audience worldwide, in the quickest possible time. More info at http://www.diamundialradio.org/ and 549 kHz / UR 1 / Luch (Mykolaiv region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 720 kW 765 kHz / R. "Mayak" (disabled / test) / Petrovka (Odessa region.) / 40 kW 837 kHz / UR 1 / Taranovka (Kharkiv region.) / 0400 – 2200 / 150 kW 837 kHz / R. "Bukovina" / Chernivtsi / 0600 – 1100 / 30 kW 990 kHz / Oblastnoe Radio 2 Dnepropetrovsk / Dnipropetrovsk / 1000 - 1200 / 2.5 kW 1044 kHz / Oblastnoe Radio Ivano-Frankivsk / UR 1 / Verkhovyna (Ivano-Frankivsk region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 1 kW 1278 kHz / UR 1 / tests VSRU / Petrovka (Odessa region.) / 1700 – 2200 / 100 kW 1377 kHz / R. "Khvylya" / Vinnytsia / 1100 – 1515 / 7 kW 1377 kHz / channel "Nikolaev" / Mykolayiv / 0800 - 0900 / 3.5 kW 1404 kHz / UR 1 / Ishmael (Odessa region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 10 kW 1431 kHz / VSRU / Luch (Mykolaiv region.) / 1700 – 2100 / 800 kW All times in UTC. Anatoly Klepov, Moscow, Russia (1/2-2016) U K Mangotsfield 1548 kHz, carrying BBC Radio Bristol, will close on 19 February 2016 due to the site being redeveloped. It is also likely that 1260 kHz, carrying Smooth Bristol, will also close on this day. The time is unconfirmed but I will try to find out for sure what is happening with the second outlet on 1260. Four new DAB transmitters have bee switched on to replace lost areas of coverage. James Robinson (1/2-2016) 31/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Czech Radio (Cesky Rozhlas, CRo) has a new transmitter on 1071 kHz with CRo Plus. Location: Ostrava-Svinov. Power: 5 kW. In operation since January 29th. Now there are 3 TXs in Ostrava-Svinov: 639 kHz - CRo 2 (Dvojka) 1071 kHz - CRo Plus All TXs use one tower via a triplexer. Karel Honzik (29/1-2016) Dear Ydun, To-day saturday January 30th 2016 I noted a new Czech transmitter with PLUS programming on 1071 kHz at 1642utc. Reception varies from good to weak here in Almere, The Netherlands The details of the transmitter are here: All the best and 73, Ehard Goddijn, Almere HOL (30/1-2016) Hello Ydun, new transmitter of CRo Plus, Český rozhlas, 1071 kHz in on the air since 29 January. Trasmitter site is Svinov, near Ostrava and power is 5 kW. 1071 kHz is old Czechoslovakian MW frequency. Vaclav Dosoudil (CZE) (30/1-2016) Start Point 693 Khz http://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/gallerypage.php?txid=1474&pageid=2419 The North mast was brought down today and service is now on at reduced power. James Robinson (21/1-2016) U K BBC Radio 5 live in the South West - 693kHz: Essential engineering work is taking place today on the Start Point MW transmitter in Devon. The transmitter will be off air completely overnight between 2300-0600 Thursday21-Friday 22 January. When service resumes the transmitter, currently at 80kW, will operate at reduced power for an unknown period of time - possibly some months. More details here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/news/item83 James Robinson (21/1-2016) U K The next Radio Caroline North weekend is at the end of January on Saturday 30th and Sunday 31st. Make sure you join us on the mighty AM1368 and online for another fantastic selection of Caroline memories through the decades. A full presenter and programme line up will be available soon so watch this space! "Carnaby Street with Chris Williams" Facebook group. (Most broadcasts will be from the Ross Revenge, weather permitting). Mike Terry, mwdx yg (21/1-2016) U K Not good news for medium wave - "Digital radio is now standard in 80% of new cars, Ed Vaizey, UK Minister for Culture and the Digital Economy, announced today. " Mike Terry, mwdx yg (20/1-2016) 19/01-2016 NORWAY Radio Northern Star in Bergen, Norway now has a regular broadcasting schedule. Under a test and development license we are using LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW and a Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a refurbished Comrod antenna. Time is CET = UTC+1 Sunday 05:00-05:30 and 22:00-23:30 Monday, January 18, 2016: AIR Ratnagiri is celebrating its 40th Annual Day Today! 1. Date of Commissioning: 18th January’1976. 2. Name of Engg. Head:Shri S.Y.Khade, Assistant Engineer 3. Name of Prog.Head: Shri Suhas S.Vidwans, Programme Executive All India Radio, Ratnagiri was commissioned on 18th January’ 1976 and was formally inaugurated on 5th June’ 1979. 4. LOCATION :- The city of Ratnagiri is situated along the West Coast of India. The Radio Station is situated at Thiba Palace Road, 2 Km from main Bus Stand and 7 Kms from Railway Station on Konkan Railway. 5. COVERAGE : The Station covers two districts namely :- (a) Ratnaigiri - with population of 17,96,482 (b) Sindhudurg - with population of 8,61,672 as per 2001 census [...] Station has two Transmitter one is 20 KW AM Harris Make Transmitter located at Khedshi village 8 Kms away from the Studio site and 1 KW FM Transmitter in Studio building at Thiba Palace Road, Ratnagiri. AM Transmitter is carrying main channel programme in Marathi and FM Transmitter is relaying Vividh Bharati, Mumbai programmes. Both the transmitters are working fine. People are enjoying the programme of both the services. Contributed By: Shri S.Y.Khade, Assistant Engineer, [email protected] Note: According to http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/RATNAGIRI/Pages/default.aspx AIR Ratnagiri (Thiba Palace Road, Ratnagiri-415612 (MS)) broadcasts on 1143 kHz. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (18/1-2016) 16/01-2016 SPAIN EAK92 & EAJ20: licenses extinguised. "Radio ECCA-Fundación Canaria" and "Compañía de Emisiones y Publicidad S.A." licensees respectively of EAK92 (1269 kHz, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Radio ECCA) and EAJ20 (882, Sabadell, Radio Sabadell - COM Radio - la Xarxa) have formally returned their licenses to the Government. On Nov. 13rd 2015, in the weekly Council of Ministers both licenses were declared extinguised. 12/01-2016 NETHERLANDS Low power mediumwave in the Netherlands. After switching off a number of high power transmitters in 2015, at the end of December the Dutch government has launched a public consultation on ‘opening up’ the mediumwaveband for radio and non-radio applications with 'low power' and with limited government regulation. When referring to 'low power' this means both a power in the range of 1 – 5 watts (site coverage) and 50 – 100 watts (municipal coverage). The idea is that the same frequencies will be re-used across the country. They will be handed out on the basis of a first-come, first served basis. Deadline for comments is 14 February 2016. Marcel Rommerts (12/1-2016) Onde Medie ItaliaList complied by Roberto Scaglione and Antonello Napolitano (not translated) 567 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 828 Radio Z100 Milano (Lombardia) 846 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 1017 Media Veneta Radio (Piove di Sacco, PD) 1035 Media Veneta Radio (Vigonza, PD) 1071 Radio Marina (irregolare) 1323 Radio Base 101 (Peraga di Vigonza, PD) 1341 Gold 15-93 Hit Radio (stereo C-Quam) 1350 I AM Radio (Milano, MI) 1359 Radio Settanta (Casalborsetti, RA) 1359 Radio Stereo 98 (Zero Branco, TV) 1359 Radio Time 1368 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 1377 Radio Music Time (Lombardia) 1386 RAMradio (Milano, MI – test) 1395 Radio Activity (Ferrara, FE) 1404 Radio Luna (Casalgrande, RE – irregolare) 1440 (nuova emittente in Campania) 1440 (test in Sicilia) 1476 Cosmo Radio (Milano, Mi – irregolare) 1476 Skate Radio (Padova, PD) 1476 Radio Briscola (Piemonte) 1476 Media Radio Castellana (Castel San Pietro Terme, BO) 1476 Gold 14-76 Hit Radio (Sicilia) 1476 Radio Treviso (Treviso, TV) 1500 Stazione Sperimentale 1500 (Calabria – test) 1512 Progressive Radio 1512 Free Radio AM (Trieste, TS – irregolare) 1512 Radio Fioretta 1548 Radio Baby AM (Trieste, TS – irregolare) 1557 Radio King RRR (Cerveteri, RM) 1566 Radio Ghost CZECH REPUBLIC Dear Mediumwave.info team, greetings from Czech Republic! As I read some notes that you are uncertain about Czech broadcasting, here is something what I can say you about the situation here. We have several transmitters and a few radio companies transmitting on mediumwave here in Czechia. All times are local, which means CET (UTC+1) or CEST (UTC+2). List of broadcasters: Český rozhlas (ČRo): public broadcaster. 3 stations over AM. - ČRo Radiožurnál - main news and driving music channel. Longwave is very popular among Czech drivers abroad. - ČRo Dvojka - family channel. Old music, radio documents, children and elderly entertainment - ČRo Plus - infochannel without music, short relays in English. For me, similar to RFE. Analysis, interviews, politics, world affairs. Country Radio: Commercial music station with country and folk music. Radio Dechovka: Commercial music station with traditional Czech and Slovak brass band music. Radio Český Impuls: Alternative project of one of Czech major commercial FM stations. Only Czechoslovak music from 60's to 80's (pop music from communist era). And there is the frequency list. Longwave: 270kHz - ČRo Radiožurnál, transmitter at Topolná (near Uherské Hradiště). They decreased power from 650kW to 50kW. Still audible over Twente's WebSDR. Operating 0500-2400, weekends 0600-2400. Mediumwave: 1) Liblice (near Prague). Power 750kW. Operating 0400-2400 ČRo Dvojka, weekends 0500-2400. 2) Ostrava-Svinov. Power 30kW. Operating 0400-1559, weekends 0500-1559 ČRo Dvojka. 1600-2400 ČRo Plus, daily. Sadly, these two transmitters are playing over each other. 954kHz - three transmitters, operating simulcastly. ČRo Dvojka 0400-2400, weekends 0500-2400. 1) Dobrochov (between Olomouc and Brno). Power 200kW. 2) Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad). Power 20kW. 3) České Budějovice. Power 30kW. 981kHz - two transmitters of Radio Český Impuls. 0000-2400 daily. 1) Líbeznice (near Prague). Power 10kW. 2) Domamil (near Třebíč). Power 5kW. 1062kHz - Country Radio. Prague-Zbraslav. 0700-1900 daily 20kW. 1900-0700 nightly 1kW. 1233kHz - five transmitters of Radio Dechovka. 0000-2400 daily. 1) Líbeznice (near Prague). Power 10kW. 2) Brno-Řečkovice. Power 0,5kW. 3) České Budějovice. Power 2kW. 4) Ostrava-Svinov. Power 2kW. 5) Dobrochov (between Olomouc and Brno). Power 5kW. 1332kHz - ČRo Dvojka. Domamil (near Třebíč). Power 50kW. 0400-2400, weekends 0500-2400. There are also some transmitters in Slovakia audible in Western Europe. Transmitting in Slovak and Hungarian. Slovak language is similar to Czech and could be easily mixed up. 702kHz, power 5kW - Košice, SVK 1098kHz, power 10kW - Nitra, SVK Hope this message is helpful for some of you. Best wishes, Ondřej Babka, CZE (9/1-2016) Thank you Ondrej for this valuable info. It was needed! Ydun Ritz (11/1-2016) BRAZIL Paraná „A Rádio Alvorada. A catedral do ar” (slogan heard in the programme) / „A Rádio Alvorada. A rádio da família“ (slogan on the web site) is run by the Fundação Mater et Magistra (Rua Dom Bosco nº 145 – Jd Dom Bosco, 86060-340 – Londrina PR) for the Roman-Catholic Archdiocese of Londrina. A virtual tour of the station produced on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the station (2014) is found at http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/tourvirtual/tour.html . Their medium wave frequency 970 kHz (ZYJ 260, 7,5 kW) is not easily found on their web site but mentioned at http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/provisorio/identidade-organizacional Their short wave frequency 4865 kHz which is still reported by international short wave monitors was not found on the site although short wave is mentioned in the station’s history. People accessing the web site http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/ will of course more easily use the web stream. According to announcements, the programme is 24 h on the air, although in the night (Mo-Fr 2200/Sa+Su 2100-0600) Rádio Alvorada joins the Rede Milícia Sat programme by the Milícia da Imaculada (São Paulo). During the day Rádio Alvorada also rebroadcasts programmes of other catholic producers like Rádio Aparecida. Note: The website http://alvoradalondrina.rcr.org.br/ given in the WRTH 2016, pg. 125, did not come up when checked. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (9/1-2016) CZECH REPUBLIC At 17.41 UT Jan 6, Topolna 270 LW on air, - why not ? R Journal ID heard at S=9+30dB or -40dBm on Perseus remote net unit in eastern Czech Republic, location on mountains between Ostrova Czech Republic and Wroclaw Poland. The others 639 kHz S=9+40dB -32dBm, 1233 S=9+30 dB -42dBm, 1287 only Spanish stn., 1071 kHz nil CZE station at 17.41 UT on Jan 6 Wolfgang Bueschel (8/1-2016) BANDSCAN from US VIRGIN ISLANDS Stig Hartvig Nielsen recently visited St. Croix, US Virgin Islands and made this MW bandscan when there. 07/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Today at 1930 UTC I heard the Czech Radio's transmitters (on 639, 954 and 1332 kHz), broadcasting ČRo 2. Indeed, the ČRo website http://www.rozhlas.cz/vysilace/vysilace/?stanice=2 lists all these medium wave transmitters as active ("v provozu" in Czech means that), as well as the Ostrava station, broadcasting ČRo Plus from 1600 to 2400 Czech time. By the way, Ostrava is listed as broadcasting ČRo 2 too, with no operation times specified (probably 0000 to 1759 Czech time, but I cannot be sure about that). So, Mauno Ritola was right: it has been only a redistribution of the frequencies, not an almost complete MW shut-down. Best wishes, Giovanni Ricci (7/1-2016) NORWAY Tonight from @2100z-, Radio Northern Star has a scheduled test transmission over LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW with an ex-Marine Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a Comrod antenna. Monitored so far in AM mode @65 watts in the Shetland Islands, England, Ireland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. If you're hearing us, we'd also be happy to receive your reception report to [email protected] or [email protected] SvennMartinsen, WRTH fbg (7/1-2016) 06/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC There has been confusing information in different media about Topolna LW 270 kHz, whether it has been closed down or not. It has NOT been closed down. Heard it this noon via Twente remote webSDR. Ydun Ritz (6/1-2016) 04/01-2016 ARMENIA TWR Asia, Gavar (ARM) is in fact on 1376kHz (nom. 1377) when it starts at 1815 with its programming in Farsi. I heard it yesterday and today too. Karel Honzik, mwdx yg (4/1-2016) TUNISIA I confirm the new time slot for the Italian programme of Radio Tunis International. I heard the station today on 963 kHz from my home city in the South of Italy, at 1556 UTC with details about Italian sweets and song by Italian singer Fiorella Mannoia. Into French at 1600. Antonello Napolitano, dxld yg (4/1-2016) U K The new Yorkshire community radio service – DALES RADIO – have posted this message below on their Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/DalesFM/?fref=ts : "An Update from Dales Radio.........The NEW radio station for the Yorkshire Dales will be launching on 11th January [2016]. On AM, FM and on line. We've also decided as a result of it being on AM and FM and Online we should call it Dales Radio. Does what it says on the tin, as we say in Yorkshire! We hope you'll like the new station. Dales Radio has a new website at www.dalesradio.co and we are now streaming live. We are now looking for volunteers to help out in all areas of radio, so if you're interested please do get in touch. Dales Radio will have the best interests of the community at heart and we welcome contributions from individuals, charities and community groups and will publicise your events and causes on the station for free. We would also like your views, ideas and suggestions for programme content. Dales Radio will be funded through grants, donations and local advertising - a chance for local businesses to promote their products and services across the Dales at very reasonable rates. Please get in touch if you'd like to find out more. email [email protected] or message us on Facebook. Tune in now - Settle and Grassington on 104.9FM and Hawes/Central Dales on 936AM. We will be bringing Dales Radio on FM to Ingleton, Leyburn, Kirkby Stephen and Sedburgh very soon too! In the meantime listen live via our stream or on 936AM. Thanks for reading and keep listening!" I trust that this is of interest especially as many AM transmissions are closing down across Europe. Kind regards, J. Peter Wilson, HEART OF THE NATION BROADCASTING TEAM (HNBT) (4/1-2016) Indeed this is good news after the "bloody" December 31st, 2015!! Ydun Ritz TUNISIA Hi Ydun, From today some changes on Radio Tunis Chaine Internationale 963 kHz. Still 24h a day in French, but with other languages: English: 1300-1400 UTC TUNISIA Heard today on Radio Tunis International that as from tomorrow 4th Jan 2016 the Italian programme on 963 kHz will be on the air 1600-1700 local time (1500-1600 UTC) instead of 1500-1600. Antonello Napolitano, WRTH fbg (3/1-2016) FRANCE Notre Dame des Ondes Lyon (France) 603 kHz, last day today 1700 UTC. Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fbg (3/1-2016) U S A 600 WBOB Jacksonville, FL DX Test Time/Date: 0600-0900 UTC, Sunday, January 10, 2016 EST: Midnight - 3 AM, January 10, 2016 CST: 11 PM - 2 AM, January 9/10, 2016 MST: 10 - 1 AM, January 9/10, 2016 PST: 9 - Midnight, January 9, 2016 Mode of Operation: Daytime antenna pattern, with power possibly up to 35 kw. Equipment performance during the test will dictate the maximum transmitter power to be used. The test will include morse code, sweep tones, big band & orchestral music, and selected program audio. QSL Information: Reception reports are only accepted via e-mail, and can be submitted to jerry [at] jerrysmith [dot] net. Correct reports will be answered with an e-QSL by Station Engineer Jerry Smith. Credits: Many thanks to J.D. Stephens of Hampton Cove, AL for arranging the test and WBOB Engineer Jerry Smith for making this test possible! Please share the details of this DX Test with your contacts. 73, Brandon Jordan, IRCA/NRC DX Test Committee, dxld yg (3/1-2016) FRANCE I confirm that the Lyon station on 603 kHz is still active and transmitting France Info (at least, it was at 1920 UTC on January, 2nd). Some news about this, in German, from Radio Berlin ( http://www.radioeins.de/programm/sendungen/medienmagazin/radio_news/beitraege Happy new year, Giovanni Ricci (2/1-2016) FRANCE Today I got some explications, why Rennes and Lyon (711 & 603 kHz) don’t stopped at the same times as other frequencies. RENNES: When, on the night of 31 to 1, the Nodal Center (in Paris surburb) switched off by remote control the transmitter, after a technical problem, the cooling system has also been cut. Normally it would stay active as long as the the temperature falls. Fearing a fire at the transmitter site, the Nodal center switch ON again the transmitter, and 711 kHz stay on the air. This saturday morning, a technician go to the transmitter site and he switch OFF the transmitter manually, the cooler system later. LYON: Every Sunday a Mass in broadcast by association Notre Dame des Ondes (for 77 years). This Sunday January 2nd, the Mass will be celebrate by Cardinal Barbarin, Bishop of Lyon and “Primat des Gaules”. For this reason, the transmitter will be switch off Sunday night before midnight. So this Mass will be the LAST, so try to listen it at 1700 UTC. Have a nice Sunday, http://www.rozhlas.cz/plus/porady/_porad/101659 Have a look here. There is a 5 min english Radio Prague program via czech mediumwave on Cesky Rozhlas Plus. At 20:35 and 22:35 local Monday to Friday only. Seems from the 7th of Jan only on 639 kHz via Ostrava. Now on all. 639, 954 and 1332. All a bit confusing - will ask my friend Jaroslav Bohac if he knows more... 73 and Happy New Year !! Simon-Peter Liehr (1/1-2016) GERMANY After the closure of most remaining German medium wave stations, AFN Bavaria is still active on 1107 kHz from Vilseck. The station "serving America's best" was checked yesterday and this afternoon when in Amberg which is in the intended coverage area although the US garrison was closed years ago. When listening to the programme, there was no clue to a potentially imminent closure of the transmissions. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (1/1-2016) FRANCE France Info Rennes 711 kHz, still on the air at 1530 UTC. Lyon 603 kHz as expected also on the air... Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fb group (1/1-2016) MW EUROPE Now after DLF is gone 549 delivers a nice signal from Irish Spirit Radio. MWLIST also lists 612 & 675, but nothing is heard there and SR website doesn't mention it either. Any idea is 612 & 675 is planned to be used? Jurgen Bartels Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (1/1-2016) Hi Jurgen, I don't think that Spirit Radio intends to add any more MW frequencies - whatever might have been planned years ago. They are adding FM relays as funding permits, but just the one MW transmitter on 549 kHz. 73s Dave Kenny, mwdx yg (1/1-2016) FRANCE Hello, I am at 8 kilometers of Paris. I have verify for France Bleu Paris 107.1 on 864 Khz is off. On website of Bretagne 5 you can see article which inform what Breatagne 5 is only French Station in medium wave! In other article inform: of 4 January Bretagne 5 give with Meteo France Meteo for boat (Meteo Marine). You will see time on site of Bretagne 5. MW EUROPE Germany left MW short before midnight, only AFN-1143 still audible. Luxemburg-1440 got replaced by Belgian pirate Radio Paradise, and that is now playing an old R. Luxemburg-English "208" recording. So don't get surprised .... France is still on air with all channels [now all gone except 603 kHz/ed] Jurgen Bartels, Suellwarden, N. Germany, dxld yg (1/1-2016) MW EUROPE The Marnach transmitter was silent then switched off gradually and took about 5 seconds. I think it actually switched off at 0000 in the end. 1422 ended just before Marnach did. The old DLF interval signal was broadcast until the end. French transmitters are still on air. James Robinson (31/12-2015- 2333utc) LUXEMBOURG Good bye! Radio Luxembourg closed for good on 1440 kHz at 2259 UTC after the national anthem. CRI had the last hour with its program in English. Fair reception all evening at my location in southern Denmark. Transmitter went of immediately. Ydun Ritz (1/1-2016) 31/12-2015 GERMANY Latest word in regard to 549, 756, 1269, 1422 kHz is that they will go off at 2250 UT, or let's say that's what Deutschlandradio supposes. They will probably play an old Deutschlandfunk interval signal from 2245. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG On spot checks of 1440 kHz at 1900 and likely moments afterwards CRI did not mention the imminent loss of this frequency at all. Found no mention on their website either. I dare to speculate that maybe they even will tomorrow again play out programming into nothing. I do not see any other output for their 1440 kHz programming; the BCE satellite channels and webstreams which claim to carry the 1440 kHz audio switch to the 93.3/97.0 MHz programming during the CRI relays, and I see no own webstream on the CRI website. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG 1440 kHz RTL Radio Luxembourg Marnach update. Final stop for ever on MW Marnach at 2259 UTC. Before the LUX National Anthem played. Several sources via Wolfgang Bueschel, dxld yg (31/12-2015) NORWAY LLE-4 will be broadcasting on January 1st, 2016 from 0015 UTC- on AM USB 1611 kHz. Svenn Martinsen, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) FRANCE Last minute info: Radio France's transmitters in LYON on 603 kHz, will NOT close tonight. It will be off the air, only from January 4th at midnight. The reason, this frequency will broadcast this Sunday the Holy Mass for the sick people at 0600 PM. This Mass hold by Notre Dame des Ondes is on the air for without interruption for 77 years. Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) INDIA A new Bengali Service SPECIAL BANGLA SERVICE (SBS) will be launched and start functioning from AIR Chinsurah 1000KW transmitter on 26th January 2016 between 0025-1740UTC (0555-2310IST) with a break in between frequency change on 594 kHz (Morning & Noon) and on 1134 kHz (in the evening & night). This is not a simulcast of programs b'cast via Kolkata A or Kolkata B. The current External Services b'cast over this transmitter can be heard via DRM mode. Alok Kr Dasgupta, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG It's being repeated right now (12:23 UTC) on 1440 kHz, being heard via Twente, and also being streamed from the BCE website: RTL 1440 http://www.bce.lu/BCE_radio.htm View on http://www.bce.lu/BCE_radio.htm Richard Langley, dxld yg (31/12-2015) Listening right now (1240 utc) from southern Denmark on 1440 kHz: mx, talk, Beatles-mx, ID and anns. Ydun Ritz (31/12-2015) 30/12-2015 LUXEMBOURG I edited and cleaned-up the DAT tape recording of the final night of 208 from December 1991 which Mike Hollis produced to mark the closedown of 1440kHz (208m) - and passed a copy to RTL recently. I have just heard that RTL will play that recording tonight on MW - on 208! - from Midnight UK time - after Radio China finish their show. (1am CET) My thanks to Bob Christy for his help getting the recording from DAT to a useable file - amazing that DAT machines are now almost non-existant!! Just thought you'd all like to know. In case you can't listen in - you can download the show here: Mike Knight via Jan Bjerrum, ddxlk fb group (30/12-2015) TURKS & CAICOS Radio Vision Christiana will possibly start transmitting again after several years of absence. There are plans for a new antenna mast and a new 100 KkW Nautel-transmitter for 530 kHz during second quarter of 2016. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, DX-Aktuelt #6 (30/12-2015) CZECH REPUBLIC I did already [ask Karel Honzik/ed] and he says, that acc. to the official report the change is much less drastic than what it sounds: ČRo Plus programme time (15-23) will be replaced by ČRo 2 except for 639 kHz, so there would be absolutely no change in terms of total transmitting hours on MW! Just a return to the time before ČRo Plus was brought to MW sharing ČRo 2's frequencies. But I guess we'd better wait and see what really happens ... Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (30/12-2015) IRELAND RTE on 252 currently has very bad modulation. Seems the tx is short before falling apart. Jurgen Bartels, Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (30/12-2015) RTE is fine here Jurgen, just the usual sounding audio..... and on domestic radios as well... Maybe fault you heard is fixed???? Lots of wind and rain passing over just now. Kenny Baird, Scotland (30/12-2015) 29/12-2015 CZECH REPUBLIC CRo to move on FM, only Ostrava-Svinov 639 kHz remaining with the station for 8 h in the evening. Beginning on 5 January 2016, Český Rozhlas Plus will be broadcast almost entirely on FM. While the FM coverage is being enlarged, the only medium wave still assigned to CR Plus, Ostrava-Svinov 639 kHz, will broadcast CR Plus in the evening 16.00-24.00 h Local Time. The changes also affect the English segments 19.05-19.10 and 20.05-20.10 h Local Time which came under the umbrella of CR Plus in November 2015. More details on the move to FM can be found at Thanks to Stig Hartvig Nielsen for this info! (29/12-2015) FRANCE Remaining stations on AM in France & Monaco (for 2016) 162 kHz Allouis 2000/1000 kW France Inter 216 kHz Roumoules 1400/900 kW RMC (04.56 – 00.08) Local time 1467 kHz Roumoules 1000 kW TransWorld Radio (22.00 – 00.15) Local Time 1467 kHz Col de la Madone 40 kW Radio Maria France (06.00- 20.30) Local Time 1593 kHz St Gouéno 10 kW Bretagne 5 Météo Marine (Weather Forecast for seamen) 20.03-20.10 (Local Time) on France Inter 162 kHz (Only on LW, no FM/Internet) Regards, Christian Ghibaudo (29/12-2015) Hi Ydun, Both Greenlandic stations on 570 and 650 were also heard here in The Netherlands. 570 was audible on December 28th around 0500 and 0710UTC; I heard 650 around 0525UTC on December 26th. 73 Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (29/12-2015) VENEZUELA La Voz de Carabobo [1040 kHz], Valencia, is currently off channel. Noted on 1039.6 kHz at 2315 UTC. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, USVI (29/12-2015) CANADA CBXQ Ucluelet [540 kHz] to be replaced by FM Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2015-465 Reference: Part 1 application posted on 17 July 2015 Ottawa, 20 October 2015 Victoria and Ucluelet, British Columbia Application 2015-0727-9 CBCV-FM Victoria – New transmitter in Ucluelet The Commission approves the application by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to amend the broadcasting licence for the English-language radio programming undertaking CBCV-FM Victoria, British Columbia, to operate a low-power FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Ucluelet. The new transmitter will replace the AM transmitter CBXQ Ucluelet [540 kHz]. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The new transmitter will operate at 92.7 MHz (channel 224LP) with an effective radiated power of 50 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 27 metres). According to the licensee, the signal of its current low-power AM transmitter is too weak to reach the entire city, given that the transmitter is located in a cove. CBC added that the wooden pole is no longer in good condition due to years of exposure to salty ocean water and poor weather conditions. The licensee also indicated that this amendment would improve the quality of the signal and coverage of the area, allowing the Radio One signal to reach a slightly wider audience. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, this authority will only be effective when the Department of Industry (the Department) notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. Given that the technical parameters approved in this decision are for a low-power unprotected FM transmitter, the licensee will have to select another frequency if the Department so requires. The transmitter must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 20 October 2017. In order to ensure that such a requested is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General. This decision is to be appended to the licence. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2015/2015-465.htm Date modified: 2015-10-20 CBXU Hudson’s Hope [940 kHz] to be replaced by FM Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2015-507 Reference: Part 1 application posted on 24 August 2015 Ottawa, 16 November 2015 Prince George and Hudson’s Hope, British Columbia Application 2015-0911-8 CBYG-FM Prince George – New transmitter in Hudson’s Hope The Commission approves the application by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to amend the broadcasting licence for the English-language radio programming undertaking CBYG-FM Prince George, British Columbia, to operate an FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Hudson’s Hope to replace its existing low-power AM transmitter CBXU Hudson’s Hope [940 kHz]. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The new transmitter will operate at 103.1 MHz (channel 276A1) with an effective radiated power of 124 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of -159 metres). The CBC indicated that this amendment would improve the quality of its Radio One signal in Hudson’s Hope and surrounding areas. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, this authority will only be effective when the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. The transmitter must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 16 November 2017. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General. This decision is to be appended to the licence. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2015/2015-507.htm Date modified: 2015-11-16 Hi. Official notification about the closure of medium wave frequencies in Germany: "Hello James, thanks for your writing. Our medium frequencies will be completely closed at 22.55 UTC on 31 December. Nominally: Neumünster 1269 kHz, Braunschweig 756 kHz, Nordkirchen 549 kHz, Thurnau 549 kHz, Heusweiler 1422 kHz and Ravensburg 756 kHz. With kind regards Konrad Sander, Hörerservice" Thanks. ICELAND Winter solstice bandscan: The rain let up enough around midnight that I dared venture outside with the radio for a few minutes. To sum it up: The LW band was good. The low end of the MW band felt weak but things got better with rising frequency. Absolute Radio's main frequency (1215 kHz) wasn't all that strong at that moment but the relays on 1197 and 1242 kHz were easily audible. The British and German main transmitters came in with usable signals across the band, but the rest was quite weak. Reynir Stefansson (23/12-2015) Looks like it will stop at 0100 CET on January 1 2016. James Robinson (22/12-2015) 22/12-2015 NORWAY Thank you so much for your interest in the licensed test and development transmissions from LLE-4..... The next transmissions on 1611.0 kHz: Christmas Day Friday Dec 25th (evening 2100z-) Monday Dec 28th (evening 2100z-) Thursday Dec 31st Afternoon 1600z- In addition we'll try one morning transmission soon 0600-, date not decided. US DXers have requested the time 0000-0200z we'll see what we can do. Happy Christmas! Svenn Martinsen, WRTH facebook group (22/12-2015) U S A WFOR 1400 Hattiesburg, MS: I think the station will be off the air for awhile after it's transmitter site was burnt to a blackened crisp... 21/12-2015 NORWAY Tonight from @2100z-, Radio Northern Star has a scheduled test transmission over LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW with an ex-Marine Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a Comrod antenna. Monitored so far in AM mode @65 watts in the Shetland Islands, England, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. If you're hearing us, we'd also be happy to receive your reception report to [email protected] or [email protected] Svenn Martinsen, WRTH fb group(21/12-2015) ALGERIA 891 kHz Algiers Ouled Fayet still on reduced power after these recent carrier-only tests of new TransRadio Berlin unit channel site? How is the service now on this RA chaine-1 channel, reception on remote SDR units around Mediterranean reveals only reduced power usage these days, heard 1st px ch1 \\ on both LW 153 and MW 891 kHz at 1830 UT, but latter much less the signal strength of Youth program channels on 531 or 549 kHz. Wolfgang Bueschel, mwdx yg (20/12-2015) You are fully right. 891 has a quite good signal at 21 UTC, but it can't be full power. Can be test of 600 kW day/300 night. Best regards, Bengt Ericson, Sweden, mwdx yg (20/12-2015). ALGERIA 891 khz ALG Chaîne 1 reactivated today this afternoon, Dec. 20. Estimated power 600 kW. Sergio Sarabia (20/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG Hi, I noticed this morning that RTL 1440 did not sign on at their usual time of 3:55, and at the time of writing this email 4:43 they are still not on air! Maybe someone forgot to flip the switch or a timer failed. 73s, Matt, UK(20/12-2015) GERMANY It has been announced that the 7 MW transmitters of Deutschandradio will cease all medium wave operations at 2255 UTC on 31 December, not 2300 UTC as previously thought. James Robinson (19/12-2015) 17/12-2015 ALGERIA Since this morning, Dec. 17, on 891 kHz is transmitting Alger Chaîne 1 (last night was still the test tone). It is received in Valencia with SINPO 45554 to 55555. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-España (17/12-2015) 16/12-2015 GERMANY Deutschlandfunk just has launched a site reporting about their closure of mediumwave transmissions on 31 December 2015: 09/12-2015 ALGERIA Strong open carrier on 891 kHz at 1500 via Spain remote receiver, so probably Algeria soon to start with renovated equipment. Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (9/12-2015) GERMANY It has been confirmed that Deutschlandradio will carry on on MW with regular programmes until 2400 CET on 31 December - ie 22300 UTC on 31 December. There will be special programmes on 17, 18 and 19 December only. James Robinson (9/12-2015) NORWAY Transmitter test from LLE-4 1611 kHz this evening 1945z-, 65 watts AM. This is a licensed test with IDs, test tones, and pauses issued by the Norwegian authorities. Program feed and transmitter is remotely controlled. Bjarne Mjelde has the distance record so far, he heard us 1574 km from KONG, November 19th. Please send reports to [email protected] or [email protected] We encourage sharing of this post. Svenn Martinsen, Arctic Radio Club via Kai Mauseth, Medium Wave Circle fb group (9/12-2015) ALGERIA ? On Dec. 8, at around 0330 I heard on 891 kHz, very strong here in Valencia, Spain, a carrer with 1 kHz tone sound in that frequency. At 1100 or so when I checked no signal was received. When I'm writing this, at 0100 of Dec. 9, only catch the portuguese station, weak. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-España. 08/12-2015 ALGERIA ? The last few nights I've been listening to Radio538 [HOL] on 891 as I usually do and have noticed that there is a second station in the background. Today I noticed at 15.13 UTC the station is already there and showing as 10db with quiet modulation which leads me to belive that Algeria has reactivated their tx on 891. Regards, Matt, Grimsby UK (8/12-2015) EUROPE By 31 December many stations in Europe will close their MW transmitters on the following frequencies - 162Khz, 549Khz, 603Khz, 711Khz, 756Khz, 864Khz, 1206Khz, 1242Khz, 1269Khz, 1278Khz, 1377Khz, 1404Khz, 1422Khz, 1440Khz, 1494Khz and 1557Khz. Mike Simmonds at http://members7.boardhost.com/PirateRadio/msg/1449359578.html 07/12-2015 AM BROADCAST to the RESCUE Almost every country in the world operates medium-wave transmitters. In fact, many countries use several transmitters with an output power above 500 kW. Medium wave offers large-area propagation, including coverage of neighboring countries, and today there is no alternative technology available. Satellite and cable are vulnerable due to government control in certain regions, Internet radio needs large bandwidth and is not designed as a “one-to-many” medium, while technologies such as DMB, DVB and DAB, can only reach relatively small areas due to the limited coverage of the frequencies they use. These “modern” options are also more costly and are thus mainly utilized in highly populated areas and by countries where advanced infrastructure and large propagation networks are available. EXTENDED COVERAGE Many nations have decided to switch off (either partially or fully) AM broadcasts. In doing so, they are giving up a field-proven opportunity to inexpensively reach listeners with a relatively “small” infrastructure — even if these installations are physically huge, they also offer extended coverage. There is no lack of AM receivers. The technology, established some 100 years ago, is identical worldwide, where any available AM receiver can function. This is a big advantage, particularly in disaster or emergency situations, since a large population can be reached at minimum cost and effort. In situations where inhabitants flee their home countries such as the Syrian refugee crisis, for example, it is important to reach these people before they leave home and provide them with current information. The refugees need to be informed about what awaits them at their destination — the political situation, culture, etc. Once they arrive, the task at hand then becomes to help them successfully integrate in the country of adoption. In Germany, some public broadcasters have begun producing programs targeted at refugees in their native language, airing them locally over the Internet. While this is certainly a step in the right direction, the dissemination of these programs, which are created for those who have already made their way to Europe, depends on Internet coverage and the availability of Internet radio-capable cellphones or computers. If broadcasters used AM technology, with its easy-to-use, available and cheap receivers, they could increase their audience and reach a large number of people in various countries, without the need for expensive cellphones and cellphone contracts. Another option is Digital Radio Mondiale technology. DRM would allow broadcasters to transmit the broadcasts in additional languages and with more information. However it would also require the appropriate receivers — a small investment really for such a big savings. USEFUL SERVICE Using analog (or digital) AM would make it possible to touch the listeners in their home countries and also on their way to us. This is possible without new installations since everything is mainly in place. All that is needed is the determination and some money to switch it on — quite efficient! Broadcast providers and network operators should maintain AM broadcasts for such political challenges. The willingness to help the refugees integrate into their new world is apparent in many governments and it is a question of humanity to use such ways of communication in order to educate effectively. 06/12-2015 INDIA The Indian Mail Today reports "Good old radio emerged as the only thing connecting the people of Chennai with the outside world during the worst hours of flooding". The newspaper says: When all other communication links were down, All India Radio’s Chennai station managed to broadcast regular news bulletins about the situation in Tamil Nadu. The broadcast remained uninterrupted despite the fact that the news room itself was flooded. The AIR [All India Radio] even increased the frequency of news bulletins to ensure that people get all the information about the calamity as it unfolded. The same news is repeated within this UK Daily Mail story Mike Terry, dxld yg (5/12-2015) U K The BBC Radio Bristol 1548 kHz transmitter at Mongostsfield is to close in February 2016 and 4 new DAB transmitters will be added to the Bristol multiplex to replace lost coverage. James Robinson (4/12-2015) IRELAND The LW service of RTE will continue until 2017, with reduced broadcast time. These are the latest news. There has been also a survey about the listening of 252 kHz (the news about it and the survey link are on http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/generation-emigration/survey-do-you-listen-to-rté-s-longwave-service-1.2397407 ) and a website has been created against the stop of the transmissions, which is updated with the news about it ( http://savertelongwaveradio.com/ ). Giovanni Ricci (3/12-2015) EUROPE Re. to Sergio Sarabia: The 162 kHz frequency should stay active until 31/12/2016, as Radio France stated. The Luxembourg masts are to be demolished as the broadcasts stop (http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/L-tat-va-racheter-le-site-de-Marnach-19784995) and the ground on which they were used to stay will be sold in 2016. P.S.: there is a petition about keeping the France Inter LW frequency alive on http://162khz.wesign.it/fr Giovanni Ricci (3/12-2015) GERMANY I recently sent an e-mail to Deutschlandfunk regarding when their special programme about the end of medium wave would be broadcast. Despite me writing in English, I got a reply in German, which only partly translates in google translate. I do understand the giste of it though. It looks as if the special programmes will run on 17, 18 and 19 December. The first two days there are programmes at 1010 CET (0910 UTC), and on 17 December, there is a programme at 1840 CET (1740 UTC). Finally on 19 December there is a programme at 1705 CET (1605 UTC). The original German text is shown here. If I run it through Google translate it does not work properly. If anyone can actually translate it properly can you please translate it for me: Thanks. Here is the text: --- Sehr geehrter Herr Robinson, im Programmheft des Monats September hatten wir Sie aufgerufen, uns Ihre Erfahrungen mit der Lang-, Mittel- oder Kurzwelle mitzuteilen. Denn am 31.12. 2015 werden die letzten Mittelwellensender in Deutschland abgeschaltet, die den Deutschlandfunk ausstrahlen. Die Vielzahl von Zuschriften, Aufzeichnungen und Fotos, die uns erreicht hat, hat uns sehr beeindruckt. Und so möchte ich Ihnen heute sehr herzlich danken, dass auch Sie sich die Zeit genommen haben, uns Ihre Erfahrungen und auch Ihre Meinung zu schreiben. Ihre Überlegungen sind wesentlich mit eingeflossen in unseren Programmschwerpunkt zur Abschaltung der Mittelwelle, den wir zwischen dem 17. und 19. Dezember im Deutschlandfunk senden werden. Mit ihm wollen wir der Mittelwelle die Referenz erweisen. Am 17. Dezember um 10.10 Uhr geht es im „Marktplatz“ um die Alternativen zur Mittelwelle – damit Sie auch weiterhin gut versorgt werden mit dem, was wir Radiomacher für Sie produzieren. Am Abend desselben Tages sendet der „Hintergrund“ ab 18.40 Uhr ein Feature mit dem Titel „Abschied von der Mittelwelle – Ein Stück Radiogeschichte geht zu Ende“. In der Reihe „Lebenszeit“ kommen Hörerinnen und Hörer am 18.12. ab 10.10 Uhr selbst zu Wort und können mitdiskutieren: „Persönliche Erinnerungen – Der Deutschlandfunk und die Mittelwelle“. In „Markt und Medien“ am Samstag um 17.05 Uhr gibt es schließlich einen Rückblick auf die technische Entwicklung und deren Nutzung: „Erfindung mit Reichweite – Die mediale Bedeutung der Mittelwelle“. Ich hoffe, dass der Programmschwerpunkt auch Ihr Interesse findet und würde mich freuen, wenn Sie an diesen Tagen vielfach einschalten. Mit nochmaligem Dank für Ihre Zuschrift und dem Wunsch, dass Sie dem Deutschlandfunk gewogen bleiben, grüße ich Sie herzlich Leiter Hauptabteilung Kultur Deutschlandfunk, Deutschlandradio Raderberggürtel 40, 50968 Köln www.deutschlandradio.de --- I am not certain whether the normal programmes will be carried outside of these times mentioned here, but once this is translaed properly, we may be more clear. Hope that helps for those who wanted to know more info. Thanks. 17/11-2015 ARGENTINA On 13 November 2015, Radio Nacional Iguazú was renamed Radio Nacional Iguazú "Horacio Quiroga" [ http://www.nacionaliguazu.com.ar/?p=18527 ] in homage to the Uruguayan writer of Argentinian descent who lived in Misiones. Obviously it was a life surrounded by death, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Quiroga . The imposition of the name of Horacio Quiroga on the station was accompanied by the placement of a plaque to President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the management of RTS SE and National Radio Argentina for the decision to recover public media. Another plaque honors the employees for their commitment to this major overhaul, which included new transmitters for AM 710 kHz (25 kW) and FM 99.1 MHz (10 kW). "16 de noviembre de 2015 . 4:21 am La radio pública en Misiones Ahora somos Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga” Por resolución del directorio de Radio y Televisión Argentina SE y a pedido del conjunto de los trabajadores de la radio pública en Misiones, el viernes último quedó instituido el nombre de la emisora como Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga”, en homenaje al escritor uruguayo que se radicó en Misiones y cuya literatura hizo conocer a la tierra roja en todo el mundo. La imposición del nombre de Horacio Quiroga a nuestra emisora fue acompañada con la colocación de una placa de reconocimiento a la presidenta Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, a la gestión de RTS SE y de Radio Nacional Argentina por la decisión política de recuperar los medios públicos, entre ellos las 50 emisoras de RNA, y la colocación de otra placa en reconocimiento a los trabajadores de Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga” por haberse comprometido con esta recuperación a partir de la cual la radio pública en Misiones instaló nuevos transmisores de AM 710 y FM 99.1 de última generación, el primero de 25Kw de potencia y el segundo de 10 Kw; se adquirieron equipos de estudios y de maestranza (computadoras, micrófonos, auriculares, aires acondicionados, teléfonos, televisores, desmalezadoras, etcétera) y se va recuperando el equipo de trabajadores con profesionales de las comunicaciones y en la administración." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (17/11-2015) UNID Re. the UNID 11/11 on 675 kHz: It could a pirate station, which has taken over the frequency, but not sure. Herman Content BEL (16/11-2015) 16/11-2015 U K Bauer Media, owners of Radio City in Liverpool have announced that following Ofcom's approval a few months ago, City Talk 105.9 (now renamed Radio City Talk), will swap places with Radio City 2, currently broadcasting on 1548 kHz from the Bebingotn transmitter, as from 7 December 2015. The current format of Radio City Talk is soft pop and talk, whereas the new station will have rock, sport and talk. The current Radio City 2 service, will retain the same music mix of "The Greatest Hits", but whereas at present all programming originate via Manchester, with some shows from Glasgow and Edinburgh, a local breakfast show and "drive" show will be reintroduced Monday to Friday on Radio City 2, broadcast from Liverpool. For Radio City Talk, all content will originate from Liverpool as it does now. More details here:	i don't know
Which opera has 'Count Alvaviva' as one of the central characters?	First-Time Perfection: Mozart's 'Marriage of Figaro' : NPR The scheming Count Almaviva (Erwin Schrott, left) and Basilio the music master (Benjamin Bruns) prop up a swooning Susanna (Slyvia Schwartz), the object of the Count's nefarious affections. Michael Pohn/Wiener Staatsoper hide caption toggle caption Michael Pohn/Wiener Staatsoper The scheming Count Almaviva (Erwin Schrott, left) and Basilio the music master (Benjamin Bruns) prop up a swooning Susanna (Slyvia Schwartz), the object of the Count's nefarious affections. Michael Pohn/Wiener Staatsoper The Hit Single At the start of Act Two, we meet Countess Almaviva (soprano Dorothea Röschmann) for the first time. She quickly reveals herself as the opera's most poignant character in the aria "Dove sono," as she wonders what has happened to her formerly happy marriage. Dove Sono Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Chorus Franz Welser-Möst, conductor Mozart's Figaro is one of the rare examples of a successful literary sequel. The original play by Beaumarchais was a follow-up to his previous hit, The Barber of Seville. The first audiences for Mozart's opera knew that play — and we still know it through the operatic version by Rossini. So for many people, this opera's characters are already quite familiar. But their circumstances have changed. In The Barber of Seville, a young nobleman named Almaviva wins his lover Rosina away from her lecherous guardian Dr. Bartolo, with considerable help from the Count's friend, Figaro. As The Marriage of Figaro begins, it's three years later. The young lovers are now the Count and Countess Almaviva. Figaro is the Count's personal valet, and he's engaged to marry the Countess' maid, Susanna. As ACT ONE opens, Figaro and Susanna are preparing for their wedding. They're slated to occupy a room between the private chambers of the Count and the Countess. Figaro thinks that will work out just fine. Susanna's not so sure. She tells Figaro that the Count has had his eye on her. In their new room, all he'll have to do is send Figaro off on an errand, and the Count will be right next door to press his advances. Figaro can't believe that his old friend the Count could be that underhanded. But Susanna convinces him, and Figaro begins to display the trademark cunning and confidence that were also evident in The Barber of Seville. We then meet Figaro's old nemesis Dr. Bartolo and his housekeeper, the aging Marcellina. Figaro has borrowed money from Bartolo. To secure the loan he agreed to marry Marcellina if he couldn't pay it back. Now the debt is due, and Bartolo demands that Figaro live up to their bargain. Next, Susanna is alone in her room when the young page Cherubino rushes in. He's in the throes of adolescence, and says he's desperately in love with the Countess. But he's also been caught with one of the servant girls and the Count is hot on his heels. When the Count shows up, Cherubino hides and eavesdrops on the Count's latest proposition for Susanna. When the Count finds him, he banishes Cherubino to the army. Figaro then turns up with a group of peasants, who want to thank the duplicitous Count. He has recently declared that he's renouncing his "feudal right" to be with any woman in his charge on her wedding night. Figaro promptly suggests that he and Susanna should be married immediately. The Count puts him off. He still has designs on Susanna and since he's given up the feudal right, he's better off while Susanna is still single. The act ends as Figaro teases the lovesick Cherubino about his impending military service. Cherubino (Anna Bonitatibus, center), dressed as Susanna, prepares to deceive the Count. Michael Pohn/Wiener Staatsoper In ACT TWO we meet the Countess, Rosina, for the first time. She has plainly concluded that her marriage is on the rocks. She knows all about her husband's various, adulterous schemes, and expresses her unhappiness as the act begins. She's then joined in her rooms by Susanna and the young page Cherubino, whom the Count has banned from the premises. Together, the three hatch a plan. Cherubino will dress up as Susanna. Then the Count will be lured to a meeting with this phony Susanna by a letter actually written by Figaro, and the Count's duplicity will be exposed. As the two women are dressing Cherubino for his role, Susanna leaves to find a ribbon. Then the Count knocks on the door. Cherubino can't afford to be discovered alone with the Countess — especially now that he's dressed in drag — so he ducks into a closet. But when the Count enters, Cherubino makes a racket by knocking something over. The Count hears this, and demands to know who is hiding in that closet. The Countess tells him it's Susanna — but refuses to let him see for himself. He angrily leaves to fetch a crowbar, to pry open the locked closet door. The Countess follows to calm him down. Susanna then slips back into the room — and into the closet — as Cherubino leaps out a window into the garden. When the Count and Countess return, both are amazed to see that it actually is Susanna in the closet. The Countess is relieved. The Count is embarrassed, and begs forgiveness for his suspicions. A gardener then appears exclaiming that someone has just jumped out the window — and that seems like trouble. But Figaro comes to the rescue. He says he's the one who took the flying leap into the geraniums. He also takes advantage of the Count's confusion to renew his demand to marry Susanna. But Bartolo and Marcellina join in. When they produce evidence that Figaro has actually agreed to marry Marcellina, the Count gleefully cancels the wedding. As ACT THREE begins, Susanna hatches her latest scheme. She pretends that she's finally willing to accept the Count's lascivious advances, and suggests a meeting in the palace garden later that night — supposedly her wedding night. The Count eagerly agrees. But when she leaves, he overhears her talking to Figaro. The Count realizes the two are planning some sort trap — but doesn't know how they're going to spring it. Next, a lawyer shows up to rule on exactly who's wedding is about to take place. Just when it looks like Figaro is going to be stuck with Marcellina, he claims that he can't marry her because he may be nobleman, stolen from his parents at birth. And he reveals a distinctive birthmark on his arm. Seeing that, Marcellina nearly faints. It turns out that she is actually Figaro's mother, and that Dr. Bartolo is his father. Figaro can hardly marry his mother, so Susanna and Figaro can be married at last, much to the Count's chagrin. Everyone leaves to prepare the ceremony and the Countess is left alone wondering what happened to her formerly happy marriage. Susanna joins her, and the two write a letter to the Count, inviting him to meet Susanna later in the garden. They send it off, sealed with a hairpin, which the Count is to return to confirm the meeting. So, Figaro's wedding finally gets underway — and during the confusion of the act's final ensemble, the Count is handed the fateful letter from Susanna. ACT FOUR begins at night in the garden, where the servant girl Barbarina is plaintively searching for something in the dark — a hairpin used to seal a letter she's delivering. Though she's barely a teenager, she's already been the object of the Count's attentions. Now she's acting as a surreptitious messenger between the Count and her older cousin Susanna, who's just been married. It seems Barbarina is coming of age, and her music suggests that it's not a happy experience. As she searches for the pin, Figaro confronts her. When he discovers she's carrying a message from Susanna to the Count, he's devastated — convinced that Susanna is plotting to betray him. He's even more upset when he hears her nearby, singing about her "lover" — though she's really singing about Figaro himself. Meanwhile, the Count is due any time for his assignation with Susanna. To fool him, the Countess and Susanna have agreed to exchange clothes for the evening. That way, when the Count goes into his seduction routine, he'll be romancing his own wife without knowing it. Before long, Figaro figures the whole thing out and decides to play a joke of his own. He goes to Susanna, pretending he really does think she's the Countess, and turns on the romantic charm. This enrages Susanna, but not for long. She soon realizes what's happening, and they both have a good laugh about it. Things come to a head when the Count steps in. First he tries to seduce his wife, thinking she's Susanna. Then, when he sees Figaro with a woman the Count thinks is the Countess, he self-righteously accuses her of infidelity. Susanna, still imitating the Countess, begs the Count for forgiveness, and he refuses. At that, the Countess reveals herself, and the Count is finally humbled. This time, it's his turn to ask for pardon. Generously, the Countess embraces him, and the opera ends with both couples reconciled.	The Marriage of Figaro
In which vessel did Joshua Slocum circumnavigate the Earth single handed?	Your first opera: What should it be? And why? \| Music \| The Guardian Tom Service on classical music Your first opera: What should it be? And why? Ahead of our exciting Inside Opera live-streamed event on 10 May that will showcase some of the dynamic and complex productions in opera houses today, Tom Service considers which would be the best opera to take a first-timer to. What did you see first? Thursday 8 May 2014 03.00 EDT Last modified on Friday 9 May 2014 11.43 EDT Share on Messenger Close What should your first opera be? That’s a pretty strange starter-for-ten, when you think about it. No-one ever asks, “what should your first movie be”? Anything from Bambi to Star Wars to The Lego Movie to Solaris (well, alright, maybe not that) would do, and whatever your response, no-one would ever claim that their first film had either converted them completely to cinema or put them off it for life. Likewise books. Or TV. Or pretty much any other art form. The very question itself is part of the opera's image problem. Pinterest Video: Stephen Fry tells Alan Davies why Don Giovanni is the opera he would recommend to newcomers. Another is the false perception of its essential disengagement from the real world. When you enter the Theatre Royal in Glasgow or the Wales Millennium Centre , you’re passing through portals into another world of heightened sensuality and surreally enhanced emotions. Or at least you should be, if the performance you’re seeing is any good. And that’s where, as an art-form, opera’s true engagement with the world is to be found: in heightening the love stories, myths, tragedies, and comedies of human existence, opera is more real than real life. In its potential for expressive intensity, excessive emotional impact – its direct human engagement, in other words - there really is nothing to compete with what opera can make you feel. The trick is to get there in the first place, which returns me to the initial question, which opera should you see if you’ve never been before? My own induction aged 10 was Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro , and while I didn’t then understand all the machinations of the plot (mind you, I’m not totally sure I do now), the sheer ravishment of the music blew me away. I didn’t then recognise Figaro’s seditious humour, its critique of Enlightenment values, or the characters’ darknesses, pains, and sensualities, but that’s the piece that started a lifetime of operatic discovery for me, and I would definitely recommend it. Pinterest Wagner's Parsifal - another possible starting point? Photograph: Tristram Kenton Probably the most important thing to remember is that no single opera can hope to sum up the whole art-form. If you’re bored to the point of chewing off your limbs sitting through Wagner’s Parsifal rather than Puccini’s La Bohème (or the other way round!), don’t despair. You’re in good company if you can’t get on with Wagner and/or Verdi , or if you find Handel just a trifle tedious, or think Berg is just too violently excessive and excessively violent. In fact, the great opera composers aren’t really engaged in the same art-form at all: a Handel opera is as different from a Wagnerian music-drama as a pop-up book is from a 3D movie (nothing pejorative there; you could make a case for either metaphor for working for both composers). However, there will be something out there in the operatic canon that takes you into that magical, hyper-real place, I promise! Pinterest 'Compact and compelling'... Janáček's Cunning Little Vixen, in Glyndebourne's 2012 production, with Lucy Crowe as the Vixen. Photograph: Tristram Kenton Nonetheless, you can give yourself more of a chance if you identify with the following operatic characteristics: if you’re an artistic adrenaline junkie, the composer you have to hear is Janáček, whose operas cram all of the intensity and story-telling of much longer operas into music that’s shorter than your average Hollywood release. Try the tragedy of Katya Kabanova , the laceratingly moving, I find, The Makropulos Case , or the earthy anthropomorphism of The Cunning Little Vixen . All of those pieces have the potential to change what you think you thought about opera, since they’re compact, their energy never flags, and they’re completely compelling stories. And if you enjoy Janáček, you have to hear the joyous, transcendent chaos and intensity of Irish composer Gerald Barry’s operas, like his The Importance of Being Earnest . Often, it’s the cosseting accoutrements of the operatic experience that are off-putting, which is where contemporary opera has much of its power, since many new operas speak a language that cuts through centuries-old operatic conventions. If that sounds like what you want, try and hear or see Harrison Birtwistle’s operas or smaller-scale music theatre works, such as Gawain or Yan Tan Tethera ; get along to ENO’s production of Julian Anderson’s Thebans ; listen to George Benjamin’s eviscerating Written on Skin ; or hear Thomas Adès’s magical The Tempest . Pinterest ... or try Thomas Adès's 'magical' Tempest. (Here, Cyndia Sieden as Ariel in The Royal Opera House's 2007 production). Photograph: Tristram Kenton But for more conventional introductions to the world of opera, Verdi’s Otello is one of the most thrilling stories ever told in music, I reckon; mind you, as is his La Traviata or Falstaff . Then there’s Puccini – Tosca ! Turandot ! Madama Butterfly ! And Wagner. Why not plunge straight in at the deep end and experience The Ring cycle? It was written to change the world, after all, so it should change yours, and there’s no more arresting opening or ending to any operatic drama than the start of Das Rheingold or the climax of Götterdämmerung . And the 15 hours in between aren’t bad either. And then there’s Britten; the outsider drama of Peter Grimes , the ghost story of The Turn of the Screw , the sea-lashed but claustrophobic drama of Billy Budd . You see? And that’s merely a scratching of the operatic surface; I haven’t even mentioned Monteverdi , without whom none of the above could have happened. Opera is the hardest art-form in the world to pull off, with its multi-dimensions of music, sets, lighting, stage management – and a bit of singing too... And if I had to recommend one company to see over all the others to make opera the visceral, meaningful, contemporary experience that it always should be, it would be Graham Vick’s Birmingham Opera Company . The BOC do things with operas from Mussorgsky to Stockhausen that no other company in the country is managing, turning these gigantic pieces into experiences that are made by, and matter to, the community of professionals, amateurs, volunteers, and audiences, whether they’re staged in disused factories or tents in local parks. BOC productions really show us what opera can and should be. What was your first opera? Did it generate in you a passion for more, or did it bore you to tears and put you off for life? What would you take a friend to who says he hates opera but has actually never been to one? Tell us below, and join us on Saturday afternoon for Inside Opera: Live. Join the UK's seven main opera companies from 2-6pm (BST) on 10 May and get inside the world of opera in this unprecedented live event. Join the conversation on twitter via #insideopera Published: 9 May 2014	i don't know
In which English town would you find the 18th century Assembly Rooms and Royal Crescent?	Pictures of Bath Assembly Rooms Pictures of Bath Assembly Rooms a Historic Building in the town of Bath , in the county of Somerset Pictures Accommodation Towns Attractions Reviews Map Upload Bath's magnificent 18th century Assembly Rooms were opened in 1771. Known as the New or Upper Rooms they were designed by John Wood the Younger, the leading architect in the West Country. This fine set of public rooms was purpose built for an 18th century form of entertainment called an ï¿½assemblyï¿½. These rooms in Bath are where a large number of guests met to dance, play cards and listen to music ï¿½ or simply to sip tea, walk around socializing and flirting with others. There are four rooms in all; the Ball Room, the Tea or Concert Room, the Octagon Room (which links all the rooms together), and the Card Room. The Ball room is the largest 18th century room in Bath. Balls were held in it at least twice a week, attracting up to 1200 guests at a time. The high ceilings provided good ventilation on crowded ball nights and the windows being set at a high level prevented people on the outside from looking in. The Octagon Room is dominated by the portrait of the first Master of Ceremonies at the Assembly Rooms, Captain William Wade. Richard ï¿½Beauï¿½ Nash who was Bath's most famous master of ceremonies never knew this building as he died in 1761. The Assembly Rooms were seriously damaged in a bombing raid on Bath in 1942 but were rebuilt and reopened to the public in 1963. In 1987 part of the Ball Room ceiling collapsed due to a failure in the new plasterwork. The Rooms underwent further restoration in 1988-91. They are now owned by the National Trust and open to the public when not being hired out for private functions. Please upload your photos of Bath Assembly Rooms or see below for towns & villages near Bath Assembly Rooms and a list of other nearby attractions to visit. Bath (689 Pictures) (0.7 miles, 1.2 km) Bath is an elegant city famous for its fascinating history, its beautiful Georgian architecture and its Roman remains... Trowbridge (148 Pictures) (8.1 miles, 13.1 km, direction SE) Trowbridge is a historic town crammed with attractive stone buildings. It originated as a settlement along the Biss and flourished from the wool and weaving trades and from these periods there remain many magnificent merchant houses... Castle Combe (114 Pictures) (9.6 miles, 15.5 km, direction NE) As recently as 2001 it was awarded the title of 'Most Picturesque Village' by British Heritage Magazine's 2001 Traveller's Choice Awards... (10.8 miles, 17.3 km, direction E) Gatherings of graceful medieval houses line the streets of Lacock.. (10.9 miles, 17.6 km, direction NW) Bristol Zoo is not this great city's only claim to fame..	Baath
Who drove a Cooper-Climax to win five consecutive Grand Prix in the world championship of 1960?	Attending a Ball at an Assembly Room: Georgian Assembly Rooms, Part Two \| Austenonly Subscribe to feed Attending a Ball at an Assembly Room: Georgian Assembly Rooms, Part Two February 19, 2013 in Bath , Jane Austen , Jane Austen and Bath , Pride and Prejudice , Pride and Prejudice 200 , Pride and Prejudice 200 at Austenonly \| Tags: Assembly Rooms , Bath , Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice , Pride and Prejudice 200 , Pride and Prejudice 200 at Austenonly The Upper Rooms in Bath were probably the most magnificent set of rooms in England and Wales. Situated in the fashionable, upper part of the town, they were and are, quite magnificent to behold. But what went on at a winter assembly there, and how did it differ from assemblies held in provincial towns such as Meryton. Let’s find out. The Bath Winter Assemblies, part of the Bath Winter season which ran from October each year, began at six o ‘ clock in the evening when the guests began to arrive and the musicians were scheduled to begin to play the minuets that made up the first dances of the evening. Some guests arrived by carriage but most of the company arrived either on foot ( if they were men) or by sedan chair ( or, as it was often referred to simply as a “chair”) if they were women or infirm. Because of Bath’s hilly terrain the chair was the preferred mode of transport, and in this floor plan of the Upper Rooms, below, you can clearly see the area set aside for the chairs and the chairmen to set down their passengers- a colonnade, where they would wait for the evening to end. It was rather similar to a taxi rank today, which similarly can be found near place of entertainment in towns. Floor plan of the Upper Rooms,Bath from Walter Ison’s book, “The Georgian Buildings of Bath” Most of the attendees would have paid for their entrance ticket by way of a subscription, especially if they were staying in Bath for some time. You can see the terms upon which subscriptions ticked were issued during the season of 1811-12 below: Dress Ball Advertisement for Subscribers, Bath Upper Rooms 1811-12. On arrival the guests would deposit their cloaks or coats at the Cloakroom, which you can see was situated to the right of the entrance vestibule ( where the gift/bookshop shop is now to be found ). Those not interested in dancing, or merely watching and listening to the music would make their way directly to The Card Room, as Mr Allen did in Northanger Abbey, where they could gamble the night away: Mrs. Allen was so long in dressing that they did not enter the ballroom till late. The season was full, the room crowded, and the two ladies squeezed in as well as they could. As for Mr. Allen, he repaired directly to the card–room, and left them to enjoy a mob by themselves. Northanger Abbey, Chapter 2 The Card Room, the Upper Rooms, Bath ©Austenonly But those intending to dance would turn left into the magnificent ballroom. This very large, double-height room had four large fireplaces, five magnificent crystal chandeliers lit with many candles, all hanging from the high ceiling, which together with candles set into mirrored griandoles which were hung on the walls, illuminated the room. At a time when light was a luxury this must have been a magnificent sight, though probably to our modern eyes it would probably not seem very brilliant at all. The Ballroom at the Upper Rooms,Bath ©Austenonly The walls were set around with benches, sometimes there were up to four tiers of them as you can see from the illustration, below: These benches were also mentioned by Jane Austen in Northanger Abbey: poor Catherine Morland mistakenly thinks she will be easily be able to get a seat in the ballroom of the Upper Rooms but, due to their late arrival, caused by Mrs Allen preoccupation with dressing for the evening, that was not to be: …she had imagined that when once fairly within the door, they should easily find seats and be able to watch the dances with perfect convenience. But this was far from being the case, and though by unwearied diligence they gained even the top of the room, their situation was just the same; they saw nothing of the dancers but the high feathers of some of the ladies. Still they moved on — something better was yet in view; and by a continued exertion of strength and ingenuity they found themselves at last in the passage behind the highest bench. Here there was something less of crowd than below; and hence Miss Morland had a comprehensive view of all the company beneath her, and of all the dangers of her late passage through them. From six to eight o’clock minuets danced by single couples were performed before the scrutiny of the company. In this great room between 500-600 could watch the scene but on special occasions this number could rise to over 800. Note there were no fire regulations or health and safety concerns limiting attendance numbers in those days, and the crush could have been very uncomfortable, as Catherine Morland discovered: With more care for the safety of her new gown than for the comfort of her protégée, Mrs. Allen made her way through the throng of men by the door, as swiftly as the necessary caution would allow; Catherine, however, kept close at her side, and linked her arm too firmly within her friend’s to be torn asunder by any common effort of a struggling assembly. But to her utter amazement she found that to proceed along the room was by no means the way to disengage themselves from the crowd; it seemed rather to increase as they went on…Still they moved on — something better was yet in view; and by a continued exertion of strength and ingenuity they found themselves at last in the passage behind the highest bench. Here there was something less of crowd than below; and hence Miss Morland had a comprehensive view of all the company beneath her, and of all the dangers of her late passage through them. It was a splendid sight, and she began, for the first time that evening, to feel herself at a ball Northanger Abbey, Chapter 2 A Bath Assembly from: “The Comforts of Bath” by Rowlandson ©Austenonly At eight o’clock the country dances began and were performed by the musicians in the Musicians Gallery, which you can see on the floor plan, above . This section of the evening lasted for an hour, till nine o’clock when the company retired to the Tea Room for refreshments of tea, coffee and small items of food. The food and drink was served to the company by waiters, who served the refreshments to the company from long trestle tables set behind the columns under the musicians gallery in the room. Poor Catherine Morland’s experience of tea in this room was rather uncomfortable, socially, despite the grand surroundings : Everybody was shortly in motion for tea, and they must squeeze out like the rest. Catherine began to feel something of disappointment — she was tired of being continually pressed against by people, the generality of whose faces possessed nothing to interest, and with all of whom she was so wholly unacquainted that she could not relieve the irksomeness of imprisonment by the exchange of a syllable with any of her fellow captives; and when at last arrived in the tea–room, she felt yet more the awkwardness of having no party to join, no acquaintance to claim, no gentleman to assist them. They saw nothing of Mr. Allen; and after looking about them in vain for a more eligible situation, were obliged to sit down at the end of a table, at which a large party were already placed, without having anything to do there, or anybody to speak to, except each other. Northanger Abbey, Chapter 2. The company then returned to the Card Room or to the Ballroom when the dancing of country dances resumed until eleven o’clock when everything stopped. In Bath the assemblies stopped at this early hour in mid dance if necessary. The company then collected their coats from the cloakroom, and then waited at the entrance for their chair or carriage to arrive to take them home. Less formal “fancy “or “cotillion” balls were also held at the Rooms: these balls were distinguished from Dress balls by the fact that minuets were not danced at these types of balls. In the provincial towns other than Bath the assemblies differed in that minuets were seldom, if ever, performed. Interestingly the summer was the most important time for assemblies in the provincial towns. They were larger and more prestigious, and often coincided with important local events such as fairs, the assizes or races week in the towns. The assizes was the time in the year when the Circuit judges appeared in town to hear locally important civil and criminal trials and they were a time of much entertaining and ceremony. The same held with any local horse racing meeting( without the pomp of the judges’ processions etc). Here is an advert from the Stamford Mercury of 1766 advertising two assembly balls (and a concert) during its race week: Advert from the 1766 Stamford Mercury By far the grandest of these weeks was the horse racing week in York ( now known as the Ebor meet) when the town was occupied by local aristocrats and gentry arrived from the surrounding countryside , small towns and villages and from Town, taking up residence in their smart town houses, like Fairfax House, to attend the round of racing, concerts and assemblies in the assembly room. For that week the number of the musicians in the York assembly rooms were increased from five to ten, and tickets were sold so that those who wanted to could observe the dancing etc from the gallery above the ballroom. In the winter provincial assemblies were held monthly, coinciding with the time of the full moon so that the company could travel when there might be some natural illumination in the sky to make their journey to and form the assembly less perilous. And these assemblies often began much later than six o clock as was the norm in Bath.As a result hey continued into the small hours of the morning. Like the Bath assemblies tea,coffee and light refreshments were provided at the provincial assemblies. A supper served with wine and other alcoholic drinks was recovered for very special occasions such as assemblies held to celebrate the King’s Birthday or for assembles held during a general election. The Meryton Assembly is seen as a perfect place for Jane Austen to introduce the rich, new-comers in the area to her cast of Merytonians, and to us. This was exactly what happened in real life. New visitors to towns or spas could meet people at assemblies, and the Master of Ceremoines( of whom more later) could be asked to make introductions. Something Mrs Allen, Catherine Morland’s useless chaperone in Northanger Abbey failed to manage at the visit to the Upper Rooms: the situation changed for the better in the Lower Rooms: They made their appearance in the Lower Rooms; and here fortune was more favourable to our heroine. The master of the ceremonies introduced to her a very gentlemanlike young man as a partner; his name was Tilney. He seemed to be about four or five and twenty, was rather tall, had a pleasing countenance, a very intelligent and lively eye, and, if not quite handsome, was very near it. His address was good, and Catherine felt herself in high luck. Northanger Abbey, Chapter 3 Eliza de Feuillide, Jane Austen’s dazzling cousin, wrote of the sad state of affirms in Lowestoft in Suffolk when she was living there in 1797 with her husband Henry Austen, Jane Austen’s brother. Henry was stationed in Lowestoft, with the Oxfordshire Militia. The threat of invasion from France and the rest of Europe was real and intense at this time, and the Militia ‘s object was to defend the vulnerable low-lying East coast of England from attack. There were no assembly rooms in the town, so the opportunities for meeting new friends was limited: This place (Lowestoft-jfw) still contains a good many families but as there are no Rooms there is no opportunity of getting acquainted with them( there is a PLay House but I have not yet been there) however I am not in total solitude for there are three families here with whom I am acquainted and what with walking, occasionally driving over to Yarmouth with which I am delighted, and plenty of Books to say nothing of dipping in the Sea ,(which) I detest, I contrive to fill up my time tolerably & for Hastings( her son’s-jfw) sake and that of my own bathing from which I mean to reap great benefit I shall remain here till ye 12th of next month, when I shall once more repair to the great City… (See: Jane Austen’s Outlandish Cousin, by Deirdre Le Faye, page 149) Next in this series, the Master Of Ceremonies.Who was he and what he did …. 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Which country has moved its capital to the planned city of Putrajaya, about 25km from the previous capital?	Capital punishments \| The Economist PLANNED CITIES Capital punishments For an object lesson in the perils of central planning, look no further than what happens when governments plan their own capitals Dec 18th 1997 AP Canberra—Made in Chicago JUST lately, the former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan has been busy moving its capital from the bustling city of Almaty to the rural backwater of Akmola. The new seat of government suffers frequent shortages of electricity, gas and water. Its site on the over-farmed and eroded steppe guarantees frequent dust storms, howling winds and icy winters. There is no overall plan for Akmola's redevelopment, despite the government's predictions that the city's population will double by 2005. The president hopes that tax benefits and the like will induce private investors to pay for the removal, but the government has said neither how much the project will cost nor how much has been paid for. Unsurprisingly, the notion that Akmola will ever supersede Almaty is greeted as lunacy by Kazakhs and foreigners alike. At the time of the move, only nine foreign embassies had been allocated plots in the new capital, let alone started construction. Only one small Russian airline flies to Akmola's tiny airport; other carriers may eventually follow, but do not ask when. Even as Kazakhstan was embarking on this seeming folly, Malaysia was scaling back plans for a new $8-billion capital of its own. The collapse of the Malaysian ringgit, and fears about the government's fiscal abandon, forced a reluctant Mahathir Mohamad, the country's prime minister, to shelve all but the first phase of his planned “paperless” city, Putrajaya. Set back—for who knows how long—are grandiose schemes for a 270-square-kilometre “multimedia supercorridor”, complete with its own “multimedia university” and an “intellectual property park”. In this section Reprints Undaunted, the prime minister's office is still scheduled to move to the digital wonderland of Putrajaya by September 1998. There, having launched the construction of Asia's largest airport and completed the world's two tallest buildings (but not, alas, the world's longest, whose construction has, not surprisingly, been postponed), Dr Mahathir will conduct the world's first virtual cabinet meeting using the latest video-conferencing technology. Ultimately, the paperless communications network envisioned by Dr Mahathir is supposed to enable citizens to pay tax, ministers to decree, and civil servants to confer without the felling of a single tree. Dr Mahathir doubtless views Putrajaya as a bold innovation in the field of urban design, a far cry from the chaos of Akmola. But, at least so far as delays, shortages of money and public complaints are concerned, Putrajaya and Akmola are peas from the same pod. Every ready-made capital ever built has suffered from the same chaotic construction and popular scepticism. Worse, even if such cities are eventually completed (many are not), they inevitably fail to meet expectations: the development they are supposed to promote never comes, the images they are intended to project soon lose relevance, and, centuries later, they retain an artificial air which continues to hamper their growth. As with economies, so with urban architecture: the trouble with central planning is that, “paperless cities” notwithstanding, it only works on paper. Perhaps, before they plough on with their schemes, Kazakh and Malaysian officials should consider the cautionary tale of the world's existing purpose-built capitals. Any century now For planners of Great Capitals, timing is the first problem. Like so many grandiose state projects, capitals start late, finish later, and tend never to catch up with the rest of the world. By historical standards, Putrajaya's delays are negligible. The project was launched in 1995, and will still in theory be finished early in the next century (note: in theory). It took the fledgling United States, by contrast, seven years just to agree on the site of the capital. Australia's states spent nine years bickering about Canberra's location—despite the constitution's stipulation that the capital be within 100 miles of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, which rather narrowed the choice. Brazilians first contemplated a new, inland capital in 1789; the name Brasilia was first suggested in 1822; yet construction did not start until 1956. Brazil went through no fewer than three constitutions, in 1891, 1934 and 1946, each enshrining the notion of a new capital, before ground was even broken on the site. Even after construction gets under way, most purpose-built capital cities fall far behind schedule. Only Brasilia, once finally begun, was more or less completed on time. President Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira pushed the work through during his single term in office, from 1956 to 1960, because he knew that any successor would abandon the project unless presented with a fait accompli. But it took 17 years to build a suitable home for the Australian parliament in Canberra. Work started on Abuja, the new capital of Nigeria, in 1981, yet only the first of four phases has been completed so far. Even those delays pale next to Washington's. The president and Congress waited for ten years in Philadelphia for the White House and the Capitol to be built, only to see both buildings destoyed by the British during the war of 1812 (forcing Congress to convene in a rickety inn called Blodgett's Hotel). As late as 1850, the land set aside for Delaware Avenue remained an undrained swamp. In 1842, Charles Dickens found the city still a vast building site: “Leave a brickfield without the bricks in all the central places where a street might be expected; and that's Washington.” The National Cathedral, which featured in the original 18th-century plan for the city, was not finished until 1991. Some artificial capitals are simply abandoned. Haile Selassie began building a charming lakeside city for himself which was abandoned after the Ethiopian revolution. The idea of Raul Alfonsin, Argentina's previous president, to shift the country's capital to Patagonia was quickly dropped by Carlos Menem, his successor. Money, too, is always a problem: not surprisingly, inasmuch as governments, unlike private developers, cannot plan to profit from their buildings (at least not directly). The outbreak of the first world war siphoned off much of the money earmarked for Canberra, forcing the committee overseeing construction to compensate by halving the projected size of the city. Walter Burley Griffin, the American designer, promptly resigned in protest. He, in turn, was following the example of Pierre Charles L'Enfant, the French architect of Washington, whom George Washington himself dismissed in 1792 for refusing to water down his extravagant blueprint. Site unseen Modern planners have been no more successful at controlling costs: the expense of building Belmopan, the modest new capital of the small Central American state of Belize, spiralled to more than four times the original estimate between 1962 and 1973. President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria was deposed in a military coup in 1983 thanks partly to the financial crisis brought on by the spending on Abuja. Much expense and delay springs from the use of ill-informed designs. Burley Griffin posted his winning design for Canberra from Chicago, using the Australian government's handy application kit (consisting of a set of panoramic oil paintings of the site, a fact sheet on its climate and geology, 12 pages of instructions and two contour maps on which to sketch a proposal). The second prize went to Eliel Saarinen, a Finnish romantic architect, who was presumably equally ignorant of conditions in Australia. When Burley Griffin eventually travelled to Canberra to supervise construction, he had to spend the next few years adjusting his plans to fit his first-hand observations of the site. At least Burley Griffin did adapt. Belmopan's American designers, who were moving the capital in part to escape Belize's coastal hurricanes, drew up housing plans that omitted to consider the ferocity of Belize's tropical rainstorms, forcing the first inhabitants to spend the rainy season bailing out their homes. Without providing for public transport, the planners also placed the industrial zone half an hour's walk from the workers' cheap housing, in order to include an ornamental park in a hamlet already surrounded by jungle. Locals can be just as unthinking: George Washington himself helped choose Washington's waterlogged site, leaving the city unpleasantly humid to this day. (As if in retaliation, Abigail Adams, on first occupying the White House, decided to use the building's grandest reception room to dry the president's underwear.) Most of the Brazilian architects who competed to design Brasilia ignored the site's topography completely. The best example of native pig-headedness, however, must be Peter the Great of Russia, who founded St Petersburg in the most barren, swampy, freezing, remote and indefensible corner of his huge empire. The name of the city's main river, Neva, is derived from the Finnish word for mud. Since Russians were understandably reluctant to settle in such a bleak spot, Peter had to bring them there by force: merchants were forbidden to trade from other cities, and noblemen were required to build houses in the new capital. To ensure an adequate supply of building materials in a region of stoneless wetlands, Peter forbade construction in stone anywhere else in Russia. In the end, Peter got his comeuppance from nature: a flash flood nearly drowned him in 1721 on Nevsky Prospekt, St Petersburg's main street. Canberra faced some equally unpredictable embarrassments: the train bringing Australia's dignitaries there from Melbourne for the city's ground-breaking ceremony caught fire, putting construction behind schedule before it could officially begin. The next problem for these star-crossed places is who, if anyone, will want to live there. It took six years for St Petersburg to accumulate 150 houses. Five years after Peter had moved his court there, the city was still such an outpost in the wilderness that a wolf supposedly ate a woman in broad daylight in the city centre. Washington's population was barely above 8,000 in 1815, 15 years after the federal government had arrived. As late as the 1840s, pigs still roamed along the Mall, its chief ceremonial axis. Dull but pointless Belmopan had no bakery for four years after its inauguration; when one opened, it was the city's fifth-largest private company. On seeing the young Canberra, a reporter from Punch remarked, “Londoners may be all too aware of the disadvantages of living in a city without a plan, but these cannot be compared with the rival disadvantages of living in a plan without a city.” By 1924, the city had planted 500 trees for each of its 3,000 residents. Predictably, almost all the first citizens of artificial capitals are civil servants. Three-quarters of the original inhabitants of Belmopan were employed by the government, as were most of the original inhabitants of Abuja, Brasilia, Canberra and Washington. Urban monotony, in turn, puts off other prospective settlers. Belizeans did not want to move to Belmopan because it had no place to dance. Simone de Beauvoir asked of Brasilia, “What possible interest could there be in wandering about?” A visiting New Zealand city councillor said of Canberra in the 1970s, “The atmosphere is one of job security sans paupers, sans criminals, sans unemployed, sans vitality and sans colour.” Washington, too, retains to this day its reputation as a drab, bureaucratic city, culturally not a patch on New York, Los Angeles or Chicago. To be fair, the designers usually intended as much. Brasilia was supposed to be everything that Rio de Janeiro, the previous capital, was not: small, sober and efficient. When the debate about a new capital was still in its infancy, in 1810, Veloso de Oliveira, an adviser to the Portuguese king, insisted that “the capital should be in a healthy, agreeable location free from the clamorous multitudes of people indiscriminately thrown together.” Washington, Canberra, Brasilia and Belmopan were all conceived as quiet, orderly places where civil servants could get on with their jobs without distraction. As one Australian bureaucrat put it, “I love Canberra, because it's a place designed for middle-aged civil servants with children.” It is precisely this bureaucratic aloofness which prevents artificial capitals from seizing the public imagination and altering the course of a country's history, as their designers invariably intend. The inland locations of Canberra and Abuja did not succeed in luring their countries' populations to the vast uninhabited interiors. Nor did the transfer of Belize's capital from the coast to the more central Belmopan deter Guatemala from claiming the territory. Nor did Washington's location reconcile the secessionist states of the South to the federal project, nor does Ottawa's tactful symbolic bridging of the border between Quebec and Ontario cut much ice with today's Québécois. Indeed, capitals designed to project a particular image, as Dr Mahathir intends with the futuristic Putrajaya, soon come to seem anachronistic, eccentric or both. Brasilia, for example, was intended in its day to be a city of the future, at a time when cars, aeroplanes and moulded concrete were the ultimate symbols of progress. The city itself is laid out in the shape of an aeroplane, with the federal government and the cathedral in the cockpit, commerce in the cabin, industry in the tail and housing on the wings. The centre of the design is an enormous motorway junction connecting the monotonous cinderblocks of the “Esplanade of the Ministries” with the monotonous cinderblocks of the residential zone. What was intended at the time to showcase a spirit of rationalism and modernity now showcases 1950s kitsch. Capitals, being grand national projects, invite planners and politicians to compose mighty hymns, paint patriotic scenes and indulge abstract conceits, rather than to build places to live and work. Canberra's designer, Burley Griffin, wrote that he wanted “to treat architecture as a democratic language of everyday life.” To that end, he laid Canberra out in the shape of a huge theatre of democracy, with the population in the racked seating sloping down the hillsides to an artificial lake, the government on the raised stage beyond, and the beauty of the mountains behind as an inspirational backdrop. Very clever, but would you want to live there? No place like home Quite possibly not. The end result of planning along these lines is usually a city that is neither inspirational nor functional. Brasilia's designers, for example, dreamt of a prosperous, mobile society. So they made no provision for the poor. Predictably enough, huge, unplanned shanty towns have sprung up beyond the sleek, rational city centre. Likewise, many of Washington's problems spring from its conception as a showpiece rather than a working city. And the capital's hybrid status—not quite a state, nor a municipality, nor a federal territory—hampers efforts to fix things. In the end, purpose-built capitals do serve as monuments, but the message they convey is rarely the one intended. The bloody-mindedness with which Peter the Great worked to death thousands of Russian serfs and Swedish prisoners-of-war in the making of his city exemplifies centuries of Russian and, later, Soviet despotism. The construction of Abuja drove the indigenous Gwari people off their ancestral lands, in the same way that development elsewhere in Nigeria has come at the expense of local populations. The crumbling roads and bumbling schools of Washington have become symbols of the federal government's inability to solve problems even in its own backyard. The Kazakh and Malaysian governments may finish their capital cities. But they had better beware: they are painting self-portraits in asphalt and concrete. Next in Finance and economics X Next in Finance and economics X Next in Finance and economics X Next in Finance and economics X Next in Finance and economics X Next in Finance and economics X Next in Science and technology X Next in Science and technology X Next in Science and technology X Next in Science and technology X	Malaysia
Who are Keisha, Mutya and Heidi collectively known in the pop world?	Yovla - article database Search Planned city Partizánske in Slovakia – an example of a typical planned industrial city founded in 1938 together with a shoemaking factory in which practically all adult inhabitants of the city were employed. Brasília at night from ISS . Plan of Fredericia (Denmark) in 1900- the city was founded in 1650. A planned community, or planned city, is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in a more ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are less frequent in planned communities since they are planned carefully. The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. Planned capital cities Inner Canberra, Australia. Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, including Canberra in Australia , Brasília in Brazil , Belmopan in Belize , New Delhi in India , Valletta in Malta , Abuja in Nigeria , Astana in Kazakhstan , Naypyidaw in Burma , Islamabad in Pakistan and Washington, D.C., in the United States . In Egypt , a new capital city east of Cairo has been proposed. The federal administrative centre of Malaysia , Putrajaya , is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities, built on the money from the oil boom. Prior to the boom, these were just villages or towns. Africa The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s. Equatorial Guinea In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala . Kenya Konza Technology City is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030. Nigeria The capital, Abuja is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include Eko Atlantic City , a planned city of Lagos State being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean . Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 400,000 residents and a daily flow of 250,000 commuters. Centenary City , in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country. South Africa A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom , Sasolburg and Secunda . Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non whites such as the former homeland capital of Bhisho .[] Asia Naypyidaw ( Burmese : နေပြည်တော်; MLCTS : nepranytau, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw; pronounced: [nèpjìdɔ̀]) is the capital of Myanmar , also known as Burma. It is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory , as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana , and approximately 300 km north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day . Much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burma's third largest city, after Yangon and Mandalay . Mainland China Many ancient cities in China , especially those on the North China Plain , were carefully designed according to the fengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples are Chang'an in Tang dynasty and Beijing . An exception to that is an ancient town in Tekes County , Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang , with a shape of a ba gua . In modern China, many special economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example, Pudong , a new district of Shanghai . Hong Kong The area of Hong Kong is very mountainous and many places in the New Territories have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate booming populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong . Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island , with similar concepts in a smaller scale. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful and turned into a bedroom community like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau. The government also plans to build such towns in Hung Shui Kiu , Ping Che - Ta Kwu Ling , Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. At present, there are a total of nine new towns: Tsuen Wan New Town South Asia Ancient history A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the mature phase of Indus Valley Civilization which thrived in present-day Pakistan and north western India from around 3300 BC. The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene . The streets of major cities in present-day Pakistan such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa , the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfect grid pattern comparable to that of present-day New York City . The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves. As seen in the ancient sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan and western border of India, this urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells . From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The ancient Indus systems of sewage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern South Asia today. The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms, and protective walls. Medieval history A number of medieval Indian cities were planned including: Ahmedabad in Gujarat . Established by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1411. Jaipur in Rajasthan . Established in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II .It is the capital of Rajasthan state of India. Udaipur in Rajasthan . It was the historic capital of the former kingdom of Mewar . Madurai , in the state of Tamil Nadu . It was the capital of the erstwhile Pandyan kingdom and is noted for its lotus-like symmetry. Fatehpur Sikri in Agra . Its planning was done by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great . Vijayanagar in Karnataka, the capital of the erstwhile Vijayanagara Empire . Hampi in Karnataka , which was the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire prior to the city of Vijayanagar. Modern history Rawabi Iran In the period of the Persian Safavid Empire, Isfahan , the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it. In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz and Tabriz . Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as: Pardis , which is built as a scientific city. Poulad-Shahr, which is an industrial city built for the housing of Isfahan's steel industry workers. Shirin Shahr which is to provide housing for the sugar industry personnel. Tehranpars which was built to house Tehran's additional population. Shahrak-e Gharb, built as a massive project of modern apartment buildings. Parand which is intended to provide residences for the staff of Imam Khomeini International Airport. Shushtar New Town which was built to provide housing for the employees of a sugar cane processing plant. 576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by the year 2005. For a list of Iran's modern planned cities see: List of Iran's planned cities. Israel A planned community in the Negev According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. Those cities also known as Development Towns . The most successful is Ashdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants, a port and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan are Shoham , Karmiel and Arad . Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It was designed and planned by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie . Many Israeli settlements follow this model, including towns like Modi'in Illit and Betar Illit . Japan Kyoto was built on a grid system, starting in 794. The city of Kyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called Heian-kyō), built on a grid layout modeled after the Tang dynasty capital of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an ), and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east-west streets being numbered, such as 4th street (四条, shi-jō?). In modern times, Sapporo was built from 1868, following an American grid plan , and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-based Japanese addressing system . This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but the sources of this section remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2012) Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the Kansai region. Some towns, (Senri New Town, Tama New Town ) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby city. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe). Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations (sangyo-shuseki) ( Tsukuba Science City , Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with 's "life-spheres" principle. Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopolis . The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment. In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American Garden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development. In 2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment. Sources: Ministry of Construction, Japan International Cooperation Agency, City Bureau. 1975? City Planning in Japan. Hein, Carola. 2003. “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences” in Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective, Nicholas Fiévé and Paul Waley, eds. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 309-43. Scott, W. Stephen. 2006. Just Housing? Evidence of Garden City Principles in a Postwar Japanese New Town. Undergraduate diss. New College of Florida. Malaysia See entries for Nusajaya and Iskandar Malaysia Philippines Quezon City was the planned city of President Manuel L. Quezon . He proposed a new city to be built northeast of Manila . Carefully planned districts include the Santa Mesa Heights (part of the original Burnham Plan), Diliman Estate (includes the University of the Philippines), New Manila, Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 & 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8. President Elpidio Quirino proclaimed Quezon City as capital of the Philippines on July 17, 1948, with President Ferdinand Marcos restoring the City of Manila as the capital on June 24, 1976. He then created a metropolitan area called Metro Manila , which remains congested due to failed execution of there Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan for Manila. Other planned cities: Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Economic City, a future planned city along the Red Sea located in Saudi Arabia . In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as Jubail , was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government. It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf . Singapore The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown , from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country. Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. South Korea New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10 kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world. Gwanggyo newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation(GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure is scheduled to be constructed by 2012. Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands in Seoul . They include: Several ongoing developments in Hwaseong , including Bongdam, Dongtan, and Hyangnam Capital city of Abu Dhabi, is a planned city to some extent Certain new parts of Dubai, are planned Masdar City , conceived of as a mixed purpose residential and commercial area Europe History New settlements were planned in Europe at least since Greek antiquity (see article Urban planning ). The Greeks built new colonial cities around the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans also founded many new colonial towns through their empire. There are, however, also traces of planned settlements of non-Roman origin in pre-historic northern Europe. Most planned settlements of medieval Europe were created in the period of about the 12th to 14th centuries. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new villages and towns on their estates, in order to gain economical, political or military power. The settlers generally were attracted by fiscal, economical and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance the bastides of southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such as Cardiff, Leeds, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Montauban, Bilbao, Malmö, Lübeck, Munich, Berlin, Bern, Klagenfurt, Alessandria, Warsaw and Sarajevo. Roman Empire The Romans built a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid. The most impressive Roman planned town was the city of Constantinople from around the 4th century. Roman Emperor Constantine the Great chose the site for the new metropolis and began construction. His plans quickly fell into place. The modern city (now known as Istanbul ) has changed much since then, but it must be remembered that the city did not develop due to simple human migrational patterns nor pure military advantage. Constantine wanted a city to mark his magnificence and Constantinople fulfilled the desire. Belgium Louvain-la-Neuve, built for the Université Catholique de Louvain. Bosnia and Herzegovina Slobomir is a new town in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its name means: "the city of freedom and peace". It is located on the Drina river near Bijeljina . It was founded by Slobodan Pavlović, a Bosnian philanthropist . It aims to be one of the major cities of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina . In fact, the city will be located in two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia , although majority of it will be in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is named after its founder, Slobodan Pavlović, and his wife, Mira. Andrićgrad is town under construction by the famous Serbian director Emir Kusturica , and will be located in Višegrad , Republika Srpska . Bulgaria The cities of Stara Zagora and Kazanlak , in central Bulgaria, were rebuilt as planned cities after they were burnt to the ground in the 1877-1878 Russia-Turkey War. Also the city of Dimitrovgrad in south Bulgaria, that was planned as a key industrial and infrastructure center. Croatia is a resort town in western Croatia , located on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea on the Červar lagoon. It was built as planned town in the 1970s, although the area was inhabited in Roman times. During the War of Independence it was used as a camp for refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vukovar . It was planned to house 6500 people.[] The capital of Zagreb underwent major expansion during the 60's. By that time, the city's official boundary was the river Sava , since nothing was built over it. After a flood in the 60's, many residents were moved and some other districts were created for the residents, such as Dubrava , which was the interconnection between the Zagreb's old part and Sesvete . During the 60's and 70's, a planned part of Zagreb, Novi Zagreb (New Zagreb), was constructed, which lied on the other, uninhabited part of the river Sava, and is now one of major districts consisting of purely residential buildings and blocks. It is still under expansion and some new landmarks were built in it, the most famous one is the recent one, Arena Zagreb , built in 2008. Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic Poruba and Havířov were established in the 1950s as new satellite residential towns for workers of coal-mining, steel-mill and other heavy-industry complex in the Ostrava region.[] Prague was extended by large housing estates - "new towns" in the 1970s and 1980s: (Northern Town), Jižní Město (Southern Town), (South-Western Town) were the largest, with population around 100.000 each. Their remote position to the city centre was compensated for by underground lines constructed usually a decade after the completion of the housing projects.[] Denmark Fredericia was designed as a combination of town and military fortress following the devastation caused by the Thirty Years' War. A more recent example is Ørestad , planned and built to strengthen development in the Copenhagen / Malmö region. The suburb Albertslund was also built from scratch in the 1970s, merging the two villages and . Finland The city of Helsinki , previously a town of 5,000 inhabitants, was made the capital of the new Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812 by decree of Alexander I, Emperor of Russia. The city center was rebuilt with the lead of the German architect Carl Ludvig Engel . However, the last city in Finland that was ordered to be built on a previously completely uninhabited land was Raahe , founded by governor general Per Brahe the Younger in 1649. Finland also has various "ekokylä" communities or "ecological villages". For example, Tapiola is a post-war garden city on the edge of Espoo . The city of Vaasa was rebuilt about seven kilometers northwest of its original location in 1862, after a fire which destroyed the city in 1852. The new town was planned by Carl Axel Setterberg . The disastrous consequences of the fire were considered as the design included five broad avenues which divided the town into sections and each block was divided by alleys. Hamina is an old Finnish Eastern trade capital, founded during the Swedish reign. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan are based on an Italian Renaissance fortress concept from the 16th century. Fortress towns like this are quite rare, another example is Palmanova in Italy. France Many new cities, called bastides , were founded from the 12th to 14th centuries in southwestern France, where the Hundred Years War took place, in order to replace destroyed cities and organize defence and growth. Among those, Monpazier , Beaumont, and Villeréal are good examples. In 1517, the construction of Le Havre was ordered by Francis I of France as a new port. It was completely destroyed during the Second World War and was entirely rebuilt in a modernist style, during the Trente Glorieuses , the thirty-year period from 1945-1975. Cardinal Richelieu founded the small Baroque town of Richelieu, which remains largely unchanged. A program of new towns (French ville nouvelle) was developed in the mid-1960s to try to control the expansion of cities. Nine villes nouvelles were created. Near Paris : Cergy-Pontoise, Marne-la-Vallée, Sénart (former Melun-Sénart), Évry, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Near Grenoble : L'Isle-d'Abeau La Défense, in the greater Paris area, could also be considered a planned town, though it was not built all at once but in successive stages beginning in the 1950s. Germany Planned cities in Germany are: Bayreuth : an example of a medieval new city Eisenhüttenstadt : the "first socialist town" in Germany Freudenstadt : the roads follow the layout of the Nine Men's Morris game Halle-Neustadt: a "Stadtteil" or borough in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt Karlsruhe : the roads follow the layout of a hand-held fan with the castle being at the juncture Ludwigsburg : planned new capital for the duke of Württemberg Mannheim Quadratestadt : squares named like ranks and files on a chessboard Munich Maxvorstadt : the first planned city expansion of Munich was realized from 1805 to 1810 according to a raster Neustrelitz : founded in 1733 with streets spreading from an octagonal market place Putbus : built around a circular centre with radially aligned streets Wolfsburg : founded in 1938 to host the factories for the newly built Volkswagen Welthauptstadt Germania was the projected renewal of Berlin as a planned city, although only a small portion was constructed between 1937 and 1943. Greece Paralia Distomou : planned and built to house workers of Aluminium of Greece . Sparta : planned and built in 1834 after a decree issued by Otto of Greece Hungary All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government. The area of Budapest was designed in a unique geometrical fashion. Dunaújváros, built next to the existing village Dunapentele to provide housing for workers of a large steel factory complex. Once named after Stalin, the city maintains its importance in heavy industry even after the recession following the end of Communist era. Tiszaújváros, built next to the existing village Tiszaszederkény and was named after Lenin for decades. A significant chemical factory was built simultaneously. Kazincbarcika , created from the villages Sajókazinc, Barcika and Berente (the latter has become independent since then) in a mining area. The city and its population grew fast after the founding of a factory. Tatabánya , created from four already existing villages was developed into a mining town and industrial centre and shortly after its elevation to town status became the county seat of its county, a status it still maintains despite the presence of historically more significant towns in the area. Beloiannisz (although not a town, only a village) was planned and built in the 1950s to provide home for Greek refugees of the Civil War . Ireland In the Republic of Ireland , as not in the United Kingdom, the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the Georgian era . Part of Limerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery". In 1961 the first new town of Shannon was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the Shannon Free Zone and Shannon International Airport ), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments. It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in County Dublin . These were Blanchardstown , Clondalkin , Lucan and Tallaght but in actuality this was reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today. The most recent new town in Ireland is Adamstown in County Dublin . Building commenced in 2005 and it is anticipated that occupation will commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten-year timescale. Italy In the past centuries several new towns have been planned in Italy. One of the most famous is Pienza , close to Siena , a Renaissance city, also called The Ideal Town or Utopia Town. Between 1459 and 1462 the most famous architects of Italy worked there for the Pope Pius II and built the city centre of the small town. Another example of renaissance planned cities is the walled star city of Palmanova . It is a derivative of ideal circular cities, notable Filarete 's imaginary Sforzinda. In early 20th century, during the fascist government of Benito Mussolini , many new cities were founded, the most prominent being Littoria (renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). The city was inaugurated on December 18, 1932. Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly from Friuli and Veneto . The great Sicilian earthquake of 1693 forced the complete rebuilding on new plans of many towns. Other well known new cities are located close to Milan in the metropolitan area. Crespi d'Adda , a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of the Unesco World Heritage List. Cusano Milanino was settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan). In the 1970s in the eastern metropolitan area of Milan a new city was built by Silvio Berlusconi . It is called Milano Due . It is a garden city designed for families of the upper middle class, with peculiarity of having pedestrian paths completely free of traffic. In the 1980s another two similar cities were built by Berlusconi, and . Each of them has around 12,000 inhabitants. Lithuania In 1961 Elektrėnai was established as planned city for workers in Elektrėnai Power Plant and in 1975 Visaginas was established as planned city for workers in Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. Macedonia The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the Municipality of Aerodrom within the City of Skopje , Republic of Macedonia . The Municipality of Aerodrom within the City of Skopje is a planned community. Malta The fortified cities of Senglea and Valletta were both built on a grid plan by the Knights of Malta in the 16th century. The town of Paola, Malta , also known as Rahal Gdid (New Town), is built on a grid plan by the Grand Master Antoine de Paule . The towns of San Ġwann and Santa Luċija were built as planned cities in the 1960s and 1970s Netherlands One province of the Netherlands , Flevoland (pop. 370,000 (2006)), was reclaimed from the Zuiderzee (Southern Sea). After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, a causeway (the Afsluitdijk ) was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (IJssel-lake) and its previously salty water became fresh. The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. The capital of Flevoland is Lelystad , but the biggest city is Almere (pop. 183,500 in February 2008). Apart from these two larger cities, several 'New Villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder the central town of Emmeloord is surrounded by ten villages, all on cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s (and it's still very popular). Most noteworthy of these villages is Nagele which was designed by famous modern architects of the time, Gerrit Rietveld , Aldo van Eyck , Willem Wissing and Jaap Bakema among them. The other villages were built in a more traditional/vernacular style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders four more 'New Villages' were built. Initially more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible. New towns outside Flevoland are Hoofddorp and IJmuiden near Amsterdam, Hellevoetsluis and Spijkenisse near Rotterdam and the navy port Den Helder . The cities of Almere , Capelle aan den IJssel, Haarlemmermeer (also a reclaimed polder, 19th century), Nieuwegein , Purmerend and Zoetermeer are members of the European New Town Platform. Norway Oslo : After a great fire in 1624, it was decided by the then King Christian IV that the city would be moved behind the Akershus fortress. The new town, named Christiania, was laid out in a grid and is now the downtown area known as "Kvadraturen" (the Quadrature). The original town of Oslo was later incorporated into Christiania, and is now a neighborhood in eastern Oslo; Gamlebyen or "The Old City". The city of Kristiansand was formally founded in 1641 by King Christian IV . The city was granted all trade privileges on the southern coast of Norway, denying all other towns to trade with foreign states. As Oslo/Christiania before it, the city was behind a fortress, with a grid system allowing cannons to fire towards the two ports of the city and the river on the eastern end. Poland Four cities stand out as examples of planned communities in Poland : Zamość, Gdynia , Tychy and Nowa Huta . Their very diverse layouts are the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of each of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland and its neighbors that once comprised the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These are the Nobleman's Republic (16th to 18th centuries), the interwar period (1918–1939) and Socialist Realism (1944–1956). The Nobleman's Republic of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out of the grasp of the Royal Treasury. Jan Zamoyski founded the city of Zamość in order to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość was planned by the renowned Paduan architect Bernardo Morando and modeled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. to Greeks , Armenians and Sephardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamoyski's success with Zamość spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Białystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.[] Interwar period The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. After World War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport (De iure Poles could use Gdańsk , which was the main port of the country before the War and is again today, but de facto the Germans residing in the city made it almost impossible for them), making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities in Gdynia , the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the Baltic Sea . In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th-century Chicago , growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. The Central Business District that developed in Gdynia is a showcase of Art Deco and Modernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where Historicism inspired Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque architecture. Socialist realism After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the Communist regime that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of socialist realism . This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as Warsaw 's MDM. The City of Nowa Huta (now a district of Kraków ) and Tychy were built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland. Portugal Vila Real de Santo António was built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , on the same model that was used for rebuilding Lisbon , Portugal's capital city (also destroyed in the earthquake), and on a similar orthogonal plan. Romania The cities of Brăila , Giurgiu and Turnu Severin were rebuilt, according to new plans, in the first part of the 19th century and the cities of Alexandria and Călărași were built completely new the same time. The city of Victoria , located in the Braşov County, was built by the communist government in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. Russia Saint Petersburg was built by Peter the Great as a planned capital city starting in 1703. Magnitogorsk is an example of a planned industrial city based on Stalin's 1930s five-year plans. The Avtozavodsky district of Tolyatti is a planned industrial city of Soviet post-war modernism. Serbia Novi Beograd , meaning New Belgrade in Serbian , is a municipality of the city of Belgrade , built on a previously undeveloped area on the left bank of the Sava river. The first development began in 1947, the municipality has since expanded significantly and become the fastest developing region in Serbia. Drvengrad , meaning Wooden Town in Serbian , is a traditional village that the Serbian film director Emir Kusturica had built for his film Life Is a Miracle. It is located in the Zlatibor District near the city of Užice , two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia 's capital, Belgrade . It is located near Mokra Gora and Višegrad . Slovakia Partizánske was established in 1938–1939, when Jan Antonín Baťa of Zlín , Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic ) and his powerful network of companies built a shoe factory in the cadastral area of Šimonovany municipality. The newly created settlement for workers carried the name of Baťovany and was part of Šimonovany. With the growth of the factory, so grew the settlement. The whole municipality was renamed to Baťovany in 1948 and given town status. As a sign of recognition of local inhabitants fighting in the Slovak National Uprising , the town was renamed Partizánske on 9 February 1949. Svit was established in 1934 by business industrialist Jan Antonín Baťa of Zlín , Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic ) in accordance with his policy of setting up villages around the country for his workers. Slovenia Nova Gorica , built after 1947 immediately to the east of the new border with Italy , in which the town of Gorizia remained. Spain During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of Spain declined due to emigration to the Americas and later kings and governments made efforts to repopulate the country. In the second half of the 18th century, King Charles III implemented the so-called New Settlements (Nuevas Poblaciones) plan which would bring 10,000 immigrants from central Europe to the region of Sierra Morena . Pablo de Olavide was appointed superintendent and about forty new settlements were established of which the most notable was La Carolina , which has a perfectly rectangular grid design. Later kings and repopulation efforts led to the creation of more settlements, also with rectangular grid plans. One of them was the town of La Isabela (40.4295 N, 2.6876 W), which disappeared in the 1950s submerged under the waters of the newly created artificial lake of Buendía but is still visible just under the water in satellite imagery. Under Francisco Franco , the Instituto Nacional de Colonización (National Institute of Colonization) built a great number of towns and villages. Tres Cantos , near Madrid , is a good example of a successful new town design in Spain. It was built in the 1970s. Newer additional sections of large cities are often newly planned as is the case of the Salamanca district or Ciudad Lineal in Madrid or the Eixample in Barcelona. Sweden Göteborg was planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing from 1621. Karlskrona was also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing, beginning 1680. Vällingby , a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950. Kiruna was built because of the large mine, from 1898. Arvika was also a planned city. Ukraine Odesa was built as a planned city according to 18th-century plans by the Flemish engineer Franz de Wollant (also known as François Sainte de Wollant). The same engineer also planned the following municipalities in Ukraine in the late 18th century: Ovidiopol ( Ukrainian : Овідіополь), in Odesa Oblast Komsomolsk , founded in the 1960, is the most prosperous planned city in Ukraine, depending on the internationally-important iron ore mining business. Prypiat is another new city in Ukraine built in 1970. The city was abandoned on April 27, 1986 after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster . On April 26 the city had 50.000 habitants, the majority working at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Now the abandoned town is highly contaminated by radiation. Most of the Prypiat 's former inhabitants were resettled to Slavutych which was planned and built for that purpose. United Kingdom England and Scotland The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town of Winchelsea is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of King Edward I in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title is Salisbury , established in the early 13th century by the then Bishop of Sarum . The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly the Edinburgh New Town , built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by James Craig, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the elegant Georgian style of British architecture. The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built after World War II under the New Towns Act 1946. These were influenced by the garden city movement , launched around 1900 by Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin , and manifested at Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire . Following World War II , some 28 projected towns were designated as New Towns under the 1946 Act, and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by bombing during the war and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainly Victorian ) urban slums . New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:[] the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population, the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941) the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942) (later) the Reith Report into New Towns (1947). Also crucial to thinking was the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. A similar plan was developed for the Clyde Valley in 1946 to combat similar problems faced in Glasgow . Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by the Beveridge Report ), as typified in the motto if we can build better, we can live better; for others, such as John Betjeman it was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns. Following the building of Borehamwood , Middlesex , 12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) were Stevenage , Hertfordshire, 27 miles to the north of London, and Basildon , Essex , 25 miles east of London along the River Thames . Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage ( Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield ), a third to the north called Letchworth , and Hemel Hempstead to the west. (Hall 1996: 133) New Towns in the North East were also planned such as Newton Aycliffe (which the social reformer and government adviser William Beveridge wanted to be the "ideal town to live in") and Peterlee . Two new towns were also planned in Scotland at East Kilbride (1947) and Glenrothes (1948). Bracknell in Berkshire , to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era include Harlow in Essex and Crawley in West Sussex. Later a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the Corby Steelworks . Finally, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as Peterborough , and the most famous was probably Milton Keynes , midway between London and Birmingham, known for its huge central park and shopping centre, designed from the outset as a new city – though in law it is a 'New Town'. The 1960s saw new towns crop up around England's second-city Birmingham , namely Redditch , Tamworth and Telford . Other towns, such as Ashford in Kent , Basingstoke in Hampshire and Swindon in Wiltshire , were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns: Cumbernauld in 1956, famous for its enclosed 'town centre' , Livingston (1962) and Irvine (1966) (see Film- New Towns in Scotland). In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town, Thamesmead , was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently. All the new towns featured a car-oriented layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular was designed with a grid-based distributor road system. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of " new town blues ".[] These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes, public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.[] The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.[] All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, a quango that reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by the Commission for New Towns. Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives: From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure of Milton Keynes Development Corporation), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for the New Towns was also dissolved and its assets - still including a lot of undeveloped land - passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as English Partnerships ). Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate public art and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. In Harlow the architect in charge of the design of the new town, Frederick Gibberd , founded the Harlow Art Trust and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, including Auguste Rodin , Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth . In Peterlee the abstract artist Victor Pasmore was appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of the Apollo Pavilion . Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The public art in Milton Keynes includes the (in)famous Concrete Cows , which resulted from the work of an ' artist in residence ' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark. Glenrothes led the way in Scotland being the first new town to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete hippos to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include and Malcolm Robertson. In the 1990s, an experimental "new town" was developed by the Prince of Wales to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles was started at Poundbury in Dorset . Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland , building of Craigavon in County Armagh commenced in 1966 between Lurgan and Portadown , although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed. The area, which now has a population exceeding 80,000 is mostly a dormitory town for Belfast. Londonderry was the first ever planned city in Ireland (the city is now located in Northern Ireland). Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (Doire Cholm Chille or Doire) in 1613. The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence. In 1963 under the the new city of Craigavon was founded out of the original towns of Portadown and Lurgan . This town today lies mostly incomplete as the troubles halted construction. The plan initially was to construct a relief settlement to take people out of the crowded city of Belfast. Scotland In the late 1950s and early 1960s Scotland saw a creation of several "post-war new towns". These were; Cumbernauld , East Kilbride , Glenrothes , Irvine and Livingston . Each of these towns are in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities. East Kilbride is the second largest town in Scotland, or the 6th largest settlement with a population of over 73,000 and Livingston with a population of 76,000. The other three towns are not as big with populations between 30,000 and 50,000. Wales The only new towns in Wales have been Newtown and Cwmbran . Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield . The town is perhaps most widely known now for its international sports stadium and shopping centre .[] North America Canada When Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald began to settle the West in Canada , he put the project under the command of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The CPR exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The federal government granted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km²) along the proposed railway line route to the CPR. The CPR decided where to place railway stations , and thus would decide where the dominant town of the area would be. In most instances the CPR would build a station on an empty section of land to make the largest profit from land sales — meaning that the CPR founded many of the Canadian West's towns, such as Medicine Hat and Moose Jaw , from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the CPR, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. Calgary and Yorkton, Saskatchewan , were among the towns that had to move themselves.[] After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it would plan how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the CPR controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build it where the CPR wanted it to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas. The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerous company towns planned and built for these purposes were Corner Brook and Grand Falls in Newfoundland, Témiscaming and Fermont in Quebec. In the modern suburban context, several "New Towns" were established in the suburbs of large cities. Early examples include Leaside in Toronto and Mount Royal in Montreal. Both were planned and developed by the Canadian Northern Railway as middle class suburbs, though both, Leaside in particular, featured large industrial tracts. Leaside had its own municipal government until 1967, while Mount Royal continues to enjoy autonomy from the City of Montreal.[] In the post-war period, new corporate new towns were developed. Bramalea , located in Brampton , Ontario and Erin Mills , located in Mississauga , Ontario, were both developed in phases. Both included residential, commercial and industrial components. Development in Erin Mills continues to this day. More recently, the Cornell development in Markham, Ontario , was built as a new town, using the concepts of New Urbanism . Mexico Tenochtitlan ( Nahuatl pronunciation: [tenotʃˈtitɬaːn]) was the capital of the Aztec empire, which was built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico . The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanish conquistadores . Mexico City was erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained. Puebla was built because of the need of a Spanish settlement in the route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz . Panama Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone. United States The original plan for Memphis, Tennessee , as surveyed in 1819 Pullman , now incorporated into Chicago's South Side , was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialist George M. Pullman in the 1880s. In Beaver County, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh , American Bridge Company founded Ambridge, Pennsylvania in 1905 as a company town for American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearby Coraopolis, Pennsylvania . Another well known company town is Gary, Indiana , which was founded in 1906 by the United States Steel Corporation as a home for its new steel mill, the Gary Works , and named after Elbert Henry Gary , the chairman of the company. For many years the Gary Works was the largest steel mill in the world, and it dominated the town, the main entrance being at the northern end of Broadway , the city's main thoroughfare. The fortunes of this planned city have historically risen and fallen with those of the steel mill: prosperous in the 1930s, the city has lost 55 percent of its population since 1960. Riverside, Illinois , Radburn, New Jersey , and Kansas City, Missouri 's Country Club District are other early examples of planned communities. Established in 1912, Shaker Heights, Ohio , was planned and developed in by the Van Sweringen brothers , railroad moguls who envisioned the community as a suburban retreat from the industrial inner-city of Cleveland. Kohler Company created a planned village of the same name west of the company's former headquarters city of Sheboygan, Wisconsin , which incorporated in 1912. In 1918, the Aluminum Company of America built the town of Alcoa, Tennessee for the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant. During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in Southern Florida, the communities of Coral Gables , Opa-locka, and Miami Springs , now suburbs of Miami, Florida , were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectively, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States. Oldsmar , located in west central Florida, was developed by automobile pioneer Ransom E. Olds . In 1928, San Clemente, California was incorporated by Ole Hanson who designated that all buildings must be approved by an architectural review board in order to retain control over development and building style. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, several model towns were planned and built by the Federal government. Arthurdale and Eleanor, West Virginia , federally funded New Deal communities, were Eleanor Roosevelt 's projects to ease the burden of the depression on coal miners. The Tennessee Valley Authority created several towns of its own to accommodate workers constructing their new dams; the most prominent being Norris, Tennessee . Three "Greenbelt Communities", Greenbelt, Maryland , Greenhills, Ohio , and Greendale, Wisconsin , built by the Federal government during the 1930s were planned with a surrounding "belt" of woodland and natural landscaping. During World War II , the Manhattan Project built several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. These communities, including Oak Ridge, Tennessee , Richland, Washington and Los Alamos, New Mexico were necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war. Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania circa 1959 The Levittowns —in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known as Willingboro, New Jersey ) -- typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California's Rohnert Park (north of San Francisco ) is another example of a planned city (built at the same time as Levittown ) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class." Many other places, such as Orange County, California , the Conejo Valley in Ventura County , Valencia in Los Angeles County , as well as Phoenix, Arizona and Northern Arizona also have many master planned communities following the housing boom in the 1960s, which is when the fathers of Scottsdale, Arizona foresaw a huge amount of growth in Arizona. Some of those communities include Anaheim Hills, Rossmoor , Irvine , Ladera Ranch , Laguna Niguel , Mission Viejo , and Talega, Thousand Oaks , Westlake Village , Newbury Park , Valencia in California and (in the Phoenix area) Marley Park , Talking Rock Ranch , McCormick Ranch , Rio Verde , Tartesso and Verrado in Buckeye, Arizona . The neighborhood of Warren in the city of Bisbee has the distinction of being Arizona's first planned community. In the Conejo Valley, which is the in East County Area of Ventura County, all cities were master planned. Most notably, the Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, and Westlake Village area was master planned by the Janss Investment Company , which was also responsible for the development of Westwood Village, part of the Westside in Los Angeles . Valencia is an area that is a master planned community that incorporated into the City of Santa Clarita , developed and planned by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. About 25% of Orange County is composed of various master planned communities, much of which was done by the Irvine Company , and since 1990, 85% of all developments in Orange County and a slightly smaller amount of communities in Arizona were part of a master planned community. 75% of all resales today in the Phoenix area are homes in master planned communities, and 80% of all new home construction permits issued by Arizona building departments are master planned communities. These communities provide functionality to the precious land left in the area, as well as the ability to create a housing-business-transportation-open space balance. The era of the modern planned city began in 1962-64 with the creation of Reston, Virginia which was begun just a year before Coral Springs in western Broward County, Florida , and Columbia, Maryland . In more recent years, New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places like the idyllic Seaside , Florida, and Disney's new town of Celebration , Florida. In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has coincided with the popularity of Master Planned Communities within established suburbs. Texas was at the forefront of this trend. Las Colinas , established in 1973, was one of the first such examples and is still growing. Las Colinas is a 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) master planned community within the Dallas-area city of Irving . In 2006, residents approved changes to deed restrictions to allow greater density of urban mixed-use and residential construction. Also in the 1970s, just north of the existing town of Spring, Texas (north of Houston ), oil and gas industry executive George P. Mitchell developed The Woodlands , a major residential and commercial master planned community which is now considered one of the premier residential and business destinations in the Houston area. The Woodlands is still experiencing huge growth to this day. In the 1990s, Cinco Ranch was first developed just south of the existing town of Katy , one of the western suburbs of Houston, and has contributed to the explosive recent growth of Houston's suburban west side. In the San Francisco Bay Area, master planned commercial developments such as Bishop Ranch in San Ramon and Hacienda Business Park in Pleasanton have attracted major corporate tenants to relocate from downtown Oakland and San Francisco ; these companies include Safeway , Chevron Corporation and AT&T (as the former Pacific Bell ). In recent years, new towns such as Mountain House, San Joaquin County, California, have added a new wrinkle to the movement: to prevent conurbation with nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value. Centennial new town part in Tejon Ranch halfway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield , will incorporate such restrictions in order to minimize the commuter load on severely congested I-5 . Coyote Springs, Nevada , Destiny, Florida and Douglas Ranch in Buckeye, Arizona are amongst the largest communities being planned for the 21st century. A recent twist is the town of Ave Maria, Florida , founded in 2007, which is anchored by a Catholic university and has a large Catholic church in the center of town surrounded by commercial and residential development. South America Argentina La Plata from the air. La Plata was planned in 1880 to replace Buenos Aires city as the capital of the Buenos Aires Province . Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively. The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America. Brazil Brasília : Brasília: Pilot Plan Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated. The former capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro , and resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. While the city was built because there was a need for a neutrally-located federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's hinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory. Lúcio Costa, the city's principal architect, designed the city to be shaped like an airplane . Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.[] Belo Horizonte : Belo Horizonte in 1895. In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital of Minas Gerais , in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be set. In 1893, due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economical and cultural center of the state, under the new name of "Cidade de Minas," or City of Minas. Aarão Reis, an urbanist from the State of Pará, was then set to design the second planned city of Brazil (the first one is Teresina), and then Cidade de Minas was inaugurated finally in 1897, with many unfinished constructions as the Brazilian Government set a deadline for its completion. Inhabitation of the city was subsidized by the local government, through the concession of free empty lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan for Belo Horizonte was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and Brazilian indigenous tribes. Goiânia : The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.[] Fordlândia was built to be a part of Henry Ford 's motor company. Originally intended to be a rubber plantation, it failed within several years and is now home to squatting farmers. Other notable planned cities in Brazil include Teresina (The first one, inaugurated in 1842), Petrópolis , Boa Vista , Palmas , Londrina , and Maringá (the latter two in the state of Paraná). Venezuela Puerto Ordaz - Bolívar State Oceania This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) Australia Australia's most prominent fully planned city is Canberra designed by American architect Walter Burley Griffin . The early central areas of two other major capital cities -- Adelaide and Melbourne —were also planned by surveyors. Walter Burley Griffin was Australia's most notable city planner having also designed smaller cities and towns including Leeton and Griffith in New South Wales . A controversial Japanese-backed planned city, Multifunction Polis , was proposed in the 1980s but never implemented. Australia is still building planned communities with developers such as Delfin Lend Lease , an S&P/ASX 50 company, that has been responsible for large master planned communities such as; Forest Lake, Queensland , Brisbane (completed 2004) The New Rouse Hill, Sydney (current) Golden Grove, South Australia (Completed 1991) Adelaide Adelaide's planned town grids were surrounded by parkland and intersected by the River Torrens Adelaide was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test out Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's theories of systematic colonisation. Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice,government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before anyone set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district ) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square layout, its choice of setting and its ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments. The town centre was in sufficient proximity to a water source, the River Torrens . Melbourne A reconstruction of Robert Hoddle's original plans for Melbourne's central grid which defined the early township and today's city centre Melbourne was planned as a free settlement in 1837 through the Hoddle Grid , drawn up by Robert Hoddle under instructions from George Gipps , the original plan for Melbourne as part of the first land sales (prior to the planning only a handful of existing settlements were built on the fringe of the grid). The grid featured wide parallel streets, spanning a gently sloping valley between hills ( Batman's Hill , Flagstaff Hill and Eastern Hill) and roughly parallel to the course of the Yarra River . The deliberate exclusion of city squares or open space within the grid was a subject of future frustration for the municipality and residents Elizabeth Street, Melbourne , in the centre of the grid, was built over a gully and has therefore been prone to flooding. Despite a later extension and later inclusion of planned suburbs, Melbourne's original plans were not as extensive as Adelaide's, and the city rapidly outgrew its original boundaries. As such, it is often not considered to be a planned city, but the grid continues to define much of the character of the Melbourne city centre . Canberra Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the Parliamentary Triangle Canberra , established in 1908, was planned as the capital city of Australia and is Australia's most notable and ambitious example of civic planning. The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney . Canberra is thus located in a Territory - the Australian Capital Territory - and not a State. Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was farming land, indigenous settlements, and forest. In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of American Walter Burley Griffin was chosen as the winning design for the city. Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city, Lake Burley Griffin . Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney . Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence. New Zealand New Zealand has several small New Towns, built for a specific purpose. Examples include Kawerau in the Bay of Plenty (a mill town), Twizel in North Otago, Mangakino in the Waikato (both for hydroelectricity), and Turangi near Taupo (for the Tongariro Power Scheme ). Construction of Kawerau began in 1953. Twizel was built in 1968 to service nearby hydroelectric projects and was supposed to close on their completion. However, its residents managed to save the town in 1983. Mangakino, constructed from 1946, was also meant to be a temporary construction town, but it too remains today. John Martin, the founder of the Wairarapa town of Martinborough , set out the town's first streets in the pattern of the Union Flag in the 19th century. See also List of purpose-built capital cities List of planned cities	i don't know
"What does the French phrase ""de rigueur"" literally mean?"	De Rigueur \| Definition of De Rigueur by Merriam-Webster Definition of de rigueur : prescribed or required by fashion, etiquette, or custom : proper < … tattoos, of course, being de rigueur among the poetry set. … — Will Ferguson> Examples of de rigueur in a sentence Dark sunglasses are de rigueur these days. <though he was wearing a dinner jacket and a black bow tie, his jeans and tennis shoes were hardly de rigueur> De rigueur: How to pronounce it, spell it, and use it in a sentence If you want to use de rigueur in conversation pronouncing it correctly is de rigueur. (Click here to find out how.) Spelling this fancy French borrowing correctly, on the other hand, isn't de rigueur (your spellcheck will do it for you in most cases), but it is possible. The vowels of its final syllable are trickiest. It may help to remember other French borrowings that end in eur, such as amateur, chauffeur, and entrepreneur. And of course the last four letters of liqueur match de rigueur perfectly. De rigueur has been used as an adjective in English for almost two centuries now, which means that it's established enough to appear in running text without italics. It's foreign-sounding enough, though, that people can feel tentative about using it. Apply it where synonyms like proper, correct, and decorous are at home. Here are some examples of it in use in its adopted language: Anglophone parents worry that being too strict will break their kids' creative spirits. A visiting American mother was shocked when she saw a playpen in our apartment in Paris. Apparently, back home, even playpens are now seen as too confining. (We didn't know. In Paris they're de rigueur.) — Pamela Druckerman, Bringing Up Bébé, 2012 Being in the business of writing about cocktails and bars, I often find myself in some pretty swank digs—various "mixology" dens where the elaborate drinks require complex techniques, house-made bitters and farm-to-table infusions are de rigueur, and the bartender has achieved celebrity-chef star status. — Jason Rowan, Wine Enthusiast, April 2014 Although de rigueur is usually found after the verb (especially after is or are), it's also sometimes used in the traditional adjectival territory before a noun: Stone, who patiently smiled through the de rigueur photo shoot in front of a backdrop emblazoned with the logos of the festival and its sponsors … — Paul Liberatore, Marin Independent Journal (marinij.com), 6 Oct. 2016 Did You Know? If you're invited to a ball or other social function and the invitation includes the French phrase costume de rigueur, you are expected to adhere to a very strict dress code-typically, a white tie and tails if you're a man and a floor-length evening gown if you're a woman. In French, de rigueur means "out of strictness" or "according to strict etiquette"; one definition of our word rigor, to which rigueur is related, is "the quality of being strict, unyielding, or inflexible." In English, we tend to use de rigueur to describe a fashion or custom that is so commonplace within a context that it seems a prescribed, mandatory part of it. Origin and Etymology of de rigueur French	of strictness
Harry, Tom, Dougie and Danny are collectively known as who in the pop world?	De rigueur \| Define De rigueur at Dictionary.com de rigueur [duh ri-gur; French duh ree-gœr] /də rɪˈgɜr; French də riˈgœr/ Spell strictly required, as by etiquette, usage, or fashion. Origin of de rigueur Examples from the Web for de rigueur Expand Contemporary Examples And no matter what else a person eats, it is de rigueur to get an order of baked macaroni and cheese on the side. Iran's Revolutionaries Are Winning Reza Aslan June 8, 2010 And her denials and legal threats are faithfully modeled after the de rigueur motions of past sex-tape shock-feigning stars. Chic Geeks Lauren Streib June 8, 2010 Historical Examples A black dress coat is de rigueur, black pantaloons ditto; but the dress coat and the pantaloons may be old, dirty, and shabby. British Dictionary definitions for de rigueur Expand /də riɡœr; English də rɪˈɡɜː/ adjective required by etiquette or fashion Word Origin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for de rigueur Expand 1849, French, literally "of strictness," thus "according to obligation of convention." See rigor . Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
Which motor racing team was created by Colin Chapman?	COLIN CHAPMAN ,54, A DESIGNER OF RACING CARS, DIES IN ENGLAND - NYTimes.com COLIN CHAPMAN ,54, A DESIGNER OF RACING CARS, DIES IN ENGLAND By MARSHALL SCHUON Published: December 17, 1982 Colin Chapman, a designer and builder of automobiles whose ideas changed the face of Grand Prix racing, died yesterday at his home in Norfolk in eastern England, apparently of a heart attack, according to the police. He was 54 years old. In addition to founding the Lotus car company, building boats and working as a consultant to other manufacturers, he has been credited with the development of a number of young drivers, including Jim Clark, Emerson Fittipaldi and Mario Andretti. Mr. Chapman was widely regarded in the industry as an engineering genius. He was particularly noted for his work with suspension systems, and he was heavily involved with development of the DeLorean sports car. His Lotus MK25, built in 1962, was the first racing car to have its engine and framework integrated with the body in what has come to be known as monocoque design. In addition, he originated the modern ''ground effects'' race car, in which airflow under the vehicle sucks the racer to the ground, giving it extraordinary adhesion and allowing higher speeds than would otherwise be possible. 'Lived Two or Three Lives' Nigel Roebuck, Grand Prix editor of the British racing magazine Auto Sport, said Mr. Chapman ''lived two or three lives at the same time - he was a racing team manager, car designer and businessman.'' Mr. Chapman, he said, had been trying to do what some other European auto companies have done, greatly expanding their businesses by becoming consultants to other manufacturers. Mr. Chapman lacked the success of companies such as Porsche, however, and Lotus Cars Ltd. was said to be near bankruptcy. The company now produces five models in the Elite, Eclat and Esprit series, and prices range from $14,500 to $29,400. A Rolls-Royce spokesman, Reg Abbiss, said a three-year-old agreement for distribution of Lotus sports cars in this country had come to an end. ''It had become well known, that Lotus was making a strong corporate effort in conjunction with Toyota,'' he said. ''According to reports in trade magazines, a Lotus-Toyota will appear in a year or two, and it seemed natural that Lotus would use Toyota's network of dealerships.'' The De Lorean Relationship The company's 1981 accounts, released after a long delay, disclosed that Lotus had been paid for engineering work for the ill-fated attempt by John Z. De Lorean to build a new sports car in Ireland and that the funds were paid via a Swiss-based Panamanian company run by a De Lorean distributor. Mr. Chapman had denied having any interest in the Panamanian company but had been expected to be challenged on the De Lorean relationship at a stockholders' meeting. Mr. De Lorean is awaiting trial in California on cocaine charges. In the United States, Mr. Chapman's cars have been racing at Indianapolis since 1963. He was noted for the extraordinary care he devoted to reducing weight in the vehicles, and some critics considered them to be fragile. Jim Clark, who won the first two world championships for Mr. Chapman in 1963 and 1965 and was thought by many to be the greatest driver in history, won the 500-mile Indy race in 1965. He died in a Lotus in West Germany in 1968. After the Lotus Ford brought the Indy victory home to Britain in 1965, Mr. Chapman received the Ferodo Trophy as the ''Commonwealth's most outstanding contributor to motor racing.'' In 1970, he was honored as a Commander, Order of the British Empire. Mr. Chapman, who never used his first name, Anthony, was born in Richmond, Surrey, England, in 1928. He was the son of a tavernkeeper, and he began dabbling in secondhand cars while studying aeronautical engineering at London University. When a gasoline shortage hurt his sales, Mr. Chapman turned his attention to motor sports and began converting a 1930 Austin Seven into a race car. The rebuilt auto was registered as a Lotus, the first of its line. After serving with the Royal Air Force, Mr. Chapman joined the British Aluminum Company, started work on a second Lotus and began racing. In 1952 he founded the Lotus Engineering Company, which later diversified into manufacturing and racing. He is survived by his wife, Hazel; two daughters, Jane and Sara, and a son, Clive. Illustrations: photo of Colin Chapman	Lotus
"From which t.v. comedy series did the catchphrase ""Suit You Sir"" come?"	Colin Chapman (1928 - 1982) - Find A Grave Memorial Death: Nov. 16, 1982 Motor racing driver, engineer and race car constructor, sportscar manufacturer. Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman was born in Richmond,London, the son of Stan and Mary Chapman who owned the Railway Hotel in Hornsey, North London. He studied engineering at university where he also learned to fly. He joined the RAF as a pilot. When he left the RAF he became a member of the 750 Motor Club, a group of enthusiastic engineers who liked to build their own cars. His first home-built car was based on a 1930 Austin Seven and he drove it in trials as well as circuit racing. By then he was working at the British Aluminium Company where his interest in aerodynamics grew. By 1952 he had left to start his own company Lotus Engineering Company to start to build alloy-bodied copies of his racing cars. A long series of cars were then produced over the years, each model being more innovative than the last and Chapman gained a tremendous reputation as a clever designer as well as the feiry and emotion boss of Team Lotus. The first Lotus victory was at the Monaco GP in 1960 when Stirling Moss beat the dominant Ferraris, followed by the US GP the following year when Innes Ireland won for Team Lotus. World Champion Jim Clark was a person favourite of his, and won the World Championship in 1963 and 1965. In 1970 Jochen Rindt lost his life in a Lotus 72 but became the only posthumous World Champion. Further World Championships came the teams way in the 70s when Chapman developed ground effect cars and active suspension. He became involved in the John Delorean scandle when millions of pounds of government money went missing but died unexpectedly of a heart attack, aged only 54yrs, before he could appear in court. His only appearance as a driver in F1 was at the 1956 French GP when he took the place of another Vanwall driver who had had to drop out. Although he recorded 5th fastest in practice, his car experienced brake problems and unfortunately rammed team mate Hawthorn. Only one car could be repaired in time so Chapman was unable to race.	i don't know
Which BBC service would one listen to on 909 KHz Medium Wave?	909 khz Medium Wave BBC 5 Live - YouTube 909 khz Medium Wave BBC 5 Live Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 7, 2012 909 khz - BBC 5 Live from England received in Newfoundland Category	BBC Radio 5 Live
What is the better known name of the bird Tyto Alba?	MediumWave.Info - News News 19/01-2017 TAIWAN 1000kw station 612 Radio Taiwan Int'l has officially been off the air since September when Typhoon Megi destroyed the Lukang transmitting site. No plans to return to the air, I believe... Chris Kadlec, WRTH fb group (19/1-2017) 18/01-2017 ANTIGUA In an unsuccessful attempt to find out since when Caribbean Radio Lighthouse 1160 kHz ( http://www.radiolighthouse.org/ ) has been broadcasting with 10 kW, I found a video of the station at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9c2Zgjrhog . This video is a presentation of the Caribbean Radio Lighthouse for supporters and potential donors of the station. According to youtube the video was uploaded on 1. December 2015. The interesting point for me was that already in this video they say that they are broadcasting with 10 kW. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (18/1-2017) CANADA BANDSCAN From my results using Tecsun PL 606 and Tecsun PL 880 and the Tecsun AN 200 loop MW/AM Antenna i was able to get this memory list: Location : North-East New-Brunswick, Canada time 8:00 pm. Below is a memory list that contains Sports , or News channel gathered in my area AM - MW frenquencies 1140 , 810 , 1120 , 730 , 710 , 1010 , 990 , 880 , 690 , 910 , 830 , 580 , 680 , 620 , 1520 , 1200 ,970 , 1080 , 1440 , 1390 , 1370, 1360,1320, 1290, 1310 , 850 , 860. Jean-Denis Losier (17/1-2017) Some station names and where? Ydun Ritz (18/1-2017) 17/01-2017 U K Spectrum Radio (4 Ingate Place, London SW8 3NS, UK, http://www.spectrumradio.net/schedules ) has the following broadcast schedule on its medium wave 558 kHz (there are DAB-streams too): 0000-0100: Sout al Khaleej "London's Arabic Radio Station", Mo Irish Spectrum 0100-1100: Sout al Khaleej 1100-1200: World Music Show, Sa Irish Spectrum 1200-1300: World Music Show, Sa Irish Spectrum, So The Jewish Views 1300-1800: Sout al Khaleej 1800-1900: World Music Show, Sa Let the Bible Speak 1900-2300: World Music Show 2300-2400: World Music Show, every alternative Fr Negat Radio Spectrum Radio started on June 25, 1990 as a multilingual station for the immigrant population in the Greater London area and has also had various foreign services on offer since then. Although Sout at Khaleej (audi streams at http://www.spectrumradio.net/static/spectrum/radioplayer/ , http://www.soutalkhaleej.fm/ ) is subtitled as "London's Arabic Radio Station", it is actually a station from Qatar, which has taken over more and more broadcasting time on the medium wave since 2009. Sout al Khaleej has FM frequencies in its country of origin, as well as capital stations in Bahrain (Manama 94.4 MHz), Iraq (Baghdad 95.0 MHz, Basra 98.7 MHz), Kuwait (Kuwait 102.4 MHz), Oman (Muscat 107.7 MHz) and in the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi 105.2 MHz). Dr Hansjoerg Biener (17/1-2017) VENEZUELA 1310 kHz RNV El Informativo, Barcelona and 1590 kHz Radio Deporte, Caracas are reactivated. Me complace informar que RNV 1310 en Barcelona Edo Anzoategui, Radio Centro 610 en Cantaura Edo Anzoátegui y Radio Deporte 1590 en Caracas, Venezuela han reactivado sus señales. Pero hasta ahora Union Radio 640 lleva casi dos semanas fuera del aire y Radio Barcelona para tres meses fuera. Espero que las mismas sean reactivadas muy pronto. Jose Elias Diaz Gomez, WRTH fb group (17/1-2017) Steve Whitt, MWC fb group (13/1-2017) 12/01-2017 U K Radio Caroline is hoping to refloat on medium wave across East Anglia from its ship Ross Revenge. Read more at: http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/move-to-refloat-radio Steve Whitt, MWC fb group (12/1-2017) EUROPE Challenger Radio to Northern Italy on 1368 KHz every Saturdays from 20.00 UTC onwards Radio Merkurs on 1485 KHz every Saturday between 20.00 onwards Tom Taylor (12/1-2017) EUROPE The stations Atlantis FM and Coast Two, based in Tenerife have been relayed via an Irish transmitter on 1494 KHZ periodically in the past few weeks, on a hobby basis. I heard them on the night of 17 and 18 December, relaying Coast Two, and then on 05 and 06 January relaying Atlantis FM, the sister station. On Saturday 07 January they were relaying Laser Hot hits. It was a QRP setup I think, as although a sky wave signal with phase distortion, it never got above an S5 here in Leicestershire. I have also heard a strange signal on 1350 which announces itself as “I am Radio” in English and plays Sol and disco music continually. That has been on and off for several months and is audible here in the UK on some evenings. I think that it could be in Italy, but I can’t be sure. Hope this helps. You probably know about these stations anyway. Dave Angell (11/1-2017) Hmm! Laser Hot Hits is normally to be heard on 1494 kHz. (Ydun) 08/01-2017 INDIA Earlier in 2016, All India Radio published its intention to replace the 1 kW-medium wave facility at Almora by FM (Government of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting: Annual Report 2015-2016, New Delhi: Publications Division, 2016, page 158 http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/Annual_Report_2015-16.pdf ). According to a recent report, „a 5 kW and a 1 kW FM transmitter are being installed in Almorah which shall be made functional shortly to give the listeners in Almorah and surrounding areas option of listening to All India Radio programmes on the FM mode also.” ( http://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-india-radio-to-set-up-new-transmitters-in- uttarakhand-4463381/ forwarded by Alokesh Gupta) This seems to imply that the days of the mediumwave station of AIR Almora ( http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/ 51809247.jpg ) are now numbered. Unfortunately, the website http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/Almora/Pages/default.aspx is not too informative, but from my own files I see that the station was commissioned in 1986. It was the second medium wave facility in a region of Uttar Pradesh that has been the Indian state of Uttarakhand since the year 2000. All in all, there are five medium wave stations in Uttarakhand: 999 kHz Almora 1485 kHz Chamoli 1602 kHz Pauri, Pithoragarh, Uttarkashi It is also worth noting that All India Radio broadcast special Uttarakhand programmes on short wave from Delhi (until about 2014). To my knowledge there are (were?) special programmes broadcast on medium wave from neighbouring Najibabad in Uttar Pradesh (954 kW, 200 kW) for state wide coverage. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (8/1-2017) 07/01-2017 KOREA Chris Kadlec, Michigan while in USA, mainly an FM DXer, has asked me to make sure MW DXers know about this. He has done amazing work researching the radio situation in Koreas! I am sure he would appreciate further publicity (Glenn Hauser) After a long 14 months of work, I'm happy to present the completed Seoul AM Radio Listening Guide, a three-hour documentary broadcast exploring the Seoul AM band one frequency at a time, plus a look at the radio war on the Korean peninsula accompanied by a 115-page guide. http://www.beaglebass.com/dx/seoul/ In addition to radio broadcasts from across East Asia, the broadcast includes Korean noise jammers and AM, FM, shortwave, and television propaganda broadcasts from both the north and the south, additionally outlined in a 25-page broadcast transcript and 115-page informational guide. Chris Kadlec, via Glenn Hauser (7/1-2017) 06/01-2017 UNID / JAMMING Today at ~ 19:15 UTC I heard a weak "bubble" jammer for 1-2 minutes under the weak IRIB station on 1467 kHz. Any idea, what is this? The broadcast was Irib, not any clandestine. Location: Székesfehérvár, Hungary. The antenna was ~ 10m longwire on the roof, it was a very short "DXpedition" because of the -10 Celsius and ~80 km/h wind. Tringer László (6/1-2017) I fully understand, why it was a short DXpedition :-) This morning -13C here, but not much wind. (Ydun) ROMANIA Schedule of Radio Neumarkt in German: „Radio Neumarkt - die Stimme Siebenbürgens“ (B-dul 1 Decembrie 1918, No. 109, RO 540445 Târgu-Mureş) has a new frequency line up for its broadcast from 19:00 to 20:00 hours UTC. According to its own announcement, it broadcasts on the medium waves (Brașov) 1197 kHz, (Târgu-Mureş) 1323 kHz and (Sibiu) 1593 kHz as well as the „new“ FM frequency (Harghita) 106.8 MHz. „Your German program for Transylvania“ can also be heard via http://www.radiomures.ro/listenhu.php . Http://www.radioneumarkt.ro/ offers text information and some older audio files in German. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (6/1-2017) GREECE Greek radio still recovering from the 2013 lockout: Mediumwave radio from Megara to operate again http://www.thegreekradio.com/node/28583 Mike Terry, MWC fb group (6/1-2017) FRENCH POLYNESIA French Polynesia's public radio broadcaster says people in remote locations have complained about the end of transmissions on its AM frequency [738 kHz 20 kW]. Radio Polynesie Premiere switched to an all FM service at the beginning of December, leaving pockets of inhabitants in valleys and on remote atolls without any local radio service. The broadcaster added five FM transmitters to its network of 48 to improve its reach but in an area the size of Europe, the signal fails to reach all communities. Concern has been expressed that vital weather warnings are no longer heard. The mayor of Makatea in the Tuamotus Julien Mai said there is a risk to public safety because people have always been advised to have an emergency kit that includes a radio when severe weather strikes. Mariners can still receive weather updates via radio. Mike Terry, dxld yg (6/1-2017) ROMANIA Radio Romania used some pathetic words to remind its audience of the 25 year anniversary of Antena Satelor (* Christmas 1991). The programme is currently broadcast on medium wave (531, 603, 630, 1314 kHz) and long wave (153 kHz) as well as only three FM stations (Comăneşti 89 MHz, Sulina 103,2 MHz and Zalău 106,9 MHz). According to the news item Antena Satelor ( www.antenasatelor.ro ) has an audience of more than 700,000 listeners. http://www.radiomures.ro/stiri/radio-romania-antena-satelor-povestea-unei-relatii-de-25-de-ani.html via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (6/1-2017) ALGERIA Clandestine 1550 POLISARIO Front, Rabouni, has resumed operation today, possibly even so for the morning b/cast, after a few days' absence. During these days, I kept checking 700 & 702 to see whether they were active on these two other fqs. like they did in the past, but no, from that part of N.Africa, just R.Algérienne/R.Al-Aghwat, Al-Aghwat on 702 is heard. Carlos Gonçalves (5/1-2017) 05/01-2017 RUSSIA The 21th edition of the "Broadcasting in Russian" Handbook (winter 2016-spring 2017), published by St. Petersburg DX Club, has been recently released. The handbook is the most comprehensive guide to broadcasts in Russian in AM bands (LW, MW, SW). It features ALL radio stations transmitting Russian language broadcasts at present, both from Russia and abroad, that could be received in Russia, CIS, Europe and Far East (totally 56 stations from 32 countries and territories of the world). Station listings include frequency and programme schedules, transmitter location and power, target areas, postal addresses, phone/fax numbers, Web sites, social network pages, e-mail addresses as well as QSL policy info. The schedules are generally valid until 25 March 2017 (i.e. during B16 broadcasting season). The Handbook is in Russian and distributed as a hard copy only. Volume is 64 pages of A5 size. Please address your purchase requests and questions to St. Petersburg DX Club: Alexander Beryozkin, P.O.Box 463, St. Petersburg, 190000, Russia or by e-mail: dxspb[at]nrec.spb.ru. The price is 6 EUR or 7 USD (including delivery by registered mail) by cash/PayPal/Skrill. Alexander Beryozkin, St. Petersburg DX Club (5/1-2017 03/01-2017 EUROPE TWR Europe has stopped using 1395 kHz Albania relay and the following replacing transmissions have been added via other sites: Polish 2045-2115 mtwtf.s 1467 kHz Roumoules, France 25 degrees Hungarian 2000-2045 Mon-Fri & 2000-2025 Sat/Sun 1548 kHz Grigoriopol, Moldova Romanian 2030-2100 daily 999 kHz Grigoriopol, Moldova. http://www.twreurope.org/ Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (2/1-2017) TWR Europe is also to be heard via 1233 kHz Cape Greco, CYP and 1035 kHz Tartu, EST. Ydun Ritz (3/1-2017) 01/01-2017 ISRAEL I have been informed by Dxer Simon Peter Liehr a new religious medium wave station will be operating by April / May. From Israel on freq 1.287 khz which was used before by Israeli Defence Radio. / Galei Tzahal. This will be from a organisation such as KVOH or Voice of Hope. Power of 100 kw. Which is good news. For this region of the world. Costa Constantinides in Cyprus, MWC fb group (1/1-2016) FRANCE 162 kHz is at silent carrier at 2301 UTC. James Robinson (1/1-2017) 31/12-2016 FRANCE Bretagne 5 solved technical problems and is back on 1593 KHz. Great signal and lovely audio here in the West of Ireland. HNY de Michael Foertig/ei3gyb (31/12-2016) 30/12-2016 UNID / PIRATE? That station on 261 KHz [see UNID 26/12] is back on the air (1542 UTC, 30 December 2016). It is being called Radio Luxembourg, and is supposed to be a tribute to Radio Luxembourg. Here is a post that I found with a sample of a recent broadcast. They are playing past programs from Radio Luxembourg. Liron (30/12-2016) LESOTHO 891 kHz. While Algers still is absent, here and there western soul MX can be heard on the channel during the last weeks. Pretty good this evening. At 21.28 female announcer giving frequency of 99.8 FM in English which is a clear sign for Ultimate Radio from Lesoto. The accent of the presenter points also into this direction. Afterwords no more announcements just American MX and interference with Iran. At best SIO: 333. 73 Zeljko Crncic from Germany (29/12-2016) ARGENTINA News from MW scene https://gruporadioescuchaargentino.wordpress.com/2016/12/27/novedades-en-am-argentina/ Nuevas adjudicaciones: El Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones (ENACOM), aprobó los concursos públicos para la adjudicación de licencias para la instalación, funcionamiento y explotación de tres servicios de comunicación audiovisual por modulación de amplitud. Mediante la Resolución 8289 se adjudica a la Sra. Elida Araceli Vitti una licencia de Categoría V para la frecuencia de 1580 KHz, en la localidad de Charata, Provincia del Chaco. La Resolución 8497 adjudica al Sr. Jorge Ricardo Nemesio, una licencia de Categoría VI en la frecuencia de 1450 KHz, para la localidad de General Acha, Provincia de La Pampa. El nombrado resulta ser adjudicatario también de otra licencia de Categoría VI en la frecuencia de 1410 KHz, para la localidad de Godoy Cruz, Provincia de Mendoza, conforme surge de la Resolución 8498. Cambio de frecuencia: Recientemente se ha producido el cambio de frecuencia de LRG-203 LU-100 Radio Capital “Antena 10” de la ciudad de Santa Rosa, Provincia de La Pampa. Esta emisora emite ahora en la nueva frecuencia de 1130 KHz, abandonando así la de 1410 KHz en la que venía emitiendo hasta ahora. Esta emisora es propiedad del Sr. Jorge Ricardo Nemesio, y el cambio puede obedecer a que el mismo ha sido favorecido con una reciente adjudicación de una emisora en la ciudad de General Acha (Provincia de La Pampa) en 1410 KHz -(véase noticia anterior). Nueva emisora: RADIO SERODINO, es una nueva emisora de Onda Media de carácter “no oficial” que ha salido recientemente al aire desde la localidad homónima, en la Provincia de Santa Fe. La misma opera en la frecuencia de 1590 KHz, con estudios y administración ubicados sobre la calle Las Heras Nº 608, de Serodino. E-mail: [email protected] , Página Web: http://www.radioserodino.com.ar . Su propietario sería el Sr. Sergio Daniel Pozzi. Marcelo A. Cornachioni, Argentina, condiglist yg (29/12-2016) 28/12-2016 JAPAN A lot of AFN (the old AFRTS) stations have moved to FM but there are still about a dozen on AM.. mainly low powered 250-1KW signals, but AFN Okinawa on 648 with 10kw and AFN Tokyo with 50kw on 810 are still possible in the US. I found this list of AFN frequencies, which also incldues TV and FM Some of the lower powered ones may be off the air, Chris Kadlec has mentioned he hasn't heard Red Cloud in years. Just thought this might help. Paul B. Walker, mwdx yg (28/12-2016) 27/12-2016 FRANCE The Maximum Power of the DRM transmissions on 1071 kHz from Quimerc'h, France, is 8 kW, not 20 kW. This information has come to me directly from the Project SmartCAST team, who are conducting the transmissions. Kind regards, Neil Savin, Administrator, DRM Reception Project, www.drmrx.org (27/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter 162 kHz did not close down for good tonight. Checking this morning, and the station is booming in here in sourthern Denmark with qsa 25. So we still have a few more days left to listen, before it goes silent on December 31st 2300 utc. Ydun Ritz (27/12-2016) "Bonjour. France Inter va cesser d'émettre sur les grandes ondes à partir du premier janvier 2017...." Jean-Michel Aubier, France, dxld yg (26/12-2016) UNID Someone’s transmitting music on 261.75 KHz. Heard on the Twente SDR. Liron (26/12-2016) FRANCE It was said, that France Inter would stop broadcast on 162 kHz December 26th at 2300 utc, but Jean-Michel Aubier, France told today in dxld yg, that "Allouis will close on Jan 1 (probably dec 31 2300 UT). Confirmation heard today at 1835 on 162". We will know more after 2300 utc tonight! Ydun Ritz (26/12-2016) Remaining stations on AM in France & Monaco. (2017) 162 kHz Allouis 2000/1000 kW Syrte – obspm Time signal (24h) in PSK mode 216 kHz Roumoules 1400/900 kW RMC (04.56 – 00.08) Local time 1071 kHz Brest Quimerc’h 20 kW France Bleu Breizh Izel (24h) DRM mode 1467 kHz Roumoules 1000 kW TransWorld Radio (22.00 – 00.15) Local Time 1593 kHz St Gouéno 10 kW Bretagne 5 (off the air for technical problems) Christian Ghibaudo (22/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter will stop broadcast on 162 kHz, already on December 26th. Normally untill December 31st, an anoucement telling how to receive France Inter. About this there different info on the air, some times it’s 26 and some hours later it’s 31... As always, in France confusion and mixing... And from January no longer France Inter audio, but the Time signal still stay on the air. Christian Ghibaudo (22/12-2016) ITALY Ciao again Ydun, today, 1235 UTC, on 828 kHz here in Lombardia, North Italy, there is again Z-100, no more I AM Radio. The signal is the same. So I can think yesterday I AM Radio used Z-100 TX in Pavia area. Why? In Italy MW panorama is so confused. Pay attention Have nice time. Giampiero Bernardini, Milano, Italia (22/12-2016) ICELAND Solstice bandscan After a warm autumn, chill and a thin layer of snow have struck. My run across LW/MW was a quick one. Bodø on 153 kHz came in stronger than usual, whereas RTÉ on 252 kHz… was not there. The MW band felt so-so. The Brits were there, but not quite wall-to-wall. The Absolute Radio repeater on 1197 kHz was listenable, but the one on 1242 I could only ID through knowing what I should be hearing. Reynir Heiðberg Stefánsson (21/12-2016) 21/12-2016 ITALY In this moment I AM Radio (Milan Area) is not broadcasting on 1350 kHz but it is on 828 kHz, the frequency of Z-100 (Pavia area). Here a post about it on PlayDX blog: 73, Giampiero Bernardini, Milano, Italia (21/12-2016) FRANCE Although the licence for 162kHz LW from Allouis will be revoked from 1 January 2017, it was announced on air this morning that France Inter transmissions on that frequency will cease on 26 December 2016. David on the British DX Club list, via Mike Terry, dxld yg (21/12-2016) 19/12-2016 ALGERIA Algeria’s Chaine 1 is now [2240utc] on air on 891 KHz and can be clearly heard on the Twente SDR. Liron (18/12-2016) SAUDI ARABIA The Saudi Arabia transmitter on 1521 KHz has been back on air for at least a week. Liron (18/12-2016) FRANCE It’s official, Radio France lost the licence to broadcast on LW from Allouis 162 kHz. Here is the text published this morning in the Journal Officiel Christian Ghibaudo, wrth fb group (17/12-2016) 14/12-2016 NORWAY The Bergen transmitter [Bergen Kringkaster] on 1314 kHz is normally on the air on Sundays only between 0900-1300 UTC. Power 160-180 watts. Tomorrow Dec 14th the engineer of the transmitter, Mr Oysten Ask, will run a test during the evening between 1700-approx 1900 UTC. The program will be a mix of earlier programs. Please, check the frequency!. Bengt Ericson, wrth fb group (13/12-2016) 12/12-2016 ICELAND At 0745utc Monday Dec 12, heard Iceland on 666 khz running separate programming to its LW freqs of 189 and 207. This was confirmed by listening to the Iceland SDR receiver. This was also heard on the DX Tuners RX from Ireland. 73, Tony Magon AUS (12/12-201 11/12-2016 UNID / ALGERIA? Today from 16.45 to 17.45 utc it has been possible to detect a radio station[on 891 kHz] which broadcast in Arabic (Algeria - Chaine 1?). However, from 19:30 utc was heard again the 1 kHz tone signal. Alberto V. Pesaro, Italy (10/12-2016) New AM station approved: Vancouver 600 kHz (10 kW). Appendix 1 to Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2016-464 Sher-E-Punjab Radio Broadcasting Inc. Terms, conditions of licence, expectation and encouragement for the ethnic commercial AM radio programming undertaking in Vancouver, British Columbia Terms The licence will expire 31 August 2023. The station will operate at 600 kHz (class B) with a daytime and nighttime transmitter power of 10,000 watts. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, no licence may be issued until the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. Furthermore, the Commission will only issue a licence for this undertaking once the applicant has informed the Commission in writing that it is prepared to commence operations. The undertaking must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 28 November 2018. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted at least 60 days before this date. Conditions of licence 1. The licensee shall adhere to the conditions set out in Conditions of licence for commercial AM and FM radio stations, Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2009-62, 11 February 2009, as well as to the conditions set out in the broadcasting licence for the undertaking. 2. The licensee shall devote 100% of the programming broadcast each broadcast week to ethnic programs, as defined in the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time. 3. The licensee shall devote at least 85% of the programming broadcast each broadcast week to third-language programs, as defined in the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time. 4. In each broadcast week, the licensee shall provide programming directed to a minimum of 19 distinct ethnic groups in at least 17 different languages. 5. In each broadcast week, at least 67% of the programming shall be broadcast in the Punjabi and Hindi languages. 6. The licensee shall not broadcast Chinese-language programming. ii 7. In addition to the required basic annual contribution to Canadian content development (CCD), set out in section 15 of the Radio Regulations, 1986, as amended from time to time, the licensee shall, upon commencement of operations, make an annual contribution of $250,000 ($1,750,000 over seven consecutive broadcast years) to the promotion and development of Canadian content. This additional CCD contribution shall be allocated to parties and initiatives fulfilling the definition of eligible initiatives set out in paragraph 108 of Commercial Radio Policy 2006, Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 2006-158, 15 December 2006. 8. The licensee shall comply with Broadcasting Mandatory Order 2014-592 and shall adhere to the terms specified within the Consent Agreement entered into by the licensee with the Commission on 9 October 2014. Expectation The Commission expects the licensee to reflect the cultural diversity of Canada in its programming and employment practices. In accordance with Implementation of an employment equity policy, Public Notice CRTC 1992-59, 1 September 1992, the Commission encourages the licensee to consider employment equity issues in its hiring practices and in all other aspects of its management of human resources. via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (10/12-2016) 09/12-2016 ALGERIA 891 R.Algérienne, Ouled Fayet, has indeed resumed operation albeit airing nothing more than an annoying 1 kHz tone signal via what's been reported as a new tx. The closest European tx also using 891 is that of R.Sim, Vilamoura, here in Portugal, and I suppose their audience isn't finding the "whistling" that amusing. Carlos Gonçalves POR (9/12-2016) ALGERIA 1550 POLISARIO Front, Rabouni. The morning b/cast is closing at 1300 and the evening one runs from 1700 to 2300. It's been quite some time since I last caught them with the usual segments in Castilian. Carlos Gonçalves POR (9/12-2016) FRANCE DRM on 1071kHz. Reports of noise are probably tests from Brittany this morning. Anyone able to hear audio? Mike Terry, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) 1071 DRM. This station was caught in Losan a de Piron, central Spain from 08 dec 17:00 to 09 december 09:00 and I afraid it is on air! Receiver Elad FDM-S2 with audio and text direct decodification DRM . This station is from Quimerc's, Brest, French Brittany They were relaying France Bleu. A phone call with a local fisherman was heard. More info on http://www.tdf.fr/smartcast Juan Antonio Arranz, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) Yes see: Jurgen Bartels Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (9/12-2016) UNID / ALGERIA? I confirm since 15/11 that on 891 khz (former Radio 538) a very strong signal, perceptible with any portable radios and car radios, does not allow listening to any radio station. Alberto V. Pesaro, Italy (8/12-2016) UNID / ALGERIA? The 1 kHz tone on 891 kHz has been discussed quite a bit in the Twente WebSDR chatbox, and the idea is that it is a new/rebuilt transmitter in Algeria. Listening to it via this WebSDR (in the Netherlands) in the evening, one also hears muffled audio from the Radio Monte Carlo transmitter on 216 kHz on it. Presumably, this audio is transfered to it in the ionosphere (by the so-called Luxemburg effect). This suggests the signal passes over southern France, which would agree well with the transmitter being in Algeria. Regards, Pieter-Tjerk de Boer (amateur radio callsign PA3FWM, developer of the WebSDR) (8/12-2016) Laser Hot Hits on a new frequency, 1476 kHz MW. Also on 4.025 khz Short Wave. Herman Content, Gent , Belgium (08/12-2016) UNID I just tune the MW band on the Twente Receiver and on 891 khz former Radio 538 I hear a very loud tone of 1.000 kilohertz a very strong signal of S9 + 40 db on there S – Meter at 16:54 utc. I wounder what is going on here ? Maybe the wanne block this so no one can use it. Herman Content, Gent , Belgium (08/12-2016) I have heard the same strong tone on 891 kHz (on my Sangean ATS909X) for several days now. I don't have any idea of who and why. Ydun Ritz (8/12-2016) U K Radio Caroline wants 1kW to cover East Anglia Radio Caroline has asked Ofcom for permission to crank up a 1 kilowatt transmitter as part of its community radio application. Most community radio stations operate at around 50 watts, covering an area of around 5 kilometres, but Caroline boss Peter Moore has requested no less than 1000 watts to reach its community of interest base across East Anglia. It proposes to cover an area bounded by Ipswich in the South, Bury St Edmunds and Stowmarket in the West, Saxmundham to the East and Diss to the North. In the application, Peter Moore says: “We would however seek permission to operate at a considerably higher power level outside the “typical” limits suggested. Radio Caroline, is not a traditional community radio station seeking to serve a small geographical “community of place”. As set out elsewhere in this application, Radio Caroline can best be described as a “community of interest” station, with potential listeners spread throughout East Anglia. This means that our coverage requirements are therefore atypical.” The station has applied for a licence in Suffolk but proposes to broadcast most of the programmes from Kent, due to better internet connectivity, and from the Ross Revenge ship using 4G. Programming would be original for 20 hours per day and broadcast only in English. If awarded a licence, the station could be on-air in time for the 50th anniversary of the Marine Offenses Act, on 14th August 2017. AM Rock, another applicant for an AM community radio licence, has also requested an extended 20+ km radius to broadcast Rock, Blues, Folk and Jazz Music across East Kent Mike Terry, mwdx yg (7/12-2016) U K The Radio Caroline AM community radio licence application has now been published. (Thanks to Mike Barraclough for this news) Mike Terry, mwdx yg (7/12-2016) 06/12-2016 U K On the air since 1 December 2016, Bradford Asian Radio broadcasts on 1413 kHz in English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pothohari, Mirpuri and other languages. It also offers live online streaming at www.bradfordasianradio.co.uk. David Kernick, Interval Signals Online (6/12-2016) CANADA Not sure if it's still newsworthy. 940kHz CFNV is being received in Ottawa (~ 100 miles from Montreal) with a good signal at 23:10 UTC on December 5. ID, mention of test, contact information. Edith Piaf singing La Vie en Rose, and Bob McFerrin singing Don't Worry be Happy...not a bad start. :^) Regards, Vince, Ottawa, ON, dxld yg (6/12-2016) 04/12-2016 AUSTRALIA Australian MW DX. Hello Ydun, I just thought I would introduce myself and offer my services to you and your website followers: I work in the Sydney Radio Master Control centre of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney. Although the ABC no longer prints or issues QSL cards, I am happy to verify reception reports by email for listeners to our MW services. I have been doing this for some years now, with a great many reports coming in from Scandinavia in particular, but also parts of Europe, Asia and the USA. This is not an official service and therefore not advertised as such, but as a former DXer myself, and as I can access the off-air logs and programme schedules for all of our MW services, I am happy to verify reception reports for MW DXers anywhere. It has been gratifying in recent years to see the hobby being somewhat revived, thanks I think in large part to new technology such as Perseus SDR receivers and software. Listeners can email me at this address Himmelhoch-Mutton.Graham @ abc.net.au and I will endeavour to respond as quickly as I can. Attaching an mp3 file is welcome, helpful, and recommended. Kind regards, Graham Himmelhoch-Mutton, Radio Master Control, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (4/12-2016) VATICAN CITY STATE Vatican Radio has ceased all its medium wave broadcasts (1260 and 585 kHz) for Rome and Latium on November 30th; thus, Vatican City is another MW-silent country. This piece of news is reported in Italian on Regards, Giovanni Ricci (4/12-2016) FRANCE France Inter is now advertising a helpline for listeners to call for advice on what to do after 162 longwave closes. I wonder how many of the French people living in the UK (and Germany, Switzerland, etc) are aware that this is imminent. Chris Greenway, dxld yg (4/12-2016) PIRATES This evening I'm hearing Laser Hot Hits on a new frequency, 1476 kHz. It is probably a move from 1494 kHz. Regarding the Italian station with NPR News it seems the jingle ends with "Time Radio". My recording will be checked in Italy. However I have this update: Time Radio has now moved from 1350 to 1359 kHz. Best regards, Karl-Erik Stridh (3/12-2016) http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/hamburg/Sendemasten-in-Moorfleet-gefallen, moorfleet124.html [a look worth/ed] 184 metres tall radiator and 77 metres tall screening mast, as required by GE75 for running full 300 kW. The MW back-up antenna, a 120 metres mast moved in from the Osterloog site after it was closed in 1962, had been blown up already in 2011. The whole arrangement as it was until then: Kai Ludwig, mwmasts yg (2/12-2016) Mike Terry, MWC fb group (1/12-2016) 28/11-2016 CANADA Performing a band-scan 800-1000kHz with a Dirt-Cheap DSL radio. At 0535UT (0035EST) on 940kHz I came across a French language station. This is the new CFNV Montreal... not sure if still testing, or in full broadcast. Anouncement at 0050 that it was 940AM (my French is rusty, but may have spelled out the C-F-N-V before the 940 AM). Male French announcer as I write at 0057. Anyone else on the E. Coast/ E. Canada hearing this? Regards Paul S. in CT, dxld yg (28/11-2016) Here on the Cape this has been coming in at very good levels pretty much all day. I haven't checked in the last few days but last week they were still testing. Stephen Wood, Harwich, Mass., dxld yg (28/11-2016) U K Mike Terry, mwc facebook group (28/11-2016) ALGERIA Algeria is back on the air tonight, but it has a carrier on 890, 891 and 892, they all seem to have audio. Also 2 more carrier type signals on 889 and 893. Matt, Grimsby UK (28/11-2016) 24/11-2016 INDIA After 30 years of service on MW, All India Radio, Adilabad has ceased their service recently on 1485 kHz. The 1 kW transmitter was commissioned on 12 Oct 1986 and permanently went off air on 15 Oct 2016. The MW TX was replaced on 15 Aug 2015 by 10 kW FM tx operating on 100.2 MHz. AIR Adilabad is about 300 kms North from my location and occasionally I used to get their faint signals in the early mornings / night times. QSLs of AIR Adilabad in my collection: Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS, National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad, India via mwmasts yg (24/11-2016) BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA After three years Radio Banovici 792 kHz back on the air. Sanel Tufekcic (24/11-2016) James Robinson's excellent list of UK MW stations back in history. RRI Denpasar winner of the 2016 DRM Award 22 NOV DRM ENTERPRISE AWARD 2016 WINNERS ANNOUNCED. The Digital Radio Mondiale Consortium is delighted to announce that the recipients of the 2016 DRM Enterprise Award Asia Pacific Region 2016,, jointly sponsored with SAS, the leader in analytics, is awarded to the team of Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) engineers at Denpasar, Indonesia for their support and hard work in running a DRM AM [1206 kHz, HjB] trial in 2016. The winners are: Mr Salwan, Manager of Technology and New Media Director; Mr Ketut Suandi, Assistant Manager Transmitter, and Mr Cok Dalem Javadi, Staff of Technology and New Media unit. The award aims to stimulate interest in the DRM standard in various parts of the world that would benefit from the full introduction of digital radio. The RRI engineers on the beautiful island of Bali were selected to receive the award in recognition of their work in preparing a medium wave transmitter to broadcast in DRM during the Asia Broadcasting Union’s General Assembly in October. On behalf of RRI Mr R.Ginging, CTO, also proudly congratulated his staff for having engaged and worked so well together with Consortium representatives thus quickly learning about new digital opportunities for radio broadcasting. Ruxandra Obreja, DRM Consortium Chair, congratulated the local RRI engineers as “their work shows how quickly DRM can become part of day-to-day activity. This proved that the Indonesian public broadcaster has the talent and capacity to test the latest digital technologies in their effort to future proof public broadcasting.” Details of the 2017 DRM Enterprise Award – Africa will be announced at the beginning of 2017. Posted at 14:31h in News, Press Releases by glo34ry http://www.drm.org/drm-enterprise-award-2016-winners-announced/ via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (23/11-2016) U K Application list for new AM licences out today, includes the following: Radio Caroline (Suffolk) Phone Number: 020 8340 3831 Email Address: [email protected] Mike Terry, mwdx yg (22/11-2016) ICELAND More to ISL-item from yesterday: RUV's technicians have for a year been experimenting with an AM transmission system, and there are indications that it could replace the two powerful LW transmitters at Eiðar and Gufuskálar. The transmitter at Gufuskálar is Iceland's tallest manmade structure, about 412m tall, roughly equal to 5.5 church towers. [The reference tower is that of Hallgrím's Church that is visible from much of Reykjavík.] The mast at Eiðar is Iceland's third tallest structure, just shy of 220m. The LW transmitters are intended to transmit to ships around Iceland and plug holes in the FM distribution system. LW, however, is found on only a minority of radios sold today, and running the system is expensive. The LW masts need a lot of electricity and maintenance is expensive, not least fixing the strobe lights on the mast at Eiðar which have repeatedly been damaged by weather. They also disturb the people living at Eiðar. Gunnar Örn Guðmundsson, manager of RUV's technical division, says that an experimental AM transmitter at Vatnsendi has worked beyond expectations. Although it runs at only quarter power, its signals have been measured all the way to Eyjafjöll. AM masts are considerably lower and cheaper to run, and most, if not all, new radios can receive them. Further tests are needed before a decision can be made, but Gunnar thinks it likely to end with the LW transmitters will be taken down. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (20/11-2016) ICELAND In the RÚV News 1600Z today: RUV is considering abandoning LW for MW. Radios with LW are just too hard to find now-a-days, and the transmitter sites are too expensive to maintain and run, they say. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (19/11-2016) 17/11-2016 BULGARIA Radio Bulgaria closed their shortwave service in early 2012, switching most of their multilingual service to online streaming. Their Turkish output however can still be heard through the ether on 576 kHz (Vidin) from the country's high-powered and sole remaining mediumwave transmitter, presumably primarily intended for Bulgaria's sizable Turkish minority. These broadcasts are at 0600-0700, 1300-1400 & 1830-1930 UT [presumably an hour earlier in summer] and unlike the web streaming these programmes still start with the same interval signal and signature tune Radio Sofia/Radio Bulgaria has used since the 1960s, and identify as 'Bulgaristan Radyosu'. These broadcasts can also heard be heard locally via Radio Kardzhali, the latest of nine regional stations of Bulgarian National Radio (BNR). Kardzhali Province has an ethnic Turkish majority and the station transmits on 90.0 MHz FM with its own programmes in Bulgarian at 0900-1200 local time (currently 0700-1000 UT), the rest of the time relaying either Horizont [BNR 1st Programme] or Radio Bulgaria broadcasts in Turkish at the times given above. Radio Kardzhali and 18 other BNR radio services are available on live web streams from their website at http://bnr.bg/ Dave Kernick, WRTH fb group (17/11-2016) CANADA TTP Media’s CFNV 940 AM begins on-air testing. After occasional sputters of an audible tone a few hours a day over a few weeks, 940 AM has actual audio for the first time in almost seven years as TTP Media’s first AM radio station has officially begun testing. The programming consists of music in English and French, with a 23-second announcement about the station about every 15 minutes confirming its callsign of CFNV and asking people with reception issues to call 1-855-732-5940. It says the station will launch “progressivement sous peu” or “très bientôt” (the message varies slightly). CFNV will be a French-language talk station when it launches, which the CRTC has said it must do by Nov. 21. The licence was first authorized in 2011, and the deadline extended three times (one more than usual). The deadline to launch an English station at 600 AM passed on Nov. 9. The CRTC confirms to me it has received an application for an extension to that deadline (which was supposed to be final) but has not made a decision yet. A third station, a French sports-talk at 850 AM, had its authorization expire this summer with no request for extension. 940 AM, which is assigned to Montreal as a clear channel, so this station will have a very large footprint at night, was last used by AM 940, a Corus-owned station that began as 940 News and kept cutting resources and changing formats until it finally shut down in 2010. Alan Doherty on MWC fb group (17/11-2016) Hungarian political parties plans to left "Daylight saving time", the parliament will vote next week. Thats means, Hungary will be in UTC+2 during all year, like Ukraine. (In the early dusk (~16:00 HLT in December) causes depression in many people.) Tringer László (16/11-2016) 15/11-2016 NETHERLANDS Unfortunately, 538 left 891am earlier today... It was a great station, but now we can receive many N. Africans... It may even ease 890am – Cuba. RIP 538... Missed by many. Dean Denton (15/11-2016) The transmitter 891 Hulsberg, the Netherlands is definitely turned off today. Andre Schokker (15/11-2016) 14/11-2016 ALGERIA I’m assuming Algeria on 891 has been reactivated again. 1kHz test tone present, blocking 538. Also, a lux effect from 162kHz France Inter. EuropeDX/Dean Denton, Hull (13/11-2016) NIGERIA At the moment 2005 [12/11] on 1440 no signal from Saudi Arabia is detectable. So Adamawa BC from Nigeria is comming through on a clear channel. At times for instance at 1952 with local MX with SIO: 333. 73 from Zeljko Crncic (12/11-2016) 10/11-2016 SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia is back on the air tonight (Wednesday) on 1521 KHz. It looks like this transmitter is on the air every Wednesday evening. Liron (10/11-2016) 07/11-2016 ALBANIA As of January 2017 Trans World Radio will stop its broadcasts on the mediumwave frequency 1395 kHz from Albania. The discontinuation of broadcasts from Albania could mean good news for the low power AM transmitters in the Netherlands that broadcast on 1395 kHz. Trans World Radio will use other mediumwave stations in Europe to achieve its targets. For example, the radio programme is broadcast on a mediumwave transmitter of Radio Monte Carlo (1467 kHz) and a mediumwave frequency from Georgia (1548 kHz). The transmitter in Albania is in a poor condition and there is no money to renovate it. Trans World Radio was the only radio channel still using the transmitter near Tirana. The transmissions, which take place in the evening hours, use high power and can also be received in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is also currently using 1395 kHz for low-power transmissions up to 100 watts. Under the the current broadcasting licences, the Dutch stations are not allowed to broadcast between sunset and sunrise on this frequency. With the disappearance of broadcasts from Albania it should be possible for radio stations that broadcast on 1395 kHz in the Netherlands to broadcast 24 hours a day via this frequency. The Radiocommunications Agency will have to give formal consent, however. Current broadcasters omn 1395 kHz include Seabreeze Radio AM (Friesland) and Q-AM (Gelderland) via this frequency. In addition, there are various authorizations issued by the Radiocommunications Agency for stations that have not yet started broadcasting. Source: mediamagazine.nl translated by Andy Sennit, who has just reported this on the PCJ Facebook group. Mike Terry, MWC fb group (7/11-2016) 06/11-2016 LITHUANIA / POLAND Radio Poland, the external service of Polish Radio, is transmitted via Sitkūnai, Lithuania, on 1386 kHz (medium wave 216 m), 75 kW, omnidirectional, at 04:00-05:00 UTC in Belarusian and at 16:30-17:30 UTC in Russian. Other content providers are Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and NHK World radio. The transmitter is on air 12.5 hours a day, 16:30-05:00 UTC. The relay broadcaster is Radio Baltic Waves International. Rimantas Pleikys, MWC fb group (6/11-2016) CHINA According to the recent frequency list of CRI Russian at http://russian.cri.cn/3098/2016/05/30/1s582734.htm , 1521 kHz is used 0800-1000 and 1900-0400 h Bejing Time (UTC+8). That would be 0000-0200 and 1100-2000 h UTC. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (6/11-2016) 05/11-2016 SAO TOME Since the start of the new season, I have been checking the audibility of the remaining English broadcasts of the Voice of America. Many are also audible in Europe and do provide for some interesting listening (US presidential race, intercultural experiences in South Korea). Checking the medium wave Pinheira 1530 kHz today, I did find it at 0300 h UTC in English. Reception deteriorated quickly against European co-channel stations. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (5/11-2016) 04/11-2016 SAO TOME The northeast tower of the 600 kW São Tomé 1530 IBB/BBG medium wave relay has collapsed. The station is now operating non-direxionally on the remaining tower. The pattern was a wide-spaced two-tower array, with two major lobes, one more or less northerly, the other northeastward. So it is not clear whether this would diminish or increase its signal toward North America, where it has occasionally been DXed, around sign-on 0258 UT Glenn Hauser, dxld yg (4/11-2016) 03/11-2016 JAMMING? In central Italy (Marche Region) on 3 November 2016 from 17.00 to 18.00 UTC, using a simple car radio it was possible to listen on 1521 kHz traditional songs, information and news clearly read in Russian, but regarding the Republic of China. The different radio speakers that have followed have never made reference to a possible China Radio International. Alberto V. Pesaro (3/11–2016) The CHINA item 28/10-2016 mentions this frequency. Ydun Ritz GERMANY On 31 October 2016, AFN Bavaria Vilseck stopped "serving America's best" on medium wave 1107 kHz. The station was heard on 31 October in the region when checked in the morning and at noon, but was not on the air on 1 and 2 November. The medium wave station went on the air in 2008 replacing a station in Grafenwoehr. It is now the last AFN medium wave station to close down and in fact the last regular medium wave station in Germany to stop broadcasting. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (3/11-2016) U K Radio JCom (Radio JCom Limited), broadcasting in Leeds on medium wave 1386 kHz, surrendered its AM licence. The station began in 2007 as an internet station and started regular medium wave broadcasts in 2009. (BBC report back then: http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leeds/hi/people_and_places/religion A additional research by Dr Hansjoerg Biener (3/11-2016) CUBA Nov 3 2016 @ 0856 UTC, distinctive Radio Reloj [770 kHz] ticks & time-pips heard well under WABC whilst plundering a remote SDR in NW Ohio. New home for Fidel's newser; watch for other possible changes among Cuban MW outlets. Greg Hardison, dxld yg (3/11-2016) SAUDI ARABIA The Saudi transmitter on 1521 KHz is on the air at the moment (2325 UTC November 2 2016) with regular programming. Heard via KiweSDR, Haparanda, Sweden http://90.231.162.22:8073/?f=1521.74amz6 I also heard it one evening last week but not between then and now. Liron (3/11-2016) ISLE of MAN Another Radio Caroline North [1368 kHz] broadcast has come to an end. We hope you enjoyed what we played over the weekend and that you'll join us for the final 'North' broadcast of the year over the weekend 26th/27th November. Many thanks to Manx Radio for the use of their AM transmitter and to Tiptree for the prizes. Mike Terry, dxld yg (1/11-2016) 30/10-2016 NETHERLANDS The recording that is on your website is far from good, so I was able to make a much clear and better one http://vocaroo.com/i/s1P6RMSoiuwY 00:14 sec long to listen. Radio 538 on 891 khz loop tape. Here is a translation from Dutch in English on what the Dutch Male Voice does say this: “The broadcasting via this frequency is ceased, Radio 538 can now be heard in the best audio sound quality via he tv cable, DAB + and the are 538 app“ (also online at https://www.538.nl/ The play button is on the bottom of the website you can’t miss it, click there to watch the live webcam and hear the audio) Maybe a lot of people would like to know where the Radio Station Name 538 does come from? It does go back to the year 1972 when on the last weekend of september the Dutch Offshore Radio Station Radio Veronica 192 had to change the frequency from 192 m – 1.562 khz to 537 m – 557 khz the call it “ 538 “ because that does much better rhymes in Dutch like “ 538 op volle kracht “ in English that means : “ 538 on full power “ but that does not rhymes in English right , like 537 would not rhymes in Dutch also. That was to avoid the fact that Radio Beromunster would increase the power all the up to 300 kw and Radio Veronica only had a transmitter power of about 7 kw out of a 10 KW Continental Electonics 316 C and the did use about 3 kw at night on low power as far that I can remember. So Radio Veronica 538 did use this frequency and till the Anti Offshore Radio Law in The Netherlands on the 31 th of august 1974 and Radio Veronica did close down at 18 h local time (17 h UTC). Than later Radio Veronica became a legal Radio Station on land and did use the National Dutch Radio Station network for many years afther a long battle to become legal. A former DJ of Radio Veronica did set up some radio and also tv projects in The Netherlands and also in Belgium. And one of those radoi projects was Radio 538 and there did come the name 538 from. And that a big succes and became popular as a National Commercial Radio Station. But there was a big trouble, down South of the Country in Dutch Limburg (because there is also a Belgian Limburg just on the other side of the border) the is a a weak FM Band low coverage so the only opportunity the did had was, to use a MW transmitter on 891 khz in Hulsberg who was used before by Radio 1 or long time ago Hilversum 1 and also at some hours of the day for local radio transmissons. A other bit of history will be lost and also a other MW Transmitter in The Netherlands will go off air very soon, so now the is only one MW Station left and that is 1.008 khz (or 298 m) fomer Radio 1 and long time before Hilversum 2. In case that I make a error on this info than other Dutch writers me sure correct me I don’t have any problem. MW 891 khz with 22 KW daytime power and 5 kw at night me she RIP. 73 and remember and its UTC + 1 hour as from to day and tille next March , good DX all from Herman Content, Gent – Belgium (30/10-2016) 29/10-2016 LATVIA / (SPAIN) The Dutch internet MediaMagazine.nl writes that Radio Mi Amigo International will start using the (empty) 1476 KHz as from Novembre. The former offshore radiostation, now a radioproject on the Costa Brava, in Spain, is already hiring airtime in the eveninghours via Radio Merkurs in Riga – Latvia on 1485 Khz./ 1 Kw. Mainly to reach an audience in Scandanavia. Novembre is announced as a testperiod. After that a defenitive broadcasting schedule will come in function. The magazine writes that also the power of the transmitter will be increased and that instead of 1485 the neighbouring channel 1476 will come in use. Radio Mi Amigo International is expending there AM activities! Starting from Sunday Octobre the 30 th. using the shortwave facilities in Kall-Krekel in the Eifel in Germany. Until now two hours per weekday, and in the weekend more hours, programs were broadcasted via 6005, 3985, 7310 and 9560 Khz. New is a 9 hour programming on 6085, starting at 9 in the morning until 6 in the evening. The 1476 KHz. I do remember as the channel on which Austria earlier was audible all over Europe. Now the channel is almost empty here around the North Sea. Picking up now and then signals from the middle-east or Africa. The 1485 is a very crowded mix of many signals in the dark hours. Here in Holland (very) low power permissions are given out for this frequency. I´m really curious or the 1476 from Riga will carry much more further, and interferenc free, then the 1485. Best of 73’s, Willem Prins – Haren / The Netherlands (29/10-2016) GERMANY Contrary to the internet source correctly quoted by Harald Kuhl, AFN Vilseck [1107 kHz] was still heard on my car radio in Nuremberg on the evening of 28 October. Given the fact, that this is the remaining active medium wave of AFN and indeed all stations in Germany, an imminent closure seems plausible. On 1 November, I shall be in the Vilseck region and can check whether the station is still on the air. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/10-2016) AZERBAIJAN This autumn I haven't been able to hear Azerbaijan on either of their usual frequencies: 801 or 891 kHz. Both have been some tens of Hz above nominal and rather usual catches here in Finland. Also the very weak Voice of Azerbaijan transmitter on 1296 kHz has been missing these months. I'd be glad to be proven wrong, but looks like another country may be gone from medium wave. 73, Mauno Ritola, mwdx yg (29/10-2016) 28/10-2016 GERMANY "AFN Bavaria discontinues the AM broadcast on 1107 KHz Friday, Oct. 28 at approximately 10 a.m. You can still listen to AFN Bavaria in Grafenwoehr and Vilseck at FM frequencies 98.5 or 107.7. Tune in to AFN 360 anywhere, anytime. Visit www.afneurope.net/AFN-360 ." vy 73 Harald Kuhl (28/10-2016) CHINA China Radio Int was heard on 1521 in Russian at tune in 1810 UT on the 27th. The signal was strong on peaks but with fades down into the mush. It was checked to be parallel with Urumqi 7210, and the two transmitters were in sync. There is still no trace of the Saudi transmitter though. Noel R. Green [NW England], dxld yg (28/10-2016) Reportedly the Duba transmitter uses only the daytime frequency 594 kHz anymore. At least it's there right now, at 1645, considerably stronger than // 1440 and 1512. At the same time only the small 5 kW in Spain is audible on 1521 kHz. So in all likelyhood the presumably renovated Hutubi facility is not on air right now. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (28/10-2016) 27/10-2016 INDIA On 26 October at 1055 UTC, the Deputy Director General of All India Radio North East inaugurated the new DRM MW 200 kW transmitter of AIR Siliguri (Bengal). In his speech broadcast until 1115 UTC, he announced that the power of the analogue transmission on 711 kHz is 194 kW while the DRM-power on 720 kHz is 6 kW. The primary channel is also streamed at the website http://www.airsiliguri.in/live.html which was inaugurated about one year ago. All India Radio Siliguri was commissioned on 7 July 1963 as a 20 kW auxiliary station of All India Radio Kolkata to provide medium wave coverage to the people of North Bengal. On 8 August 1982, the station was upgraded to the status of a full-fledged station of its own right. The high power transmitter (200 kW) now replaced was commissioned in 1987. Alok Dasgupta 26 October 2016 DX India. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/10-2016) CANADA Several boards and blogs are reporting that 940 Montreal has begun testing. The calls are CFNV. 50kW's as before tho many suspect that they are not up to full power yet. The same company was also to bring 600 AM back to the air. Nothing heard yet on that frequency and the deadline to get this station on air is Nov. 9 (Nov. 21 for 940) Andy Reid, dxld yg (27/10-2016) Right now 940 Khz AM is on the air with a constant Tone at 1530 UTC. Gilles Letourneau, Montreal, Quebec, dxld yg (27/10-2016) NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS Radio 538 is indeed ended here programming via the AM. The announcement tells the listener that 538 has ceased his programm on this frequencie. Then the alternative ways of listening to Radio 538 are told, like the cablenetwork, digital radio DAB +, the website and the App. Radio 538 started broadcasting 13 years ago on 891. On that moment there was no coverage of the station in this southern part of The Netherlands via the FM. Earlier the 22.5 Kw TX in Hulsberg was in use by the public radio. The first national program Radio 1 was on. A spokesman of Radio 538 says in the press that broadcasting via this AM station is no longer necessary, because mainly of the digital alternatives. Unclear is what will happen whit the AM outlet on 891. Radio 538 has a licence for the frequencie until septembre 2017. A switch-off date is not announced, but probably the transmitter will be off -air after this weekend, when the new month of Novembre is starting. So a "switch-off party" leaving AM forever is not expected on the radiostation. The 891 Khz. will probably gonna be available for low power use, after Radio 538 has given back here licence to the authorities W. Prins - Haren / The Netherlands (27/10-2016) 26/10-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio 538 is currently looping a closure announcement on MW, so this is the timer where Radio 538 is quitting 538, but on the plus side, we can hear what is behind 891kHz. But I have one question, I am no good at Dutch, but does it announce a date? Dean Denton, Hull, UK \| EuropeDX on YouTube. NETHERLANDS Radio 538 from the Netherlands has closed their am 891 transmitter, today 26-10-2016. Andre Schokker (26/10-2016) Heard at my QTH October 21st. (ed) 25/10-2016 NETHERLANDS Lpam radio station More radio from Sneek, Netherlands official start at 5 october at 1200 local time at am 1485 khz. G reetz Andre Schokker (25/10-2016) UNID I hear French talk on 1530 khz around 20:30 h utc and after a check its not Vatican Radio or the VOA so would that be Africa? Can some help me out please ? Did listen at Receiver : Northern Ireland - MWDX - "KAZ" on Global Tuners. 73, Herman Content , Gent – Belgium (24/10-2016) ISLE OF MAN Radio Caroline North returns this weekend online and on 1368 kHz as we continue to trace the station's history. We'll hear about the final few months offshore and the difficulties the ship went through, culminating in the grounding on the Goodwin Sands and the rescue of the entire crew. We've more great prizes to give away from Tiptree, preserves of distinction, so join us this weekend online and on 1368 KHz courtesy of Manx Radio for Radio Caroline North. Your emails are always welcome at [email protected] o.uk . Radio Caroline North on AM from the Isle of Man is sponsored by Tiptree, Preserves Of Distinction. Saturday 29th October: 06:00 John Ellery (ON LINE ONLY) 08.30 Chris Williams' Carnaby Street from Manx Radio 1368khz 10:30 Kevin Turner 02:00 Note that clocks go back at 2am 02:00 Andrew Austin Mike Terry via mwdx yg (24/10-2016) 24/10-2016 TURKEY On various remote SDR units in Moscow Russia, Kiev Ukraine, Zakynthos Greece and Calabria southern Italy heard the TRT morning services on Oct 24: 1062 TUR acc MW lists TRT Diyarbakir, CONTINOUSLY music program, no ID, no spoken part heard. Likely "Kurdi Progr", at 0320 UT S=9+10dB proper signal in Ukraine unit. 926.994 TUR TRT Izmir in Turkish, S=7 in Ukraine, poor signal compared to much S=9+30dB stronger on 890.999 TUR TRT Antalya, observed at 0330 UT. atter. [selected SDR options, span 12.5 kHz RBW 15.3 Hertz] Wolfgang Büeschel, df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (24/10-2016) LIBYA [ N O T logged], 1053 not heard here in past months. There was a strange TV video RR report from the US of Tripolis Libya heard across the Atlantik, I've my doubts on this matter. [selected SDR options, span 12.5 kHz RBW 15.3 Hertz] Wolfgang Büeschel, df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (24/10-2016) Re 1521 kHz item from Oct. 15th: Yes, must be CRI Urumqi reactivated after many months of silence. 73, Mauno Ritola, dxld yg (18/10-2016) 17/10-2016 JAMMING Re 1521 kHz item from Oct. 15th: ...And tonight they modulate the transmitter with traditional Chinese music non-stop... I read that CRI Russian was missing from 1521 kHz for some time. So it's pretty obvious that the presumed equipment replacement took place in China instead... How is the signal in Russia now, considering its almost sensational level in Central Europe? Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (16/10-2016) Who's jamming who? Tudor Vedeanu, dxld yg (15/10-2016) This sweep from 0 to 1000 Hz in exactly one second sounds very much like a test tone to me, like a sign of life from the Duba transmitter that has been missed for at least some weeks if not months. Could it be that the old tube transmitter has been replaced by a new solid-state rig, testing right now? I think such replacements had already been done at other high power mediumwave sites in Saudi Arabia. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (15/10-2016) Hi, Tudor! Yes, I also heard the signal. I heard it from 1649 untill sign off at 1700 UTC on measured 1521.010 khz. Signal strength here (north-east of Cologne) is S9+20 dB. I also monitored it via the Twente receiver with S9 to S9+10 dB. I used my Inverted-V beamed 90°/270°. Unfortunately my other Inverted-V's are currently inactive due to maintainance. Receiver: Perseus SDR and Perseus software v5. I'll try to monitor the freq. again tomorrow also using different remote sites. 73, Manfred Reiff, dxld yg (15/10-2016) TWR EUROPE Since January 1, programs of TWR (ex 1395, Albania) will be in the Polish language on 1467 kHz via the MC, in Croatian - on the local FM network, in Romanian on 999 kHz (Pridnestrovie) after the Ukrainian and Russian services and the rest on 1548 kHz. 73, Vasily Gulyaev, Astrakhan, Russia, wrth fb group (15/10-2016) 14/10-2016 FRANCE One (bad) news: Radio Maria France will cease its broadcasts on medium wave from the Col de la Madone (Monaco frequency) 1467 kHz on 30 October 2016. To listen to Radio Maria will remain the FM frequency 88.2 MHz in Monaco and especially the RNT DAB + from the Mont Agel. For the moment, I think the 1467 kHz will remain silent, as the 702 kHz.... Christian Ghibaudo (14/10-2016) LATVIA Radio City every Saturday at 19.00 to 20.00 UTC on 1485 via Radio Merkurs in Riga, Latvia. Contact address remains: [email protected] 12/10-2016 NETHERLANDS 1602 is shared between Radio Seagull and KBC Radio http://www.kbcradio.eu/ . KBC is on the air 7:00-19:00 and Radio Seagull is on the air 19:00-07:00. Liron (12/10-2016) NETHERLANDS Radio Seagull is now also on 747 KHz, using a 100 W licence on the radioship Jenny Bayton, mored in the harbour of Harlingen. The management describes it as an extended test. Here at my location, near Groningen, I do hear a mix of two signals now. Radio Seagull and Radio TPot, a station near Assen. There is a problem in zero-beat at one of the stations. The signals are hetrodyning around 70 to 100 Khz. The former radiopirate Radio 0511 in the north-east of the provence of Friesland near Dokkum, has now changed frequencie to 1485 KHz. Earlier 1494 KHz. was in use. The 1485 is officialy only allowed for a low power output of 1 Watt. Radio 0511 is probaly using much more power, blocking this channel in the north western part of the Netherlands. I wonder what the broadcasting authorities think of this. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren (The Netherlands) (12/10-2016) NETHERLANDS Had been listening to Radio Seagull for about 2 years now on 1602, but in the last few days, I can´t hear the programs from Seagull on Mediumwave. The transmitter is on air, but if I compare to Seagull on Tunein radio in my cellphone, there is a different programme now on 1602 with only Non stop Music..!!! Not the regular show and there is no sound at all from Radio Seugulls webpage in my computer. Do you know anything? 73, Torleif Roos, Boras, Sweden (11/10-2016) I think, Radio Seagull uses a format for their online transmission, which your computer is not able to 'read'. According to their website, they should be on 1602 kHz between 1900 and 0700 CET (1700-0500 utc). Ydun 11/10-2016 TRANSATLANTIC DX I like to report that for about the last 7 days the MW band is wide open for Transarlatlantic DX to USA and Canada. For some nights I listen on 930 khz CJYQ announced ass KIXX Country and I can hear it not so very late at night that is around or afther 22:00 utc (00:00 hour CET local time) But I need to tell that I do listen at a Online Radio Receiver at Global Tuners http://www.globaltuners.com (you need to be a memberto use it ) at the location in Northern Ireland – UK look here http://www.qsl.net/gi0otc/ HF & MWDX - "KAZ" Loop Antenne 130 deg Null direction to North America & Canada. But later in the middle of the dark night time the MW singals from North America are boom in strong. So for those people ho not have a Kaz Loop antenne and are not based in Nothern Ireland would get also a signal I think ? maybe less strong but I think the will hear some thing. Maybe its time to be a member at Global Tuners. Its easy make a free account and you need to wait 14 days before you can tune a Receiver your self. In the you can listen at other Receiver. The do that for security reasons. Read the house rules and keep and respect them. Transatlantic MW DX is great fun in Fall , Winter and Early Spring. 73 and good DX from Herman Content, Gent, Belgium (11/10-2016) "Please note; We will stop broadcasting on 1395 kHz as of 1 January 2017. RTSH - General Technical Director, Eng. Henri Muca RTSH - Director of RTV Transmitting Stations - Tirane, Eng. Valmir Hajdari" TWR Europe Mon-Fri at 1930-2145 UT, Sat/Sun at 1950-2145 UT. Fllake relay TX#1 F-02 antenna at 330 deg to Ce/No/Ea-Europe. Trans World Radio - FLLAKE, ALBANIA UTC days program kHz kW degr ciraf zone 1927-1930 12345.. TWR ID signal 1395 500 330 28 1930-2015 12345.. Hungarian 1395 500 330 28 1947-1950 .....67 TWR ID signal 1395 500 330 28 1950-2015 .....67 Hungarian 1395 500 330 28 2015-2030 .....6. Polish 1395 500 330 28 2015-2045 12345.7 Polish 1395 500 330 28 2030-2145 .....6. Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2045-2100 ......7 Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2045-2115 12345.. Croatian 1395 500 330 28 2100-2145 ......7 Bosnian 1395 500 330 28 2115-2145 12345.. Serbian 1395 500 330 28 Day 1 = Mon ... 7 = Sun Fllake, Albania location; Made in P.R. China of 1967 year. G.C. 41 21 52.04 N 19 30 35.46 E TWR Europe Oct 7, via Drita Cico-ALB, Oct 9; Radiostacionet Shijak & Fllake. via Wolfgang Büschel df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews (10/10-2016) 04/10-2016 ICELAND I did manage to catch that one-kilowatter at the Vatnsendi [666 kHz]site tonight, but it took both of my portables to do it: The Panasonic to act as a reference, and the SuperTech to make the catch. The signal was of course very weak. Reynir Heidberg Stefánsson, eastern Iceland (4/10-2016) AM in USA An interesting report from a trip to the USA this September by Willem Prins (4/10-2016) NETHERLANDS It's correct, the message from Herman Content, that Radio 538 is still on at 891 Khz. I also expected that the AM outlet should be switched-off already , but the signal is indeed still on the air. The only thing I know is that plans are made for the switch-off. In a rather short periode. But no info is available of the exact date. Unclear is or Radio 538 will make out a moment of the switch off, or that without any announcment the station will leave AM. Willem Prins HOL (4/10-2016) NETHERLANDS About 2 days ago I did hear Radio 538 on 891 Khz [which has been told switched off/ed] . And it listen to Dutch ads around 14:35 h UTC so early oct 2016 and 891 Khz still on air and signal was good (Wide-band WebSDR in JO32KF , Twente , The Netherlands) Herman Content, Gent, Belgium (04/10-2016) ICELAND About reactivated RÚV 666 kHz: This is Reykjavik (Vatnsendi) 1 kW. It is a test transmitter for evaluating the number and power of transmitters required to cover all Iceland and fishing waters around it with medium wave transmitters and replacing the high power long wave transmitters. The details of the project will be decided upon in 2017. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (3/10-2016) 02/10-2016 ICELAND Presently listening to RUV on 666 with a good signal at 2330utc [1/10] via Global tuners receiver in Northern Ireland. Tony Magon AUS (2/10-2016) ICELAND Icelandic public broadcaster Rikisutvarpid (RUV) was observed at 09:05 UT today (1 October 2016) carrying their second network RAS-2 on 666 kHz mediumwave - the broadcaster had recently been noted carrying test transmissions of continuous music on this frequency. This was monitored with good reception via a KiwiSDR remote receiver in Reykjavik. David Kernick, Interval Signals Online (1/10-2016) 01/10-2016 ICELAND [RUV] Iceland on 666 is now operating parallel to their longwave frequencies of 189 and 207. This was confirmed with a remote receiver in Iceland and also a remote receiver in Northern Ireland. 73, Tony Magon VK2IC, AUS (1/10-2016) 29/09-2016 NORWAY This old 250 watts friend , formerly as LLU on 1466 kHz through a 48 metres quarter-wave in Eitrheim, Odda for the NRK until 1978 is now broadcasting for us since 2012 with a proper license as LLE2 relaying bergenkringkaster.nu on 1314 kHz through a Comrod antenna. Normally on the air Sundays 1000-1400 CET with a Nostalgia format. In connection with our preparations yesterday for today's "Junk-Auction", it was on the air 1800-2200 with an unscheduled transmission of "Komiske Klipp" and "Radio Days". The signal locally was impressive along 555 and 561 even in darkness 2115-2200 although there was competition from RNE Radio 5 (Salamanca has been confirmed here before). Our CE Øystein Ask can be very proud! And, did you hear us? We will be on again tonight! [email protected] Svenn Martinsen, wrth fb group (29/9-2016) 26/09-2016 BENIN Trans World Radio plans to apply for a second licence for broadcasts from its present site at Parakou. The first transmitter on 1566 kHz went on the air in 2008. Years ago, the Protestant missionary broadcaster also announced plans for a short wave transmitter, but this idea was evidently dropped. The 200 kW-transmitter will broadcast on a medium wave frequency. although the frequency is not yet announced. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (26/9-2016) GERMANY At 00.55 h this morning I received CW-signals "RADIOREVOLTEN" on medium wave 1575 kHz. These apparently are test transmissions of Radio Revolten, Halle, Germany, which got a temporary (October 2016) license for medium wave broadcasts and will start regular transmissions on 01 October. Their website is http://radiorevolten.net . Best 73, Norbert Reiner (25/9-2016) GERMANY Deutschlandradio will in next year abandon this name as a media brand. What is now Deutschlandradio Kultur will then become "Deutschlandfunk Kultur" while DRadio Wissen, the digital-only station with a whopping market share of at present 0.03 percent (16,000 listeners per day in the whole of Germany), will be called "Deutschlandfunk Nova". Goal of this move is to use only a single brand, the most widely known one they have. They consider it as essential for being clearly recognized in the digital world (i.e. outside the broadcasting zoo) where they already see a great rise in the use of their offerings. http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/namensaenderung-deutschlandradio-kultur-wird.1008.de.html?dram%3Aarticle_id=366626 This move is a bit sensitive because Deutschlandfunk at Cologne had considered itself the only legitimate national broadcaster until the federal states decided to have a Berlin branch as well, created by merging RIAS and Deutschlandsender. This merge did not go well at all (thus history is not history in this case), as described in this newspaper report from 2014 which, I'm told, does not make up the situation. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (24/9-2016) GERMANY http://radiorevolten.net/wir-holen-uns-die-mittelwelle-zurueck/ Of course it is not true that the last mediumwave transmitter in Germany has been switched off on New Year's Day, with Vilseck 1107 kHz still being on air. That's just the narrative successfully established by Deutschlandradio PR. And "covering Central Europe": You can check out for yourself now, the transmitter has been turned on a few days ago with a special test loop (not the audio on the web stream that goes out on FM, too) of a voice announcement and morse code. At night I found this morse code poking through the jumble of Italy and Spain in the Netherlands and likewise, except that 1575 is mostly Italy here, also 100 km east of Halle. But that's about all. The mediumwave transmitter was supposed to achieve 0.5...0.6 kW, to be installed at the same ham radio facility as the temporary FM transmitter (on a frequency used already on earlier occassions). Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (24/9-2016) Equinox bandscan Dry weather tonight so a ‘DXpedition’ to the washing lines was not a problem. The LW band… well, it takes a big whomp to knock it out. No big whomp tonight. Not even a wee little small whomp, what with signals on almost every MW channel at 2130Z. BBC 5 on 693 and R. Scotland on 810 kHz came in wall-to-wall. The Absolute Radio repeaters on 1197 and 1242 kHz were easily listenable, as was Smooth Radio on 1152 and even 1161 kHz. Their transmitter on 1170 kHz was only identifiable. Come to think of it… I think the last MW transmitter in Iceland was AFRTS on 1530 kHz, which shut down around mid-year 2006. I also think the transmitters on 666 and 738 kHz were shut down before this century. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (24/9-2016) U K Radio Caroline North returns over the weekend of 24th-25th September live from the Ross Revenge. The Caroline story continues into 1988 when the crew built a new aerial system to replace the original mast, only to see much of their work destroyed by armed raiders the following year. We'll hear from some of those who were onboard. And of course we've more great prizes to give away from our friends at Tiptree, preserves of distinction. Your emails are always welcome at [email protected] . So join us this weekend online here and on 1368AM courtesy of Manx Radio. Mike Terry, dxld yg (19/9-2016) 21/09-2016 RUSSIA Just in via Facebook, notified by Vasily Gulyaev, was the RTRS announcement that from the UTC afternoon of Thursday 22 September 2016 the reopened MW and SW transmitters at Vladivostok Razdolnoye will be closed again. Presumably a) the effects from the typhoon are now under control and b) the running costs for these transmitters were raising alarm bells in the Kremlin?? So in short the entry for 810kHz will be officially closed from Friday 23 September. It is proof though that transmitters can be successfully fired up again after a long period of silence. Dan Goldfarb, mwmasts yg (21/9-2016) 18/09-2016 ITALY RAI TRST A 981 kHz: Weak signal behind Cesky Impuls, but it´s still there. I just got a clear ID. 73, Patrick Robic AUT (18/9-2016) NETHERLANDS Radio 0511 in Buitenpost continuous to use 1494 kHz, and not 1485 as listed. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (18/9-2016) 17/09-2016 ITALY I consider that radio RAI TRST A that use frequency 981 kHz is turned off. I haven't caught it for a long time. Does anyone know anything about it? Andrej Blazevic, Zagreb, HR (17/9-2016) AZORES I spent a couple of days in the Azores earlier this month. It is an amazing place for transatlantic MW DX. Using 100 meters of wire on the ground and a simple portable radio a lot of transatlantic stations were audible at sunrise: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-8VyMVPgys All MW stations in the Azores are inactive - except RTP 'Antena 1', Flores, on 828 and AFRTS on 1503 kHz. I believe AFRTS is on the air 24 hours a day but 'Antena 1' is off air at night - probably signing on a 0700 or 0730. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (17/9-2016) Radio Banovici [792 kHz] this stopped broadcasting and switched off transmitter medium wave by mid-2013. Sanel Tufekcic (16/9-2016) 15/09-2016 SLOVENIA Due to major works at the Beli Kriz site, Radio Koper 549 kHz and Radio Capodistria on 1170 kHz will be temporarily off between 12.09.2016 and 15.10.2016. The 50 years old mast is being shortened and refurbished. Günter Lorenz, mwmasts yg (15/9-2016) BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA Radio Banovići on 792 kHz and Radio Bosanski Petrovac on 1584 kHz are reported to have closed. On 1503 kHz, Radio Zavidovići has own program 24h (no more timesharing with BH Radio 1). Günter Lorenz, mwmasts yg (15/9-2016) GERMANY A new temporary station hold by Radio Corax: RADIO REVOLTEN from Halle. The station will be on the air from October 1st to October 30th for the International Radio Art Festival. Frequencies; 99.3 MHz on FM and also 1575 kHz MW with 600 watts... 14/09-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Radio Dechovka has now its new transmitter in Hradec Kralove - Stezery on the air, probably with a full power. Frequency: 792kHz, power: 10kW. There is a modulation delay of about 25 seconds compared to 1233kHz. I got a message that the power of Dechovka on 792kHz is 0.5kW only. The stronger 10kW transmitter is planned for the near future. Karel Honzik, CZE (5/9-2016) EDXC MANCHESTER During the EDXC conference2016 held in Manchester, and hosted by the BDXC, the participiants visited the Media City UK in Salford, the Moorside Edge transmitter and the Holme Moss transmitter site. A few fotos can be seen here . Ydun Ritz (14/9-2016) The brand new Solt transmitter (540 kHz) will be supplied by Nautel. Clik here for the full article! http://www.radioworld.com/article/nautel-to-update-antenna-hungarias-mw-station/279561 Tringer László, HNG (8/9-2016) NETHERLANDS As for Atlantis 1395 in the Netherlands. There seems to be a fight between the initiators. Some of them did sell out the station to an Amsterdam group (mind you, the signal has no coverage there) and the others now are disappointed. In the meantime I keep questioning why their signal is so powerful, my vision is that they are widely exceeding the 25 W licenced. Ruud Poeze (7/9-2016) 07/09-2016 NETHERLANDS It seems that the team of Atlantis Radio 1395 has split up and the station had to sign off. Maybe, a Dutch reader of mediumwave.info can investigate further und give additional information in English. http://www.atlantisradio.eu/radio/nieuwsberichten Het klopt helaas dat wij na een flitsende start niet meer op de middengolf zijn te beluisteren. Verblind door hoogmoed hebben M. Joustra en A. Zijlstra de zender en de licentie overgedaan aan Atlantis Amsterdam om samen met "grote jongens uit de radiowereld" iets groots op te zetten. Dit is gebeurt zonder enig overleg met de rest van het team die de afgelopen jaren met heel veel enthousiasme Atlantis hebben opgebouwd. De afgelopen maanden is hard gewerkt om de middengolfzender in de lucht te krijgen, dit heeft veel tijd, energie en geld gekost. Verbijsterd zijn wij, de Dj's en de luisteraars, dat iemand tot zo'n lafffe en doortrapte daad in staat is. Een prachtig station vanuit het hart van Friesland wordt hiermee de das omgedaan op de meest verachtelijke manier. Tevens heeft M.Joustra onze Facebookpagina onrechtmatig gekaapt , en post daar gewoon zijn achterbakse plannetjes alsof er niks aan de hand is. Jullie kunnen daar je reactie geven wat je daar van vind op https://www.facebook.com/Atlantis1395nl-370773786286376/?fref=ts , wij kunnen daar niks meer posten ! ( Bedankt voor de steun ! Hij heeft de pagina nu verwijderd na een stortvloed van negatieve reacties) Like onze nieuwe facebookpagina op https://www.facebook.com/atlantisradio Gelukkig krijgen we veel steun van trouwe luisteraars en betrokken mensen bij ons station en we gaan vol door op de ingeslagen koers. Atlantis radio blijft gewoon te beluisteren op de diverse streams via internet en tune-in. Wij blijven de mooie programma's maken voor jullie. Meer informatie over de toekomst van Atlantis Radio 1395/1521 volgt spoedig. ps. steunbetuigingen via [email protected] 06/09-2016 FRANCE About the news that Allouis (France Inter) was OFF air this night. The transmitter on 162 kHz, is always OFF on Tuesday (early morning) from 00.05 to 03.58 local time. Christian Chibaudo (6/9-2016) FRANCE At the time I am writing this (2356utc 6/9/16) I have noticed that France Inter [162 kHz]is off air... 30 Mins ago it kept transmitting and then suddenly stopped transmitting, and happened 5 times until it was off. What do you think it is? Maintenance? Simulating next year? New schedule? Broken transmitter? Dean Denton, Hull, UK (6/9-2016) U K BBC Radio 5 Live 693 kHz in the South West of England Some major re-engineering work is to be carried out at the Start Point (South Devon) transmitter serving the South West of England on 693 kHz. The service will transfer to a temporary mast nearby whilst a new mast is built and another refurbished, weather permitting, between 5th September and 18th November 2016. During this period the service will be transmitting at reduced power, so if you notice a reduction in signal strength, please try retuning to 909kHz or listen to BBC Radio 5 Live on DAB, the internet or Freeview. Date: 02.09.2016 Last updated: 02.09.2016 at 09.00 via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (4/9-2016) CANADA Now all the stickers have gone! It took less than 2 hours! :-) Thank you! Stickers: Neil Carleton in Almonte Ontario have sent me some stickers from Canadian MW radio stations, most of them now silent. He is offering them for free. CFQC, CJXX, CKST, CJNB and RCI are double. If interested drop me a line. Ydun Ritz (31/8-2016) 24/08-2016 NETHERLANDS Just a small update concerning Radio Seagull on 747 Khz here in the Netherlands. Station is now off air again, as from last Sunday. The operation must has been a sort of special event broadcast for 48 hours, using the radioship Jenni Baynton. The plan was to do broadcasts from the radioship anchored a few miles outside the harbour of Harlingen last weekend. Also trips, visiting the ship on `high seas` were planned. But the whole thing was cancelled. Only a special broadcast, using 747 Kc. went on. Unclear is or Seagull will now be appearing every weekend from the radioship. Old fashioned typical AM pirating music is now audible on 747. Probably coming out of the station near Assen. In the meantime still more initiatives are calling in at the broadcasting agent (Agentschap Telecom) here in the Netherlands for a low power AM licence. Sometimes the plans looks like it will stay a beautifull plan or dream, instead of becoming a really operation. Time will last, anyway. Frequencies available are 747, 828, 1035, 1251, 1395 and 1485 Khz. 891 Khz. will be available as Radio 538 (the 22.5 Kw tx in Limburg) is switched off. Pity!! Holidayspenders can pick up the station for the last time this summerseason in greater parts of western Europe in the evening hours, listening to a domestic popular radiosound. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren (The Netherlands) (24/8-2016) ARGENTINA LS11 Radio Provincia de Buenos Aires anuncia los nuevos horarios de sus programas dedicados a la radio, al diexismo y al mundo de las comunicaciones. Todos ellos salen al aire en amplitud modulada, por la frecuencia de 1270 khz y por Internet en http://www.radioprovincia.gba.gob.ar/ [LS11 Radio Provincia de Buenos Aires announces their new schedules dedicated to the radio, the diexismo and the world of communications programs. They are aired in amplitude modulated by the frequency of 1270 kHz and online at] Omar José Somma y Arnaldo Leonel Slaen, Lista ConDig yg (22/8-2016) 22/08-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio Seagull is now 24/7 also on 747 Khz. from the radioship Jenni Bayton moored in Harlingen Harbour in the north west of The Netherlands. Reception should be possible across the North Sea and along the East Coast of England. A 100 W. PEP is the power of the station, using the new type of licence for low power AM operations here in The Netherlands. Here in my area, south of the city of Groningen, the signal is mixed up in a zero-beat interference whit another station, Radio TPot / Radio Babylona, which is located east of the city of Assen. Also a 100 W PEP station. Best of 73's, Willem Prins - Haren / The Netherlands (21/8-2016) Phaser Radio 1512kHz and via TuneIn Radio with special programming remembering 14th August 1967 Good signal here in Faversham. John Hoad, MWC fb group (14/8-2016) 08/08-2016 NETHERLANDS The mediumwave transmitter from Dutch catholic radiostation Radio Maria on the roof of a monastery near the village of Aarle-Rixtel is off air. The transmitter, on 675 khz, caused interference . Radio Maria is now looking for another location. René van Hoof, MWC fb group (8/8-2016) FINLAND Pispalan Radio plans to raise the power to 150 W on 729 kHz in the coming months. Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (7/8-2016) 07/08-2016 SAUDI ARABIA On 6th August at 2100z Jeddah appeared to be back [1521 kHz], but somewhat less powerful than it used to be. 73 Joost de Groot (7/8-2016) Heard the station August 5th around 2030utc Benghazi, Libya has reactivated 677.5 kHz [675 kHz / ed]. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (6/8-2016) 04/08-2016 NETHERLANDS This article was published today discussing the future of Radio 538. This was taken off https://mediamagazine.nl/radio-538-stopt-uitzendingen-middengolf/ . "The commercial radio station Radio 538 stops its broadcasts on medium wave in Limburg. This confirmed a spokesman for the radio station across from Media Magazine. Radio 538 broadcasts for years via the medium in Limburg on the frequency 891 kHz. This frequency was taken into use in 2003 because the FM frequency range of Radio 538 did not cover in South Limburg. The transmitter in Hulsberg was previously used by the public broadcaster for the programs, among other NPO Radio 1. Radio 538 indicates the short term to stop the broadcasts on medium wave: "We are now using DAB +, Internet and cable to be well received in Limburg and deem the aid station on the medium, therefore, no longer necessary." Said Maud Citizens, spokesman for the radio station across this website. When the medium wave transmitter exactly is extracted from the air is not yet known. It is expected that the disconnection is carried out within a month. The license of Radio 538 for the medium wave frequency in Limburg runs at least until 1 September 2017. After that it is possible to reduce the frequency to five-year extension. Radio 538 does not use this possibility which falls back the license to the government.There is a chance that the frequency is used in the future for low-power AM transmitters in the Limburg region."[google translate] Dean Denton, Hull (4/8-2016) Radio Maria https://mediamagazine.nl/radio-538-stopt-uitzendingen-middengolf/ Medium wave transmitter of Radio Maria in Aarle-Rixtel on 675 kHz is currently off the air. The transmitter had ttechnical problems and hopes to restart broadcasts on medium wave again. Radio Maria broadcasts for several months from the Brabant Aarle-Rixtel after the broadcasting of Radio Maria was dismantled in Lopik. Radio Maria have suggested over the broadcast medium wave to claim the connected digital capacity via DAB +.[google translate] Dean Denton, Hull (4/8-2016) 03/08-2016 LITHUANIA Dmitry Mezin writes on open_DX about Sitkunai 1386 kHz (Radio Baltic Waves International, 75 kW, 152 m towers and transmission lines, on air daily at 16:30 - 05:00 UTC): We're still using 75 kW transmitter and a mast of 152 m height. Redundancy is enabled: there are a standby transmitter, feeder line and antenna. 500 kW Vikhr MW transmitter has been dismantled and scrapped. We're expecting the delivery of the new Nautel NX200 (200 kW) transmitter that should be commissioned on Sitkunai site in late 2017. Rimantas Pleikys, Radio Baltic Waves project coordinator via Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (2/8-2016) Invitations for community radio licence applications Ofcom is currently inviting applications for community radio licences for the following: - London and other areas within the M25 motorway, broadcasting on either FM or AM (medium wave); and - Localities throughout the UK broadcasting on AM (medium wave) only. The closing date is 5pm on Tuesday 25 October 2016. Further information including the Notes of Guidance can be found on Ofcom’s website. NETHERLANDS New low power mediumwave station is now on air in the Netherlands. Q AM (is NOT the same as Q Music) with oldies on 1395 kHz from Waardenburg, between Den Bosch and Utrecht. It's the second low power station on this frequency, Atlantis from the province of Friesland started about a month ago on 1395 kHz. René van Hoof, MWC fb group (1/8-2016) CANADA Courtesy of Canadian Radio News Jean-Guy Landry informs us that CJVA in Caraquet, New Brunswick will shut down its 810 AM transmitter next Monday, August 1 after almost 30 years on the air – it signed on in September 1977. [almost 40 years :-) ] The new CJVA 94.1 began testing in June and has since officially launched. CJVA simulcasts sister station CKLE 92.9 in Bathurst during the morning show and afternoon drive. From 9 AM to 4 PM, it’s mostly 80s and 90s music. (thanks for the tip Jean-Guy). The station was replaced by a 100kW FM transmitter from Grande-Anse at 94.1 FM Andy Reid, dxld yg (31/7-2016) CANADA Courtesy of Canadian Radio News and SONWY board: Funny 1410 AM going off the air. It’s no joke — London radio station Funny 1410 AM is ceasing operations. 'brian451' on SOWNY says CKSL will shut down in mid August. The station has an all Comedy format and is called Funny 1410. Andy Reid, dxld yg (30/7-2016) [Not exactly news, but nevertheless very interesting item! / Ed.] It is a while since I looked here and am now up to date. However, you may be interested to know that an archive recording of the BBC's radio commentary of England winning the World Cup in 1966 has emerged. I supplied a copy to the BBC who had not kept a copy themselves and it was recorded by another listener who is a friend of mine who passed this on to me at a school reunion a few years ago. Given the quality of the recording, this was taken from a medium wave broadcast of "BBC Sports Service". The recording was made in Worcester, so would have been sourced from Daventry on 647 kHz, as Droitwich at that time only carried 1500 kHz (Light Programme). BBC Sports Service formed part of the BBC Third Network, which also comprised of "BBC Music Programme" (daytime) and "BBC Third Programme" (evenings), prior to 30 September 1967 when "BBC Radio 3" replaced it. The "BBC Sports Service" was on the Third Network frequencies on Saturday afternoons usually between 1230-1800 UK time It was on Network 3 from 25 April 1964 to 28 Mach 1970 inclusive, when it moved to Radio 2 LW then on 1500m 200kHz. From then on it was a programme called "Sport on 2". Prior to April 1964, sport was on "BBC Light Programme" listed as separate sports events. The medium wave frequencies for Network 3 at the time on 30 July 1966 were: 647 kHz (464m) from And on 1546 kHz (194m) from Belfast (250W) Liverpool (1kW) - possibly Rainford but not sure Plymouth (1kW) Dundee (250W) Bournemouth (250W) It was also on VHF/FM from the following transmitters (Horizontal polarisation): I would not normally list FM here but it is useful to have this info: 90.3 MHz 120kW: Sandale 90.3 MHz 60kW: North Nessory Tor 90.5 MHz 120kW: Sutton Coldfield 90.7 MHz 60kW: Rowridge 90.7 MHz 60kW: Pontop Pike 90.9 MHz 60kW: Meldrum 90.9 MHz 60kW: Blaen Plwyf 91.05 MHz 10kW: Llangollen 91.5 MHz 120kW: Holme Moss 91.8 MHz 12kW: Llandonna 92.1 MHz 120kW: Kirk O'Shotts 92.3 MHz 60kW: Divis 94.7 MHz 10W: Bristol 96.8 MHz 120kW: Wenvoe Sports output was removed from FM when the Sports Service stopped on Radio 3 as far as I know and remains only on MW (and now also digital platforms). I don't think this works outside the UK but the links for the commentary are here: Full 90 minutes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p042rkr0 I hope some of you will find interest in this. 73, James Robinson (29/7-2016) Does anyone know what happened to Jeddah on 1521 kHz? Kind regards, Joost de Groot (23/7-2016) [At the moment Groot Nieuws Radio is the only station using the frequency 1008 kHz -ymr]. Svenn Martinsen (DX-Listeners' Club) via Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (22/7-2016) 20/07-2016 FRANCE I have seen official releases by TDF in their new IRIS Headquarters (underneath the Romainville TV/FM tower) which state that some time after 1st August 2016 on 1071kHz from the Brest (48 16 30N 04 09 04W) site there will be 20kW DRM broadcasts for French sailors around Brittany. I don't know the hours of transmission yet but these broadcasts are scheduled to last 2 years. All of this is thanks to Mauno and Thierry Vignaud. I assume that the same East mast will be used as was previously used on to carry France Inter. I will soon be moving house (back to my newly renovated one) so I will be highly involved in that personal diversion over the next 2 weeks. I will try to keep track of DX things but I hope that you will understand. Dan Goldfarb, mwmast yg (20/7-2016) [Start time corrected 21/7, thanks to Remy Friess, mwdx yg] U K Radio Warrington goes on air. The Mayor of Warrington, Faisal Rashid, will be helping Warrington’s community radio station celebrate hitting the borough’s airwaves at an official re-launch party at the Town Hall on Wednesday 20 July, at 5pm. The radio station is celebrating broadcasting on 1332 AM/MW medium wave after being an online-only radio station for the past nine years. The community radio station has been broadcasting Warrington’s news and views for 24 hours a day on the internet since March 2007 and is run and staffed by volunteers. Jorma Mantyla, Kangasala Finland via MWDX yg (18/7-2016) FINLAND Pispalan Radio started 16.7.2016 also on mediumwave 729 kHz in Tampere. Only 20 Watts carrier power now, but they have plans for more powerful station from other mast. Their license for continuous transmission on mediumwave, is the only one in Finland. They started on FM 99,5MHz in last year. Some tests on 25760 kHz is made too, and is now on air 24/7 to end of July. They play mainly very old music. 17/07-2016 SWEDEN Hörby MW 1179 kHz on the air again. Hörby Mellanvåg on 1179 kHz will be on air again from 28 August to 10 Sept 2016. ARC web site via July BDXC-UK Communication via DXLD 16-28 (17/7-2016) 15/07-2016 U K Ofcom has today [15 July 2016] announced the award of six new community radio licences in East Sussex and Kent. The new stations will serve communities in Brighton and Hove, Herne Bay, Sheerness and northwest Kent. Community radio services are provided on a not-for-profit basis, focusing on the delivery of specific social benefits to a particular geographical community or a community of interest. Licences have been awarded to: [1 Brighton FM, Gaydio, Platform B, Radio Cabin, Sheppey FM and] Miskin Radio (North Kent College) Contact name: Lara Pool Website: www.miskinradio.co.uk Miskin Radio will be a community radio service on the AM (medium wave) band for people living in the Gravesham, Dartford and Bexley areas. Community radio licences are awarded for a five-year period. http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2016/six-radio-awards-july16 via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (16/7-2016) 14/07-2016 HUNGARY New infos [abt item from yesterday 13/7]: Sollt is OFF AIR until 25.07.2016. Now Siofok on 540 with 150 kW and Szolnok on 1341 with 135 kW Lakihegy not broadcasting due TX problems. Tringer László, HNG (14/7-2016) 13/07-2016 FRANCE Hi Ydun, news about France Inter on 162 Khz LW, at this moment in time will be closing down on Saturday 31st December 2016, possibly switching off at Midnight (European Time) into 2017, so for UK listeners switch off on 162 Khz would be 23.00 hrs on 31/12/16. Would be great shame to lose this and for many years people i knew who were French lived in the UK listened to 162 Khz which at the time 30 - 25 years ago was only way to listen to it, unlike now with Digital & Internet is here. Adam Birchenall (13/7-2016) SYRIA 13 July 2016 0220-0230 h 783 kHz: Checking for Syria at the Twente web receiver, I found a dominant Spanish station with another programme in the background. It was clearly not in parallel with http://live.rtv.gov.sy/RDimshq.aspx?live=1 , but seemed to be in „parallel“ (time delay) with http://live.rtv.gov.sy/RShabab.aspx?live=1 . Dr Hansjoerg Biener (13/7-2016) [In fact] there were two stations present: the Spanish or if you prefer Katalan station http://www.cope.es/menu/emisoras/barcelona/barcelona and a music programme which was not Radio Damascus which had religious chanting at the time, but was very much like Voice of the People, as checked against their webstreams. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (13/7-2016) Maybe it was Call of Islam from Saudi? At that time it wouldn't be wonder if the Koran recitation would coincide. Mauno Ritola (13/7-2016) HUNGARY The renovation of the Solt transmitter has been started. Now 540 khz is broadcasted from Lakihegy + on 1341 khz from Siofok and Szolnok is active again, with Kossuth Rádió! Not 100% clear info, earlier only 540 khz was mentioned. So now Kossuth Rádió is working on 540 and 1341 kHz! Tringer László, HNG (13/7-2016) The current schedule of AIR Chinsurah is: 594 kHz: 0130-0230 Nepali, 0230-0300 News from Delhi, 0700-0800 Nepali. 1134 kHz: 1000-1100 GOS-2, 1115-1215 Tamil, 1215-1315 Burmese 594 kHz: 1330-1430 Nepali, 1515-1600 News from Delhi. DRM is now available with Delhi Rainbow channel at all the transmissions on 604 kHz during analogue b'cast times on 594 kHz and on 1144 kHz during 1134 kHz b'cast times. May vary the timings soon till the run up to inauguration date of new Bangla Service. AWR program was heard yesterday (10 July 2016) in DRM on 1144 kHz at 1015-1030 UTC. AWR program in Hindi is scheduled on Fri/Sat/Sun at 1015-1030 UTC on AIR FM Rainbow Nettwork Delhi. Alok Das Gupta, Kolkata, via Jose Jacob, dx_india (11/7-2016) via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (12/7-2016) 10/07-2016 SYRIA I confirm that Syria is still alive on 783 kHz. The station was heard here in the South of Italy on 9 July at 2300 UTC with station identification announcement. The signal was good with Syria dominant over co-channel COPE Miramar from Spain. Antonello Napolitano, Taranto-Italy , dxld yg (10/7-2016) SYRIA Syria is back on MW. Radio Damascus Syria 783 kHz at 9th July 2016 at 2222UTC. Heard on Island of Funen, Denmark, on a mini-DXpedition, on AOR7030+ with 100 m longwire on the beach towards SE. Heard in parallel with Radio Damascus on the mobile app TuneIn Radio, the latter signal a few seconds behind. Bjarke Vestesen, DDXLK fb group (10/7-2016) INDIA Dear friends, AWR Hindi Programme Lamahe is scheduled in DRM on1144 kHz FM Rainbow Delhi Fri, Sat, Sun 1015-1030 UTC via Chinsurah (1000 kw Tx) Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (9/7-2016) 05/07-2016 CANADA AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver. No, this is a stand-alone site that is just on the SE side of route 17 and the town of Tidbury - it's seven km almost directly NW of the 1040/1410 site that's right on the north side of Highway 99 as you travel toward Vancouver. The news items says they've lost a tower, and since one of them is directly adjacent to the transmitter building or at least a large building of some sort, that would appear to be the location of the fire. Ben Dawson (5/7-2016) AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter destroyed by fire From Northwest Broadcasters: http://nwbroadcasters.com/index.html CHMJ AM 730 Vancouver 07/03/16 - http://www.am730.ca/ The AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter has been destroyed by a large fire at Burns Bog in Delta, south of Vancouver. The fire broke out on the west side of the bog where several transmission towers for local radio stations are located. Global News CKNW News CBC News ::: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/burns-bog-fire-in-delta-grows-to-100-hectares-1.3662928 Eric Floden, BC, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) That`s the all-traffic-all-the-time station. Nothing on homepage indicating they are NOT ``On Air Now``. How about the other stations mentioned in the same area? Not all the stories above mention CHMJ; the CKNW version does say, `` The fire has also damaged the AM 730 transmitter. The station is off air, but can still be listened to at am730.ca or through the am 730 app.`` Glenn Hauser, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) With extensive damage to the AM 730 CHMJ Vancouver transmitter site at Burns Bog in Delta, the station's signal has been added to 101.1 as HD3. Additionally, AM 730 continues with an on-line feed at its website. Station engineering reports that tower one is completely lost and other damage is to be assessed. The massive fire continues to burn with firefighters tackling it from both the north and south fronts. The large plume of smoke is visible from both sides of the border. News1130 via Clay Freinwald, SBE-16 Seattle, via Steven Lockwood, Hatfied-Dawson via Ben Dawson, WA, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) I'm surprised this could happen. The site is state of the art on the right side of the freeway as you head north into Vancouver. I think they share the 1040 site. The bog is wet. It would be like starting a fire in the Mercer Slough and burning the ATU buildings at any of the Vancouver AM sites. They don't have a dry site for Vancouver AM signals. All of them are in floodplain areas. Andrew Skotdal, DXLD yg (5/7-2016) 02/07-2016 NETHERLANDS Yes Radio Paradise has been (and probably still is) active on 1584 kHz. I'm enclosing [but the editor is not able to attach here] two DX-recorded made in the South of Sweden [Oct. 2015 & Oct 2009]. They are now also available on DAB in the West of the Netherlands. Best regards Karl-Erik Stridh (2/7-2016) NETHERLANDS List of MW allocations in the Netherlands. I wonder about Radio Paradijs.. it is also listed in the WRTH. But has it ever been on the air on 1584 or the other frequencies (1224 and 1332) listed? Stig Hartvig Nielsen, MWC fb group (1/7-2016) 29/06-2016 INDIA AIR Chinsurah now broadcasts on 594/604 kHz. Although the inauguration programme of the special Bangla service has been postponed All India Radio started using 594 kHz instead of 1134 kHz in the evening. Beginning on 28 June, the schedule reads as follows: General Overseas Service in English 1000-1100, Tamil 1115-1215 , Burmese 1215-1315, Nepali 1330-1430 and News 1515-1600 UTC. The station is also noted in DRM on 604 kHz with the Delhi Rainbow channel during the periods mentioned. Alok Das Gupta 28 June 2016 DX India via Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/6-2016) 27/06-2016 ARGENTINA UNID 1190 kHz from June 26th: After listening to my recordings I have a clear Radio America ID, and also an announcement.. 'Nacional presenta...." so this might be Radio Nacional. Also from Argentina. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, mwc fb group (27/6-2016) INDIA The launch of All India Radio's new channel "Akashvani Maitree", which was scheduled in Kolkata on Tuesday, has been postponed due to "unforseen reasons," Prasar Bharati officials said today. The channel aims at providing a common platform for participatory content creation for listeners in India and Bangladesh. New dates for the launch would be announced later, the officials said. The Bengali language service channel was to be launched by President Pranab Mukherjee at a function in Kolkata on June 28. ( http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/launch-of-air-channel-postponed-116062500828_1html via Sudipta Ghosh, DX India 25 June 2016) Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/6-2016) INDIA (Kerala): A new tower is constructed for AIR Thiruvananthapuram and will start relaying from 26 June 2016 5.50 AM on 1161 kHz 20 KW. This is a speedy installation completed in record time after the tower collapse (Rajeesh Ramachandran, DX India 25 June 2016) Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (27/6-2016) Heard on the LW / MW in Russia? The radio station "Mayak" from Makhachkala to 918 kHz continued broadcasting. Last weekend it was heard very well https://youtu.be/-f_B2PyGHGw (Message to the WEB page "Victor City". Victor Rutkowski Editor. Ekaterinburg, Russia). RUS-DX # 878, 26 June, 2016. Anatoly Klepov, Moscow, Russia (27/6-2016) 26/06-2016 UNID This morning I had an unid. station on 1190 kHz playing non stop music for more than half an hour. Songs such as 'Owner of a Lonely Heart', 'Ghostbusters', 'Time After Time', 'I Just Called to Say I Love You', 'Wake Me Up Before You Go Go', 'Everybody Wants To Rule The World' and a song from Dire Straits. And absolutely no ann.s Conditions favoured reception from South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru) and the Caribbean. Only one station from NAm heard (750 CBGY) It was not // to Radio América, ARG web stream. Anyone - any idea? Stig Hartvig Nielsen, mwc fb group (26/6-2016) ISLE OF MAN From the Radio Caroline website: Our next Caroline North broadcast from the radio-ship Ross Revenge will be over the weekend 25th/26th June. We'll be continuing to trace the story of Radio Caroline, this time up until the end of 1985. It was a pivotal period for Caroline that saw the arrival of Dutch station, Radio Monique on board the Ross, a new neighbour in the Knock Deep, the MV Communicator and a blockade by the British Government, an interlude that was dubbed 'Euroseige '85'. The Communicator was home of the American backed radio station Laser 558 which only lasted for about 18 months but in that time made many friends, caused the UK radio industry to sit up and listen and Radio Caroline to change course. Listen to Radio Caroline North to hear the music from the era and interviews with some of those who were there at the time. We'll be online here, and also on 1368 kHz courtesy of Manx Radio, Saturday morning from 08.30 (BST. Please send suitable music choices and memories to [email protected] Mike Terry, dxld yg (24/6-2016) Radio Freq. (AM) Jakarta, Indonesia (21 Juni 2016) 630 Radio Samhan (PT. Radio Sabana Samhan) 693 Radio Muara (PT. Radio Musik Asik Nusantara) 792 Radio Assyafiiyah (Perkumpulan Radio Siaran As Syafi'iyah) 999 Radio Republik Indonesia Prog. 3 1026 Swara Khatulistiwa (PT. Radio Suara Multazam) 1062 C Radio (PT. Radio Pusat Siaran Cendrawasih) 1080 Radio Jakarta Islamic Center (PT. Radio Suara Mega Asri Indonesia) 1134 Radio Safari (PT. Radio Jawa Jakarta) 1332 Radio Republik Indonesia Prog. 4 Joe Alexanders, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) SOUTH KOREA A bit of a technical note on Korean AM stations: 837 Seoul (CBS Radio) is running 22kw, not 50kw as reported. Because most people listen to FM instead, 837, 900, and 792 - all in suburban Goyang - are all running at lower power. No word (yet) on the actual power of 792 and 900, but given the fact that the Chinese station totally erases 792 off its given frequency while listening up on the 20th floor -- Shenyang, China effortlessly replaces local 792 (less than 10 miles away) with a 65dBu signal -- I'm guessing their power isn't too intense. The info source is a station employee via a DX friend. Chris Kadlec, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) NETHERLANDS Atlantis Radio 1521: Testing [1395kHz] now until tomorrow morning, excluding TWR via Albania time. Mauno Ritola, wrth fb group (21/6-2016) ICELAND SOLSTICE BANDSCAN: I managed to tear me away from #sigurrosrouteone around midnight for long enough to brave the storms, rains and darkness -- okay, slight breeze, drizzle and not-dark-enough-for-tourists-to-get-their-sleep -- with the Panny tranny. The LW band had what remains of the usual suspects. The MW band had mostly Brits, but the signal strength was OK. I managed to copy Absolute Radio relays on 1197, 1233, 1242 and 1260 kHz. There was also a music stream on 1008 kHz but no ID given. And on 1548 kHz I heard the same news stream from at least three stations. No audio sync there. Reynir Heidberg Stefansson (21/6-2016) 19/06-2016 RUSSIA Radio Bonch 1593 kHz: Heard today still at 1600 here in eastern Finland. [See item Russia12/6-2016] Mauno Ritola, dxld yg (19/6-2016) INDIA Kerala: When reporting on the collapse of the medium wave tower of AIR Thiruvantapuram (1161 kHz, 20 kW) http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/akashvani-tower-collapses-halting-broadcast-for-first-time-in-history-english-news-1.1140203 the Mathurbhumi newspaper claims that the station commenced broadcasting on 30 September 1937. But looking at http://www.airtvm.com/history.php , the history should be reported differently: "HISTORY OF MALAYALAM BROADCAST During colonial rule, the erstwhile Travancore State set up the first Radio Station. The Princely State of Travancore has granted sanction for the establishment of a Broadcasting Station at Thiruvananthapuram, on 30th September 1937. His Highness the Maharaja Travancore showed great interest in broadcasting and formed a committee of the top officials to evaluate the possibility of installing a Transmitter at the capital Thiruvananthapuram. His Highness Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma inaugurated the Travancore State Broadcasting Station on 12th March 1943. The 5 KW Medium Wave Transmitter was installed at Kulathur and the Studio was located at old MLA Quarters. At that time two hours broadcasting on Friday evenings were aired by the station. Later it increased to Four day broadcast per week. After Independence when the Princely State of Travancore has joined in Indian Union, the Travancore Broadcasting Station also merged with All India Radio Network from 1st April 1950." Dr Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) INDIA Kerala: More newspaper report on the collapse of the medium wave tower of AIR Thiruvantapuram (1161 kHz, 20 kW) can be found at: INDIA AIR Thiruvanathapuram MW tower fallen down. According to a TV report seen by me, the Medium Wave transmission tower of All India Radio, Thiruvanathapuram operating on 1161 kHz with 20 kW has fallen down yesterday in the heavy wind and rain. However I am getting its SW transmitter on 5010 & 7290 kHz (50 kW) It also operates on 101.9 MHz with 10 kW (Vividh Bharati) Yours sincerely, Jose Jacob, VU2JOS, National Institute of Amateur Radio, Hyderabad, India, dx india June 18th via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) INDIA AIR Thiruvanathapuram MW tower fallen down Akashvani tower collapses, halting broadcast for first time in history. The Medium Wave Transmitter aerial was destroyed in the incident. Regards, Alokesh Gupta, dx india June 18th via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (19/6-2016) AIR Itanagar goes digital. OUR CORRESPONDENT Itanagar, June 14: The All India Radio (AIR) Itanagar is all set to begin a new innings with completely digitalized version, likely from this week with Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) technology. Aiming at providing better facilities in the world of Radio, AIR, Itanagar has installed DRM transmitter recently and would start functioning regularly after it gets properly tested and monitored. The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) technology would completely replace the analogue system with better signal and reception quality and other broadcasting facilities to the radio listeners, a press release informed. The coverage area would also be wider as the station has installed 200 kW capacity replacing its earlier 100 kW analogue system facilitating more people to listen to radio programmes broadcast from AIR, Itanagar including state’s border areas. Soon after AIR Itanagar starts functioning on DRM technology; AIR Pasighat in East Siang district would also begin to function on this technology within a week with 100 kW capacity. AIR, Dibrugarh in Assam is already functioning smoothly on DRM technology with 300 kW capacity. At present all total 27 All India Radio stations have installed DRM technology across the country. Digital Radio Mondiale AM transmitter, manufactured by Nautel, Canada, is a set of digital audio broadcasting technology designed to replace the analogue radio AM broadcasting. DRM technology has advantage of transmitting four different radio programmes simultaneously on same frequency at a time over analogue system where only a single programme can be transmitted at a time. Listeners would also be able to read the scrolling of text and bulletins in a DRM receiver along with JPEG file. Though at present DRM receivers are not readily available in the local market, Indian Radio Receiver manufacturer have already launched DRM radio sets and are available in main cities. Moreover, vehicle manufacturer like Mahindra has already included DRM technology in their car radio sets. Other companies are following it very soon. Till the period the broadcast from All India Radio would be on simulcast mode (Analogue + Digital), so that listeners can tune in to the analogue mode with the normal receivers available in market, the release added. Alokesh Gupta, New Delhi, dx-india yg via Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (15/6-2016) 14/06-2016 IRELAND 252 RTÉ, Summerhill, may have been off the air, but it's already on. I observed it today between 2202 and 2235; the signal was heavily interfered by ALG like most of the time but there are good days providing one can use a directional aerial. The SINPO rating was 33442 via the NW/SE loop of the elevated K9AY, and dominated for a long period until 2235. Best regards, Carlos Goncalves (14/6-2016) ALGERIA Since today at 1200 UTC I noted that Alger Chaîne 3 transmitter on 1190 mts, 252 kHz is off: no signal is received here at my QTH, Valencia. The 1422 and 981 kHz are seen as usual. At 1800 UTC, the signal is on. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-Kingdom of Spain (13/6-2016) IRELAND RTE 252 is back on the air, heard via the Twente WebSDR. Liron (13/6-2016) 12/06-2016 RUSSIA 20th edition of the "Broadcasting in Russian" Handbook, published by St. Petersburg DX Club, has been recently released. The handbook features all radio stations transmitting Russian language broadcasts in all AM bands (including long and medium waves) at present, both from Russia and abroad. Station listings include frequency and programme schedules, transmitter location and power, target areas, postal addresses, phone/fax numbers, Web sites, social network pages, e-mail addresses as well as QSL policy info. The schedules are generally valid until 29 October 2016 (i.e. during A16 broadcasting season). The Handbook is in Russian and distributed as a hard copy only. Volume is 68 pages of A5 size. Please address your purchase requests and questions to St. Petersburg DX Club: Alexander Beryozkin, P.O.Box 463, St. Petersburg, 190000, Russia or by e-mail: dxspb[at]nrec.spb.ru. The price is 5 EUR or 6 USD (including delivery by registered mail). PayPal and Skrill money transfers are accepted. Your comments and suggestions regarding the handbook contents are always welcome. Alexander Beryozkin (12/6-2016) RUSSIA Radio Bonch, students' radio station of the Bonch-Bruyevich St.Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, transmits its own experimental broadcasts daily at 13.00-15.00 UTC on 1593 kHz since 27 May 2016 until 30 June 2016 with 60 W output power. Reception reports (to be sent me to to Alexander Beryozkin to dxspb -at- nrec.spb.ru) will be confirmed with QSL cards. Alexander Beryozkin (12/6-2016) IRELAND [RTÉ] 252 kHz is currently off air. Currently no info on this and no idea when it is returning. I will try to find out and update when known. James Robinson (10/6-2016) 10/06-2016 UKRAINE / CRIMEA Radio Krym Realii [Crimea Realities] is a joint project of Radio Liberty and Ukrainian Radio 1st Programme, broadcasting six days a week on the latter's 549 kHz mediumwave frequency. It's on the air Mon-Fri 0535-0600 & 1530-1600 UT, Sat 1510-1600 UT. Programming appears to be in Russian only. Radio Liberty has info and on-demand audio files on its Russian/Ukrainian/Tatar website at krymr.com . David Kernick, Interval Signals Online via dxld yg (9/6-2016) 08/06-2016 BERMUDA I emailed inquiries to some radio contacts in Bermuda regarding the status of 1160 BBC and 1280 BBN relays. Received the following on June 5 from Ed VP9GE: "I am listening to 1160 right now. It is alive and well. Not sure for how long. 1280 is sponsored, I believe, by a local church group. No sign that it will cease in the near future. Bermuda Broadcasting Company three AM stations have transitioned to FM. Ed VP9GE" Found this news report about Bermuda Broadcasting Company plans to restore BBC broadcasts, but haven't been able to determine if Bermuda Broadcasting has taken over 1160 kHz. The Bermuda Broadcasting website only indicates FM. Bermuda Broadcasting partners with BBC UK (Jan 12, 2016) http://bernews.com/2016/01/bbc-world-service-news-partnership-bbc-uk/ Bruce Conti, mwdx yg (5/6-2016) 567 khz SYR SRTV 1 Dimashk inactive 666 khz SYR SRTV 2 Sawt al-Sha'ab inactive 783 khz SYR SRTV 1 Dimashk low power 1071 khz SYR Al Nour Radio low power Sergio Sarabia (7/6-2016) 06/06-2016 EGYPT ERTU Al-Sharq al-Awsat. Since April was moved from 774 to 777 khz. The above transmission in 774 khz was suffering a strong buzz. Sergio Sarabia (6/6-2016) Re: MAURITANIA-item 28/5: Searching the internet, I found the following web sites of Radio Mauritanie: http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/ for Radio Mauritanie Chaine 1. The online stream was working when checked. http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/rc/ and http://radiocoran.mr/ fort Radio Coran. On both sites the online stream was working when checked, but the volume was very low. http://www.radio-culturelle.com/ . There is an audio link but it keeps playing the same title. There were more sites but they seem to be out of order. In the case of http://radiochabab.mr/ for the youth channel some links a broken. The player at http://www.radiochabab.mr/players.html did not start. The frequency list for Radio Mauritanie and Radio Coran at http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/index.php/home.html does not list any AM frequencies but only FM. Using the search routine for “783” is found a Ramadan site for 2013 at http://www.radiomauritanie.mr/index.php/component/content/article/873.html , which still mentions both medium wave 783 kHz and short wave 7245 kHz. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (29/5-2016) CLANDESTINE 1550 Polisario Front, Rabouni, ALG (so why insisting in listing this under "W. Sahara"?!). Again, no Castilian lang. segment 2300-2330; maybe it's irregular now. Carlos Gonçalves (29/5-2016) EGYPT As per my today's [28/5] observation, there it was again this Arabic speaking stn on 777 (measured 777.003 on my Perseus rx): 2307 UTC, SINPO 22441, QRM de E. In my previous report about this (and Mauritania), I forgot to mention the latest catch was already this month: 03May, 2148-2206, SINPO 23441. Carlos Gonçalves (29/5-2016) 28/05-2016 MONGOLIA I listened to the tape over again and a male announcer with British dialect says "This is a Test Transmission broadcasting on 1431Khz in the Medium Wave band" alternating 400Hz and 1Khz audio tones. Heard on Global Tuners Hong Kong at 1615z. Steven Wiseblood/AB5GP, dxld yg (28/5-2016) SYRIA / EGYPT The faulty transmitter is not the Syrian one on 783 kHz but the Egyptian on 774 and in late 2015 there was a buzz and now the frequency is drifted to 777 kHz. Syria on 783 kHz have a clear audio with some nice folk libanese Syrian music but I have interference from Spanish radio station. My location is in north west Greece. Alex Fitzios (28/5-2016) MAURITANIA 783 Nouakchott. Their signal is not heard for a number of months which makes me believe the tx is either off (and replaced by VHF-FM) or then simply running at very low power. Carlos Gonçalves POR (27/5-2016) Szia László and all of you, Are you sure it was Syria? I checked today (27th May) 783 khz on an israeli SDR receiver and it is not drifting at all. It is as stable as before. EMWG (www.emwg.info) mentions that it can drift 1-2 khz to 782 or 781 but not as much as in your case. That's why i think it was not Syria. In my opinion you heard a faulted transmitter from Egypt, namely ERTU's Middle East Radio. The transmitter is in Abis, Egypt. This transmitter broadcasts originally on 774 kHz. But, now, due to the transmitter fault, the center frequency moved to 777 or 778 kHz and the bandwidth became narrower than before. Originally the bandwidth is 9 khz wide in AM mode on mediumwave, but now it is much less. It is around 4.5 khz wide. It is like they broadcast only the upper sideband of the signal. The broadcasting mode remains AM. Egyptian transmitters are in a very bad health: they emit distorted, muffled, buzzing audio. Their shortwave transmitters are worse than their mediumwave ones. And, what is on 774 khz and on its lower sideband? An iranian transmitter, IRIB Radio Markazi can be heard in the late evenings on Alex's SDR in Afedri, Israel, but not here in Hungary. As László told, Spanish transmitters are occupying the frequency here. 73 and good DX to all, Tibor Gaal, Budapest, Hungary (27/5-2016) SYRIA Tringer László, are you sure it the Arabic lang. stn on 778 was Tartus? I wouldn't like to speculate, so maybe the following is a mere coincidence, but it provides clues to make one wonder whether the drifting is from 2 stns/countries or then just from one thereof: My recent observations: 777_2240-2218_11April_Abis, EGY? If not, surely or almost surely SYR. year 2015 774.8 2341-2353_02Nov_Abis. 774.8 2214-2227_13Oct_Abis. Today, 27May, I observed 783 between 2140approx. to 2206, and it seems the Arabic stn heavily interfered by E is from SYR. I am not confusing this with the other Arabic stn south of me, Nouakchott. If a directional aerial is used, one's able to separate MTN and SYR. Carlos Gonçalves, POR (27/5-2016) 27/5-2016 SYRIA Today noticed at 2040 UTC during my "regular" bandscan, that SRTV1 Dimashk, from Tartus transmitter site is drifted down from 783 kHz to 778 kHz. Causing annoying interference on the spanish station at 774 kHz. What is the reason? Aged transmitter? Tringer László (26/5-2016) MONGOLIA 1431 kHz: Many thanks to everyone in the region or using a remote receiver who made observations of the first day's tests. I can confirm that the time for the tests is 1300-1700 GMT (clarifying my first message) and that they will continue until 28 May inclusive. Babcock engineers are at the transmitter site supervising the tests, so there might be variations in power, etc as they adjust things from day to day, so it is worth continuing to make observations. Thanks again. Is this in preparation for a BBC Korean service on MW? Stephen Cooper, dxld yg (25/5-2016) 1431 kHz: Alternating 400Hz and 1200Hz tones heard weakly under Japanese domestics on GT's Japan receiver, May 25 around 1530 UTC. Greg Hardison, dxld yg (25/5-2016) Yes. And it`s an 8-tower direxional array toward 150 degrees, slewable plus or minus 30 per Wolfgang Büschel. There is a separate single mast nearby for 150 kW ND transmitter which perhaps will stay on 1350. Also in the area, LW 209 and SW 4995 antennas. Glenn Hauser, dxld yg (26/5-2016) Heard two alternating tonnes with voice announcements between the tones. The signal was at its best between 1418 and around 1435utc on the remote receiver in South Korea. Signal weak to maybe fair. The tone tests were also on the HongKong remote receiver but the signal was weak. It was not strong enough to hear the voice announcements. Regards, Tony Magon VK2IC, dxld yg (26/5-2016) 25/05-2016 The transmitter of Kossuth Rádió in Solt on 540 KHz will be renovated. From 30.05.2016 to 09.06.2016 will broadcast only from 03:53 to 19:05 UTC. From 11.07.2016 to 25.07.2016 and 22.08.2016 to 19.09.2016 the transmitter will be OFF, at this period Kossuth Rádió will be broadcasted from Siofok and Szolnok in SYNC mode. (Ex. Katolikus Rádió transmitters): Siofok, 150 kW, Szolnok, 135 kW From 19.09.2016 Solt will work with a brand new transmitter with 2000 kW output. Tringer László (20/5-2016) 19/05-2016 U K Reading about the The Wallasey transmitter of Talk Sport (1107 kHz 500W) causing interference on two other medium wave frequencies 1062 kHz and 1152 kHz both 45 kHz from 1107 kHz, I can tell you this is the same problem I noticed between November 2014 and April 2015. It took me quite some time to find out which transmitter was the cause of the interference but with lots of help by DXers in Holland, Belgium, Germany and the UK, it was clear that the Wallasey transmitter was giving this interference. I contacted the Senior Station Manager of Talk Sport. He sent a technician who solved the problem. Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (19/5-2016) Thanks, Max for this explanation. SPAIN Since two days ago the 50 kW R.N.E. 5's tx in Valencia on 537 mts. 558 is having interruptions. At this moment, 1340 UTC, is off interrupted since almost 1015 UTC. These stops don't affects R.N.E. 1 on 387 mts. 774 which comes from same facility. Other tx of R.N.E. 5 from other locations operate as always (I can check from here 576 Barcelona, 909 Mallorca, 936 Alicante, 1107 Teruel and 1125 Castellón). Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-Kingdom of Spain (19/5-2016) U K The Wallasey transmitter of Talk Sport (1107 kHz 500W) is causing interference on two other medium wave frequencies 1062 kHz and 1152 kHz both 45 kHz from 1107 kHz. The spurious signal on 1152 kHz is strong enough to completely erase the signal on 1152 kHz from Key 2 from Ashton Moss Manchester at my location near Liverpool. I emailed Arqiva and received an automated reply, but a week later the fault still persists. I was in Southport yesterday (18/05/16) and the interference on 1152kHz can clearly be heard. I wonder how long it will take Arqiva to fix the fault. Mike Smithson (19/5-2016) 17/05-2016 U K Local community station Radio Warrington is currently testing on 1332 kHz mediumwave, with a 5-minute loop with many IDs and interspersed with music. Reception reports are requested to: [email protected] . The station has been online since 2007 at www.radiowarrington.co.uk and is due to start regular mediumwave broadcasting on Monday 16 May (the online stream is currently carrying continuous music). Reception is good here, however I'm less than 10 km away! David Kernick, Interval Signals Online, dxld yg (14/5-2016) It's audible at good strength currently in NW England - about 35 miles distant - at 1530UT, with a co-channel way in the background. Radio Warrington will be going live from Monday the 16th of May for 24/7 on 1332 kHz. "in glorious analogue mono" according to announcer. Thanks to Dave Kernick. Date: 09.05.2016 Last updated: 13.05.2016 at 13.17 Planned work affecting Radio 4 LW and Radio 5 Live and Radio Scotland MW. From 9th May until 5th June the Westerglen transmitter in Scotland, will be subject to shutdowns for Radio 4 LW, Radio 5 Live Medium Wave, BBC Radio Scotland, between 10:05-17:45hrs, to ensure engineers can work safely on the mast. Some shutdowns will occur between 10:05-17:45 for Radio 4 LW, Radio 5 Live Medium Wave, BBC Radio Scotland from the 9th May - 5th June on 14 weekdays. There will also be some weekend shutdowns from 06:05- 12:00 on two Saturdays and 06:05 on two Sundays between the above dates. We need to do this level of maintenance about every 10 years. This work will be weather dependent. For up to date information please use our transmitter checker to look up the status of this transmitter by using your postcode and selecting MW or LW from the drop down list https://radioandtvhelp.co.uk/ . BBC Radio 5 Live will continue to be available on DAB, Sky, Freesat, cable and the Radio Player. All the other BBC Radio 5 Live MW transmitters will be unaffected. Radio 4 LW will continue to be available on Sky, Freesat, Cable and the BBC Radio Player. BBC Radio Scotland will be available on FM and DAB in some area's , Sky, Freesat, Cable and the BBC Radio Player. U K Bauer Media Completes Acquisition of Orion Media. The Bauer Media Group has acquired the market-leading Midlands based commercial radio group Orion Media, which operates the Free Radio and Gem radio brands. Reaching more than 1.25m million people weekly, Free Radio and Gem complement Bauer’s network of city stations and extend the total reach of Bauer‘s national and regional radio brands to 17.4 million. The move sees Bauer Media’s share of UK commercial radio listening increase to 34% The transaction provides an exit for Orion Media's institutional backers, LDC, the private equity arm of Lloyds Banking Group, which originally invested in the business in 2009. In the UK, Bauer Media now has 71 radio stations including national radio brands KISS, Magic and Absolute Radio; local brands forming the Bauer City Network including Key 103 in Manchester, Radio City in Liverpool, Hallam FM in Sheffield, Metro Radio in Newcastle, Clyde 1 in Glasgow and Forth 1 in Edinburgh; and is a UK market leader in digital listening with a strong portfolio of digital commercial radio stations. Bauer Media Completes Acquisition of Orion Media (Bauer press release 6 May 2016) This concerns the following FM and AM stations: Free Radio (Hereford/Worcester) 96.7 MHz Kidderminster, 97.6 MHz Hereford, 102.8 MHz Worcester Free Radio (Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury and Telford) 97.2 MHz Wolverhampton, 103.1 MHz Shrewsbury and Telford Free Radio (Birmingham and surrounding area) 96,4 MHz Free Radio (Coventry and surrounding area) 97,0 MHz Coventry, 102.9 MHz Leamington Spa Free Radio 80s (Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury and Telford) 990 KHz Wolverhampton, 1017 KHz Shrewsbury and Telford Free Radio 80s (Birmingham) The new plans in The Netherlands are: 747, 828, 1035 and 1251 khz: 1 to 100 Watts 1395 khz : only between sunrise and sunset due to an agreement between The Netherlands and Albania 1485 khz : only for 1 Watt stations. Stations can decide about their own transmission times; so stations can decide to be on the air only a few hours per day.. Stations are allowed to repeat their transmissions: 100 Watts stations can repeat their transmissions with a transmitter at least 60 km from the first transmitter. On 1485 the repeating transmitter distance is at least 1 km. On the 11th of May the fee for these transmissions will be published. 73, Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (5/5-2016) INDIA The following medium wave transmitters are to be replaced by FM transmitters in the foreseeable future: Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1584 kHz, commissioned in June 1997] Joranda (Odisha) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1485 kHz, commissioned on 3 October 1995] Soro (Odisha) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [1485 kHz, built in 2000, commissioned on 2. December 2007 Almora (Uttarakhand) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 1 kW FM Tr. [999 kHz, commissioned on 15 June 1986] Ootacamund (Tamil Nadu) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 10 kW FM Tr. [1602 kHz] Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) - Replacement of 1 kW MW Tr. by 10 kW FM Tr. [1584 kHz, commissioned on 29 January 1967] Source: Government of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting: Annual Report 2015-2016, New Delhi: Publications Division, 2016, page 158 04/05-2016 NETHERLANDS Atlantis Radio 1521 today had revealed that they hope to be on the air within one to six weeks – with a little luck. The broadcasting hours will be 07 – 20 local time, and they also said today the frequency is not going to be 1521 kHz. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (4/5-2016) 03/05-2016 NETHERLANDS The Medium Wave band will now be open for new low power stations – operating with a power of 1-100 Watt. Full story here (in Dutch): http://radio.nl/810349/groen-licht-voor-laagvermogen-uitzendingen-op-am Former long time pirate radio – Atlantis Radio 1521 – in Friesland was granted a five year license to operate a commercial radio station on 1521 kHz in March 2016. The station recently purchased a new 75 W AM transmitter (300 W PEP). The format is golden oldies – and the station can be heard online here: http://www.atlantisradio.eu/radio/ and more details can be found here: https://www.facebook.com/RadioAtlantis1521KHz/ No on air date for 1521 has been given. Stig Hartvig Nielsen (3/5-2016) 26/04-2016 U K Radio Warrington the new community radio station started testing today on AM 1332 intially till 12.30 on low power then higher power to Warrington and surrounding areas day and night time. Signal level of 3 out of 10 received daytime in Wigan Lancashire and Nighttime 4 out of 10 at same receiving site. Video on details of the new transmitter site built with help of United Utilities on their website here: http://radiowarrington.co.uk/ Regards, Graham Fletcher (26/4-2016) FRANCE Radio Tou'caen's temporary licence shows power of 500 watts on 1602 kHz. (maybe audible on south coast of England daytime with seapath across the Channel, away from co-channel BBC Kent, Desi Radio, Radio Seagull?) Par délibération en date du lundi 22 février 2016, le Comité territorial de l'audiovisuel de Caen a décidé, en application de l'article 28-3 de la loi du 30 septembre 1986 modifiée relative à la liberté de communication, d'autoriser l'association Zones d'Ondes - Agence associative Normandie Média à diffuser un service de radio par voie hertzienne terrestre dénommé Radio Tou'Caen, pour la période du 4 avril au 30 septembre 2016. Site : 10, rue Molière, 14000 Caen. Puissance : 50 W. 24/04-2016 FRANCE Since April 19th, there is a new project in France. It’s a temporary station allow until September 30th 2016. It’ s in Caen, Normandy. The station is Radio Tou’caen on FM 91.9 and AM 1602 kHz. All details, with programme schedule, audio stream and contacts details are on 73’s Christian Ghibaudo (24/4-2016) RUSSIA “RUS-DX” # 869 - Broadcasting of Russia, countries of CIS and Baltiya (ex. USSR). Moscow: Radio station Teos closed broadcasting on a frequency of 1134 kHz and receive transmissions only on the Internet, on their page - http://s.teos.fm/ Now in Moscow there are only two working broadcast on medium wave frequencies: 612 kHz – Narodnoe radio and Radio Radonezh 738 kHz - World Radio Network. St. Petersburg: RTRS Branch "St. Petersburg Regional Center" turned off the medium wave transmitter radio center №11 (Krasny Bor). The transmitter "SRV-50" broadcast station "Radio Teos" at a frequency of 1089 kHz. Power equipment is 30 kW. One of the unique antenna towers located in the Red Bor - a highly directional antenna system "Dawn" medium wave range. The antenna system consists of 26 metal towers height of 41 meters each. The length of the chain towers - 2.1 km. Antenna complex supplement the four-mast antenna height of 271, 257, 106, 93 and 80 meters of antenna systems of short-range. The total output power of transmitters DV-, SV- and HF bands reached 10.6 mV. A quarter-century radio center worked with almost 100% load. 23 hours a day, eighteen short-wave transmitters "Snow" broadcast "International Radio Moscow", "the first program of the All-Union Radio", "Radio Mayak", "Leningrad Radio", "Radio Station Atlantic", "radio station Motherland" and other programs of the Soviet domestic and foreign broadcasting. Loading powerful transmitters broadcasting radio center in the Red Bor began to decline in the late 90s. For 15 years, we were off "Buran" transmitters and transmission hardware broadcasted SV- and HF bands. The transmitter "Radio Teos" was the last powerful transmitter radio center. Transmitting equipment mothballed. (Russian radio and television) SERBIA At my location (Székesfehérvár, HUN) the following frequencies are heard this year. 684 (QRM with Spain), 693 (QRM with England), 765 (QRM with Iran), 1107 (best at daytime), 1269 (Radio Novi Sad) and 1296 (QRM with spain and sometimes with Sudan), 1503 (202) 1440 is OFF, earlier it has been heard almost every night. Before 1999 on 684 Radio Beograd was crystal clear all day. After the bombardment of this TX by NATO only weak signal from the new one. László Tringer (14/4-2016) 12/04-2016 SERBIA I confirm more active transmitters-1269KHz-Novi Sad. Along with Beograd 202 on 1503 KHz, there is Bosnian transmitter “Radio Zavidovici”, that interferes during the night 202. Probably there is another arabic transmitter on the same frequency, but I do not which one. I’m pretty much suspicious that Serbia will continues and rise up the power of MW transmitters.The number of listeners is getting down constantly. Even now that number is very few. Romania probably has the highest number of MW transmitters ,Spain too. Alex, what is Your location?-North Greece if I’m not wrong. Vence BUL (12/4-2016) SERBIA Serbia is active from 675, 684, 693, 711 but with stong interference from Romania and just heard one two times only. Also active from 1008 I could hear before corfu activate era transmitter on 1008. Heard last year 765, 1107 active together with RAI. Active on 1296 and 1503 sometimes with Iran. But strong frequency to hear Serbia is only 684, 1296 and 1503 kHz. I hope Serbia will continue on medium wave and someday they upgrade their transmitters with more power. Receiving in north west Greece. Alex (12/4-2016) 10/04-2016 NETHERLANDS Radio Maria 675 kHz. The transmitter has been activated yesterday 1800 UT, the same day they were still busy installing the antenna. It's a 1 kW at the "Heilig Bloed" monastery 15 km northeast of Eindhoven. Report and photos: 1296 Radio Beograd 1 active 1440 Radio Beograd 1 appears inactive 1485 Radio Beograd 1 ? 1503 Radio Beograd 202 active 1602 Radio Beograd 1 ? ARGENTINA Two new stations: The one is Radio Unidad, a christian evangelical radiostation, which after being inactive on 1490 kHz for several months now has started up on 1630 kHz. The other is AM 1710 SELVA. The following Argentinean stations are currently operating in the"X-Band": 1610 KHz, RADIO GUABIYÚ (Gregorio de Laferrere) 1620 KHz, RADIO VIDA “Red de Vida” (Monte Grande) 1620 KHz, RADIO SENTIRES (Parque San Martín) 1620 KHz, RADIO ITALIA (Villa Martelli) 1630 KHz, RADIO UNIDAD (Alejandro Korn) 1630 KHz, AM RESTAURACIÓN (William C. Morris) 1640 KHz, RADIO HOSANNA (Isidro Casanova) 1650 KHz, RADIO 20 DE AGOSTO (Longchamps) 1650 KHz, RADIO EL MENSAJERO (Rafael Castillo) 1660 KHz, RADIO REVIVIR (Gregorio de Laferrere) 1670 KHz, RADIO BETHEL -[irregular]- (Banfield oeste) 1680 KHz, RADIO SANTA FE (Canning) 1690 KHz, RADIO CLS -Cristo la Solución- (San Justo) 1710 KHz, AM SELVA (Pdo. de La Matanza) Arnaldo Slaen, dxld yg (9/4-2016) 1440 KHZ Radio Beograd 1, Jagodina transmitter on 1440 kHz went off air at the end of 2014. Thanks to Dan Goldfarb for this info. Ydun Ritz (8/4-2016) 08/04-2016 NETHERLANDS The catholic radio station Radio Maria has resumed broadcast on MW on 675 kHz after being silent since September 2015. http://www.mediamagazine.nl/radio-maria-hervat-uitzendingen-middengolf/ "In September 2015 the station had to cease broadcasting via this medium wave frequency as the transmitter operator of the medium wave transmitter in Lopik decided to stop the service. The radio tower was dismantled in mid-September. Since then, the Catholic radio station could not broadcast on medium wave. Radio Maria is still heard in the Netherlands through the digital ether (DAB +). Radio Maria broadcasts through the network of the national commercial radio stations and through a number of top regional DAB + networks. Radio Maria has based its broadcasting license until September 2017 the requirement to also broadcast on medium wave. In consultation with the Radiocommunications Agency, the radio station can now broadcast from the North Brabant Aarle Rixtel. Radio Maria broadcasts recently on a low power from this new location. It is intended to improve the antenna in the short term and increase the ability of the medium wave transmitter at 675 kHz, so that a greater part of the southern Netherlands can be achieved. The radio station will broadcast ended with a power of 5 kilowatts from the transmitter location in Aarle Rixtel, North Brabant. The Radiocommunications Agency is the power to 25 kilowatts from the new location. This achieves a large part of the Catholic audience in the Southern Netherlands and parts of Belgium. Radio Maria will continue to be received via DAB + and Internet." (Google translation by yours truly!) Rene van Hoof, mwc fb group (8/4-2016) 1440 KHZ Sir, when did You listened to Radio Beograd 1 from the transmitter Jagodina on 1440KHz? Now in 2016? Oficial RTS site do not show active that transmitter. Radio Riyadh is today audible 60km away of Jagodina? All the territory of Bulgaria and South Romania, Greece, Turkey, Macedonia… Thank You! 02/04-2016 CANADA Radio Shalom, Canada’s only radio station devoted specifically to the Jewish community, signed off on Friday evening for the last time. Owner Robert Lévy, who for months has been trying to find financing for the Montreal station in a last-ditch effort to keep it running, told staff this week that he’s pulling the plug. The station’s signal, at 1650 AM and based in the Town of Mount Royal industrial park, will remain on the air. Lévy has asked André Joly, who operates an evangelical Christian service on Radio Shalom during the Sabbath, to take over programming 24/7. Joly said he is in talks to buy the station, but there may still be hope for someone in the Jewish community to step in and keep Radio Shalom alive. Lévy did not respond to requests for comment about the future of the station. Radio Shalom started about 15 years ago as a subcarrier service, which required a special FM radio to receive. But in 2006 it got licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, and CJRS 1650 went on the air on AM on May 5, 2007, according to the Canadian Communications Foundation. But even though the station was run almost entirely by volunteers, it struggled to pay the bills. In December, Lévy said he was no longer willing to run Radio Shalom out of his pocket and urged the Jewish community to step in. “In order to keep Radio Shalom and the voice it provides for the Montreal Jewish community alive and on the air, we need our Jewish community to work together to provide a recurrent and stable partnership that will assume responsibility of the radio’s administrative and financial needs,” he wrote at the time, giving an ultimatum of Jan. 31. Despite a two-month extension to the deadline, there was not enough support to keep it going. Stanley Asher, a Radio Shalom host involved with the station since Day 1, said he was disappointed but not surprised to see the station go. He said he went to the station on Monday and found his pre-recorded show from the previous week hadn’t been broadcast due to technical issues. He intended to run that show this week and prepare one for next week, but was told “don’t bother.” “It was a big part of my life, I have to adjust to that ending,” Asher said. “We were unique. We were trying to follow a model that’s common in Europe, trying on a very limited budget to provide a cultural service.” Radio Shalom’s CRTC licence, which expires Aug. 31, 2017, does not set language requirements or require it to be a Jewish radio station. But it does require balance on religious issues and set limits on popular music. A change in ownership of the station would also require CRTC approval, so for now Joly will be providing programming while Lévy remains in charge of the station. Steve Whitt, mwcircle FB group (2/4-2016) 01/04-2016 GERMANY Just in case, that someone cares: AFN Bavaria is still audible on its medium wave frequency Vilseck 1107 kHz. So the station "serving America's best" has survived both the change to DST on 27 March and the 1st of a new month. Dr Hansjoerg Biener (1/4-2016) TURKMENISTAN After the closure of the Belarus station on 279 kHz. I hear Turkmenistan on the same frequency. Here in Romania the signal is S5 now at 0745 UT (10:45 am local time) on my 60m random wire antenna. The modulation is rather low. I'm expecting the signal to improve a lot in the evening. Tudor Vedeanu (Gura Humorului, Romania), dxld yg (1/4-2016) NEPAL Radio Nepal, the oldest broadcasting agency, is set to provide 24-hour service from August 17. The state-run broadcasting agency has decided to follow a management reforms implementation action plan in this regard. It was also shared at a programme in Kathmandu that the government broadcasting agency was also set to establish a media village in Biratnagar in memory of Tarini Datta Koirala, the founder of Radio Nepal Broadcasting Services Development Committee (RNBSDC). Participants at the programme said that the broadcasting agency would keep up with modern technical equipment and modernise i ts service by establishing high-quality shortwave tower. Radio Nepal is running its programmes through central and regional transmissions through 21 frequency modulation relay centers across the nation. It also broadcasts through medium wave and online. Meanwhile, speaking at the programme, Minister for Information and Communications Sherdhan Rai suggested employees of Radio Nepal to perform result-oriented works, while praising their contribution to bring the broadcasting agency to this stage. He also suggested keeping up its functioning as per the new Constitution. The Minister also stressed the need to submit a report of works of the government broadcaster every month, while pointing out the need to launch its programmes up to local level to institutionalise the republic. Likewise, the Communications Secretary Dinesh Kumar Thapaliya, also Chairman of the RNBSDC, pledged doing everything possible to implement reform programmes launched earlier to make Radio Nepal a good means of communication. On the occasion, Radio Nepal Executive Director Suresh Kumar Karki presented a report on management reforms. 01/03-2016 U K BBC Radio 4 756kHz. Coverage from this little transmitter a 2kW station in Redruth, Cornwall is good along the south Irish coast. Nice audio. Nighttime reception has also improved since the closure of a German transmitter on this frequency on 31/12/15. Useful in cars without a LW band. Gearoid Quill (1/3-2016) 28/02-2016 CANADA The CBC has done a study that shows they would need two more FM repeaters on Cape Breton in order to replace CBI. So unless they come up with the funds to do that, 1140 will remain on air for some time. Andy Reid (28/2-2016) 26/02-2016 CANADA CBC Radio One is now available in Sydney NS at 92.1 FM as well as AM 1140. CBIS-FM signed on February 25th at 8:20 AM local time. Andy Reid, dxld yg (26/2-2016) Wondering, how long CBC will keep 1140 kHz alive?! (Ydun) ITALY Hello I live in Milan and i tuned now this station: Radio Z100 Milano on 828 khz. For information and reports [email protected] Best regards, Alberto Pavesi (26/2-2016) NORWAY After yesterday evening's transmission our CE Øystein changed back to Inverted "V" antenna on LLE-4 1611 kHz. 65 watts AM........ We're on again in the evening plus from 2330z into Saturday night. 24/02-2016 IRELAND Re Adam Birchenall’s comment about day time Algerian interference in S Devon one 252kHz I have noticed the same here all along the south coast of Ireland and well inland too , again during daytime some days and most evenings. Strangely the strength of the Algerian signals varies a lot day-to-day as if they were using varying power levels. Indeed last Autumn I was in west Cork and at night returning , NO RTE signal could be heard at all under the Algerian signal , until I reached Bandon about 20kM inland ! RTE should have moved to 261kHz but the powers-that-be are not interested and consider longwave AM obsolete. It’s a lot more rugged than DAB and not near as easily hacked .Too many employed with no knowledge and understanding of LW ,too eager to push DAB. I can see the local Cork city ( Togher ) transmission mast , but am at the back of the DAB bean, they’ve been experiment for years , Dead And Buried I say . FM reception in the valleys is variable enough, Band 3 TV at 200 MHz was very poor ! Des Walsh (24/2-2016) IRELAND In reply to your recent post. I found this from Wikipedia. RTÉ runs 252 Longwave at a lower power level than its licensed 500 kilowatts: in the daytime it operates at 300 kW and at night 100–150 kW. James Vincent (24/2-2016) IRELAND Further to the report below about 252 kHz LW, please can anyone tell us what is the power of the transmitter these days? Does anyone know if a recent change has happened this week? Thanks. 23/02-2016 IRELAND Reception of RTE-1 on 252 Khz in South Devon UK has been pretty poor most of today and daytime on 23/02/16 due to strong co channel interference of Algeria’s Chaine 3. It has been noted that RTE 1 on 252 Khz LW will close on Monday 1st May 2017. Regards, Adam Birchenall (Grundig YB-400) (23/2-2016) U K Radio Caroline North returns on 27th & 28th February, continuing to trace the Caroline story in the mid-seventies. In May 1976 after an absence of 3 years a daytime English service returned to the air. Caroline broadcasts were on 192m by day and 259m at night, later moving to 319m 24/7. We'll hear from some of those onboard at the time: Mark Lawrence, James Ross, Stevie Gordon and Stuart Russell, along with station manager Rob Eden. It was a good time for the station, lasting through most of 1977. So musically we extend our remit this time until the end of that year. We'll be broadcasting live from the radio-ship Ross Revenge again, available here online this time from 6am Saturday until 9pm Sunday, and also on Manx Radio 1368 AM. Please send suitable music choices and memories to [email protected] . Mike Terry, mwdx yg (23/2-2016) UKRAINE I want to tell you sad news. Today I read in the official group of Radio Mayak-Odessa [765 kHz] that since February, 9, 2016 the radiostation is closed because of financial problems. Sergei. Saint Petersburg, Russia (23/2-2016) ITALY Tonight (22-2-2016) I heard the following announement on 1368 Khz: "Challenger Radio, Long Propagation test on Kilohertz 567, Kilohertz 846 and Kilohertz 1368..." The message was followed by dots/pips and then again announed the same way on what looks like a loop-tape. Here in Holland audiable on 1368 on my Sangean 404 receiver and on the web-sdr Twente. Not audiable on the other frequencies they mention in their announcement. Peter van der Eijk, Nieuwegein, Netherlands (22/2-2016) BANDSCAN CARIBBEAN I have posted some 26 minutes of station ID's from Medium Wave stations which I heard during daytime in Christiansted, St. Croix, US Virgin Island, in late December 2015 and early January 2016 using my Perseus SDR-receiver and a Wellbrook loop outdoor. Daytime only – so no DX. This is my daytime band scan: QRK: 5 = very strong, 4: strong, 3: fair signal, 2: weak og 1 = very weak § = recording on the Soundcloud-file [kHz – country - Station-ID – language - remarks - QRK] § 550 - Puerto Rico - WPAB 550 - S - La Radio del Sur de Puerto Rico - 5 § 580 - Puerto Rico - WKAQ 580-– S - La Numero Uno. //1420 - 5 § 590 - Venezuela - Radio Continente - S - 1 § 610 - Puerto Rico - X-61 - S - 4 § 630 - Puerto Rico - NotiUno - S - //910, 1280 - 4 § 640 - Guadeloupe - Guadeloupe 1ère - F - QRM fra Venezuela? - 3 650 - Venezuela - RNV Activa – S - La Revolución Radical de la Radio – 1 § 670 - Venezuela - Radio Rumbos - S - La Emisora del Venezuela - 3 § 680 - Puerto Rico - Wapa Radio - La Poderosa - S - //1260, 1590 - 3 § 710 - Venezuela - Radio Capital - S - 2 § 740 - Puerto Rico - WIAC - S - 5 § 750 - Venezuela - Radio Caracas Radio RCR 750 - S - 4 § 780 - BVI - ZBVI Radio - E - 5 790 - Venezuela - Radio Venezuela 790 - S - 1 § 810 - Puerto Rico - Radio Paz 810 - S - 5 § 830 - Venezuela - Radio Sensación - S - 2 § 840 - Puerto Rico - Victoria 8-40 - S - Slogan: La Reina del Caribe - 5 § 860 - St. Kitts & Nevis - VON Radio - E - The Power House of the Eastern Caribbean - 4 § 870 - Puerto Rico - WQBS - S - 3 § 890 - Puerto Rico - La Nave WFAB - S - Religion - 5 900 - Barbados - FM 94.7 - E - 1 910 - Puerto Rico - NotiUno - S - //630, 1280 - 5 - (cf. § on 630) § 920 - Venezuela - Nueva Esparta - S - 2 § 940 - Puerto Rico - WIPR - S - 2 § 970 - US Virgin Islands - WSTX - E - Reggae - 5 § 1000 - US Virgin Islands - WVWI Radio 1000 - E - Fox Sports Radio - 5 § 1060 - Puerto Rico – WCGB. Sometimes with The Rock Radio Network - E - //1190, 1370 - 4 Application 2015-1192-3 CHRN Montréal – Technical change The Commission approves the application by Radio Humsafar Inc. to change the authorized contours of the radio programming undertaking CHRN MontréalFootnote 1 by relocating its transmitter site. All other technical parameters will remain unchanged. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The licensee stated that this change was necessary since its engineering team had found after various studies and tests that the original transmitter site was no longer viable, which is why the station is not yet in operation. The Commission reminds the applicant that pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, no licence may be issued until the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. The station's transmitter must be operational with implemented technical changes at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 9 February 2018. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General Footnotes Footnote 1 In Commercial ethnic radio stations in Montréal, Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2014-241, 16 May 2014, the Commission approved an application by Radio Humsafar Inc. to operate a commercial AM ethnic radio station in Montréal and indicated that the undertaking must be operational by 16 May 2016. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (22/2-2016) 21/02-2016 U K I have been told that the 990 kHz transmitter at Redmoss (1kW) carrying BBC Radio nan Gaidheal, closed in November 2015. James Robinson (21/2-2016) 20/02-2016 U K Confirmation that Mangotsfield 1260 kHz (Smooth Radio (Bristol)) and 1548 kHz (BBC Radio Bristol) transmitter was switched off permanently at 0104 UTC on 20 February 2016. The site is due to be redeveloped for housing. James Robinson (20/2-2016) 17/02-2016 U K In addition to BBC Radio Bristol on 1548 kHz closing, it has now also been confirmed that the transmitter from the same site - Mangotsfield - on 1260 kHz carrying Smooth Radio Bristol will also close on 19 February. The time is not confirmed. James Robinson (17/2-2016) 16/02-2016 UAE (Abu Dhabi): The website www.pravasibharathi.com is still very much under construction, but provides some additional information on the background of the new medium station Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM. The company information leads to the conclusion that, although the AM-DRM-operation is a financial risk, the station has some financial backing. Probably, the online transmissions will also help the reach of the station, although the links on the website did not yet work when checked. "Address: Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation FZ.LLC P.B.No. 77914, Twofour54, Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE Telephone: +971 2 3043 818, +971 2 401 2602 Web: www.pravasibharathi.com Company Info acc. to http://www.pravasibharathi.com/Company_Info.php Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation FZ.LLC is a media conglomerate incorporated under the licensing of Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi. Headquartered in Twofour54 Abu Dhabi, Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation has its own studios in Dubai and Thiruvananthapuram with marketing offices in six GCC nations - Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE and Saudi Arabia along with such offices in Thiruvananthapuram, Cochin, Calicut, Mumbai and New Delhi in India. Our Central Sales Division is responsible for the entire planning, sales implementation as well as forming marketing strategies through market research, surveys and audience demographics. Our news bureaus are existent in all the GCC nations and Thiruvananthapuram as well. Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation stands for a great vision of touching the lives of Indian community in the Gulf. We aspire to reach the Indian masses throughout the GCC nations via all modes of media, with clear objectives to inspire, educate, inform and entertain the masses by harnessing the power of creativity. We are making a serious and professional approach to the media arena keeping all the morals to fulfill our social commitment. ‘Infotainment’ is our motto, which will delight interests of the Indian masses here. We have an entirely different concept to reach those Indians who love and respect their motherland, its tradition and culture. Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation has seven core activities: Radio Broadcasting, Television (Gulf Malayalam TV), Print and Publishing (Gulf Malayalam Weekly), Digital Media, Song and Drama Division, Events and Exhibitions Division and Films Division. We aim to work through a clear vision that focuses on innovation and quality that represent creative, meaningful and unique media content, while respecting social, cultural, and family values." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (16/2-2016) 13/02-2016 Today is World Radio Day. More info at http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/news/item82 "BBC Radio Bristol’s medium wave transmitter will close down permanently on 19th February 2016. The site is being redeveloped for housing so it has not been possible to renew the lease. We examined a number of options to keep the medium wave service on air but none of them represented good value for money for the licence fee payer. However, there are still lots of ways to continue to enjoy listening to BBC Radio Bristol, though: 94.9 FM in the Bristol area 104.6 FM in Bath 103.6 FM in Weston-Super-Mare DAB on a newly enhanced transmitter network; check coverage here On your TV on Freeview Channel 719; and of course online, via computer, tablet or phone using BBC iPlayer Radio." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (10/2-2016) U K BBC Radio Bristol has confirmed it will be shutting down its Medium Wave transmitter, on 1548 kHz, in mid-February. The BBC has pointed out that the switch-off is necessary because the landlord of the Mangotsfield transmitter site is handing over the land to developers, a decision that is out of the BBC's control. The move had been expected for some while, with planning permission having been granted by the local council for redevelopment, according to a516digital.com. BBC Radio Bristol is inviting listeners via social media to spread the word about the changes, which will mean affected listeners will need to tune in to the station via FM, DAB, online or via Freeview after Feb. 19. 73, Alokesh Gupta, New Delhi (9/2-2016) U A E The world’s first Malayalam-language digital radio station is now broadcasting from Abu Dhabi. Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM was launched with a live broadcast from popular playback singer, G Venugopal. The official switch-on was performed by Abdul Rahman Awadh Al Harthi, executive director of radio for Abu Dhabi Media, and Noushad Abdul Rahuman, chairman of Pravasi Bharathi Broadcasting Corporation. Also present at the inauguration ceremony were K C Joseph, Kerala’s minister for rural development, planning, culture and Norka. Pravasi Bharathi 810 AM is also the first digital-radio station in the Middle East and North Africa region. The channel is broadcast under the licence of Abu Dhabi Media and Media Zone Authority, Abu Dhabi. The station hosts analogue transmission from 5am to 12.10am each day, with digital transmission between 12.10am and 5am every day, broadcast from its headquarters in Al Maqta. The National staff http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/from-holly-to-bolly/new-malayalam-radio-channel-launched-in-uae 08/02-2016 PAPUA NEW GUINEA NBC Morobe [also known as Radio Morobe locally] no longer broadcasts on 3220 SW because of faulty equipment and obsolete parts. It can only be heard on 810 MW with 10kW and on FM 95.5 with 1kW. Daily schedule: 2300-0700 UTC NBC National from Port Moresby, 0700-1200 UTC NBC Morobe and 1200-0200 UTC NBC National from Port Moresby. There is also a full time relay of NBC National on 90.7 FM with 1kW and a full time relay of Tribe FM also from Port Moresby on 92.3 FM and also with 1kW. Contact: Micah Yanage, Regional Engineer-Momase, NBC Morobe. U K We are unable to broadcast our scheduled programmes on medium wave. BT have informed us that due to a major problem with their broadband service in the location of our transmitter we have lost our connection & unable to broadcast our scheduled programmes on medium wave. This problem may not be resolved until Wednesday morning. In the meantime we are providing an alternative selection of programmes on 1521 medium wave. Our digital broadcasts remain on schedule by using the tune in radio & radio player apps, on internet radio & on line. Tuesday 2nd February - positive radio sharing the Good News, Flame CCR Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (2/2-2016) U K According to a revised „Timetable for inviting applications for community radio licences“ (Updated 27 January 2016) Ofcom will in the second half of 2016 call for applications for medium wave licences for locations anywhere throughout the UK. ( http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radio-broadcast-licensing/community-radio/apply-for-licence/timetable ) This will mostly concern areas where FM frequencies are not available (urban conglomerates) or medium wave might provide better coverage (sparsely populated areas). Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (2/2-2016) WORLD RADIO DAY 2016 13 February is World Radio Day — a day to celebrate radio as a medium; to improve international cooperation between broadcasters; and to encourage major networks and community radio alike to promote access to information, freedom of expression and gender equality over the airwaves. This year, the UNESCO theme for World Radio Day is “Radio in Times of Emergency and Disaster”. Radio still remains the medium that reaches the widest audience worldwide, in the quickest possible time. More info at http://www.diamundialradio.org/ and 549 kHz / UR 1 / Luch (Mykolaiv region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 720 kW 765 kHz / R. "Mayak" (disabled / test) / Petrovka (Odessa region.) / 40 kW 837 kHz / UR 1 / Taranovka (Kharkiv region.) / 0400 – 2200 / 150 kW 837 kHz / R. "Bukovina" / Chernivtsi / 0600 – 1100 / 30 kW 990 kHz / Oblastnoe Radio 2 Dnepropetrovsk / Dnipropetrovsk / 1000 - 1200 / 2.5 kW 1044 kHz / Oblastnoe Radio Ivano-Frankivsk / UR 1 / Verkhovyna (Ivano-Frankivsk region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 1 kW 1278 kHz / UR 1 / tests VSRU / Petrovka (Odessa region.) / 1700 – 2200 / 100 kW 1377 kHz / R. "Khvylya" / Vinnytsia / 1100 – 1515 / 7 kW 1377 kHz / channel "Nikolaev" / Mykolayiv / 0800 - 0900 / 3.5 kW 1404 kHz / UR 1 / Ishmael (Odessa region.) / 0400 – 2100 / 10 kW 1431 kHz / VSRU / Luch (Mykolaiv region.) / 1700 – 2100 / 800 kW All times in UTC. Anatoly Klepov, Moscow, Russia (1/2-2016) U K Mangotsfield 1548 kHz, carrying BBC Radio Bristol, will close on 19 February 2016 due to the site being redeveloped. It is also likely that 1260 kHz, carrying Smooth Bristol, will also close on this day. The time is unconfirmed but I will try to find out for sure what is happening with the second outlet on 1260. Four new DAB transmitters have bee switched on to replace lost areas of coverage. James Robinson (1/2-2016) 31/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Czech Radio (Cesky Rozhlas, CRo) has a new transmitter on 1071 kHz with CRo Plus. Location: Ostrava-Svinov. Power: 5 kW. In operation since January 29th. Now there are 3 TXs in Ostrava-Svinov: 639 kHz - CRo 2 (Dvojka) 1071 kHz - CRo Plus All TXs use one tower via a triplexer. Karel Honzik (29/1-2016) Dear Ydun, To-day saturday January 30th 2016 I noted a new Czech transmitter with PLUS programming on 1071 kHz at 1642utc. Reception varies from good to weak here in Almere, The Netherlands The details of the transmitter are here: All the best and 73, Ehard Goddijn, Almere HOL (30/1-2016) Hello Ydun, new transmitter of CRo Plus, Český rozhlas, 1071 kHz in on the air since 29 January. Trasmitter site is Svinov, near Ostrava and power is 5 kW. 1071 kHz is old Czechoslovakian MW frequency. Vaclav Dosoudil (CZE) (30/1-2016) Start Point 693 Khz http://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/gallerypage.php?txid=1474&pageid=2419 The North mast was brought down today and service is now on at reduced power. James Robinson (21/1-2016) U K BBC Radio 5 live in the South West - 693kHz: Essential engineering work is taking place today on the Start Point MW transmitter in Devon. The transmitter will be off air completely overnight between 2300-0600 Thursday21-Friday 22 January. When service resumes the transmitter, currently at 80kW, will operate at reduced power for an unknown period of time - possibly some months. More details here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/news/item83 James Robinson (21/1-2016) U K The next Radio Caroline North weekend is at the end of January on Saturday 30th and Sunday 31st. Make sure you join us on the mighty AM1368 and online for another fantastic selection of Caroline memories through the decades. A full presenter and programme line up will be available soon so watch this space! "Carnaby Street with Chris Williams" Facebook group. (Most broadcasts will be from the Ross Revenge, weather permitting). Mike Terry, mwdx yg (21/1-2016) U K Not good news for medium wave - "Digital radio is now standard in 80% of new cars, Ed Vaizey, UK Minister for Culture and the Digital Economy, announced today. " Mike Terry, mwdx yg (20/1-2016) 19/01-2016 NORWAY Radio Northern Star in Bergen, Norway now has a regular broadcasting schedule. Under a test and development license we are using LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW and a Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a refurbished Comrod antenna. Time is CET = UTC+1 Sunday 05:00-05:30 and 22:00-23:30 Monday, January 18, 2016: AIR Ratnagiri is celebrating its 40th Annual Day Today! 1. Date of Commissioning: 18th January’1976. 2. Name of Engg. Head:Shri S.Y.Khade, Assistant Engineer 3. Name of Prog.Head: Shri Suhas S.Vidwans, Programme Executive All India Radio, Ratnagiri was commissioned on 18th January’ 1976 and was formally inaugurated on 5th June’ 1979. 4. LOCATION :- The city of Ratnagiri is situated along the West Coast of India. The Radio Station is situated at Thiba Palace Road, 2 Km from main Bus Stand and 7 Kms from Railway Station on Konkan Railway. 5. COVERAGE : The Station covers two districts namely :- (a) Ratnaigiri - with population of 17,96,482 (b) Sindhudurg - with population of 8,61,672 as per 2001 census [...] Station has two Transmitter one is 20 KW AM Harris Make Transmitter located at Khedshi village 8 Kms away from the Studio site and 1 KW FM Transmitter in Studio building at Thiba Palace Road, Ratnagiri. AM Transmitter is carrying main channel programme in Marathi and FM Transmitter is relaying Vividh Bharati, Mumbai programmes. Both the transmitters are working fine. People are enjoying the programme of both the services. Contributed By: Shri S.Y.Khade, Assistant Engineer, [email protected] Note: According to http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/RATNAGIRI/Pages/default.aspx AIR Ratnagiri (Thiba Palace Road, Ratnagiri-415612 (MS)) broadcasts on 1143 kHz. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (18/1-2016) 16/01-2016 SPAIN EAK92 & EAJ20: licenses extinguised. "Radio ECCA-Fundación Canaria" and "Compañía de Emisiones y Publicidad S.A." licensees respectively of EAK92 (1269 kHz, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Radio ECCA) and EAJ20 (882, Sabadell, Radio Sabadell - COM Radio - la Xarxa) have formally returned their licenses to the Government. On Nov. 13rd 2015, in the weekly Council of Ministers both licenses were declared extinguised. 12/01-2016 NETHERLANDS Low power mediumwave in the Netherlands. After switching off a number of high power transmitters in 2015, at the end of December the Dutch government has launched a public consultation on ‘opening up’ the mediumwaveband for radio and non-radio applications with 'low power' and with limited government regulation. When referring to 'low power' this means both a power in the range of 1 – 5 watts (site coverage) and 50 – 100 watts (municipal coverage). The idea is that the same frequencies will be re-used across the country. They will be handed out on the basis of a first-come, first served basis. Deadline for comments is 14 February 2016. Marcel Rommerts (12/1-2016) Onde Medie ItaliaList complied by Roberto Scaglione and Antonello Napolitano (not translated) 567 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 828 Radio Z100 Milano (Lombardia) 846 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 1017 Media Veneta Radio (Piove di Sacco, PD) 1035 Media Veneta Radio (Vigonza, PD) 1071 Radio Marina (irregolare) 1323 Radio Base 101 (Peraga di Vigonza, PD) 1341 Gold 15-93 Hit Radio (stereo C-Quam) 1350 I AM Radio (Milano, MI) 1359 Radio Settanta (Casalborsetti, RA) 1359 Radio Stereo 98 (Zero Branco, TV) 1359 Radio Time 1368 Challenger Radio (Villa Estense, PD) 1377 Radio Music Time (Lombardia) 1386 RAMradio (Milano, MI – test) 1395 Radio Activity (Ferrara, FE) 1404 Radio Luna (Casalgrande, RE – irregolare) 1440 (nuova emittente in Campania) 1440 (test in Sicilia) 1476 Cosmo Radio (Milano, Mi – irregolare) 1476 Skate Radio (Padova, PD) 1476 Radio Briscola (Piemonte) 1476 Media Radio Castellana (Castel San Pietro Terme, BO) 1476 Gold 14-76 Hit Radio (Sicilia) 1476 Radio Treviso (Treviso, TV) 1500 Stazione Sperimentale 1500 (Calabria – test) 1512 Progressive Radio 1512 Free Radio AM (Trieste, TS – irregolare) 1512 Radio Fioretta 1548 Radio Baby AM (Trieste, TS – irregolare) 1557 Radio King RRR (Cerveteri, RM) 1566 Radio Ghost CZECH REPUBLIC Dear Mediumwave.info team, greetings from Czech Republic! As I read some notes that you are uncertain about Czech broadcasting, here is something what I can say you about the situation here. We have several transmitters and a few radio companies transmitting on mediumwave here in Czechia. All times are local, which means CET (UTC+1) or CEST (UTC+2). List of broadcasters: Český rozhlas (ČRo): public broadcaster. 3 stations over AM. - ČRo Radiožurnál - main news and driving music channel. Longwave is very popular among Czech drivers abroad. - ČRo Dvojka - family channel. Old music, radio documents, children and elderly entertainment - ČRo Plus - infochannel without music, short relays in English. For me, similar to RFE. Analysis, interviews, politics, world affairs. Country Radio: Commercial music station with country and folk music. Radio Dechovka: Commercial music station with traditional Czech and Slovak brass band music. Radio Český Impuls: Alternative project of one of Czech major commercial FM stations. Only Czechoslovak music from 60's to 80's (pop music from communist era). And there is the frequency list. Longwave: 270kHz - ČRo Radiožurnál, transmitter at Topolná (near Uherské Hradiště). They decreased power from 650kW to 50kW. Still audible over Twente's WebSDR. Operating 0500-2400, weekends 0600-2400. Mediumwave: 1) Liblice (near Prague). Power 750kW. Operating 0400-2400 ČRo Dvojka, weekends 0500-2400. 2) Ostrava-Svinov. Power 30kW. Operating 0400-1559, weekends 0500-1559 ČRo Dvojka. 1600-2400 ČRo Plus, daily. Sadly, these two transmitters are playing over each other. 954kHz - three transmitters, operating simulcastly. ČRo Dvojka 0400-2400, weekends 0500-2400. 1) Dobrochov (between Olomouc and Brno). Power 200kW. 2) Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad). Power 20kW. 3) České Budějovice. Power 30kW. 981kHz - two transmitters of Radio Český Impuls. 0000-2400 daily. 1) Líbeznice (near Prague). Power 10kW. 2) Domamil (near Třebíč). Power 5kW. 1062kHz - Country Radio. Prague-Zbraslav. 0700-1900 daily 20kW. 1900-0700 nightly 1kW. 1233kHz - five transmitters of Radio Dechovka. 0000-2400 daily. 1) Líbeznice (near Prague). Power 10kW. 2) Brno-Řečkovice. Power 0,5kW. 3) České Budějovice. Power 2kW. 4) Ostrava-Svinov. Power 2kW. 5) Dobrochov (between Olomouc and Brno). Power 5kW. 1332kHz - ČRo Dvojka. Domamil (near Třebíč). Power 50kW. 0400-2400, weekends 0500-2400. There are also some transmitters in Slovakia audible in Western Europe. Transmitting in Slovak and Hungarian. Slovak language is similar to Czech and could be easily mixed up. 702kHz, power 5kW - Košice, SVK 1098kHz, power 10kW - Nitra, SVK Hope this message is helpful for some of you. Best wishes, Ondřej Babka, CZE (9/1-2016) Thank you Ondrej for this valuable info. It was needed! Ydun Ritz (11/1-2016) BRAZIL Paraná „A Rádio Alvorada. A catedral do ar” (slogan heard in the programme) / „A Rádio Alvorada. A rádio da família“ (slogan on the web site) is run by the Fundação Mater et Magistra (Rua Dom Bosco nº 145 – Jd Dom Bosco, 86060-340 – Londrina PR) for the Roman-Catholic Archdiocese of Londrina. A virtual tour of the station produced on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the station (2014) is found at http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/tourvirtual/tour.html . Their medium wave frequency 970 kHz (ZYJ 260, 7,5 kW) is not easily found on their web site but mentioned at http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/provisorio/identidade-organizacional Their short wave frequency 4865 kHz which is still reported by international short wave monitors was not found on the site although short wave is mentioned in the station’s history. People accessing the web site http://radioalvoradalondrina.com.br/ will of course more easily use the web stream. According to announcements, the programme is 24 h on the air, although in the night (Mo-Fr 2200/Sa+Su 2100-0600) Rádio Alvorada joins the Rede Milícia Sat programme by the Milícia da Imaculada (São Paulo). During the day Rádio Alvorada also rebroadcasts programmes of other catholic producers like Rádio Aparecida. Note: The website http://alvoradalondrina.rcr.org.br/ given in the WRTH 2016, pg. 125, did not come up when checked. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (9/1-2016) CZECH REPUBLIC At 17.41 UT Jan 6, Topolna 270 LW on air, - why not ? R Journal ID heard at S=9+30dB or -40dBm on Perseus remote net unit in eastern Czech Republic, location on mountains between Ostrova Czech Republic and Wroclaw Poland. The others 639 kHz S=9+40dB -32dBm, 1233 S=9+30 dB -42dBm, 1287 only Spanish stn., 1071 kHz nil CZE station at 17.41 UT on Jan 6 Wolfgang Bueschel (8/1-2016) BANDSCAN from US VIRGIN ISLANDS Stig Hartvig Nielsen recently visited St. Croix, US Virgin Islands and made this MW bandscan when there. 07/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC Today at 1930 UTC I heard the Czech Radio's transmitters (on 639, 954 and 1332 kHz), broadcasting ČRo 2. Indeed, the ČRo website http://www.rozhlas.cz/vysilace/vysilace/?stanice=2 lists all these medium wave transmitters as active ("v provozu" in Czech means that), as well as the Ostrava station, broadcasting ČRo Plus from 1600 to 2400 Czech time. By the way, Ostrava is listed as broadcasting ČRo 2 too, with no operation times specified (probably 0000 to 1759 Czech time, but I cannot be sure about that). So, Mauno Ritola was right: it has been only a redistribution of the frequencies, not an almost complete MW shut-down. Best wishes, Giovanni Ricci (7/1-2016) NORWAY Tonight from @2100z-, Radio Northern Star has a scheduled test transmission over LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW with an ex-Marine Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a Comrod antenna. Monitored so far in AM mode @65 watts in the Shetland Islands, England, Ireland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. If you're hearing us, we'd also be happy to receive your reception report to [email protected] or [email protected] SvennMartinsen, WRTH fbg (7/1-2016) 06/01-2016 CZECH REPUBLIC There has been confusing information in different media about Topolna LW 270 kHz, whether it has been closed down or not. It has NOT been closed down. Heard it this noon via Twente remote webSDR. Ydun Ritz (6/1-2016) 04/01-2016 ARMENIA TWR Asia, Gavar (ARM) is in fact on 1376kHz (nom. 1377) when it starts at 1815 with its programming in Farsi. I heard it yesterday and today too. Karel Honzik, mwdx yg (4/1-2016) TUNISIA I confirm the new time slot for the Italian programme of Radio Tunis International. I heard the station today on 963 kHz from my home city in the South of Italy, at 1556 UTC with details about Italian sweets and song by Italian singer Fiorella Mannoia. Into French at 1600. Antonello Napolitano, dxld yg (4/1-2016) U K The new Yorkshire community radio service – DALES RADIO – have posted this message below on their Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/DalesFM/?fref=ts : "An Update from Dales Radio.........The NEW radio station for the Yorkshire Dales will be launching on 11th January [2016]. On AM, FM and on line. We've also decided as a result of it being on AM and FM and Online we should call it Dales Radio. Does what it says on the tin, as we say in Yorkshire! We hope you'll like the new station. Dales Radio has a new website at www.dalesradio.co and we are now streaming live. We are now looking for volunteers to help out in all areas of radio, so if you're interested please do get in touch. Dales Radio will have the best interests of the community at heart and we welcome contributions from individuals, charities and community groups and will publicise your events and causes on the station for free. We would also like your views, ideas and suggestions for programme content. Dales Radio will be funded through grants, donations and local advertising - a chance for local businesses to promote their products and services across the Dales at very reasonable rates. Please get in touch if you'd like to find out more. email [email protected] or message us on Facebook. Tune in now - Settle and Grassington on 104.9FM and Hawes/Central Dales on 936AM. We will be bringing Dales Radio on FM to Ingleton, Leyburn, Kirkby Stephen and Sedburgh very soon too! In the meantime listen live via our stream or on 936AM. Thanks for reading and keep listening!" I trust that this is of interest especially as many AM transmissions are closing down across Europe. Kind regards, J. Peter Wilson, HEART OF THE NATION BROADCASTING TEAM (HNBT) (4/1-2016) Indeed this is good news after the "bloody" December 31st, 2015!! Ydun Ritz TUNISIA Hi Ydun, From today some changes on Radio Tunis Chaine Internationale 963 kHz. Still 24h a day in French, but with other languages: English: 1300-1400 UTC TUNISIA Heard today on Radio Tunis International that as from tomorrow 4th Jan 2016 the Italian programme on 963 kHz will be on the air 1600-1700 local time (1500-1600 UTC) instead of 1500-1600. Antonello Napolitano, WRTH fbg (3/1-2016) FRANCE Notre Dame des Ondes Lyon (France) 603 kHz, last day today 1700 UTC. Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fbg (3/1-2016) U S A 600 WBOB Jacksonville, FL DX Test Time/Date: 0600-0900 UTC, Sunday, January 10, 2016 EST: Midnight - 3 AM, January 10, 2016 CST: 11 PM - 2 AM, January 9/10, 2016 MST: 10 - 1 AM, January 9/10, 2016 PST: 9 - Midnight, January 9, 2016 Mode of Operation: Daytime antenna pattern, with power possibly up to 35 kw. Equipment performance during the test will dictate the maximum transmitter power to be used. The test will include morse code, sweep tones, big band & orchestral music, and selected program audio. QSL Information: Reception reports are only accepted via e-mail, and can be submitted to jerry [at] jerrysmith [dot] net. Correct reports will be answered with an e-QSL by Station Engineer Jerry Smith. Credits: Many thanks to J.D. Stephens of Hampton Cove, AL for arranging the test and WBOB Engineer Jerry Smith for making this test possible! Please share the details of this DX Test with your contacts. 73, Brandon Jordan, IRCA/NRC DX Test Committee, dxld yg (3/1-2016) FRANCE I confirm that the Lyon station on 603 kHz is still active and transmitting France Info (at least, it was at 1920 UTC on January, 2nd). Some news about this, in German, from Radio Berlin ( http://www.radioeins.de/programm/sendungen/medienmagazin/radio_news/beitraege Happy new year, Giovanni Ricci (2/1-2016) FRANCE Today I got some explications, why Rennes and Lyon (711 & 603 kHz) don’t stopped at the same times as other frequencies. RENNES: When, on the night of 31 to 1, the Nodal Center (in Paris surburb) switched off by remote control the transmitter, after a technical problem, the cooling system has also been cut. Normally it would stay active as long as the the temperature falls. Fearing a fire at the transmitter site, the Nodal center switch ON again the transmitter, and 711 kHz stay on the air. This saturday morning, a technician go to the transmitter site and he switch OFF the transmitter manually, the cooler system later. LYON: Every Sunday a Mass in broadcast by association Notre Dame des Ondes (for 77 years). This Sunday January 2nd, the Mass will be celebrate by Cardinal Barbarin, Bishop of Lyon and “Primat des Gaules”. For this reason, the transmitter will be switch off Sunday night before midnight. So this Mass will be the LAST, so try to listen it at 1700 UTC. Have a nice Sunday, http://www.rozhlas.cz/plus/porady/_porad/101659 Have a look here. There is a 5 min english Radio Prague program via czech mediumwave on Cesky Rozhlas Plus. At 20:35 and 22:35 local Monday to Friday only. Seems from the 7th of Jan only on 639 kHz via Ostrava. Now on all. 639, 954 and 1332. All a bit confusing - will ask my friend Jaroslav Bohac if he knows more... 73 and Happy New Year !! Simon-Peter Liehr (1/1-2016) GERMANY After the closure of most remaining German medium wave stations, AFN Bavaria is still active on 1107 kHz from Vilseck. The station "serving America's best" was checked yesterday and this afternoon when in Amberg which is in the intended coverage area although the US garrison was closed years ago. When listening to the programme, there was no clue to a potentially imminent closure of the transmissions. Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (1/1-2016) FRANCE France Info Rennes 711 kHz, still on the air at 1530 UTC. Lyon 603 kHz as expected also on the air... Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fb group (1/1-2016) MW EUROPE Now after DLF is gone 549 delivers a nice signal from Irish Spirit Radio. MWLIST also lists 612 & 675, but nothing is heard there and SR website doesn't mention it either. Any idea is 612 & 675 is planned to be used? Jurgen Bartels Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (1/1-2016) Hi Jurgen, I don't think that Spirit Radio intends to add any more MW frequencies - whatever might have been planned years ago. They are adding FM relays as funding permits, but just the one MW transmitter on 549 kHz. 73s Dave Kenny, mwdx yg (1/1-2016) FRANCE Hello, I am at 8 kilometers of Paris. I have verify for France Bleu Paris 107.1 on 864 Khz is off. On website of Bretagne 5 you can see article which inform what Breatagne 5 is only French Station in medium wave! In other article inform: of 4 January Bretagne 5 give with Meteo France Meteo for boat (Meteo Marine). You will see time on site of Bretagne 5. MW EUROPE Germany left MW short before midnight, only AFN-1143 still audible. Luxemburg-1440 got replaced by Belgian pirate Radio Paradise, and that is now playing an old R. Luxemburg-English "208" recording. So don't get surprised .... France is still on air with all channels [now all gone except 603 kHz/ed] Jurgen Bartels, Suellwarden, N. Germany, dxld yg (1/1-2016) MW EUROPE The Marnach transmitter was silent then switched off gradually and took about 5 seconds. I think it actually switched off at 0000 in the end. 1422 ended just before Marnach did. The old DLF interval signal was broadcast until the end. French transmitters are still on air. James Robinson (31/12-2015- 2333utc) LUXEMBOURG Good bye! Radio Luxembourg closed for good on 1440 kHz at 2259 UTC after the national anthem. CRI had the last hour with its program in English. Fair reception all evening at my location in southern Denmark. Transmitter went of immediately. Ydun Ritz (1/1-2016) 31/12-2015 GERMANY Latest word in regard to 549, 756, 1269, 1422 kHz is that they will go off at 2250 UT, or let's say that's what Deutschlandradio supposes. They will probably play an old Deutschlandfunk interval signal from 2245. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG On spot checks of 1440 kHz at 1900 and likely moments afterwards CRI did not mention the imminent loss of this frequency at all. Found no mention on their website either. I dare to speculate that maybe they even will tomorrow again play out programming into nothing. I do not see any other output for their 1440 kHz programming; the BCE satellite channels and webstreams which claim to carry the 1440 kHz audio switch to the 93.3/97.0 MHz programming during the CRI relays, and I see no own webstream on the CRI website. Kai Ludwig, dxld yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG 1440 kHz RTL Radio Luxembourg Marnach update. Final stop for ever on MW Marnach at 2259 UTC. Before the LUX National Anthem played. Several sources via Wolfgang Bueschel, dxld yg (31/12-2015) NORWAY LLE-4 will be broadcasting on January 1st, 2016 from 0015 UTC- on AM USB 1611 kHz. Svenn Martinsen, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) FRANCE Last minute info: Radio France's transmitters in LYON on 603 kHz, will NOT close tonight. It will be off the air, only from January 4th at midnight. The reason, this frequency will broadcast this Sunday the Holy Mass for the sick people at 0600 PM. This Mass hold by Notre Dame des Ondes is on the air for without interruption for 77 years. Christian Ghibaudo, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) INDIA A new Bengali Service SPECIAL BANGLA SERVICE (SBS) will be launched and start functioning from AIR Chinsurah 1000KW transmitter on 26th January 2016 between 0025-1740UTC (0555-2310IST) with a break in between frequency change on 594 kHz (Morning & Noon) and on 1134 kHz (in the evening & night). This is not a simulcast of programs b'cast via Kolkata A or Kolkata B. The current External Services b'cast over this transmitter can be heard via DRM mode. Alok Kr Dasgupta, WRTH fb yg (31/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG It's being repeated right now (12:23 UTC) on 1440 kHz, being heard via Twente, and also being streamed from the BCE website: RTL 1440 http://www.bce.lu/BCE_radio.htm View on http://www.bce.lu/BCE_radio.htm Richard Langley, dxld yg (31/12-2015) Listening right now (1240 utc) from southern Denmark on 1440 kHz: mx, talk, Beatles-mx, ID and anns. Ydun Ritz (31/12-2015) 30/12-2015 LUXEMBOURG I edited and cleaned-up the DAT tape recording of the final night of 208 from December 1991 which Mike Hollis produced to mark the closedown of 1440kHz (208m) - and passed a copy to RTL recently. I have just heard that RTL will play that recording tonight on MW - on 208! - from Midnight UK time - after Radio China finish their show. (1am CET) My thanks to Bob Christy for his help getting the recording from DAT to a useable file - amazing that DAT machines are now almost non-existant!! Just thought you'd all like to know. In case you can't listen in - you can download the show here: Mike Knight via Jan Bjerrum, ddxlk fb group (30/12-2015) TURKS & CAICOS Radio Vision Christiana will possibly start transmitting again after several years of absence. There are plans for a new antenna mast and a new 100 KkW Nautel-transmitter for 530 kHz during second quarter of 2016. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, DX-Aktuelt #6 (30/12-2015) CZECH REPUBLIC I did already [ask Karel Honzik/ed] and he says, that acc. to the official report the change is much less drastic than what it sounds: ČRo Plus programme time (15-23) will be replaced by ČRo 2 except for 639 kHz, so there would be absolutely no change in terms of total transmitting hours on MW! Just a return to the time before ČRo Plus was brought to MW sharing ČRo 2's frequencies. But I guess we'd better wait and see what really happens ... Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (30/12-2015) IRELAND RTE on 252 currently has very bad modulation. Seems the tx is short before falling apart. Jurgen Bartels, Suellwarden, N. Germany, mwdx yg (30/12-2015) RTE is fine here Jurgen, just the usual sounding audio..... and on domestic radios as well... Maybe fault you heard is fixed???? Lots of wind and rain passing over just now. Kenny Baird, Scotland (30/12-2015) 29/12-2015 CZECH REPUBLIC CRo to move on FM, only Ostrava-Svinov 639 kHz remaining with the station for 8 h in the evening. Beginning on 5 January 2016, Český Rozhlas Plus will be broadcast almost entirely on FM. While the FM coverage is being enlarged, the only medium wave still assigned to CR Plus, Ostrava-Svinov 639 kHz, will broadcast CR Plus in the evening 16.00-24.00 h Local Time. The changes also affect the English segments 19.05-19.10 and 20.05-20.10 h Local Time which came under the umbrella of CR Plus in November 2015. More details on the move to FM can be found at Thanks to Stig Hartvig Nielsen for this info! (29/12-2015) FRANCE Remaining stations on AM in France & Monaco (for 2016) 162 kHz Allouis 2000/1000 kW France Inter 216 kHz Roumoules 1400/900 kW RMC (04.56 – 00.08) Local time 1467 kHz Roumoules 1000 kW TransWorld Radio (22.00 – 00.15) Local Time 1467 kHz Col de la Madone 40 kW Radio Maria France (06.00- 20.30) Local Time 1593 kHz St Gouéno 10 kW Bretagne 5 Météo Marine (Weather Forecast for seamen) 20.03-20.10 (Local Time) on France Inter 162 kHz (Only on LW, no FM/Internet) Regards, Christian Ghibaudo (29/12-2015) Hi Ydun, Both Greenlandic stations on 570 and 650 were also heard here in The Netherlands. 570 was audible on December 28th around 0500 and 0710UTC; I heard 650 around 0525UTC on December 26th. 73 Max van Arnhem, The Netherlands (29/12-2015) VENEZUELA La Voz de Carabobo [1040 kHz], Valencia, is currently off channel. Noted on 1039.6 kHz at 2315 UTC. Stig Hartvig Nielsen, USVI (29/12-2015) CANADA CBXQ Ucluelet [540 kHz] to be replaced by FM Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2015-465 Reference: Part 1 application posted on 17 July 2015 Ottawa, 20 October 2015 Victoria and Ucluelet, British Columbia Application 2015-0727-9 CBCV-FM Victoria – New transmitter in Ucluelet The Commission approves the application by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to amend the broadcasting licence for the English-language radio programming undertaking CBCV-FM Victoria, British Columbia, to operate a low-power FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Ucluelet. The new transmitter will replace the AM transmitter CBXQ Ucluelet [540 kHz]. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The new transmitter will operate at 92.7 MHz (channel 224LP) with an effective radiated power of 50 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 27 metres). According to the licensee, the signal of its current low-power AM transmitter is too weak to reach the entire city, given that the transmitter is located in a cove. CBC added that the wooden pole is no longer in good condition due to years of exposure to salty ocean water and poor weather conditions. The licensee also indicated that this amendment would improve the quality of the signal and coverage of the area, allowing the Radio One signal to reach a slightly wider audience. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, this authority will only be effective when the Department of Industry (the Department) notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. Given that the technical parameters approved in this decision are for a low-power unprotected FM transmitter, the licensee will have to select another frequency if the Department so requires. The transmitter must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 20 October 2017. In order to ensure that such a requested is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General. This decision is to be appended to the licence. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2015/2015-465.htm Date modified: 2015-10-20 CBXU Hudson’s Hope [940 kHz] to be replaced by FM Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2015-507 Reference: Part 1 application posted on 24 August 2015 Ottawa, 16 November 2015 Prince George and Hudson’s Hope, British Columbia Application 2015-0911-8 CBYG-FM Prince George – New transmitter in Hudson’s Hope The Commission approves the application by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to amend the broadcasting licence for the English-language radio programming undertaking CBYG-FM Prince George, British Columbia, to operate an FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Hudson’s Hope to replace its existing low-power AM transmitter CBXU Hudson’s Hope [940 kHz]. The Commission did not receive any interventions regarding this application. The new transmitter will operate at 103.1 MHz (channel 276A1) with an effective radiated power of 124 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of -159 metres). The CBC indicated that this amendment would improve the quality of its Radio One signal in Hudson’s Hope and surrounding areas. Pursuant to section 22(1) of the Broadcasting Act, this authority will only be effective when the Department of Industry notifies the Commission that its technical requirements have been met and that a broadcasting certificate will be issued. The transmitter must be operational at the earliest possible date and in any event no later than 24 months from the date of this decision, unless a request for an extension of time is approved by the Commission before 16 November 2017. In order to ensure that such a request is processed in a timely manner, it should be submitted in writing at least 60 days before that date. Secretary General. This decision is to be appended to the licence. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2015/2015-507.htm Date modified: 2015-11-16 Hi. Official notification about the closure of medium wave frequencies in Germany: "Hello James, thanks for your writing. Our medium frequencies will be completely closed at 22.55 UTC on 31 December. Nominally: Neumünster 1269 kHz, Braunschweig 756 kHz, Nordkirchen 549 kHz, Thurnau 549 kHz, Heusweiler 1422 kHz and Ravensburg 756 kHz. With kind regards Konrad Sander, Hörerservice" Thanks. ICELAND Winter solstice bandscan: The rain let up enough around midnight that I dared venture outside with the radio for a few minutes. To sum it up: The LW band was good. The low end of the MW band felt weak but things got better with rising frequency. Absolute Radio's main frequency (1215 kHz) wasn't all that strong at that moment but the relays on 1197 and 1242 kHz were easily audible. The British and German main transmitters came in with usable signals across the band, but the rest was quite weak. Reynir Stefansson (23/12-2015) Looks like it will stop at 0100 CET on January 1 2016. James Robinson (22/12-2015) 22/12-2015 NORWAY Thank you so much for your interest in the licensed test and development transmissions from LLE-4..... The next transmissions on 1611.0 kHz: Christmas Day Friday Dec 25th (evening 2100z-) Monday Dec 28th (evening 2100z-) Thursday Dec 31st Afternoon 1600z- In addition we'll try one morning transmission soon 0600-, date not decided. US DXers have requested the time 0000-0200z we'll see what we can do. Happy Christmas! Svenn Martinsen, WRTH facebook group (22/12-2015) U S A WFOR 1400 Hattiesburg, MS: I think the station will be off the air for awhile after it's transmitter site was burnt to a blackened crisp... 21/12-2015 NORWAY Tonight from @2100z-, Radio Northern Star has a scheduled test transmission over LKB LLE's LLE-4 station on 1611 kHz 186 metres MW with an ex-Marine Skanti TRP-8250 HF 250 Watts remotely controlled transmitter, in USB mode and a Comrod antenna. Monitored so far in AM mode @65 watts in the Shetland Islands, England, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. If you're hearing us, we'd also be happy to receive your reception report to [email protected] or [email protected] Svenn Martinsen, WRTH fb group(21/12-2015) ALGERIA 891 kHz Algiers Ouled Fayet still on reduced power after these recent carrier-only tests of new TransRadio Berlin unit channel site? How is the service now on this RA chaine-1 channel, reception on remote SDR units around Mediterranean reveals only reduced power usage these days, heard 1st px ch1 \\ on both LW 153 and MW 891 kHz at 1830 UT, but latter much less the signal strength of Youth program channels on 531 or 549 kHz. Wolfgang Bueschel, mwdx yg (20/12-2015) You are fully right. 891 has a quite good signal at 21 UTC, but it can't be full power. Can be test of 600 kW day/300 night. Best regards, Bengt Ericson, Sweden, mwdx yg (20/12-2015). ALGERIA 891 khz ALG Chaîne 1 reactivated today this afternoon, Dec. 20. Estimated power 600 kW. Sergio Sarabia (20/12-2015) LUXEMBOURG Hi, I noticed this morning that RTL 1440 did not sign on at their usual time of 3:55, and at the time of writing this email 4:43 they are still not on air! Maybe someone forgot to flip the switch or a timer failed. 73s, Matt, UK(20/12-2015) GERMANY It has been announced that the 7 MW transmitters of Deutschandradio will cease all medium wave operations at 2255 UTC on 31 December, not 2300 UTC as previously thought. James Robinson (19/12-2015) 17/12-2015 ALGERIA Since this morning, Dec. 17, on 891 kHz is transmitting Alger Chaîne 1 (last night was still the test tone). It is received in Valencia with SINPO 45554 to 55555. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-España (17/12-2015) 16/12-2015 GERMANY Deutschlandfunk just has launched a site reporting about their closure of mediumwave transmissions on 31 December 2015: 09/12-2015 ALGERIA Strong open carrier on 891 kHz at 1500 via Spain remote receiver, so probably Algeria soon to start with renovated equipment. Mauno Ritola, WRTH fb group (9/12-2015) GERMANY It has been confirmed that Deutschlandradio will carry on on MW with regular programmes until 2400 CET on 31 December - ie 22300 UTC on 31 December. There will be special programmes on 17, 18 and 19 December only. James Robinson (9/12-2015) NORWAY Transmitter test from LLE-4 1611 kHz this evening 1945z-, 65 watts AM. This is a licensed test with IDs, test tones, and pauses issued by the Norwegian authorities. Program feed and transmitter is remotely controlled. Bjarne Mjelde has the distance record so far, he heard us 1574 km from KONG, November 19th. Please send reports to [email protected] or [email protected] We encourage sharing of this post. Svenn Martinsen, Arctic Radio Club via Kai Mauseth, Medium Wave Circle fb group (9/12-2015) ALGERIA ? On Dec. 8, at around 0330 I heard on 891 kHz, very strong here in Valencia, Spain, a carrer with 1 kHz tone sound in that frequency. At 1100 or so when I checked no signal was received. When I'm writing this, at 0100 of Dec. 9, only catch the portuguese station, weak. Guillermo Sáez, Valencia-España. 08/12-2015 ALGERIA ? The last few nights I've been listening to Radio538 [HOL] on 891 as I usually do and have noticed that there is a second station in the background. Today I noticed at 15.13 UTC the station is already there and showing as 10db with quiet modulation which leads me to belive that Algeria has reactivated their tx on 891. Regards, Matt, Grimsby UK (8/12-2015) EUROPE By 31 December many stations in Europe will close their MW transmitters on the following frequencies - 162Khz, 549Khz, 603Khz, 711Khz, 756Khz, 864Khz, 1206Khz, 1242Khz, 1269Khz, 1278Khz, 1377Khz, 1404Khz, 1422Khz, 1440Khz, 1494Khz and 1557Khz. Mike Simmonds at http://members7.boardhost.com/PirateRadio/msg/1449359578.html 07/12-2015 AM BROADCAST to the RESCUE Almost every country in the world operates medium-wave transmitters. In fact, many countries use several transmitters with an output power above 500 kW. Medium wave offers large-area propagation, including coverage of neighboring countries, and today there is no alternative technology available. Satellite and cable are vulnerable due to government control in certain regions, Internet radio needs large bandwidth and is not designed as a “one-to-many” medium, while technologies such as DMB, DVB and DAB, can only reach relatively small areas due to the limited coverage of the frequencies they use. These “modern” options are also more costly and are thus mainly utilized in highly populated areas and by countries where advanced infrastructure and large propagation networks are available. EXTENDED COVERAGE Many nations have decided to switch off (either partially or fully) AM broadcasts. In doing so, they are giving up a field-proven opportunity to inexpensively reach listeners with a relatively “small” infrastructure — even if these installations are physically huge, they also offer extended coverage. There is no lack of AM receivers. The technology, established some 100 years ago, is identical worldwide, where any available AM receiver can function. This is a big advantage, particularly in disaster or emergency situations, since a large population can be reached at minimum cost and effort. In situations where inhabitants flee their home countries such as the Syrian refugee crisis, for example, it is important to reach these people before they leave home and provide them with current information. The refugees need to be informed about what awaits them at their destination — the political situation, culture, etc. Once they arrive, the task at hand then becomes to help them successfully integrate in the country of adoption. In Germany, some public broadcasters have begun producing programs targeted at refugees in their native language, airing them locally over the Internet. While this is certainly a step in the right direction, the dissemination of these programs, which are created for those who have already made their way to Europe, depends on Internet coverage and the availability of Internet radio-capable cellphones or computers. If broadcasters used AM technology, with its easy-to-use, available and cheap receivers, they could increase their audience and reach a large number of people in various countries, without the need for expensive cellphones and cellphone contracts. Another option is Digital Radio Mondiale technology. DRM would allow broadcasters to transmit the broadcasts in additional languages and with more information. However it would also require the appropriate receivers — a small investment really for such a big savings. USEFUL SERVICE Using analog (or digital) AM would make it possible to touch the listeners in their home countries and also on their way to us. This is possible without new installations since everything is mainly in place. All that is needed is the determination and some money to switch it on — quite efficient! Broadcast providers and network operators should maintain AM broadcasts for such political challenges. The willingness to help the refugees integrate into their new world is apparent in many governments and it is a question of humanity to use such ways of communication in order to educate effectively. 06/12-2015 INDIA The Indian Mail Today reports "Good old radio emerged as the only thing connecting the people of Chennai with the outside world during the worst hours of flooding". The newspaper says: When all other communication links were down, All India Radio’s Chennai station managed to broadcast regular news bulletins about the situation in Tamil Nadu. The broadcast remained uninterrupted despite the fact that the news room itself was flooded. The AIR [All India Radio] even increased the frequency of news bulletins to ensure that people get all the information about the calamity as it unfolded. The same news is repeated within this UK Daily Mail story Mike Terry, dxld yg (5/12-2015) U K The BBC Radio Bristol 1548 kHz transmitter at Mongostsfield is to close in February 2016 and 4 new DAB transmitters will be added to the Bristol multiplex to replace lost coverage. James Robinson (4/12-2015) IRELAND The LW service of RTE will continue until 2017, with reduced broadcast time. These are the latest news. There has been also a survey about the listening of 252 kHz (the news about it and the survey link are on http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/generation-emigration/survey-do-you-listen-to-rté-s-longwave-service-1.2397407 ) and a website has been created against the stop of the transmissions, which is updated with the news about it ( http://savertelongwaveradio.com/ ). Giovanni Ricci (3/12-2015) EUROPE Re. to Sergio Sarabia: The 162 kHz frequency should stay active until 31/12/2016, as Radio France stated. The Luxembourg masts are to be demolished as the broadcasts stop (http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/L-tat-va-racheter-le-site-de-Marnach-19784995) and the ground on which they were used to stay will be sold in 2016. P.S.: there is a petition about keeping the France Inter LW frequency alive on http://162khz.wesign.it/fr Giovanni Ricci (3/12-2015) GERMANY I recently sent an e-mail to Deutschlandfunk regarding when their special programme about the end of medium wave would be broadcast. Despite me writing in English, I got a reply in German, which only partly translates in google translate. I do understand the giste of it though. It looks as if the special programmes will run on 17, 18 and 19 December. The first two days there are programmes at 1010 CET (0910 UTC), and on 17 December, there is a programme at 1840 CET (1740 UTC). Finally on 19 December there is a programme at 1705 CET (1605 UTC). The original German text is shown here. If I run it through Google translate it does not work properly. If anyone can actually translate it properly can you please translate it for me: Thanks. Here is the text: --- Sehr geehrter Herr Robinson, im Programmheft des Monats September hatten wir Sie aufgerufen, uns Ihre Erfahrungen mit der Lang-, Mittel- oder Kurzwelle mitzuteilen. Denn am 31.12. 2015 werden die letzten Mittelwellensender in Deutschland abgeschaltet, die den Deutschlandfunk ausstrahlen. Die Vielzahl von Zuschriften, Aufzeichnungen und Fotos, die uns erreicht hat, hat uns sehr beeindruckt. Und so möchte ich Ihnen heute sehr herzlich danken, dass auch Sie sich die Zeit genommen haben, uns Ihre Erfahrungen und auch Ihre Meinung zu schreiben. Ihre Überlegungen sind wesentlich mit eingeflossen in unseren Programmschwerpunkt zur Abschaltung der Mittelwelle, den wir zwischen dem 17. und 19. Dezember im Deutschlandfunk senden werden. Mit ihm wollen wir der Mittelwelle die Referenz erweisen. Am 17. Dezember um 10.10 Uhr geht es im „Marktplatz“ um die Alternativen zur Mittelwelle – damit Sie auch weiterhin gut versorgt werden mit dem, was wir Radiomacher für Sie produzieren. Am Abend desselben Tages sendet der „Hintergrund“ ab 18.40 Uhr ein Feature mit dem Titel „Abschied von der Mittelwelle – Ein Stück Radiogeschichte geht zu Ende“. In der Reihe „Lebenszeit“ kommen Hörerinnen und Hörer am 18.12. ab 10.10 Uhr selbst zu Wort und können mitdiskutieren: „Persönliche Erinnerungen – Der Deutschlandfunk und die Mittelwelle“. In „Markt und Medien“ am Samstag um 17.05 Uhr gibt es schließlich einen Rückblick auf die technische Entwicklung und deren Nutzung: „Erfindung mit Reichweite – Die mediale Bedeutung der Mittelwelle“. Ich hoffe, dass der Programmschwerpunkt auch Ihr Interesse findet und würde mich freuen, wenn Sie an diesen Tagen vielfach einschalten. Mit nochmaligem Dank für Ihre Zuschrift und dem Wunsch, dass Sie dem Deutschlandfunk gewogen bleiben, grüße ich Sie herzlich Leiter Hauptabteilung Kultur Deutschlandfunk, Deutschlandradio Raderberggürtel 40, 50968 Köln www.deutschlandradio.de --- I am not certain whether the normal programmes will be carried outside of these times mentioned here, but once this is translaed properly, we may be more clear. Hope that helps for those who wanted to know more info. Thanks. 17/11-2015 ARGENTINA On 13 November 2015, Radio Nacional Iguazú was renamed Radio Nacional Iguazú "Horacio Quiroga" [ http://www.nacionaliguazu.com.ar/?p=18527 ] in homage to the Uruguayan writer of Argentinian descent who lived in Misiones. Obviously it was a life surrounded by death, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Quiroga . The imposition of the name of Horacio Quiroga on the station was accompanied by the placement of a plaque to President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the management of RTS SE and National Radio Argentina for the decision to recover public media. Another plaque honors the employees for their commitment to this major overhaul, which included new transmitters for AM 710 kHz (25 kW) and FM 99.1 MHz (10 kW). "16 de noviembre de 2015 . 4:21 am La radio pública en Misiones Ahora somos Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga” Por resolución del directorio de Radio y Televisión Argentina SE y a pedido del conjunto de los trabajadores de la radio pública en Misiones, el viernes último quedó instituido el nombre de la emisora como Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga”, en homenaje al escritor uruguayo que se radicó en Misiones y cuya literatura hizo conocer a la tierra roja en todo el mundo. La imposición del nombre de Horacio Quiroga a nuestra emisora fue acompañada con la colocación de una placa de reconocimiento a la presidenta Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, a la gestión de RTS SE y de Radio Nacional Argentina por la decisión política de recuperar los medios públicos, entre ellos las 50 emisoras de RNA, y la colocación de otra placa en reconocimiento a los trabajadores de Nacional Iguazú “Horacio Quiroga” por haberse comprometido con esta recuperación a partir de la cual la radio pública en Misiones instaló nuevos transmisores de AM 710 y FM 99.1 de última generación, el primero de 25Kw de potencia y el segundo de 10 Kw; se adquirieron equipos de estudios y de maestranza (computadoras, micrófonos, auriculares, aires acondicionados, teléfonos, televisores, desmalezadoras, etcétera) y se va recuperando el equipo de trabajadores con profesionales de las comunicaciones y en la administración." Dr. Hansjoerg Biener (17/11-2015) UNID Re. the UNID 11/11 on 675 kHz: It could a pirate station, which has taken over the frequency, but not sure. Herman Content BEL (16/11-2015) 16/11-2015 U K Bauer Media, owners of Radio City in Liverpool have announced that following Ofcom's approval a few months ago, City Talk 105.9 (now renamed Radio City Talk), will swap places with Radio City 2, currently broadcasting on 1548 kHz from the Bebingotn transmitter, as from 7 December 2015. The current format of Radio City Talk is soft pop and talk, whereas the new station will have rock, sport and talk. The current Radio City 2 service, will retain the same music mix of "The Greatest Hits", but whereas at present all programming originate via Manchester, with some shows from Glasgow and Edinburgh, a local breakfast show and "drive" show will be reintroduced Monday to Friday on Radio City 2, broadcast from Liverpool. For Radio City Talk, all content will originate from Liverpool as it does now. More details here:	i don't know
Which Archbishop of Canterbury crowned Elizabeth II?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 2 \| 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath Queen Elizabeth II has been crowned at a coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey in London. In front of more than 8,000 guests, including prime ministers and heads of state from around the Commonwealth, she took the Coronation Oath and is now bound to serve her people and to maintain the laws of God. After being handed the four symbols of authority - the orb, the sceptre, the rod of mercy and the royal ring of sapphire and rubies - the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher, placed St Edward's Crown on her head to complete the ceremony. A shout of "God Save the Queen" was heard and gun salutes were fired as crowds cheered. The Archbishop and fellow bishops then paid homage to Queen Elizabeth II. In a radio broadcast the Queen said: "Throughout all my life and with all my heart I shall strive to be worthy of your trust". An estimated three million people lined the streets of London to catch a glimpse of the new monarch as she made her way to and from Buckingham Palace in the golden state coach. The ceremony was watched by millions more around the world as the BBC set up their biggest ever outside broadcast to provide live coverage of the event on radio and television. Street parties were held throughout the UK as people crowded round television sets to watch the ceremony. Fireworks The crowds, some of whom had camped out overnight to ensure a prime position, were rewarded when the Queen and other members of her family, including the Queen Mother, appeared on the balcony at Buckingham Palace. Despite the overcast weather conditions the RAF marked the occasion with a fly past down the Mall. A fireworks display then lit up the skies above Victoria Embankment. The Queen replaced her father, King George VI, as monarch following his death on 6 February 1952. After 16 years on the throne he passed away in his sleep and his 25-year-old daughter Elizabeth immediately became Queen. The princess formally proclaimed herself Queen and Head of the Commonwealth and Defender of the Faith in February 1952 but the amount of planning and a wish for a sunny day for the occasion led to the long but excited wait for this day. In Context Over 20 million people watched the BBC coverage of the coronation. Many people crowded round neighbours' sets to watch television for the first time. The broadcast was made in 44 languages. <br> There was a shortage of professional coachmen to help transport dignitaries to Westminster Abbey in horse drawn carriages. Millionaire businessmen and country squires offered their services and on the day they dressed up as Buckingham Palace servants and helped take people to the ceremony. <br> Many commemorative souvenirs were produced to mark the occasion including a special set of four postage stamps. <br> In 2002 the Queen celebrated her Golden Jubilee. She marked her 50 years on the throne with a mammoth tour of the Commonwealth and UK where millions turned out to celebrate during the Jubilee weekend. <br> The highlight of the weekend was the 'Party at the Palace' where stars from Ozzy Osbourne and Sir Paul McCartney to S Club 7 and Blue joined forces to entertain the crowds at Buckingham Palace. <br>	Geoffrey Fisher
Who wrote the plays 'Ivanov', 'The Wood Demon' and 'The Seagull'?	Coronation Special: Crowning glory - 60 fascinating facts \| Royal \| News \| Daily Express ROYAL Coronation Special: Crowning glory - 60 fascinating facts TO celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953 - 60 years ago next week - we reveal 60 fascinating facts. 15:48, Sun, May 26, 2013 Queen Elizabeth II leaves Buckhingham Palace for Westminster Abbey 1 Since William the conqueror ascended the throne on christmas Day 1066, every king and queen of England and the United Kingdom has been crowned at Westminster Abbey. Her Majesty is the 39th sovereign to take the oath there, though only the sixth queen. 2 Princess Elizabeth became the sovereign on February 6 the previous year, following the death of her father, King George VI. Queen Elizabeth II, then aged 25, was in Kenya on a commonwealth tour. First to be told of the King's death was the Duke of Edinburgh, who took Elizabeth for a walk to break the news that she was now Queen. 3 The Coronation ceremony is an ancient one, little has changed for 1,000 years. Many aspects of the service used for Queen Elizabeth II would have been familiar to the Anglo-Saxon King Edgar, crowned in 973. 4 The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth was intended to be more than just a royal occasion: it was to be a beacon of hope to the whole country in a time of post-war austerity. the man charged with making it a success was the Earl Marshal and 16th Duke of Norfolk, Bernard Fitzalan-Howard (1908-1975). A former soldier who had been wounded in the Second World War, he also organised the state funeral of Sir Winston C t o Churchill in 1965, as well as the investiture of The Prince of Wales four years later. 5 The Queen's Coronation dress was created by the Royal Family's favourite couturier, Norman Hartnell. Made of white satin, it featured national floral symbols from across the Commonwealth, including the English Tudor rose, Scottish thistle, Welsh leek, Irish shamrock, Canadian maple leaf, Australian wattle, New Zealand silver fern and South African protea. 6 The dress took eight months to design and 6 make, including many hours of embroidery. It had short sleeves with a full skirt and a fitted bodice, cut square over the shoulders and curving into a heart-shaped centre. 7 The Queen's bouquet, a gift from the Worshipful Company of Gardeners, was symbolic of the United Kingdom, with lilies of the valley from England, stephanotis from Scotland, carnations from Northern Ireland and orchids from Wales. 8 The Queen's maids of honour were chosen from the highest echelon of British society, though not all of them had actually met Her Majesty. The six fortunate ladies were Lady Moyra Hamilton, Lady Anne Coke, Lady Jane Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Lady Mary Baillie-Hamilton, Lady Nancy Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby and Lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill. They rehearsed their roles under the watchful eye of the Duke of Norfolk, with the Duchess playing the Queen, wearing a linen train. 9 The maids of honour, also dressed by Hartnell, were asked to wear a single string of pearls and simple pearl stud earrings. The heels of their shoes were adjusted so all six appeared of similar height. 10 On Coronation Day, only the weather failed to match the celebratory mood. In London and across most of the UK, Tuesday June 2 dawned dull, wet and cold. The temperature never rose above 12ºC (54ºF) all day - several degrees colder than the Queen's wedding day in November, six years before. 11 Unseasonal weather was no match for the patriotic fervour of the London crowd, estimated at three million. Families from all over Britain camped on the streets overnight to secure their views of the royal procession. Others came from further afield, one family sailing their own boat from Australia. 12 Funds were short in post-war Britain but the Government allocated £1.5 million (about £36 million in today's money) for the decoration of London. Four giant steel arches were erected in The Mall, linked by long lines of royal standards and illuminated at night. 13 Summoning her maids of honour with a jaunty "Shall we go, girls?", Her Majesty set off from Buckingham Palace. On her way to the Abbey she wore the George IV State Diadem, the slim crown that she wears on postage stamps. This also incorporates national symbols, in the form of roses, shamrocks and thistles, and contains 1,333 diamonds. 14 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were driven to Westminster Abbey in the Gold State Coach, pulled by grey geldings named Cunningham, Tovey, Noah, Tedder, Eisenhower, Snow White, Tipperary and McCreery. It would be the last outing for this spectacular vehicle until the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977. 15 Befitting a former Commander in the Royal Navy, The Duke of Edinburgh wore his full-dress Naval uniform for the occasion, with the addition of a coronet and robe during the ceremony itself. 16 The start of a new Elizabethan age was not the only development to stir patriotic hearts on June 2, 1953. That morning it was announced that Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay had reached the summit of Mount Everest. Maid of honour Lady Moyra recalls: "We all cheered and I cried so much that the lady from Elizabeth Arden had to do my mascara again." 17 The Daily Express captured the mood of the nation best, with its now famous headline: "All this - and Everest too!" 18 Inside the Abbey, a congregation of more than 8,000, representing 129 nations and territories, waited for the ceremony to begin at 11.15am. Space was so tight that each guest had no more than 18 inches of room to sit in. 19 Comprising church leaders, senior politicians, members of the royal household and high-ranking military figures, the Sovereign's procession was some 250 strong as it entered the Abbey. 20 The service was taken by the Archbishop of canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher. England's senior churchman had performed this duty since the Norman conquest but, in 1953, the Moderator of the church of Scotland also took part - the first time another church had been represented. Dressmakers working in Hartnell's salon watch as the Queen's Coronation dress is shipped away 21 Another first was the presence of BBC television cameras inside the Abbey to relay the spectacle to the world. the decision to allow this was a controversial one: the prime Minister, Winston churchill, had been against it but the young Queen overruled him with a reminder that it was she who was being crowned, not the cabinet. 22 Even so, the TV crew were bound by a tight set of rules. close-ups were forbidden, cameramen were chosen for their lightness of build (particularly those placed in the organ loft) and the anointing of the Monarch with holy oil was held to be too sacred to be photographed at all. 23 All stocks of anointing oil had been destroyed in the blitz and the company that had made it no longer existed. luckily the recipe - comprising oils of orange, roses, cinnamon, musk and ambergris - had survived. 24 prince charles, then aged four, became the first child to witness a parent's coronation, receiving a special hand-painted invitation. princess Anne, who was then two, was considered too young to attend. 25 The service began with Her Majesty processing from the west end of the Abbey through the nave and choir, to the sound of Psalm 122 ("I was glad") in the setting by Sir Hubert Parry. 26 Written for the Coronation of Edward VII in 1902, Parry's version incorporates the cries of Vivat Regina! (Long live the Queen!) with which the boys of Westminster School traditionally acclaim the Sovereign. 27 Taking the Coronation oath, the Queen swore to "maintain and preserve... the doctrine, worship, discipline, and Government of the Church of England," and to "Govern the peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon... according to their respective laws and customs". 28 As Her Majesty took her seat in the Coronation Chair and the Archbishop anointed her with holy oil, the choir sang the Coronation anthem Handel's Zadok the Priest. Composed for the Coronation of George II in 1727, the setting has been used in every British coronation since. that date. 29 The Coronation Chair was made for King Edward I in 1300. It was designed to enclose the Stone of Scone - the sacred stone on which Kings of Scotland were crowned, and which Edward had captured in battle. 30 Apart from two brief interruptions (for the investiture of Oliver Cromwell and for safekeeping during the Second World War) the Chair and the Stone remained together in the Abbey for almost 700 years, until the Stone was returned to Scotland in 1996. The Coronation Chair has recently been restored and will go on display in Westminster Abbey from the beginning of next month. 31 The Coronation Shift, the plain linen garment worn for the anointing, was originally made with hooks and eyes at the back. It was the Marquess of Cholmondeley's ceremonial duty to do this up but the fastenings proved too much for the elderly aristocrat during rehearsals, so the garment had to be redesigned with poppers. 32 As the Queen sat in the Coronation Chair, the Archbishop of Canterbury presented her with the Regalia: the Orb, the Sceptre (symbolising power), the Rod with the Dove (symbolising justice and mercy) and the Coronation Ring. Finally, Archbishop Fisher placed St Edward's Crown on the Queen's head. 33 Made in 1661, St Edward's Crown is solid gold and weighs four pounds and 12 ounces (2.1kg). It was remade from an earlier crown and some experts believe that the lower part was worn by Edward the Confessor. 34 The Orb, also made in 1661, is the most important piece of Regalia after the crown. It is a globe of gold surrounded by a cross and girdled with a band of diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires and pearls, with a large amethyst at the top. 35 The Coronation Ring, often called "the Wedding Ring of England" was worn by the Queen on the fourth finger of her right hand. The ring was created for the Coronation of William IV in 1831, at a cost of £157, and takes the form of a sapphire surmounted by a cross of rubies and diamonds. 36 The ring has been worn at every subsequent Coronation save that of Queen Victoria. It could not be reduced sufficiently to fit the 18-year-old Victoria's tiny fingers so a new Coronation Ring was made by the royal goldsmiths, who intended it for the Queen's little finger. Unfortunately, the then Archbishop of Canterbury forced it on to Victoria's ring finger, causing her considerable pain. 37 After the crown had been placed on her head, the Queen left the Coronation Chair and moved to the throne, in full sight of the whole congregation. By tradition, this is the moment when the Sovereign takes possession of the kingdom. 38 Then, after the Archbishop gave the blessing, the Queen withdrew to St Edward's Chapel. There she put on a robe of purple velvet and exchanged St Edward's Crown for the Imperial State Crown before finally processing through the Abbey to the annexe at the west end. 39The Queen's Coronation service concluded at 2pm, almost three hours after it had begun, at 11.15 that morning. 40 An estimated 27 million people in Britain watched the ceremony on television, presented by the BBC's Richard Dimbleby (father of Jonathan and David), with a further 11 million listening on the radio. Television sets were still a rarity in 1953 - many viewers bought their first for the occasion, inviting neighbours round to share it. The front page of the Daily Express on June 2, 1953 Unseasonal weather was no match for the patriotic fervour of the London crowd, estimated at three million 41 The world was watching too. Some 500 photographers and 2,000 journalists from 92 nations lined the Coronation route - among them a 23-year-old Washington-based photojournalist named Jacqueline Bouvier - later famous as US First Lady Jackie Kennedy. 42 Another unlikely celebrity to witness the Coronation was future Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards, then a nine-year-old choirboy at Westminster Abbey. 43 The four-and-a-half mile return route to Buckingham Palace was designed to give the crowds the best possible chance to see their new Queen. The procession of 16,000 participants, marching 10 abreast, stretched for two miles and took two hours to pass by. 44 During her return journey the Queen wore the Imperial State Crown, which contains four pearls traditionally said to have been Elizabeth I's earrings. She also wore the newly made Purple Robe of Estate, edged with ermine and embroidered with gold wheat ears and olive branches (representing another 3,500 hours of work for seamstresses at the Royal School of Needlework). 45 The Coronation was a military as well as a royal spectacle, involving 3,600 servicemen from the Royal Navy, 16,100 from the Army and 7,000 from the RAF, plus 2,500 from the Commonwealth and colonies. There was a huge police presence too, with 7,000 officers from provincial forces drafted in to assist the Metropolitan Police. 46 All the maids of honour had phials of smelling salts sewn into their gloves, in case they felt faint. Their job done with no alarms, they shook hands with the Archbishop of Canterbury. Unfortunately he squeezed the hand of lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill rather too firmly, breaking the phial and releasing a cloud of ammonia. 47 Meat was still rationed in 1953 but the Ministry of Food granted applications to roast oxen if the applicant could prove this was a local tradition on Coronation days. Accordingly, an ox was placed on the spit for the estate workers at Blenheim Palace, home of maid of honour Lady Rosemary. 48 The smiling Queen Sãlote of Tonga won the hearts and acclaim of the waiting crowds as she remained undaunted by the rain throughout the long procession, refusing to raise the roof of her carriage for protection. 49 Queen Elizabeth appeared with her family on the balcony of the palace, still wearing the Imperial State Crown and the royal robes, to greet the cheering crowds. The throng continued to build - including several of the maids of honour who had slipped out of the palace - all chanting: "We want the queen." Her Majesty appeared again on the balcony at 9.45pm to switch on illuminations that stretched down The Mall, through Admiralty Arch and across Trafalgar Square to The National Gallery. 50 The RAF flypast over Buckingham Palace was nearly cancelled because of the poor weather but after a short delay 144 Gloster Meteors of the RAF and 24 North American Sabres of the Royal Canadian Air Force flew south to north across The Mall at 1,200ft. 51 Feeding the thousands of official guests was quite a challenge: their lunch had to be prepared in advance and acceptable to palates from all over the world. Florist Constance Spry, who also helped with floral arrangements on the day, proposed a recipe of cold chicken in a curry cream sauce and a salad of rice, green peas and mixed herbs. Her recipe won the approval of the Minister of Works, and "Coronation chicken" had been invented. 52 The banquet, served in Westminster Hall, comprised five courses: soup, salmon, grilled steak with cocotte potatoes and truffle salad, Coronation chicken and soufflé. 53 Many official photographs were taken in Buckingham Palace after the Coronation but perhaps the most memorable are those by Cecil Beaton. For his defining image he posed the Queen in front of a backdrop depicting Henry VII's Chapel in Westminster Abbey. 54 The official artist for the Coronation was Polish-born Feliks Topolski (1907-1989). He was commissioned to produce a giant painting to commemorate the occasion and be displayed along the Lower Corridor in Buckingham Palace. The finished work comprises 14 sections and is nearly 100ft long. 55 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh made their sixth and final appearance on the palace balcony at midnight, to the delight of an undiminished crowd. The day ended with fireworks launched from Victoria Embankment. 56 The Government declared Tuesday June 2 a public holiday but it was back to work on the following day - unlike the four days off that Britain enjoyed for William and Kate's wedding. 57 As a token of thanks, each of the maids of honour received a commemorative brooch with "EIIR" in the Queen's handwriting, picked out with diamonds. 58 The Queen will mark the 60th anniversary of her Coronation with a special service at Westminster Abbey on June 4, before attending a celebratory lunch with her family. Westminster Abbey will host a Coronation Anniversary Concert on June 13, featuring Coronation music by Purcell, Handel and Parry. 59 From July 11 to 14 there will be a Coronation Festival at Buckingham Palace, with Katherine Jenkins, Russell Watson and Katie Melua performing (see www.coronation festival.com). One notable absentee might be the Duchess of Cambridge - the concert coincides with the due date of the next royal heir. 60 The BBC has restored and remastered the original TV coverage and will re-broadcast the full seven 60 hours, starting at the original time of 10.15am, on BBC Parliament next Sunday, June 2. Related articles	i don't know
The 'Pilgrimage of Grace' was a revolt against which English king?	Pilgrimage of Grace (1536-7) [Northern Rebellion against King Henry VIII] Search PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE, a name assumed by religious insurgents in the north of England, who opposed the dissolution of the monasteries . The movement, which commenced in Lincolnshire in Sept. 1536, was suppressed in Oct., but soon after revived in Yorkshire; and an expedition bearing the foregoing name, having banners on which were depicted the five wounds of Christ, was headed by Robert Aske and other gentlemen [cf. Lord Darcy and Robert Constable ], and joined by priests and 40,000 men of York, Durham, Lancaster, and other counties. They took Hull and York, with smaller towns. The Duke of Norfolk marched against them, and by making terms dispersed them [see 24 Articles ]. Early in 1537 they again took arms, but were promptly suppressed, and the leaders, several abbots, and many others were executed. Text source: Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. 17th Ed. Benjamin Vincent, ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883. 530. PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE By J. Franck Bright With the death of Catherine some of the dangers which threatened insurrection in England disappeared. It was no longer impossible that Charles should be reconciled to his uncle [ Henry VIII ]. As the year therefore passed, the chances of an insurrection in England became less, and the real opportunity for successful action on the part of the reactionary party was gone. But, perhaps because they felt that time was thus passing away, or because accidental circumstances led the way to an outbreak, the discontented party, before the year was out, were in arms throughout the whole North of England. Nor did this party consist of one class alone. For one reason or another, nearly every nobleman of distinction, and nearly every Northern peasant, alike joined in the movement. The causes which touched the interests of so many different classes were of course various. There was indeed one tie which united them all. All, gentle and simple, were alike deeply attached to the Roman Church, and saw with detestation the beginning of the Reformation in the late Ten Articles , and the havoc which Cromwell and his agents were making among the monasteries. In fact, the coarseness with which the reforms were carried out were very revolting. Stories were current of how the visitors' followers had ridden from abbey to abbey clad in the sacred vestments of the priesthood, how the church plate had been hammered into dagger hilts. The Church had been always more powerful in the North, and the dislike to the reforms was proportionately violent. But, apart from this general conservative feeling, each class had a special grievance of its own. The clergy, it is needless to mention—they were exasperated to the last degree. The nobles—always a wilder and more independent race than those of the South—saw with disgust the upstart Cromwell the chief adviser of the Crown. They had borne the tyranny of Wolsey , but in Wolsey they could at least reverence the Prince of the Church. They had even triumphed over Wolsey, and had probably believed that the older nobility would have regained some of their ancient influence. They had been disappointed. Cromwell, a man of absolutely unknown origin, and with something at least of the downright roughness of a self-made man, was carrying all before him. The gentry, besides that they were largely connected with the superior clergy, and suffered with their suffering, were at the present smarting under a change in the law, which deprived them of the power of providing for their younger children. By the common law it was not allowed to leave landed property otherwise than to the eldest son or representative. To evade this it had been customary to employ what are called uses:—that is, property was left to the eldest son, saddled with the duty of paying a portion, or sometimes the whole, of the rent to the use of the younger son. A long continuance of this practice had produced inextricable confusion. There were frequently uses on uses, till at length it was often difficult to say to whom the property really belonged. This difficulty had been met by the "Statute of Uses" in the preceding year, by which the holder of the use was declared to be the owner of the property, and for his benefit a Parliamentary title was created. At the same time, to prevent a repetition of the difficulty, uses were forbidden. Till, therefore, the law was altered a few years afterwards, the old common law held good, and, uses being impossible, gentry with much land and little money were deprived of all power of helping their younger children. The lower orders were suffering principally from a change in the condition of agriculture in England, for which the Government could not be held responsible. There was a strong tendency to convert arable land into pasture. Complaints on this head are constant. Mercantile men also had begun to find that possession of land gave them influence irrespective of birth. Bringing the mercantile spirit with them to the country, they had worked their properties to the best advantage, regardless of the feelings of their tenants and labourers. The consequence was, that where in the old days there had been thriving villages, there were now in many instances barren sheep-walks, supporting only two or three men. The rest of the old inhabitants, uprooted from their connection with the soil, thronged the towns, or of necessity became dependent upon charity. They were suffering very deeply, and as usual attributed their sufferings to their governors. The insurrection broke out in Lincolnshire, at Louth. Thither Heneage, one of the clerical commissioners, and the Bishop of Lincoln's chancellor were going on their business on the 1st of October. It was rumoured that they intended to rob the treasury of the church. A crowd collected under the leading of a man who called himself Captain Cobler. The church was locked and guarded, the great cross fetched out by way of standard, and the whole township marched to raise the neighbouring towns and villages. The insurrection in Lincoln was essentially a popular one. It was on compulsion that the gentry joined it. There was a strong party for murdering them. They were in fact besieged by the populace in the Close at Lincoln, and quickly threw their weight upon the side of the Government. At Lincoln, during this quarrel between gentry and people, was a young lawyer, Robert Aske , who had been stopped by the insurgents, as he said, returning to his work in London. However this may be, he at once imbibed the spirit of the insurrection, and hurried off into Yorkshire, where he had interest, and where a rebellion of quite a different sort from that in Lincoln was quickly organized. The Lincolnshire rebels never came to open fighting. They sent a petition to the King from Horncastle, begging that religious houses should be restored, the late subsidy remitted, the "Statute of Uses" be repealed, the villein blood[1] removed from the Privy Council, and the heretic bishops[2] deprived. The arrival of troops under Sir John Russell and the Duke of Suffolk was sufficient to cool the rebels' ardour, and though they watched his progress sulkily, they did not absolutely oppose him. The ringleaders were given up and the insurrection dissolved. Suffolk had brought with him the King's very firm answer to their petition: "How presumptuous," he says, "are ye, the rude commons of one shire, and that one of the most brute and beastly of the whole realm and of least experience, to take upon you, contrary to God's law and man's law, to rule your Prince, whom ye are bound to obey and serve." He refused every request. It was the duty of the great nobles in each county, under such circumstances, to call out the military force of the county to repress the insurrection. Lord Hussey, in Lincolnshire, had timorously held aloof and left the country. Lord Shrewsbury had gallantly taken his position at Nottingham. In Yorkshire this duty would have devolved on Lord Darcy of Templehurst, an old and tried soldier of both the late and the present King. His sympathies were, however, wholly with the movement, and, though Henry wrote to him to urge him to instant action, he threw himself with only twelve followers into Pontefract Castle, and there awaited the arrival of the rebels. These had rendezvoused on Weighton Common, and having elected Aske general, and having despatched a force to Hull, moved towards York. On the way they were joined by the Percies, with the exception of the Earl of Northumberland himself. York surrendered to them. They then advanced to Pontefract, which was unable to hold out against them, and Lord Darcy and the Archbishop of York speedily took the oath which was exacted of all whom the rebels met in their march. Lord Darcy henceforward became the leader of the movement, second only to Aske. Of opposition in the North there was scarcely any. Hull was taken, and the army of insurgents, kept under rigid discipline, moved onwards till they reached the river Don. Their army consisted of 30,000 men, "as tall men, well-horsed and well-appointed, as any men could be;" and they had with them all the nobility and gentry of the North. At Doncaster they found themselves face to face with Shrewsbury and Norfolk , well chosen agents for the purpose the Government had in view; for the rebels, claiming to uphold the rights of the old nobility and the old Church, here found themselves opposed by two nobles of the oldest blood and the strongest Catholic convictions in England. The rebels determined to treat, principally on the recommendation of Aske, who seems to have been really patriotic, and to have wished to avoid civil war. It was agreed that a conference should be held upon the bridge of Doncaster, and there a petition was intrusted to Sir Robert Bowes and Sir Ralph Elleskar to carry to the King, Norfolk agreeing to accompany them. Meanwhile, the rebel forces were disbanded. The King contrived to win over these emissaries to his party, but Aske continued his organizations; and when no satisfactory answer had been given by the close of November, he recalled his army to his standards, and again advanced to the Don. At Norfolk's earnest intercession the King at last agreed, against his own judgment, to grant a general pardon, and to call a Parliament, to be held almost immediately, at York. A conference between Norfolk and Aske was held at Doncaster, and Aske on his knees accepted the conditions, and threw aside the badge of the five wounds of Christ which had been assumed by the rebels. It seems certain that the rebels at the time believed that the whole of their petitions had been granted [see 24 Articles ]. It is possible that Norfolk, who had much sympathy with them, held out larger promises than Henry intended. The King's views at all events were not what the rebels supposed. He at once proceeded to organize the North, to establish fortified posts, and secure the ordnance stores. Norfolk was sent to Pontefract to make preparations for the coming Parliament. All this looked very unlike a favourable answer to the insurgents' petition. Still more were they disappointed when they found that, instead of a general amnesty, each individual had to petition for his own pardon, and received it only in exchange for the oath of allegiance . There was much natural disappointment and smouldering discontent. A man of little influence, called Sir Francis Bigod, contrived a disorderly rising in opposition to the old chiefs. This afforded opportunity for Norfolk to establish martial law, and seventy-four persons were hanged. Perhaps some new treasonable correspondence was discovered, and perhaps the opportunity for vengeance had now arrived, but without any very clear renewal of their offences, the three leaders of the old insurrection— Aske , Darcy, and Constable —were arrested (March). Discontented words could no doubt be proved against them, and on this the charges against them were chiefly based. They were all condemned and executed, as were also many others of the prominent gentry of the North. Nineteen of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed (July 1537). Of the three leaders, by far the most interesting is Aske . His popularity and influence were enormous, his power of organization seems to have been great, and there is visible in his whole career a genuine desire for the objects of the insurrection, apart from his own aggrandizement, which, coupled with his marked moderation and uprightness, renders him a very remarkable character. AJ Notes: [1. Low-born (i.e., Cromwell, et al.). Villein: 'one of the class of serfs in the feudal system' —OED.] [2. Cranmer and his fellow reformers.] Text source: Bright, J. Franck. English History for the Use of Public Schools. London: Rivingtons, 1876. 404-8.	Henry VIII of England
The lands once rules by the Queen of Sheba now form part of which modern country?	Pilgrimage of Grace \| Article about Pilgrimage of Grace by The Free Dictionary Pilgrimage of Grace \| Article about Pilgrimage of Grace by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pilgrimage+of+Grace Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia . Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536, rising of Roman Catholics in N England. It was a protest against the government's abolition of papal supremacy (1534) and confiscation (1536) of the smaller monastic properties, intensified by grievances against inclosures inclosure or enclosure, in British history, the process of inclosing (with fences, ditches, hedges, or other barriers) land formerly subject to common rights. Such land included fields cultivated by the open-field or strip system, wasteland, and the common pasture land. ..... Click the link for more information. and high rents and taxes. The Catholics protested their loyalty to Henry VIII, citing as their "great grudge" the position and influence of Thomas Cromwell Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex, 1485?–1540, English statesman. While a young man he lived abroad as a soldier, accountant, and merchant, and on his return (c.1512) to England he engaged in the wool trade and eventually became a lawyer. ..... Click the link for more information. . In Oct., 1536, several thousand men occupied the city of Lincoln, but dispersed after receiving a sharp rebuke from the king. Almost immediately, another rally occurred in Yorkshire. The movement, which rapidly gathered strength in N England, was led by Robert Aske, a Yorkshire lawyer. Aske and his followers occupied York and then moved on to Doncaster. Thomas Howard, 3d duke of Norfolk, promised from the king a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year. The men dispersed. Aske was well received by the king in London. In Jan., 1537, Sir Francis Bigod of Settrington, Yorkshire, led an uprising at Beverley. Although Aske and other leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace tried to prevent this new disorder, they were arrested, tried in London, and executed in June, 1537. The northern counties were placed under martial law, and many people were hanged on mere suspicion of disaffection. The repression in N England after the Pilgrimage of Grace put an end to open opposition to the government's religious policy. Bibliography	i don't know
Who was the queen of the Amazons?	Queen of the Amazons (Alexander the Great): Judith Tarr: 9780765303967: Amazon.com: Books Queen of the Amazons (Alexander the Great) Customers Who Viewed This Item Also Viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Page 1 of 1 Start over Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon.com. When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it. To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here . The Bee Keeper's Daughter (The Kingdom of Meridian Book 1) Shian Serei She's only 19 and running for her life. Can she evade the dangers of medieval Russia while discovering romance and her womanhood? Suspense awaits you! Ad feedback Special Offers and Product Promotions Editorial Reviews From Publishers Weekly In her latest stirring historical fantasy, Tarr (Pride of Kings, etc.) explores the tantalizing relationship between the macho Alexander the Great, hero of her 1993 novel, Lord of the Two Lands, and Hippolyta, the sensuous queen of the Amazons. When Hippolyta, ruler of the fabled female warriors of Greek lore, gives birth to her firstborn, the baby girl is soulless. The Amazon clan's children call the beautiful but empty infant "Etta" ("that thing"), because she can't be officially named until she has a soul. Hippolyta believes one will eventually possess her child's body and declares Etta royal heiress, outraging some of the tribe, especially her jealous cousin, Phaedra, who vows vengeance when she is exiled. The arrival of Alexander of Macedon in Persia leads Hippolyta, driven by the Goddess, to challenge him to a fateful fight that leaves her daughter in Alexander's world but with a higher destiny still in the cards. The soul that Etta receives through a magical transference after she grows to adulthood is unlikely to come as a surprise ("The soul has no gender"), though it provides a cool twist on the classical legend. Tarr's fluid plotting and careful research will keep readers intrigued despite her deceptively simplistic and, at times, workmanlike prose. Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. From Booklist Tarr's gift for combining her own brand of magical fantasy with fully drawn, compelling characters acting within the framework of history bears fruit again in this novel set during the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Macedonian warrior who claimed divine patriarchal lineage. Drawing on the legend that Amazonian Queen Hippolyta traveled far to look upon the conqueror from the West when he came to Zadrakarta in Persia, Tarr creates an epic that sweeps readers from the camp of the Amazons with Selene, niece of a blind seer and guardian of Hippolyta's soulless daughter, into an action-packed, adventure-filled, sometimes bloody voyage to the court of the first conqueror of the known world. Tarr's meticulous research ensures the verisimilitude needed to realistically anchor her liberties with recorded history; so detailed are her descriptions of tools, weapons, clothing, and the stuff of everyday life, including such predators as wild boars, that readers effortlessly enter a fantasy world seamlessly constructed from anthropological and archeological verities. Sure to please established fans and win new ones. Whitney Scott Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Ignite your imagination with these editor's picks from Kindle books. See more Product Details Series: Alexander the Great (Book 1) Paperback: 320 pages Publisher: Tor Books; Reprint edition (January 1, 2005) Language: English Shipping Weight: 11.4 ounces ( View shipping rates and policies ) Average Customer Review: 3.0 out of 5 stars A great setup to an anticlimactic finish By Ashley Megan on November 10, 2005 Is there such a thing as plot-us interruptus? If so, then Tarr is definitely guilty. The first two thirds of this book were great, but just when you thought things were really going to heat up, someone lets the air out of the tires. Back up. OK, the book starts with the birth of a daughter to Hippolyta, the Queen of the scattered Amazon tribes. It should be a joyous occasion, but something is obviously wrong with the child - she has no soul. Even though the queen accepts this, she makes the child - unnamed, but called "Etta", or "that thing" - her heir anyway, sparking a rebellion led by her niece Phaedra. The first rebellion fails, and Phaedra is sent into exile. Then, Etta happens to hear about a new king in the west who has conquered Persia. The king is Alexander the Great, and Etta, still mindless and soulless but now with a purpose, is seized with a compulsion to find Alexander. Her mother and her guardian, a reluctant Seer named Selene, follow her. When they find Alexander, he is a likable, charismatic, sympathetic man who takes Etta in (rather like a pet). Alexander and Etta's fates are obviously intertwined, and Selene, who stays with his army to protect Etta, must figure out why and how - before the exiled Phaedra tries again to steal Hippolyta's throne. The twist in this book could have been brilliant - when it first happened, I was thrilled, figuring that NOW the fun would start. But... no. The last 1/3 of the book was barely even readable! Why bother with such a great, original plot twist if you're not going to use it? I admit it, that ticked me off. The only thing worse than a book that's just bad from the beginning is one that really does have promise, and then squanders it. The characters were OK, if a little sketchily drawn. I would have preferred more depth, particularly in Alexander and Selene, as well as some more detail on the Amazonian life, which was really shortchanged. Steven Pressfield's "Last of the Amazons" did such a great job in that regard that Tarr's depiction of the Amazons seemed watery in comparison. The first part of the book had me hooked, but by the end, I couldn't wait to finish it and move on. A definitely inconsistent effort overall. 4.0 out of 5 stars Epic Mythology By Alisa McCune on February 27, 2004 Queen of the Amazons is an incredible mythological journey that captures you and doesn't let go for 320 pages. The Amazons of legend are reborn here as a tribe of women in the time of Alexander the Great. These women live a nomadic, female dominated society. Queen Hippolyta, the current ruler has just given birth to a child. The story is told through the eyes of Selene, an Amazonian warrior and seer. Selene is bound to the current Queen's daughter called Etta. Etta is a soulless child. She does not have a spark of life in her. Her actions are instinctive and animal like. One morning, Etta slips away from the encampment on a journey. Selene, Queen Hippolyta, and a group of Amazons follow Etta on what they believe is a Goddess guided journey. Etta is drawn by an unseen force and eventually leads to Alexander the Great, the King of Asia. Selene, Queen Hippolyta, and Etta are forever changed by their exposure to Alexander and his male dominated world. This epic story has all the lyrical elements of a classic. Love, karma, fate, and political upheaval all come together in a climactic ending sure to be a surprise to the reader. The story transcends the male/female clash and instead focuses on the idea that our souls are genderless. Judith Tarr is the author of numerous historical fantasies. Lord of the Two Lands is her first book chronicling Alexander. 1.0 out of 5 stars Such a waste of time!! By Jay on May 1, 2004 If a new author had been trying to get this book published they would not have succeeded. It's only because Judith Tarr is firmly established in the biz that "Queen of the Amazons" made it to print. It's quite dreadful and tedious, and not up to her usual quality. I kept waiting for it to get better, but it never did. To fans of Alexander the Great, BEWARE! He is only a very minor character, and what Tarr does to his character just past mid-way is one of the silliest things I have read in fiction in many years. It had me rolling my eyes and groaning. I nearly didn't finish the book because of it, and I really wish I hadn't finished, as the ending was rushed and chopped off and not worth the journey there. I hate to think of all the talented new writers of Alexander fiction who just can't get a break from publishers because those publishers are content with churning out junk like this and unwilling to take a chance on someone untested. For much better Alexander the Great/historical fiction, check out Mary Renault's books. You won't be disappointed.	Hippolyta
For which type of entertainment are 'Annies' awarded?	Amazon, in Greek mythology Encyclopedia > Literature and the Arts > Classical Literature, Mythology, and Folklore > Folklore and Mythology Amazon Amazon (ămˈəzŏn) [ key ], in Greek mythology, one of a tribe of warlike women who lived in Asia Minor. The Amazons had a matriarchal society, in which women fought and governed while men performed the household tasks. Each Amazon had to kill a man before she could marry, and all male children were either killed or maimed at birth. It was believed that the Amazons cut off one breast in order to shoot and throw spears more effectively. They were celebrated warriors, believed to have been the first to use cavalry, and their conquests were said to have included many parts of Asia Minor, Phrygia, Thrace, and Syria. Several of the finest Greek heroes proved their mettle against the Amazons: Hercules took the golden girdle of Ares from their queen Hippolyte; Theseus abducted Hippolyte's sister Antiope and then defeated a vengeful army of Amazons at Athens. A contingent of Amazons fought with the Trojans under Penthesilea . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.	i don't know
TACV is the national airline of which island nation?	TACV AIRLINES TO START SERVICE FROM GREEN AIRPORT TO CABO VERDE \| News \| PVD \| Rhode Island TACV AIRLINES TO START SERVICE FROM GREEN AIRPORT TO CABO VERDE TACV AIRLINES TO START SERVICE FROM GREEN AIRPORT TO CABO VERDE Today, Transportes Aereos de Cabo Verde (TACV), announced the start of service from T. F. Green Airport (PVD) to the Cabo Verde Islands beginning June 2, 2015. The airline will offer two weekly flights on 757 (210 seat) aircraft to the city of Praia on the island of Santiago on Tuesdays and Fridays through June 30th and will add a third weekly flight on Wednesdays during the peak travel season of July through early September. Additionally, connecting service will be available to other Cabo Verdean islands: Fogo, Sao Vicente, Sal and Boa Vista. TACV is excited to fly to PVD, which it considers a “New Gateway to New England.” The Cabo Verdean community has a strong presence throughout New England, particularly in Rhode Island and communities surrounding Green Airport. The service has traditionally been geared towards linking family and friends; however, there is a new emphasis on growing it as a tourist destination by promoting the islands’ beauty, climate, hiking, surfing and other water sports. Governor Gina Raimondo said, “Our Cabo Verdean community is strong and vibrant, and I want to welcome TACV Airlines to T. F. Green Airport as the first year-round scheduled international service. This will give our citizens a convenient way to travel to see their families and will offer a new, exciting tourist destination from Green. Today’s announcement is a true example of how we can work together to move Rhode Island forward and grow the economy through international trade and tourism.” “I am pleased Cabo Verde Airlines is planning to launch operations at T. F. Green Airport this summer with direct service between Rhode Island and Cabo Verde. This expansion of international service is good news for consumers, particularly our great Cabo Verdean-American community here in Rhode Island and across New England. After experiencing a recent decline in passenger traffic, which coincided with the recession and airline consolidation, it is a positive sign to see expanded service and international carriers coming to Rhode Island. We must continue to build on this progress and plan for the future. This airport is a catalyst for economic development throughout the state. I will continue working to help modernize T. F. Green Airport and extend the runway to attract new tourism, jobs, and business to Rhode Island,” said U.S. Senator Jack Reed, the Ranking Democrat on the Senate Transportation Appropriations Subcommittee, who has led efforts and worked with RIAC, the FAA, and U.S. DOT to help direct an estimated $110 million in federal aviation funds to help make the T. F. Green Improvement Program possible. Located about 300 miles off the coast of Senegal, Cabo Verde is renowned for its natural beauty, picturesque beaches, and “morabeza” (Creole for hospitality) of its people. The islands that make up the arrow-shaped archipelago today were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century. Cabo Verde gained independence in 1975 and remains one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Both Portuguese and Creole are spoken by many of the 450,000 Cabo Verdeans who call the island nation home. Kelly Fredericks, Rhode Island Airport Corporation President and CEO, said “I want to particularly thank João Pereira, TACV President and CEO. Our conversations with him and his staff began in earnest several months ago. We have illustrated a willingness and commitment to this service to make it successful as we serve our Cabo Verdean community and market the service to others as a new tourist destination.” Mayor Scott Avedisian said, “My administration is committed to working with the Rhode Island Airport Corporation to fuel our local tourism industry and create jobs. Bringing international flights to T. F. Green is a critical part of our ongoing efforts. I am very pleased to welcome TACV to our community and know that they will be an excellent addition to the services offered at our airport.” “This day has been a long time coming for the airport after months of conversations and negotiations. I congratulate Kelly Fredericks and his team for bringing this service to fruition,” stated Jon Savage, Rhode Island Airport Corporation Board Chair. We look forward to working with TACV to further market this service and introduce our customers to the beauty of the Cabo Verde Islands.” TACV schedule between Providence and Praia: PVD to RAI (Praia) (Tuesdays and Fridays) RAI to PVD	Cape Verde
Who wrote the children’s book Danny, the Champion of the World?	Cape Verde travel guide - Wikitravel Time Zone UTC -1 Cape Verde [1] (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, Kriolu: Kabu Verdi) is a country in West Africa . It comprises a group of islands of the Atlantic Ocean , west of Senegal . It is part of the region of Islands collectively known as Macaronesia. Despite its remoteness in elevation with all but 3 islands being mountainous, the lack of natural resources, its isolation from many other countries, and devastating famines in the later 20th century, Cape Verde has won a positive reputation in promoting what is considered the most stable democracy in Africa, a standard of living higher than most African nations, and one of the most politically liberal nations on the continent, and in the world. Understand[ edit ] Cape Verde (pop. 506,000) is located 500 km from the west coast of Africa. The once uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; they subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and re-supply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Independence was achieved in 1975. Most Cape Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents. Climate[ edit ] Cape Verde’s climate is temperate, with a warm, dry summer. As a part of the greater Sahel region of Africa precipitation is meager and falls between the months of June to February, peaking in September. Some islands see almost no rain, these are Sal, Boa Vista and Maio. The islands with the most rain fall are Santiago, Fogo and Santo Antao. Other destinations[ edit ] Brava , the smallest island, is a botanist's paradise, home to many unique flora that live in its misty forests Pico de Fogo - an active volcano on Fogo that has created a unique landscape best explored on foot or horseback Visas[ edit ] If you are arriving from a country with a Cape Verde embassy, you are required to purchase a Visa in advance. Otherwise a visa can be purchased on arrival and costs ~25€. The Cape Verde Bureau (Cape Verde Consul) in Liverpool, England provides travel visas for travellers from the UK and Ireland. Cape Verde has an embassy in Lisbon, Portugal. [2] Cape Verde has an embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Cape Verde has an embassy in Geneva, Switzerland. Cape Verde has a consulate in Rotterdam [3] , The Netherlands. Cape Verde has an embassy in Washington, D.C., USA Cape Verde has a consulate in Moscow, Russia. [4] Cape Verde has an embassy in Brasília, Brazil. [5] Cape Verde has a consulate in Vienna, Austria. [6] Cape Verde has an embassy in New Delhi India : 6/24 shanti niketan, new delhi By plane[ edit ] Cape Verde has international airports on the islands of Sal, Santiago, Boa Vista and São Vicente. Connections to Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Not all the connections are visible to travel booking websites, it is usually worth checking with a travel agent. There are regular flights from Amsterdam , Lisbon (daily), Madrid , Milan , Munich , and Oporto operated by TACV [7] . Transavia flies twice a week from Amsterdam to the island of Sal . Plus there are flights from Paris (ORLY Sud) to Sal and Boa Vista [8] . Jetairfly [10] has cheap flights from Brussels to Sal and Boa Vista . TUIfly [11] has cheap flights from various German cities and Basel to Sal and Boa Vista . Binter Canarias [12] flies twice a week, for as low as 100€, to Praia from Gran Canaria , Spain. There are several options to fly there from the England. London , Manchester and Birmingham have all direct flights to Cape Verde with Thomson [13] . From the Americas[ edit ] There are regular flights from Boston (weekly), Fortaleza (Brazil) (weekly). Starting in June 2015 TACV will offer two weekly flights from Providence (PVD) on a 757 (210 seat) aircraft to the city of Praia (RAI) on the island of Santiago on Tuesdays and Fridays through June 30th. A third weekly flight on Wednesdays will be added during the peak travel season of July through early September. From Africa[ edit ] West Africa is also serviced by the oldest functioning and leading regional airline TACV Cabo Verde Airlines. Royal Air Maroc [14] fly from Casablanca . Get around[ edit ] Timetables in Cape Verde are not to be taken too seriously - don't be too surprised if that boat departs ahead of schedule . This is important to consider if you decide to do some island-hopping. Due to weather and other conditions flights may be delayed or canceled. Carry your toothbrush with you and build in some buffer time to your planning especially if you need to meet an international connection. By plane[ edit ] TACV Cabo Verde [15] airlines has regular flights between the majority of the islands. If you can afford to wait until you arrive, domestic tickets are cheaper if purchased in Cape Verde. If your international flights are booked with TACV, you can purchase a Cabo Verde Air Pass for flights within 21 day period. Price start at €110 for two coupons and €60 for every extra coupon. TACV flights can be rebooked for 2,000$. TACV Cabo Verde Islands [16] TACV Air Pass [17] By boat[ edit ] There are ferry services between the islands. Depending on the distance between the islands you are going from and to, flying can be significantly shorter but also significantly more expensive. By taxi[ edit ] Nice, new taxis are available in the major cities and are metered. Aluguers, which are usually either open back pickup trucks with bench seats or 15 passenger Toyota vans, tend to travel between more rural destinations, particularly on Santo Antão. Also called hices (due to its model, Toyota Hiace), they work as a collective taxi: they drive by the main streets, usually near the city market, and they announce the final destination from the window, gathering passengers. They depart when they are full, which may take some time. Talk[ edit ] The official language is Portuguese , used in all official publications and announcements as well as in business, media and schools, but the local language is Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu kabuverdianu), a Portuguese-based creole language with 95% of the words from Portuguese and the rest mainly from West African languages. It is divided into 9 dialects spoken on various parts of the country. Even though Kriolu is comprehensible to a skilled Portuguese-speaker almost all people can also speak Portuguese as a second language. French is also known by many, and some people also speak English; basically, Kriolu is your first option, Portuguese second, French third, English fourth. It is a good idea to know some Kriolu or at least Portuguese, since even though young urban people are often quite proficient in English, this does not apply to old and rural people, and even those who can speak English will highly appreciate any attempt you do to speak Kriolu or Portuguese. Currency[ edit ] The official currency of Cape Verde is the escudo, abbreviated CVE and indicated with a cifrão (a symbol similar to the dollar sign, but with two vertical strokes instead of one) after the amount. The currency is fixed against the euro at 110$ per euro. In the resort islands of Sal and Boa Vista, euros are commonly accepted, although you might receive change in escudos. Money can be changed from all major currencies at the international airports at Sal and Praia. Bank branches at larger towns will also change money. Larger towns also have ATMs that will take Visa, MasterCard and Maestro. High end hotels will accept credit cards. Other hotels will expect cash although many mid-range ones will accept euros at a reasonably exchange rate (slightly worse than the banks). For everything else, expect to pay in escudos. Costs[ edit ] Since most goods are imported, the cost of living is moderate to high. On the island resorts of Boa Vista and Sal, the cost of living oftentimes can be compared to their Caribbean counterparts. The island of Santiago is reasonably the least expensive. Cape Verde has fantastic fresh seafood. Tuna is common, as is Wahoo - a white fleshed fish with similar texture. Lagostada – a lobster dish Cachupa - the national dish made with maize and potato. Fish or chicken commonly added for flavor. Tosta mista - common toasted ham and cheese sandwich. European food is common on all the islands. Italian is especially popular on Sal. Vegetarians can ask for omelets or salads. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Beer: Strela is a Cape Verdean beer, produced by the Sociedade Cabo-verdiana de Cerveja e Refrigerantes (SCCR). Grogue, also known as grogu or grogo (derived from English grog), is a Cape Verdean alcoholic beverage, an aguardente made from sugarcane. Its production is fundamentally artisanal. Ponche is a Cape Verdean cocktail which includes grogue, lime and molasses. Caipirinha, from the Portuguese caipira for hillbilly, is a cocktail popular throughout the former Portuguese colonies. Made with cachaça (white lightning), sugar and lime. Specifically with cachaça, the alcohol results from the fermentation of sugarcane juice that is afterwards distilled You can easily find international beers and other drinks, including some from Portugal. Local wine from Fogo: Chã (red, white, rosé), Saudade, Manecom Bottled water, most of the islanders drink desalinated water, for those who have a hard time adjusting to this bottled water is available. Please recycle. Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] There are plenty of hotels and guest houses throughout the archipelago. Though the largest hotels are based on the islands of Sal (Riu Funana and Garopa hotels--1000 rooms combined), and Boa Vista (Riu Touareg--881 rooms). In the last decade a number of private villa resorts have been developed across the Islands, most notably on Sal, however with the 2008 property crash now subsiding a number of new private villas, townhouses and apartments in luxury resort communities have come onto the holiday rental market with many of the new resorts now on islands other than Sal. Cape Verde Private Holiday Rental Villas Learn[ edit ] There are 10 universities including institutes in the country. The largest universities are: University of Cape Verde and Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde. Work[ edit ] The Cape Verdean economy is largely service-based, i.e., most Cape Verdeans work in industries, hospitals, transportation and tourism related activities. Stay safe[ edit ] Crime rates are relatively low. Be careful in lonely areas. Don't showcase jewelry, expesive watches etc. Mostly you are secure in an attendance of a local guide of your trust. The emergency number is 132. Stay healthy[ edit ] In the resorts, the tap water is usually desalinated and safe to drink. In other areas, bottled water is cheap and commonly available. Respect[ edit ] People are mostly polite and friendly. Senegaleses immigrants will try to sell you something. If you refuse, they will invent stories about the hardship of their families. It is your decision to buy something, but important to bargain. Contact[ edit ] The telephone system is effective and improving. There is mobile phone coverage in all cities and most towns. Check with your provider as to the roaming costs. Consider whether a local SIM-Card is benifical for you because of exorbitant roaming costs. The country also has Internet service provider. You will be friendly helped to prepaire you device for telephone and internet in the telephone shop. Perhaps helpful (in German): [20] Some hotels offer WLAN.	i don't know
Who was the star of wartime films One Exciting Night, Rhythm Serenade and We’ll Meet Again?	Nine Movie Stars Who Are Over 95 and Still Alive \| Cassava Films the list of 9 for May 10, 2013 Nine Movie Stars Who Are Over 95 and Still Alive Keyword(s): celebrities This is one of those lists I really can't put off writing, as time is of the essence - especially for these nine actors. While there are many more film and TV stars who are in the 95+ club right now, none are nearly as well-known as this crowd. Mostly, this list serves as a reminder of just how ancient these people are. You may even be surprised that some of them are still alive. From youngest to oldest: Joan Fontaine, 95. Ms. Fontaine, who will turn 96 this October, was a genuine A-lister for a while, starring in two Hitchcock classics (Suspicion - for which she won a Best Actress Oscar - and Rebecca) and many other 1940s prestige pictures, including Jane Eyre, The Constant Nymph, and Letter from an Unknown Woman. She moved on to TV in the '50s and '60s, and hasn't acted since 1994, but she's still with us. (Postscript: Fontaine died on December 15, 2013 at age 96.) Danielle Darrieux, 96. Originally I had cartoon voiceover artist June "Rocky the Flying Squirrel" Foray in this position. But Foray isn't really a movie star. Darrieux certainly is - in France, anyway, where her career has spanned eight decades. Fans of French cinema know her best as the leading lady in Max Ophüls' The Earrings of Madame de... (1953) and as part of the all-star ensemble in François Ozon's wacky mystery 8 Women (2002), but Darrieux even starred in several now-forgotten Hollywood pictures. Most recently, she voiced the grandmother in the 2007 animated art house hit Persepolis. Vera Lynn, 96. One of England's first major pop singers, Lynn is celebrated for her WWII anthem "We'll Meet Again". It was such a hit that Lynn got to star in three wartime feature films: Rhythm Serenade, One Exciting Night, and, naturally, We'll Meet Again. Those films may be forgotten, but Lynn and her signature hit are not. The song memorably concluded Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, and Lynn had a track dedicated to her in Pink Floyd's concept album The Wall. She hasn't recorded anything new since 1984, when she was 67, but her Best Of album actually reached #1 in the UK in 2009. Zsa Zsa Gabor, 96. Will we remember the notorious Hungarian-born actress/socialite for anything other than slapping a Beverly Hills cop in 1989, and being married nine times? Well, she did appear in John Huston's Moulin Rouge and Orson Welles' Touch of Evil, so that's something. (Actually, a good number of high-profile '50s films featured Gabor.) Though plagued by health problems in recent years, Zsa Zsa has taken a licking but somehow keeps on ticking. Kirk Douglas, 96. There is zero argument that Douglas, who turns 97 this December, is a bona fide superstar. Do I even need to bother listing some of his better-known films? I do not. Olivia de Havilland, 96. Joan Fontaine's older sister - boy, there's some longevity in those de Havilland genes, isn't there? - will hit 97 in July. For a time, she was even more famous than Kirk Douglas. Today, most will name Gone With the Wind as de Havilland's best-known work, but she's delivered extraordinary performances in loads of great films. My favorite is The Heiress (for which she won one of her two Best Actress Oscars) but also check out The Snake Pit, The Dark Mirror, and the cult favorite Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte. Eli Wallach, 97. Wallach routinely tops those "he's still alive?" lists, because he looks like he's been 97 years old forever. Where do we start with this veteran Method actor? Maybe 1956's Baby Doll? Then surely on to The Magnificent Seven and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Then a lot of junk after that, but a lot of recognizable film and TV titles too. Wallach's most recent credit is 2010's Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. (Postscript: Wallach died on June 24, 2014 at age 98.) Norman Lloyd, 98. Lloyd may not be a household name, but after first tasting stardom as the villain in Hitchcock's 1942 thriller Saboteur, he has, like Wallach, never stopped working. Lloyd appeared in the hit TV series Modern Family in 2010, and has some brand new indie film called A Place for Heroes in the can. He was also a big TV producer and director in the '60s and '70s, notably overseeing the original Alfred Hitchcock Presents, but he will probably be best remembered for starring in the classic '80s medical drama St. Elsewhere. Other big screen credits include Hitchcock's Spellbound, Chaplin's Limelight, Weir's Dead Poets Society, and Scorsese's Age of Innocence. Norman Lloyd is no slouch. Luise Rainer, 103. Yes, 103. Although these days, Rainer is mostly just an answer to trivia questions - who was the first actress to win back-to-back Oscars? Who's the oldest Oscar winner still alive? - being a double Oscar winner is still a pretty big deal. (She accomplished this feat for 1936's The Great Ziegfeld and 1937's The Good Earth.) The German-born, London-based Rainer's career peaked early, and she only performed sporadically after her second Academy Award, her final role being in the 1997 British film The Gambler. (A little-known film, but an impressive cast that included Michael Gambon, Polly Walker, and Dominic West.) She is, after Hong Kong film producer Run Run Shaw (105) and Portuguese director Manoel de Oliveira (104), Earth's oldest living celebrity. (Postscript: Rainer died on December 30, 2014 at age 104. Shaw died on January 7, 2014 at age 106. De Oliveira died on April 2, 2015 at age 106.)	Vera Lynn
Andrew Marr, Rosie Boycott and Simon Kelner have been editors of which daily newspaper?	We'll Meet Again (1943) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A young dancer trying to make it in London during World War II discovers that people like her singing voice, too. Although she's at first reluctant to sing, she finally does and becomes a ... See full summary » Director: a list of 374 titles created 22 Oct 2012 a list of 500 titles created 04 Jan 2015 a list of 124 titles created 08 Oct 2015 Title: We'll Meet Again (1943) 6.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Storyline A young dancer trying to make it in London during World War II discovers that people like her singing voice, too. Although she's at first reluctant to sing, she finally does and becomes a star. She hooks up with a young musician who composes classical music and turns his nose up at this vulgar "popular" music, but she believes he can be a success at it and sets out to turn him around. Written by [email protected] 18 January 1943 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Música en el aire See more » Filming Locations: Rather entertaining for what it is 29 April 2005 \| by mister_tmg (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews This was a film I had been wanting to see for ages, being a big fan of Dame Vera Lynn and it being one of three films she made. It was named after her most famous song, "We'll Meet Again", and filmed during the war in 1942 when the Forces Sweetheart was at the height of her popularity. I finally managed to see a copy on video loaned to me by a friend. A shame it isn't available on DVD, as it's a fascinating period piece. Naturally, it isn't the best or most groundbreaking movie in the world. But it does entertain you for the 86 minutes it's on. That's what I like in my movies: short and sweet! The plot is a simple tale of success in World War II-struck London for a young female dancer named Peggy Brown, who very surprisingly finds she has a lovely voice. She's meant to be reluctant to air it, but without any prompting, near the beginning of the film she decides to entertain a packed theatre during an air raid. And what a wonderful performance it is. It's great to see Vera singing one of her early classics, "Be Like The Kettle And Sing". From here, we soon find Peggy has a male friend who composes classical music, and in something of a cliché he turns his nose up at "that popular music rubbish". However in the space of a few minutes Peggy manages to persuade him it's not so bad after all, and he miraculously finds he is capable of composing popular music too! He writes a song which turns out to be quite good - but again his female companion is reluctant to be a singing star. Naturally she ends up singing on the record and quite by mistake it gets played by the BBC. Everyone loves her voice and soon she finds she is fronting a weekly radio series (art mirroring life, as we all know Vera did a radio series entitled 'Sincerely Yours' during the war years). In the middle of this there is a plot involving one of Peggy's old friends from school, a Scottish soldier who happens to be marrying one of her newer friends. A young boy Peggy knows (possibly her brother, though it is never made clear whether she is related to the people who live in her home!) is depressed at home so she takes him to this female friend of her's who lives in the country, he decides he likes it and stays there. Peggy manages to get the formerly engaged couple back together after they have apparently split up. The female friend has his baby while he is serving, but shortly after sending good wishes to the couple on the air, she hears he has been killed in action. Now this isn't a serious film in any way, so of course it turns out he's just been injured. And we presume they all live happily ever after, as the ending is pleasing (more of Vera singing) but doesn't tie up either of these main plots. Overall, I enjoyed this film. Regardless of it's artistic merits, it has a lot of use as a piece of history, as it captures very well the appeal of Dame Vera Lynn during World War II. Archive footage of her singing during the war is seldom seen, so in this film it is a joy to behold. There is some nice light comedy with the BBC boss's secretary, Miss Bohne, well played by Betty Jardine, who sadly died a few years after this film was made. The acting is competent from all involved. Hard to judge Vera's performance as she was simply playing herself! Anyway, the film naturally ends with Vera singing We'll Meet Again. You get what you pay for.! 5 of 5 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Bernard Lee who played M in eleven Bond films was the grandfather of which current British actor?	BFI Screenonline: Lee, Bernard (1908-1981) Biography , d. Basil Dearden, 1949), Superintendents (regularly in the Edgar Wallace Mysteries of the early '60s), Brigadiers, Colonels and the like, his fame coming to rest as 'M' in the first eleven Bond For some, though, the lasting image of Lee is as Sergeant Paine in The Third Man (d. Carol Reed, 1949), dogged and loyal, shot by Harry Lime to no purpose - or perhaps the troubled father in Whistle Down the Wind (d. Bryan Forbes, 1961). To pick one at odds with his usually benign persona, there is bullying Bert Connelly, beautifully exact, in The Angry Silence (d. Guy Green, 1960). It is just possible he gave a poor performance in his 80-plus films, but it is hard to think of one. He was grandfather of Jonny Lee Miller Brian McFarlane, Encyclopedia of British Film More information	Jonny Lee Miller
Named after the Californian who accidentally created it in 1871, what is a cross between a blackberry and a raspberry called?	Jonny Lee Miller Net Worth - Get Jonny Lee Miller Net Worth Jonny Lee Miller Net Worth Jonny Lee Miller Net Worth is$10 Million VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 4.9/5 (16 votes cast) VN:F [1.9.22_1171] Rating: 4.7/5 (11 votes cast) Profession: Actor Date of Birth: Nov 15, 1972 Nicknames: Jonathan Lee Miller, Jonathan "Jonny" Lee Miller Height: 1.8 m Ethnicity: English people Country: United Kingdom Jonny Lee Miller net worth: Jonny Lee Miller is a British actor with a net worth of $10 million dollars. Born in Kingston upon Thames, London, England, Jonny Lee Miller grew up in a family of actors, and left school early to pursue a career in performance. His first professional work was on the series, "EastEnders". He gained more widespread recognition for his work in the 1995 feature film, "Hackers" opposite Angelina Jolie, who he subsequently married. The two divorced in 1999. Since "Hackers", he has appeared in a wide range of television, film, and theater productions, receiving generally excellent reviews in everything, including the films "Trainspotting", "Mansfield Park", "Dracula 2000", and "Dark Shadows"; the television series or mini-series, "Dead Man's Walk", "Smith", "Eli Stone", "Emma", and "Dexter"; and the plays, "Festen", "After Miss Julie", and "Frankenstein" for which he received both The Evening Standard Theatre Award and the Olivier for Best Actor. He is currently starring in the new series, "Elementary" on CBS. Jonathan "Jonny" Lee Miller (born 15 November 1972) is an English actor. During the initial days he was best known for his roles in the 1995 film Hackers and the 1996 film Trainspotting. Miller worked steadily in film and theatre with less public notice until 2008, when he starred in two seasons of American TV series Eli Stone followed by lead roles in the Broadway play After Miss Julie and the BBC production of Emma. In 2010 he had a featured role on the Showtime series Dexter as the fifth season's chief antagonist Jordan Chase. In 2011 he starred, along with Benedict Cumberbatch, in the play Frankenstein at the National Theatre. Miller played Roger Collins in Tim Burton's film Dark Shadows, which opened 11 May 2012. Miller was born in Kingston upon Thames, London, England, the son of Anne Lee, who worked in theatre production and starred in many films (including Lost & Found), and Alan Miller, a stage actor and later a stage manager at the BBC. Miller's maternal grandfather was actor Bernard Lee, famous for playing the character M in the first eleven James Bond films. Miller has stated that he has fond memories of being at the Television Centre with his sister and watching Top of the Pops and Blue Peter being made. He made an uncredited appearance in the BBC TV series Doctor Who as a child in the 1982 story Kinda. Miller was educated at Tiffin School in Kingston upon Thames where he gained his first acting experience (notably in the musical October's Children) and played in the Tiffin Swing Band. Miller left school at age 17 to pursue his acting career. After a stint in EastEnders as Jonathan Hewitt, Miller got his big break in the film Hackers (1995), co-starring Angelina Jolie, whom he married in 1996. In 1997, Miller was involved with the creation and operation of Natural Nylon along with friends Jude Law (whom he met in the National Youth Music Theatre), Sadie Frost, Ewan McGregor, Sean Pertwee, Damon Bryant and Bradley Adams. Natural Nylon folded in 200 Jonny Lee Miller Net Worth, 4.9 out of 5 based on 16 ratings Jonny Lee Miller Latest News	i don't know
What is the name of the maid of Cio-Cio San in Puccini’s Madama Butterfly?	Madama Butterfly \| The Opera 101 The Opera 101 Fill out the fields below to contact us! Your name * Recordings About Madama Butterfly is Puccini at his most restrained. A single setting, a relatively simple plot, and a strongly drawn lead pair around whom the narrative spins. There are a fair number of smaller roles, but don’t worry about keeping track of them, especially all of Butterfly’s relatives - even Puccini unnamed some of them while revising the story. There is also very limited chorus action, so if you are familiar with other Puccini operas, such as Turandot , don’t go in expecting such spectacle, you may be disappointed. Madama Butterfly at the Royal Opera House That said, it’s a highly accessible and listenable opera, much more so than Turandot on the first go, and there are plenty of top draw tunes to be heard. Pick of the bunch, at least in fame terms, is “Un Bel Di Vedremo,” which means “One good day, we will see.” This gets wheeled out by many a soprano for recital purposes but in context, right at the start of Act II, it’s as sad as it is beautiful. The tenor’s music is somewhat less subtle and in fact rather potently blunt. The first big number of the evening is the absolutely thriling tune “Dovunque al mondo,” or “Throughout the world.” It is built on top of “The Star Spangled Banner”, which you should be able to pick out fairly easily in the clip below. The opening passage of Dovunque al mondo Other highlights include the endings of all three acts which comprise an extended love duet, a beautiful chorus, and an operatic staple, the suicide aria. Characters Cio-Cio San’s maid. Fiercely loyal to Butterfly and vastly more aware of the tragedy unfolding. The Bonze Bass Cio-Cio San’s Uncle. A small role only, he only briefly appears to chastise Cio-Cio San for abandoning her religion in converting to Pinkerton’s Christianity. Synopsis Act I - Running Time: 55 mins The curtain rises on Lieutenant Pinkerton and Goro inspecting the house that Pinkerton has leased in Nagasaki while he is stationed in Japan. Goro shows him around, there’s much fuss made over the sliding walls, and introduces him to the household staff including Suzuki, Butterfly’s maid. Sharpless, the US Consul, arrives, all out of breath from climbing the hill to the house. They discuss Pinkerton’s situation and the topic of Butterfly soon arises. Sharpless warns Pinkerton that Butterfly is taking the marriage very seriously but Pinkerton dismisses these concerns with a good whack of American bravura and whiskey (in the roistering good tune “Dovunque al mondo”). Despite his Butterfly infatuation, he is already thinking of his future American bride. The scene is set for our tragedy! Lando Bartolini sings "Dovunque al mondo" We hear Madam Butterfly for the first time. She is coming up the hill full of joy for her impending wedding. She arrives with her friends and approaches Pinkerton. In the ensuing dialogue we learn that Butterfly comes from a wealthy family but now makes a living working as a Geisha, which it should be pointed out doesn’t mean prostitute. Butterfly arrives, San Antonio Opera The relatives all arrive and amongst much wittering it becomes clear there is some serious friction. Pinkerton delivers yet more crass lines about how brief he is expecting the marriage to be, whilst Butterfly professes to her family how deeply she is in love. Just before the wedding Butterfly tells Pinkerton that she has converted to Christianity for him and shows him some of her most important possessions including a box whose contents she will not reveal. Goro tells him it contains the dagger that was sent to her father from the Mikado to commit seppuku (a rather nasty form of suicide that’s meant to maintain one’s honour). The wedding begins and ends rather efficiently and Sharpless, offering one final warning to Pinkerton about Butterfly’s love, leaves the party. The celebrations don’t last long before Butterfly’s uncle, the Bonze, storms in and starts hurling insults. He has learned of her conversion and curses her for it. Pinkerton tries to protect her and in the process all the rest of the relatives turn on her, leaving with few good words said. We now move into epic love duet mode with “Bimba, Bimba, non piangere” which takes us all the way to the interval. Pinkerton consoles Butterfly and the two get entirely mushy for several minutes. He describes her as a butterfly and she worries because she has heard they pin butterfly’s wings to tables in the West. He dispels her fears and the Act closes as they leave to consummate their marriage... Catherine Malfitano & Richard Leech sing the love duet Act II - Running Time: 50 mins 3 Years have passed and Pinkerton is long gone. Butterfly is running desperately short of money and believing Pinkerton will return, as he said he would, refuses to marry again. She sings the very famous “Un Bel Di Vedremo”, her dream of how Pinkerton will return. Renata Tebaldi as Butterfly Sharpless and Goro arrive. Sharpless wishes to read Butterfly a letter from Pinkerton but has no luck, as Goro is in the process of urging her to marry Prince Yamadori, a very wealthy man with multiple wives. Butterfly quickly rejects him. She is still married she says, under American law if not Japanese. Offended, Yamadori and Goro leave. Sharpless returns to the letter, in which Pinkerton tries to prepare Butterfly for his return including the fact that he has remarried. Butterfly gets overexcited at the idea of his return and Sharpless tries to convince her of the reality of the situation in as gentle a manner as possible. She gets upset and brings out her blond-haired, blue-eyed son. Ana María Martínez as Butterfly, Houston Grand Opera This comes as a bit of a shock to Sharpless, and he asks if Pinkerton knows of his son. He doesn’t, Butterfly says, and she want to send him a letter. Sharpless, dejected, promises to do so, and leaves. Susuki appears dragging Goro, who has been hiding. Goro shouts abuse at Butterfly, calling her son a bastard (in the old-fashioned sense of the word). She almost stabs Goro with her dagger but he flees. A cannon shot is heard. A ship has entered the harbour. Butterfly looks down and sees it is the Abraham Lincoln, Pinkerton’s ship. Cue a lot of flower throwing and general preparation for his arrival. Suzuki, Butterfly and her son settle down for a long night waiting, accompanied by the beautiful Coro a bocca chiusa, or “Humming Chorus”. The Humming Chorus, Orchestra and Chorus of La Scala, 1955, conducted by Herbert von Karajan Act III - Running Time: 35 mins The night has passed and Suzuki and the child are asleep. Butterfly remains awake, waiting in silence. In the background sailors are heard and the sun finally rises. Butterfly puts her son to bed and falls asleep herself. Kate Pinkerton arrives, Cincinnati Opera Pinkerton and Sharpless arrive with Kate, Pinkerton’s American wife. Suzuki meets them and upon seeing Pinkerton’s new wife in the garden, she collapses in shock. Pinkerton is his usual insensitive self, but Sharpless tells Suzuki that whilst they can do nothing for Butterfly, Kate would like to adopt the child. Suzuki goes to speak with Kate and Pinkerton selfishly sings of his own distress, admitting he is too much of a coward to face Butterfly. He flees, but Kate stays to reassure Suzuki that she will care for the child as her own. Butterfly awakens and calls for Suzuki. She sees her maid crying and asks why, but then notices Sharpless and the mystery woman in the garden. She realises Pinkerton is not coming back. She agrees to hand over the child if and only if Pinkerton returns in half an hour to pick him up himself. Butterfly sends Suzuki away, prays and prepares to take her own life with her father’s blade. Her son enters and Butterfly now more composed hugs him close and tells him not to be sad at his mother abandoning him. She blindfolds him and gives him a little American flag to wave as his father returns. She takes the knife and stabs herself. As she falls dead the cries of Pinkerton are heard offstage... Butterfly! Butterfly!	Suzuki
Which artist’s final works in the early 1950s were gouaches découpées or paper cut-outs such as “La Négresse” and “he Blue Nudes”?	Giacomo Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" ~ A History of Notes Giacomo Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" is a tragic tale which is told in the popular opera style called verismo. The Italian word for realism, verismo was very popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s. Puccini was a master of this style, telling true and gritty stories which often culminated in a violent ending. The Italian composer's heroines are instantly recognizable with their strength and fragility, and in his opera "Madama Butterfly", his heroine is Cio-Cio-San, a young geisha. As a young composer Puccini was overshadowed by his compatriot Giuseppe Verdi. Yet Verdi was also the man who inspired Puccini into the genre of opera. As a teenager Puccini saw Verdi's Aida, and at the age of 35 came Puccini's first major success, Manon Lescaut. Puccini was a wonderful melodist, and has crafted many memorable arias which have melodies which bend and move with grace. His arias often begin in the upper register and work their way downward, with flexibility and suppleness. Yet Puccini did more than just brilliant arias, his orchestral work created atmospheres with a variety of colors. He often employed the violinata technique, which was an orchestral doubling of the vocal line. Puccini's love for exoticism is notable in the choice of settings and subject matter of his operas. Turandot, Madama Butterfly, and Girl of the Golden West all show his fascination with exotic lands and foreign cultures. In total, Giacomo Puccini wrote 12 operas including Madama Butterfly, La Bohème, and Tosca. The plot of Puccini's Madama Butterfly is based off a play by David Belasco. The tragic story follows a Japanese geisha named Cio-Cio-San (also called Butterfly) who marries an American naval officer named Pinkerton, only to be abandoned by him. She waits for him faithfully and Pinkerton returns three years later, yet he has an American wife. When Pinkerton arrives, he wants to take his boy he had with Butterfly back to America. Butterfly's humiliation is too much to bear, and as she attempts to commit suicide her boy is pushed into the room to distract and stop her. Butterfly bids a farewell to her son and sends him off to play. As she stabs herself, Pinkerton's voice is heard far off in the distance calling Butterfly's name. Aria: "Un bel dì vedremo Probably the most famous part of Madama Butterfly is Cio-Cio-San's aria, "Un bel dì vedremo". It is sung by Butterfly in response to Suzuki's (her housekeeper and friend) doubts that Pinkerton will never return to Japan. The formal structure of the aria is ABAC, starting with a calm A section which is in G flat major. The homophonic texture (single melodic line accompanied by harmony) starts in a languid and beautiful fashion. It begins high and slowly works its way down, employing the violinata technique. The A section has a very rubato feel because of the continual changes of tempo. Section B changes the time signature to 2/4 from A's 3/4, and it's marked with the Italian words, con semplicità, which means, "with simplicity". A recitativo parlando style is achieved by fast-repeating notes which are sustained by orchestral chords. The A section returns and is marked this time with con forza, which translates to "with strength". This time there's the same melodic contour heard at the beginning of the aria, but now delivered with an almost parlando effect of the B section. In the C section the broad recitative style is maintained as the melody rises and builds in pitch and volume. It builds all the way to a climactic high B flat on the words, "await him". Then we hear the principal theme by the orchestra one last time. Maria Callas's rendition of "Un bel dì vedremo" is my favorite on Youtube, and many consider her the best performer of many arias. Her performance carries all of the emotion and beauty which Puccini surely wanted to depict with his brilliant opera, Madama Butterfly. Hello my name is Ashot and I’m the owner of the blog http://fonotipiarecords.blogspot.com I have a request – Can we exchange links our sites by addiding in the links’ section. All the best	i don't know
What is the length, in metres, of the course in all Olympic Rowing races?	Olympic Rowing Rules, Scoring & Criteria By George Sayour Updated August 31, 2015. On the surface, Olympic Rowing , seems to be a set of events that is simple to understand. Most would assume that a team (crew) of athletes paddle (row) a boat (shell) in a race and the first one to cross the finish line wins. To boil Olympic Rowing down to that simple formula would be to do one of the oldest sports a grave injustice. There are so many different facets to this sport that further investigation reveals the difference between each event is actually rather confusing. Olympic Rowing Rules All Olympic Rowing races are 2000 meters long. This is roughly equivalent to 1.25 miles. There are 6 lanes that are marked with buoys every 500 meters. Contrary to conventional thought, the boats in a rowing competition can change lanes as long as they do not interfere with other crews. The boats are held and aligned at the start of the race to prevent a false start. Crews are allowed 1 false start each while 2 false starts for a single crew warrants a disqualification. continue reading below our video Understanding Baseball Although rare, a race can be restarted if an equipment failure occurs at the outset of the race. Depending on the number of teams in an event, boats compete in a number of different heats. Winners advance to the semi-finals. While the losers of the first round of heats do race again for a seat in the semi-finals. The gold, silver, and bronze medals are awarded to the top three finishing crews of the 6 boat final race. Olympic Rowing Event Criteria To say that the terminology to refer to the Olympic Rowing Events can be confusing is an understatement. This is primarily due to the multiple ways that each event can be phrased yet mean the same thing. Basically, each event name contains 5 parts that tells you about how the shells (boats) are paddled. The Number of People in the Shell: The first thing to look for in each event name is the number of people actually rowing the boat. It may say “double” or it may say “pair” but in either case it means 2 people in the boat. The Difference Between Sculling and Sweep Events: Secondly, each title tells you how the boat is being paddled. In a “Scull,” each oarsman has an oar in each hand . If the word “Scull” is not in the name, then each person only uses 1 oar, which is known as a “Sweep” event. Coxswain or Coxless: The third thing to look for is the word “coxswain” or “cox.” A coxswain is in the boat directing the rowers and steering the boat. So “Eight with Coxswain” means there are actually 9 people in the boat, eight with paddles and a separate person steering the boat and coaching the crew. Men or Women: The last part of the event name tells us whether it is men or women rowing the boat. Weight Classification: Lightweight signifies that male rowers must be under 72.5 kg (159 lbs) while the crew average must be 70 kg or less. Lightweight for female rowers means that no rower can be over 59 kg (130 lb) and the average of the crew must be 57 kg or less. There is yet another way to distinguish what type of race is being contested through its name. You will notice that each race is distinguished with a number and a symbol in parenthesis such as (2x) or (4-). Very simply, the number refers to how many people are rowing the boat and the symbol tells you what type of race it is: “x”: A “Scull” Race. Each rower has two oars. "-": A “Sweep” race without coxswain (coxless). Each rower has 1 oar. “+”: A “Sweep” race with coxswain. Each rower has 1 oar and there is an extra person to steer and direct the boat and the rowers.	two thousand
Which King supposedly died due to eating a surfeit of lampreys?	Race by Race Report Group B Finals - worldrowing.com Race by Race Report Group B Finals 07 December 2011 Romania is the new champion in the men's eight and Australia in the women's in one of several thrilling results in Group B finals at the FISA World Rowing Championships in Lucerne, Switzerland today. SHARE Romania is the new champion in the men's eight and Australia in the women's in one of several thrilling results in Group B finals at the FISA World Rowing Championships in Lucerne, Switzerland today. Full results details are available in the Race Tracker with more news, photos and reactions tonight and in the coming days. The Rostee turned on the hottest day of the championships, as crews sweltered in temperatures of more than 30 degrees but the water remained as still as it had all week. Lightweight women's coxless pair: A fast sprint in the final 500 metres finally gave Great Britain's Sarah Birch and Jo Nitsch the edge they needed to take the lead from Susanne Walther and Michelle Whitcomb Borkhuis of USA. The British crew had sat around a canvas behind for the first 1500 metres with Argentina's Patricia Conte also up with the pace. USA finished second a length behind Great Britain. Argentina held off a late sprint from Jill Lancaster and Georgina Simpson of Zimbabwe to take bronze. Lightweight men's coxless pair:Gearoid Towey and Tony O'Connor of Ireland continued their country's success in the lightweight small boats with a hard-fought win over Simon Kolkman and Robert Van der Vooren of Netherlands. Though the Irish duo led throughout the race, the Netherlands were right beside them, just a few centimetres back. The Irish has a better sprint and finished more than half a length ahead, with the Dutch coming in second. A battle for bronze was taking place a further half length back. First half leaders Massimo Guglielmi and Giuseppe Del Gaudio of Italy took the medal over Peter Haining and Nick Strange of Great Britain. Lightweight women's quadruple sculls: Australia bettered their own world best time today as they took gold. They attacked the race from the start, leading all the way to finish first by a length. In second throughout the race, USA followed through with silver with the Netherlands finishing strongly to take bronze. Lightweight men's quadruple sculls: It was Italy that controlled the race from start to finish in the lightweight men's quad. Their early work paid off as they slowed in the final few hundred metres and they were able to win by a length. Greece used a strong third 500 metre push to work itself into second and held on for silver. 2000 world champions Japan held of Spain by 0.44 seconds to take bronze. Men's coxed four: A fantastic last-minute sprint took France from fourth place to first to grab gold. Less than 1.8 seconds separated the fisrt four boats as they went though the 500 metre mark where France made their move. They picked off Italy, Great Britain and early leaders Croatia to move through the field. Italy was able to hold onto second, a length over Great Britain who took bronze 0.17 seconds ahead of Croatia. Lightweight women's double sculls: Olympic silver medallist Claudia Blasberg and new partner in 2001 Janet Radnuzel took hold of the race from the first few strokes and finished more than a length ahead of Poland's Katarzyna Demianiuk and Ilona Mokronowska. Poland was comfortably in second for silver with the real race the one for bronze. Canada's Gen Meredith and Fiona Milne and Romania's Monica Stan and Irina Acsinte were level at the 500 metres but Romania was able to power away to take third. Lightweight men's double sculls:Leonardo Pettinari and Elia Luini held off Olympic champions and race favourites Tomacz Kucharski and Robert Sycz of Poland to take gold. They led for the entire race but were only a canvas ahead of Kucharski and Sycz as they headed into the final sprint. The Italians had done enough though and finished a length ahead of the slowing Polish crew. France's Fabrice Moreau and Thibaud Chapelle came from last to pip Germany for the bronze by just 0.03 seconds. Lightweight men's coxless four: Austria rowed through World Cup champions Denmark to take gold. They had sat just behind them for the first half of the race but made their move in the third 500 and edged ahead. Once there, they were determined to stay in front and held on to win by a half a length. Olympic champions France had been battling Italy for the bronze spot but had more in the second half and took it by a length. Women's quadruple sculls: Olympic champions Germany have taken gold in an authoritative display but they were made to work for their win. They got out in front early but the battle for the places between New Zealand, Australia and USA kept the pace high just behind them. USA and Australia swapped second early on, with New Zealand in third. But the New Zealanders moved ahead in the third 500. They increased the gap over the rest of the field and finished clearly in silver, a length behind Germany and just over a length ahead of bronze medallists USA. Men's quadruple sculls: And Germany made it a double in the quads, taking gold in the men's event. The former world champions sat in a four crew lineup for the first half of the race but by the 1500 metre mark were clearly in front. The Netherlands and Italy tried to come back at them in a thrilling race to the line. Both sprinted through in the final 1000 metres but the race was Germany's by three-quarters of a length. The Dutch were awarded silver in a photo finish. Italy was third 0.22 seconds behind. Early leaders Ukraine were fourth. Women's eight: Australia shot out to an early lead to take the women's eight. In the third 500 metres they were almost a length ahead as USA, Romania and Germany jostled for the next places. In the final few hundred metres Romania sprinted through, taking back Australia's lead to just two seats. But the early work had paid off and the Australians were safe. Romania took second just 0.36 seconds over Germany. Men's eight: Romania separated itself from a very tight field to take gold. They got their nose in front early on and were able to increase their lead as the rest of the field lined up behind them. The main races were between USA, Croatia and Germany with Croatia just in second for most of the course. As in the women's eight, the leaders had their margin of victory sliced away in the final sprint but were quarter of a length ahead at the finish. Croatia was the clear silver while Germany took bronze. Olympic champions Great Britain finished a surprise fifth.	i don't know
Which word completes the title of the second book in this trilogy: Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades ____ and Fifty Shades Freed?	Fifty Shades Freed (book) \| Fifty Shades Of Grey Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Fifty Shades Freed (book) Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final book in the Fifty Shades trilogy. Official Book Summary When unworldly student, Anastasia Steele first encountered the driven and dazzling young entrepreneur Christian Grey it sparked a sensual affair that changed both of their lives irrevocably. Shocked, intrigued, and, ultimately, repelled by Christian’s singular erotic tastes, Ana demands a deeper commitment. Determined to keep her, Christian agrees. Now, Ana and Christian have it all—love, passion, intimacy, wealth, and a world of possibilities for their future. But Ana knows that loving his Fifty Shades will not be easy, and that being together will pose challenges that neither of them would anticipate. Ana must somehow learn to share Christian’s opulent lifestyle without sacrificing her own identity. And Christian must overcome his compulsion to control as he wrestles with the demons of a tormented past. Just when it seems that their strength together will eclipse any obstacle, misfortune, malice, fate, and a sex addiction conspire to make Ana’s deepest fears turn to reality. Ana, you better watch out! Plot Ana and Christian get married and go on a honeymoon in Europe. When they return to Seattle, Christian's purchase of SIP goes through, and he tells Ana that he wants her to eventually run the business. When Christian is out of town on a business trip, Ana sneaks out to have drinks with Kate. Jack attempts to break into Escala with the intention of kidnapping and assaulting Ana. The security team catches Jack and had him arrested, but Christian is furious with Ana. Ana tells Christian that he is too overprotective and controlling, but she nonetheless tries to understand why he feels the need to protect her. To grant her more freedom, Christian surprises Ana by inviting Kate, Elliot, Mia, and Ethan to all go on vacation in Aspen, Colorado. Elliot proposes to Kate at a restaurant in front of all their friends and she joyously accepts. Ana and Kate are thrilled that they will now be sisters-in-law. Ray is badly injured in a car accident with a drunk driver, but manages to make a full recovery. Ana learns that she is pregnant because her birth control shot ran out early and she missed four appointments with Dr. Greene. When she tells Christian, he becomes angry, accuses her getting pregnant on purpose, and walks out on her. He tries to find Dr. Flynn, but instead finds himself at Elena's salon. He later comes home drunk. His reaction towards the pregnancy and comments about his inability to deal with it speculates that he wants her to have an abortion, something Ana refuses to consider. Scared and confused, Ana worries that their marriage is on the rocks. Jack Hyde is bailed out of prison by an unknown party (later revealed to be Elena's ex-husband, Mr. Lincoln). Jack and his accomplice (revealed to be Elizabeth Morgan) drug and kidnap Mia and hold her for a $5 million dollar ransom. Jack calls Ana to bring the ransom and not to tell anyone about it, otherwise he would kill Mia. While at the bank, Christian calls to talk to Ana and she is forced to tell him that she is leaving him and that she will raise their baby alone, leaving Christian distraught but he relents to letting her go (not realizing what is really going on). Ana realises she isn't able to outwit Jack and saves Mia's life, but is hurt in the process. Later, Ana discovers that Jack wanted revenge against Christian for taking SIP away from him. Elizabeth eventually feels guilty for her part in Jack's crimes and willingly testifies against him to the police. At the hospital, Christian is upset with Ana for endangering both her and their baby's life, but apologizes for walking out on her. Most of Ana's family and friends are upset with her recklessness because she has the baby to worry about. Christian finally opens up to Ana about his childhood in Detroit and his relationship with Elena. With Christian finally opening up to her and promising to do his best to be a good father, Ana's worries about their marriage are put to rest. In the Epilogue, Anastasia and Christian have a son named Theodore and are expecting their second child, a daughter they plan to name Phoebe. Kate and Elliot marry and have a daughter named Ava. It is implied that Mia and Ethan are a couple, as they are seen "holding hands". The book ends with Ana and Christian preparing to gather with their family and friends to celebrate their son's second birthday. Bonus material In the bonus material, there are several scenes written from Christian 's perspective. Two are set during his childhood. We also see the events of the first chapters of Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Darker from his perspective.	Darker (album)
Which character was played by Arthur Bostrom in the TV sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!?	50 Shades of Grey - What to Know about Anastasia Steele, Christian Grey Pinterest Does the name Anastasia Steele mean anything to you? If not, ask your girlfriends. “Ana” is the heroine in Fifty Shades of Grey, an erotic novel in what started as fan fiction by British writer E.L. James and that’s become a huge (if not covert) hit among American women – many of whom find out about the blush-worthy book from each other. Largely sold as an e-book, the title has garnered a massive following without even being widely available in stores. Currently No. 1 on The New York Times digital bestseller list – along with the rest of trilogy, at No. 2 and No. 3 – the book will be released in hard copy form in the U.S. in early April. Still, it’s easy to speculate why it’s best enjoyed in the more furtive form of a tablet or e-reader. (Yes, it’s that X-rated.) So where did this 528-page sensation come from? Why is it such a hit? Read on for the answers to those questions and more. 1. What is fan fiction? Fan fiction is a genre in which fans of an original work (in this case, reportedly the Twilight series), take characters from that work and spin them off into a new story. Fan fiction novels are rarely published, though some attract a bevy of cult-like followers. So it makes sense that Shades has its roots in an already loyal audience: Ana is said to be a re-imagined Bella, while her man Christian Grey is a revamped Edward (though no vampires are involved in this series, nor anything supernatural). But make no mistake: The series is definitely not Y.A. material or intended for kids in any way! 2. Just how popular is this book? The first book of the series catapulted it to the No. 1 spot on The New York Times e-book fiction best-seller list for the week ending March 3 (Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed are the second and third in the series). The first book also shot to No. 3 on Amazon’s best-seller list. According to the Times , the title that was first released by a small publisher in Australia has been acquired for a pretty penny in the States: Vintage Books won a bidding war for the rights to the trilogy, shelling out seven figures for it. 3. So what’s it about? In brief (and in PG language), Shades of Grey is about an innocent college student, Anastasia Steele, and Christian Grey, an older man (and mega-millionaire) who quickly falls for her. But Christian has a taste for sexual deviance and only engages in dominant-submissive relationships with women. Despite her inexperience, Ana decides to give things a try with the mysterious businessman, and falls hard for him in the process. The book “is pornography, plain and simple,” writes Frank Santo in New York’s Daily News . “It is a kind of pornography that attracts only women, and thus far it is selling off the charts.” Predictably, the book has attracted a range of reactions, from the obsessed to the conflicted, to the opposed. “What I found fascinating is that there are all these super-motivated, smart, educated women saying this was like the greatest thing they’ve ever read,” Meg Lazarus, a 38-year-old former lawyer told The New York Times. “I don’t get it. There’s a lot of violence, and this guy is abhorrent sometimes.” Adds Santo, “For me, being a straight, white male of rather vanilla sexual inclinations, the experience of reading 50 Shades of Grey on the subway was enough to make me feel like a complete psychopath.” 4. Will it become a movie? Obviously, any mainstream, big-screen version of Shades will have to be heavily watered down, lest it be slapped with an NC-17 rating. But that hasn’t stopped the movie studios from salivating over the Twilight or Hunger Games-like franchise potential. “Over the last few days, top executives from Warner Bros., Sony Pictures, Fox 2000, Universal and Paramount have – or will – deliver presentations, some of them highly elaborate, to convince author James … that they are the best candidates to transform the popular material into a movie,” reports the Los Angeles Times . “The studios think the racy material can be turned into a movie a la 9½ Weeks,” the1986, almost-too-hot-to-handle Mickey Rourke-Kim Basinger film that slowly grew into a home-video and international phenomenon. Others argue that this novel is actually a “female empowerment story” in which a young woman is awakened sexually by the unconventional methods of her older, controlling lover. 5. Who is E. L. James? The author behind all the hoopla is a West London-based TV executive, wife and mother of two. All of this attention “has taken me totally by surprise,” she Tweeted March 14 . Added the author in a statement released by her publisher: “I’ve heard from so many readers trying to find these books in their local bookshops and libraries. It is gratifying to know that they will soon become widely available in the U.S. and around the world.” According to her website, having this sort of literary success has been a longtime aspiration: “Since early childhood she dreamed of writing stories that readers would fall in love with.” Oh my, Ms. James. Mission accomplished. Show Full Article	i don't know
Hastings Banda was the first President of which country (from 1966 to 1994)?	Hastings Kamuzu Banda \| president of Malawi \| Britannica.com Hastings Kamuzu Banda Ho Chi Minh Hastings Kamuzu Banda, (born c. 1898, near Kasungu , British Central Africa Protectorate [now Malawi]—died Nov. 25, 1997, Johannesburg , S.Af.), first president of Malawi (formerly Nyasaland) and the principal leader of the Malawi nationalist movement. He governed Malawi from 1963 to 1994, combining totalitarian political controls with conservative economic policies. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, 1960. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Banda’s birthday was officially given as May 14, 1906, but he was believed to have been born before the turn of the century. He was the son of subsistence farmers and received his earliest education in a mission school. After working in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa , in 1925 he went to the United States , where he received a B.A. (1931) and a medical degree (1937) at the University of Chicago and Meharry Medical College in Tennessee , respectively. In order to achieve the qualifications needed to practice in the British Empire , Banda then continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh (1941) and subsequently practiced in northern England and London from 1945 to 1953. Banda first became involved in his homeland’s politics in the late 1940s, when white settlers in the region demanded the federation of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland. Banda and others in Nyasaland strongly objected to this extension of white dominance, but the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was nevertheless established in 1953. In 1953–58 Banda practiced medicine in Ghana, but from 1956 he was under increasing pressure from Nyasa nationalists to return; he finally did so, to a tumultuous welcome, in 1958. As president of the Nyasaland African Congress, he toured the country making antifederation speeches, and the colonial government held him partly responsible for increasing African resentment and disturbances. In March 1959 a state of emergency was declared, and he was imprisoned by the British colonial authorities. He was released in April 1960, and a few months later he accepted British constitutional proposals granting Africans in Nyasaland a majority in the Legislative Council. Banda’s party won the general elections held in August 1961. He served as minister of natural resources and local government in 1961–63, and he became prime minister in 1963, the year the federation was finally dissolved. He retained the post of prime minister when Nyasaland achieved independence in 1964 under the name of Malawi. Shortly after independence, some members of Banda’s governing cabinet resigned in protest against his autocratic methods and his accommodation with South Africa and the Portuguese colonies. In 1965 a rebellion broke out—led by Henry Chipembere, one of these former ministers—but it failed to take hold in the countryside. Malawi became a republic in 1966, with Banda as president. He headed an austere , autocratic one-party regime, maintained firm control over all aspects of the government, and jailed or executed his opponents. He was declared president for life in 1971. Banda concentrated on building up his country’s infrastructure and increasing agricultural productivity. He established friendly trading relations with minority-ruled South Africa (to the disappointment of other African leaders) as well as with other countries in the region through which landlocked Malawi’s overseas trade had to pass. His foreign-policy orientation was decidedly pro-Western. Britannica Stories	Malawi
The island of Jura is separated from the mainland by the _____ of Jura and from the island of Islay by the _____ of Islay. Which word for a strait is missing from these descriptions?	H. K. Banda Archive: Collection and Scope (African Studies) \| Indiana University Libraries H. K. Banda Archive: Collection and Scope (African Studies) Abstract: This collection consists of the papers of Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda (ca. 1900-1997), former Life President of Malawi, and those of his official biographer, Dr. Donald A. Brody, dating mostly from the 1950s to the 1990s. It includes published and unpublished correspondence, speeches, manuscripts, diaries, and extensive background information about Southern and Central Africa, including Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. There are also some mixed media items in the collection, including videos, audio cassettes, photographs, and fabrics. Extent: Approximately 4500 items (excluding photographs and ephemera) in 25 boxes. Administrative Information and Access: Access restrictions: Open for research. Usage restrictions: The collection is non-circulating and must be used in the University Archives (Wells Library, 4th floor), which is open Monday-Friday (8am-5pm). Prior arrangements are not necessary although advance notice is appreciated and will expedite retrieval from our secure storage facility. Please contact the Librarian for African Studies for additional information. Acquisition information: Gift, 2005. Preferred Citation: H. K. Banda Archive, African Studies Collection, Herman B Wells Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Biographical Note: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda was the first president of the Republic of Malawi, ruling the African nation from independence in 1964 until 1994. He played a crucial role in the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi) and was a major political player in Africa from the middle of the 20th century until he retired from politics in the 1990s. Born in Malawi near the turn of the century (most researchers have thought that Dr. Banda was born circa 1905, but interviews conducted by Donald Brody with relatives indicate that he was born ca. 1900; no record of his birth has been found), he moved to South Africa in his teens to work as a laborer. From there he went to the U.S. to attend school, graduating from high school from Wilberforce Academy in Ohio in 1925. He briefly attended Indiana University, followed by the University of Chicago. He studied medicine and became a doctor, working in Britain and Ghana before becoming active in politics and returning to Malawi. He was imprisoned in Gwelo Prison by the colonial government, where he began work on his autobiography. Following his release from Gwelo Prison in 1960, he was involved in negotiations that would bring about independence for Nyasaland. During the country’s first elections in 1961, Banda was elected Minister of Land, Natural Resources and Local Government and later, in 1963, he became Prime Minister of Nyasaland. In July 1964, the British Secretary of State for African Affairs agreed to end the Federation, and Nyasaland became the independent Commonwealth of Malawi. Following a cabinet crisis, Banda emerged as the first President of Malawi in 1966. During that time, his party—the Malawi Congress Party (MCP)—was declared to be the only legal party. Later, in 1970, an MCP congress declared Banda its president for life, which was confirmed by the legislature in 1971. This was to be the beginning of an authoritarian government which lasted until 1993, when Banda’s one-party state was dismantled by a referendum and a special assembly stripped him of his title of President for Life. He was defeated by Bakili Muluzi in a democratic election in 1994. He died in 1997. For more detailed information on Hastings Kamuzu Banda’s biography and political legacy, as well as further reading, please go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda or consult Indiana University Libraries' online catalog (IUCAT) . Donald A. Brody lived and worked in Malawi for several years. He was chosen by Dr. Banda as his official biographer and collected the materials in this archive for that purpose. He served as an Honorary Consul Officer for the United States in Malawi for several years and kept in close contact with Dr. Banda, Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira (Banda’s Official Government Hostess), and other important figures in southern African politics. Donald Brody and his wife, Paula, currently reside in New Albany, Indiana. His correspondents included, among others, Cecilia T. Kadzamira, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Colin Baker, Kanyama Chiume, Kenneth Kaunda, Gwanda Chakuamba, and Kwame Nkrumah. Arrangement of the Collection: With the exception of correspondence (alphabetical by correspondent) and the published materials (alphabetical by title or author), the materials are organized chronologically. The collection is divided into the following series: Correspondence Chitukuko Cha Amai m'Malawi (CCAM) Oversized Materials Banda, H. Kamuzu (Hastings Kamuzu), d. 1997 Banda, H. Kamuzu (Hastings Kamuzu), 1905- Malawi--History Rhodesia and Nyasaland--Foreign relations--Great Britain Today's Hours:	i don't know
An icosahedron has how many faces?	How many faces does an icosahedron have? \| Reference.com How many faces does an icosahedron have? A: Quick Answer An icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with 20 faces, all of which are equilateral triangles. An icosahedron has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Five equilateral triangles meet at each vertex. Full Answer An icosahedron is an example of a Platonic solid, which is a polyhedron that is regular, convex, made of congruent faces of regular polygons, and has the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. Only five known shapes meet this criteria. The other Platonic solids include the tetrahedron with four triangular faces, the cube, or hexahedron, with six square faces, the octahedron with eight triangular faces and the dodecahedron with twelve pentagonal faces.	20
Which Formula One driver won the 2014 British Grand Prix?	The Dodecahedron The dodecahedron has 30 edges, 20 vertices and 12 faces. Dodeca is a prefix meaning “twelve.” The dodecahedron is the only polyhedron I know of which is composed entirely of pentagons. Buckminster Fuller describes what he calls a '6 pentagonal tensegrity sphere' in Synergetics I, 726.01, and which is shown at Marvin Solit's website at www.fnd.org/geo.htm, but I don't believe that structure can be built without tensegrity struts and tension wires. Figure 1 The dodecahedron is pentagonal both inside and out, as can be seen from Figure 1. Like the icosahedron, it has many golden section relationships, which we shall see. The dodecahedron is even more versatile then the icosahedron. The icosahedron contains and geometry, but the dodecahedron contains , Figure 2 Cube and tetrahedron in dodecahedron. Cube in gray, tetrahedron in green This view of the dodecahedron is significant in that it shows the 2 dimensional shadow of the decagon. The decagon itself is based upon the pentagon, the building block of the dodecahedron. See Pentagon and Decagon for more information. Figure 2A -- Another view of tetrahedron (green) inside cube (blue) inside dodecahedron (orange) Figures 2 and 2A show how a cube and a tetrahedron can be placed inside a dodecahedron. These placements are 'nice' meaning that the vertices of the placed-in solids are all vertices of the dodecahedron. The cube, octahedron and tetrahedron are all based on root 2 and root 3 geometry: The relationship of the side of the cube to the radius of its enclosing sphere is r = sqrt(3) / 2. For the tetrahedron, The dodecahedron is capable of elegantly sustaining these and relationships, along with its own many relationships. Figure 3 -- octahedron inside tetrahedron Notice that the octahedron fits precisely on the bisected sides of the tetrahedron. The icosahedron cannot contain any of the other 5 solids 'nicely' on its vertices. The icosehedron and the dodecahedron are 'duals' (as are the cube and the octahedron). By 'dual' is meant that if you put a vertex in the middle of all of the faces and connect the lines, you get the dual. By placing a vertex at the middle of all the faces of the dodecahedron you get an icosahedron, and vice-versa. Figure 4 shows the dual nature of the icosahedron and dodecahedron. Figure 4 Duals ---- dodecahedron inside icosahedron Notice that to create the dodecahedron, all we did was draw lines from each vertex of the icosahedron to every other vertex. The vertices of the dodecahedron are at the intersection points. We could just as easily have found the vertices of the dodecahedron by drawing lines on every triangular face of the icosahedron. Where those lines intersect is the center of the face, and a vertex of the dodecahedron. That occurs because the dodecahedron has 12 faces and the icosahedron has 12 vertices. Now for the standard analysis: What is the volume of the dodecahedron? We will use the pyramid method. There are 12 pentagonal pyramids, 1 for each face, each pyramid beginning at O, the centroid. See Figure 1 and Figure 5. The volume of any n-sided pyramid is 1/3 * area of base * pyramid height. First we need to get the area of the base, which is the area of each pentagonal face: Figure 5 One pyramid on face BCHLG The area of the pentagon is the area of the 5 triangles which compose it. From Area of Pentagon we know This is approximately 1.720477401 . Now we need to find the height of the pyramid, OU. To do that, we need to find the distance from O to a vertex, lets say, OH. This distance will be the hypotenuse of the right triangle OUH. Since we already know UH, we can then get OU from the good ol’ Pythagorean Theorem. Imagine a sphere surrounding the dodecahedron and touching all of its vertices. OH is just the radius of the enclosing sphere. If you look at Figure 6, HOZ = GON = diameter. There is a line through HOZ to show the diameter. Figure 6 Now look at the rectangle MIFK. The diagonal of it, MF, is also a diameter (MF = HZ). Notice that the long sides of the rectangle, MK, and IF, are diagonals of the two large pentagons ADMQK and FEIRP. We know from Composition of the Pentagon that the diagonal of a pentagon is * side of pentagon. We also can see from Figure 6 and more clearly in Figure 1 that the sides of the large pentagons themselves are diagonals of the pentagonal faces of the dodecahedron! (For instance, DA is a diagonal of the face ABCDE). That means each side of the large pentagons is * s and that MK (or any of the diagonals of a large pentagon) is * So MK = s. In fact, like the icosahedron, the dodecahedron is composed of rectangles divided in Extreme and Mean Ratio. In the icosahedron, we found these rectangles to be rectangles. In the dodecahedron, they are rectangles. In rectangle MKIF, MK = IF = , MI = KF = , as shown in figure 7. Figure 7 -- showing vertices of the rectangle MKIF. There are 30 sides to the dodec, and therefore 15 different rectangles. All of this as explanation of finding the distance OH from Figure 5! Because we are not using trigonometry, we need OH in order to get the pyramid height, OU in Figure 5. Notice that MHFZ is also a rectangle and that HZ is the diagonal of it. If we can find HZ, then OH is just 1/2 of that. d² = HZ² = MZ² + HM² = diameter = HZ = Now we can find OU, the height of the pyramid. From Area of Pentagon we know the distance mid-face to any vertex of a pentagon = HOC = central angle = 41.81031488° Since each face of the dodecahedron is a pentagon, the surface angle = 108° While we're at it, lets get OX, the distance from the centroid to any mid- edge. What is the dihedral angle of the dodecahedron? Figure 9 AXH. AH is one of the long sides of any of the 15 rectangles which compose the dodec. AX and HX are the height h of the pentagon. We know from Construction of the Pentagon Part 2 that the height h of the pentagon is: We know from Figure 7 that AH is , so IH = sin( IXH) = IH / XH = We recognize this ratio as our old friend the Phi Triangle with sides in ratio of So dihedral angle AXH = 116.5650512°. Distance from centroid to mid-face (h) = = 1.113516365s. Distance from centroid to mid-edge = = 1.309016995. Distance from centroid to vertex = = 1.401258539. Go back to Figure 6. We have colored the 4 internal pentagonal planes of the dodecahedron. U,X, W and V are the centers of these 4 planes which line up with the centroid O. What is the distance UX = WV? What is XW? If we can find these out we can figure out more deeply how the dodecahedron is constructed. Figure 6, repeated In Figure 6 we can see that UH on the top plane is the distance from the pentagon center to a vertex. On plane ADMQK, XM is parallel to UH and is also the distance from that pentagon center to a vertex. UH is connected to XM by HM, a side of the pentagon face CDIMH. So we have a quadrilateral UHMX, with UH parallel to XM. From here we can derive UX, the distance between the two planes. Figure 10 -- dodecahedron planar distance. We know from Construction of the Pentagon Part 2 that the distance from the center of pentagon to a vertex = Therefore UH = The side of the large pentagon ADMQK in Figure 6 is, as we have seen, a diagonal of a dodecahedron face and so the side of the large pentagon = Therefore, XM = UH, and XM is divided in Mean and Extreme Ratio at N (See Figure 10). = HM = s. Triangle MNH is right by construction. So = HN = Notice: UH = UX. So the dodecahedron is designed such that the distance to the 2 large pentagonal planes from the top or bottom faces is exactly equal to the distance between the center and a vertex of any of the faces of the dodecahedron. This relationship is precisely what we saw in the icosahedron! That makes sense because the two are duals of each other. The difference is that the dodecahedron is entirely pentagonal, both internally, and externally, on its faces. What is the distance XW between the 2 large pentagonal planes ADMQK and FEIRP? Figure 6 is misleading, it looks like the distance must be MI or KF, the dodecahedron side, but it isn't. We already have enough information to establish this distance. UX = VW. UV = 2height of any pyramid = So XW = UV - 2UX = XW = UW is divided in Mean and Extreme Ratio at X. XV / WV = . XV is divided in Mean and Extreme Ratio at W. Let's make a chart of these planar distances along the diameter of the dodecahedron as we did with the icosahedron: (see Figure 6): Relative Chart of Distances –– Pentagonal Planes of Dodecahedron Relative to the side of the dodecahedron (Available in the book) Here is a table of these relationships, letting UX = 1: (Available in the book) Note that the diameter of the enclosing sphere is HZ, not UV. We already know that the diameter is, from page 92, So what is the distance from U to the top of the sphere, and from V to the bottom of the sphere? Let T’ be the top of the sphere and B’ be the bottom of the sphere. Refer to Figure 6. If the radius is and the distance OU is , then Finally, let us demonstrate how the dodecahedron may be constructed from the interlocking vertices of 5 tetrahedron. We have already seen how the cube fits inside the dodecahedron, and how 2 interlocking tetrahedron may be formed from the diagonals of the cube. As Buckminster Fuller has pointed out, however, the cube and the dodecahedron are structurally unsound unless bolstered by the additional struts supplied by the tetrahedron. Fuller concludes logically that the tetrahedron is the basic building block of Universe; yet it is the dodecahedron that provides the blueprint and forms the structure for the interlocking tetrahedrons. The dodecahedron unites the geometry of crystals and lattices (root 2 and root 3) with the geometry of Phi (root 5), found in the biology of organic life. The dodecahedron is entirely pentagonal, consisting of the geometry of Phi. Yet it contains the and geometry of the cube, tetrahedron, and octahedron. Remarkably, the sides of the cube are side of the dodecahedron, because the cube side is the diagonal of a pentagonal face. Here is the key to the relationship of the first three Regular Solids and the much more complex icosahedron and dodecahedron. Later on in this book we will discover a remarkable polyhedron that defines the relationship and provides the proper nesting for all 5 Platonic Solids, including the icosahedron, directly on its vertices. If a polyhedron could be called exciting, this one is IT! If you can’t wait, go to the last chapter of the book. Dodecahedron Reference Tables	i don't know
Who was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1924 to 1929?	BBC - History - Neville Chamberlain z Neville Chamberlain © Chamberlain was British prime minister between 1937 and 1940, and is closely associated with the policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany. Arthur Neville Chamberlain was born on 18 March 1869 in Birmingham into a political family. His father, Joseph, was an influential politician of the late 19th century and Neville's older half-brother Austen held many Conservative cabinet positions in the early 20th century and won the Nobel Peace Prize. Chamberlain was educated in Birmingham. After a successful career in business, in 1915 he was appointed lord mayor of Birmingham. In 1916, Lloyd George appointed him director-general of the department of national service, but disagreements between them led Chamberlain to resign. In 1918, Chamberlain was elected Conservative member of parliament for Ladywood in Birmingham and was rapidly promoted. He served as both chancellor of the exchequer (1923 - 1924) and minister of health (1923, 1924 -1929, 1931). In 1937, he succeeded Stanley Baldwin as prime minister. Like many in Britain who had lived through World War One, Chamberlain was determined to avert another war. His policy of appeasement towards Adolf Hitler culminated in the Munich Agreement in which Britain and France accepted that the Czech region of the Sudetenland should be ceded to Germany. Chamberlain left Munich believing that by appeasing Hitler he had assured 'peace for our time'. However, in March 1939 Hitler annexed the rest of the Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia, with Slovakia becoming a puppet state of Germany. Five months later in September 1939 Hitler's forces invaded Poland. Chamberlain responded with a British declaration of war on Germany. In May 1940, after the disastrous Norwegian campaign, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became prime minister. Chamberlain served in Churchill's cabinet as lord president of the council. He died a few weeks after he left office, on 9 November 1940.	Winston Churchill
The Minster Way is a walking path linking York and which town in the East Riding of Yorkshire?	Winston Churchill Is Appointed Chancellor Of the Exchequer \| World History Project Nov 6 1924 Winston Churchill Is Appointed Chancellor Of the Exchequer Winston Churchill is justly admired for his lonely advocacy of rearmament in the 1930s, but as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1920s he was an equally staunch and eloquent critic of arms budgets, particularly those of the Royal Navy. Motivated by a desire for funds to reduce taxes and increase social spending, as well as a sincere belief that no enemy could or would challenge Britain's strategic position in the foreseeable future, Churchill campaigned vigorously for strategic complacency and against naval expenditure throughout his tenure as Chancellor. He promoted the formal assumption that any war was at least ten years away and he strenuously opposed Admiralty plans for warship construction, naval aviation development, and a Singapore naval base. The result was a seriously weakened Royal Navy in the following decade when Churchill demanded a more assertive British foreign policy. Source: David Macgregor/Armed Forces and Society, Vol 19, No. 3, 319-333 (1993) Added by: Colin Harris Winston Churchill's Budget of 1925 has become infamous for returning Britain to the gold standard, at a fixed rate of $4.80 to the pound. The aim was to restore Britain's position at the centre of the world's financial system. It is now argued that the high rate made British industry uncompetitive and prolonged the slump. Alan Clark, the Conservative MP and biographer of the Conservative Party, argues that Churchill had his reservations, but the lack of alternative economic advice left him no choice. Even Liberal economist John Maynard Keynes, who later criticised the fixed exchange rate, was convinced the move was inevitable.	i don't know
What is the name of the largest moon of Saturn?	Titan: Facts About Saturn's Largest Moon Titan: Facts About Saturn's Largest Moon By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor \| June 30, 2016 04:56pm ET MORE This view shows a close up of toward the south polar region of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, and show a depression within the moon's orange and blue haze layers near the south pole. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft snapped the image on Sept. 11, 2011 and it was released on Dec. 22. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Titan is Saturn's largest moon and the second largest in the solar system (after Ganymede of Jupiter). It is the only moon in the solar system with clouds and a dense, planet-like atmosphere. Scientists believe that conditions on Titan are similar to Earth's early years (the main difference is that, because it is closer to the sun, Earth has always been warmer). According to NASA , "In many respects, Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is one of the most Earth-like worlds we have found to date." Titan stats Diameter: 3,200 miles (5,150 kilometers), about half the size of Earth and almost as large as Mars Surface temperature: minus 290 Fahrenheit (minus 179 degrees Celsius), which makes water as hard as rocks and allows methane to be found in its liquid form Surface pressure: Slightly higher than Earth's pressure. Earth's pressure at sea level is 1 bar while Titan's is 1.6 bars. Orbital period: 15,945 days NASA's Cassini spacecraft peers through the murk of Titan's thick atmosphere in this view, taken with Cassini's narrow-angle camera on Sept. 25, 2008. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Other Titan facts Titan's name comes from Greek mythology. The Titans were elder gods who ruled the universe before the Olympians came to power, according to the Theoi Project website. The moon was discovered by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens in 1655. The Huygens lander probe sent to the moon aboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft by the European Space Agency is named in his honor. Huygens was the first human-built object to land on Titan's surface. [ Amazing Photos of Titan ] Titan's diameter is 50 percent larger than that of Earth's moon . Titan is larger than the planet Mercury but is half the mass of the planet. Titan's mass is composed mainly of water in the form of ice and rocky material. Titan has no magnetic field. Atmosphere of Titan Titan is surrounded by an orange haze that kept its surface a mystery for Earth's scientists until the arrival of the Cassini mission. Titan's atmosphere extends about 370 miles high (about 600 kilometers), which makes it a lot higher than Earth's atmosphere. Because the atmosphere is so high, Titan was thought to be the largest moon in the solar system for a long time. It wasn't until 1980 that Voyager was close enough to discover it was actually smaller than Ganymede. Titan's atmosphere is active and complex , and it is mainly composed of nitrogen (95 percent) and methane (5 percent). Titan also has a presence of organic molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen, and that often include oxygen and other elements similar to what is found in Earth's atmosphere and that are essential for life. There is an unsolved mystery surrounding Titan's atmosphere: Because methane is broken down by sunlight, scientists believe there is another source that replenishes what is lost. One potential source of methane is volcanic activity, but this has yet to be confirmed. Titan's atmosphere may escape to space in a similar way that Earth's atmosphere does . The Cassini spacecraft has detected polar winds that draw methane and nitrogen (charged with interactions with light) out along Saturn's magnetic field and out of the atmosphere. A similar process is believed to happen on Earth with our own magnetic field. Magic Island There is an abundance of methane lakes , which are mainly concentrated near its southern pole. In 2014, scientists found a transient feature they playfully referred to as " Magic Island ." It's possible that nitrogen bubbles formed in Titan's oceans sit on the surface for a period of time, creating a temporary island that eventually dissipates. "What I think is really special about Titan is that it has liquid methane and ethane lakes and seas, making it the only other world in the solar system that has stable liquids on its surfaces," Jason Hofgartner, a planetary scientist at Cornell University, told Space.com in 2014. "It not only has lakes and seas, but also rivers and even rain. It has what we call a hydrological cycle, and we can study it as an analog to Earth's hydrological cycle — and it's the only other place we know of where we can do that." Large areas of Titan's surface are covered with sand dunes made of hydrocarbon. Dunes on Titan may resemble the Namibian desert in Africa. Because methane exists as a liquid on Titan, it also evaporates and forms clouds, which occasionally causes methane rain . Clouds of methane ice and cyanide gas float over the moon's surface. "Titan continues to amaze with natural processes similar to those on the Earth, yet involving materials different from our familiar water," Cassini deputy project scientist Scott Edgington, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in a statement . Sunlight is quite dim on Titan, and climate is driven mostly by changes in the amount of light that accompanies the seasons.	Titan
In which industry did a Saggar Maker’s Bottom Knocker work?	Saturn's Moons: Facts About the Ringed Planet's Satellites Saturn's Moons: Facts About the Ringed Planet's Satellites By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor \| June 30, 2016 05:48pm ET MORE The comparitive sizes of some of Saturn's biggest moons are shown. Credit: NASA/JPL/David Seal At least 62 moons travel around Saturn. They come in a variety of sizes and compositions, from almost pure ice to rocky material, as well as a combination of both. Their journeys around the ringed planet range from half an Earth day to just over four Earth years. One of Saturn's moons, Titan, makes up 96 percent of the mass orbiting the planet. Scientists think that Saturn's system may have originally housed two such moons, but the second broke up, creating the debris that formed the rings and smaller, inner moons. Another theory suggests that the system originally housed several large moons, similar to Jupiter's Galilean moons , but two fused into Titan. The violent collision could have scattered the debris that would have later drawn together into the smaller moons. The colorful globe of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, passes in front of the planet and its rings in this true color snapshot from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The north polar hood can be seen on Titan (3,200 miles or 5,150 kilometers across) and appears as a detached layer at the top of the moon here. Image released Dec. 22, 2011. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Some of the moons travel inside the gaps of the rings, clearing paths through the debris. Others orbit farther out. Several of the moons interact with one another, with their orbits moving in resonance with each other. Larger moons may trap smaller moons, keeping them nearby. Sixteen of the moons are tidally locked, with one face permanently turned toward Saturn. The first moon was discovered in 1655. Over the next 200 years, the other seven major satellites were spotted. By 1997, astronomers on Earth had found 18 moons in orbit around the planet. The close orbit of NASA's Cassini mission , along with advances in technology for Earth-based telescopes, enabled the discovery of the rest. In 1847, British astronomer Sir John Herschel suggested that the moons of Saturn take their names from the Titans. The mythical siblings of the Greek god Cronus — Saturn to the Romans — the Titans battled the Olympian gods and lost. Once the names of the Titans were used, the moons began to be called after other characters from Roman and Greek mythology. Only 53 of Saturn's moons have names; the rest are identified by a numerical designation relating to their year of discovery. [ PHOTOS: The Rings and Moons of Saturn ] Let's look at the eight major moons of Saturn: Titan Titan is the largest of Saturn's moons and the first to be discovered. Titan is the only moon in the solar system known to have a significant atmosphere. Nitrogen and methane extend around the moon 10 times as far into space as Earth's atmosphere, sometimes falling to the surface in the form of methane rain. This atmosphere makes it one of the best potential candidates for hosting life. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury , though not nearly as massive. It hosts many hydrocarbon-filled lakes as well as extremely tall mountains, with the largest one rising to nearly 11,000 feet . This moon is the only one to have a landing craft arrive on its surface, when the Cassini mission sent the Huygens lander there in 2005. Wispy terrain reflects sunlight brightly in the lower left of this Cassini image of the northern latitudes of Saturn's moon Dione. Image taken December 20, 2010. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Dione Dione is thought to be a dense rocky core surrounded by water-ice. The tidally locked moon is heavily cratered not on its leading side but on its back side. Astronomers think a collision could have spun the moon on its axis. The moon hosts a thin oxygen atmosphere and may have a liquid ocean beneath its surface . Enceladus Enceladus contains more than 100 geysers at its south pole. Tidal heating causes portions of the icy planet to melt, spewing icy material into space from its "tiger stripes." The tiny bits of ice travel together to create Saturn's E ring. The satellite's icy surface makes it one of the brightest objects in the solar system. The moon has a subsurface ocean that may be friendly to life. Hyperion Hyperion was the last of the major satellites to be discovered. Hyperion is a small moon with an irregular appearance. The flattened object resembles an elongated potato rather than a sphere, a form that may have been created when an impact demolished a larger moon long ago. Hyperion has a spongy shape, possibly due to its low density and porous surface. Impacts seem to be absorbed by the moon, and most of the ejecta is thrown into space. The equatorial ridge of Iapetus can reach heights of up to 12 miles (20 km). This image reveals mountains only about half that height. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Iapetus Iapetus features light and dark contrasts on its surface, giving the moon a yin-yang shape. Dark hydrocarbons falling to the moon long ago, perhaps from the nearby moon Phoebe, may have had more time to absorb more heat, gradually growing and spreading over time. Iapetus has a walnut-like shape, with its center bulging outward, and a ridge running around its equator. The moon also contains some of the highest mountains in the solar system, which may have been material from another moon . Scientists are studying ice movements (such as landslides) to do comparative work with these types of features on Earth. Mimas Mimas has a gaping crater that gives the rocky moon a strong resemblance to fictional Death Star in the "Star Wars" movies. The impact stands out despite the fact that Mimas is one of the most heavily cratered bodies in the solar system, with overlapping impacts covering the surface. The smallest and closest orbiting of Saturn's major moons, Mimas cleared the gap known as the Cassini division between two of the planet's rings. Mimas is made up primarily of water-ice, but despite its proximity to the planet (and the resulting tidal heating that should occur), the surface of the moon remains unchanged; none of the ice seems to be melting, though such melting occurs on other, more distant moons. It is possible that there is a liquid ocean beneath its surface , although scientists say that an oval-shaped core could also explain some of Mimas' libration movements. This raw image of Saturn's icy moon Rhea was taken on March 10, 2013 by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, and received on Earth March 10, 2013. The camera was pointing toward Rhea at approximately 174,181 miles (280,317 kilometers) away. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Rhea Rhea is a heavily cratered moon and lacks a core at its center. Instead, the entire body is composed of ice, with traces of rock mixed in, causing it to resemble a dirty snowball. The second largest of the planet's major moons, Rhea is still rather small, about half the size of Earth's moon. The satellite contains a faint oxygen atmosphere, about 5 trillion times less dense than the one found on Earth, but the only known oxygen atmosphere in the solar system. Radiation from Saturn's magnetosphere could release oxygen and carbon dioxide from the icy surface. Tethys Tethys travels close to Saturn and feels the gravitational pull of the planet. The heat from Saturn may allow the moon's icy surface to melt slightly, filling in craters and other signs of impact. Made up almost entirely of water ice, the surface is highly reflective. A large trench crosses the moon, running diagonally from its north to south pole and spanning three-quarters of the satellite's circumference. A large crater on the other side of the moon covers nearly two-fifth of the moon's diameter and is nearly the size of Mimas. Scientists have found strange red arcs on the moon and are still struggling to explain how the arcs got there. The minor moons The smaller named moons of Saturn are as follows: 9. Erriapus	i don't know
Which bird is missing from the title of the 1895 tone poem by Jean Sibelius: The _____ of Tuonela?	The Swan of Tuonela : definition of The Swan of Tuonela and synonyms of The Swan of Tuonela (English) This article does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2006) Akseli Gallen-Kallela 's image Lemminkäisen äiti (Lemminkäinen's Mother), with the Swan of Tuonela The Swan of Tuonela (Tuonelan joutsen) is an 1895 tone poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius . It is the second part of Op. 22 Lemminkäinen (Four legends), tales from the Kalevala epic of Finnish mythology . The tone poem is scored for a small orchestra of cor anglais solo, oboe , bass clarinet , bassoon , 4 horns , 3 trombones , timpani , bass drum , harp , and divisi strings . The cor anglais is the voice of the swan and its solo is perhaps the best known cor anglais solo in the orchestral literature. The music paints a gossamer, transcendental image of a mystical swan swimming around Tuonela , the island of the dead. Lemminkäinen, the hero of the epic, has been tasked with killing the sacred swan but on the way he is shot with a poisoned arrow and dies. In the next part of the epic he is restored to life. The Swan of Tuonela was originally composed in 1893 as the prelude to a projected opera called The Building of the Boat; Sibelius revised it two years later as the second of the four sections of the Lemminkäinen Suite (Lemminkäis-sarja), also known as the Four Legends from the Kalevala, Op. 22, which was premiered in 1896. Sibelius revised the tone poem twice: once in 1897 and again in 1900. Disney also planned to use the piece in a segment of Fantasia . It was planned out in storyboards but was never animated. External links	Swan
Who played the title character in the 1976 film “The Outlaw Josey Wales”?	SIBELIUS: Finlandia / Karelia Suite / Lemminkainen Suite \| HDtracks - The World's Greatest-Sounding Music Downloads http://www.hdtracks.com/sibelius-finlandia-karelia-suite-lemminkainen-suite?___store=default 130203 SIBELIUS: Finlandia / Karelia Suite / Lemminkainen Suite http://s3.amazonaws.com/hdtrack_img/636943426524_185.jpg 11.98 USD InStock /Classical/Orchestral The fame of Jean Sibelius rests on his orchestral works, mainly his seven symphonies and the Violin Concerto. He also wrote several symphonic poems, the most important of which are his first major work Kullervo, Op. 7, symphonic poem for soprano, bar... The fame of Jean Sibelius rests on his orchestral works, mainly his seven symphonies and the Violin Concerto. He also wrote several symphonic poems, the most important of which are his first major work Kullervo, Op. 7, symphonic poem for soprano, baritone, male voice choir and orchestra which is enjoying a new wave of popularity today; the romantic En Saga, Op. 9, the earthy Karelia Suite, Op. 11, the Lemmink�inen Suite, Op. 22, based on the Kalevala myths, Finlandia, Op. 26, which became the symbol of Finland's struggle for independence and then of Finland as a nation, and the monumental Tapiola, Op. 112, which was his last major work. The significance of Sibelius for the music not only of Finland but the whole of Europe was encapsulated by English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, who wrote in a letter to Sibelius: 'You have lit a candle that will never go out.'<br /> With Kullervo, Sibelius single-handedly created what was perceived as a 'Finnish tone world', and En Saga confirmed his position as the leading figure in Finnish music. After the success of Kullervo, Sibelius returned to the world of the Kalevala. He began to plan an opera, The Building of the Boat, based on the epic. The project ground to a halt, however, because of difficulties with the libretto, and Sibelius abandoned it. Instead, he began to plan a new symphonic poem featuring another character from the Kalevala, Lemmink�inen. In 1893, Sibelius had written what was to have been the overture of the opera. This finally became the third movement of the Lemmink�inen Suite, with the title The Swan of Tuonela, one of his most popular works, along with Valse triste and, of course, Finlandia.<br /> Before starting work on the Lemmink�inen Suite, Sibelius received a commission. Dramatic tableaux were a popular form of entertainment around the turn of the century. The students of Viborg University were planning to stage a series of tableaux depicting the history of Karelia, to raise funds for popular education in eastern Finland. Karelianism was an important movement at that time. Sibelius was asked to write the music for the tableaux. He was an excellent choice, since he had travelled extensively in Karelia only a year earlier. He eventually produced a suite with seven numbers, two of which were songs. The music was optimistic, easily approachable and even rustic, and it was extremely well received. Later, Sibelius pruned the suite on several occasions, eventually leaving three movements: Intermezzo, Ballade and Alla marcia. The first movement, Intermezzo, originally accompanied a tableau in which Karelian woodsmen are on their way to pay taxes to a Lithuanian prince. The second movement Ballade, features the deposed king Charles Knutsson, who has retreated to Viipuri Castle. Here he listens to a ballad. The orchestral version has a solo for English horn (originally the movement was sung). Alla marcia, a call to arms, is the most popular of the three movements. The tableau it accompanied depicts a battle around K�kisalmi Castle. The Karelia Suite was enthusiastically received, and it has since been performed at a wide range of folk events.<br /> For Sibelius, 1894 and 1895 marked a quiet period during which he worked on the Lemmink�inen Suite. When it was first performed, in 1896, it was panned by music critic Karl Flodin. After the second performance, Flodin wrote a scathing review, and Sibelius reacted by banning two of the movements from public performance, only allowing The Swan of Tuonela and Lemmink�inen's Return to be published. Even these two he revised. The suite was forgotten for a long time and it was not performed in its entirety until the Kalevala centenary in 1935. Sibelius later exchanged the places of the second and third movements, making The Swan of Tuonela the second movement. The original order is observed in this recording.<br /> Lemmink�inen and the Maidens of Saari, the title movement, as it were, is melodic and memorable. Sibelius wrote to his publisher to explain its background: 'Lemmink�inen, the Don Juan of Finnish mythology, abandons his young wife and goes to Saari, where he sports with the young maidens; the men chase him off.' Lemmink�inen in Tuonela is a sombre, anguished depiction of the journey of Lemmink�inen to the black river of Tuonela (land of the dead), where he is killed. Life triumphs, however, since Lemmink�inen's mother brings her son back to life. This event is aptly set in a touching and subdued lullaby. The third and most important movement, The Swan of Tuonela, is like a dream vision - enchanting, full of pathos and mysticism. 'The Swan of Tuonela, with its English horn melody and wonderful melancholy harmonies, in the vision of a great poet,' was the verdict in France after a concert performance in 1900. The Swan of Tuonela has been described as Sibelius's first true masterpiece. The final movement of the suite, Lemmink�inen's Return, is heroic music at its best: Lemmink�inen returns home triumphantly to lucid and powerful music that is filled with dramatic tension. The Lemmink�inen Suite was a step further along the road on which Sibelius had embarked with Kullervo and En Saga. In many ways, it paved the way for the symphonies, the first of which Sibelius began to write soon afterwards.<br /> The orchestral 'ouverture', Finlandia, became an important symbol of Finland's struggle for independence, and it has remained an epitome of all things Finnish, both in its original orchestral guise and in the choral version of the hymn section, with words later provided by V.A. Koskenniemi. It was originally written for a set of historical tableaux to be performed at a gala in Helsinki to support Finland's right to free speech under Russia. Sibelius later reworked the piece for the Paris World Exhibition in 1900, after which it gained wider recognition. It became the symbol of Finland's fight for independence and later on, during World War II, a symbol of Finnish nationalism. Finlandia lives in hundreds of various arrangements, and is possibly the best known Finnish music throughout the worid.<br /> Ralf Hermans 11.98 Iceland Symphony Orchestra Orchestral 2013-10-20	i don't know
What is the seven letter common name of the mammal Suricata suricatta which is native to southern Africa (but not Russia)?	Mammals - 6 \| Britannica.com Mammals Mammalia any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother. Browse Subcategories: (30) Displaying 401 - 500 of 800 results Kerry blue terrier versatile breed of working terrier that is used as a hunter, land and water retriever, and sheep and cattle herder. The Kerry blue originated in County Kerry, Ireland, where it has been bred since the 1820s. It is 17.5 to 19.5 inches (44.5 to 49.5 cm)... kiang Equus kiang species of Asian wild ass found in the cold, arid highlands of Nepal, India, and Pakistan and in Qinghai and Gansu provinces and the western Tibet Autonomous Region in China at elevations above 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). The kiang’s coat... killer whale Orcinus orca largest member of the dolphin family (Delphinidae). The killer whale is easy to identify by its size and striking coloration: jet black on top and pure white below with a white patch behind each eye, another extending up each flank, and... kinkajou Potos flavus an unusual member of the raccoon family (see procyonid) distinguished by its long, prehensile tail, short muzzle, and low-set, rounded ears. Native to Central America and parts of South America, the kinkajou is an agile denizen of the upper... kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji arboreal species of monkeys that occur in two populations in the Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania: one in the Ndundulu forest in the Udzungwa Mountains, the other in the Rungwe-Livingstone forest of the Southern Highlands. It is light... klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus rock-climbing antelope, resident in mountains of eastern and southern Africa. Its Kiswahili name “goat of the rocks” is apt, although it more closely resembles Eurasian goat antelopes such as the chamois and is radically different... knockout mouse genetically engineered laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) in which a specific gene has been inactivated, or “knocked out,” by the introduction of a foreign (artificial) DNA sequence. Knockout mice exhibit modifications in phenotype (observable traits) and... koala Phascolarctos cinereus tree-dwelling marsupial of coastal eastern Australia classified in the family Phascolarctidae (suborder Vombatiformes). The koala is about 60 to 85 cm (24 to 33 inches) long and weighs up to 14 kg (31 pounds) in the southern part... kob Kobus kob small, stocky African antelope (tribe Reduncini, family Bovidae) that occurs in large numbers on floodplains of the northern savanna. The kob ranges from Senegal in the west to the Ethiopian border in the east and southward into western Uganda... Kobus genus of antelopes, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), containing about six species—the waterbucks and lechwes, the kob, and the puku. Members of this genus are native to Africa south of the Sahara. They usually live in herds and are generally found... komondor large Hungarian sheepdog breed taken to Europe in the 9th century by the Magyars, who kept it primarily to protect, rather than to herd, their flocks. A powerful, heavy-boned dog, the male komondor stands at least 27.5 inches (69.9 cm) and weighs 100... kouprey Bos sauveli elusive wild ox (tribe Bovini, family Bovidae) of Indochina and one of the world’s most endangered large mammals, if it is not already extinct. Unknown to science until 1937, the kouprey was rare even then: no more than an estimated 2,000... Krapina remains fossilized remains of at least 24 early Neanderthal adults and children, consisting of skulls, teeth, and other skeletal parts found in a rock shelter near the city of Krapina, northern Croatia, between 1899 and 1905. The remains date to about 130,000... kudu two species of spiral-horned antelopes (tribe Tragelaphini, family Bovidae). The very large greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is common in southern African wildlife reserves. The svelte lesser kudu (T. imberbis) is an elusive dweller in the arid... kuvasz Hungarian breed of guard and shepherd dog whose reputation as a watchdog was unexcelled during the Middle Ages, when it was kept by kings and nobles. The breed originated many centuries ago, perhaps in Central Asia, whence it spread to Hungary, Turkey,... La Brea Tar Pits tar (Spanish brea) pits, in Hancock Park (Rancho La Brea), Los Angeles, California, U.S. The area was the site of “pitch springs” oozing crude oil that was used by local Indians for waterproofing. Gaspar de Portolá ’s expedition in 1769 explored the... Labrador retriever breed of sporting dog that originated in Newfoundland and was brought to England by fishermen about 1800. It is an outstanding gun dog, consistently dominating field trials. Standing 21.5 to 24.5 inches (55 to 62 cm) and weighing 55 to 80 pounds (25... lagomorph Lagomorpha any member of the mammalian order made up of the relatively well-known rabbits and hares (family Leporidae) and also the less frequently encountered pikas (family Ochotonidae). Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail,... Lakeland terrier breed of dog originally used to hunt and kill foxes in the Lake District of England. Formerly known as the Patterdale terrier, the Lakeland terrier was bred for gameness when in pursuit of foxes and otters. Somewhat like a small Airedale terrier in appearance,... LaMancha American breed of dairy goat known for its much-reduced external ears. The lineage of LaManchas is uncertain; their relation to goats of the La Mancha region of Spain is not proven. The breed was developed in the early 20th century on the West Coast... langur general name given to numerous species of Asian monkeys belonging to the subfamily Colobinae. The term is often restricted to nearly two dozen species of leaf monkeys but is also applied to various other members of the subfamily. Leaf monkeys and other... Lantian man fossils of hominins (members of the human lineage) found in 1963 and 1964 by Chinese archaeologists at two sites in Lantian district, Shaanxi province, China. One specimen was found at each site: a cranium (skullcap) at Gongwangling (Kung-wang-ling)... leaf-nosed bat any of almost 250 species of New World and Old World bats belonging to the families Phyllostomidae and Hipposideridae that have a flat projection on the muzzle that often resembles a leaf. The purpose of the leaf structure is not known for certain, but... lechwe Kobus antelope species of the genus Kobus. The lechwe, a member of the waterbuck and kob tribe (Reduncini), ranks second only to the nyala among the most aquatic African antelopes. The lechwe is one of only three antelopes (including the closely related... lemming any of 20 species of small rodents, some of which undertake large, swarming migrations. Lemmings are found only in the Northern Hemisphere. They have short, stocky bodies with short legs and stumpy tails, a bluntly rounded muzzle, small eyes, and small... lemur Strepsirrhini generally, any primitive primate except the tarsier; more specifically, any of the indigenous primates of Madagascar. In the broad sense, the term lemur applies not only to the typical lemurs (family Lemuridae) but also to the avahi s,... leopard Panthera pardus large cat closely related to the lion, tiger, and jaguar. The name leopard was originally given to the cat now called cheetah —the so-called hunting leopard—which was once thought to be a cross between the lion and the pard. The term... leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), forest-dwelling cat, family Felidae, found in India and Southeast Asia and noted for its leopard-like colouring. The coat of the leopard cat is usually yellowish or reddish brown above, white below, and heavily marked with dark spots... leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), generally solitary, earless seal (family Phocidae) that inhabits Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. The only seal that feeds on penguins, young seals, and other warm-blooded prey, the leopard seal is a slender animal with a relatively... Lhasa apso breed of dog from Tibet, where it is called abso seng kye (“bark lion sentinel dog”) and is used as an indoor guard dog. The Lhasa apso is characteristically hardy, intelligent, and watchful. Longer than it is tall, it stands 10 to 11 inches (25 to 28... liger offspring of a lion and a tigress. The liger is a zoo-bred hybrid, as is the tigon, the result of mating a tiger with a lioness. It is probable that neither the liger nor the tigon occurs in the wild, as differences in the behaviour and habitat of the... linsang any of three species of long-tailed, catlike mammals belonging to the civet family (Viverridae). The African linsang (Poiana richardsoni), the banded linsang (Prionodon linsang), and the spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) vary in colour, but all... lion Panthera leo large, powerfully built cat (family Felidae) that is second in size only to the tiger. The proverbial “king of beasts,” the lion has been one of the best-known wild animals since earliest times. Lions are most active at night and live in... Lipizzaner breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish,... litoptern Litopterna any of various extinct hoofed mammals that first appeared in the Paleocene Epoch (which began about 65.5 million years ago) and died out during the Pleistocene Epoch (which ended about 11,700 years ago). The order was restricted to South America,... llama (Lama glama), South American member of the camel family, Camelidae (order Artiodactyla), closely related to the alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña, which are known collectively as lamoids. Unlike camels, lamoids do not have the characteristic camel humps; they... Llanocetus denticrenatus earliest known baleen whale and sole member of the family Llanocetidae, suborder Mysticeti. Llanocetus denticrenatus lived during the Late Eocene (33.9 million to 38 million years ago). Much of what is known about the species comes from an analysis of... long-eared bat any of 19 species of small, usually colony-dwelling vesper bat s (family Vespertilionidae). Long-eared bats are found in both the Old World and the New World (Plecotus) and in Australia (Nyctophilus). They are approximately 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 inches) long,... longhair breed of domestic cat noted for its long, soft, flowing coat. Long-haired cats were originally known as Persians, or Angoras. These names were later discarded in favour of the name longhair, although the cats are still commonly called Persians in the... loris any of about eight species of tailless or short-tailed South and Southeast Asian forest primate s. Lorises are arboreal and nocturnal, curling up to sleep by day. They have soft gray or brown fur and can be recognized by their huge eyes encircled by... Lucy nickname for a remarkably complete (40 percent intact) hominin skeleton found by Donald Johanson at Hadar, Eth., on Nov. 24, 1974, and dated to 3.2 million years ago. The specimen is usually classified as Australopithecus afarensis and suggests—by having... lynx Lynx any of four species of short-tailed cats (family Felidae) found in the forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and the bobcat (L. rufus) live in North America. The Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx... Maba cranium fossil fragments of an ancient human skull found in 1958 near the village of Maba (Ma-pa), Guangdong (Kwangtung) province, southern China. Intermediate in form between Homo erectus and H. sapiens, the remains are referred by many authorities to archaic... macaque Macaca any of about 20 species of gregarious Old World monkeys, all of which are Asian except for the Barbary macaque of North Africa. Macaques are robust primates whose arms and legs are of about the same length. Their fur is generally a shade of brown... Maltese breed of toy dog named for the island of Malta, where it may have originated about 2,800 years ago. Delicate in appearance but usually vigorous, healthy, affectionate, and lively, the Maltese was once the valued pet of the wealthy and aristocratic. It... mammal Mammalia any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother. In addition to these characteristic milk glands, mammals are distinguished by several other unique features.... mammalogy scientific study of mammals. Interest in nonhuman mammals dates far back in prehistory, and the modern science of mammalogy has its broad foundation in the knowledge of mammals possessed by primitive peoples. The ancient Greeks were among the first peoples... mammoth Mammuthus any member of an extinct group of elephants found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits over every continent except Australia and South America and in early Holocene deposits of North America. (The Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago... manatee Trichechus any of three species of large, slow aquatic mammals found along tropical and subtropical Atlantic coasts and associated inland waters. Dull gray, blackish, or brown in colour, all three manatee species have stout, tapered bodies ending in... Manchester terrier breed of dog developed in England from the whippet, a racing dog, and the black-and-tan terrier, a valued ratter, to combine the talents of each. In 1860 the breed was named after the city of Manchester, a breeding centre, but it was often called the... mandrill Mandrillus sphinx colourful and primarily ground-dwelling monkey that inhabits the rainforests of equatorial Africa from the Sanaga River (Cameroon) southward to the Congo River. The mandrill is stout-bodied and has a short tail, prominent brow ridges,... maned rat Lophiomys imhausi a long-haired and bushy-tailed East African rodent that resembles a porcupine and is named for its mane of long, coarse black-and-white-banded hairs that begins at the top of the head and extends beyond the base of the tail. The maned... maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus rare large-eared member of the dog family (Canidae) found in remote plains areas of central South America. The maned wolf has a foxlike head, long reddish brown fur, very long blackish legs, and an erectile mane. Its length ranges... mangabey any of about 10 species of slender, rather long-limbed monkeys of the genera Cercocebus and Lophocebus, found in African tropical forests. Mangabeys are fairly large quadrupedal monkeys with cheek pouches and deep depressions under the cheekbones. Species... Manx breed of tailless domestic cat of unknown origin but presumed by tradition to have come from the Isle of Man. Noted for being affectionate, loyal, and courageous, the Manx is distinguished both by its taillessness and by its characteristic hopping gait.... marbled cat (species Felis marmorata), rare Southeast Asian cat, family Felidae, often referred to as a miniature version of the unrelated clouded leopard. The marbled cat is about the size of a domestic cat; it measures roughly 45–60 cm (18–24 inches) long, excluding... margay Leopardus wiedii small cat (family Felidae) that ranges from South through Central America and, rarely, into the extreme southern United States. Little is known about the habits of the margay. It lives in forests and presumably is nocturnal, feeding... markhor Capra falconeri large wild goat of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), formerly found throughout the mountains from Kashmir and Turkistan to Afghanistan but now greatly reduced in population and range. The flare-horned markhor (C. f. falconeri)... marmoset Callitrichidae any of numerous species of small long-tailed South American monkeys. Similar in appearance to squirrels, marmosets are tree-dwelling primates that move in a quick, jerky manner. Claws on all the digits except the big toe aid them in scampering... marmot Marmota any of 14 species of giant ground squirrels found primarily in North America and Eurasia. These rodents are large and heavy, weighing 3 to 7 kg (6.6 to 15.4 pounds), depending upon the species. Marmots are well suited for life in cold environments... marsupial any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass Metatheria (sometimes called Marsupialia), a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother’s lower belly.... marsupial mole either of the two species of small marsupial mammals of the genus Notoryctes, comprising the family Notoryctidae. Found in hot sandy wastes of south-central and northwestern Australia, the 18-centimetre (7-inch) N. typhlops and the 10-centimetre (4-inch)... marsupial mouse any of many small rat- or mouselike animals, belonging to the family Dasyuridae (order Marsupialia), found in Australia and New Guinea. The species vary in body length from 5 to 22 cm (2 to 9 inches), and all have tails, often brushlike, that are about... marten any of several weasel-like carnivores of the genus Martes (family Mustelidae), found in Canada and parts of the United States and in the Old World from Europe to the Malay region. Differing in size and coloration according to species, they have lithe... mastiff breed of large working dog used as a guard and fighting dog in England for more than 2,000 years. Dogs of this type are found in European and Asian records dating back to 3000 bc. Sometimes called the Molossian breeds for a common ancestor, numerous... mastodon any of several extinct elephantine mammals (family Mastodontidae, genus Mastodon [also called Mammut]) that first appeared in the early Miocene and continued in various forms through the Pleistocene Epoch (from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). In North... Matthew, William Diller Canadian-American paleontologist who was an important contributor to modern knowledge of mammalian evolution. From 1895 to 1927 Matthew worked in the department of vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. He became... meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus one of the most common and prolific small mammals in North America. Weighing less than 50 grams (1.8 ounces), this stout vole is 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 inches) long, including its short tail (3 to 6 cm). The dense, soft fur is... meerkat Suricata suricatta burrowing member of the mongoose family (Herpestidae), found in southwestern Africa, that is unmistakably recognizable in its upright “sentinel” posture as it watches for predators. The meerkat is slender and has a pointed little face,... Megatherium largest of the ground sloths, an extinct group of mammals belonging to a group containing sloths, anteaters, glyptodonts, and armadillos that underwent a highly successful evolutionary radiation in South America in the Cenozoic Era (beginning 65.5 million... Merino breed of fine-wool sheep originating in Spain; it was known as early as the 12th century and may have been a Moorish importation. It was particularly well adapted to semiarid climates and to nomadic pasturing. The breed has become prominent in many countries... Merychippus extinct genus of early horse s, found as fossils in deposits from the Middle and Late Miocene Epoch (16.4 to 5.3 million years ago). Merychippus descended from the earlier genus Parahippus. The tooth pattern in Merychippus is basically the same as that... Mesohippus genus of extinct early and middle Oligocene horses (the Oligocene Epoch occurred from 33.9 to 23 million years ago) commonly found as fossils in the rocks of the Badlands region of South Dakota, U.S. Mesohippus was the first of the three-toed horses... Mexican hairless breed of dog that is probably descended from hairless Chinese or African dogs that were taken by Spanish traders to Mexico in the late 16th century. A rather long-legged dog, the Mexican hairless comes in three sizes: toy, which stands 11 to 12 inches... Miacis genus of extinct carnivores found as fossils in deposits of the late Paleocene Epoch (65.5–55.8 million years ago) to the late Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago) in North America and of the late Eocene Epoch in Europe and Asia. Miacis is representative... mink either of two species of the weasel family (Mustelidae) native to the Northern Hemisphere. The European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the American mink (Neovison vison) are both valued for their luxurious fur. The American mink is one of the pillars of... Miohippus genus of extinct horses that originated in North America during the Late Eocene Epoch (37.2–33.9 million years ago). Miohippus evolved from the earlier genus Mesohippus; however, the former was larger and had a more-derived dentition than the latter.... Missouri fox-trotting horse breed of horse that originated in Missouri and the Ozark Mountains region and is characterized by the “fox trot” gait, a broken gait that occurs when the horse walks briskly with the front feet while trotting with the back feet. Developed from light... Moeritherium extinct genus of primitive mammals that represent a very early stage in the evolution of elephants. Its fossils are found in deposits dated to the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago) and the early part of the Oligocene Epoch (33.9–23 million years... mole Talpidae any of 42 species of insectivores, most of which are adapted for aggressive burrowing and for living most of their lives underground. Burrowing moles have a cylindrical body with a short tail and short, stocky limbs. A long, nearly hairless,... mona monkey Cercopithecus mona common West African primate found in tropical rainforests; it was introduced to the island of Grenada during the 18th century via the slave trade, and a wild population has established itself there. The mona monkey is a speckled reddish... mongoose Herpestidae any of numerous species of small bold predatory carnivores found mainly in Africa but also in southern Asia and southern Europe. Mongooses are noted for their audacious attacks on highly poisonous snakes such as king cobras. The 38 species... monito del monte Dromiciops gliroides a small opossum representing an ancient group related to Australian dasyurid marsupials. It is the only surviving species of the order Microbiotheria (family Microbiotheriidae) and differs from other living American opossums by having... monk seal any of three little-known tropical or subtropical seals of the genus Monachus, family Phocidae. Characterized by V-shaped hind flippers, monk seals are brown or black as pups, and dark gray or brown above, paler or whitish below as adults. They feed... monkey in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. The presence of a tail (even if only a tiny nub), along with their narrow-chested bodies and other features of the skeleton, distinguishes monkeys... monotreme Monotremata any member of the egg-laying mammalian order Monotremata, which includes the amphibious platypus (family Ornithorhynchidae) and the terrestrial echidnas (family Tachyglossidae) of continental Australia, the Australian island state of Tasmania,... moonrat Echinosorex gymnura a large Southeast Asian insectivore that is essentially a primitive tropical hedgehog with a long tail and fur instead of spines. Despite their name, moonrats are not rodents, although they have a slim body, small unpigmented ears,... moose Alces alces the largest member of the deer family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Moose are striking in appearance because of their towering size, black colour, long legs, pendulous muzzle, and dangling hairy dewlap (called a bell) and the immense, wide,... Morgan breed of horse that was once the most famous and widely disseminated in the United States. The Morgan declined in popularity, and for a while breeding was supervised by the government. The breed was founded by a horse known as Justin Morgan, after his... Morganucodon extinct genus of tiny mammals known from fossils dated to the Triassic - Jurassic boundary (approximately 200 million years ago). Morganucodon was one of the earliest mammals. It weighed only 27–89 grams (about 1–3 ounces) and probably ate insects and... Moropus extinct genus of the chalicotheres, a group of very unusual perissodactyls (“odd-toed” ungulates) related to the horse. Fossil remains of Moropus are found in Miocene deposits in North America and Asia (the Miocene Epoch lasted from 23.7 to 5.3 million... mouflon Ovis aries small feral sheep (family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla) of Corsica and Sardinia (O. a. musimon) and of Cyprus (O. a. ophion). The mouflon stands about 70 cm (28 inches) at the shoulder and is brown with white underparts. The male has a light,... mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa a muskrat -sized burrowing rodent found only in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Unlike the American and Eurasian beavers (genus Castor), the mountain beaver has an extremely short tail and is less than a half metre (1.6 feet)... mountain goat Oreamnos americanus a stocky North American ruminant of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). Surefooted relatives of the chamois, mountain goats cling to steep cliffs in habitats ranging from ocean shores to glaciated mountain tops. They are agile,... mouse Mus the common name generally but imprecisely applied to rodents found throughout the world with bodies less than about 12 cm (5 inches) long. In a scientific context, mouse refers to any of the 38 species in the genus Mus, which is the Latin word for... mouse opossum any of a group of more than 55 species of Central and South American marsupials that are the most abundant members of the opossum family (Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae). Previously included in the genus Marmosa, mouse opossums are divided today... mule the hybrid offspring of a male ass (jackass, or jack) and a female horse (mare). The less-frequent cross between a female ass and a male horse results in a hinny, or hinney, which is smaller than a mule. Mules were beasts of burden in Asia Minor at least... mule deer Odocoileus hemionus a medium-sized, gregarious deer of western North America that derives its name from its large ears. Mule deer also have striking pelage markings, large antlers, and scent glands. Large bucks rarely exceed 95 kg (210 pounds); does... multituberculate any member of an extinct group of small, superficially rodentlike mammals that existed from about 178 million to 50 million years ago (that is, from the middle of the Jurassic Period until the early Eocene Epoch). During most of this span, they were... muntjac any of about seven species of small- to medium-sized Asiatic deer that make up the genus Muntiacus in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Called barking deer because of their cry, muntjacs are solitary and nocturnal, and they usually live in areas...	Meerkat
Which word completes the title of the recent album by Paolo Nutini - Caustic ____?	Placental Mammals - 6 \| Britannica.com Placental Mammals Eutheria any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus. Displaying 401 - 500 of 795 results killer whale Orcinus orca largest member of the dolphin family (Delphinidae). The killer whale is easy to identify by its size and striking coloration: jet black on top and pure white below with a white patch behind each eye, another extending up each flank, and... kinkajou Potos flavus an unusual member of the raccoon family (see procyonid) distinguished by its long, prehensile tail, short muzzle, and low-set, rounded ears. Native to Central America and parts of South America, the kinkajou is an agile denizen of the upper... kipunji Rungwecebus kipunji arboreal species of monkeys that occur in two populations in the Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania: one in the Ndundulu forest in the Udzungwa Mountains, the other in the Rungwe-Livingstone forest of the Southern Highlands. It is light... klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus rock-climbing antelope, resident in mountains of eastern and southern Africa. Its Kiswahili name “goat of the rocks” is apt, although it more closely resembles Eurasian goat antelopes such as the chamois and is radically different... knockout mouse genetically engineered laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) in which a specific gene has been inactivated, or “knocked out,” by the introduction of a foreign (artificial) DNA sequence. Knockout mice exhibit modifications in phenotype (observable traits) and... kob Kobus kob small, stocky African antelope (tribe Reduncini, family Bovidae) that occurs in large numbers on floodplains of the northern savanna. The kob ranges from Senegal in the west to the Ethiopian border in the east and southward into western Uganda... Kobus genus of antelopes, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), containing about six species—the waterbucks and lechwes, the kob, and the puku. Members of this genus are native to Africa south of the Sahara. They usually live in herds and are generally found... Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), variety of grizzly bear found on Kodiak Island, off the coast of Alaska. It is the largest of living land carnivores. See grizzly bear. kolinsky any of several species of Asian weasels. See weasel. komondor large Hungarian sheepdog breed taken to Europe in the 9th century by the Magyars, who kept it primarily to protect, rather than to herd, their flocks. A powerful, heavy-boned dog, the male komondor stands at least 27.5 inches (69.9 cm) and weighs 100... kouprey Bos sauveli elusive wild ox (tribe Bovini, family Bovidae) of Indochina and one of the world’s most endangered large mammals, if it is not already extinct. Unknown to science until 1937, the kouprey was rare even then: no more than an estimated 2,000... Krapina remains fossilized remains of at least 24 early Neanderthal adults and children, consisting of skulls, teeth, and other skeletal parts found in a rock shelter near the city of Krapina, northern Croatia, between 1899 and 1905. The remains date to about 130,000... kudu two species of spiral-horned antelopes (tribe Tragelaphini, family Bovidae). The very large greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is common in southern African wildlife reserves. The svelte lesser kudu (T. imberbis) is an elusive dweller in the arid... kuvasz Hungarian breed of guard and shepherd dog whose reputation as a watchdog was unexcelled during the Middle Ages, when it was kept by kings and nobles. The breed originated many centuries ago, perhaps in Central Asia, whence it spread to Hungary, Turkey,... Labrador retriever breed of sporting dog that originated in Newfoundland and was brought to England by fishermen about 1800. It is an outstanding gun dog, consistently dominating field trials. Standing 21.5 to 24.5 inches (55 to 62 cm) and weighing 55 to 80 pounds (25... lagomorph Lagomorpha any member of the mammalian order made up of the relatively well-known rabbits and hares (family Leporidae) and also the less frequently encountered pikas (family Ochotonidae). Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail,... Lakeland terrier breed of dog originally used to hunt and kill foxes in the Lake District of England. Formerly known as the Patterdale terrier, the Lakeland terrier was bred for gameness when in pursuit of foxes and otters. Somewhat like a small Airedale terrier in appearance,... LaMancha American breed of dairy goat known for its much-reduced external ears. The lineage of LaManchas is uncertain; their relation to goats of the La Mancha region of Spain is not proven. The breed was developed in the early 20th century on the West Coast... langur general name given to numerous species of Asian monkeys belonging to the subfamily Colobinae. The term is often restricted to nearly two dozen species of leaf monkeys but is also applied to various other members of the subfamily. Leaf monkeys and other... Lantian man fossils of hominins (members of the human lineage) found in 1963 and 1964 by Chinese archaeologists at two sites in Lantian district, Shaanxi province, China. One specimen was found at each site: a cranium (skullcap) at Gongwangling (Kung-wang-ling)... laughing hyena African species of hyena. leaf-nosed bat any of almost 250 species of New World and Old World bats belonging to the families Phyllostomidae and Hipposideridae that have a flat projection on the muzzle that often resembles a leaf. The purpose of the leaf structure is not known for certain, but... lechwe Kobus antelope species of the genus Kobus. The lechwe, a member of the waterbuck and kob tribe (Reduncini), ranks second only to the nyala among the most aquatic African antelopes. The lechwe is one of only three antelopes (including the closely related... lemming any of 20 species of small rodents, some of which undertake large, swarming migrations. Lemmings are found only in the Northern Hemisphere. They have short, stocky bodies with short legs and stumpy tails, a bluntly rounded muzzle, small eyes, and small... lemur Strepsirrhini generally, any primitive primate except the tarsier; more specifically, any of the indigenous primates of Madagascar. In the broad sense, the term lemur applies not only to the typical lemurs (family Lemuridae) but also to the avahi s,... leopard Panthera pardus large cat closely related to the lion, tiger, and jaguar. The name leopard was originally given to the cat now called cheetah —the so-called hunting leopard—which was once thought to be a cross between the lion and the pard. The term... leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), forest-dwelling cat, family Felidae, found in India and Southeast Asia and noted for its leopard-like colouring. The coat of the leopard cat is usually yellowish or reddish brown above, white below, and heavily marked with dark spots... leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), generally solitary, earless seal (family Phocidae) that inhabits Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. The only seal that feeds on penguins, young seals, and other warm-blooded prey, the leopard seal is a slender animal with a relatively... Lhasa apso breed of dog from Tibet, where it is called abso seng kye (“bark lion sentinel dog”) and is used as an indoor guard dog. The Lhasa apso is characteristically hardy, intelligent, and watchful. Longer than it is tall, it stands 10 to 11 inches (25 to 28... liger offspring of a lion and a tigress. The liger is a zoo-bred hybrid, as is the tigon, the result of mating a tiger with a lioness. It is probable that neither the liger nor the tigon occurs in the wild, as differences in the behaviour and habitat of the... linsang any of three species of long-tailed, catlike mammals belonging to the civet family (Viverridae). The African linsang (Poiana richardsoni), the banded linsang (Prionodon linsang), and the spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) vary in colour, but all... lion Panthera leo large, powerfully built cat (family Felidae) that is second in size only to the tiger. The proverbial “king of beasts,” the lion has been one of the best-known wild animals since earliest times. Lions are most active at night and live in... Lipizzaner breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish,... litoptern Litopterna any of various extinct hoofed mammals that first appeared in the Paleocene Epoch (which began about 65.5 million years ago) and died out during the Pleistocene Epoch (which ended about 11,700 years ago). The order was restricted to South America,... llama (Lama glama), South American member of the camel family, Camelidae (order Artiodactyla), closely related to the alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña, which are known collectively as lamoids. Unlike camels, lamoids do not have the characteristic camel humps; they... Llanocetus denticrenatus earliest known baleen whale and sole member of the family Llanocetidae, suborder Mysticeti. Llanocetus denticrenatus lived during the Late Eocene (33.9 million to 38 million years ago). Much of what is known about the species comes from an analysis of... long-eared bat any of 19 species of small, usually colony-dwelling vesper bat s (family Vespertilionidae). Long-eared bats are found in both the Old World and the New World (Plecotus) and in Australia (Nyctophilus). They are approximately 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 inches) long,... longhair breed of domestic cat noted for its long, soft, flowing coat. Long-haired cats were originally known as Persians, or Angoras. These names were later discarded in favour of the name longhair, although the cats are still commonly called Persians in the... loris any of about eight species of tailless or short-tailed South and Southeast Asian forest primate s. Lorises are arboreal and nocturnal, curling up to sleep by day. They have soft gray or brown fur and can be recognized by their huge eyes encircled by... Lucy nickname for a remarkably complete (40 percent intact) hominin skeleton found by Donald Johanson at Hadar, Eth., on Nov. 24, 1974, and dated to 3.2 million years ago. The specimen is usually classified as Australopithecus afarensis and suggests—by having... lynx Lynx any of four species of short-tailed cats (family Felidae) found in the forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and the bobcat (L. rufus) live in North America. The Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx... Maba cranium fossil fragments of an ancient human skull found in 1958 near the village of Maba (Ma-pa), Guangdong (Kwangtung) province, southern China. Intermediate in form between Homo erectus and H. sapiens, the remains are referred by many authorities to archaic... macaque Macaca any of about 20 species of gregarious Old World monkeys, all of which are Asian except for the Barbary macaque of North Africa. Macaques are robust primates whose arms and legs are of about the same length. Their fur is generally a shade of brown... Maine Coon cat North America’s only native breed of longhaired domestic cat. Though its origins are unknown, it was first shown in Boston in 1878. Maines are large, muscular, and heavy-boned; they may have been named for their raccoon-like tail. Excellent mousers,... Maltese breed of toy dog named for the island of Malta, where it may have originated about 2,800 years ago. Delicate in appearance but usually vigorous, healthy, affectionate, and lively, the Maltese was once the valued pet of the wealthy and aristocratic. It... mammoth Mammuthus any member of an extinct group of elephants found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits over every continent except Australia and South America and in early Holocene deposits of North America. (The Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago... manatee Trichechus any of three species of large, slow aquatic mammals found along tropical and subtropical Atlantic coasts and associated inland waters. Dull gray, blackish, or brown in colour, all three manatee species have stout, tapered bodies ending in... Manchester terrier breed of dog developed in England from the whippet, a racing dog, and the black-and-tan terrier, a valued ratter, to combine the talents of each. In 1860 the breed was named after the city of Manchester, a breeding centre, but it was often called the... mandrill Mandrillus sphinx colourful and primarily ground-dwelling monkey that inhabits the rainforests of equatorial Africa from the Sanaga River (Cameroon) southward to the Congo River. The mandrill is stout-bodied and has a short tail, prominent brow ridges,... maned rat Lophiomys imhausi a long-haired and bushy-tailed East African rodent that resembles a porcupine and is named for its mane of long, coarse black-and-white-banded hairs that begins at the top of the head and extends beyond the base of the tail. The maned... maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus rare large-eared member of the dog family (Canidae) found in remote plains areas of central South America. The maned wolf has a foxlike head, long reddish brown fur, very long blackish legs, and an erectile mane. Its length ranges... mangabey any of about 10 species of slender, rather long-limbed monkeys of the genera Cercocebus and Lophocebus, found in African tropical forests. Mangabeys are fairly large quadrupedal monkeys with cheek pouches and deep depressions under the cheekbones. Species... Manx breed of tailless domestic cat of unknown origin but presumed by tradition to have come from the Isle of Man. Noted for being affectionate, loyal, and courageous, the Manx is distinguished both by its taillessness and by its characteristic hopping gait.... mara either of two South American rodents in the genus Dolichotis of the cavy family, the Patagonian mara (D. patagonum) or the Chacoan mara (D. salinicola). marbled cat (species Felis marmorata), rare Southeast Asian cat, family Felidae, often referred to as a miniature version of the unrelated clouded leopard. The marbled cat is about the size of a domestic cat; it measures roughly 45–60 cm (18–24 inches) long, excluding... margay Leopardus wiedii small cat (family Felidae) that ranges from South through Central America and, rarely, into the extreme southern United States. Little is known about the habits of the margay. It lives in forests and presumably is nocturnal, feeding... markhor Capra falconeri large wild goat of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), formerly found throughout the mountains from Kashmir and Turkistan to Afghanistan but now greatly reduced in population and range. The flare-horned markhor (C. f. falconeri)... marmoset Callitrichidae any of numerous species of small long-tailed South American monkeys. Similar in appearance to squirrels, marmosets are tree-dwelling primates that move in a quick, jerky manner. Claws on all the digits except the big toe aid them in scampering... marmot Marmota any of 14 species of giant ground squirrels found primarily in North America and Eurasia. These rodents are large and heavy, weighing 3 to 7 kg (6.6 to 15.4 pounds), depending upon the species. Marmots are well suited for life in cold environments... marten any of several weasel-like carnivores of the genus Martes (family Mustelidae), found in Canada and parts of the United States and in the Old World from Europe to the Malay region. Differing in size and coloration according to species, they have lithe... mastiff breed of large working dog used as a guard and fighting dog in England for more than 2,000 years. Dogs of this type are found in European and Asian records dating back to 3000 bc. Sometimes called the Molossian breeds for a common ancestor, numerous... mastiff bat any of various species of free-tailed bat s (family Molossidae) named for their doglike faces. The eight New World species of bats making up the genus Molossus are called mastiff bats. Several other genera also include species commonly called mastiff... mastodon any of several extinct elephantine mammals (family Mastodontidae, genus Mastodon [also called Mammut]) that first appeared in the early Miocene and continued in various forms through the Pleistocene Epoch (from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). In North... meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus one of the most common and prolific small mammals in North America. Weighing less than 50 grams (1.8 ounces), this stout vole is 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 inches) long, including its short tail (3 to 6 cm). The dense, soft fur is... meerkat Suricata suricatta burrowing member of the mongoose family (Herpestidae), found in southwestern Africa, that is unmistakably recognizable in its upright “sentinel” posture as it watches for predators. The meerkat is slender and has a pointed little face,... Megatherium largest of the ground sloths, an extinct group of mammals belonging to a group containing sloths, anteaters, glyptodonts, and armadillos that underwent a highly successful evolutionary radiation in South America in the Cenozoic Era (beginning 65.5 million... Merino breed of fine-wool sheep originating in Spain; it was known as early as the 12th century and may have been a Moorish importation. It was particularly well adapted to semiarid climates and to nomadic pasturing. The breed has become prominent in many countries... Merychippus extinct genus of early horse s, found as fossils in deposits from the Middle and Late Miocene Epoch (16.4 to 5.3 million years ago). Merychippus descended from the earlier genus Parahippus. The tooth pattern in Merychippus is basically the same as that... Mesohippus genus of extinct early and middle Oligocene horses (the Oligocene Epoch occurred from 33.9 to 23 million years ago) commonly found as fossils in the rocks of the Badlands region of South Dakota, U.S. Mesohippus was the first of the three-toed horses... Mexican hairless breed of dog that is probably descended from hairless Chinese or African dogs that were taken by Spanish traders to Mexico in the late 16th century. A rather long-legged dog, the Mexican hairless comes in three sizes: toy, which stands 11 to 12 inches... Miacis genus of extinct carnivores found as fossils in deposits of the late Paleocene Epoch (65.5–55.8 million years ago) to the late Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago) in North America and of the late Eocene Epoch in Europe and Asia. Miacis is representative... miner’s cat carnivorous mammal, a species of cacomistle. mink either of two species of the weasel family (Mustelidae) native to the Northern Hemisphere. The European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the American mink (Neovison vison) are both valued for their luxurious fur. The American mink is one of the pillars of... Miohippus genus of extinct horses that originated in North America during the Late Eocene Epoch (37.2–33.9 million years ago). Miohippus evolved from the earlier genus Mesohippus; however, the former was larger and had a more-derived dentition than the latter.... Missouri fox-trotting horse breed of horse that originated in Missouri and the Ozark Mountains region and is characterized by the “fox trot” gait, a broken gait that occurs when the horse walks briskly with the front feet while trotting with the back feet. Developed from light... Moeritherium extinct genus of primitive mammals that represent a very early stage in the evolution of elephants. Its fossils are found in deposits dated to the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago) and the early part of the Oligocene Epoch (33.9–23 million years... mole Talpidae any of 42 species of insectivores, most of which are adapted for aggressive burrowing and for living most of their lives underground. Burrowing moles have a cylindrical body with a short tail and short, stocky limbs. A long, nearly hairless,... mona monkey Cercopithecus mona common West African primate found in tropical rainforests; it was introduced to the island of Grenada during the 18th century via the slave trade, and a wild population has established itself there. The mona monkey is a speckled reddish... mongoose Herpestidae any of numerous species of small bold predatory carnivores found mainly in Africa but also in southern Asia and southern Europe. Mongooses are noted for their audacious attacks on highly poisonous snakes such as king cobras. The 38 species... monk seal any of three little-known tropical or subtropical seals of the genus Monachus, family Phocidae. Characterized by V-shaped hind flippers, monk seals are brown or black as pups, and dark gray or brown above, paler or whitish below as adults. They feed... monkey in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. The presence of a tail (even if only a tiny nub), along with their narrow-chested bodies and other features of the skeleton, distinguishes monkeys... moonrat Echinosorex gymnura a large Southeast Asian insectivore that is essentially a primitive tropical hedgehog with a long tail and fur instead of spines. Despite their name, moonrats are not rodents, although they have a slim body, small unpigmented ears,... moose Alces alces the largest member of the deer family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Moose are striking in appearance because of their towering size, black colour, long legs, pendulous muzzle, and dangling hairy dewlap (called a bell) and the immense, wide,... Morgan breed of horse that was once the most famous and widely disseminated in the United States. The Morgan declined in popularity, and for a while breeding was supervised by the government. The breed was founded by a horse known as Justin Morgan, after his... Moropus extinct genus of the chalicotheres, a group of very unusual perissodactyls (“odd-toed” ungulates) related to the horse. Fossil remains of Moropus are found in Miocene deposits in North America and Asia (the Miocene Epoch lasted from 23.7 to 5.3 million... mouflon Ovis aries small feral sheep (family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla) of Corsica and Sardinia (O. a. musimon) and of Cyprus (O. a. ophion). The mouflon stands about 70 cm (28 inches) at the shoulder and is brown with white underparts. The male has a light,... mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa a muskrat -sized burrowing rodent found only in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Unlike the American and Eurasian beavers (genus Castor), the mountain beaver has an extremely short tail and is less than a half metre (1.6 feet)... mountain goat Oreamnos americanus a stocky North American ruminant of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). Surefooted relatives of the chamois, mountain goats cling to steep cliffs in habitats ranging from ocean shores to glaciated mountain tops. They are agile,... mouse Mus the common name generally but imprecisely applied to rodents found throughout the world with bodies less than about 12 cm (5 inches) long. In a scientific context, mouse refers to any of the 38 species in the genus Mus, which is the Latin word for... mule the hybrid offspring of a male ass (jackass, or jack) and a female horse (mare). The less-frequent cross between a female ass and a male horse results in a hinny, or hinney, which is smaller than a mule. Mules were beasts of burden in Asia Minor at least... mule deer Odocoileus hemionus a medium-sized, gregarious deer of western North America that derives its name from its large ears. Mule deer also have striking pelage markings, large antlers, and scent glands. Large bucks rarely exceed 95 kg (210 pounds); does... muntjac any of about seven species of small- to medium-sized Asiatic deer that make up the genus Muntiacus in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Called barking deer because of their cry, muntjacs are solitary and nocturnal, and they usually live in areas... Muridae Muridae largest extant rodent family, indeed the largest of all mammalian families, encompassing more than 1,383 species of the “true” mice and rats. Two-thirds of all rodent species and genera belong to family Muridae. The members of this family are... Murray Grey breed of Australian beef cattle first bred in 1905 in the Murray River valley on the border between New South Wales and Victoria. Its characteristic colour is grey, and the breed is known for its calving and milking ability, its gentle temperament, and... musk deer Moschus moschiferus small compact deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). A solitary shy animal, the musk deer lives in mountainous regions from Siberia to the Himalayas. It has large ears, a very short tail, no antlers, and, unlike all other deer,... musk ox Ovibos moschatus shaggy-haired Arctic ruminant of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). Musk oxen are stocky mammals with large heads, short necks, and short, stout legs. Their name derives from their musky odour and from their superficial resemblance... muskrat Ondatra zibethicus a large amphibious rodent indigenous to North America but found also in Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, adjacent areas of China and Mongolia, and Honshu Island in Japan. The muskrat is a robust vole weighing up to 1.8 kg (4 pounds).... mustelid Mustelidae any of about 55 species of ferret s, polecat s, badger s, marten s, otter s, the wolverine, and other members of the weasel family. Historically, skunk s have also been included in Mustelidae, but genetic analyses suggest that they belong... Mylodon extinct genus of ground sloth found as fossils in South American deposits of the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). Mylodon attained a length of about 3 metres (10 feet). Its skin contained numerous bony parts that offered some protection...	i don't know
Which character was played by James Beck in the TV sitcom Dad’s Army?	James Beck: the Dad’s Army star cut off in his prime - Telegraph James Beck: the Dad’s Army star cut off in his prime James Beck, aka Dad's Army's Private Walker, died 40 years ago today. Neil Clark pays tribute. James Beck in Dad's Army Photo: Rex By Neil Clark 7:00AM BST 06 Aug 2013 On 6 August 1973, James Beck, who played the Cockney spiv Private Walker in Dad’s Army, died at the age of 44. Ironically, he was the first member of the predominantly elderly ensemble to die. A highly accomplished actor, it seemed that he was set for a successful career as a character player. However, an addiction to alcohol cost him his life. James “Jimmy” Beck was born in Islington in 1929, the son of a tram driver. He left home at 17 and, after National Service, he pursued a career in the theatre, eventually winning a contract with the York Theatre Company. His breakthrough came in 1968, when he was cast as Private Joe Walker in a new BBC sitcom about the Home Guard. Jimmy Perry, who created Dad’s Army with co-writer David Croft, originally planned the role for himself, but was persuaded against performing in his own show. “Michael Mills, the head of BBC Comedy said to me: ‘Dear boy, you’ve got to decide which end of the camera you want to be on’,” Perry recalls. “David Croft wisely said that if you’re going to write and perform in it too it might create a difficult atmosphere with the rest of the cast. David had worked with Jimmy before and thought he’d be right for the part. I didn’t know him from a bar of soap.” The casting of Beck, like the other casting choices in Dad’s Army, proved to be inspired. “He was very good,” says Perry. “He had the right mix of cheekiness and charm. He gave the role a bit of oomph.” Everyone loved Jimmy Beck. “He was a nice person to get along with – one enjoyed his company,” recalls Frank Williams who played the Vicar. Related Articles 'A modern Dad’s Army? Stupid boy...' 14 Nov 2012 “He was the person closest to my own age so I had a particular affinity with him,” says Ian Lavender who played Private Pike and who, together with Williams, is the only surviving regular cast member. “He was a very good actor and a popular one – which doesn’t always go together.” Beck’s career was at its height at the start of 1973. Dad’s Army was becoming increasingly popular and he had won the lead role in an ITV sitcom called Romany Jones. He had also recently co-starred with Arthur Lowe (Dad’s Army’s Captain Mainwaring) in the pilot of a new BBC sitcom, Bunclarke With an E, based on adapted scripts from Hancock’s Half Hour. In August, he was due to appear in a TV play called The Village Concert. The last time his Dad’s Army co-stars saw him alive was on Friday 13th July at the Playhouse Theatre in London where he recorded two radio episodes of Dad’s Army (which ran alongside the TV series). The following afternoon Beck was opening a school fête when he suddenly became ill and had to be taken home by his wife Kay. He was then rushed to hospital where he lost consciousness. He died three weeks later, due to a combination of heart failure, renal failure and pancreatitis. “It was a terrible shock” says Jimmy Perry. “We all knew he was a heavy drinker, but we didn’t bother much about it. There were a lot of heavy drinkers about in the business in those days. The only time I thought there might be something seriously wrong was when we were shooting the outdoor scenes for an episode in which the platoon were being chased by a pack of bloodhounds and Captain Mainwaring got them to take off their boots and socks and roll up their trousers. I saw Jimmy’s legs and they were purple. It was the last episode he appeared in before he died.” At the suggestion of Kay, Lavender took over Beck’s part in The Village Concert. “The recording took place on the day of Jimmy’s funeral. It was all very sad,” says Lavender. What might Beck have achieved had he lived? He had received a congratulatory letter from Laurence Olivier for his portrayal of Archie Rice in The Entertainer and Beck was keen to stretch himself professionally. Williams remembers seeing him in Staircase, about a pair of gay lovers, at the Palace Theatre in Watford. “It couldn’t have been more different from the role of Private Walker but he was tremendous. I have no doubt that, had he lived, he would have become one of Britain’s leading character actors.”	Private Walker
What did a perruquier make?	Dad's Army \| Dad's Army Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Original run 31 July 1968 - 13 November 1977 Dad's Army is a British comedy sitcom focusing on the exploits of a platoon of Home Guard from the fictional town of Walmington-On-Sea , set in the 2nd World War. It was written by Jimmy Perry & David Croft , and was broadcast on BBC television between 1968 and 1977. The series ran for 9 seasons and 80 episodes in total, plus a radio series, a feature film and a stage show. The series regulary gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still repeated world-wide. The Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, usually owing to age, and as such the series starred several veterans of British, film and stage, including Arthur Lowe , John Le Mesurier , Arnold Ridley & John Laurie . Relative youngsters in the regular cast were Ian Lavender , Clive Dunn (who was made-up to play the elderly Jones ), Frank Williams , James Beck (who died suddenly during production of the programme's sixth series, despite being one of the youngest cast members) and Colin Bean . In 2004 Dad's Army was voted into fourth place in a BBC poll to find Britain's best sitcom. Previously, in a list of the 100 Greatest Television Programmes drawn up by the BFI (British Film Institute) in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, it was placed thirteenth. The series has had a profound influence on popular culture in the United Kingdom, with the series' catchphrases and characters well known. It is also credited with having highlighted a hitherto forgotten aspect of defence during the Second World War. The Radio Times magazine listed Captain Mainwaring 's "You stupid boy!" among the 25 greatest put-downs on TV. Contents Edit Originally intended to be called The Fighting Tigers, Dad’s Army was based partly on co-writer and creator Jimmy Perry’s real-life experiences in the Local Defence Volunteers (later known as the Home Guard). Perry had been 17 years old when he joined the 10th Hertfordshire Battalion and with a mother who did not like him being out at night and fearing he might catch cold, he bore more than a passing resemblance to the character of Frank Pike . An elderly Lance-Corporal in the outfit often referred to fighting under Kitchener against the " Fuzzy Wuzzies " and proved to be a perfect model for Jones . Other influences were the film Whiskey Galore!, and the work of comedians such as Will Hay whose film Oh, Mr Porter! featured a pompous ass, an old man and a young man which gave him Mainwaring , Godfrey and Pike. Another influence was the Lancastrian comedian Robb Wilton, who portrayed a work-shy husband who joined the Home Guard in numerous comic sketches during WW2. Perry wrote the first script and gave it to David Croft while working as a minor actor in the Croft-produced sitcom Hugh and I, originally intending the role of the spiv, Walker, to be his own. Croft was impressed and sent the script to Michael Mills, Head of Comedy at the BBC. After addressing initial concerns that the programme was making fun of the efforts of the Home Guard, the series was commissioned. In his book, Dad's Army, Graham McCann explained that the show owes a lot to Michael Mills. It was he who renamed the show Dad's Army. He did not like Brightsea-on-Sea so the location was changed to Walmington-On-Sea . He was happy with the names for the characters Mainwaring, Godfrey and Pike but not with other names and he made suggestions: Private Jim Duck became Frazer, Joe Fish became Joe Walker and Jim Jones became Jack Jones. He also suggested adding a Scottish person to the mix. Jimmy Perry had produced the original idea but was in need of an experienced man to see it through. Mills suggested David Croft and so the successful partnership began. Situation Edit The show was set in the fictional seaside town of Walmington-On-Sea , on the south coast of England (the exterior scenes were mostly filmed in and around Thetford, Norfolk). Thus, the Home Guard were on the front line in the eventuality of an invasion by the enemy forces across the English Channel, which formed a backdrop to the series. The first series had a loose narrative thread, with Captain Mainwaring’s Platoon being formed and equipped—initially with wooden guns and LDV armbands, and later on full army uniforms; the platoon were part of "The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment". The first episode, " The Man and the Hour ", began with a scene set in the 'present day' of 1968, in which Mainwaring addressed his old platoon as part of the contemporary 'I'm Backing Britain' campaign. The prologue opening was a condition imposed after initial concerns by Paul Fox, the controller of BBC 1, that it was belittling the efforts of the Home Guard. After Mainwaring relates how he had backed Britain in 1940, the episode proper began; Dad’s Army is thus told in flashback, although the final episode does not return to the then-present. Later episodes were largely self-contained, albeit referring to previous events and with additional character development. As the comedy in many ways relied on the platoon’s failure to participate actively in World War II, opposition to their activities had to come from another quarter, and this generally showed itself in the form of Air Raid Precautions (ARP) Warden Hodges , although sometimes the Verger of the local church, or Captain Square and the neighbouring Eastgate Home Guard platoon. However, the group did have some encounters related to the war such as downed German planes, a U-boat crew, parachutes that may have been German, and German mines. Also, an IRA suspect appeared in one episode, " Absent Friends ". The humour ranged from the subtle (especially in the class-reversed relationship between Mainwaring and Wilson, who also happened to be his deputy at the bank) to the slapstick (the antics of the elderly Jones being a prime example). Jones had several catchphrases, including "Don't panic!", "They don’t like it up ’em", "Permission to speak, sir", and talk about "the Fuzzy-Wuzzies". Mainwaring said "You stupid boy" to Pike in many episodes. The first series occasionally included darker humour, reflecting the fact that, especially early in the war, members of the Home Guard were woefully under-equipped and yet were still prepared to have a crack at the German Army. An example of this theme occurs in "The Battle of Godfrey’s Cottage" episode, in which the platoon believes an enemy invasion is underway. Mainwaring, Godfrey, Frazer and Jones (along with Godfrey's sisters, who are completely unaware of the invasion) decide to stay at the cottage to delay any German advance, giving the rest of the platoon time to warn the town; "Of course, that will be the end of us", says Mainwaring. "We know sir", replies Frazer, before getting on with the task in hand. Characters Mrs. Mavis Pike ( Janet Davies )—Pike’s mother and Sergeant Wilson’s lover. Reverend Timothy Farthing ( Frank Williams )—The effete vicar of St. Aldhelm’s Church, he shares his church hall and office with Mainwaring’s platoon. Maurice Yeatman ( Edward Sinclair )—Mr. Yeatman was the verger at St. Aldhelm’s Church and head of the Sea Scouts group, and was often hostile to the platoon. Private Sponge ( Colin Bean )—Private Sponge had the job of representing those members of the platoon not in Corporal Jones’ first section. Private Cheeseman ( Talfryn Thomas )—a Welshman who joined the Walmington-on-Sea platoon during the seventh series to compensate for the death of James Beck who played Private Walker. Opening and closing credits Edit The show's opening titles were originally intended to feature footage of refugees and Nazi troops, in order to illustrate the threat faced by the Home Guard. Despite opposition from the BBC's Head of Comedy Michael Mills, BBC One's controller Paul Fox ordered that these be removed on the grounds that they were "offensive". The replacement titles featured the now familiar animated sequence of swastika-headed arrows approaching Britain. In Series 6 they were updated – in all previous versions one of the Nazi arrows passes over the tail of another but then appears under. This was corrected. The closing credits of the show are a homage to the end credits of the 1944 film The Way Ahead which had covered the training of an everyman platoon during the war and was released as a propaganda film in 1943. In both instances, each character is shown as they walk across a smoke-filled battlefield. One of the stars of Dad's Army, John Laurie, also appeared in that film, and his performance in the end credits of The Way Ahead appears to be copied in the sit-com. Music Edit The show's theme tune, " Who do you think you are kidding, Mr Hitler? " was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs (This is the only pastiche as the other music used is of the time). Perry wrote the lyric himself, and composed the music with Derek Taverner. Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas. Flanagan died shortly after the recording. The version played over the opening credits differs slightly from the full version recorded by Flanagan; an abrupt but inconspicuous edit removes, for timing reasons, two lines of lyrics with a different tune: "So watch out Mr Hitler, you have met your match in us/If you think you can crush us, we're afraid you've missed the bus." Bud Flanagan's full version appears as an Easter egg on the first series DVD release. Arthur Lowe also recorded a full version of the theme. The closing credits feature an instrumental march version of the song played by the Band of the Coldstream Guards conducted by Captain (later Lt Col) Trevor L. Sharpe, ending with the air-raid warning siren sounding all-clear. It is accompanied by a style of credits that became a trademark of David Croft: the caption "You have been watching", followed by vignettes of the main cast. The series also contains genuine wartime songs between scenes, usually brief quotations that have some reference to the theme of the episode or the scene. TV episodes Main article: List of Episodes The television series lasted nine series and was broadcast over nine years, with 80 episodes in total, including three Christmas specials. At its peak, the programme regularly gained audiences of 18.5 million. There were also four short specials broadcast as part of Christmas Night with the Stars in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972. Missing episodes Main article: Missing Episodes The first two series were recorded and screened in black and white; after that series three to nine were recorded and screened in colour. Even so, one episode in series three, Room at the Bottom , could only be found in black and white, despite being recorded in colour. On the official DVDs, the episode is also in black and white. Technology eventually allowed the BBC to put the full colour version out in late 2008. Until 1978 the BBC (along with ITV) did not have proper archives for programmes recorded on video tape. This, combined with the cost of 2 inch Quadruplex videotape reels and no appreciation of future commercial possibilities, resulted in significant amounts of material being wiped after they were transmitted (contractual agreements at that time often allowed for one repeat showing before being wiped). Although the BBC has recovered many recordings from overseas broadcasters and private collectors through BBC Archive Treasure Hunt, many are still missing. Dad's Army is less affected than most, but three second-series episodes are lost, and one third-series episode was filmed in colour but had only existed in black and white. This third-series episode has been re-coloured, using an existing colour signal in the black-and-white tele-recording, and was transmitted on 13 December 2008 on BBC Two. Two further series-two episodes were believed lost until 2001. Two of the three lost episodes have since been performed as part of the latest stage show. In 2008, soundtracks of the lost episode A Stripe for Frazer and the 1968 Christmas Night with the Stars special Present Arms were recovered, but it is unlikely that a visual version of either will be found. Film Main article: Dad's Army Film As with many TV shows of that era, in 1971 Dad's Army was made into a feature film. Backers Columbia Pictures imposed arbitrary changes, such as recasting Liz Fraser as Mavis Pike and filming outdoors in Chalfont St Giles rather than Thetford, which made the cast unhappy. The director, Norman Cohen, who was also responsible for the idea to make the film, was nearly fired by the studio. Jimmy Perry and David Croft wrote the original screenplay. This was expanded by Cohen to try to make it more cinematic; Columbia executives made more changes to plot and pacing. As finally realised, two-thirds of the film consists of the creation of the platoon—this was the contribution of Perry and Croft—and the final third shows the platoon in action, rescuing hostages from the church hall where they’d been held captive by three German pilots. Neither the cast nor Perry and Croft were happy with the result. Perry spent time arguing for changes to try to reproduce the style of the television series, but with mixed results. Filming took place between 10 August and 25 September 1970, at Shepperton Studios and various locations. After shooting the film, the cast returned to working on the fourth television series. The film's UK première was on 12 March 1971 at the Columbia Theatre, London. Critical reviews were mixed, but it performed well at the UK box office. Discussions were held about a possible sequel, to be called Dad's Army and the Secret U-Boat Base, but the project never came to fruition. Stage Show Main Article: Dad's Army Stage Show In 1975 Dad’s Army transferred to the stage as a revue, with songs, familiar scenes from the show, and individual “turns” for cast members. It was created by Roger Redfarn, who shared the same agent as the sitcom writers. Most of the principal cast transferred with it, with the exception of John Laurie (he was replaced by Hamish Roughead). Following James Beck’s death two years earlier, Walker was played by John Bardon. Dad’s Army: A Nostalgic Music and Laughter Show of Britain’s Finest Hour opened at Billingham in England, Teesside on 4 September 1975 for a two-week tryout. After cuts and revisions, the show transferred to London’s West End and opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 2 October 1975. On the opening night there was a surprise appearance by Chesney Allen, singing the old Flanagan and Allen song Hometown with Arthur Lowe. The show ran in the West End until February 1976, disrupted twice by bomb scares, and then toured the country until 4 September 1976. Clive Dunn was replaced for half the tour by Jack Haig (David Croft's original first choice for the role of Corporal Jones on television). Jeffrey Holland, who went on to star in several later Croft sitcoms, also had a number of roles in the production. The stage show, billed as Dad's Army—The Musical, was staged in Australia and toured New Zealand in 2004–05, starring Jon English. Several sections of this stage show were filmed and have subsequently been included as extras on the final Dad's Army DVD. In April 2007, a new stage show was announced with cast members including Leslie Grantham as Private Walker and Emmerdale actor Peter Martin as Captain Mainwaring . The production contained the episodes " A Stripe for Frazer ", " The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker ", " Room at the Bottom " and " The Deadly Attachment ". Radio series Main article: Dad's Army (Radio Series) , List of Radio Episodes Many TV episodes (67, to be exact) were remade for BBC Radio 4 with the original cast, although other actors played some parts (such as the part of Walker after the death of James Beck ). These radio versions were adapted by Harold Snoad and Michael Knowles and also featured a narrative by veteran newsreader John Snagge who would set the scene at the start of each episode. Other appearances Edit Arthur Lowe , John Le Mesurier and John Laurie made a cameo appearance as their Dad's Army characters in the 1977 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special. As Elton John is following incomprehensible instructions to find the BBC studios, he encounters them in a steam room. On leaving, Mainwaring calls him a “stupid boy”. Earlier, Le Mesurier, Laurie, Beck, Ridley and Lavender had appeared as guests in the 22 April 1971 edition of The Morecambe and Wise Show on BBC2 playing pirates to Lowe’s captain in the Monty on the Bounty sketch. The cast also appeared in a 1970s public information film, in character but set in the modern day, showing how to cross the road safely at traffic lights. A pilot episode for an American remake called The Rear Guard was produced by ABC and broadcast on 10 August 1976, based on the episode The Deadly Attachment . However, it failed to make it past the pilot stage - probably due to the fact there was never a realistic chance of a German invasion of the United States, unlike Britain. Le Mesurier and Lowe made a final appearance in Dad's Army garb for a 1982 television commercial advertising Wispa chocolate bars. Clive Dunn made occasional appearances as Corporal Jones at 1940s-themed events in the 1980s and 1990s. Arthur Lowe appeared on Blue Peter twice. The first time was with John Le Mesurier, reprising their roles of Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson respectively when discussing a mural schoolchildren had painted. Arthur Lowe appeared as Captain Mainwaring a second time on Blue Peter with the Dad's Army vehicle which was featuring in a London-Brighton run. Awards Edit During its original television run, Dad's Army was nominated for a number of British Academy Television Awards, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971. It was nominated as "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975. Also, Arthur Lowe was frequently nominated for "Best Light Entertainment Performance" in 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1978. In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. In 2004, championed by Phill Jupitus, it came fourth in the BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom with 174,138 votes. Tributes Edit In June 2010, a statue of Captain George Mainwaring was erected in the Norfolk town of Thetford where most of the TV series Dad's Army was filmed. The statue features Captain Mainwaring sitting to attention on a simple bench in Home Guard uniform, with his pace stick across his knees. The statue is mounted at the end of winding brick pathway with a Union Flag patterned arrow head to reflect the opening credits of the TV series, and the sculpture has been designed so that members of the public can sit alongside Captain Mainwaring for the purpose of having their photo taken. Cultural influence Edit The characters of Dad's Army and their catchphrases are well known in the UK due to the popularity of the series when originally shown and the frequency of repeats. Jimmy Perry recalls that before writing the sitcom, the Home Guard was a largely forgotten aspect of Britain's defence in the Second World War, something which the series rectified. In a 1972 Radio Times interview, Arthur Lowe expresses surprise at the programme’s success; "We expected the show to have limited appeal, to the age group that lived through the war and the Home Guard. We didn’t expect what has happened – that children from the age of five upwards would enjoy it too." Media releases Main Article: List of Books , List of Memorabilia The BBC released two "Best of" DVD sets in October 2001 and September 2002, but it was not until September 2004 that the full series began to be released, with the first series and the surviving episodes of the second series being released first, along with the documentary Missing Presumed Wiped. By November 2007, the entire series had been released, with the final edition featuring the specials "The Battle of the Giants", "The Love of Three Oranges" and "My Brother and I", along with various other appearances including several "Christmas Night with the Stars" sketches and excerpts from the stage show. The DVDs also include short individual biographical documentaries about the characters and their actors called We Are the Boys. The Columbia film adaptation is also available, although as this is not a BBC production, this is not included in the boxset.	i don't know
Who was the performing partner of Donald Swann?	Obituary: Donald Swann \| The Independent Obituary: Donald Swann Friday 25 March 1994 00:02 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Donald Ibrahim Swann, composer and entertainer: born Llanelli 30 September 1923; married 1955 Janet Oxborrow (two daughters; marriage dissolved 1983), 1993 Alison Smith; died London 23 March 1994. DONALD SWANN, composer of Youth of the Heart, a bestiary of ditties about armadilloes, gnus, rhinos and hippos as well as songs about gasmen, London buses, even honeysuckle and bindweed, will no longer be seen, bespectacled and touchingly manic, at the keyboard as he was before, after and during the world-wide fame of the various Drop of a Hat revues, with his bearded, wheelchair partner Michael Flanders. Swann was born in 1923 at Llanelli in Wales, of a father who spoke English always with a strong Russian accent and a mother who came from Transcaspia, speaking very little English at all. Donald's great- grandfather was a draper rejoicing in the name of Alfred Trout Swan (the second 'n' comes and goes in the family like a Cheshire cat). He left Lincolnshire to settle in St Petersburg in 1840 and it was not until the Revolution that Donald's father decided to return to the land of his ancestors. Herbert was a doctor who had married a Muslim nurse called Naguime and brought her to England; he qualified again in the UK and by the time Donald's sister Marion was two Herbert was a glorified locum tenens in Wales. When Donald was three Herbert Swann bought a practice in the Walworth Road, Elephant and Castle, and there the two children grew up, Donald at first going to Dulwich College Preparatory School and then to Westminster School as a King's Scholar. The family was hard up and it was some time before a good upright piano was installed above the surgery at No 92. Herbert and his brothers were all keen one-piano-four-hands duettists (a Russian speciality) and they had a large collection of the classics and the Russian repertoire which Donald and his family used to play; and myself, too, for I had become friends with Donald at the Prep during our last year there, 1935. By this time Naguime had died and English became the language of the household. Although Donald never spoke to me about his mother, I think he felt her loss very deeply; his sister was at school, his father was busy with his patients, and Ada, the wall-eyed daily, was handy with the macaroni but not motherly. Donald Swann was assiduous in the classroom but wild in the playground, pitting himself in the 'break' against a line of boys before collapsing into protracted fits of giggling. His table manners were grotesquely awful. At the annual hobbies exhibition he showed manuscripts of little piano pieces penned in his spidery, almost unreadable writing - alas, it got worse over the years. A letter from him took longer to read than it took him to write. At this time Swann's musical interests were entirely classical with strong leanings towards Rachmaninov - he could give a nifty reading of the fearsome E flat minor Etude Tableau, opus 39, also of pieces by Scriabin (Donald's uncle Alfred had written the first biography of this composer in the English language) and Nicolai Medtner (with whom the family was on visiting terms in his Golders Green exile). Swann would occasionally regale me with details of life at Westminster: how the Scholars had been punished because at a rehearsal for the Coronation they had spoonerised the cry of 'Vivat Regina'; of playing tennis with a certain Ustinov; of a politically minded Tony Benn already distributing socialist leaflets; of the young Von Ribbentrop putting the weight; of beach games with Peter Brook, and of his lessons as an external student at the Royal College of Music, studying piano with Angus Morrison and composition with Hugo Anson. During his later years at school he had come into contact with a boy 18 months his senior, a budding actor called Michael Flanders. After the Second World War started the boys were evacuated first to Lancing, in Sussex, and then to Exeter University, where Michael and Donald wrote a few funny songs together. The war took over before long. After a year at Oxford Swann had a tribunal, where he was registered as a conscientious objector; he joined the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) and slogged away with the Quakers, whose thinking he found congenial even though his duties included operating a mortuary trolley, digging latrines, cleaning out operating theatres and even shaving the pubic hairs of high-ranking military personnel. Then came service in Egypt, Palestine and Greece. Swann fell in love with Greece, the people, the language and, above all, the music, which entered his soul and left there for the rest of his life those quirky rhythms and exotic turns of decoration and melody. One day, near the Albanian border, he flung his arms wide 'embracing the countryside around me which had been home to so many different races - Albanians, Greeks, Turks, Bulgars, Romanians, Vlachs - and exclaimed: 'What a beautiful thing it would be if this were all one country] Surely we are all one]' ' His remarks were taken down by a Greek soldier, he was branded as a corrupting influence and relieved of his post. He came home in 1946. Back at Oxford Swann added modern Greek to his Russian studies. Musically he had gone 'light' by now. He still listened, nostalgically perhaps, to pieces like Rachmaninov's Third Symphony, but a disastrous school performance of a Beethoven concerto, the early numbers with Flanders, and revues in the FAU had shown him the way his life was to go. 'Dreaming spires, my foot] I played the piano for Sandy Wilson's revues.' But for his songs he needed a writer, and fate saw to it that he met Michael Flanders again, the budding young actor now crippled by polio, stuck in a chair for life, denied his livelihood and even refused re-entry into his old college. At this stage both of them had several small irons in the fire; Flanders was working in radio, Swann was discovering and setting Betjeman and dishing up some numbers inspired by Greece. The impresario Laurier Lister accepted some of these for his revue Oranges and Lemons. This type of sophisticated revue was popular at the time and others followed: Penny Plain and The Lyric Revue in 1951 (the latter included one of Swann's best-known songs 'The Youth of the Heart', lyric by Sydney Carter), Airs on a Shoestring, Pay the Piper and Fresh Airs (1956). The stars of these shows were the likes of Joyce Grenfell (some of whose lyrics Swann set), Max Adrian, Elizabeth Welch and Ian Wallace. Wallace had such a success with Flanders and Swann's 'The Hippopotamus' ('Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud . . .') that a bestiary evolved around him and his fruity bass-baritone voice: 'Elephant', 'Warthog', 'Whale' and 'Rhinoceros'. Recordings, song-publishing and performing rights began to provide a living. Up to this point the general public heard only others performing the Flanders-Swann material; but in private the pair had built up a performing technique, either demonstrating to the stage performers or doing turns at parties. Hitting the West End gave Swann ideas of expansion: 'I was going to write the next Oklahoma.' Maybe because Flanders had no taste for writing musicals, this never happened. But Swann tried, with various other writers. The centenary of the 1851 Exhibition gave birth to The Bright Arcade, but no backers were found for this delightful and ambitious score that included a massive multi-faceted aria sung by Jennifer Vyvyan at parties to great effect. 'Angels' were found, in the shape and bank balance of Joyce and Reggie Grenfell no less, for a fantasy called Wild Thyme, but it came and went during a summer heatwave in 1955. Similarly, a charming dream-piece written with Sydney Carter called Lucy and the Hunter also bit the dust. A romance that lasted longer than either was licensed in 1955, during the run of Thyme, when Swann married one of his favourite English roses, Janet Oxborrow, whom he had met at the Dartington Music Summer Schools. Swann came to help me run the Dartington summer sessions and one year Flanders came too and they performed a little cabaret one night to their largest audience yet. Their rapturous reception, plus the loan of our mailing list, led the pair to chance their arm at a little theatre in Notting Hill Gate, west London. They called their 'after-dinner farrago' At the Drop of a Hat. More rapture; and full houses. From the New Lindsey the show moved into the Fortune Theatre in the West End and stayed there for two years and a bit. The Royal Family came en masse, the Cabinet portfolio by portfolio; the pair were applauded, recorded and, eventually, transferred to New York, where the show took so well that the years lengthened and the tours spread throughout the United States and Canada. At the Drop of Another Hat was equally popular and long-running at the Haymarket in London, in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, London again and the US again. The last Hat was dropped in New York on New Year's Day 1967, having begun to drop on the same day of 1956. Since 1991, anybody too young to have enjoyed the show has had a chance to catch up with the experience, since the Hats are available on three CDs and a video. Flanders resisted television until the show's very last night. The video was lost until recently, but one can now see as well as hear replays of this enchanting show. What made that enchantment? To talk about good lyrics and tunes, wit and imagination is to scratch the surface. Flanders was one of the great lyric writers of the century, Swann a genius of a tune-smith with the rare gift of writing memorable, warm melodies arranged with elegance and consummate craftsmanship. There is no suspicion of cliche except in conscious parody. Nothing in Swann is contrived; the music flows naturally, spontaneously. After much deliberation, Swann broke up the partnership. Long stays on long tours did not suit him or his way of life, and he felt that there were other things he wanted to write. Post-Hat he never enjoyed the same success but he composed a lot of music and performed it, alone or with partners, sometimes with a religious group, sometimes secular. He enjoyed performing and audiences. He turned to opera with Perelandra (CS Lewis), The Visitors (Tolstoy) and The Man With a Thousand Faces (Colin Wilson); there is a 'Te Deum' and a 'Requiem for the Living'; for the old Third Programme he had collaborated with Henry Reed in some delightful features about Hilda Tablet, a butch atonal composer. Except for the last named there is nothing in the music that would have frightened Mendelssohn or Sullivan; the Russian heritage is there but discernible more in the cut of the melodies than in the harmony. That is, until the last five years or so. I remember him ringing me up one day to say: 'My dear chap, I've written some dissonances, may I come round and play some new settings of Clare and Blake?' Sometimes I couldn't help reflecting that Swann's passionate and expert piano-playing - what a tenor thumb he had - seemed an integral part, not to mention his clear and telling non-singing voice, of the success of these non-Flanders compositions. Scoring was not one of his gifts and too often, it seemed to me, dramatic situations relied on pianistic tremolando effects (what Grainger called 'woggle-notes'). But there is much to explore and once the so-called 'classical' performers dare to sing Swann's music we shall see that he was a great deal more than 'the chap at the piano' in Drop of a Hat that Flanders, some of us felt, somewhat denigrated; although it must be admitted that Swann went along with this, giving the impression of a manic curate. I have never met anybody who knew Donald Swann who did not like him; his friends positively adored him. And he seemed to inspire love because love was what he was about; it came out in his life and his music. Like any (other) saint he could mildly infuriate from time to time with his absent-mindedness and with his seeming inability to see things, sometimes literally, sometimes metaphorically. But one came to realise that these minor failings came through his single- mindedness or loyalty or the depressions that he suffered from. So were they failings? By the time that his daughters Rachel and Natasha were grown- ups he and his wife separated. Latterly he found deep happiness with Alison Smith, an art historian, who had beautifully illustrated his autobiography Swann's Way (1991), and it was a fearful blow to them that cancer interrupted their lives and put an end to one of the great melodists of our time. They were married at St Thomas's Hospital in August last year. Fortunately Swann latterly recorded nearly a hundred of his songs at home on his own Bluthner. Included are religious songs like the touching setting of Quoist's 'Lord, Why did you tell me to love all men, my brothers?'; settings of Tennyson, Hesse and Rossetti; a Tchaikovsky-like winner called 'Long Lonely Year' and 'Hat'; favourites like the tender 'Armadillo' and 'The Honeysuckle and the Bindweed (Misalliance)', 'Gnu' and many others, including some of the Tolkien settings. Swann singled out 'Bilbo's Last Song' as one of his own favourites: Day is ended, dim my eyes, but journey long before me lies . . . Shadows long before me lie, beneath the ever-bending sky, But islands lie behind the sun that I shall raise ere all is done; Lands there are to west of West, where night is quiet and sleep is rest. JOHN AMIS	Michael Flanders
In which city did Dylan Thomas die in 1953?	Donald Swann Discography at Discogs Donald Ibrahím Swann Profile: British composer, musician and entertainer (b. 30-Sept-1923 – d. 23-Mar-1994), best known for his partnership of writing and performing comic songs with Michael Flanders . For releases with Michael Flanders, please use Flanders & Swann . Only credit Flanders & Swann writing credits to this artist. Sites:	i don't know
The hypnotist Svengali is a character in which 1894 novel by George du Maurier?	Svengali - definition of Svengali by The Free Dictionary Svengali - definition of Svengali by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Svengali Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Related to Svengali: Rasputin n. pl. Sven·ga·lis A person who manipulates or controls another, especially by force of personality for malicious purposes. [After Svengali, , the hypnotist villain in the novel Trilby by George du Maurier.] Svengali (Psychology) a person who controls another's mind, usually with sinister intentions [after a character in George Du Maurier's novel Trilby (1894)] Sven•ga•li n. a person who completely dominates another, usu. with selfish or evil motives. [1940–45; after the evil hypnotist of the same name in the novel Trilby (1894) by German. Du Maurier] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. Svengali - someone (usually maleficent) who tries to persuade or force another person to do his bidding persuader , inducer - someone who tries to persuade or induce or lead on 2. Svengali - the musician in a novel by George du Maurier who controls Trilby's singing hypnotically Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: trilby References in periodicals archive ? 8DA YESTERDAY'S SOLUTIONS WEE THINKER ACROSS: 7 Revolve 9 Nicks 10 Inner 11 Thermal 12 Era 13 Irritate 16 Disagree 17 Nit 19 Rotates 21 Visor 22 Forgo 23 Screech DOWN: 1 Braised 2 Svengali 3 Blur 4 Unsettle 5 Scam 6 Psalm 8 Enterprises 13 Inaction 14 Tungsten 15 Starchy 18 Craft 20 Tarn T 21 Vera QUICKIE ACROSS: 1 Advertising 8 Use 9 One 11 Liaison 12 Essay 13 Car 14 Ewe 15 Fine art 17 Rub 19Warp 21 Obey 23 Spot 25 Star 27 Elm 29 Attempt 31 Ape 34 End 36 Koala 37 Twirled 38 T Yes 39 Say 40 Teetotaller T DOWN: 1 Asia 2 Dear 3 En suite 4 Tanker T 5 Shear 6 Nose 7 Gnaw 8 Ulcer 10 Eye up 16 Two T 18 Boa 20 Ate 22 Bra 24 Pep pill 25 Shaky 26 Beat it 28 Muddy 30 Toast 32 T Poet 33 Ease 34 Else 35 Near	Trilby
Crème de cassis is a liqueur made using which fruit?	Svengali \| Definition of Svengali by Merriam-Webster : a person who manipulates or exerts excessive control over another Did You Know? In George du Maurier's 1894 novel Trilby, a young artist's model named Trilby O'Ferrall falls under the spell of Svengali, a villainous musician and hypnotist. Svengali trains Trilby's voice through hypnosis and transforms her into a singing star, subjugating her completely in the process. Svengali's maleficent powers of persuasion made such an impression on the reading public that by 1919 his name was being used generically as a term for any wickedly manipulative individual. Origin and Etymology of svengali Svengali, villainous hypnotist in the novel Trilby (1894) by George du Maurier First Known Use: 1919	i don't know
Which city is the setting for Puccini’s “La bohème”?	La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini, Florence La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini Saturday, February 11 2017, 20:30 La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini Sat, Feb 11 2017, 20:30 St Mark's Anglican Church You will be assigned the best seats available in the chosen category at the time of purchase. Category You will receive the e-Ticket immediately after your purchase. Order tickets Incl. VAT, advance booking fees and facility fees. Please note, this item is already in your cart. The item you selected is already in your cart. Are you sure you want to add this item? About the Event Close La Bohème, one of Giacomo Puccini's most beloved operas, presented in the intimate setting of St. Mark's English Church. Four opera singers perform in costume with piano accompaniment. The dramatic opera, La Bohème, tells the story of Rodolfo and Marcello, whose already difficult bohemian lives in Paris are further complicated by Mimi and Musetta. Each act will be preceded by an explanation of the plot. Approximate duration (min.): 115 La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini 4.8 1 5 11 11 Comment Sarah B., , November 18 2012 excellent, the singing was fantastic and a great setting. mario g., , November 10 2012 Brilliant! Sloane E., , October 07 2012 the quaintness of the setting was impeccable! you could see the actors emotions so vividly! i loved every second! Michael V., Australia, July 05 2012 Music and venue were both good Tim N., Australia, June 14 2012 My family and I thoroughly enjoyed the evening. The production was introduced and explained well so tha our children could understand the story. The hosts were excellent. Katherine D., France, June 11 2012 I enjoyed every minute! Thomas L., United States, June 11 2012 We live in Carlsbad, California. We were on vacation in Italy. We enjoyed the opera greatly, however we have no plans to return to Italy soon. Hubert B., Netherlands, April 25 2012 a delightful evening, with wit, inventiveness and well performed, lovely, music Ron M., United Kingdom, February 18 2012 A lovely and unusual experience. A real treat for Valentines Day Marylyn H., United Kingdom, November 01 2011 Excellent performers; attractive venue. Jean N., Belgium, September 29 2011 It was very nice	Paris
“Dora Maar au Chat” and “The Weeping Woman” are both portraits by which artist of his lover?	Puccini's "La boheme" - a new Wichita Grand Opera production - Wichita Grand Opera Laura Alley Stage Director Laura Alley enjoys a distinguished career in opera direction. Highlights include the European premiere of The Ghosts of Versailles in Hannover, Germany, and the American premieres of Kinkakuji and The Dreyfus Affair for New York City Opera. She has also directed at New York City Opera (La Bohème, Rondine), Kansas City (La Bohème, Carmen, Merry Wives of Windsor, Tosca), San Francisco (Attila), Cleveland (Madama Butterfly), Chautauqua (Faust, Rigoletto), Dayton Opera (Romeo and Juliet), and Tri-Cities Opera (La Traviata, Lucia di Lammermoor, Il Trovatore, Don Giovanni). Setting The Latin Quarter, Paris, France, 1830 Synopsis ACT I. An attic apartment, Christmas Eve. Marcello, a painter, and Rodolfo, a poet, keep warm by burning Rodolfo's manuscripts. Their friends, Colline and Schaunard, arrive with unexpected income, and they all depart to celebrate at Café Momus. Rodolfo stays behind to write, promising to join them later. A neighbor, Mimì, knocks at the door; her candle has gone out in the drafty stairwell, and she has dropped her key. After finding the key, Rodolfo invites her to accompany him to the café, and they leave arm-in-arm. ACT II. The square outside the Café Momus. Rodolfo introduces Mimì to his friends, and they all order supper. Marcello's former lover, Musetta, enters with the elderly Alcindoro and causes a scene as she tries to make Marcello jealous. She sends Alcindoro away on an errand and falls into Marcello’s arms. Soldiers march past, and the friends exit during the confusion, leaving Alcindoro to pay the bill when he returns. ACT III. The city gates at the edge of Paris, late February. Mimì arrives in search of Marcello to confide she is considering leaving Rodolfo because of his jealousy. She hides quickly as Rodolfo leaves a tavern. Seeing Marcello, he admits that he has to leave Mimì – she is dying and needs a wealthy lover to care for her. In shock, Mimì reveals herself to say farewell, while Marcello runs into the tavern to investigate Musetta's laughter. Marcello and Musetta argue and part in fury, but Mimì and Rodolfo decide to stay together until spring. ACT IV. Months later, in the attic apartment. Rodolfo and Marcello lament their solitude as Colline and Schaunard arrive with a meager meal. The friends make merry until Musetta bursts in; Mimì is downstairs, too weak to climb up. Rodolfo runs to help. Seeing Mimì’s condition, Marcello leaves to help Musetta sell her earrings for medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard quietly departs to leave Mimì and Rodolfo together. Alone, they recall their first days together, but she is seized with coughing. Mimì slowly drifts into unconsciousness. Rodolfo, sensing something is wrong, tries to wake her and weeps as he realizes she has died. To read more about the story and history of La bohème, click here. Giacomo Puccini emerged into the twentieth century music world as the "King of Verismo," not through the conducting background of Mascagni or through the skilled compositional ability of Giordano, but as a master of theater. Puccini wrote solely for the operatic stage and he understood the dramatic intensity and melodic poignancy of real life subject matter. Critics have sometimes dismissed his work as overly impassioned, melodramatic, and sentimental. The composer himself proclaimed, "The only music I can make is that of small things," although he admired the grander stylistic abilities of Verdi and Wagner. Despite that admiration, Puccini chose to concentrate on life's familiar bittersweet passions and intense emotional storms. Puccini was born in Lucca, Italy and descended from a long line of musicians, conductors, and composers. It was assumed he would inherit the talent and interest to continue in his family's chosen craft. At the tender age of six years, upon his father's premature death, he fell heir to the position of choir master and organist at San Martino Church and professor of music at Collegio Ponziano. However, plans to preserve these posts for the young Puccini may as well have been canceled the day he hiked eighteen miles to the city of Pisa to witness a production of Giuseppe Verdi's latest work, Aida. He determined his own future at that moment, falling completely under the spell of opera, never to recover. A stipend from a wealthy great-uncle and a scholarship from Queen Margherita herself supported Puccini in his education at the music conservatory in Milan. The great composers Antonio Bazzini and Amilcare Ponchielli taught the young musician; Ponchielli eventually encouraging Puccini's participation in a one-act opera competition sponsored by the publishing house of Sonzogno. Friends of Ponchielli even provided the libretto. Unfortunately, Puccini's first opera, Le Villi, didn't take the prize. However, the powerful critic/librettist Arrigo Boito raised funds for its performance before appreciative audiences at La Scala and Ricordi published the score. The modest success bolstered Puccini's confidence, but provided little compensation. A second opera, Edgar, failed as the result of a poor libretto. Puccini's persistence was rewarded with the production of Manon Lescaut. Premiered in February 1893 in Turin, the opera proved a resounding triumph. Puccini was suddenly established as a wealthy composer and artistic successor to Maestro Giuseppi Verdi. The two operas that followed, La Bohème and Tosca, achieved success gradually with Bohème peaking after three productions and Tosca, after five years of presentations throughout Europe. As Puccini acquired substantial wealth, he took on the persona which accompanied him throughout the rest of his life as the "grand seigneur." He built a reputation as a dedicated game hunter, collector of cars and motor boats, and a great romantic figure. "I am almost always in love!" he declared, and defined himself as "a mighty hunter of wild fowl, operatic librettos and attractive women." His appreciation and compassion for women abounds in the substance of his operatic heroines, their valiant struggles and, most often, melancholy demise. He created these elegant, three-dimensional characters with the material of sweet and haunting melody. The innocent Mimi, embattled Tosca, abandoned Butterfly, embittered Turandot - each one a fascinating study in feminine psychology, each the perfect counterpart to an equally interesting tenor role. Puccini's own stormy relationship with Elvira Gemignani evoked a certain horror in fans and attracted something of a lurid interest from the general public. A married woman, she eloped with the composer and they were not married until some time after her husband's death. Seemingly an uninteresting and strangely unchallenging partner, she is said to have limited Puccini intellectually and emotionally, inexplicably cutting him off from most personal relationships with friends and other artists. Eventually, she embroiled the household in scandal, hounding a young maid unmercifully with accusations of a liaison with her husband. The girl committed suicide and only a generous financial settlement from Puccini himself spared Elvira from a five month jail term for slander. The Puccinis separated, then reconciled, but their relationship was forever damaged. Puccini fought hard to keep his difficult private life private, against impossible odds. "What a subject for an opera!" one social columnist exclaimed. During this tragic episode, despite his obvious emotional turmoil, the composer completed the opera La Fanciulla del West, which met with immediate acclaim. A chain smoker of Toscano cigars and cigarettes, Puccini began to complain of chronic sore throats towards the end of 1923. A diagnosis of throat cancer led him to attempt experimental radiation therapy, which was being offered in Brussels. Puccini and his wife never knew how serious the cancer was, as the news was only revealed to his son. Puccini died in Brussels on 29 November 1924, from complications after the treatment; uncontrolled bleeding led to a heart attack the day after surgery. News of his death reached Rome during a performance of La bohème. The opera was immediately stopped, and the orchestra played Chopin's Funeral March for the stunned audience. Turandot, Puccini's final opera, was left unfinished, and the last two scenes were completed by Franco Alfano based on the composer's sketches. When Arturo Toscanini conducted the premiere performance in April 1926 (in front of a sold-out crowd, with every prominent Italian except for Benito Mussolini in attendance), he chose not to perform Alfano's portion of the score. As the performance reached the last notes Puccini had composed, Toscanini stopped the orchestra. The conductor turned to the audience and said: "Here the opera finishes, because at this point the Maestro laid down his pen." However, on the following two evenings Toscanini continued on through Alfano's ending, closing Turandot to thunderous applause.	i don't know
What is the length, in kilometres, of the run which is the final part of the Olympic triathlon?	What are the various triathlon distances? \| HowStuffWorks What are the various triathlon distances? Ty Allison/Photographer's Choice/ Getty Images Even if you're not a sports fanatic, triathlons are compelling to watch. Just the idea that someone has the fortitude to swim, bike and run for dozens -- sometimes hundreds -- of miles is fascinating . So, what are the various triathlon distances? The length of a triathlon may vary, but there are four basic lengths: The most common triathlon distance follows international Olympic guidelines: A swim of 0.93 miles (1.5 kilometers), a bicycle route of 24.8 miles (40 kilometers) and a run of 6.2 miles (10 kilometers). An Ironman Triathlon, perhaps the event's most famous race, is a 2.4-mile (3.9-kilometer) swim, a 112-mile (180-kilometer) bike ride and a 26.2-mile (42.2-kilometer) marathon. A Half Ironman is comprised of a swim/bike/run of 1.2 miles (1.93 kilometers), 56 miles (90 kilometers) and 13 miles (21 kilometers), respectively. Even "sprint," or mini-triathlons, are still arduous, requiring a 0.5-mile (0.8-kilometer) swim, 15-mile (24-kilometer) bike ride and 3-mile (5-kilometer) run. Most triathlons follow a traditional pattern of swimming, biking and then running, but there are several adaptations designed to make it more feasible for athletes of all ages and fitness levels to compete. For example, an aquathon combines running and swimming, while a duathlon follows a run/bike/run sequence. Triathlons have even become a cold-weather sport that features running, mountain biking and cross-country skiing. And, triathlons have gone off-road. In some parts of the country, competitors swim, mountain bike and trail run to the finish line [source: USA Triathlon ]. Up Next What are average triathlon times? The idea for a multisport race grew out of an informal cross-training exercise started by endurance runners in San Diego's Mission Bay area. The first recorded triathlon took place there in 1974; a starting line fronted Mission Bay, and a 500-yard swim through the bay was followed by a 5-mile bicycle and 2.8-mile foot race. Four years later, John Collins -- who'd been a competitor in the event -- combined three of Hawaii's longstanding endurance events into a single triathlon-style competition (dubbed Ironman) that soon captured the attention of sportscasters and television viewers alike [source: USA Triathlon ]. The Ironman was a fledgling media darling that came into its own in 1982 as ABC's Wide World of Sports broadcast images of Julie Moss, a female competitor, crawling to the race's finish line [source: Mackinnon ]. It was the last year athletes could compete without prequalifying for the event and Moss, an amateur athlete, dug deep to complete the grueling journey -- it made for fascinating television. To compete in the Ironman World Championship today, entrants must earn a top spot in one of 50 qualifying races across the country leading up to the annual event [source: Ironman ]. The same is true for other elite races, including those sanctioned by the Olympic sports governing body, but some offer age-group and amateur divisions for the soft-core athlete. Fortunately, many local and regional races don't have a qualifying system, encouraging anyone who'd like to give it a try. Although the Ironman Triathlon is arguably the multisport discipline's most recognizable event, thousands of triathlons of varying distances take place each year around the globe, including shorter youth-focused events and "ultra" competitions where competitors log 100-plus miles [source: USA Triathlon ]. 1	10
Which King died from complications after falling from his horse when it stumbled over a molehill?	Triathlon at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Olympic Distance \| Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Triathlon at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Olympic Distance Host City: London, Great Britain Venue(s): Hyde Park, London Date Started: August 7, 2012 Date Finished: August 7, 2012 Gold: Jonny Brownlee Summary The favorite coming in to the London Olympics was the home-crowd hero, [Alistair Brownlee]. He was expected to be challenged by his brother, [Jonathan Brownlee], with the locals hoping for gold and silver. The Brits would be disappointed but only just so. Another challenger was two-time World Champion [Javier Gómez] of Spain. [Richard Varga] (SVK) led the pack out of the water, and on the first of seven bike laps, a pack of seven formed, including the Brownlees and Gómez. On the third bike lap, 15 riders caught the leaders, forming a lead pack of 22, which included the defending champion [Jan Frodeno] (GER) and pre-race contenders [Aleksandr Bryukhankov] (RUS) and [Sven Riederer] (SUI). The 22-man lead group stayed together until near the final transition, with the Brownlees, Gómez, and [Vincent Luis] (FRA) forming the lead group on the run. Luis was quickly dropped, and at the end of three of four laps, Jonathan Brownlee was informed he was being penalized for an early exchange onto his bike after the swim and had to serve 15 seconds in the penalty box. This left Alistair Brownlee and Gómez to fight it out for gold. Alistair opened up a gap on Gómez at the beginning of the final lap, and pulled away to win comfortably by 11 seconds. Gómez won silver and Jonathan Brownlee held on for the bronze. The quality of the race was shown by all three medalists and fourth-placed [David Hauss] (FRA) covering the 10 km run in under 30 minutes. A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics \| Privacy Statement \| Conditions & Terms of Service \| Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the	i don't know
Who was Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs three times, from 1935 to 1938, 1940 to 1945 and 1951 to 1955?	BBC - History : British History Timeline 22 July 1901 The 'Taff Vale' case leads to the birth of the Labour party The Taff Vale Railway Company successfully sued a trade union, the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, for the costs of industrial action taken by its members. The Labour Representative Committee, a socialist federation formed in 1900, convinced the trade unions that the political representation of labour was now essential. This organisation later became the Labour party. 31 May 1902 Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War The treaty of Vereeniging confirmed British victory over the Boer republics after three years of war, and laid the foundations for the Union of South Africa. Notably, it still ignored the rights of the black population. The cost and conduct of the war prompted concerns that Britain was no longer fit for its imperial role. 11 July 1902 Arthur Balfour succeeds Lord Salisbury as prime minister The Conservatives, led by the Marquess of Salisbury, dominated British politics after the Liberals' split over the issue of 'Home Rule' for Ireland in 1886. Salisbury's successor and nephew, Arthur Balfour, shared with his uncle an interest in foreign imperial policy. He was premier for two-and-a-half years. September 1903 'Lib-Lab' pact enables Labour to break into national politics A secret pact was ratified between the Liberal party and the Labour Representative Committee, which in certain constituencies allowed Labour a free run at elections, unimpeded by a Liberal candidate. In the long run, the pact may have done more to destroy the Liberal party than preserve it. 10 October 1903 Women's Social and Political Union is formed to campaign for women's suffrage The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded by six women, of whom Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst soon became the most prominent. Frustrated at the lack of progress on women's rights, their activities soon became more confrontational, and included prison hunger strikes. 8 April 1904 'Entente Cordiale' is signed between Britain and France This agreement reconciled British and French imperial interests, particularly in Africa, but also marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict and paved the way for future diplomatic and military cooperation. The two countries were united in their suspicion of Germany's ambitions. Germany, in turn, hoped to persuade Britain to abandon the alliance. 31 March 1905 Germany tests the 'Entente Cordiale' by triggering a crisis in Morocco Wilhelm II visited Tangier to demonstrate German opposition to France's assumption of suzerainty over Morocco, and to test the strength of the Anglo-French entente, which the Germans expected to crumble. It did not, and Britain displayed its commitment to France by initiating military staff talks between the two countries in 1906. 4 December 1905 Liberals form a government under Henry Campbell-Bannerman In November, the Conservative Prime Minister Arthur Balfour tried to expose the divisions within the Liberal opposition by resigning, but his rival Henry Campbell-Bannerman formed a Liberal government and then led it to a smashing success at the polls in January 1906. Armed with an overall majority, the Liberals embarked on a programme of social reform. 10 February 1906 Royal Navy launches the first 'Dreadnought' class battleship HMS 'Dreadnought', the first of a new class of 'all big-gun' battleships, was launched at Portsmouth. It was by far the most powerful battleship afloat, and raised the stakes in the Anglo-German naval arms race. 31 August 1907 Britain and Russia agree an entente on 'spheres of influence' in Asia The two countries agreed spheres of influence in Asia, so freeing Britain from its worries about a Russian invasion of India. But an agreement to resolve imperial disputes took on the appearance of a European pact. The 'Triple Alliance' of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary (also known as the 'Central Powers') was faced by a 'Triple Entente' of Britain, France and Russia (also known as the 'Entente Powers'). 8 April 1908 Herbert Asquith becomes Liberal prime minister Illness had forced Liberal Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman to resign, and he was succeeded by Herbert Asquith. In his cabinet reshuffle, Asquith brought in Reginald McKenna and Winston Churchill, and appointed the radical, David Lloyd George, as chancellor of the exchequer. 27 April 1908 Olympic Games open at White City in London The 1908 games were originally to be held in Rome, but were reassigned to London at short notice and held at the purpose-built White City stadium. Famously, the marathon ended in dramatic fashion when the race leader, Dorando Pietri of Italy, was disqualified after he collapsed and had to be helped over the finishing line. Widely recognised as the best organised Games to date, they featured 22 nations, 110 events and more than 2,000 athletes. 27 October 1908 Parliament approves old age pensions New legislation gave a weekly means-tested pension of a maximum of five shillings to all those aged over 70. Only about half a million people received the pension, and thus the significance of the legislation lay as much in the fact that it established a principle as in its immediate benefits. 29 April 1909 Chancellor David Lloyd George introduces the 'People's Budget' The introduction of the new 'Dreadnought' class battleship and the subsequent naval arms race with Germany prompted David Lloyd George, the chancellor of the exchequer, to introduce a tax on land, to increase income tax, and to propose a 'super-tax' on incomes over £5,000 per annum. He presented these increases as designed to fund social reforms. 30 November 1909 House of Lords rejects the 'People's Budget' In rejecting Chancellor David Lloyd George's budget, the Conservative-dominated House of Lords broke the parliamentary convention that the upper house should not overturn a financial bill. This ensured that House of Lords reform was one of the issues at stake in the next general election. 15 February 1910 Liberals win the election but lose their overall majority The election precipitated by the Lords' rejection of the 'People's Budget' resulted in 275 seats for the Liberals, 273 for the Conservatives and 40 for Labour. The budget was then passed. The Irish Nationalists, with 82, were now in a position to force Irish 'Home Rule' back up the agenda. 6 May 1910 Edward VII dies and is succeeded by George V Both Edward VII, who died in 1910, and his son, George V, ensured that the monarchy was more active than it had been in the latter years of Victoria's reign, but they exercised their influence discreetly. Edward's funeral brought together the royalty of Europe - many of them his relations - for the last time before war broke out in 1914. 19 December 1910 Liberals retain power in the second general election of the 1910 After the general election in February, efforts to broker a deal on parliamentary reform failed, and the Liberals went back to the polls at the end of the year. They and the Conservatives each secured 272 seats, and, with Labour supporting the Liberals, the Irish Nationalists held the balance of power. 1 July 1911 German gunboat provokes the 'Agadir crisis' with France The Germans despatched a gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir to assert their rights against the French. A Franco-German settlement was negotiated, but the British were alarmed, fearing the Germans planned to turn Agadir into a naval base. As with the first Moroccan crisis in 1905, Germany only succeeded in strengthening the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France. 10 August 1911 House of Lords loses its power of veto over legislation The Liberals finally forced through House of Lords reform, which had been on the cards for two years. The reforms meant that the Lords could not veto legislation that had passed the House of Commons in three successive sessions, and that parliament itself would be dissolved after five years, not seven. In separate legislation, pay for members of parliament was introduced. December 1911 National Insurance Act provides cover against sickness and unemployment Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George devised a contributory scheme of health insurance for those in employment, which provided payment for medical treatment. Grafted on to the act was a limited plan for unemployment benefit drawn up by Winston Churchill. With this legislation, the Liberals laid the foundations of the Welfare State. 11 April 1912 Liberals propose Irish 'Home Rule' for the third time Reflecting their dependence on Irish Nationalist votes in the House of Commons, the Liberals proposed 'Home Rule' for Ireland. In response, Ulster Protestants and unionists formed the Ulster Volunteer Force, a paramilitary force which threatened the government with civil war if the measure was carried. 13 April 1912 Royal Flying Corps is established The foundation of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) reflected British recognition of the growing importance of military aviation. In 1918, the RFC was amalgamated with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force (RAF). 15 April 1912 'Titanic' sinks with the loss of 1,503 lives The White Star liner 'Titanic' was the largest vessel in the world at the time of her launch. Her builders and owners claimed that she was 'practically unsinkable', but on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York she collided with an iceberg and sank within hours, with the loss of 1,503 lives. 'Titanic' could carry over 3,500 people, but was equipped with only enough lifeboats to save 1,178, a fact that contributed to the massive loss of life. 4 June 1913 Suffragette Emily Davison is killed by the king's horse Emily Wilding Davison was severely injured when she threw herself in front of the king's horse at the Derby, and died in hospital a few days later. The militancy of her organisation, the Women's Social and Political Union, proved counter-productive to the cause of women's rights, but the more moderate National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies also had little to show for its efforts through negotiation. 20 March 1914 Elements of the army say they won't enforce Irish 'Home Rule' The officers of the 6th Cavalry Brigade, stationed outside Dublin, indicated that they would refuse to enforce Irish 'Home Rule' in Ulster if a parliamentary act proposing greater autonomy for Ireland were carried. The army was divided within itself, representing a potential flashpoint for the government. Irish Home Rule was shelved at the outbreak of World War One. 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb terrorist, in Sarajevo. The Austro-Hungarian government blamed Serbia and used the killing as a pretext for war. For most Britons this was an remote and insignificant event, but the conflict would escalate sharply, drawing in the 'Great Powers' and ultimately resulting in the outbreak of World War One. 23 July 1914 Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia provokes a crisis in Europe On 6 July, Germany effectively gave unconditional backing to any action Austria-Hungary took regarding the recent assassination of its crown prince, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Bosnian Serb in Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary used this 'blank cheque' to deliver an ultimatum to Serbia on 23 July, which was widely recognised as little more than a pretext for war. With Russia standing by Serbia, Britain invited Germany to join a 'Great Power' conference to resolve the conflict, but Germany refused. 4 August 1914 Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Belgium When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in July, Serbia's ally Russia mobilised its army. Austria-Hungary's ally, Germany, in turn declared war on Russia. Russia's alliance with France now threatened Germany with war on two fronts. Germany acted to quickly neutralise France by a well-planned surprise invasion through neutral Belgium - the 'Schlieffen Plan'. Britain, as guarantor of Belgian neutrality, told Germany to withdraw. The ultimatum expired on 4 August and Britain duly declared war. 23 August 1914 British Expeditionary Force meets the German army at Mons A British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of over 100,000 men was sent to repel the German invasion of France. It retreated after an initial engagement close to the Belgian border at Mons, then took part in a successful counter-attack on the river Marne in early September. This resistance by the BEF, Belgian and French forces frustrated Germany's 'Schlieffen Plan' for quickly neutralising France. Already fighting Russia, Germany now faced a trench-based war of attrition on two fronts. 31 October 1914 First Battle of Ypres exhausts the British army For the British army on the Western Front, the town of Ypres in Flanders was crucial, because it screened the Channel ports through which the army was supplied from Britain. The Germans tried unsuccessfully to break the line at Ypres in a battle which lasted until 22 November. British forces suffered 54,000 casualties. 5 November 1914 Britain declares war on the Ottoman Empire Germany formed an alliance with the Ottoman Empire on 2 August 1914, but the Turks resisted German pressure to enter the war until the end of October when it shelled Russian ports on the Black Sea. Britain, France and Russia responded with declarations of war. The Ottoman Empire in turn declared a military 'jihad' in November. The implications for Britain, with a vulnerable empire stretching across the Middle East to India and including a large Muslim population, were considerable. 25 April 1915 British and allied troops land on the Gallipoli peninsula The failure of British naval efforts to break through the Dardanelles and so threaten Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, led to a decision to land troops on the Gallipoli peninsula. A combined force of British, New Zealand, Australian and French colonial troops were unable to break out of their beachheads and the campaign ultimately ended in defeat, with all troops evacuated by the end of the year. 7 May 1915 'Lusitania' is sunk by a German submarine The British passenger liner 'Lusitania' was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank with the loss of 1,200 lives. Of those, 124 were American civilians, but despite strong pressure US President Woodrow Wilson declared that the United States was 'too proud to fight'. The sinking aroused widespread anti-German feeling in Britain. 25 May 1915 Herbert Asquith forms a coalition government Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith formed a coalition government following the 'Shell Crisis', which was sparked press reports of shell shortages at the front. The principal beneficiaries of this coalition in terms of the top jobs remained the Liberals rather than the Conservatives. 25 September 1915 First British use of poison gas, at Loos, France While the French attacked further south, the British struck at Loos, using chlorine gas for the first time in their initial attack. However, the wind was not favourable, and gains were limited. The battle continued until mid-October. The first use of poison gas in World War One was by the Germans on 22 April 1915 during the opening engagements of the Second Battle of Ypres. 27 January 1916 Conscription is introduced in Britain In addition to raising a large army, Britain needed to allocate its manpower rationally between military service and wartime production to meet the demands of 'total war'. Conscription enabled it to do both. Opposition to the measure in the House of Commons was limited (36 votes to 383), but parliament still acknowledged the rights of the individual in allowing conscientious objection. 24 April 1916 Irish rebels of the 'Easter Rising' seize the post office in Dublin Irish nationalists, supplied with German rifles, rebelled at Easter and seized key buildings in Dublin, including the post office where their final stand was made. Most of the population was unsupportive and the rebellion was crushed within a week. The British executed the leaders, inadvertently making martyrs of the rebels and inspiring those who followed. 29 April 1916 British garrison at Kut-el-Amara surrenders to the Turks British troops invaded Mesopotamia (Iraq), then part of the Ottoman Empire, at the end of 1914. The rapid advance on Baghdad outstripped itself and the troops fell back to Kut-el-Amara, where they were encircled. Efforts to relieve the garrison failed and it surrendered. British prestige in the Middle East plummeted. 31 May 1916 Battle of Jutland results in a bruising British victory over the German fleet The British Grand Fleet clashed with the German High Seas Fleet at Jutland in the North Sea, but the heavily outnumbered Germans managed to escape in the night. The British lost more ships than the Germans, but the German fleet was rendered unable to put to sea again, thereby ensuring British naval supremacy remained intact. 1 July 1916 Battle of the Somme begins with a British and French attack The Allies planned a series of coordinated offensives for 1916. On the Western Front, the French and British attacked astride the river Somme, where their two armies met. On 1 July, the British army suffered its worst casualties in a single day - 57,470 men, of whom nearly 20,000 were killed. The battle continued until 18 November 1916. 15 September 1916 Tanks are used for the first time, by the British at Flers, France The static trench warfare of the Western Front prompted the British to develop a self-propelled vehicle that could cross barbed wire and trenches and protect those inside from enemy fire. The 'Mark 1' tank was first employed during the Battle of the Somme, at Flers-Courcelette, but it was not until November 1917 that they were employed in decisive numbers. Once problems with reliability were overcome, the British and French used their new weapon to considerable effect against the Germans. 6 December 1916 David Lloyd George becomes prime minister Prime Minister Herbert Asquith opposed the creation of a smaller war committee to run the war effort on a daily basis. His Liberal colleague and Minister for Munitions David Lloyd George, with the support of the Conservatives, used the split to force Asquith out and replace him as prime minister. Lloyd George set up a war cabinet whose members were freed from other cabinet duties. 18 December 1916 General Douglas Haig assumes command of the British Expeditionary Force Faith in the original commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Sir John French, had been dwindling - not least owing to his belated release of the reserves in the Battle of Loos. Partly thanks to the intervention of George V, Sir Douglas Haig was appointed to succeed French. 1 February 1917 Germans declare unrestricted submarine warfare By sinking all merchant ships, regardless of nationality, the Germans hoped to starve the British into submission in six months. They failed and the campaign prompted the United States, the principal neutral power, to declare war on Germany on 6 April 1917. 31 July 1917 General Douglas Haig launches the Third Battle of Ypres The main British offensive for 1917 was designed to clear the German threat to the Channel ports and to break through to the Germans' own communications. The fighting continued until 18 November, ending on the ridge at Passchendaele. By then, unusually heavy rains and the destruction of the landscape by heavy shelling had turned the ground to an impassable morass of mud. 2 November 1917 'Balfour Declaration' gives British support to a Jewish homeland in Palestine In a letter to a leading member of the British Jewish community, Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour stated the British government's support for a Jewish national home in Palestine, the first such declaration by a world power. It is believed that similar promises were made to the Arabs prior to the publication of the Balfour Declaration in correspondence between Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, and the Hashemite Hussein Ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca. 7 November 1917 Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin, create a communist revolution in Russia In February 1917, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate after serious reverses in the war against Germany. A provisional government of liberals and moderate socialists was established, but it also failed on the battlefield and was overthrown in a carefully planned coup by the Bolsheviks, who promised 'peace, bread and land' to the war-weary Russian people. Inspired by the writings of Karl Mar, the Bolsheviks established a government based on the 'soviet' (governing council). 11 December 1917 General Edmund Allenby leads British forces into Jerusalem After seizing Beersheba and Gaza in the first week of November, British forces under General Edmund Allenby forced the Turks to abandon Jerusalem. Prime Minister David Lloyd George described this as a 'Christmas present' for the British people at the end of a year when a conclusion to the war seemed remote. 6 February 1918 Limited numbers of women are given the vote for the first time The Representation of the People Act enfranchised all men over the age of 21, and propertied women over 30. The electorate increased to 21 million, of which 8 million were women, but it excluded working class women who mostly failed the property qualification. 3 March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk takes Russia out of World War One Seeking peace at virtually any cost, the new communist Russian government under Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire). The terms were humiliating. Russia handed over massive swathes of territory, constituting a third of its population, 50% of its industry and 90% of its coal mines. Opposition to the treaty helped ignite the Russian Civil War, which lasted until 1922. 21 March 1918 German offensive makes massive gains on the Western Front Following peace with Russia, German commanders planned to use fresh troops from the Eastern Front to attack before American troops began to arrive in the west. After a short but stunning bombardment, the Germans attacked across the old Somme battlefields and made the greatest advance on the Western Front since 1914. It was eventually halted east of Amiens, France. In response, the Allies gave French general Ferdinand Foch overall responsibility for coordinating their armies on the Western Front. 9 April 1918 Second major German offensive causes a crisis on the Western Front The second German offensive of 1918 made three major incursions into the Allied line and precipitated a crisis on the Western Front. British Field Marshal Douglas Haig's order of the day on 11 April famously told his men that they must stand and fight 'with their backs to the wall'. Despite the stunning success of the offensive, the German army had significantly overstretched itself without achieving a decisive victory - a factor that would contribute to its eventual defeat. May 1918 Massive flu epidemic reaches Britain The 1918-1919 'Spanish flu' epidemic killed more than 200,000 people in Britain and up to 50 million worldwide. Despite its name, the virus seems to have originated in the United States, but quickly spread around the world, infecting up to 30% of the world's population. 8 August 1918 British make major advances at the Battle of Amiens The British and French, using the greatest concentration of tanks in World War One, advanced up to six miles in a single day. So many German soldiers were forced to surrender that their commander-in-chief General Erich Ludendorff called it 'the black day of the German army'. 26 September 1918 General Ferdinand Foch launches an Allied offensive on the Western Front General Ferdinand Foch, who had been appointed the supreme commander of the Allied armies on the Western Front on 26 March 1918, coordinated attacks by British, French and American forces. The British broke through the principal German fortified defences, the formidable Hindenburg line, on the following day, and the advance continued unabated into October 1918. 26 October 1918 Turkey opens armistice talks with Britain With the Ottoman army in retreat on three of its four fronts - in Bulgaria, Syria and Iraq - the Turks opened negotiations to surrender. Unlike the negotiations with the other enemy powers, these were bilateral talks between the British and the Turks, with no French or Russian involvement. 11 November 1918 World War One ends when Germany signs an armistice By September 1918, Germany was exhausted and saw no prospect of victory. The Allies' terms became progressively harsher as they pressed their advantage on the Western Front, both to ensure the removal of Kaiser Wilhelm II as head of state and to guard against the future renewal of hostilities by Germany. Despite onerous terms, Germany eventually capitulated and signed an armistice that brought the fighting on the Western Front to a halt at 11am on 11 November 1918. 14 December 1918 David Lloyd George's coalition wins the post-war election This was the first election in which women voted. The results were Conservative and Coalition Liberals 509, Labour 72, Independent Liberals (former Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith's followers) 36, others 27. Although 73 members of Sinn Fein were elected, who included among their number Britain's first woman member of parliament Countess Constance Markievicz, they refused to take their seats. 13 January 1919 Sir Satyenda Prassano Sinha becomes the first Indian peer A distinguished lawyer who had been a member of the Governor General's Council in India, Sir Satyenda Prassano Sinha had been knighted in 1914 for his services to the British government. In 1919, he advised on the Government of India Act. He became Baron Sinha of Raipur. 18 January 1919 Paris Peace Conference, to draw up treaties to end World War One, opens Seventy delegates representing the 32 allied and associated powers met to decide on peace treaties following the end of World War One. In reality, the treaties were mainly the work of the British, French, Italian and US leaders. One of the treaties prepared at the conference, the Treaty of Versailles, imposed harsh reparations on Germany, and is widely considered to have contributed to the eventual outbreak of World War Two. 21 January 1919 Sinn Fein sets up its own parliament, the 'Dáil Eireann', in Dublin The harsh British reaction to the 1916 Easter Rising allowed Sinn Fein and the 'revolutionaries' to triumph over the moderate Home Rulers in the 1918 election. The Sinn Fein members of parliament - having refused to take their seats in the British House of Commons - announced that they constituted an independent Irish parliament called the 'Dáil Eireann'. A provisional government was elected with Éamon De Valera as president. 31 January 1919 Massive rally in Glasgow sparks fears of a Russian-style revolution Glasgow had a history of radicalism, and World War One turned it into a centre for organised protest against poor working conditions. The Liberal government feared this mass rally was the beginning of a working class revolution along the lines of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The rally was broken up by police, and troops and tanks were deployed on Clydeside. In reality, the protesters objectives were not that revolutionary - a 40-hour working week and a living wage. 18 March 1919 Rowlatt Act extends the suspension of civil liberties in India The Rowlatt Act extended wartime 'emergency measures', such as detention without trial. Mohandas Gandhi of the Indian Congress Party asked Indians to use non-violent civil disobedience in protest against the act, and to refuse to cooperate with the British government. The 1918 Montagu-Chelmsford Report offered reform, but not self-rule - despite the sacrifices India had made in the war and US President Woodrow Wilson's declaration regarding national self-determination. 10 April 1919 British soldiers kill hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians at Amritsar, India A large crowd attending a Sikh religious festival in defiance of British martial law was fired on without warning by troops under the command of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer. More than 300 people were killed. The 'Amritsar Massacre' crystallised growing Indian discontent with British rule, which was only heightened when Dyer faced no other punishment than an official censure. Led by Mohandas Gandhi, the Indian Congress Party now became a nationwide movement committed to independence. 11 September 1919 British government declares Sinn Fein's 'Dáil Eireann' (parliament) illegal When the British government outlawed Sinn Fein's Dáil Eireann, it sparked a vicious two-year guerrilla war between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in southern Ireland and British forces, which included the hated 'Black and Tan' auxiliaries. With the IRA unable to deliver a decisive victory, and the British government increasingly worried about rising casualties and international criticism over its conduct of the war, a truce was called in July 1921. 12 October 1919 British troops are withdrawn from the civil war in Russia In 1918, a British force had been sent to Archangel in Russia to prevent Allied stores falling into Bolshevik or German hands and to take pressure off the Western Front after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had taken Russia out of World War One. The evacuation of Murmansk in 1919, and the evacuation of Archangel two weeks previously, ended the British attempt to intervene on the anti-Bolshevik ('White Russian') side in the civil war in northern Russia. 1 December 1919 Lady Astor becomes the first woman to take her seat in parliament American-born Nancy Astor was not the first British woman member of parliament (MP), but she was the first one to take her seat. Constance Markievicz became the first woman MP in 1918, but as a member of Sinn Fein she had refused to take her seat. 23 December 1919 Government of India Act fails to meet demands for greater independence The Government of India Act further angered Indians already disillusioned by the Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre. The act created a bicameral parliament, with power shared between British and Indian politicians (the so-called 'diarchy'), but the most important ministries were held by Britons. More reforms were to be discussed in ten years. The Congress Party responded with strikes and boycotts of British goods. This was declared illegal and Congress leader Mohandas Gandhi was imprisoned. 23 December 1919 Exclusion of women from many jobs is made illegal The Sex Disqualification Removal Act made it illegal for women to be excluded from most jobs, and allowed them to hold judicial office and enter the professions. Women could now become magistrates, solicitors and barristers. 1920 Women at Oxford University are allowed to receive degrees Academic halls for women were first established at Oxford in the 19th century, but although women had been able to attend degree level courses, they could not receive degrees until 1920. 25 April 1920 Britain is given mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine The mandate system was conceived by US President Woodrow Wilson. France and Britain were commanded to govern their mandates in the interests of their inhabitants, until these territories were ready to be admitted to the League of Nations. The British took over two areas that had previously formed part of the now defunct Ottoman Empire. 1 July 1920 First British high commissioner of Palestine is appointed In 1917, the Balfour Declaration had given official British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. The territory's new high commissioner, former Home Secretary Sir Herbert Samuel, was Jewish, but he was determined to deal even-handedly with the Palestinian Arabs and the increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants. In May 1921, Arab unrest caused Samuel to halt Jewish immigration. July 1921 Unemployment reaches a post-war high of 2.5 million Prime Minister David Lloyd George had promised 'a land fit for heroes' following World War One, but after a short post-war boom, demobilised soldiers found it increasingly difficult to get work. Deprivation was widespread and industrial relations deteriorated. War debts to the United States and non-payment of European allies' war debts meant the government could not pay for many planned reforms. The 1922 Geddes Report recommended heavy cuts in education, public health and workers' benefits. 23 August 1921 British mandate of Mesopotamia becomes the Kingdom of Iraq The three former Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Basra and Mosul, named Iraq by the British, were in a state of revolt. In an effort to quell the unrest, Emir Faisal was made king and administrator of the country. King Faisal was a member of the Hashemite family, who had been important British allies against the Ottoman Empire. 6 December 1921 Anglo-Irish Peace Treaty is signed, resulting in partition of the island This treaty ended the war between the breakaway southern Irish Republic and Britain, and was supposed to resolve the sectarian 'Ulster problem' by partitioning Ireland. It turned southern Ireland into a dominion - rather than a republic - called the 'Irish Free State', with the British sovereign as head of state. The fact that the treaty still bound Ireland to Britain caused deep conflict and led to the outbreak of the Irish Civil War. 28 June 1922 Irish Civil War breaks out The civil war was ignited by the Anglo-Irish Peace Treaty, which created a partitioned Irish 'Free State' within the British Empire. The pro-treaty faction under Michael Collins accepted partition and believed the treaty would eventually lead to a republic. The anti-treaty faction, led by Éamon de Valera, rejected partition and wanted a republic immediately. The war ended in victory for the pro-treaty Free State government under Collins (who was assassinated) but caused lasting bitterness. 19 October 1922 Prime Minister David Lloyd George resigns as his wartime coalition breaks up The wartime coalition of Conservatives and David Lloyd George's Liberals won the 1918 general election and began the work of national recovery after World War One. But in 1922, Tory backbenchers overruled their own party leader and voted to leave the coalition, resuming independence as Conservatives. They were disgusted by Lloyd George's Anglo-Irish Treaty and fearful he was about to go to war with Turkey. With his government fatally compromised, Lloyd George resigned. 23 October 1922 Conservative Andrew Bonar Law becomes prime minister Having precipitated the fall of David Lloyd George's Liberal-Conservative coalition government with a brilliant speech to his Conservative colleagues, Andrew Bonar Law was invited by George V to form a government. Law called a general election on 15 November 1922. The Conservatives won 344 seats, Labour 142, National Liberals (Lloyd George's party) approximately 53, Liberals (under Herbert Asquith) approximately 62. Ill health forced Bonar Law to retire in 1923. He died six months later. 15 May 1923 The British Mandate of Transjordan becomes a semi-independent state The mandate for Palestine was divided along the River Jordan, with 'Transjordan' on the eastern side. The Hashemite Emir Abdullah, eldest son of Britain's ally the Sharif Hussein of Mecca, became ruler of the territory. In 1946, Transjordan received independence and Abdullah became King Abdullah I of Jordan. 22 May 1923 Conservative Stanley Baldwin becomes prime minister Conservative Stanley Baldwin became prime minister, with Neville Chamberlain as chancellor of the exchequer, after Andrew Bonar Law resigned due to ill health. Baldwin proposed to abandon free trade, hoping that tariff reform would help to beat unemployment - an unpopular measure. Following the elections of December 1923, the reunited Liberals joined Labour to extinguish tariff reform by a vote of no confidence. Baldwin resigned. 23 January 1924 Ramsay Macdonald becomes the first Labour prime minister After the vote of no confidence that saw Stanley Baldwin resign as prime minister, the leader of the largest opposition party, Ramsay Macdonald, was called on to form a minority Labour government. Labour was unable to realise its more radical ambitions because of its reliance on Liberal support. This helped Macdonald allay fears that a party representing the working class must be revolutionary, but disappointed many supporters on the left. 29 October 1924 Conservatives win a landslide election following the 'Zinoviev Letter' In February 1924, the Labour government formally recognised the Soviet Union, despite nervousness about Communist ambitions. In October, MI5 intercepted an apparently seditious letter from a Soviet official to British communists. Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald agreed to the suppression of the 'Zinoviev letter', but it was leaked just before the election. Stanley Baldwin's Conservatives won by a landslide. Labour's share of the vote actually increased, but the Liberals were totally eclipsed. 28 April 1925 Chancellor Winston Churchill returns Britain to the 'Gold Standard' In his first budget as chancellor of the exchequer, Winston Churchill returned Britain to its pre-1914 monetary system, whereby sterling was fixed at a price reflecting the country's gold reserves. The move resulted in massive deflation and overvaluing of the pound. This made British manufacturing industries uncompetitive, which in turn exacerbated the massive economic problems Britain was to face in the 1930s. 5 August 1925 'Plaid Cymru' is formed to disseminate knowledge of the Welsh language Although the party was initially formed to promote Welsh language and culture, by the 1930s it had a political agenda and was determined that Wales should achieve independent status as a dominion. 26 January 1926 John Logie Baird gives the first public demonstration of television John Logie Baird, a Scottish engineer and inventor, gave a demonstration of a machine for the transmission of pictures, which he called 'television'. Around 50 scientists assembled in his attic workshop in London to witness the event. It was not until after the World War Two that televisions became widely available. 3 May 1926 General strike is declared after miners reject the Samuel Report The Samuel Report sought to rationalise the British coal industry, whose coal had become too expensive, through pay cuts and increased hours. The Trades Union Congress (TUC) ordered a general strike. Well-organised government emergency measures and the lack of widespread public support for the strikers meant it was called off after nine days. 16 May 1926 Irish politician Éamon de Valera establishes the Fianna Fáil party The Irish Civil War made the Irish Free State a reality. Éamon de Valera, who had fought against the treaty that established the Free State, now created the Fianna Fáil party to participate in its political life. Fianna Fáil members elected to the Free State's Dáil (parliament) initially refused to take their seats unless the oath of allegiance to the British sovereign was abolished. Faced with exclusion from politics, Fianna Fáil eventually took the oath, dismissing it as an 'empty formula'. 19 October 1926 Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa are recognised as autonomous In 1923, a dominion's right to make a treaty with a foreign power had been accepted. The Imperial Conference in London went further towards legally defining a dominion by recognising that the dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa) were autonomous and equal in status, a decision that was later affirmed by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. 1 January 1927 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is created A group of radio manufacturers, including radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi, set up the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. In 1927 the company was granted a Royal Charter, becoming the British Broadcasting Corporation under John Reith. Reith's mission was improve Britain through broadcasting, and he famously instructed the corporation to 'inform, educate and entertain'. 7 May 1928 All women over the age of 21 get the vote The fifth Reform Act brought in by the Conservative government altered the 1918 Representation of the People Act, which had only allowed women over 30 who owned property to be enfranchised. The new act gave women the vote on the same terms as men. September 1928 The first 'talkie' (film with dialogue) is shown in Britain British audiences were introduced to talking pictures when the 'The Jazz Singer', opened in London. Cinema-going was immensely popular during the 1920s and 1930s and virtually every town, suburb and major housing development had at least one cinema. There was often a double bill of a main and 'B' feature, supported by a newsreel. 30 September 1928 Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin While working at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould growing on a dish had stopped bacteria developing. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed penicillin further so it could be used as a drug, but it was not until World War Two that it began to be mass produced. 30 May 1929 Labour wins the general election with Ramsay Macdonald as prime minister Ramsay Macdonald headed the first Labour government with a clear majority. It lasted for two years. Labour won 287 seats, the Conservatives 262 and the Liberals 59. Macdonald's administration coincided with the Great Depression, a global economic slump triggered by the Wall Street Crash. Unemployment jumped by one million in 1930, and in some industrial towns reached 75%. 24 October 1929 Wall Street Crash sparks the Great Depression The crash of the American Wall Street financial markets in 1929 crippled the economies of the US and Europe, resulting in the Great Depression. In Britain, unemployment had peaked just below three million by 1932. It was only with rearmament in the period immediately before the outbreak of World War Two that the worst of the Depression could be said to be over. 21 January 1930 London Conference on Naval Disarmament starts A powerful disarmament movement reached the peak of its activities in the 1930s. Ramsay Macdonald, a committed internationalist and pacifist, was an enthusiastic believer that the League of Nations could make the world disarm through dialogue. But in 1931, Japan seized Manchuria and pulled out of the League. The rise of militarist regimes across Europe meant that by 1933 the idea of 'collective security' was looking increasingly unworkable. 12 March 1930 Mohandas Gandhi leads a march to the sea in protest against the Indian salt monopoly Mohandas Gandhi defied the British government, which had a monopoly on salt-making, by leading a 400km march to the sea to make his own salt. Five million Indians copied him in defiance of the government. Gandhi was imprisoned from 1930-1931, as were approximately 60,000 others. 24 June 1930 'Simon Report' proposes representative government for India In 1927, a parliamentary commission headed by Sir John Simon was sent to India to investigate grievances and make recommendations on the future of the country. Notably, the commission did not have any Indian members. Although the commission recommended representative government in the provinces (provincial assemblies), it advised that power should remain with the British Viceroy. The Indian National Congress, which wanted dominion status granted immediately, organised huge demonstrations. 12 November 1930 'Round Table' conference on India opens in London Three of these conferences took place from 1930-1933, the last of which failed to include any Indian members. The collapse of the Round Table talks led to further mass non-cooperation in India. A new Government of India Act was passed in 1935, granting Indians an elected assembly and extending the powers of the eleven provincial assemblies. 4 March 1931 Mohandas Gandhi agrees to suspend civil disobedience in India With popular protests causing significant problems, the viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, agreed the Delhi Pact, under which political prisoners would be released in return for suspension of the civil disobedience movement. In the same year, Mohandas Gandhi attended a Round Table conference as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress (INC). Gandhi was promised dominion status for India, but it was rejected by the INC because he had failed to consult its minority leaders. 22 - 23 August 1931 Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald resigns in a row over the budget Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald asked a commission, headed by Sir George May, to investigate Britain's dire economic situation. The May Committee recommended slashing government expenditure, including unemployment benefit. Macdonald agreed, but the measures were voted down by his cabinet colleagues. He offered his resignation to the king, George V, but was instead persuaded to lead a 'national government' coalition, which included Conservatives and Liberals, but only three Labour ministers. 27 October 1931 'National government' coalition wins the election, but Labour support plummets Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald called a general election to seek legitimacy for his 'national government' coalition. He was returned to power with 556 pro-national government MPs, of which 471 were Conservatives. The Labour Party expelled Macdonald for what was perceived as treachery. The new national government forced through the measures that Macdonald's Labour colleagues had vehemently opposed. 16 February 1932 Éamon De Valera's Fianna Fáil party wins the Irish general election Once the champion of armed opposition to the Irish Free State, Éamon De Valera now rose to lead it with this general election victory. After a second general election win in 1933, De Valera began unilaterally dismantling the Irish Free State's relationship with Britain. A trade war began after Fianna Fáil reneged on a £100 million loan from the British government. 1 October 1932 Oswald Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists Oswald Mosley, formerly a Conservative and then Labour member of parliament, modelled his party along Italian fascist lines. The party never became part of the political mainstream and was banned in 1940. Moseley was interned during the war and twice attempted unsuccessfully to return to parliament in post-war Britain. He died in 1980. 3 October 1932 Iraq joins the League of Nations after the British mandate ends Iraq became independent under King Faisal, who died in 1933. Its strategic importance and oil reserves ensured that Britain maintained a military presence there. During World War Two the British occupied Iraq, as the pro-Axis government intended to cut oil supplies and British access between Egypt and India. 1934 Scottish Nationalist Party is founded to fight for an independent Scotland Scottish 'Home Rule' had been supported by both 19th-century Liberals and 20th-century Labour, but had made no progress. The Scottish Nationalist Party was an amalgam of the left-leaning National Party of Scotland (NPS) and the more right-wing Scottish Party. Its objective was to secede from the United Kingdom. 19 July 1934 New air defence programme adds 41 squadrons to the RAF In 1933, German leader Adolf Hitler had withdrawn from the Disarmament Conference and the League of Nations in order to begin re-arming. Despite a 1935 League of Nations 'peace ballot' that showed 90% of the British public favoured multilateral disarmament, the British government reluctantly began to re-arm. There remained a strong political determination to avoid war at all costs. 22 September 1934 Gresford Mine Disaster kills 266 in North Wales This explosion, which killed 266 men, was one of the worst disasters in British mining history. Two hundred children were left fatherless in an area of North Wales where a 40% unemployment rate had already caused widespread poverty. 11 April 1935 Italy, France and Britain meet to discuss German rearmament The Stresa Conference was intended to form a united front against Adolf Hitler's Germany, but Italian leader Benito Mussolini had more in common with Hitler than with the western democracies. On 2 October, he invaded Ethiopia. Despite public sanctions, in a secret agreement dubbed the Hoare-Laval Pact, France and Britain devised a partition plan which gave Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. 7 June 1935 Conservative Stanley Baldwin becomes prime minister for the third time Stanley Baldwin became prime minister after Ramsay Macdonald resigned due to ill health. The 'power behind the throne' during Macdonald's premiership, Baldwin remained prime minister until 28 May 1937, when he was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain. July 1935 First Penguin paperbacks go on sale, bringing literature to the masses Publisher Allen Lane felt there was a need for cheap, easily available editions of quality contemporary writing. The first ten Penguins included works by Ernest Hemingway and Agatha Christie. They cost just sixpence, the same price as a packet of cigarettes, and were available in traditional bookshops, but also in railway stations and tobacconists. Three million Penguin paperbacks were sold within a year. It was a revolution in publishing that massively widened public access to literature. 20 January 1936 George V dies and is succeeded by Edward VIII As Prince of Wales, Edward had visited many parts of the country hit by the prolonged economic depression. These visits, his apparently genuine concern for the underprivileged and his official overseas tours on behalf of his father made him popular in Britain and abroad. But his choice of bride would spark a constitutional crisis. He had fallen in love with a married American woman, Wallis Simpson. When she obtained a divorce in October 1936, it opened the way for her to marry Edward. 26 August 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty ends the British protectorate of Egypt Britain was reluctant to end its occupation of Egypt because the Suez Canal provided a vital sea route to India. The treaty allowed the British to retain control of the Suez Canal for the next 20 years, and for Britain to reoccupy the country in the event of any threat to British interests. 5 October 1936 Jarrow men march to London to highlight local poverty and unemployment Poverty and mass unemployment (as high as 70%) in the north east of England drove 200 men from Jarrow, Tyne and Wear, to march 300 miles to London to deliver a petition to parliament asking for a steel works to replace the local shipyard that had recently closed down. The marchers attracted considerable public sympathy, but the crusade ultimately made little real impact. In heavy industry areas like the north east the Depression continued until the rearmament boom of World War Two. 10 December 1936 Edward VIII abdicates in order to marry Wallace Simpson Edward VIII wished to marry American Wallis Simpson. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised him that the British people would not accept her because she was a divorcee. Faced with losing the woman he loved, Edward chose instead to abdicate. On 11 December, he broadcast his decision to the nation. He married Wallace Simpson in France in June 1937. They became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Baldwin was widely credited with averting a constitutional crisis that could have ended the monarchy. 12 May 1937 George VI is crowned king Edward VIII's younger brother, the Duke of York, was crowned George VI. He and his wife Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), became inspirational figures for Britain during World War Two. The monarch visited his armies on several battle fronts and founded the George Cross for 'acts of the greatest heroism or of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger'. 7 July 1937 Peel Commission recommends partitioning Palestine The idea of partitioning Palestine between its Arab and Jewish inhabitants was rejected by both sides, and by January 1938 a new report had been commissioned. In 1939, a government white paper recommended that the final number of Jewish immigrants should be limited to 75,000, and Palestine should become independent under majority Arab rule. The outbreak of World War Two put the issue on hold. 29 December 1937 New constitution makes Ireland a republic in all but name With the British government distracted by the constitutional crisis of Edward VIII's abdication, Irish Free State leader Éamon De Valera seized the opportunity to draw up a new constitution for Ireland that omitted any references to its place within the British Empire. In addition to making Ireland a de facto republic, the constitution laid claim to the whole of Ireland, including Ulster. De Valera became the 'Taoiseach', the equivalent of prime minister. 12 February 1938 First refugee children of the 'Kindertransport' arrive in Britain A total of 10,000 Jewish children between the ages of five and 17 were sent from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Britain between December 1938 and the outbreak of war in September 1939. Many were given homes by British families, or lived in hostels. Very few of them saw their parents again. 20 February 1938 Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigns over the 'appeasement' of Italy With overt militarism on the rise across Europe, Britain persisted with its policy of 'appeasement' - making concessions to avoid provoking a wider scale war. Notably, Britain had not intervened in the brutal Spanish Civil War in order to avoid antagonising Italy. The decision of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to recognise the king of Italy as emperor of Ethiopia following the Italians' unprovoked invasion was a concession too far for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, who resigned. 12 March 1938 Germany occupies and then annexes Austria in the 'Anschluss' The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was deeply resented by both countries for its allocation of 'war guilt' and imposition of heavy reparations. When the German army marched into Austria in March 1938, they were welcomed by cheering crowds of Austrians. 28 - 30 September 1938 'Munich Agreement' cedes the Sudetenland to Germany The Munich Conference between Britain's Neville Chamberlain, Germany's Adolf Hitler, Italy's Benito Mussolini and Edouard Daladier of France agreed that the Czechoslovakian territory of the Sudetenland and its three million ethnic Germans should be joined with Germany. Chamberlain returned to Britain claiming he had achieved 'peace in our time'. In fact, it would come to be a clear demonstration that appeasement did not work, as by March 1939 Hitler had seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. 31 March 1939 Britain guarantees territorial integrity of Poland This guarantee formally ended the policy of appeasement, and the British government reluctantly began to prepare for war. Conscription was introduced for the first time in peacetime on 27 April, with little protest. On 23 August, the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact put paid to British hopes of a Russian ally. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain warned Adolf Hitler that Britain would support Poland if it was attacked by Germany. 3 September 1939 Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland On 1 September, German forces invaded Poland. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain still hoped to avoid declaring war on Germany, but a threatened revolt in the cabinet and strong public feeling that Hitler should be confronted forced him to honour the Anglo-Polish Treaty. Britain was at war with Germany for the second time in 25 years. 9 April 1940 Germany mounts surprise invasions of Norway and Denmark Germany invaded neighbouring Denmark on 7 April, and the Danes surrendered after two days. Denmark provided a land route to neutral Norway, which was invaded on 9 April. The small Norwegian army mounted fierce resistance, with the help of 12,000 British and French troops. The campaign in Norway ended when the German invasion of France and the Low Countries changed the focus of the war. The Allies were forced to evacuate. 10 May 1940 Winston Churchill becomes prime minister of the coalition government Following the disastrous Norwegian campaign, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain faced heavy criticism at home. By early May, Chamberlain had lost the confidence of the House of Commons. Labour ministers refused to serve in a national coalition with Chamberlain as leader, so he resigned. Churchill became prime minister on 10 May, the same day Germany invaded Holland and Belgium. 10 May 1940 German invasion of the Low Countries and France begins The German army rapidly defeated France with a strategy called 'blitzkrieg', or 'lightning war', which used speed, flexibility and surprise to execute huge outflanking manoeuvres. Paris fell on 14 June and France capitulated on 25 June. Hitler had achieved in a matter of weeks what the German army had failed to do after four years of desperate fighting on the Western Front of World War One. 26 May 1940 Thousands of Allied troops are evacuated from Dunkirk, France Allied forces were utterly overwhelmed by the German 'blitzkrieg' in France. Thousands of soldiers were trapped in a shrinking pocket of territory centred around the French seaside town of Dunkirk. The Royal Navy's Operation Dynamo succeeded in evacuating approximately 338,000 British and French troops in destroyers and hundreds of 'little ships' - volunteers who sailed to France in their own vessels - over a period of ten days, while under constant attack from the Luftwaffe (German air force). 30 June 1940 German forces occupy the Channel Islands Britain had taken the decision not to defend the Channel Islands in the event of a German invasion. As German forces overran France in June 1940, about 30,000 people were evacuated from the islands, with about twice that number choosing to remain. Jersey and Guernsey were bombed on 28 June with the loss of 44 lives. The German occupation began two days later. The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be occupied during the war. 3 July 1940 French fleet in North Africa is destroyed by the Royal Navy The attack on the French fleet at the Algerian port of Mers-el-Kébir left almost 1,300 Frenchmen dead and the fleet immobilised. Prime Minister Winston Churchill personally ordered the fleet destroyed if it refused to fight alongside British, following France's capitulation to the Germans. Despite the cost in lives, Churchill could not allow the fleet to become a threat to British naval dominance in the Mediterranean. 13 August 1940 Battle of Britain begins with heavy raids by the German Luftwaffe In July 1940, German leader Adolf Hitler ordered preparations for Operation Sealion - the invasion of Britain. The Luftwaffe (German air force) first had to destroy the Royal Air Force. Vastly outnumbered, the RAF nonetheless consistently inflicted heavy losses on the German squadrons, thanks to excellent aircraft, determined pilots and radar technology. On 17 September, two days after the Luftwaffe sustained its heaviest single day of losses, Hitler postponed the invasion. 2 September 1940 'Destroyers for bases' agreement gives Britain 50 US destroyers In September 1940, US President Franklin Roosevelt signed an agreement to give Britain 50 obsolete American destroyers in exchange for the use of naval and air bases in eight British possessions. The lease was guaranteed for the duration of 99 years 'free from all rent and charges'. Nonetheless, the US showed no sign yet of entering the war on the Allied side, as many in Britain hoped they would. 7 September 1940 'Blitz' begins with a massive daylight raid by the Luftwaffe German bombing raids had already targeted Liverpool and Birmingham during August, but on 7 September the 'Blitz' intensified as 950 aircraft attacked London. It was the start of 57 consecutive nights of heavy bombing. The raid caused some 300 civilian deaths and a further 1,300 serious injuries. By the end of the Blitz, around 30,000 Londoners had been killed with another 50,000 injured. 15 April 1941 1,000 people are killed in the Belfast Blitz No city, save London, suffered more loss of life in one night raid than Belfast, after 180 German bombers attacked the city. At the height of the raid an appeal was sent to the Irish leader Éamon De Valera, who sent fire engines to help fight the fires raging in the city. 20 May 1941 German troops invade Crete, driving the Allies out of the Eastern Mediterranean German and Italian troops had overrun Greece in three weeks, starting on 6 April. Commonwealth troops were rushed there from Egypt to help the Greek resistance, but had to be evacuated. Many were sent to Crete in an effort to prevent the Axis powers dominating the eastern Mediterranean. Crete was attacked by the Germans on 20 May, and the Allied forces there were defeated and evacuated by the end of the month. 24 May 1941 HMS 'Hood' sunk by the German battleship 'Bismarck' The British battlecruiser 'Hood' was sunk during the Battle of Denmark Strait, probably by a single shell from the German battleship 'Bismarck'. The ship sank so quickly that only three of the 1,418 man crew survived. 'Hood' was a well-known symbol of British imperial power and its loss was a significant psychological blow to Britain. The 'Bismarck' was itself sunk by the Royal Navy on 27 May 1941. 12 August 1941 Anglo-American alliance is sealed with the Atlantic Charter The Atlantic Charter, agreed by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and US President Franklin Roosevelt, set out the principles that would shape the struggle against German aggression. It was drawn up during a secret meeting aboard the USS 'Augusta', off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The charter was supported by 26 countries, including the Soviet Union, and after the war formed the basis of the United Nations Declaration. America entered the war four months later. 26 January 1942 First American troops arrive in Europe, landing in Belfast America entered the war on the Allied side in December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequent German declaration of war on the United States. Millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks were deployed to Britain, which became a base for American airmen flying bombing raids over Europe, a staging post for American troops on their way to fight in North Africa, and crucially the launching point for the D-Day invasions that began the liberation of Western Europe. 15 February 1942 British colony of Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces This catastrophic defeat was a fatal blow to British prestige and signalled the fall of the empire in the Far East. The Japanese unexpectedly attacked down the Malay Peninsula instead of from the sea, where Singapore's defences were concentrated. About 70,000 men were taken prisoner, many of whom would not survive the war due to the brutal conditions of their incarceration. 11 March 1942 Sir Stafford Cripps goes to India to offer post-war self-government Sir Richard Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 to win the co-operation of Indian political groups. The Japanese had occupied Burma, and were at the border of India. Stafford Cripps effectively offered post-war independence, which Mohandas Gandhi described as a 'post-dated cheque on a crashing bank'. The Indian National Congress insisted on immediate independence, which Stafford Cripps refused. Gandhi launched a last civil disobedience campaign, for which he was imprisoned. 30 May 1942 Start of the RAF's 'thousand bomber raids' on German cities Air Marshall Arthur Harris took command of the Royal Air Force's bomber force in February 1942. He wanted to demonstrate the effectiveness of Bomber Command with massive, concentrated raids ('area bombing') on key German cities. The first 'thousand bomber raid' was on Cologne, with a second, two nights later, on Essen. A third raid, this time on Bremen, took place on 25 June. The raids caused massive destruction, particularly in Cologne. 19 August 1942 'Dieppe Raid' ends in disaster for the Allies The Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe, on the northern French coast, had a variety of purposes. It would raise morale at a time when the war was going badly, it would show the Soviets that the western Allies could open a second front, and it would teach valuable lessons for the eventual full-scale invasion of Europe. It was a disaster. Of the 6,000 mainly Canadian troops who made it ashore, more than 4,000 were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. 23 October - 4 November 1942 Decisive British victory over German forces at Battle of El Alamein, Egypt General Claude Auchinleck had stopped the Axis forces (mainly German and Italian troops) during the First Battle of El Alamein in early July 1942, but the Allied position was still precarious. When General Bernard Montgomery took command of 8th Army, he built up its strength to a level of superiority before smashing the Axis forces in a carefully coordinated assault, driving them all the way back to Tunisia. By May 1943, the Axis had been completely cleared out of North Africa. November 1942 'Beveridge Report' lays the foundations for the Welfare State Sir William Beveridge's report gave a summary of principles aimed at banishing poverty from Britain, including a system of social security that would be operated by the government, and would come into effect when war ended. Beveridge argued that the war gave Britain a unique opportunity to make revolutionary changes. Beveridge's recommendations for the creation of a Welfare State were implemented by Clement Attlee after the war, including the creation of the National Health Service in 1948. 13 May 1943 Axis siege of the island of Malta is lifted Malta's position in the Mediterranean made it strategically vital for the Allies. It was effectively under siege from 1940 and suffered devastating Axis (Italian and German) bombing. From January to July 1942 there was only one 24-hour period when no bombs fell on the island. In summer 1942, George VI awarded the island of Malta the George Cross in acknowledgement of the bravery of its inhabitants. The siege was finally lifted when Axis forces capitulated in North Africa on 13 May 1943, . 16 May 1943 'Dambusters Raid' by the RAF breaches two dams in the Ruhr valley This Royal Air Force raid by 19 Lancasters utilised a 'bouncing bomb', developed by British scientist Barnes Wallis, in an attempt to destroy three major dams supplying water and power to the important German industrial region of the Ruhr. Two of the dams were breached, but 53 of the 133 aircrew were killed. Severe flooding killed over 1,000 people, but the damage to the Ruhr's industrial capability was relatively minor. Nonetheless, the raids were a major propaganda victory. 23 May 1943 Germany calls off the Battle of the Atlantic Allied merchant shipping losses to German 'U-boats' in the Atlantic had reached crisis levels in late 1942 to early 1943. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, Allied leaders allocated more resources to the battle. In March 1943, after a 'blackout' of several months, German U-boat ciphers were once again broken, allowing the new resources to be deployed to devastating effect. By May 1943, U-boat losses were so heavy that Kriegsmarine commander Admiral Karl Dönitz called off the battle. 10 July 1943 First Allied troops land in Europe as invasion of Sicily begins When British and American troops landed on the south eastern tip of Sicily, it was the first significant Allied landing on European soil in two years. After a prolonged battle, Axis forces started withdrawing from the island on 11 August. The island of Sicily gave the Allies a foothold for the invasion of mainland Italy, which began in September. May 1944 Butler Act creates free secondary education RA Butler, the progressive Conservative chancellor of the exchequer, created universal free secondary education to the age of 15, something people had campaigned for since the 19th century. There were three types of schools - grammar, secondary modern and technical, entrance to which was determined by the '11 plus' examination. 18 May 1944 Allies win the Battle of Monte Cassino after five months of fighting The battle centred on the ancient Italian monastery of Monte Cassino. The Allies were attempting to break through the German 'Gustav Line', which ran across Italy, south of Rome. The Germans sought to halt the Allied advance north by holding them at Monte Cassino. The bitter fighting lasted over five months, during which the monastery was reduced to rubble. By the time the Allies broke through, casualties numbered more than 54,000 Allied and 20,000 Germans troops. 6 June 1944 Allied forces land in Normandy on D-Day, starting the liberation of France The invasion of Europe - the largest amphibious invasion in history - succeeded in landing 150,000 troops on the beaches of Normandy on the first day, through a massive combined operation requiring hundreds of ships and total air superiority. Behind the lines, Allied paratroops seized key strategic targets, while the French resistance sabotaged rail and communication links. By the end of D-Day, five beachheads were secured, and the Allies had a foothold in France. 22 June 1944 Allies defeat the Japanese at the battles of Imphal and Kohima Since the start of the Burma campaign in 1941, Allied forces had done little but retreat to the point that Japanese forces stood ready to invade north east India. When the command of 14th Army passed to Lieutenant General William Slim, he imbued it with a new fighting spirit and developed a strategy of air support that allowed besieged positions to hold out against Japanese assault. He used Kohima and Imphal to break the Japanese in Burma and by June 1945, 14th Army had retaken Rangoon. 25 September 1944 Allied forces are defeated at the Battle of Arnhem Operation Market Garden was a bold plan to land 30,000 Allied troops behind enemy lines and capture eight bridges spanning a network of waterways on the Dutch-German border near Arnhem. It would allow the Allies to outflank German border defences, opening the way for an advance into Germany and an early end to the war. A combination of factors, including faulty intelligence about German strength and bad weather, resulted in failure. More than 1,130 Allied troops were killed and 6,000 captured. 4 February 1945 Allied leaders shape the post-war world at the Yalta Conference The war leaders agreed that Germany should be forced to surrender unconditionally and would be divided into four zones between Britain, the Soviet Union, France and the United States. It was also agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan after Germany was defeated. 15 April 1945 British troops liberate the concentration camp at Bergen-Belsen, Germany The liberation of Bergen-Belsen brought the horrors of Nazi genocide home to the British public when film and photographs of the camp appeared in British newspapers and cinemas. Conditions at Bergen-Belsen were so desperate that more than 10,000 prisoners died in the weeks after the liberation of the camp, despite the best efforts of the Allies to keep them alive. Millions were murdered to satisfy Nazi theories about racial-biological purity, at least six million of whom were Jews. 8 May 1945 Britain celebrates the end of war on Victory in Europe Day German forces had been utterly defeated by the end of April 1945. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on 30 April as Soviet forces closed in on his Berlin bunker. The German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz surrendered to Allied General Dwight Eisenhower in France on 7 May. The following day was officially celebrated in Britain as Victory in Europe Day. The entire country came to a standstill as people celebrated the end of war. 26 July 1945 Labour wins the general election by a landslide On 23 May the wartime coalition government ended. Winston Churchill headed a temporary Conservative government until the July general elections, which Labour won with a majority of 146. Returning soldiers wanted social reforms and had rejected the 'war leader' Churchill in favour of Labour's Clement Attlee. The post-war years saw the implementation of many of the reforms recommended by Sir William Beveridge in 1942, and the creation of the Welfare State. 15 August 1945 Victory over Japan Day marks the end of World War Two On 6 August, an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the American bomber 'Enola Gay'. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on the port city of Nagasaki. In all, 140,000 people perished. Less than a week later, the Japanese leadership agreed to an unconditional surrender, and the Emperor Hirohito broadcast his nation's the capitulation over the radio. Victory over Japan day also marked the end of World War Two. 24 October 1945 United Nations comes into existence with Britain as a founder member At the Yalta Conference in early 1945, the 'Big Three' of Britain's Winston Churchill, US President Franklin D Roosevelt and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin agreed to establish a new global organisation - the United Nations. The structure and charter of the organisation were established at another conference in San Francisco. Britain became one of the five 'security council' members, with a power of veto. On 24 October, the UN officially came into existence when its members ratified its charter.	Anthony Eden
Which river, that gives the trail its name, is followed by the walking and cycle path that leads from Brecon to Cardiff Bay?	BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted. Harold Wilson Labour, 1964 - 1970 In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964 In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote). Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963 Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year. Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957 When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957. Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955 Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP. Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951 World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election. Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945 By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide. Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940 Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937 When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935 MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929 In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924 In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923 During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost. Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923 Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.' David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922 Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922. HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916 Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905 The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong. Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.) Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895 Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.) William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894 Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.) Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886 Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them. Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885 Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880 After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later. William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874 Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868 On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868 The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone. Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866 Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865 Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859 The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858 Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855 It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852 Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851 Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised. Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846 Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.) Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841 Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835 Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.) Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834 Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834 In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.' Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834 In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea. Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830 Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs. Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828 George Canning, Tory, 1827 Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity. Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827 Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.) Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812 Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809 Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807 William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806 Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46. Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804 Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt. William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801 Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783 Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783 Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782 Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782 North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'. Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770 An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings. Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768 Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.) Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766 George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765 Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate. Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763 Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763. Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762 Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters. Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757 Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756 Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him. Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754 Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743 Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742 Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.	i don't know
Umbriel and Ariel are moons of which planet?	Uranus' Moon Umbriel - Universe Today Universe Today by Matt Williams The 19th century was an auspicious time for astronomers and planet hunters. In addition to the discovery of the Asteroid Belt that rests between Mars and Jupiter – as well as the many minor planets within – the outer solar planet of Uranus and its series of moons were also observed for the very first time. Of these, Umbriel was certainly one of the most interesting finds. Aside from being Uranus’ third largest moon, it is also its darkest – a trait which contributed greatly to the selection of its name. And to this day, this large satellite of Uranus is shrouded in mystery… Discovery: Umbriel, along with its fellow moon Ariel , was discovered by English astronomer William Lassell on October 24th, 1851. Fellow English astronomer William Herschel, who had discovered Uranus’ moons of Titania and Oberon at the end of the 18th century, also claimed to have observed four additional moons around Uranus. However, his observations were not confirmed, leaving the confirmed discoveries of Ariel and Umbriel to Lassell, roughly half a century later. Naming: Much like all of Uranus’ 27 moons , Umbriel was named after a character from Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock, as well as plays by William Shakespeare. These names were suggested by John Herschel, the son of William Herschel, when he announced the discoveries of Titania and Oberon. Size comparison of Earth, the Moon, and Umbriel. Credit: Tom Reding/Public Domain In keeping with the moon’s dark appearance, the name Umbriel – which was the name of the ‘dusky melancholy sprite’ in the The Rape of the Lock and is derived from the Latin Umbra (which means “shadow”) – seemed most appropriate for this satellite. Size, Mass and Orbit: Ariel and Umbriel are nearly the same size, with diameters of 1,158 kilometers and 1,170 kilometers respectively. Based on spectrograph analyses and estimates of the moon’s mass and density, astronomers believe that the majority of the planet consists of water ice, with a dense non-ice component constituting around 40% of its mass. This could mean that Umbriel consists of an icy outer shell that surrounds a rocky core, or one made out of carbonaceous materials. It also means that though Umbriel is the third largest moon of Uranus, it is only the fourth largest in terms of mass. Furthermore, its dark appearance is believed to be the result of the interactions of surface water ice with energetic particles from Uranus’ magnetosphere. These energetic particles would cause methane deposits (trapped in the ice as clathrate hydrate) to decompose and other organic molecules to darken, leaving behind a dark, carbon-rich residue. The satellite’s dark color is also due to its very low bond albedo – which is basically the amount of electromagnetic radiation (i.e. light) that gets reflected back from the surface. So far, spectrographic analyses have only confirmed the existence of water and carbon dioxide. So the existence of organic particles or methane deposits in the ice remains theoretical. However, their presence would explain the prevalence of CO² and why it is concentrated mainly on the trailing hemisphere. Umbriel’s orbital period – i.e. the time it takes the moon to orbit Uranus – is approximately 4.1 days, which is coincident with its rotational period. This means that the moon is a synchronous and tidally-locked satellite, with one face always pointing towards Uranus. The satellite is at an average distance of 266,000 kilometers from its planet, which makes it the third farthest from Uranus, behind Miranda and Ariel. Voyager 2: So far, the only close-up images of Umbriel have been provided by the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its flyby of Uranus in January of 1986. During this flyby, the closest distance between Voyager 2 and Umbriel was 325,000 km (202,000 mi). The images cover about 40% of the surface, but only 20% was photographed with the quality required for geological mapping. At the time of the flyby, the southern hemisphere of Umbriel was pointed towards the Sun – so the northern, darkened hemisphere could not be studied. At present, no future missions are planned to study the moon in greater detail. US Geological Survey map of Umbriel, showing its cratered surface and polygons. Credit: ISGS Interesting Facts: The surface of Umbriel has far more and larger craters than do Ariel and Titania, ranging in diameter from a few kilometers to several hundred. The largest known crater on the surface is Wokolo, which is 210 km in diameter. Wunda , a crater with a diameter of about 131 kilometers, is the most noticeable surface feature, due to the ring of bright material on its floor (which scientists think are from the impact). Other craters include Fin, Peri, and Zlyden which, like all of Umbriel’s surface features, are named after dark sprites from different cultures’ mythology. The only satellite of Uranus to have more craters is Oberon, and the planet is believed to be geologically stable. It is further believes that surface has probably been stable since the Late Heavy Bombardment . The only signs of ancient internal activity are canyons and dark polygons – dark patches with complex shapes measuring from tens to hundreds of kilometers across. The polygons were identified from precise photometry of Voyager 2′s images and are distributed more or less uniformly on the surface of Umbriel, trending northeast – southwest. Because Uranus orbits the Sun almost on its side, it is subject to an extreme seasonal cycle. Both northern and southern poles spend 42 years in complete darkness, and another 42 years in continuous sunlight, with the Sun rising close to the zenith over one of the poles at each solstice. The southern hemisphere of Umbriel displays heavy cratering in this Voyager 2 image, taken Jan. 24, 1986. The large impact crater of Wunda is visible at the top. Credit: NASA/JPL Because they are in the planet’s equatorial plane, Uranus’ satellites also experience these changes. This means that Umbriel’s north and south poles spend 42 years in light and then 42 years in darkness before repeating the cycle. In fact, the Voyager 2 flyby coincided with the southern hemisphere’s 1986 summer solstice, when nearly the entire northern hemisphere was in darkness. Interesting little moon isn’t it? Even though no missions are currently planned to observe it in the coming years, one can only hope that future satellites happen to sneak a peek at it on their way to some other destination in the outer Solar System. Universe Today has many interesting articles on the moons of Uranus , like how many moons does Uranus have? You should also check out NASA’s page on Umbriel and Uranus’ moon Umbriel at Nine Planets. Astronomy Cast has an episode on Uranus that you should check out. Sources:	Uranus
Seretse Khama was the first President of which country (from 1966 to 1980)?	Umbriel Uranus's Blue Moon Umbriel Uranus’s Blue Moon [adsense] Uranus’s Moon Umbriel A dark, somewhat blue sphere, is on a continuous journey around the Icy Giant, Uranus. Despite being photographed up close once and the great distance of over two billion kilometres that separates us – we have quite a good picture of what the world of Uranus’s moon Umbriel looks like. Umbriel, the darkest of all the Uranian moons was named after a character in the poem The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope. Uranus’s Moon Umbriel: A Sub-Zero World Taking just over four days to complete one trip around Uranus, Umbriel orbits the planet at a distance of 266,000 kilometres (165,000 miles). Uranus’s moon Umbriel is a very cold world with an average surface temperature of minus 198 degrees Celsius (minus 324 degrees Fahrenheit). Like many other moons in the Solar System, including our own Moon , Uranus’s moon Umbriel is tidally locked. This means that one side continually faces Uranus while the other is always pointing away from the planet. Uranus’s moon Umbriel is comprised mostly of ice though it is thought to have rocky core and an icy mantle. The density of Umbriel indicates that the moon is comprised of 60 per cent water ice and 40 per cent non-ice. The non-ice component is thought to be a combination of rock and carbonaceous material. 42-Year Seasons Uranus’s moon Umbriel’s orbit resides completely within the magnetsphere of the planet which means the moon is subject to magnetsopheric plasma which has resulted in the darkening of its trailing hemisphere. Like Oberon, Uranus’s Umbriel has an extraordinarily extreme seasonal cycle. The poles of the moon spend 42 years in either complete darkness or continuous sunlight. Presence Of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide has been observed to be present on the moon’s surface. Although its origins are not fully understood several possible hypotheses have been offered as an explanation. One is that the carbon dioxide is being formed through either organic material or carbonates being bombarded by either charged particles or ultraviolet radiation emanating from the Sun. The second explanation is that primordial carbon dioxide once trapped in the ice is escaping from Uranus’s moon Umbriel. Uranus’s Moon Umbriel: A Blue Moon Uranus’s moon Umbriel’s dark surface reflects only about half as much light as Ariel which is of a similar size. The surface of the moon has a blue tint while sites of fresh impacts have a much stronger blue colour. The leading hemisphere appears to be redder than the trailing hemisphere. The red colour may be attributed to weathering from a combination of tiny meteorites known as micrometeorites and charged particles from Uranus’s magnetosphere striking the surface. Cratered Satellite As of yet, no canyons, or chasmata, have been discovered on the surface of Uranus’s moon Umbriel. This is chiefly because of the poor quality of the images provided to scientists. The only geological features found so far have been craters. Many of these craters have peaks at their centres. It is thought to have gotten its dark appearance from heavy impacts with comets and asteroids. In fact, the moon is the second most heavily cratered satellite in the Uranian system after Oberon . The largest of its craters measures an impressive 210 kilometres (130 miles) across. The most prominent of all the craters on Uranus’s moon Umbriel is Wunda crater. Measuring 131 kilometres (81 miles) across its basin it is very bright and creates a highly visible contrast next to the dark surface of the moon. Formation And Future Like the other Uranian moons, Umbriel is believed to have been born out of an accretion disc either left over after the formation of Uranus or after the likely impact that gave Uranus its bizarre tilt. This process is thought to have taken several thousand years to complete. In its past, Uranus’s moon Umbriel may have had a liquid water ocean at the boundary between the icy mantle and the rocky core. However, this liquid ocean, if it had existed, would have long since frozen. Uranus’s moon Umbriel has only been photographed up-close once by a space probe during a fly-by. In 1986, on its way to the far reaches of the Solar System and beyond, Voyager 2 mapped roughly 40 per cent of the surface of Uranus’s moon Umbriel. The Voyager probe is the only spacecraft that has been in close proximity to the moon. No other missions have been planned to visit the moon in the foreseeable future. Highly Recommended Reading Check out Yellow Magpie’s Uranus: The Coldest Ice Giant for more insight into the largest planet in the Solar System. You may also like to take a gander at The Solar System And Beyond: A Guide To The Cosmos . Cosmos is a highly recommended book. It contains large, full-page pictures of the asteroids and writing on the subject by the highly competent author, Giles Sparrow. Amazon.co.uk For people living in Ireland or the United Kingdom, you can access: Cosmos from here. Amazon.ca For those who live in Canada, you can obtain: Cosmos here. Amazon.de	i don't know
Which river is the primary inflow and the primary outflow of Lough Derg, the second largest lake in the Republic of Ireland?	Read Microsoft Word - 5321.00 _rW08_.doc Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Contents CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF WATER LEVELS RIVER SHANNON CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 Background Report Objective Previous Investigations Water Level Control and Flood Statistics Water Level Prediction Models 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 10 12 12 16 17 17 17 18 24 24 25 27 27 29 30 THE RIVER SHANNON 2.1 2.2 General Description Hydraulic Characteristics 3.0 WATER LEVEL CONTROL 3.1 3.2 ESB Waterways Ireland 4.0 FLOOD EVENTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 General Historical Flood Events Recent Flood Events 5.0 WATER LEVEL PREDICTION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Model Simulations of Recent Flood Events Impact of Operational Controls Impact of Storage Management Conclusions 6.0 7.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Contents APPENDIX 1 KEY FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS (A) (B) (C) (D) The 1956 Rydell Report The 1961 Joint OPW/ESB Report The 1988 Delap and Waller Report The 2000 House of the Oireachtas Interim Report on Flooding on the River Shannon 32 33 35 38 44 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Introduction 1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION Background December 22, 2000, will remain a milestone in the history of water policies in Europe: on that date, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) (or the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October establishing a framework for Community action in the field of Water policy) was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities and thereby entered into force. The WFD establishes a framework for the protection of all waters (including inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater) which, according to Article 1: Prevents further deterioration of, protects and enhances the status of water resources; Promotes sustainable water use based on the long-term protection of water resources; Aims at enhancing protection and improvement of the aquatic environment through specific measures for the progressive reduction of discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances; Ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater and prevents its further pollution; and Contributes to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts. Overall the Directive aims at achieving good water status for all water-bodies by 2015. The WFD does however allow derogation for Artificial and Heavily Modified bodies of water. The environmental objectives for these water bodies are lesser, achieving good ecological potential and good surface water chemical status by 2015. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Introduction Member States may designate a body of surface water as Artificial or Heavily Modified when: (a) Changes to the hydromorphological characteristics of that body which would be necessary for achieving good ecological status would have significant adverse effects on: the wider environment; navigation, including port facilities, or recreation; activities for the purposes of which water is stored, such as drinking-water supply, power generation or irrigation. water regulation, flood protection, land drainage or other equally important sustainable human development activities. (b) The beneficial objectives served by the artificial or modified characteristics of the water body cannot, for reasons of technical feasibility or disproportionate costs reasonably be achieved by other means, which are a significantly better environmental option. The Article 5 Characterisation Report requires the location and boundaries of Artificial and Heavily Modified water bodies to be defined and an initial characterisation made of their ecological and chemical status. The River Basin Management Plan, required under Article 13, must also specifically mention all Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies and the reasons for their designation. 1.2 Report Objective The objective of this report is to undertake an independent review of the management regimes currently operated on the River Shannon by ESB Power Generation and Waterways Ireland in order to facilitate the decision making process in delineating Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies, initially for the purposes of the Article 5 Characterisation Report. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Introduction The study includes the following elements: a review of previous reports and operational procedures; a review of the current management regimes; an impartial assessment of historical hydrometric data; an assessment of the impact, if any, of water level management on the water levels reached during flood conditions, particularly the most recent December 1999/January 2000 floods. Much of the work presented in this report has been taken from a previous study undertaken by Kirk McClure Morton entitled `Study of the Current Management of the Water Levels of the River Shannon, April 2001' which was funded by ESB and Waterways Ireland. Both ESB and Waterways Ireland have given their permission to release information contained in the report to the Shannon River Basin Management Project. 1.3 Previous Investigations The River Shannon has experienced severe flooding regularly over the past two centuries and before. Flooding now occurs every winter and for some period every second summer on average. Regular flooding is reported to result in partial submergence of hundreds of holdings and around 30 km of public roads. Despite 400 dwellings being cut off by floodwaters only a small number of properties are actually subjected to incursion. Flooding experienced during the 1950's prompted investigation of flood relief on the Shannon and its tributaries. Despite the considerable period of time which has elapsed since the preparation of the reports, the studies by Rydell (1956) and subsequent investigations by OPW/ESB (1961) remain the most extensive preliminary engineering studies available for the River Shannon. The Rydell report first recommended formulation of an integrated approach for management of the catchment. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Introduction One of the key findings of the Rydell Report is as follows: "The problem of Shannon River Flooding has been the subject of much study over the past 150 years. Because of the flat terrain through which the river flows, the almost imperceptible gradient of the stream within its series of lakes and connecting channels and because of the large volume of long duration of flooding, no simple or obvious solution has therefore been found nor has the writer now found one." A subsequent report was prepared by Delap and Waller (1988) to scrutinise options for flood relief in the worst hit, Banagher to Meelick, section of channel. After severe flooding incidents on the River Shannon during the 1990's the Houses of the Oireachtas asked the Joint Committee on Public Enterprise and Transport to consider issues relating to the management of the River Shannon. report thereon to the Joint Committee. The Joint committee appointed a Sub-Committee to consider all aspects of this matter and to Consultants were engaged by the SubCommittee to carry out research on the problem of flooding on the River Shannon and an interim report was produced in November 2000. A summary of the key points contained in each of these reports is presented in Appendix 1. On February 10, 2003, the Minister of State at the Department of Finance, Tom Parlon TD announced that the Office of Public Works (OPW) would carry out a prefeasibility study into possible flood relief measures on the River Shannon. This study is currently ongoing. Consultation between OPW and the Shannon River Basin Management Project have taken place as part of this study. 1.4 Water Level Control and Flood Statistics Water levels in the River Shannon are managed at a number of points for the purposes of navigation and power generation. The Shannon hydro-electric scheme was constructed between 1925 and 1929 and involved harnessing the catchment area upstream of Parteen Weir Regulating Weir. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 4 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Introduction This Weir now diverts water into the River Shannon proper and into a headrace canal which supplies the 85MW generating station at Ardnacrusha and re-enters the River Shannon downstream of the Power Station. After completion of the scheme the ESB installed water level gauges at a number of sites along the system and began monitoring in 1932. In association with OPW and EPA rating curves have been developed to establish the relationship between water level and flow at these sites and to provide information for the management of the system. The Shannon River system is connected to an extensive network of canals throughout Ireland including the Royal and Grand Canals and cross-border links to the Erne system by the Shannon-Erne Link. This network represents the largest undrained navigation system in Europe. Responsibility for maintaining navigation water levels now lies with Waterways Ireland. 1.5 Water Level Prediction Models ESB International developed a computational model of the River Shannon system for the purposes of water level prediction and developing operational procedures for the hydro-electric system. The model has been successfully verified by simulating actual flood events, which occurred during the 1990's, and obtaining satisfactory agreement between records of flood levels and water levels predicted by the model. In order to assess the impact of water level management, Kirk McClure Morton requested ESB International to undertake further modelling studies to simulate alternative control regimes within the catchment. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon 2.0 2.1 THE RIVER SHANNON General Description The River Shannon, rises in a spring fed pool, the Shannon Pot in the Cuilcagh Mountains on the Cavan-Fermanagh Border at an elevation of 150 m and its headwaters drain the raised mountainous regions around Lough Allen. On leaving these elevated areas, the Shannon winds its way through the drumlin masses of south County Leitrim and flows through Lough Ree and Lough Derg before reaching Parteen Weir. In the 205 km between Lough Allen and Killaloe there is a drop in level of only 17 m. The river is characterised by slow flowing lacustrine expanses meandering between callows, bogs and wetlands, frequently breaking its banks in periods of flood and widens to several solution lakes along its course. In the remaining 25 km freshwater reach to Limerick the level drops 30 m. The flow in the River Shannon has been controlled for over 200 years to aid navigation and in the late 1920's further modifications were put in place, including a dam at Parteen Villa (6 km downstream of Killaloe), to facilitate the ESB hydroelectric Power Station at Ardnacrusha. The latter resulted in much of the flow, in the reach downstream of Lough Derg, being diverted to Ardnacrusha. An important feature of the River Shannon is the many lakes along the main channel and on its tributaries. A summary of the morphological and topographical features of the larger of the Shannon lakes is given in Table 1. In the post-glacial period the water level of the River Shannon was considerably higher. An area of approximately 70,000 ha of the midlands occupying the present floodplain of the River Shannon, that of the River Suck to the west and those of the lower reaches of the Rivers Inny, Brosna and Little Brosna to the east formed a very large lake referred to as Lough Boora. Encroachment by reeds, sedges and other vegetation from the shores of this great lake led to the formation of swamps. In time these swamps formed the great tracts of bogland, so characteristic of this part of the catchment, which restricted the River Shannon to its present boundaries. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon The greater part of the River Shannon catchment is underlain by Carboniferous Limestone of varying age. Lesser amounts of Shales and Sandstones occur in the vicinity of the glacially formed Lough Allen, while Upper Silurian (Llandovery) shales are the dominant rocks at the southern end of the catchment, in the vicinity of Lough Derg, with a small area of Old Red Sandstone east of Scarriff and in the Youghal Bay area. Most of the bedrock is concealed by a deep mantle of glacial deposits and to a lesser extent by peat bogs to the east of the river, however, in the western portion of the catchment the deposits are thinner and the limestone lies exposed at the surface in places. The depositional behaviour of glaciers has left drumlins and great esker ridges that traverse the northern portion of the catchment. The drainage of the drift deposits is generally poor and has further facilitated the formation of the extensive raised peat bogs which occupy the central region of the catchment. Table 1 Morphological and Topographical Features of the Larger Lakes on the Shannon System Lake Allen Key Boderg Bofin Ree Derg Navigation Level (m O.D.) 50 44 41 41 38 33 Surface Area (km2) 35 9 4.3 5.1 105 117 Maximum Depth (m) 33.0 23.5 3.5 4.0 35.0 36.0 Average Depth (m) 4.5 5.1 2.7 2.4 6.2 7.5 The River Shannon is navigable over much of its length and has been an important trading route for over 1,000 years. Monastic settlements were established along its banks and on the islands of the lakes several of which have ruins of great historical interest. The river has been navigable from Killaloe to Carrick-on-Shannon since the end of the eighteenth century; further improvements in the period 1846 included the extension of the navigation channel to Limerick and north to Lough Key on the Boyle River. The River Shannon was also linked to Dublin by the Royal and Grand canals. The limited commercial traffic of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries ceased in the 1960's to be replaced in recent years by pleasure cruising. This has led to the extensive renovation of existing facilities, extension of the navigable area and the provision of new harbours and marinas to cater for this thriving 5321.00/AGB/RW08 7 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon new development. During the early 1990's the Shannon-Erne Link was completely refurbished, as was access to Lough Allen where the navigation channel was dredged, extended and marked. The main locks and weirs on the River Shannon navigable waterway are presented in Table 2 and Figure 1. Table 2 Locks and Weirs on the River Shannon Navigable Waterway River Shannon (215 km with 7 locks/weirs) 1. Victoria Lock (Meelick Weir) 2. Athlone Lock 3. Tarmonbarry Lock 4. Clondra Lock* 5. Roosky Lock 6. Albert Lock (Jamestown Weir) 7. Clarendon Lock Lough Allen Canal (7 km with 3 locks/weirs) 8. Battlebridge 9. Drumleague 10. Drumshanbo Ardnacrusha Dam 11. Ardnacrusha Lock River Suck 12. Pollboy * Clondra Lock is located at the entrance to Richmond Harbour and it use is not essential to traffic on the River Shannon. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon Figure 1 River Shannon Catchment 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon 2.2 Hydraulic Characteristics The Shannon with its series of natural and artificial controls, has a slow hydraulic response to incident rainfall. The system is considered in four main sections: Upper Catchment Source to Lough Allen outlet Middle Catchment Lough Allen to Lough Ree outlet Lower Catchment Lough Ree to Parteen Weir Downstream of Parteen Weir Upper Catchment Source to Lough Allen Outlet The Upper Catchment has an area of 425 km2. The surface area of Lough Allen is 36 km2 and the surrounding catchment is relatively steep. The catchment has a rapid response to rainfall. The water levels in and discharges from Lough Allen are regulated by a control structure at Bellantra at the outlet from the lake. Total discharge from the lake can be determined from the rated site downstream of the sluices or by application of the gate equations given in the ESB's Regulations for the Control of the River Shannon. Readings of the staff gauges, both upstream and downstream of the sluices, are recorded daily at 9.00 a.m. Middle Catchment Lough Allen to Lough Ree Outlet The middle catchment has a total area of 4,154 km2 and has a slow response to rainfall. The surface area of Lough Ree is 106 km2. The main channel broadens out into a number of small lakes along this stretch and there are navigational Weirs at Jamestown, Roosky and Tarmonbarry. The time difference for the flood peak from Lough Allen to reach Lough Ree, i.e. the lag, is estimated to be five days. The water level in and discharges from Lough Ree are controlled by a navigational Weir at Athlone. The Athlone sluices are normally closed during flood periods to reduce flooding of vast tracts of agricultural lands downstream and are only opened when drawing from storage during periods of low flow. For large floods on the Shannon the discharge at Athlone Weir is affected by backwater from the confluence 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon The River Shannon of the River Suck and the main channel just downstream of Shannonbridge. Consequently there is no flood control at Athlone. Lower Catchment Lough Ree to Parteen Weir The lower catchment has an area of 5,833 km2. The lag between peak flows at Athlone and Lough Derg is approximately two days. The bulk of the lower catchment, including the catchment of the River Suck (the largest tributary of the Shannon with a catchment area of 1,619 km2) feeds into the Shannon upstream of Lough Derg. This section between Athone to Meelick is the worst effected by flooding in the catchment. The channel capacity is inadequate due to very low natural gradients (approximately 1:20,000) and a number of the previous studies (Appendix 1) have suggested that siltation of the channel has recently worsened flooding. This area is relatively low lying, the channels having large flood plains, and consequently the inflow hydrograph to Lough Derg along the main channel is not very peaky. However, the immediate catchment area around Lough Derg is quite steep and its resultant inflow hydrograph can be very flashy and cause a sudden rise in the level of Lough Derg. The outlet from Lough Derg feeds into a channel about 3.5 km long and then into an artificial reservoir about 4.5 km long. The level of this reservoir is controlled by the sluice barrage at Parteen Weir and Power Station at Ardnacrushna. This channel and reservoir restrict the outflow from Lough Derg. The reservoir upstream of Parteen Weir is contained partly by two embankments Ardclooney at the West and Fort Henry to the East. Downstream Parteen Weir Downstream of Parteen Weir the Shannon River flows a distance of approximately 20 km to Limerick City. Tributaries which enter the Shannon in this reach include the Black, Kilmastulla, Mulkear, Groody and Blackwater Rivers. Flow which is diverted at Parteen Weir through Ardnacrusha Power Station re-enters the Shannon just upstream of Limerick City. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Water Level Control 3.0 3.1 WATER LEVEL CONTROL ESB The legislation regulating the operations of the ESB on the Shannon is contained in the Electricity (Supply) Acts 1927 to 1998. ESB International has developed a computational model of the Shannon which simulates design water levels and flows based on incident rainfall. Modelling has also been carried out to test both the operational controls on the system and to develop Regulations for the Control of the River Shannon which identify operational procedures for routine and flood period regimes. The Regulations identify minimum and maximum operational water levels, generation flow ranges and acceptable rates of change in water level to ensure the safe operation of the system. The Regulations for the Control of the River Shannon specify procedures to be followed during floods. The principal controls on the Shannon system available are: Lough Allen operation of sluices Athlone Weir operation of sluices Parteen Weir operation of intake gates to headrace canal and spillway crest gates which feed flow into the river channel. ESB Power Generation operates the sluices at Lough Allen and Parteen Weir Control Gates. Waterways Ireland operate the Athlone sluices and controls (sluices and Weir boards) at a number of other sites to maintain navigation levels in periods of low flow. The sluices at Athlone Weir are operated on daily instruction from ESB but are normally closed during flood periods and therefore the only real controls on the River Shannon during floods are at Lough Allen and Parteen Weir. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Water Level Control The current Shannon Regulations for Lough Allen and Parteen Weir are as follows: Lough Allen The water levels in and discharges from Lough Allen are regulated by a control structure at Bellantra at the outlet from the lake. The control structure at Bellantra comprises two sluice gates each 6 m wide and each consisting of two leaves. The sill of the sluices is at 45.72 m O.D. When fully closed, the top of the lower leaf is at 49.21 m O.D. and the top of the upper leaf is at 51.21 m O.D. Water may be discharged under the gates (usually drowned flow) or over the upper leaves. `During floods when the level of the lake has risen to 49.68 m O.D. and is continuing to rise the sluices should be opened as follows: 1. 2. The bottom leaf of each gate should be opened to 0.4 m The top of each upper leaf should be set at 49.68 m O.D.' Lough Allen Sluices Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Water Level Control Lough Derg The surface area of Lough Derg is 120 km2 and the perimeter of the lake is quite steep. The minimum statutory level in Lough Derg is 32.00 m O.D., the maximum statutory level is 34.14 m O.D. while the normal high water level of storage, in so far as it can be regulated, is 33.53 m O.D. Parteen Weir, at which flow diverges into the Ardnacrusha headrace, consists of six spillway crest gates which discharge back into the Shannon River. Gates 1 and 2 (starting from right bank) are shallow gates each 18 m wide at sill level 30.85 m O.D. and 30.05 m O.D. respectively. The crest level of these gates, when closed, is 33.55 m O.D. Crest gates 3 to 6 inclusive are each 10 m wide at sill levels of 24.80 m O.D. The crest level of these gates, when fully closed, is 35.7 m O.D. `On the approach of a flood, when the level in Lough Derg reaches 33.40 m O.D. at the Pier Head gauge, and is continuing to rise, and the inflow is greater than the station full load throughput, the four sets (turbines) are normally run on overload. As there is a possibility of cavitation damage at overload running, the decision, whether to run on overload or not, is totally at the Station Manager's discretion. Parteen Weir (looking downstream) River Shannon (Left), Headrace to Ardnacrusha (right) 5321.00/AGB/RW08 14 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Water Level Control As the flood continues to rise and the level at Pier Head approaches 33.56 m O.D. the gates at Parteen Weir should be opened, if it is clear that the level of 33.56 m O.D. will otherwise be exceeded. Thereafter, the discharge at Parteen Weir should be continually increased so as to prevent, as far as possible, the level at the Pier Head gauge rising above 33.56 m O.D., or to reduce the level to 33.56 m O.D. within a reasonable period of time. However, as the gates at Parteen Weir are opened, the level upstream of the Weir begins to drop. When the minimum level at Parteen Weir, to allow the operation of all four sets at the Power Station on full load (32.70 m O.D.) is reached, the gate openings must be controlled to prevent any further drop in level. Consequently, if the flood inflows to Lough Derg are still increasing, the lake level will rise above 33.56 m O.D. The level to which Lough Derg rises depends on the magnitude of the flood'. In addition the Regulations on Drawdown states:`....A level of 32.60 m O.D. was endorsed by SWECO and VIW as the minimum permissible level at Parteen Weir in the context of dam safety for both the Headrace and Fort Henry/Ardclooney embankments (Parteen Basin). (Note SWECO and VIW were engineering consultants working on behalf of ESB during the development of the Regulations). In addition to strict limits on levels of drawdown there are also strict limits on the rates of drawdown both in the Headrace and at Parteen Basin,' these are set out in the appendices to the control manual. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Water Level Control 3.2 Waterways Ireland Waterways Ireland operate the sluices at Athlone, Meelick, Tarmonbarry, Roosky and Jamestown in compliance with the procedures set out in their document Shannon Navigation - Water Levels and Sluice Openings. At Jamestown, Roosky and Tarmonbarry identified water levels trigger the lockkeeper to open the sluices if further rain is expected. The water level in and discharges from Lough Ree are controlled by a navigational Weir at Athlone. The control works at Athlone, which are connected to Lough Ree by a channel 3 km long, consist of an overflow Weir 170 m long at a crest level of 37.40 m O.D. and fifteen sluices. At Athlone the sluices are operated by Waterways Irelands' lock-keeper on the daily instruction of ESB at Ardnacrusha however the sluices are generally kept closed during winter to hold water upstream of Lough Ree and minimise flooding downstream. There are two sets of sluices at Meelick, one on the main river channel consisting of 12 sluices and the other at the `New Cut' consisting of 18 sluices. The opening regime for the sluices is governed by the pertaining water level and expected weather conditions as at other sluices on the navigation system. Both sets of sluices are operated by reference to the water level at a gauge at Banagher. If the level exceeds 35.42 m OD the sluices are opened. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events 4.0 4.1 FLOOD EVENTS General The River Shannon has experienced severe flooding regularly over the past two centuries. Flooding now occurs every winter and for some period every second summer on average. Records exist for a number of severe floods which have been experienced within the catchment both before and after construction of Ardnacrusha hydro-electric scheme (1867, 1915, 1925, 1954, 1959/1960, 1965, 1990, 1994/1995 and 1999/2000). Flooding although less extreme also occurred in many other years in various parts of the Shannon Catchment. 4.2 Historical Flood Events The largest flood on the Shannon to date occurred in 1867, however there are few records of this event. Accounts are available of major floods in January 1915 and January 1925 prior to construction of the Ardnacrusha hydro-electric scheme and before ESB flow and water level records began in 1932. Other significant major flood events on the Shannon occurred in December 1954, Winter 1959/1960 and 1965. Water levels recorded along the system during the 1915, 1925 and 1954 events are presented in Table 3. There was extensive flooding throughout the Shannon catchment on each of these occasions. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events Table 3 Historical Flood Events Flood Levels (mO.D.) Location Drumshanbo Ballinamore Canal Carrick-on-Shannon Jamestown Canal upstream Jamestown Canal downstream Lough Bofin Roosky Bridge Roosky Sluices Tarmon Royal Canal Lanesborough Bridge Railway Bridge Athlone Shannon Bridge Shannon Harbour Banagher Meelick Victoria Lock Portumna Killaloe Canal Bridge Errinagh Bridge 36.77 35.80 34.58 34.02 33.82 33.09 27.93 37.79 41.50 40.35 39.64 38.79 38.41 39.11 38.69 38.45 38.05 37.63 37.30 35.96 34.90 34.43 34.10 33.42 37.28 35.91 35.11 34.29 33.85 41.79 42.05 41.86 41.53 42.10 42.04 40.60 39.85 39.20 38.80 38.63 38.19 43.77 January 1915 50.40 44.34 44.35 January 1925 December 1954 50.62 44.67 44.20 44.01 42.41 4.3 Recent Flood Events Three major flood events occurred in the Shannon catchment during in the 1990's, the first in February 1990, the second in winter 1994/1995 and the third in winter 1999/2000. Detailed hydrological studies were undertaken on behalf of ESB to report on the severity of the most recent floods, which occurred in winter 1994/95 and winter 1999/2000. The flood levels recorded in the catchment during these events are presented in Table 4. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events Winter 1999/2000 Flood Event - Meelick Weir Winter 1999/2000 Flood Event - U/S Meelick and Victoria Lough 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events Winter 1999/2000 Flood Event - Banagher Winter 1999/2000 Flood Event - Downstream Shannon Harbour 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events Table 4 Recent Flood Events Flood Levels (mO.D.) Location Lough Allen Lough Ree Athlone Upper Athlone Lower Banagher Victoria Lock Upper Victoria Lock Lower Portumna Killaloe Pier Head Parteen Weir 1994/95 50.05 38.97 38.69 38.47 37.23 35.95 35.19 34.40 34.01 28.18 1999/00 50.55 39.17 38.79 38.52 37.23 35.98 35.11 34.30 33.90 28.04 Winter 1994/95 The flood event was not significant in the Lough Allen Catchment. In the middle catchment between Lough Allen and Athlone, flooding was not exceptional and the flood was only a one in two year event. On the Lower Shannon catchment downstream of Athlone the flood was at least a one in fifty year event. The effects of the flood were at their most severe in Lough Derg. Levels at Killaloe and Portumna were the highest levels recorded since records began. Downstream of Parteen Weir large discharges on the Mulkear River combined with large Shannon flows to cause extensive inundation. Winter 1999/00 Flooding was experienced in many parts of Ireland during winter 1999/2000. High rainfall during November and December led to extensive flooding in the Shannon catchment between Christmas and early January. Again the flood event was not significant on the Upper Shannon Catchment. Between Lough Allen and Athlone flood levels were among the highest on record. The water level at Lough Ree was the highest since ESB records began and there was extensive flooding of land along the river at this reach. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events In the channel downstream of Athlone the flood event was amongst the worst on record. The effects of the flood were at their most severe just downstream of Athlone. In Lough Derg levels were high but not as high as those during the two previous floods in the 1990's (February 1990 and winter 1994/95) or the 1925 event. The highest level in Lough Derg was recorded in 1925 however, lowering of the Weir and deepening of the channel near the bridge as part of the hydro-electric scheme means that flood levels before and after the alterations are not directly comparable. The spread of the flood for the sections of the River Shannon captured by aerial photographs on 9 January 2000 is presented in Figure 2. The map indicates the outer extent of the flooding on that day only and do not therefore necessarily reflect the greatest extent of flooding suffered during the event of December 1999 January 2000. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Flood Events Figure 2 Water Level during Winter 1999/2000 Storm 5321.00/AGB/RW08 23 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions 5.0 5.1 WATER LEVEL PREDICTION Model Simulations of Recent Flood Events The flooding incidents which occurred during 1994/95 and 1999/00 were simulated using ESB International's model of the Shannon system. The model satisfactorily predicted levels and discharges throughout the catchment in comparison to recorded rainfall, water level and discharges. following: The operation of the system during the above flooding conditions were generally in accordance with the operating regulations. ESB and Waterways Ireland were satisfactorily co-ordinating their activities in accordance with operational requirements. The Lough Allen catchment represents only a small portion of the overall catchment, consequently the control of discharge from the sluices has a minimal impact on flood levels downstream. This means that Lough Allen does not provide a significant flood management control in terms of the overall system. The sites controlled by Waterways Ireland are operated to maintain summer water levels for navigation and to minimise flooding during the winter. This means that sluices are generally opened and Weir boards are removed during the winter flood events with the exception of Athlone. At Athlone in winter the sluices are usually closed to hold water back in Lough Ree and reduce discharge to the channel downstream which is often the area worst affected by flooding incidents in the catchment. The water level in Lough Derg is managed by ESB Power Generation to provide flow for hydro-electric power generation. The capacity of the discharge at Ardnacrusha and Parteen Wier combined is greater than the channel downstream of Killaloe. The operating levels of Lough Derg are set by the regulations within statutory limits, however, during flood events the flow out of the lake to Ardnacrusha is restricted by the capacity of the bridge and channel downstream The studies were able to demonstrate the 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions of Killaloe which means that more flow can enter the lake than is discharged and water levels can increase in Lough Derg. The channel from Portumna upstream to Athlone is the location where the most extensive flooding is experienced. In particular the high input from the River Suck sub-catchment at Shannonbridge often results in flooding. A separate modelling study was carried out by OPW (1988) in the reach between Meelick Weir and Banagher to assess the impact of changes to Meelick Weir and of channel works. The study identified that during high flows the effect of downstream water levels has minimal impact on upstream water levels. This means that the channel itself restricts flow capacity and causes flooding in this reach. 5.2 Impact of Operational Controls The satisfactory correlation between observed flood events and simulations carried out using modelling techniques permits a high degree of confidence in using the model for dam design safety events. It also enables the model to be utilised to answer "what if" scenarios. ESB International's model, and results of previous modelling studies prepared by OPW, were utilised to investigate the impact of control of water levels during storm events. Impact of Meelick Weir Modelling work carried out by the OPW in 1988 indicated that lowering the water level at Meelick by over 400 mm would produce no change in water levels at Banagher some 8 km upstream. This confirms that the channel's restricted capacity to convey flows, rather than downstream backwater effects, controls the water level along this section. Impact of Ardnacrusha Dam In order to determine the impact of ESB Power Generation's control at Parteen Weir for Ardnacrusha hydro-electric Power Station, ESB International carried out a model simulation at the request of Kirk McClure Morton as if the station was not present i.e. water levels at Parteen Weir were controlled at 31.50 m as opposed to 32.70 m which is the control when the station is in operation. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 25 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions Prior to the alterations of the Weir and channel at Killaloe as part of the hydro-electric scheme, the control level of the Weir at Killaloe was 32.8 m O.D. Therefore this simulation represents a situation which consists only as a consequence of the hydroelectric scheme. The results of the simulation are presented in Figure 3. The results of the simulation show that the differences in peak average water level in Lough Derg would be less than 200 mm. 35.0 34.8 34.6 34.4 34.2 34.0 33.8 33.6 33.4 33.2 33.0 32.8 32.6 32.4 32.2 32.0 31.8 31.6 31.4 31.2 31.0 1-Nov 8-Nov 15-Nov 22-Nov 29-Nov 6-Dec 13-Dec 20-Dec 27-Dec 3-Jan 10-Jan 17-Jan 24-Jan 31-Jan L Derg recorded (Avg Portumna/Killaloe) Parteen Upper recorded L Derg simulated (Parteen Upper @ 31.5) Water Level (m OD) Figure 3 Comparison of Recorded 1999/00 Levels with Simulated Control at Parteen Weir at 31.5 m O.D. Given the findings of the OPW modelling study (1988) it was concluded that the effect of the 200 mm potential drop in water levels in Lough Derg on the channel from Portumna to Athlone would be negligible. This therefore demonstrates that even if the Ardnacrusha station was not in place this would not have affected the areas flooded during the Winter 1999/00 event. It should be noted that were the Parteen Weir controls to be operated in this way in reality there would most likely be 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions implications downstream due to increased risk of flooding to properties developed alongside the River Shannon channel between Parteen Weir and Limerick City. 5.3 Impact of Storage Management The management of the storage available in Lough Allen and Lough Ree has also been suggested as a potential flood relief measure. The Lough Allen catchment represents only a small portion of the overall catchment. During 1999/00 the opening of the sluices was delayed resulting in increased storage in Lough Allen, however, the impact on flows was an increased discharge of 2.5 m3/s recorded on 23/12/99. The maximum inflow to Lough Ree was 471 m3/s during the same event. The flow control at Lough Allen is clearly insignificant in terms of the overall system. Storage in Lough Allen would therefore exert minimal influence in the overall catchment. At Lough Ree the Weir boards/sluices are closed during summer to maintain navigation requirements. These controls are kept in place in winter to restrict the flow downstream and reduce flooding at the worst hit areas on the system. A detailed study would be required to determine the impact of further rising or lowering water levels in Lough Ree during flood events. This action would undoubtedly affect existing lakeside development, navigation and other uses in and around Lough Ree. The section of river downstream of Lough Ree is affected by significant inflow from Suck, Brosna and Little Brosna Rivers and the restricted capacity of the existing channel would still result in flooding even with a slightly reduced outflow from Lough Ree. Therefore changes in storage in Lough Ree will not on its own significantly change flooding on the channel downstream of Athlone. 5.4 Conclusions The assessment of a range of alternative management options indicated that there is no significant impact due to any of the controls operated by ESB or Waterways Ireland on the system. These findings concur with historical investigations which identified that there was no simple single solution to the River Shannon flooding problem. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Kirk McClure Morton carried out an independent review of the management regimes currently operated by Waterways Ireland and ESB Power Generation on the Shannon and concluded the following: 1. The Shannon system has experienced a history of severe flooding incidents over the past 200 years. This is due to natural characteristics of the system especially the low gradients from downstream of Lough Allen to Parteen Weir. 2. Reports on previous flood events and proposed relief schemes were reviewed. The winter 1994/95 and 1999/00 events were some of the most severe experienced on the Shannon. 3. In 1956 the Rydell report concluded that there was no simple or obvious solution to flooding and put forward a series of measures for further consideration. 4. A review of flooding by a sub-committee of the Joint Committee on Public Enterprise and Transport recommended immediate action to raise flooded roads and undertake studies to identify the extent of flooding in order to instigate a once-off compensation for affected persons. 5. Water level is controlled at a number of sites on the Shannon for navigation and hydro-electric power generation by Waterways Ireland and ESB. The operation of these controls is in accordance with Regulations established by both organisations. Review of actions during recent events has confirmed that ESB and Waterways Ireland are satisfactorily co-ordinating their activities in accordance with operational requirements and that these controls were not seen as contributing to flooding problems. 6. ESB International's verified model of the Shannon and previous modelling studies by OPW have been able to predict water levels along the main Shannon River channel. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Summary and Conclusions 7. Simulations indicate that alterations to Meelick Weir would have no impact on water levels in the worst hit flooded areas. These results confirm that the restricted channel capacity between Athlone and Meelick combined with the influence of significant inflows from the Rivers Suck and Brosna are the main contributory factors in flooding in this worst affected portion of the Shannon. 8. Simulations indicate that even if Ardnacrusha Power Station was not in operation during the most recent flood event this would have had no impact on water levels in the worst hit flooded areas. However, such a scenario would most likely result in severe flooding downstream of Parteen Weir to Limerick. 9. The management of storage at Lough Allen and Lough Ree would provide no significant impact on flooding in the Shannon. 10. The assessment of a range of alternative management options indicated that there is no significant impact due to any of the controls operated by ESB or Waterways Ireland on the system. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon References and Bibliography 7.0 River Shannon Flood Problem, Final Report, L E Rydell, August 1956. Internal ESB Document. 2. Shannon Flood Problem, Report on First Stage of Investigation, Office of Public Works/ESB, June 1961. Internal ESB Document. 3. Analysis of Shannon River between Meelick Weir and Banagher, Office of Public Works, March 1988. Internal ESB Document. 4. Report on the Technical Aspects of the River Shannon Flooding Problem for Irish Farmers Association, Delap and Waller, May 1988. Internal ESB Document. 5. River Shannon Flood Control and Dam Safety, Hydrology Excepts and Supporting Documentation, ESB International, May 1991. Internal ESB Document. 6. Regulations for the Control of the River Shannon, ESB International, December 1994. Internal ESB Document. 7. River Shannon Flood of Winter 1994/1995, ESB International, January 1997. Internal ESB Document. 8. River Shannon Hydro Statistics 1932-1996, ESB International, March 1997. Internal ESB Document. 9. Rating Curves and Water Level Gauges River Shannon, ESB International, June 1997. Internal ESB Document. 10. River Shannon Flood of Winter 1999/2000, ESB International, November 2000. Internal ESB Document. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 30 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon References and Bibliography 11. Interim Report on Flooding on the River Shannon, House of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee on Public Enterprise and Transport Sub-Committee on the River Shannon Catchment, November 2000. 12. Shannon Navigation Water Levels and Sluice Openings, September 1999 to January 2001, Waterway Ireland Records. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix APPENDIX 1 Key Findings of Previous Investigations 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix THE 1956 RYDELL REPORT Elements of Rydell proposal Rydell advanced several possible options for alleviation of the Shannon flooding and recommended that more detailed preliminary investigations should be carried out on the more promising remedial approaches. These possibilities included:(i) (ii) (iii) Connecting Lough Gara to the Owenmore River by a proposed canal to divert surplus flood water from the Shannon catchment; Exploring the possible improved utilisation of the storage capacities of Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg, to achieve better control of flooding; Providing additional storage for enhanced flood control on the river through expansion of the upper and lower operating levels of Lough Allen and Lough Ree; particular attention to be directed to considering enlarged channel outlets from these lakes, in association with improved flow control arrangements on them; (iv) Possible diversion of the River Suck to Lough Ree via the Hind River or, alternatively, to divert the River Suck to a new confluence point downstream of Meelick Weir; (v) Increasing the carrying capacity of the Shannon channel between Lough Ree and a point downstream of Meelick Weir; investigations to be conducted to determine the type and mass of related channel materials to be removed and the associated cost of these works; (vi) Possible construction of embankments, either on their own or in conjunction with other measures, to improve channel capacity; suitability of embankments and foundation materials for this purpose to be investigated; (vii) In tandem with the proposals for the main river channel, possible improvement of the channels of the principal tributaries to be explored, including the rivers Suck and Inny; (viii) (ix) (x) Reforestation of suitable non-agricultural lands to be considered; Possibility of relocation of farm dwellings, out-offices and raising of roads where benefits might not result from the above options; Exploring the possibility of maximising development of the fishery, wildlife, recreational and navigation potential of the Shannon, its lakes, channel and tributaries, in association with the flood control measures; 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix (xi) Following any reduction in flooded areas consequent upon the above measures, to study the possibility of improved land use and agricultural practice on the release areas. Recommended Management Structures He also recommended the establishment of `Shannon River Basin Interagency Committee' to oversee the management of the development of the river as well as the setting up of a small specially qualified task force to monitor the design and implementation of the recommended proposals. Two Stage Investigations Rydell further proposed that the above possibilities should be subjected to a two-stage investigation process, the first confined to minimum essential field investigations and to desk studies so that the general feasibility, magnitude of work and orders of cost of the proposals might be estimated. He saw annual costs and corresponding benefits being set out as part of a provisional overall plan. The second stage of the study would be carried out only on the more promising options, following completion of the first stage, and would include extensive field investigations, entailing geological, topographical, hydrometric and channel subsoil surveys and data collection. More detailed costings would be prepared for the schemes under consideration, as well as the corresponding economic benefits accruing from these. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix (B) THE 1961 JOINT OFFICE OF PUBLIC WORKS/ELECTRICITY SUPPLY BOARD REPORT In 1957 the Office of Public Works (OPW) and the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) were appointed jointly to carry out further preliminary investigations on the Rydell Report options for river diversions, channel improvements and additional lake storage. Proposals for Full Relief Scheme and Summer Relief Scheme Two schemes were considered accordingly by OPW and ESB, incorporating what appeared to be the most potentially favourable elements of the Rydell Report proposals. These two schemes were listed as the Summer Relief Scheme (Scheme 1) and the Full Relief Scheme (Scheme 2), each giving different degrees of protection to the flooded areas. In the Summer Relief Scheme, all summer flooding in the Shannon between Athlone and Meelick, other than exceptional floods which might be experienced three or four times per century, would be eliminated. Such a scheme would also obviously improve the situation relating to the frequency, duration and intensity of winter flooding. The Full Relief Scheme (Scheme 2) would be generally similar in its scope to Scheme 1 except for incorporating more extensive channel improvements between Athlone and Meelick to cater for a flood at Banagher of 255 m3/sec, in contrast with the flood provision of 190 m3/sec in Scheme 1, both flows calculated for a water level at Lough Ree of 36.5 m O.D. The Full Relief Scheme was envisaged as eliminating all flooding, winter and summer, between Athlone and Meelick and would remove summer flooding in the upper Shannon and on the Shannon tributaries. Scheme 1 provided similar protection also to the upper Shannon and to the Shannon tributaries. Elements of proposed Summer Relief Scheme The principal works proposed for the Summer Relief Scheme were:(i) Provision of extra storage as a flood buffer by raising the normal high water level of Loch Allen by 1.5 m to give a maximum flood level there of 51.8 m O.D. (Note this level would not now be allowed due to more stringent safety requirements). (ii) (iii) (iv) Improvements in the main channel between Carrick-on-Shannon and Tarmonbarry, for increased flood protection and to benefit navigation. Diverting the River Suck into Lough Ree by a linking canal to the Hind River. Enhanced control of storage in Lough Ree within the range of low water level 36.3 m O.D. and the previous maximum flood level there of 39.0 m O.D. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 35 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix (v) Improvements in the channel capacity from Lough Ree to Athlone and the drawing down of Lough Ree to 36.3 m O.D, through the erection of a new sluice barrage at Athlone. (vi) The removal of the Weir at Meelick and the improvement of the channel capacity upstream of this point, as far as the new sluice barrage at Athlone, to increase the channel capacity to 190 m3/sec at Banagher. (vii) Conventional arterial drainage, deepening and widening of tributaries to the main channel. Estimates of Cost Very approximate estimates of cost were prepared for both schemes. The gross cost of the Summer Relief Scheme was estimated at £15 m, at construction prices prevailing then, derived from an expenditure on the main channel of £6 m and on the tributaries of £9 m. The corresponding estimate for the Full Relief Scheme was £19.5 m comprising outlays of £10.5 m on the main channel and £9 m, as for the Summer Relief Scheme, on the tributaries. To the overall estimated costs of £15 m and £19.5 m for the Summer Relief Scheme and the Full Relief Scheme respectively, a further £3.35 m was added to the cost of both schemes in respect of drainage works already completed or in course of execution on tributaries, to arrive at an economic assessment of the benefits accruing from better utilisation of reclaimed lands under both schemes. The joint ESB/OPW reports concluded that the Summer Relief Scheme was justifiable from an economic standpoint but that the Full Relief Scheme was not. The benefit conferred by increased electricity generation and operational flexibility at Ardnacrusha was also considered in the cost-benefit analyses, but the significance of that value may have changed since that time, particularly now that production at Ardnacrusha represents only 4 per cent, or thereabouts, of the ESB's total national generation potential. Conclusions of OPW/ESB Report In its conclusions the report makes two important points any scheme for drainage of the flooded Shannon lands must be of a comprehensive nature and improvement of tributaries alone will further worsen conditions on the main channel. Execution of works solely on the main channel would be uneconomic when compared with the value of ensuing benefits. Furthermore, increased run-off below Meelick could have considerable adverse implications for the ESB, especially in relation to the impact on the embankments. In arriving at its 5321.00/AGB/RW08 36 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix conclusions the report considered, but rejected, the following other additional flood improvement options: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Raising of Lough Ree storage to 39.6 m O.D. Provision of increased storage at Roosky Weir, in Lakes Bofin, Boderg, Grange and Kilglass, which would require a new Weir and sluices at Roosky; Use of additional riparian embankments to provide increased channel capacity; The Lough Gara Owenmore Diversion. Recommendations of OPW/ESB Report The ESB OPW Report recommendation was that the Summer Relief Scheme offered the best prospect for economic alleviation of Shannon flooding and that the scheme should be advanced accordingly to a second and more detailed stage of evaluation. This would entail field investigation and surveys, examination of channel structures, collection of additional hydrometric, engineering and geological data, confirmation of the extent of flooded areas and, of course, much more detailed costings derived from this information, accompanied finally by fresh cost-benefit analyses. A more comprehensive agricultural use survey of the Shannon basin was also seen to be necessary. As in the case of Rydell Report, it is recommended also the establishment of a `Shannon River Basin Interagency Committee and of a small specially qualified task force to oversee the detailed examination and design of the proposals. However, none of these recommendations was implemented subsequently, other than additional river gauging and rainfall recording and some localised sub-soil investigations and topographical surveys. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix THE 1988 DELAP AND WALLER REPORT Review of Rydell an OPW/ESB Reports This report, prior to dealing with a number of possible specific remedial works of concern to the IFA Shannon Action Committee, re-considered the earlier Rydell and joint OPW ESB reports. It concluded that the Summer Relief Scheme would be unlikely to proceed `without significant modification'. For example, lowering Lough Ree by almost 1 m below its lowest water level then would have pronounced affects on navigation, lake shore developments and other works constructed since 1961. Any updated version of the Summer Relief Scheme would be subject to an environmental impact assessment and would have to have regard especially to the effects of the scheme on fishing, tourism, navigation, recreational facilities as well as on agricultural activity. Operations of Bord na Móna The Delap and Waller Report reviewed the roles and impacts of Bord na Móna, ESB and OPW on the Shannon flooding. Bord na Móna were stated to be the owners of 4.5 per cent of the surface area of the upper Shannon catchment and were then producing milled peat from five large bogs. It was the company's policy to control the silt and solids content of their runoff to the Shannon to a maximum level of 100 p.p.m. through provision of siltation ponds, although such basins had not been provided on their pre-1974 developed bogs. There was a potential for release of considerable volumes of fine materials from the bogs at times of high rainfall. Where siltation ponds are provided, the maintenance and cleaning of these would be vital if they were to continue to be effective. The report concluded that while Bord na Móna's operations may adversely affect water quality and recreational activities on the river, it did not consider that they were a significant cause of flooding. Operations of ESB In relation to the ESB, the Ardnacrusha Scheme was playing a diminishing role in the overall national generating capability of the Board. The Board regulated water levels at Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg and these controls were primarily oriented to maximisation of generating capacity but did have regard to the conflicting requriments of other interests on the river. The hydraulic controls at Parteen Weir were capable of The associated discharging greater quantities of water than could enter Lough Derg and therefore the Ardnacrusha Scheme itself was not contributing to Shannon flooding. upstream embankments and pumping systems were effective in affording the necessary 5321.00/AGB/RW08 38 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix degree of protection to their dependent lands. The Weir sluices at Athlone, controlling Lough Ree water levels, however, were of little benefit in dealing with flood flows at Athlone. As water from Lough Allen and Lough Ree would take seven days and two days respectively to reach Ardnacrusha, Lough Derg had become the ESB's primary storage, where electricity generation was concerned. The possibility of using Lough Allen and Lough Ree mainly for flood control was therefore suggested in Delap and Waller's report. But, the extent of important riparian development along the shores of Lough Ree particularly, would be a considerable restraint on optimising utilisation of the lake for this purpose. The report also refers to the availability of a flood forecasting mathematical model from ESB, which would be of significant benefit in determining the potential of greater use of Lough Allen and Lough Ree for flood storage. Role of OPW At the time of preparation of the Delap and Waller report, the OPW had a responsibility for maintaining navigation on the Shannon but that has since passed to Dúchas and subsequently to Waterways Ireland under the British-Irish Agreement. Now, the OPW's sole involvement on the river relates to maintenance of a number of tributaries where past arterial drainage works have been carried out under the Arterial Drainage Act. OPW has undertaken no drainage work on the main Shannon channel itself and so has no role or responsibility for maintenance or improvement of that river. Since 1983, OPW has also shed its involvement in new arterial drainage works nationally, in accordance with revised government policy since then. It continues to operate sixty-seven hydrometric stations within the Shannon catchment and has kept some very useful records from these on flows in both the main channel and its tributaries. Summer Flooding Delap and Waller confirmed that while flooding occurs from time to time, over almost the entire length of the Shannon, its greatest severity arises downstream of Athlone and particularly over the stretch furthest downstream from Banagher to Meelick. They further confirmed that the flow at Athlone, above which flooding occurs downstream, is 120 m3/sec, which for flow records over the limited period of 1974-1982 was exceeded around 43 per cent of the time and, even over the summer months, was exceeded over 7.7 per cent of the time. The report points out that it is flooding within the months of March to September which has the most damaging effect on agricultural activities. In the serious flooding which occurred in August and September 1985, 2,000 farmers were stated as being directly affected 5321.00/AGB/RW08 39 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix within six counties and up to 36,000 acres were under water, with about one third of the surface of individual farms submerged, except within parts of Westmeath and West Offaly where the corresponding figure reached 50 per cent. Examination of Specific Proposals of IFA Delap and Waller had been requested by the IFA Shannon Action Committee to investigate a number of specific improvement measures of the river, which might lessen the severity of summer flooding. These are set out below, together with the consultants' observations on their potential benefit and feasibility. Removal of the Weir at Meelick, combined with dredging the channel immediately downstream of the Weir. The removal of the Weir at Meelick was one of the elements of both the Summer Relief Scheme and the Full Relief Scheme advanced by Rydell and endorsed by OPW/ESB, with the intention that a more detailed study of this option would be considered in the second stage of the investigations of the Summer Relief Scheme. However, the hydrometric section of OPW had carried out some investigations subsequent to their 1961 joint report on the impact of the removal of Meelick Weir, with some ancillary works, using a mathematical model and computer programme. The Delap and Waller report, after considering the outcome of these investigations, concluded that, given the consequential drop in water level which would be achieved, there `is clearly no engineering justification for carrying out these works in isolation, particularly as navigation in the area would be destroyed'. Re-opening of the Cloonaheenogue Canal Delap and Waller concluded that the relationship of the canal's capacity to the Shannon flood flows was such that the proposal had no merit. Removal of silt banks along the New Cut at Meelick This silt bank, apparently deposited in the fifty years prior to the Delap and Waller report, was seen by the IFA as having a possible significant effect on flooding. From OPW measurement of levels of the river upstream and downstream of the bank over the period January to March 1988, Delap and Waller concluded that the removal of the bank would result in a river level drop of only around 60 mm (2½ ins approximately). Such a reduction in water level would not be significant in the context of Shannon flooding levels. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix Co-ordination of the drawdown of Lough Allen and Lough Ree to provide earlier storage and the possibility of gaining additional storage in the lakes. Lowering of the summer navigation level upstream of Meelick from 35.4 m O.D. to 35.2 m O.D. (that is from 2.2 m to 2.0 m readings on the staff gauge at Banagher). As the two proposals had the same purpose, providing additional upstream storage to reduce the impact of late summer flooding in the lower catchment, they were considered jointly. The extra storage range considered at Lough Allen was over 0.6 m and in Lough Ree the water level would be reduced from 37.5 m O.D. to 37.2 m O.D. As the additional river storage capacity generated from the second proposal would be filled within a half day for an increment in river flow of as little as 15 m3/sec the benefit would be very limited, although the callows drainage might be improved somewhat. Delap and Waller did not see this as justifying further consideration of this proposal, though the additional Lough Allen and Lough Ree storage might be of some benefit in the case of short-term minor flooding. Impact on overall river flow characteristics in flood conditions by removal of large obstructions Long Island, immediately upstream of Shannonbridge, was specifically mentioned by the IFA as being a flooding influence and its removal was examined by the consulting engineer. Again, for moderate flow conditions, upstream and downstream water levels of the obstruction were measured and the conclusion was reached that removal of Long Island would result in a water level drop of only around 30 mm (1 inch or so). They concluded that the effect of dredging other isolated individual islands on the river would also be of limited assistance in reducing flood levels. Identification of any change in the flow pattern in the river over the previous thirty years While detailed analysis of full hydrometric data would be necessary to form firm conclusions on this issue, the consultants found that a scanning of some of the available data did not confirm the emergence of any obvious changed flow pattern in the river. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix More efficient operation of sluice gates as controls The report considered that within the available timeframe for adjustment of sluice gates, prior to the commencement of flooding, the efficiency of the limited available control could not be materially improved. Construction of embankments The river banks on the Shannon, over considerable stretches of the river, have a significant peat content and possible intervening layers of shell marl also, on which it would be very difficult to construct stable embankments. situation. The ESB's earlier problems, arising from subsidence of the embankments upstream of Ardncrusha, would be symptomatic of such a However, the consultants concluded that the possibility of some localised embankment construction could be considered in conjunction with lesser channel dredging works or in association with the Summer Relief Scheme. Pumping, of course, was seen as an essential ancillary operation with any system on embankments. Drainage Works on minor catchments Arterial drainage works had already been carried out on six minor tributary catchments of the river. Others, such as the Little Brosna, Rinn and Eslin rivers as well as the Camlin below Longford, were seen as possibly offering some potential for local relief in these areas. However, the impact of consequential more rapid discharge from them on the Shannon was seen as requiring investigation before making a final decision on their value. Conclusions of Delap and Waller Report (i) The Delap and Waller Report concluded that no obvious localised engineering works emerged from their investigations which would bring about significant improvements in flood conditions in the river. However; they considered that Lough Allen levels should be operated within the full range of the limits then applying and that Lough Ree should be drawn down to its lowest feasible level consistent with navigational and riparian requirements, to provide as much storage as feasible for mitigation of the effects of summer flooding. (ii) They suggested that an approach might also be made to the ESB to undertake a comprehensive study, using their flood forecasting computer model, to assist the full potential of maximising storage of Lough Allen and Lough Ree. They also saw that the extension of the OPW computer forecasting model from Banagher to Athlone could be beneficial in providing factual information on options for flood control. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 42 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix (iii) They pointed out, as had others, that the ongoing efficiency of siltation controls operated by Bord na Móna was very much dependant on proper maintenance of their settlement lagoons. (iv) As with the earlier Rydell report and joint OPW/ESB reports, the Delap and Waller findings considered that the second stage of investigation of the Summer Relief Scheme should proceed, if any progress were to be made on dealing with the Shannon flooding problems and that a corresponding special skilled task force and a River Shannon Basin Agency for integrating catchment management should be established. 5321.00/AGB/RW08 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix (D) THE 2000 HOUSE OF THE OIREACHTAS INTERIM REPORT ON FLOODING ON THE RIVER SHANNON The House of the Oireachtas asked the Joint Committee on Public Enterprise and Transport to consider issues relating to the management of the River Shannon. The Joint committee appointed a Sub-Committee to consider all aspects of this matter and to report thereon to the Joint Committee. Consultants were engaged by the Sub-Committee to carry out research on the problem of flooding on the River Shannon. The conclusions of the investigation were summarised as follows: frequent flooding of the Shannon basin causes great hardship and considerable financial loss to those affected by it. Flooding occurs mainly due to natural causes, however, the report suggests the problem is worsening. previous reports were studied and a wide range of consultations were undertaken; the Summer Relief Scheme proposed by Rydell in 1956 while likely to prove extremely costly appears to be the most promising in terms of cost benefit and practicality; further investigation would be required before proceeding with works however the scheme would have to be reviewed with regard to changes in the catchment including impact on tourism, navigation and environmental sensitivity; an updated cost-benefit analysis would be required; some of the measures of the scheme should be prioritised e.g, raising flooded roads to give access to farm dwellings and a once-off scheme of compensation; further investigation is needed to determine the extent of flooding to implement a once-off compensation package; the government should nominate an agency to address issues such as channel siltation and response to hydraulic controls; Bord na Móna should be requested to contribute to or participate in dredging operations and the Environmental Protection Agency should require more regular and stringent independent monitoring of IPC licensed sedimentation ponds; 5321.00/AGB/RW08 44 Current Management of Water Levels River Shannon Appendix - maintenance funding should be provided to any future Shannon Authority; discussions should be set in train with ESB to maximise the storage of Lough Allen and Lough Ree to provide a buffer against the commencement of flooding. An updated survey of more recent riparian developments around the perimeter of these lakes should be carried out to confirm the feasibility of creating the increased storage capacity. 5321.00/AGB/RW08	Shannon
Haematite is the main ore of which metal?	Energy and Environment Management by Colin Murphy - issuu issuu ireland’s leading environment & energy management publication ESB’s Next Generation €360m Power Plant at Aghada Resource Ireland – RDS, Dublin, 13-14 October 2010 JULY/AUGUST 2010 C o n t e n t s - 3 E NVIRONMENT N EWS - 26 E NERGY News from home and abroad. Inaugural National Smart Grid Summit – Croke Park Conference Centre, October 7, 2010. - 7 & 14 E NVIRONMENT PA G E 2 7 PA G E 9 Environment Ireland Conference – Croke Park Conference Centre, 14 September 2010. ESB’s €360m power plant at Aghada. - 27 M ARINE E NERGY Marine Energy. Realising Ireland’s ocean energy potential. - 9P OWER G ENERATION ESB’s next generation €360m power plant at Aghada sets new standards. - 28 S OLAR P OWER SolarPrint enters into solar technology deal with Fiat. PA G E 1 5 - 15 W ASTE M ANAGEMENT Repatriation of illegal waste from Northern Ireland commences. John Gormley TD, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. - 17-20 E XHIBITION Discuss how to protect Ireland’s resources at Resource Ireland – RDS, Dublin, 13-14 October 2010. Resource Ireland 2010 Exhibitor Previews. PA G E 2 9 World’ largest tidal turbine. - 29 E NERGY P OINT Latest energy developments in Ireland and overseas. PA G E 3 1 UK biofuels. Managing Director: Colin Murphy Sales Director: Ronan McGlade PA G E 1 7 Resource Ireland 2010. - 21-25 W IND E NERGY Editor: Mike Rohan Sales Manager: Don Sheridan Production Manager: Susan Doyle Production Assistant: Jackie Kinch Environment & Energy Management is published by Premier Publishing Limited, 51 Parkwest Enterprise Centre, Nangor Road, Dublin 12. Tel: + 353 1 612 0880 Fax: + 353 1 612 0881 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.prempub.com London Office: Premier Publishing Limited, CTS, 34 Leadenhall Street, London, EC3A 1AT Tel: 0171 247 3238 Fax: 0171 247 3239 €14.75b investment in Irish wind energy requires favourable conditions. Premier Publishing Limited can accept no responsibility for the accuracy of contributors’ articles or statements appearing in this magazine. Any views or opinions expressed are not necessarily those of Premier Publishing and its Directors. No responsibility for loss or distress occasioned to any person acting or refraining from acting as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the authors, contributors, editor and publisher. A reader should access separate advice when acting on specific editorial in this publication! The IWEA Autumn Conference 2010 – The Galway Bay Hotel, 30 September. - 25 O FFSHORE W IND E NERGY Offshore wind heads for record year in Europe. PA G E 2 1 Dr Michael Walsh, Chief executive, IWEA. Design, Origination and Separations by Fullpoint Design (057) 8680873 Printed by W&G Baird. Annual Subscription (UK and Ireland) € 79 Overseas Subscription € 108 ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 1 E N V I R O N M E N T N E W S WASTE MANAGEMENT Panda Waste Mark 2010th Brown Bin Collected in Newly Introduced Service anda Waste has announced its 2010th brown bin collected since it introP duced its service to comply with the newly introduced food regulations. The new EU Directive regulations state that food waste must be segregated from non-biodegradable materials, other waste and contaminants. The service is available to cafes, restaurants, fast food outlets and catering facilities from Dundalk to Dun Laoghaire. “We are delighted at the success of the service so far with 2010 bins collected since we began the service in June. We have been preparing for these new regulations well in advance, having also piloted a mini brown bin collection service to 1,000 domestic customers in Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown over the past few months. We provide a hassle free service to catering premises,” says Brian McCabe, director of Panda Waste. Panda Waste was acquired by Eamon Waters in 1990, has a turnover in the region of Eur50 million and employs over 200 people in three facilities, one in Meath and two in Dublin. Panda has over 70,000 domestic Pictured outside Riva Restaurant is proprietor Dieter customers (60,000 of whom are in Dublin) with over 3,000 commercial cus- Bergman and Brian McCabe, general manager of Panda Waste, to announce Panda’s 2010th brown bin collected. tomers nationwide. EMISSIONS €220m Investment to Help Lower Emissions From Agricultural Equipment The European Investment Bank has agreed to support research and development at John Deere plants in Germany and France, including initiatives to lower emissions from agricultural equipment. The loan is part of the European Investment Bank’s broader financial support for innovation and to promote longterm investment in low emission and fuel efficient engine technology across the European transport and engine sector. The research and development will be carried out at John Deere plants in Mannheim and Zweibruecken in Germany as well as Saran in France. “Designing new models of low-emission engines and more fuel-efficient agricultural vehicles will also develop new skills and innova- tion among employees across the company’s European operations,” says European Investment Bank vice president Matthias Kollatz-Ahnen. EU Urged to Allow Forest Carbon Sinks to Offset Ireland’s Emissions The European Union should agree that forest carbon sinks can be used to offset Ireland’s non-Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) emissions, a new report from the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Climate Change and Energy Security and the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Agriculture, Forestry and Food has recommended. In a report on the European Commission’s Green Paper on Protecting Europe’s Forests Against Climate Change, the Committees said that as forestry, land use and farming are all part of the same climate equation this linkage should be recognised in relation to the EU’s Forestry Policy, CAP reform post-2013, and – in particular – the EU’s climate change strategy. The Committees recommend that the Commission should bring forward an EU Directive setting out the framework conditions for the setting up of a national pro- gramme for forest carbon offsets. In the context of meeting the EU’s Renewable Energy Sources (RES) targets, more attention should be given to wood biomass, according to the submission. CLIMATE CHANGE UK Businesses Must Plan For Climate Change A new survey of UK businesses and other organisations carried out for Defra by Ipsos MORI has found that while many businesses have been affected by the type of weather that climate change may bring, preparations for the impacts of climate change are not well advanced. Three quarters of the businesses surveyed were concerned about the effects of climate change on the UK and one in three (31%) had been significantly affected in the last three years by extreme weather such as flooding and drought. However, less than a quarter (23%) had actually started to do something about the risks and opportunities that climate change poses. The survey also shows that businesses generally perceive a changing climate to be a threat rather than an opportunity. However, recent Defra-funded ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 research has shown that the impacts of climate change will present opportunities for UK businesses across a range of sectors such as construction and retro-fitting, water management, tourism, transport and food production. But greater effort is needed by companies to factor climate risk and opportunity into their business if they are to exploit these new opportunities and areas for significant growth. WATER SERVICES €20.5m in Extra Funding For Local Authority Water and Sewage Treatment Plants The Government has allocated an additional Eur20.5 million from the Local Government Fund to assist city and county councils with running costs on their water and sewerage treatment plants. This follows on from an additional Eur1.5 million from the Fund that was notified to authorities last April to support training needs in the water services sector. 3 E N V I R O N M E N T N E W S I ENVIRONMENT SERVICES FLI Environmental Wins Major Contract in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert W aterford-based FLI Environmental, a global and diversified environmental services company, has secured a Eur1.6 million contract to construct the Maiga Mountain Reservoir in the province of Umnogabi in Mongolia. Already a four-strong team from Tramore and Waterford, consisting of an FLI project manager and three technicians, has been dispatched to begin construction of two reservoirs with insulated floating covers for Energy Resources LLC at its new coal mine, located in one of the physically toughest environments in the world. The Irish team will be supported by locallyhired employees. The 30,000 square meters of reservoir will hold clean water needed in the new coal mine and will have an insulated floating cover of 38,000 square metres to keep out debris and dust swirling in from the Gobi desert. Michael Flynn, who founded FLI in 1989, says approximately three-quar- FLI founder, Michael Flynn, with Philip Galvin, FLI’s senior ters of the company’s Eur50 million annual turnover is now accounted for by project manager in charge of international projects. (Photo: Dylan Vaughan). projects outside of Ireland. The additional Eur22 million is on top of the Local Government Fund general purposes grants of Eur870 million, notified to authorities earlier this year. The Eur20.5 million is additional to the capital spend of Eur508 million available to the Department Environment, Heritage and Local Government in 2010 to fund water services infrastructure. Average spending on water services infrastructure over the period 2009 and 2010 will be up 3% on the 2008 outturn. “Given the ongoing economic difficulties, this continuing high level of expenditure reflects the Government’s ongoing commitment to preserving and protecting our water resources, to meeting EU standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment and to putting critical infrastructure in place that will ensure ongoing support for industrial, commercial and other development,” points out John Gormley, TD, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Eur8.7 million from the Eur20.5 million package will directly contribute towards local authorities’ operation and maintenance costs on recently completed water and 4 wastewater treatment plants. The balance of Eur11.8 million will be used to offset sampling costs to establish compliance with drinking water and wastewater effluent standards and the cost of licence applications to the Environmental Protection Agency for wastewater discharges. Allocations from the Eur11.8 million fund have been weighted towards those authorities that are meeting the required standards. First Pipe is Laid on £2.4m Water Supply Project Water experts from international consultancy, WYG are assisting in the creation of one of the largest water mains in Northern Ireland as part of Northern Ireland Water’s (NI Water) £2.4 million project to improve water supply across Belfast City. WYG has been appointed as designer to Lagan Construction on the Belfast Cross Town Water Main project. The project involves a 2.8km water main extension between Barnett’s Park and the reservoir at Newtownbreda and the lining of 1.1km of 39” steel distributor main along the Annadale Embankment. The 900mm diameter water main is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Ireland. Once operational, it will provide the link between Dunore Point Water Treatment Works across the city to Purdysburn and Breda Service Reservoirs. NI Water, which is the sole provider of water and wastewater services in Northern Ireland, is in the midst of an extensive capital investment programme with £281 million invested during 2008/09 in improving network and treatment facilities. In addition, £200 million in value has been invested in new and upgraded water and wastewater treatment works through NI Water’s Public Private Partnerships since June 2006. EPA Issues Waste Water Discharge Licence for Greater Dublin Area The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a waste water discharge licence for the Greater Dublin Area Agglomeration in accordance with the Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007. The ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 Agglomeration is served by one waste water treatment plant (WWTP) at Ringsend. The licence has been issued to Dublin City Council (lead authority) and the joint applicants Fingal County Council, South Dublin County Council, Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council and Meath County Council. The licence contains more than 66 individual conditions and schedules relating to the environmental management, operation, control and monitoring of discharges to water from the Agglomeration. The licence conditions require that: * The Licensee upgrades the waste water treatment plant at Ringsend by December 2015. * The Licensee discontinues two secondary discharges to the Irish Sea, at Doldrum Bay and the Nose of Howth, within timeframes specified in the licence. * The Licensee assesses storm water overflows within the Agglomeration and prioritises the most significant for improvement works. * The Licensee submits an Annual Environmental Report which will be available to the public and will include a summary of emissions, monitoring data and E N V I R O N M E N T N E W S I ENVIRONMENT Abbott Longford is Abbott Global EHS Manufacturing Plant of the Year ing EHS achievements, environA mental performance and outreach initiatives involving local bbott's diagnostic facility in Longford has been recognised by the global healthcare group’s leadership for its outstanding Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) performance and environmental excellence. The Longford site has been named as the Abbott EHS Manufacturing Plant of the Year 2009 at the global Environment, Health and Safety Excellence Awards which took place recently in Chicago. Abbott facilities from all over the world entered the company’s internal awards programme this year, which recognises outstandupdates on both the waste water treatment plant and storm water overflow upgrades. * The Licensee monitors the primary discharge and also undertakes ambient monitoring, including marine, shore, biological and chemical monitoring. The Greater Dublin Area Agglomeration includes all of the geographical area of Dublin City Council and parts of Fingal County Council area, South Dublin County Council area, Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council area and Meath County Council area. The Agglomeration is the largest in Ireland with a current load of approximately 1.79 million population equivalent (measure of effluent load received at a municipal waste water treatment plant). The Licensee predicts the agglomeration to have a load of approximately 2.2 million population equivalent by 2025. New €540m Water Eco-Park in Midlands Could Store Water For Dublin and Midland Counties An innovative water based ecopark with fishing, boating, cycling, water and leisure sports on 500 acres, with a major water storage reservoir, communities. The Longford facility, which manufactures diagnostic tests for a range of infectious diseases, introduced a range of innovative projects. These are designed to improve and enhance EHS performance at the 135,000 sq ft facility. Also, these projects raise the awareness and personal responsibility amongst the workforce in relation to health and safety, waste segregation and minimisation and energy reduction. located on a former cut away bog, Garryhinch Bog, Co Offaly is the recommended solution to finding a new water source for the Greater Dublin area and supply water to Counties Meath, Wicklow, Kildare, Offaly and Westmeath. The project would cost an estimated Eur540 million and generate an estimated 1,000 construction jobs for three years, in addition to generating ongoing sustainable long term jobs in the midlands managing the eco-park activities and a water plant. Consultants for Dublin City Council, RPS and Veolia Water, have recommended that a total of nine counties, including the four Dublin local authority areas could benefit from the eco-park, with the reservoir water being taken from the River Shannon at Lough Derg during periods of flood and high flows only, when there is more than enough water in the lake for all users. It would be stored at the new water eco-park, from where it could be used during periods of low flows in the Shannon. New Chlorine Monitor for Drinking Water Networks Athenea is the new chlorine monitoring system for potable Pictured at the awards ceremony are left to right: Leona Halton, occcupational health; Ursula Hinz, divisional vice president, international reagent operations; Sanford White, director EHS&E diagnostics division; John Frels, site director; Mary Rooney, EHS specialist; Mick McGetrick, engineering manager; and Lorraine Gillespie, EHS specialist. water networks from Halma Water Management (HWM). It is an autonomous, battery powered chlorine analyser that provides continuous monitoring of concentration levels and transmits data automatically via cellular telemetry. This greatly reduces the need for time-consuming on-site ‘spot’ testing, and obviously allows for much more frequently updated results. The product uses proven amperometric technology for chlorine measurement, and also records pH and temperature levels for complete and accurate analysis. By using an innovative power-saving process, battery life is maximised and a full charge will power the analyser for at least six months. By drawing fresh water from the network for each reading, results are always current, and as no chemicals are used in the test the water can be either reintroduced into the network or siphoned off as waste. ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I SUSTAINABILITY Government's Investment Priorities Highlight Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency The promotion of environmental sustainability and energy efficiency will be a key focus of the Government's Infrastructure Investment Priorities for 2010-2016, which will entail investment totaling Eur40 billion, up to 4% of Gross National Product, over a seven years period. The current economic climate has forced the Government to complete a comprehensive review of its Public Capital Investment Programme. The review sets out infrastructure investment priorities for the years 2010-2016 and in doing so fullfills the requirement to publish a revised set of investment priorities as pledged in the Renewed Programme for Government. The Review represents a reappraisal of the Government’s Public Capital Programme, designed to refocus investment plans and ready the Irish economy for a return to growth. Among the key allocations are: * Eur4.21 billion euros for 5 E N V I R O N M E N T N E W S I WASTE MANAGEMENT New Global Headquarters For SmartBin martBin, a fast-growing provider of cost-efficient, green technology S solutions to the waste collection industry, has officially opened its new global headquarters in Dublin. The move follows a period of success for the company which saw it secure an additional Eur1.5 million in funding as it expands its global footprint into the North American waste collection marketplace, having proven its success in the European market. As a global leader in remote monitoring and management systems for the waste and recycling collection industry, SmartBin fuses innovative wireless telemetry and web access technologies to provide innovative, real-time information management and intelligence solutions that help waste collection firms to cut costs and emissions, whilst streamlining operations to create more cost-efficient and effective processes – all of which are designed to directly enhance the bottom line. education, * Eur2.89 billion euros for health * Eur3.69 billion euros for enterprise * Eur5.77 billion euros for public transport * Eur5.97 billion euros for roads * Eur3.66 billion euros for environmental services. There are also major investments in housing, agriculture, flood relief, community development, energy, broadband, information and communications technology, tourism, culture and sport. The Department of Environment Heritage & Local Government will be responsible for capital investment of Eur8.56 billion or 22.7% of the total Public Capital Investment Programme, 2010 – 2016. A major focus throughout the entire programme is investment to promote environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. The programme includes significant investment in water services, energy efficiency, and waste management in particular. Alongside the introduction of a carbon tax these measures will help safeguard our environment and tackle climate change. 6 Eur880 million will be invested in a national energy efficiency retrofit programme spanning public and private housing, industry and the public sector – delivering major cost savings for consumers and reducing CO2 emissions. The Government will invest close to Eur3.5 billion in developing water services infrastructure in light of existing and anticipated demand and to satisfy environmental requirements. Over Eur480 million is also being provided for Flood Management and Relief Schemes. I CONSERVATION European Commission Gives €4.1m for Irish Nature Conservation Schemes The European Commission has approved grants to restore raised bogs in County Westmeath and to improve water quality in the Special Conservation Area river, the Upper Blackwater in County Cork. The grants will be paid Pictured at the official opening are: Seamus Devitt, chief executive of SmartBin; Minster for Enterprise, Trade and Innovation, Batt O’Keeffe, TD; and Alan Mangan, (director of business development at SmartBin. to Coillte in Westmeath and 'Integrated Resource Development' in Cork. Ireland's raised bogs represent some of the finest examples of their habitat type in the world and are regarded as highly important. The Westmeath grant (Eur2.2 million budget of which 60% is from the EU) will support local employment over five years involving drainblocking and tree removal and builds on Coillte’s previous work in this area. The Cork project has a total budget of Eur2 million of which 47% is from the EU. The work on the river will improve conditions for the kingfisher, freshwater pearl mussel, Atlantic salmon and European otter. There will be employment clearing invasive plants and overgrown bank vegetation to allow the river bed to stabilise. There will also be nesting areas built for kingfishers and an online 'schools species recording project', amongst other activities. “The LIFE+ programme continues to fund high quality, innovative projects with a high level of added value for the EU. I believe that these new projects will not only make a significant contribution to nature conservation and to improving the envi- ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 ronment, they will also help raise awareness across Europe of the key environmental challenges facing us, notably biodiversity loss, water scarcity and climate change,” says Environment Commissioner Janez Potocnik. Environment Commissioner Janez Potocnik. I WASTE MANAGEMENT South Dublin County Council Introduces Brown Bins South Dublin County Council is providing householders with a Brown Bin service for food and garden waste in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. Brown Bins will be delivered to 75,000 households throughout South Dublin County for food waste including cooked and raw meat and fish, rice, pasta, teabags, bread and cooked/raw fruit and vegetables, and for garden waste such as grass, weeds and hedge clippings. Along with the Brown Bin, Rice Insulation 10:46 Page 1 RICE INSULATION • Company founded in 2003 • Committed to safety & the Environment • All Insulation specification types catered for • All types of Cladding Manufactured in our 3000 sq/ft workshop • Member of CWPS pension scheme • Top quality work guaranteed • Full professional service provided by skilled Recent Wor Cork School of Mu Limerick Regional Hospital, Dialysis u Merck, Sharpe & Dome, R& Formulation Buildi Cordis/Alza, Cashel, Co. Tipper ESB/Alstom, CCGT project, Aghada, Co. Co Eirebloc Ire, (timber pla Macroom, Co. Co Genzyme, Co. Waterfo Killarney Sport & Leisu Cen RICE INSULATION • Company founded in 2003 • Committed to safety & the Environment • All Insulation specification types catered for • All types of Cladding Manufactured in our 3000 sq/ft workshop • Member of CWPS pension scheme • Top quality work guaranteed • Full professional service provided by skilled tradesmen • Nationwide service Recent Work Cork School of Music Limerick Regional Hospital, Dialysis unit Merck, Sharpe & Dome, R&D Formulation Building Cordis/Alza, Cashel, Co. Tipperary ESB/Alstom, CCGT project, Aghada, Co. Cork Eirebloc Ire, (timber plant) Macroom, Co. Cork Genzyme, Co. Waterford Killarney Sport & Leisure Centre Douglas Shopping Centre Tesco, Tramore & Birr I POWER GENERATION ESB’s Next Generation €360m Power Plant at Aghada Sets New Standards ESB’s recently completed 435 megawatts natural gas-fired power plant at its Aghada site near Middleton in County Cork is the most efficient and cleanest large-scale thermal facility in Ireland and also one of the most technologically advanced in Europe. he 435 megawatts Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plant was built by global power engineering company Alstom for ESB at a cost of Eur360 million. The gas turbine used is Alstom’s latest GT26B 2.2 model. It is the second GT26 gas turbine powered plant to be designed, engineered and built by Alstom in Ireland following the opening of the Synergen plant at Ringsend in Dublin in 2002. The new Aghada plant will generate sufficient power to provide electricity to around 450,000 homes. The investment at Aghada is part of ESB’s programme to replace ageing and less efficient power stations with modern, high efficiency and environmentally-friendly plants. The development phase for the CCGT project at Aghada started in 2003, construction commenced in 2007, and the new facility was officially opened in April 2010. T Features of the CCGT Plant The CCGT comprises a gas turbine, a steam turbine and a generator. Hot flue gas exhaust from the gas turbine is passed The 435 megawatts Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plant at Aghada through a Heat Recovery Steam was built by global power engineering company Alstom for ESB at a cost of Eur360 Generator (HRSG), which Capacity Expansion The investment by ESB has million. incorporates a water piping sysexpanded generating capacity tem that uses this heat energy at the Aghada power station site to 963 megawatts. to convert water into steam. The steam is megawatts of electricity. ESB has also Aghada is now Ireland’s largest power discharged from the HRSG via high presrecently spent Eur75 million on upgrading station and ranks among the most efficient sure piping into the steam turbine, providthe four existing units at the site, which electricity generators in Europe. Eighty ing additional energy. “The gas turbine and have a combined capacity of 528 people are employed to operate the station. the steam turbine operate in tandem to ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 9 Members of the project team at Aghada. produce input into the generator, which produces the generated power supply,” explains Ken Larsen, project manager at Aghada for Alstom. “From the generator there are high voltage connections that transfer out to a transformer, which is in turn connected to the Irish power grid system.” The CCGT and HRSG are supported by a number of systems and processes which provide water, cooling water, compressed air and chemical dosing. A cooling water pump house takes sea water from Cork Harbour, which is adjacent to the Aghada power station, for condensing the steam which is exhausted from the steam turbine. An electro-chlorination plant is used for dosing to stop marine growth within the sea water extraction system. A demineralised water production plant sterilises mains water for use within the high pressure feed system for the HRSG. A high pressure pumping installation circulates water around the system for feed water and cooling purposes. Another plant supplies compressed air into a network which runs throughout the power station. Building services, including fire detection, fire prevention, security systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, are further aspects of the site. The CCGT plant is fuelled by natural gas delivered through a new 12 kilometre The investment by ESB has expanded generating capacity at the Aghada power station site to 963 megawatts of electricity. gas pipeline from Midleton. Distillate oil is stored on site as a back-up fuel. A novel feature of the new CCGT facility is the cooling water discharge system. Cooling water is discharged over 400 metres offshore in Cork Harbour. The construction of the outfall connecting the plant to the discharge point involved a major civil engineering project (see Panel). The pipeline was fabricated in one piece in Norway and ferried to the Aghada site. Upgrade to Existing Plant The existing electricity generating plant at Aghada comprised a 258 megawatt gas fired conventional steam generation unit (Unit 1) plus three 90 megawatt open cycle combustion turbines fired on gas with distillate oil as a back-up fuel. All four units have been modernised during the past four years under a Eur75 million investment programme. A key aspect of this upgrade entailed the installation of a hi-tech control system to ensure that the existing Aghada generators operate with increased reliability and flexibility in the new All-Ireland Single Electricity Market. The control room at Aghada was also extensively renovated to ensure that management of the new CCGT plant could be seamlessly integrated with the existing system. The enlarged Aghada power station, which will supply about 8% of the AllIreland power demand in the Single Electricity Market, is now operated by this dedicated, centralised control system. “Every function to start, to monitor, to fault find, to shut down the plant the plant along with the individual systems and subsystems are all channeled into one computerised processor, so that one individual can operate the power station automatically,” Ken Larsen points out. Enhanced Efficiency “The new plant incorporates the very latest combined cycle gas turbine technology. It has a cycle efficiency of in excess of 58.5%, which would be the leading edge of what is achievable for any of this plant worldwide,” remarks Paul Smith, Station Manager, ESB Aghada. “Of all the conventional plant connected in Ireland, it is the most efficient and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future.” “60% is the ‘holy grail’ of thermal efficiency for combined cycle power plants – no one has achieved that yet,” stresses Kevin O’Donoghue, Operations Manager at the station. “The gas turbine is Alstom’s tried and tested GT26 model. Alstom has upgraded the compressor and has made other improvements in terms of both the mass flow of air through the machine, which is directly proportional to the power output, while improving the efficiency of the engine. So in effect, Alstom has increased the net output of this gas turbine.” Environmental Credentials The new CCGT meets all environmental standards, both national and international. It does not discharge any harmful liquids and any air emissions are well within European standards. NOx and CO2 emissions are low and CO2 emission per kW generated are reduced compared to existing electricity generating plants. “The cooling water which is discharged into Cork Harbour is monitored 24/7 and is clean, if not cleaner going into the harbour following its extraction,” says Ken Larsen. With regard to noise levels, “the plant is one of the quietest of its kind and well within the statutory requirements for industrial plants,” he adds. Clean Fuel “Natural gas is a clean fuel and the carbon intensity is less than other fuels, such as coal, peat or heavy fuel oil. It is also very efficient. Sulphur emissions, of course, are zero and NOX emissions are also very low.” Paul Smith continues: “The new plant marks a big step in ESB’s strategic intent to achieve zero carbon by 2035 in that much ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 11 PAUL CREEDON PLANT HIRE SERVICES & CIVIL ENGINEERING Church Road, Aghada, Midleton, Co. Cork C2 Registered Licensed Haulier with Waste Carrier License and Tip Permit available Tel: (021) 4661321 Fax: (021) 4662566 E-mail: [email protected] of the plant that we have divested or closed was heavy fuel oil powered. We have replaced that plant with the most efficient gas-fired plant using a clean fuel.” Technologically Advanced The new facility at Aghada is at the cutting edge of CCGT technology. “It is basically state-of-theart and it is the most thermally efficient plant in Ireland and stands up alongside all the new CCGT projects that have been constructed by Alstom in the last couple of years in, for example, the UK, France, Spain, Italy, ABB supplied Steam Turbine. Brazil, Chine etc,” says Ken Larsen. “The prime moving equipment With a current generating capacity of such as the gas turbine, the generator and 963 megawatts, Aghada is now the largest the control system are absolutely state-of- capacity generating station in the Republic the-art and give the best design, the best of Ireland. Indeed, Aghada accounts for reliability, longevity, security of supply and, about 25% of ESB’s total installed capacity of course, efficiency.” throughout the whole of Ireland. As the main contractor for the project, Furthermore, it is the only power station in Alstom has retained a presence on site to Ireland serving all three market segments. support the client technically during a two “It gives us a foothold in each segment of year warranty period. ESB has also signed a the market from one location,” remarks long-term service agreement with Alstom to Kevin O’Donoghue. “At Aghada we have a maintain and service the gas turbine, steam fleet of almost 1000 megawatts of plant turbine and ancillary systems for 12 years. which is flexible and can compete and win in the new market environment.” Rationale Paul Smith elaborates: “The role of the The Eur435 million investment at the three existing GE 90 megawatts open cycle Aghada site – Eur75 million on upgrading gas turbines in the market is to address existing plant and Eur360 million on the peaks in demand for electricity because new CCGT facility - is a major part of they respond very quickly and can run up ESB’s development strategy to adapt to the to full load within a matter of minutes. So new trading environment following the if a generator was to trip, the Grid would introduction of the Single Electricity instruct us to bring on one of these Market in November 2007 and to have the machines. They are also useful in terms of right type and mix of generating plant to be reserve and might sometimes be brought able to compete effectively in all three mar- up to part load, for example 20 megawatts, ket sectors – base load, mid-merit and to act as back-up for wind power, so if wind falls off they would be ramped up.” peaking demand. The existing gas fired single fuel 270 megawatts generator (Unit 1) at Aghada was until recently operating at base load but is now supplying the mid-merit segment, having been superseded by newer and more efficient plant. The new 435 megawatts CCGT plant serves base load demand. ESB is also focusing on the renewables sector, as reflected by the group’s ongoing heavy investment in wind energy along with its wave energy project at Carlingford to supplement the 500 megawatts of hydro energy already in its generating portfolio. “It was part of a strategy agreed and approved by the Regulatory Authorities that has seen ESB close or divest a total of 1500 megawatts of existing plant so that we could build in return 435 megawatts of new plant,” says Paul Smith. “The investment at Aghada has allowed ESB to rebalance its power generation portfolio.” Looking Ahead According to Padraig McManus, chief executive of ESB, the very high efficiency rate of the Aghada power station means it will remain, not only the foremost generator in Ireland, but also among the best in Europe. “The challenge for all energy market participants is to deliver clean, safe and cost-effective electricity to our customers. The Aghada plant, built by one of the world’s leading engineering companies, does all of this. We now look forward to the opening of competition in all sectors of the electricity industry because value to the customer must lie at the heart of every strand of our business planning. ESB is ready to meet that challenge,” comments the ESB head. I Aghada CCGT - Offshore Works Van Oord Ireland was contracted by Alstom Power, for the offshore element of the project, to design, supply and construct a new marine outfall pipeline for the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine project undertaken in Aghada. The outfall was required for the discharge of cooling water and involved the supply and installation of a 2 m diameter, 450 m long MDPE outfall pipe complete with weight collars. The project also involved the installation of two under water access chambers and end diffuser protected by a pre fabricated steel structure offshore. Dredging and backfilling of the outfall trench with retained materials, as well as rock armour protection to the diffuser and offshore platform was undertaken. Maintenance dredging of an operational cooling water intake apron was also carried out during the works. In addition, installation of an inshore cofferdam was required for facilitating the onshore connection of the outfall pipe. Van Oord Ireland was complemented on its focus on safety, quality and the maintaining of the project schedule in sometimes difficult conditions. Van Oord Ireland’s element of the works was completed to schedule in April 2008. Heat Recovery Steam Generator Stack. ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 13 I ENVIRONMENT 6th Annual Environment Ireland Conference Programme Announced he programme has been announced for T the 6th annual Environment Ireland conference, Ireland’s leading conference on environmental policy and management. This year’s conference and exhibition takes place on Tuesday 14th September in Croke Park Conference Centre, Dublin. The annual conference, which is organised with the support of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government has become firmly established as a not-to-be-missed event for all those with an interest in Ireland’s environment. This year’s theme looks at the importance of the environment in the economic recovery and how Ireland has a role to play The expert speaker panel at Environment Ireland 2009. in continuing to develop its green economy and thereby benefiting from the associated job and wealth creation opportunities. Other issues under discussion at the conference include: environmental policy; creating sustainable cities and investing in environmental infrastructure focusing on water, waste and wastewater. The conference features both local and international speakers, including from the UK Sustainable Development Commission whose Chair, Will Day, will deliver the keynote address. Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, John Gormley, TD will once again open the conference and the locknote address will be delivered by Ciaran Cuffe, TD, Minister for Sustainability. Mary Kelly, DirectorGeneral, EPA, will also address the conference along with Leo O’Reilly, Permanent Secretary, Northern Ireland Department of the Environment. Alongside the plenary sessions, there will be significant networking opportunities Environment Minister John Gormley addressing Environment Ireland 2009. throughout the conference during the coffee and lunch breaks. There is also a lively exhibition area in the conference concourse which delegates have the opportunity to visit over the duration of the event. All in all, Environment Ireland 2010 promises to be an interesting and worthwhile event for anyone with an interest in Ireland’s environment sector. Further information on Environment Ireland 2010, including detailed programme, is available online via the conference website www.environmentireland.ie. Register online or by telephone on +353 (0) 1 661 3755 or email [email protected]. I JFC Manufacturing Wins Environment Product Award FC Manufacturing, the Tuam-based J based plastics company, has received the Product Award in the Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC) Business Awards for the Environment. JFC won the award for converting waste stream bottles into a raw material for use in the manufacture of pipes. These pipes are used as part of a storm water attenuation system developed by JFC that minimises flooding. JFC Manufacturing produces pipe and pipe fittings that are manufactured from 100% recycled material known as CorriPipe. Linking in with collection schemes from around Ireland and the UK, bottles are recycled at JFC’s recycling operation at Runcorn, Cheshire and converted into raw material for their twin-wall extrusion plants based at Tuam, and Stratfordon-Avon. CorriPipe has a broad range of applications including civil engineering, construction, sports amenity, agricultural and other sub-soil uses. It is used for surface and storm water drainage as well as land 14 Pictured (left to right): Robert O’Shea, IBEC; Norman Black, operations manager of JFC Manufacturing; Colm Concannon, director of JFC Manufacturing; and Mark Perry, UK sales & operations manager. drainage and has been used in road projects across Ireland and the UK. Indeed JFC’s involvement in the stormwater sector over the last number of years has led to the development of a complete range of stormwater management solutions. One such system is the JFC HydroChamber. This system delivers water to an innovative system that is designed to retain water during peak rainfall times and to regulate the outflow after the peak rainfall. This system is designed to control and minimise flooding. A family-owned business, JFC Manufacturing was set up in 1987 to supply specialised plastic products to the agricultural industry. The company has since grown to employ over 200 people. JFC has sales offices in Shropshire and StratfordUpon-Avon in the UK, and further sites in the Netherlands, South Africa and Poland. The company also has an additional recycling division in Runcorn, Cheshire, called JFC Plastics. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I WASTE MANAGEMENT Repatriation of 250,000 Tonnes of Illegal Waste From Northern Ireland Commences The repatriation of waste which originated in the Republic of Ireland but which was illegally disposed of at about 20 sites in Northern Ireland in the early part of this decade is now underway. he repatriation process follows a 2007 Roadmap agreement between the two jurisdictions and a further framework agreement in June 2009 which agreed measures for dealing with sites containing waste from the Republic. The waste is being removed using powers contained in Article 24 of the EC Regulation on Shipments of Waste. Removal of waste from the first site at Slattinagh, Garrison, County Fermanagh has started. It is estimated to contain around 4,500 tonnes of household-type waste from Cork and Wexford. When the waste at Slattinagh is removed, officials will then begin work on the second site, which is located near Trillick, County Tyrone and contains around 10,000 tonnes of waste. The estimated timescale for the removal of the waste from the first site is three to four weeks. Following this, attention will turn to the second site. Under the agreement the costs of disposing of the waste will be met by the Irish Government together with 80% of the costs of removing the waste from Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland will contribute 20% of the costs of excavation, examination and removal of the waste and the remediation of the site. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Republic has formally approved the disposal of approximately 5,000 tonnes of waste at Ballynacarrick Landfill, County T Waste enforcement efforts in Ireland have been stepped up significantly in recent years since the establishment of the Office of Environment Enforcement in October 2003. John Gormley TD, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Donegal. Waste will be transferred Monday to Friday between 8.30am and 4.30pm in covered and sealed haulage vehicles (30 tonne capacity) - eight vehicles in all will be used. €34 Million Bill For Ireland The Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) estimates that up to 250,000 tonnes of municipal and commercial waste from Ireland was illegally deposited at 20 sites in Northern Ireland between October 2002 and the end of 2004. An initial estimate of costs for the first two sites is in the region of Eur2m for Ireland. On this basis, the full cost of repatriation for Ireland would about Eur34.5m. “We are dealing with the legacy from ten years ago, when illegal disposal of waste from the Republic was taking place on a large scale. It involved serious criminality with absolutely no regard to the impact on the environment, local communities or our economy,” says Northern Ireland Environment Minister Edwin Poots. “This operation will repatriate around 250,000 tonnes of illegally dumped waste. To put the scale of this operation in context Belfast, our largest District Council, produces less than 160,000 tonnes in one year.” “What we are now doing is facing up to our responsibilities as a State to bring the waste back for proper disposal,” comments Irish Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, John Gormley TD. “I welcome the beginning of the process of repatriation, which reflects a lot of hard work by the administrations on both sides of the border to deal comprehensively with this issue. It shows that cross border cooperation between the relevant agencies in both jurisdictions is essential to the protection of our environment, and the pursuit of environmental crime.” A file has been submitted by the EPA to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and is currently being considered. Further evidence gathered during the excavation will be utilised, where possible, to bring other cases to the DPP. Waste Enforcement Efforts Waste enforcement efforts in Ireland have been stepped up significantly in recent years since the establishment of the Office of Environment Enforcement in October 2003. The OEE leads an Enforcement Network which coordinates enforcement in Ireland and over Eur7.4m is being provided to local authorities around the country to support continuing waste enforcement with some 120 waste enforcement officers on the ground. With the consolidation of the administration of Transfrontier Shipments of Waste to the National TFS Office (Dublin City Council) more targeted enforcement efforts in conjunction with NIEA have lead to a major reduction in illegal activity. In Northern Ireland the NIEA is actively targeting those involved in illegal dumping via a dedicated Environmental Crime Team. Of the prosecutions taken to date, over 70 cases have involved waste from Ireland. This has resulted in a number of fines and, in four cases, prison sentences being imposed on landowners allowing Irish waste to be dumped on their land. Others cases are still ongoing. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 15 www.ott-hydrometry.co.uk OTT RLS: Radar Level Sensor Hydrometric technology for every application OTT SE200: Shaft Encoder OTT CBS: Compact Bubbler System TOTAL CAPABILITY • Cooling Towers and Steam Boilers • Heating and Chilled Water • Drinking Water and Disinfection • Swimming Pools and Spas • Descaling Chemicals • Biocut for Kitchen Grease Traps • Own Label Options available OTT PLS: Precise Level Sensor Call Now: 045 901 877 Visit the Microsite: www.ott.com/cbs OTT Hydrometry Kilcullen Road, Naas, Co Kildare Contact: Simon Wills Email: [email protected] Tel: 045 901 877 Fax: 045 856 217 To book an appointment call: 0044 151 606 0808 ext 224 Visit us on stand G33 at Resource Ireland Water Exhibition Simmonscourt Dublin 13/14 October 2010 I EXHIBITION Discuss How to Protect Ireland’s Resources at Resource Ireland he water and waste trade exhibitions running annually at the RDS in Dublin are getting a facelift and a little brother for 2010. Held on 13-14 October 2010 at Simmonscourt, the well established Irish Water Exhibition and Irish Recycling & Waste Exhibition will be complemented by the brand new Irish Sustainable Business Exhibition. The whole event will be known as Resource Ireland. Aimed at all businesses wanting to reduce T Doing business at Resource Ireland. their environmental footprint, the Irish Sustainable Business Exhibition will offer advice, case studies, best practice guides and feature suppliers of sustainable products and services. The launch of the event in Ireland follows the inaugural sister event Sustainable Business – The Event, attracting more than 4,000 visitors each year since its UK launch in May 2009. The exhibition will offer a platform to discuss climate change policies and legislation, carbon tax models, carbon footprinting and labeling and any other relevant topics with peers, industry experts and the public sector. A line up of leading suppliers of environmental products and services will be available throughout the two days to discuss individual solutions to the challenges faced by environmental professionals. Environment Innovation The Environment Innovation Awards, pre- sented on 14 October at Resource Ireland, celebrates and highlights excellence and innovation of existing products and technologies. Adjudicated by a panel of industry experts and with an additional ‘Visitor’s Vote’ category, award entries will be checked for degree of innovation, technical content, environmental impact and commercial potential. Resource Ireland will provide an invaluable platform for engineers to network, source and meet suppliers and attend free CPD training. To register for free entry, please visit www.resourceireland.net I Seminar Programme at Resource Ireland 2010 (Please note subject to change) Water Theatre, organised and hosted by ESAI and Cleantech Network – Smart Economy - How to fund the Water Gap? – PANEL DISCUSSION - National Water Authority of Ireland? – Energy Management – How practical is Rainwater Harvesting in Ireland for the Domestic User? – Electrochemically activated solutions from the oilfields of Tashkent to Industrial Ireland – Proposal for a sustainable Zero-Wastewater Management Policy – Novel Treatment of Stormwater ? Panel Discussion-Should the River Shannon go to Dublin? – The Spirit of Ireland-Using Water as a Strategic Economic Resource – Flood Management – Water Poverty – A Key Issue in Domestic Metering – Commercial Water Metering-Case Study-Dublin Sustainable Business Theatre, organised and hosted by ESAI and Cleantech Network – Celtic Paradigm Changes that Affect Us – Ireland’s Innovative Future-3G Solar Technology – Cracking the International Market– A Shining Light – Convergence of Technologies – IAMECO II-Pioneering Eco-Design of Personal Computers – The Eaga Customer Journey to Sustainable Living – KEYNOTE SPEAKER Walking to Innovation – Green Procurement Policy (GPP) and the CleanTech Network – Resilient Communities-Green, Smart and Sustainable-A Case Study – Transport Efficiencies – Winner of Environment Innovation Award 2010 – Commercial Energy Management – The Future of Renewable Gas in Ireland – An Irish Green Building Council - Strategies, Tools, and Global Networks – Sustainable Complexes Waste Seminar Theatre, Organised and hosted by foodwaste.ie and CIWM Ireland – The Impact of the Food Waste Regulations on Businesses – EPA Programmes Assisting Business with Food Waste Prevention – Food Waste Prevention Measures in the Hospitality and Catering Sector – Food Waste Management and Prevention in Skycourt Shopping Centre and Cafés in Cliff of Moher and Killarney National Park Visitor Centres – Managing Food Waste in Health Care Facilities in Ireland – How to Set up a Brown Bin Collection Service with a Business – Experiences of On-Site Composting of Food Waste – Compostable Bags & Standards – The Waste Framework Directive – Update on End of Waste Criteria – The National Waste Prevention Programme – Progress to Date & future Actions for Waste Prevention & Minimisation – Optimised Domestic Pay by Use Charging Systems for Ireland – A review of EPA /CTC Research Programme – Factors & Considerations in the Selection of an Appropriate Technology for the Treatment of BMW – Mr. Derek Milton, Senior Consultant, Fehily, Timoney & Co. Consulting Engineers Ltd – Separating MSW into Fractions for use in Anaerobic Digestion (AD) & Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) – Mechanical Heat Treatment of MSW The Market Development Programme – A Review of Progress to Date & a Roadmap for the Future – Packaging Trends & The Issues Facing Packaging Recovery in Recessionary Times ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 17 RESOURCE SHOW supply and install our range of KSB pumps for both clean and dirty water applications. As the all Ireland agent for KSB for many years we have successfully developed an excellent reputation within the industry for our technical expertise. We would like to offer you our technical support for any applications you may have now or in the future. We are more than happy to work with you from the design stage and onwards and we are sure you will find our knowledge and experience beneficial. Drilling & Pumping Supplies Ltd are a specialist pump company based in Northern Ireland with a dedicated sales office in Athlone. With our range of products and services that includes everything from supplying domestic booster pumps to the complete supply and installation of storm and sewage stations we have amassed over 25 years of experience supplying and installing pumping equipment. Our core business is working with local water authorities and contractors to Drilling & Pumping Supplies Ltd, 29 Jubilee Road,Comber Road industrial Estate, Newtownards, County Down BT23 4YJ Tel: 048 91 818347 Fax: 048 91 813837 W: www.dps-ni.com JFC Rainwater Harvesting Systems Want to reduce your water charges by as much as 50%? Tuam based JFC Manufacturing has a broad range of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for both Domestic and Commercial/Farm applications. JFC House and Garden Systems are easy to install and maintain, complete with self cleaning filters giving 95% water yield. They are economically priced and come with a 15 Year Warranty. Suitable for flushing toilets, laundry, bathing and irrigation. The patented filter technology and in-house pump system with automatic switch over to mains water supply means you will never run out of water! Furthermore, the filter technology helps to ensure that the water quality you receive is of the highest standard and is fit-for-purpose. JFC’s Commercial & Farm Rainwater Systems are a simple and effective solution for Vehicle wash down systems, general power washing & cleaning, water reserve for factories/schools, as well as farmyard applications to name but a few. Systems are available from 1,000 Ltrs upwards with varying pump options also available. They are easy to assemble due to their Modular design and therefore suitable for any future expansion plans you may have. JFC will advise and price on the most suitable system to suit your needs. JFC are a leading plastics manufacturer with over 21 years experience and supply the following industry sectors: civils, construction, recycling, marine, agriculture and materials handling. For further details please see www.jfc.ie or email: [email protected] Quality Plastic Products Hidden Commission Fees Still Plague Energy Visit JFC at IWE Show - H30 Stormwater Management Solutions Consultancy Market HydroChamber Fully BBA & WRc Certified HGV Traffic loading Cost Effective Technical Back-up Installation Service Commercial & Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Complete Design Service Offered Wide range of filters & pumps available Systems for above & below ground Installations CorriPipe™ & Fittings Twin-wall Drainage Pipe Excellent Structural Integrity Lightweight 6 meter Lengths BBA Certification Full range of Fittings to suit JFC Manufacturing Co Ltd Tel: (093) 24066 18 www.jfc.ie [email protected] eading energy L experts at Bergen Energi UK have warned energy intensive businesses they may be paying up to 10 times more consultants’ commission than necessary when buying power or gas. Bergen Energi UK Vice President Richard Southgate said: “It is surprising the percentage of purchasers, who are completely unaware of the astronomical concealed commission charges they are paying. In many cases they have been doing so for years, which can equate to millions of pounds in lost capital. “There seems to be a sense that big businesses can look after themselves. This situation certainly wouldn’t be allowed to arise in the financial services market. “The problems can arise no matter what product or contract is in place. Consultants frequently negotiate with energy suppliers to add-on a hidden commission to unit rates before these are quoted to the customer. “However, this service is completely auditable and any end users can request their incumbent suppliers to confirm if any additional commissions have been built in by the consultants.! Bergen Energi UK can provide expert support with this process and always provides price transparency across all its energy market services and even actively encourages its customers to communicate with suppliers in a three-way partnership. ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I RESOURCE SHOW Pellenc ST develops, produces and markets optical sorting machines for household and industrial waste. The technologies used to sort these materials are near infrared, middle infrared, vision & induction technologies. Thanks to Pellenc ST, sorting solutions are highly valuable in the recycling industries. Pellenc ST is currently working on the biggest European research program (OSEO Tri+, 20 million Euros) which aims to develop new generation contact free, high-speed optical sorting machines for recycling and recovery of waste. The new generation machines will make it possible to meet the future needs of sorting plants & recycling units in almost all waste categories. Feedwater Ltd is at the leading edge in the water treatment industry, providing our customers with safe, controllable and cost effective solutions. ActivOx® is Feedwater's patented Chlorine Dioxide generation process. It is simpler, safer and more effective than most other ways of producing chlorine dioxide and is equally suitable for building services, food and beverage and industrial applications. Feedwater also has its very own UKAS accredited laboratory Renowned references in more than 40 countries in Europe and Worldwide have installed Pellenc ST machines. The company has launched subsidiaries in Spain and Japan and around 70 % of production is exported. Pellenc ST is actively developing new sorting solutions in the area of municipal solid waste, construction and industrial waste treatment. With more and more references in the Irish market, PST has just installed new machines in Kerry, Meath, Longford, Monaghan and Dublin with different customers on different applications. You can meet the Pellenc Selective Technologies’ team at Resource Show, Hall 8 Stand C13, 13-14 October 2010 at Simmonscourt, Dublin, Ireland. which is located at our Head Office. Also, we have over 30 years experience in manufacturing and supplying water softeners to the industrial and commercial sector. We have a comprehensive range of water softeners which can provide a cost effective way to overcome problems caused by hard water. Come and find out for yourself visit us on Stand G33 at The Irish Water Exhibition 13/14 October 2010. You can call our team on 00 44151 606 0808 ext 224 for further information or visit our website www.feedwater.co.uk BOA RECYCLING BOA Recycling Equipment is a global supplier of machines and complete systems for transporting, shredding, sorting and baling of waste. Since its establishment in 1956 BOA has become a household name in the recycling industry. With over 50 years of experience we are able to build powerful products and to design effective systems for recycling and processing waste. We are familiar with all aspects of the recycling industry and provide innovative, efficient solutions to different waste markets: • Paper and cardboard; • Municipal Solid Waste; • Commercial and industrial waste. Come and visit us on Stand No C4. NEW WASTE CONCEPTS UK – YOUR ALTERNATIVE LANDFILL & REMEDIATION COVER SPECIALIST New Waste Concepts UK provides innovative solutions to meet specific needs of the environmental, landfill and composting industry. Our products include revolutionary landfill and remediation covers, as well as solutions to control blowing litter, odour, dust and erosion. NWC-UK’s products and technologies help landfill managers, compost operators and remediation contractors reduce costs, improve efficiency and comply with environmental regulations. They extend landfill life by decades and improve community attitudes about solid waste sites as well as compost sites. Our covers are made from recycled paper and proprietary blend of polymers and are specifically engineered to perform as an Alternate Cover to the traditional soil cover method still commonly used. Our products and equipment could prove to be of great benefit to your program. See us at Stand C29 at Resource Ireland 2010, Contact us on +44 (0)1392 690167 or Visit us at www.nwci.com for more readily available information. ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 19 I RESOURCE SHOW after cleaning. With Activated Carbon Technologies, Nova Q have the full range of carbon products: base, treated and impregnated, from wood, coal and coconut shell. Cleaning is a major issue in food, pharmaceutical and personal care markets and Nova Q will be launching a brand new range of ecological detergents to go with their existing range of industrial degreasers. For more information on any of the above contact Nova Q Ltd. +353-1-2542276. www.nova-q.ie. E-mail: [email protected]. Nova Q Ltd One of a new breed of chemical distribution companies, Nova Q will be showing a range of products and innovative technologies for odour prevention and control, degreasing and cleaning. The odour prevention technology, EnviroChemTM is effective at removing sulphur and ammonia based odours from waste streams such as waste water, sewerage, brewery waste, as well as from the inside of bins and lorries where lingering odours are an issue before and OTT HYDROMETRY Environmental instrumentation supplier, OTT Hydrometry Ltd will again be exhibiting at the Resource Show this year. The company is a market leading supplier in the field of hydrometry, water quality and meteorological instrumentation. The company has a local office in Naas, Co Kildare from where the company serves the Irish hydro-met market with local engineers and technical support for everything from sensor supply through to complete turn-key-station provision. This year at the Resource Show exhibition OTT will be presenting some exciting product developments, especially in the areas of water quality groundwater, precipitation measurement and surface water level measurement. Together with new data transmission options for small easy to establish water level monitoring stations then OTT offer a very comprehensive range of solutions for many aspects of environmental monitoring. Dublin Office: Whiteswan Business Park, South Circular Road, Dublin 8. T: 01 454 0411 F: 01 454 7589 E: [email protected] W: www.kirbygroup.ie Limerick, Dublin, Galway, London excellence through experience Kirby Group, through our Kirby Power division, is the leading turnkey balance of plant contractor to the renewable sector providing design, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning and maintenance services. delivering client expectations Mechanical - Electrical - Power - Instrumentation - Calibrations - Data Comms 20 ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I WIND ENERGY €14.75 Billion Investment in Irish Wind Energy Requires Favourable Conditions Ireland has the potential to become a world leader in advanced wind energy services and expertise, and a key exporter of renewable electricity but only if the right climate is created to bring anticipated investment of €14.75 billion by the industry to fruition. reland has a binding target of generating 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020 and wind energy will play a crucial role in this process as the country has one of the strongest wind energy resources, both onshore and offshore, in Europe. At the end of last year, Ireland had a total of 1,260MW of wind power installed. Ireland installed 233MW of wind energy generation last year, just 1MW more than in 2008, during a period when EU wind installations rose by 23%. The Irish Wind Energy Association, the national body representing the wind energy sector in Ireland, is concerned that Ireland is failing to capitalise on its outstanding wind resource and is starting to lag behind its European neighbours. According to Dr Michael Walsh, chief executive of the IWEA, we need to accelerate our turbine installations year on year if wind energy potential is to be fulfilled and targets met. I Massive Investment A joint IWEA/Deloitte Jobs and Investment in Wind Energy report has identified that construction and development of wind energy projects across Ireland, North and South, will involve approximately Eur14.75billion of investment and the creation of more than 10,700 jobs in reaching 2020 targets. Given the strength of our wind resource, the IWEA predicts that Ireland could become one of the world’s leading ‘green exporters’ in ten years time if the right strategy is pursued by Government. Opportunities “Such are the opportunities ahead for us that we can export as much renewable energy as we use by 2020. If generating capacity is met, we could export up to 5,000MW of renewable energy generation in ten years time, which will be more or less what we will require ourselves. These resources could generate an annual export value of over Eur2 billion for Ireland,” he explains. However, the most lucrative opportunities for Ireland are in the supply of advanced services to the rapidly growing global renewable energy market. “Already this year, there were days when we delivered over half of the power in Ireland from wind generation. As we grow this sector, we are developing knowledge and skills that the rest of the world will need in the coming decade.” Dr Michael Walsh elaborates: “By 2015 there will be over Eur1 trillion spent annu- Dr Michael Walsh, chief executive of the Irish Wind Energy Association. ally on the development of renewable energy, if we continue our leadership in research and innovation we will be supply(Continued on Page 24) IWEA Autumn Conference 2010 The IWEA Autumn Conference 2010 will be held in The Galway Bay Hotel on Thursday 30th September. This Conference promises to be an informative and productive event. The conference will have a European theme but indigenous focus, exploring Europe’s market for large scale renewables and highlighting the progressive national energy strategy which needs to be secured in order to meet our binding targets for the share of renewable energy in 2020. The conference will cover topics including: Building a European Industry, The Environment for Development in Ireland and Delivering Ireland's NREAP. Industry experts will cover: • Building a European Industry; • Delivering Ireland's Infrastructure; • The Environment for Development in Ireland; • A European Market for Large Scale Renewables. Book online now at www.iwea.com. A pre conference dinner will take place on Wednesday the 29th September. The Galway Bay Hotel is beautifully located on the sea-front overlooking Galway's famous Salthill Promenade. For details on how to get to the hotel, please visit www.galwaybayhotel.net/home. Accommodation has been booked in The Galway Bay Hotel at a rate of Eur95 per single room per night or Eur55 per person sharing standard both to include Bed & Breakfast subject to availability. To book your accommodation please contact the hotel directly and quote IWEA Tel 00353 91 520520. ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 21 I IRISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION Bank of Ireland has dedicated Project Finance lending teams in its Business Banking and Corporate Banking divisions. Both teams have extensive experience in the funding of renewable energy projects, in Ireland and internationally, and have assembled a renewable energy portfolio of over €900m including wind, waste, water and waste water sectors. Bank of Ireland is fully committed to the energy sector. Renewables are a key growth area for the Bank and our long term commitment to the sector is evidenced by; - Our €200m Project Finance fund for expanding or developing a new pro- ject in the renewables sector. - Our small & medium sized business green fund for environmental improvements to business premises or businesses providing products or services that support a greener environment. - Our Global Markets team provide hedging solutions and investment products across wind, biomass and biofuel sectors. There has been significant investment by the State supporting the energy sector, and the above initiatives demonstrate the Banks ‘open for business’ agenda and ongoing support to this sector. Investment in renewables is important for Ireland to achieve our Kyoto and EU targets and create a sustainable secure supply of energy. For further information contact our dedicated team today; Bronagh Larkin 01-6653476 or Katie Mooney 01-6653417 or Austin Coughlan 01-6653401 The renewable energy sector offers significant health and safety challenges to those developing, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining renewable energy facilities. Egan Safety Solutions (ESS) has developed expertise in this industry sector over the last number of years and can offer specialist safety consultancy and training support to the Egan Safety Solutions industry. ESS, as a member of the Irish Wind Energy Health & Safety Engineering Association (IWEA), supports the goals of IWEA in ensurUnit 14, Lee Park, ing the industry operates to the Sitecast Industrial Estate, highest safety and environmenPouladuff, Cork. tal standards. ESS continues to assist IWEA in the development 021 4966560 www.egansafetysolutions.ie of safety standards and training How can large energy users reduce their energy bills? Many companies could deploy on-site wind energy to reduce their energy bills. Wind Energy Direct Ltd specialises in financing, building and operating commercial scale wind turbines on the sites of large energy users and selling the green electricity to the client at a significant discount to the grid rate. This means the client benefits from significant financial savings and large reductions in carbon emissions. The fact that Wind Energy Direct pays for the turbines means that clients do not have large capital expenditures and at the same time enjoy lower electricity bills. programmes by taking an active part in the Health and Safety Strategy Group which has been established by IWEA. ESS, as a training provider, is accredited by the Further Education Training and Awards Council (FETAC) and offers FETAC accredited training programmes to the renewable sector. At ESS we take pride in providing expert, practical and cost effective solutions to the health and safety needs of our clients. 5% increase in prices. With rising costs of oil and gas, Irish electricity prices are vulnerable to even more increases in the near future. On-site wind energy avoids these price increases, as the electricity produced is independent from fossil fuels and the grid. Wind Energy Direct carries out a feasibility study (with no charge) for potential clients to assess their site’s suitability for on-site wind. The Energy Regulator has announced that from October 2010 a new Public Service Obligation levy will be applied to all energy bills, effectively leading to a Please contact Michael Murphy on 061 50 20 70 or [email protected]. Wind turbines supplying Munster Joinery Ltd. www.windenergydirect.ie Accenture is a global management consulting, technology and outsourcing company. In Ireland, Accenture employs over 1200 people across offices in Dublin and Belfast, working with public and private sector clients and across all industry sectors. Globally the company employs 190,000 people, serving clients in more than 120 countries. Accenture’s "high performance business" strategy builds on our expertise in consulting, technology and outsourcing to help clients perform at the highest levels so they can create sustainable value for their customers and shareholders. Using vast industry knowledge, service-offering expertise and deep technology capabilities, Accenture identify new business and technology trends and develop solutions to help clients. In Ireland, Accenture’s Resources practice works with leading organizations across the energy and utilities sector including ESB, Bord Gais, Endesa, RWE and Scottish Power. The Accenture Global Utilities Group has more than 30 years experience working with energy providers worldwide. For more information contact Aidan Gregan, Senior Executive & Resources lead on + 01 646 2000 or email at [email protected]. Avoiding increases in Irish electricity prices ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 23 ing significant volumes of high value expert services that this sector will require.” Stumbling Blocks However, there are a number of stumbling blocks to the development of wind energy and other sources of renewable energy. Achieving the national target of delivering 40% of Ireland’s electricity from renewable resources by 2020 depends on the Government eliminating unnecessary redtape and providing a stable framework for investors in renewable energy. It is essential that the Government adopts and pursues a progressive national and international energy strategy if the potential of Ireland’s wind energy resource is to be fulfilled. “In Ireland because we have such a surplus of resource over domestic requirement there is going to be an onus on us as a country to actually push Europe along, to make the market happen and become a reality,” he remarks. “We are going to have to take a leadership role and drive the agenda at a European level to create the market where we can sell our products.” The national grid infrastructure also has to be capable of accommodating the different generating sites for renewable energy for both home market use and export. The IWEA has welcomed EirGrid’s recent commitment to upgrading the national grid. Dr Michael Walsh points out that without the development of the grid, the renewable Ireland has one of the strongest wind energy resources, both onshore and offshore, in Europe. energy sector will fail to deliver on its enormous job creation, investment and export potential over the next ten years. I I WIND ENERGY ESB Advances Wind Farm Portfolio in Northern Ireland SB has started construction on a new E wind farm in County Derry. The project, Curryfree wind farm, is located between Dunamanagh and new buildings and work are due to be completed by August 2011. When completed it will generate enough renewable energy to power 8,000 homes. The wind farm, 7km South of Derry city, was developed by RES, one of the leading renewable energy companies in the world. RES will also build the project, on behalf of ESB. Curryfree Wind Farm will consist of six wind turbines, each with a height to tip of 100 metres and rotor diameter of 80 metres. The main civil works will be undertaken by a local contractor and the project is a welcome boost to the economy in the region. “The construction of this wind farm at Curryfree indicates ESB’s commitment to investment in renewables and is another step in transforming ESB into a carbon neutral company. Curryfree wind farm will not only help ESB reach its targets, its construction will also help the local economy,” says Joe O'Mahony, head of ESB Wind Development Ireland & GB. In a separate development, ESB also confirmed that its 20 megawatt Hunters Hill wind farm close to Fivemiletown in County Tyrone is now generating electricity to meet the needs of more than 11,000 homes. Located ten kilometres from Omagh, the site was purchased by ESB from RES in February 2009. It comprises 8 Nordex N80 2.5 MW turbines and local contractors were employed for the necessary civil and electrical works. ESB took over the site from RES in July. I €23m North Kerry Wind Farm Begins Production ra Investments, a subsidiary of Lee T Strand Co-operative, has commenced operation at its new Eur23 million wind 24 farm project in North Kerry. The green electricity will be used by Energia, Ireland’s largest independent energy supplier, to provide power to businesses throughout Ireland. The 16 turbine 13.3MW wind farm is located on three sites between North Kerry’s Stacks Mountains and Castleisland and their combined energy output would have the capability to produce enough electricity to power 14,000 homes in County Kerry. “Energia has invested significantly in developing a portfolio of renewable power to meet the growing demand for green power. We currently have over 220 MW of operational wind farms, and a further 400 MW in development, and have consistently been one of the largest investors in the renewable sector,” comments James Cronin of Energia. Enercon Ireland, which supplied the 16 turbines, has signed a twelve year maintenance agreement with Tra Investments. Lee Strand’s current portfolio of investments include Tralee’s multi-storey car park, Radio Kerry and a Tralee student apartment complex. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY Offshore Wind Heads for Record Year in Europe 18 new offshore wind turbines were fully connected to the grid 1 in the first half of 2010 according to new statistics released by European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Those 118 turbines have a capacity of 333 MW – well over half the 577MW installed offshore last year - showing continuing strong growth in offshore wind power despite the financial crisis. In addition, 151 turbines (440 MW) were installed but not yet connected to grid. Overall 16 offshore wind farms totaling 3,972 MW were under construction. Of these, four became fully operational: Poseidon in Denmark, Alpha Ventus in Germany, Gunfleet Sands and Robin Rigg in the UK. To date in Europe there are 948 offshore wind turbines in 43 fully operational offshore wind farms, with a total capacity of 2396MW. Among the developers E.ON Climate and Renewables developed 64% of the offshore capacity grid connected during the first half of 2010, followed by Dong (21%) and Vattenfal (11%). Among the manufacturers Siemens accounted for 55% of the offshore capacity grid connected during the first half of 2010, Vestas 36% and REpower 9%. I E.ON Backs UK Offshore Wind Cost Cutting Plan nergy giant E.ON, which operates wind farms in Northern Ireland and E Britain, has become the latest investor to back the Carbon Trust’s Offshore Wind Accelerator (OWA), a pioneering industry initiative to slash the costs of offshore wind power. EON is teaming up with five founding members that include offshore wind developers: DONG Energy, RWE Innogy, ScottishPower Renewables, SSE Renewables and Statoil, which recently announced it will be extending its commitment to the OWA over the next four years bringing the total investment into the project to £9.2m. Collectively the OWA partners represent 61% of the offshore wind capacity licensed in UK waters (30GW). Launched by the Carbon Trust in 2008, the OWA is one of the world’s leading technology research and development initiatives designed to reduce the total cost of offshore wind energy. The OWA has the objective to reduce costs by 10% over the next decade which would enable deployment to happen faster I I GREEN TRANSPORT CyclePower Taking the Lead With Electric Bikes ublin-based CyclePower is a new IrishD owned company specialising in Electric Bikes and a full range of cycling accessories. An Electric Bike, also known as an E-Bike, is a bicycle with an electric motor used to assist with pedaling. Electric Bikes use rechargeable batteries and can travel up to 25 miles per hour (32 km/h). Indeed, in some countries they are rapidly replacing traditional bikes. CyclePower also supplies Conversion Kits to transform customers’ own bicycles into Electric Bikes and this option offers a huge cost saving (providing the bicycle is suitable for conversion). Bicycles are kind to the environment as they are quiet and pollution-free. Cycling is also part of the solution to our traffic congestion problems. • Cyclepower bicycles are light and easy to pedal • Low maintenance - few moving parts • No petrol/diesel costs or emissions • Improve personal fitness and health. Advantages Electric Bikes offer users many advantages: • Save time – it is often quicker than taking the car • Save effort - let the electric motor take the strain and smooth out the hills • Save money - no insurance, no tax and no NCT • Easy to charge batteries which are light and portable • Use of Cycle Lanes Green Business An increasing number of Irish businesses are now realising the benefits of promoting the use of Electric Bikes. This mode of transport offers companies the following advantages: • Regular cyclists tend to be fitter and healthier than non-cyclists. This contributes towards greater productivity and lower rates of absenteeism due to illness. • Bikes are nimble vehicles, able to squeeze past the queues and the road-works. So An Electric Bike is a bicycle with an electric motor Electric Bikes use rechargeable batteries and can used to assist with pedaling. travel up to 25 miles per hour. cyclists tend to be more punctual employees. • People want to cycle. So why hold them back? Give cyclists the facilities and the support that they deserve and you get a happier and more motivated workforce. • Be seen to be ‘green’. Being a cycle-friendly employer is a way of winning valuable publicity at relatively little cost. • Less parking problems. CyclePower is available to call and demonstrate its Electric Bikes to organisations and staff, because the benefits are best appreciated by seeing and testing the bicycles. For more information on CyclePower’s Electric Bikes, visit www.cyclepower.ie or phone 014604641 or 086-8262300. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 25 I ENERGY The Inaugural National Smart Grid Summit – Croke Park Conference Centre, October 7, 2010 fter years of research, the age of the A Smart Grid is finally upon us and the transformation of our energy market is now about to take place. How this will impact and contribute to the growth of Ireland’s economy is currently a hot topic for debate. Denis O’Leary, Head of Asset Management, ESB Networks. It is against this background of significant opportunity and change that iQuest is hosting ‘The Inaugural National Smart Grid Conference’. The event will explore the requirements of creating a comprehensive business case and long-term plan for smart grid implementation, as well as focusing on smart metering, the consumer and communications infrastructure, and how we can fully maximize the potential of Smart Grid applications. This conference will help attendees understand the challenges of implementing the smart grid, and the processes necessary to get there. The speaker programme includes among others: • Eddie Hobbs, Writer, Broadcaster and Financial Advisor; • Denis O’Leary, Head of Asset Management, ESB Networks; • Mary Ann Piette, Staff Scientist, Berkeley University, USA; • Fintan Slye, Director of Operations, Eirgrid. • Dermot Nolan, Commissioner, Commission for Energy Regulation. These luminaries will be joined by energy professionals, regulators, engineers and financial executives and consultants, all anxious to learn, network and do business. Dermot Nolan, Commissioner, Commission for Energy Regulation. Check out the website for full details as well as a fantastic offer for all those who register before September15. Visit www.smartgridsummit.ie. I One Call Maintenance Heats Up the Refrigeration Market in fact just air, inside a freezer or chill cabinet, when all you need is to keep the food items permanently cold at a perfect temperature. Q: Makes sense, but how did they do it? Christian Sheridan, MD of One Call Maintenance reveals the high tech secret of the eCube. Q: From supermarkets and fast food chains to pubs, restaurants and off licenses, almost everyone has heard of the eCube by now. What is its secret? A: It was the result of a brilliant insight into how refrigeration should work but didn’t. Engineers in the UK asked a simple question: Why refrigerate all the empty space, which is 26 A: It took a while. Eventually they developed cutting edge technology that actually mimicked food temperature. So instead of measuring fluctuating air temperature around a food product, it measured the temperature of the food itself. Q: But isn’t air temperature inside the cabinet and the temperature of the food the same? A: Not always. Air temperature rises faster than food temperature, so refrigeration units start to work to keep the air cold and ignore the fact that the food is perfectly okay. Q: Even so, is it worth while? A: You bet. Radisson save £17,000 per year with eCube. Paul Kiernan of the Gala group says eCube has cut his refrigeration costs by 35% to 40% And there are many more. Q: So, where to for One Call Maintenance now? A: We’ve launched a whole range of products, among them ground breaking water saving devices, low energy lighting that save 85%, and Fluorescent lamp adapters giving 57% savings. We’re determined to show customers that huge energy savings can avoid the need to increase prices and so keep their business competitive in recession-tough markets. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 I MARINE ENERGY Realising Ireland’s Ocean Energy Potential The opportunity to derive energy from the ocean is significant in Ireland, both from wave and from tidal sources. he potential is such that ocean energy represents a critical opportunity to create substantial wealth and employment on this island over the next twenty years and beyond, according to the recent white paper by the Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA), which represents Ireland’s marine renewables industry in the ocean energy fields of wave and tidal. Key to this transformation of the island of Ireland into ‘Europe’s Battery’ is the achievement of the target set in the Republic by Government to have 500MW of wave and tidal capacity in operation by 2020. The MRIA recognises that achieving the 500MW target over the next ten years will require a major co-ordinated effort across all Government departments and agencies and a focus on a small number of sea areas for developments towards 2020. The MRIA proposes that four Initial Development Zones (IDZs) for ocean energy be prioritised by Government and that efforts to achieve the 2020 target be focused in these zones. The white paper demonstrates that this proposal is consistent with broad Government economic development policy as well as policies in energy, spatial planning and regional planning. This white paper hails the progress made in ocean energy in Ireland to date, highlights the challenges which must be overcome and proposes measures to expedite further development. T Early Mover The white paper points out that Ireland is one of the international ‘early movers’ in developing the technology required to capitalise on the ocean energy resource and Irish companies like Wavebob, Ocean Energy and Open Hydro are among the leading developers in the world of wave and tidal energy conversion technologies. Ireland is also well represented in other key elements of the emerging ocean energy industry. The project developer community - including companies such as Vattenfall (Tonn Energy), SSE Renewables (formerly Airtricity) and ESBI, consultants such as Arup, R&D businesses like Pure Marine and supply chain firms such as Lotusworks and Techworks Marine - are all engaged with the industry and ready to scale up as it develops. Ireland has excellent research and test facilities in place at the quarter Scale Wave Energy Test Site in Galway Bay and at facilities such as those belonging to Queen’s University in Belfast. The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), with the support of a number of MRIA industry companies, is developing the new Wave Energy Test Site off Belmullet, County Mayo and the planned relocation and expansion of the Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre and other facilities as part of the MERC3 project in Cork is another positive step - construction at MERC3 will commence in 2011. Significant Investment Required The Government has set a target of 500MW of wave and tidal energy capacity to be delivered by 2020. The scale of the challenge in meeting this target is significant with the estimated cost of devices alone being in the region of at least Eur1.5 billion with significant investment required also in supporting project infrastructure. Thus, total capital investment of several billion may be required to meet the Government target, possibly creating several thousand new jobs to support this emerging industry. MRIA believes that ocean energy technology will mature and become commoditised after 2020 as has happened in the wind energy sector over the past decade. The cost of producing electricity from wave and tidal energy sources will fall and the industry will develop an export market via interconnectors to other countries, in particular to the UK. Accordingly, it is important to create both an economic and a regu- latory environment that would create more certainty for the development of ocean energy, particularly for investors. Transparency, predictability and certainty in statutory consenting processes are important considerations for investors who will take business risks of unprecedented scale with ocean energy investments. Response The eagerly awaited new consenting process for marine renewables developments is expected to be introduced by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government in the short term. It should be backed up by policy guidelines at national, regional and local level. Such an approach will facilitate the early development of technology, test sites and full scale ocean energy operations. It will provide a route to the development of many thousands of MW capacity in Irish waters having an enormous impact on wealth creation and employment. SEAI is preparing a study on the potential economic impact of ocean energy which will provide firm data on the jobs and general economic impact. The Authority has indicated that the study will forecast a net present value of the contribution by ocean energy to the Irish economy (North and South) of Eur9 billion by 2030. A further benefit arising from the ocean energy opportunity relates to the potential value for Irish companies in supporting the growing ocean energy industry globally (notably in Scotland) where it is estimated that eventually ocean energy could account for as much as 30GW and generate annual revenues of £4.5 billion (source: Renewable UK) in the UK alone. Scotland has already completed a 1.2GW Marine Leasing Round in the Pentland Firth and an Irish company, Open Hydro, and its partner, SSE Renewables, successfully secured a 200MW site for development. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 27 SolarPrint Enters into Solar Technology Deal With Fiat Irish Economy Most Vulnerable to Potential Oil and Gas Price Shocks energy technology company SolarPrint has entered into a partnerreland’ GDP could fall by as much as Ithatrish I 7.5% if the world was to experience a ship with Italian car manufacturing giant Fiat to develop solar panels sudden oil or gas price rise, according can be incorporated into the roof surface of automotives, as a means of generating alternative sources of energy for vehicles by converting light to power. Under the terms of the deal, SolarPrint is a key part of an international consortium that has begun working with the Centro Richerche Fiat (CRF) - the Pictured (left to right): Dr Mazhar Bari, chief innovation and research arm executive of SolarPrint; Conor Lenihan, TD, of the car manufacturer - on Minister for Science, Technology & Innovation; the development of what is and Dr Michele Byrne, chemist at SolarPrint. described as a ‘smart roof’. The new ‘smart roof’ will incorporate low cost photo voltaic (PV) - or solar - cells and lithium batteries that will in turn be used to power on board devices in cars. The consortium working on the Eur3 million project, which has been titled the ‘SMARTOP’ initiative, also includes scientists from University College Dublin, Trinity College Dublin and Imperial College in the UK. “The SMARTOP project has been set up to create a technology that will revolutionise the auto industry and the cars that we drive, by converting everyday light into a form of power,” says Dr Mazhar Bari, chief executive of SolarPrint. I 28 to a report launched by Siemens. The report, which examines the economic impacts for Ireland of different high oil and gas price scenarios, highlights the particular vulnerability of the Irish economy to such price shocks. The findings of the report entitled ‘The Economic Impacts for Ireland of High Oil & Gas Prices; Pathways to risk mitigation and a low carbon future’, indicate that the impacts of an oil and gas price rise would be more severe on Ireland than other economies such as the UK, Europe and USA. “Ireland is particularly sensitive to this type of shock particularly the knock-on effects in global markets and trade. Results from the study show Ireland suffering more pronounced economic impacts and a slower recovery as compared with other countries,” according to Dr Werner Kruckow, chief executive of Siemens. The report recommends a number of policy actions that Ireland could undertake on a national level. Ireland needs to develop a plan for a sustainable integrated energy system based on four strategic pillars and do so without delay. They are: * Maximising Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, * Grid Upgrade and Integration into the European Grid, * Promoting Energy Efficiency & Conservation, * Maximising Electricity Usage in Transportation. I ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 renewable energy from ESB Independent Energy E E N N E E R R G G Y Y www.esbie.ie 01 - 862 8300 www.esbie.co.uk 0845 - 309 8138 P P O O II N N T T TRAINING & EDUCATION BE Programme in Energy Systems Engineering Launched at NUI Galway NUI Galway has officially launched its BE Programme in Energy Systems Engineering. The new course, which will be based in the new Engineering Building currently under construction at NUI Galway, has been developed in partnership with key members of the energy industry including; ESB, GE Energy, Airtricity, Bord Gais, Wavebob, a wave energy technology company, and ARUPS and RPS, two consulting engineering practices. The strong links with industry provide the degree programme with very practical routes. The partnership will also support innovation and technology transfer, working with a cluster of energy companies in the West of Ireland including MARINE ENERGY World’s Largest Tidal Turbine Unveiled Atlantis Resources Corporation, one of the world’s leading developers of electricity generating tidal current turbines, has unveiled the largest and most powerful tidal power turbine ever built, the AK1000, at Invergordon, Scotland. The AK1000 is due for installation at a dedicated berth at the European Marine Energy Centre, located in Orkney, Scotland later this summer. Despatching 1MW of predictable power at a water velocity of 2.65m/s, the AK1000 is capable of generating enough electricity for over 1000 homes. It is designed for harsh weather Pictured at the official launch of the Energy Systems Engineering Programme are: Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources Eamon Ryan TD; Professor Ger Hurley, Course Director; and President of NUI Galway, Dr James J Browne. and rough, open ocean environments such as those found off the Scottish coast. The turbine incorporates cutting edge technology from suppliers across the globe, has an 18 meter rotor diameter, weighs 130 tonnes and stands at a height of 22.5 meters. The giant turbine is expected to be environmentally benign due to a low rotation speed whilst in operation and will deliver predictable, sustainable power to the local Orkney grid. SMART METERS 111.4 Million European Households Will Have Smart Meters by 2015 According to a new research report from the analyst firm Berg Insight, the installed base of smart electricity meters in Europe will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 17.9% between 2009 and 2015 to reach 111.4 million at the end of the period. Providing users with detailed information about their electricity consumption the new generation of meters give customers control over energy costs and create financial incentives for energy savings. Moreover smart meters constitute the core building blocks in Wavebob, Eirecomposties, Enerit, and C&F Engineering. The Energy Systems Engineering programme will incorporate aspects of traditional civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, with emphasis on energy policy, economics, environmental issues and a strong focus on informatics. The programme will include a range of additional optional modules which will provide students with maximum flexibility to choose from diverse career paths. Graduates of the programme will be multidisciplinary engineers equipped to solve problems across the whole spectrum of energy systems. future smart grids that will incorporate a wide range of technologies related to renewable generation, distribution network optimisation and energy conservation. The report identifies France, Spain and the UK as the next countries in Europe where smart metering will become introduced, following major rollouts in Italy and the Nordic region. RENEWABLE ENERGY Hydropower Capacity to Treble in Britain Encouraged by Government incentives to increase renewable energy usage, Britain is on track to substantially expand its use of hydropower technology, with the number of plants in England and Wales set to increase from 400 to 1,200 by 2020. The number of applications for hydropower plants has increased six fold since 2000. The UK’s Environment Agency granted 31 hydropower licences in last year and has already processed 26 applications in 2010, with a further 166 still to be assessed. According to the Environment Agency, England and Wales has almost 4,000 sites with the potential to generate ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY MANAGEMENT, JULY/AUGUST 2010 renewable energy through hydropower. AVIATION FUEL Topaz Enters Aviation Fuel Sector in Ireland Topaz, the country’s largest fuel and convenience retailer, is expanding into the aviation fuel sector, after agreeing a joint venture deal with Shell Aviation. The deal will see Topaz, the fully Irish owned and managed company, buy 50% of Shell Aviation Ireland to create a 50:50 joint venture that will sell aviation fuel in Ireland. The new company will continue to market aviation fuels to Irish airlines currently serviced by Shell Aviation. It will also provide fuel supply and refueling services to Shell’s international customers at Irish airports. The deal remains subject to regulatory approval. Topaz has 300 sites in the Republic and another 30 in Northern Ireland. 29	i don't know
With which club does Coventry City FC currently share a ground?	Football League approve Northampton ground share for Coventry City - Coventry Telegraph Coventry City have confirmed that they will be playing their home matches at Northampton Town's Sixfields Stadium for the next three seasons - as exclusively revealed by the Telegraph last Wednesday. The groundshare arrangement has been provisionally approved by the Football League who are demanding a £1million bond from the club as a guarantee that they will intend to return to Coventry as quickly as possible. The League said that it was a matter of “deep regret” that it had not proved possible for the club’s proposed new owners, Sisu-linked Otium Entertainment, to reach an agreement with Ricoh Arena owners ACL. And their agreement is conditional on the club ultimately exiting administration in accordance with League’s conditions and achieving a successful transfer of its League share. League Chairman Greg Clarke, said: “The Football League believes that clubs should play in the towns and cities from which they take their name. Nonetheless, from time to time, the Board is asked to consider temporary relocations as a means for securing a club’s ongoing participation in our competition. “With no prospect of an agreement being reached between Otium and ACL, the Board was placed in an unenviable position - with the very real possibility of Coventry City being unable to fulfil its fixtures for next season. This would inevitably call into question the Club’s continued membership of The Football League. “The Board did not take this decision lightly and it remains a matter of deep regret that the two parties involved cannot come to an agreement. I urge both Otium and ACL to continue to explore every possible opportunity to resolve this dispute, for the good of the City of Coventry, its football club and people living in the local community." The Football League will now continue working with the Administrator and Otium to achieve an exit from Administration in line with the Board’s Insolvency Policy.. City CEO Tim Fisher said last night: “We are very pleased that the Football League has found our plans acceptable. Nobody wanted this day to come but we feel we have no choice but to take this course of action and that the only credible future for the Club now lies in owning its own stadium. "Building a stadium that is ours in the Coventry area and which will generate revenues we can put on the field of play is necessary to ensure the club can succeed under the FIFA Fair Play Rules. “If there had been an economic option which would have allowed us to stay at the Ricoh we would have pursued it. There was no proposal on the table in time for us to make realistic plans for the coming season. We could not wait any longer.” “Over the last month or so – through a series of forums – we have made it clear this move is not a game of brinkmanship or a negotiating strategy - it is the only credible option. If our plans did not show a clear path for returning to the Coventry City area they would not have been approved by the League. “The club and its owners acknowledge the support of the League, Northampton Town FC and the Northampton Borough Council for working constructively to provide a port in what is hoped will be a temporary storm. We are currently working on detailed ticketing and travel plans to take into account the inconvenience caused to supporters by this move and will provide further information very shortly. “If the City Council and ACL had truly wanted to support the Club, it would have taken up the offer made by SISU to pay off its debt and extend the lease. Instead it used £14 million of public money to stop the deal happening. The suggestion that the Club could play “free” whilst “it is administration” was, as the administrators pointed out, not one which they or indeed the Club could accept or which had any value. “The proposed new stadium makes commercial and economic sense, providing new prospects to the City, incorporating commercial opportunities that support the revenues and development of the Club and secures its future. The project has momentum and the negotiations with the site's vendors are progressing very well. “We have much to do before the new season, including working with the League to approve the restructuring of the corporate ownership of the club and the swift resolution of the administration of CCFC Ltd which will see the transfer embargo lifted. We hope that the fans will support the Club’s players and staff through what, we accept, will be a difficult transitional period, towards independence and a stable long term home venue.” Northampton chairman David Cardoza.said: "This helps out a fellow club who came to us and asked for our assistance and it is a much needed additional revenue stream for Northampton Town Football Club. "When the home fixtures clash, Northampton Town's games will take priority and Coventry's games will be played second. That means if both teams are at home on the same weekend, Coventry will play on the Sunday and if there is a midweek clash, Coventry will play on the Wednesday. No Northampton Town games will be moved as part of this arrangement, subject to any television requirements. "We totally understand that the majority of Coventry fans feel their club should be playing in their city and we are sorry they are not but the issues about whether or not they could use the Ricoh or any other venue in Coventry are not ours to discuss. "Coventry City Football Club felt the only option was to move outside of the city, and our first involvement in this process was when we were approached by Coventry City asking us to help a fellow football club. There wasn't any plan for us to try and tempt another club away from their local community for our financial gain. We are simply helping a fellow football club at their request. "As Chairman of Northampton Town, my responsibility is to the players and supporters of Northampton Town Football Club. We are not judge and jury over everything in football, of course Coventry should be playing in Coventry but the reason why they cannot for this temporary period is not down to us. "Coventry City have come forward, asking to hire our stadium on days when it is not in use, helping Northampton Town's cash flow in the process and have Football League approval to do so. We are a League 2 club who are battling to break even, so given the facts that are presented the decision has been made in the best interests of Northampton Town Football Club while also attempting to help Coventry City. "The income we will receive will be welcome, but it doesn't change things massively for us. What it does do is help our cash flow, which any League 2 club would benefit from. "Had we not reached agreement, and had Coventry been forced to look somewhere else, it may have been at a stadium even further away than Sixfields and with a club who were less aware of the sensitivity and emotion felt by Coventry fans. All we can do, and we will do, is to make the period when they are playing their home games at Sixfields as bearable as possible for Coventry City FC and their supporters. "We know this move won't be popular with Coventry supporters and we genuinely feel for them. It is never nice seeing a club have to play their home games in a different location on a temporary basis but we are just doing our best to help. “This is good news for the local economy. Northampton shops, restaurants, petrol stations, hotels and pubs will all benefit from the extra footfall these games will bring to the area. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent	Northampton Town F.C.
In which German city did lens maker Carl Zeiss start making microscopes full-time in 1847?	Ricoh Arena \| Coventry City FC \| Football Ground Guide Football Ground Guide Address: Phoenix Way, Coventry, CV6 6GE Telephone: 024 7699 1987 Pitch Size: 115 x 74 yards Club Nickname: The Sky Blues Year Ground Opened: 2005 Home Kit: White and Sky Blue Stripes Away Kit: Black and Red Ricoh Arena Coventry External View West and South Stands Looking Towards The North Stand West Stand WHAT IS THE RICOH ARENA LIKE? After being in exile at Northampton Town for over a year, the Club have made a much needed return to the Ricoh Arena. Like many grounds built in this country in recent years, the new Coventry stadium is functional and fairly conservative in its design. Three sides of the stadium, which are large single tiered stands are fairly bland affairs. Happily, the complex has an exhibition centre attached to its West side, resulting in a unique looking stand that gives more of a continental feel. Known as the Lloydspharmacy Stand, it has a small tier of seats overhanging the larger lower tier, with a row of corporate hospitality boxes, running along the back of the lower section. Along the top of the stand is a large area of white panelling (adorned with the logo of the stadium sponsors) that runs along the length of the stand and around the corners of either side of it. In one of these corners is located a Police Control box. Below the white panelling is a large windowed corporate hospitality area. The stadium is fully enclosed with all corners of the stadium being filled with spectator seating and all the stands are of the same height, giving it a symmetrical look. There a number of clear perspex panels located in the roof at the South end of the stadium, plus a large strip of perspex that runs around the stadium just below the roof at the back of three sides. These measures allow more natural light to enter the stadium, which helps the growth of the grass pitch. There is also a large video screen type scoreboard located in one corner of the stadium between the South and East Stands. Outside the stadium on the back of the East Stand, fans can admire the 'Sky Blues Wall Of Fame'. This consists of six large panels, each dedicated to former a Coventry City great such as John Sillett, Jimmy Hill etc... The panels contain bricks that have been purchased by fans, which have their choice of inscriptions on. Also outside the corner of the North and East Stand is a small open memorial area for fans to place wreaths etc.. of fans who have passed away. Whilst outside the Club Shop there is a statue of former manager and chairman Jimmy Hill. The stadium was built by Laing O'Rourke, the same company who built the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It is owned by Wasps Rugby Club who also play their home matches there. The stadium was opened in August 2005. Coventry City previously played at Highfield Road, their home since 1899. NEW STADIUM? Although the Club have returned to the Ricoh Arena, the Club's owners have still expressed their desire to build a new stadium for the Club and move elsewhere. This is because the Ricoh Arena is now owned by Wasps Rugby Club and Coventry City are tenants there. Coventry City have agreed to stay at the Ricoh until at least the end of the 2017-18 season, but we shall wait and see whether any developments about a new stadium come to fruition. WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS? Away supporters are mostly accommodated to one side of the South Stand (Blocks 6 & 7) towards the corner with the Lloydspharmacy Stand. Around 3,000 supporters can be seated in this area. The angle of the stand is quite steep, meaning a fair bit of effort to climb to the top. Normally a steep stand means that fans are close to the playing action, but not here. Not only is there a sizeable red coloured track surrounding the playing area, but the stand itself is further set-back from the pitch. This does lead to some viewing problems, especially when the action is taking place at the other end. The leg room is adequate for most and the stadium does have good acoustics, which helps boost the atmosphere. Entrance to the stadium is through automatic turnstiles, where you have to put your ticket (which has a bar code on it) into a slot reader, which then allows the turnstiles admit you. Behind the stands there are spacious concourses and a number of food and drink outlets. Food on offer includes; Steak Pie (£3.50), Chicken Curry Pie (£3.50), Cheese and Onion Pie (£3.50) and Sausage Rolls (£3). The concourses also have a number of televisions which show the game being played inside. Matt Walters a visiting Reading fan adds; 'The Ricoh, as the tannoy announcer puts it, is one of the more interesting looking new grounds when compared to others such as the Walkers Stadium. The acoustics are superb which creates a great atmosphere. However I found the seats to quite uncomfortable, which is disappointing bearing in mind that this is a brand new stadium'. I have also received reports of supporters being regularly ejected from the stadium for persistent standing, and stewards being somewhat heavy handed, so be on your best behaviour. After what seemed a mandatory 'pat down' search by the stewards outside the away turnstiles, entrance to the stadium is gained by putting the end of your ticket into a bar code reader. Sounds easy, but when the green light that lights up to show you that your ticket has been validated and you can now enter, is located up above your head, then many fans on my visit didn't see this and kept trying to put ticket back into the reader, leading to much confusion! If you want an alternative to the stadium food, then around a ten minute walk away from the away turnstiles is the Arena Shopping Centre. As well as having a large Tesco's that has a cafe, there is also a Greggs, Subway, Marks & Spencers Cafe, Pizza Hut, Starbucks, Burger King and a Frankie & Bennies. Plus normally on the Shopping Centre car park there are a couple of mobile outlets selling hot food. PUBS FOR AWAY FANS On one corner of the stadium, near to the Club Shop, is the Grosvenor Casino. This has bars inside and also shows televised sport. Both home and away fans are admitted on matchdays. Craig Woollaston adds; 'Please note that the Grosvenor Casino has a strict over 18's policy, so is not suitable for families. In fact anyone who looks under 25 should make sure they have photo ID. Inside the casino, there are two bars, plus a number of pop-up bars depending on the anticipated attendance. The atmosphere is always relaxed. For families then there is an alternative; The casino entrance is located next to the main entrance to the stadium. Go through the main entrance and on the left there is a bar called 'The Mill' - this is a new addition to the stadium and forms part of the on site Hilton Double Tree hotel. Lots of screens showing the televised match and away fans welcome. However, being a hotel bar it is pricey'. Robert Nunn a visiting Reading fan informs me; 'Myself and a friend parked in Longford, about a ten minute walk away from the stadium, and found a host of pubs situated along Longford Road. Whilst most looked quite partisan and only had Sky Blue shirts in, the "JK English Pub" was most welcoming. This Indian/Pub had a pub feel (pool table, jukebox, etc) but was also an Indian restaurant. On Saturday's it also does a £5 all you can eat lunchtime buffet'. To find this pub, coming away from the North Stand at the Ricoh, follow the towpath over the canal for about 400 yards passing the Tesco Extra on your right (which also has a cafe). When you come on to Longford Road, head right, towards Coventry City Centre and the pub is around 200 yards on your right hand side. Phil Cull a visiting Watford fan adds; 'You can also park your car in the JK English pub car park for a cost of £4. It is then around a 15 minute walk to the stadium. After the game there was no problem in driving back to the M6'. Also on Longford Road, but heading away from the City Centre are the Longford Engine and Coach & Horses pubs which both welcome away fans. The visitors turnstiles are around a 15 minute walk away, by walking along the canal tow path by the Longford Engine pub (just follow the sky blue shirts...). There is also a handily placed fish & chip shop located across the road from the Longford Engine. In-between Longford and Exhall just a few minutes walk from the Leisure Island Parking area (see below) is a Novotel which has a bar inside.Adrian Taylor a visiting Birmingham City fan informs me; 'The Greyhound Pub on Sutton Stop is a hidden gem. A traditional canalside pub that is also listed in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide. You need to come off the M6 at Junction 3, but then drive away from the ground, towards Bedworth, on the B4113, turning left (under the M6) at the first roundabout. You then take the first right at the traffic lights, into Blackhorse Road and follow the road for a couple of miles until you reach a mini roundabout at which you turn right to go over a narrow canal bridge. You then take the next left for the Greyhound pub. The beauty of this place if it is a fine day, is that you can leave your car at the pub and then take the 20 minute walk along the canal to the stadium. After the game you can have another drink or at least avoid the congestion near the ground'. Alternatively alcohol is also available inside the stadium in the form of bottles of 500ml Carling Lager at £3.40 each or Magners Cider (300ml) at £3.50. COVENTRY HOTELS - FIND AND BOOK YOURS AND HELP SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE If you require hotel accommodation in Coventry then first try a hotel booking service provided by Booking.com . They offer all types of accommodation to suit all tastes and pockets from; Budget Hotels, Traditional Bed & Breakfast establishments to Five Star Hotels and Serviced Apartments. Plus their booking system is straightforward and easy to use. Yes this site will earn a small commission if you book through them, but it will help towards the running costs of keeping this Guide going. Leave the M6 at Junction 3. Take the A444 towards the city centre and after one mile you will reach the stadium on your left. Ricoh Arena Official Car Parks Parking at the stadium is mostly for permit holders, although the Club do sell on the day spaces in Car Parks A, B and C at £10 per car, although it is best to book a space in advance . Blue badge holders can also park at the stadium itself but again at a cost of £10. The Club are also utilising a number of car parks within walking distance of the stadium, in such places as factory units and local schools. The cost of these official car parks varies on venue but are around £3-£5 per vehicle. See the Ricoh Arena Parking website for more details. Other Parking Options The nearby Tesco/Arena Retail car park is well 'policed' on matchdays. Free parking is restricted to just two hours only unless you spend £25 or more in one of the shops on the Retail Park, otherwise if you over stay you can end up with a £50 parking ticket. Stores include Next, Boots and Marks & Spencers, but the minimum £25 spend does not include the Tesco Petrol Station, Burger King or Pizza Hut. You show your receipt on exit. In addition an extensive 'residents only' parking scheme has been put in place for all residential streets within a least a mile of the ground. There is also a private car park run by Leisure Ireland, located a few minutes drive away from Junction 3 of the M6. It has 200 spaces and is then a 15 minute walk away from the stadium. It advertises as secure parking and apparently getting back to the motorway after the match is very easy. The cost to park there is £3 per car and to find the car park, follow the 'pink arrow' signs/take the B4113 towards Bedworth from Junction 3 of the M6. Fans are encouraged to pre-book their places online . However please note to then get to the stadium you have to cross a rather busy dual carriageway, so please bear this in mind if you have young children or older person in your party. Please note that this car park closes one hour after the final whistle. Closer to the stadium in Oban Road (opposite the Longford Engine CV6 6HH) are two private car parks run by Ricoh Arena Event parking. Spaces can also be pre-booked online and cost £4 per car. BY TRAIN The stadium has its Coventry Arena Station, however in a great piece of British planning, there is only one single carriage train which runs just once an hour on matchdays. As the carriage has a day time capacity of 150 (reduced to 75 in the evening) then personally I wouldn't rely on it to get to the Arena, as you may find that you are unable to get on it as it is already full. It is hoped that a three carriage service will be in place before the end of this year. After the match has ended the station is closed to allow fans to disperse, meaning that you can't a train back into Coventry until 6.28pm on Saturday afternoons. Coventry Railway Station is about three and half miles away from the stadium and really is too far to walk. Either take a bus or jump in a taxi (costs around £12 to the stadium). For details on how to reach the stadium by bus from Coventry Railway Station see the section below. Find train times, prices and book tickets with trainline. Booking tickets in advance will normally save you money! BOOK TRAIN TICKETS WITH TRAINLINE Remember if travelling by train then you can normally save on the cost of fares by booking in advance. Visit the the trainline website to see how much you can save on the price of train tickets. Click on the trainline logo below: The first stage of the journey takes you from the rail station to Pool Meadow bus station in Coventry City Centre. There are four services, all run by National Express. They are: Services 9 and 9A (Destination University Hospital) Service 8 (Destination Woodway Park) Service 8A (Destination Wood End) All these services depart from bus stop ER1 across the road at the left of the Coventry Railway Station entrance. The journey to Pool Meadow bus station takes about ten minutes. All the above services will drop you off at Stand P at the Pool Meadow Bus Station. To then find a bus to take you to the Arena, then turn right from Stand P and take a route clockwise past Stands Q,R,S etc until you reach the end of the building. Go outside and go forward across one of the bus access roads until you reach the Northern edge of the bus station (with an elevated section of the ring road in front of you) turn right along the pavement until you reach Bus Shelter U. Board the single decker double bendibus Service 4 Signed Arena Park. The journey takes around 25 minutes. Ask the driver for the Arena Park Rail station stop. The stop is beside the steps that take you under the railway. Go up the steps the other side and slightly to the right to the stadium turnstiles at the away end. (South Stand). The Number 4 Bus runs every 15 minutes on Saturday afternoons. Returning to Coventry Railway Station after the game: Return under the railway carefully over the service road and through the Arena Retail Park car park along the front of the shops until you reach the end of the Tesco frontage. Turn left at the corner of the building and then walk on beside the Tesco end wall. To catch the Service 4 bendibus Signed University Hospital go straight ahead to bus shelter AD. The bus will drop you at Pool Meadow bus station at Stand N. On leaving the bus turn to your right and pass the stands by moving in a clockwise direction until you reach Stand R From stand R it is around 10 minute journey to Coventry Rail station using Services 9 signed Green Lane, 9A Signed Wainbody, and 8 or 8A both signed Coventry Railway Station. Eventually the bus turns sharp right and passes a small park on your right (Greyfriars Green) just before turning left into the short station approach road to the rail station bus stop. Bus Fares and Concessions Unless you want to lay out a lot of money and are in the habit of taking a lot of loose change with you the best deal is to ask the driver of the first bus you board for an Off peak Day Saver ticket. For £4 you can make an unlimited number of bus journeys on the day. When you board another bus just show it to the driver. Please note that these tickets are only issued and valid on services run by National Express . In addition, if you have an English Concessionary Pass because you are a Senior Citizen or Disabled then you are entitled to free off peak bus travel anywhere in England. In the West Midlands Off peak is defined as 9.30 am to 11pm Monday to Friday and all day at weekends. Just place your card on the pad beside the driver. It can be used on any local bus service, regardless of the provider. Maps of City Centre Bus Stops and Coventry Area Bus Routes can be downloaded from the Network West Midlands website (both PDF documents). Special thanks to Frank Smith of the Sky Blue Trust for providing the information above. All areas of the stadium* Adults £20 Concessions £15 Under 16's £7** * The Club offer discount of up to £2 per Adult ticket, £1 Junior, if booked online, at least three hours before kick off. ** A further discount on this ticket price is available for Junior Sky Blue Members in the home sections, or even free dependant on age. At The Ricoh Arena: 31,407 v Chelsea FA Cup 6th Round, March 7th 2009. At Highfield Road: 51,455 v Wolverhampton Wanderers Division 2, April 29th, 1967. Average Attendance Coventry City v Bolton Wanderers Football League One Monday 2nd January 2017, 3pm Matthew Bowling (Bolton Wanderers fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? Because it was the first game of 2017 and the Ricoh Arena was another away ground for me to visit. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We were on a supporters coach so getting to the ground was out of our hands so we got there reasonably well and parked in the coach park. The journey was fine no real problems getting down there or getting back after the game. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We went to a pub in Nuneaton before the game which we arrived at about 12 noon. We stayed there until 2pm before jumping back on the coach to be taken to the stadium. There was a five minute walk between the coach park and the Ricoh Arena itself but the walkway was well stewarded so no sign of any trouble occurring. The pub we went too was called the Griffin Inn. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? I soon realised when I saw the stadium up close of how multi-functional the Ricoh Arena is as it is a football ground, rugby stadium, a casino and a concert venue. The stadium itself is a good arena but too big for the current club who play there. The stadium is pretty much the same with only one different stand to the rest of the ground. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. It wasn't a great first half as a poor performance from us resulted in Bolton going one down at the break but I thought neither side deserved to have the lead. The atmosphere really lifted towards the end of the game from both sets of supporters. Bolton equalised from the penalty spot which was more relief than anything else only to be shot down two minutes later when Coventry regained the lead. It all looked like we were getting what we deserved, nothing, until Clayton pounced on a lapse of concentration in the Coventry defence to grab a point for Bolton to keep us in second place. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: We had a Police escort and all coaches were right outside the away end when the game finished, which made getting to the coaches a lot easier. There were no problems on the way back home either. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: It was a decent away day very thankful we got something from the game but still not happy with our performance. Coventry City v Sheffield United Football League One Thursday 15th December 2016, 7.45pm Kevin Knowles (Sheffield United fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? I was looking forward to watching a pre-Christmas away match, although it was a shame that this game had been moved from the Saturday afternoon to a Thursday night for television coverage, which would obviously impact on our away following. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? A couple of delays on the motorway on the way but still made Coventry in good time. But parking is a pain as advised on this website. I remember going to the Ricoh in its early days and dumping the car on a dual carriage way and/or on a trading estate but obviously the local council have seen the cash cow from parking tickets. Eventually though found a hidden car park at the Coventry Welsh rugby club, good luck to anyone who can find it though! What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? Straight into the game as we were paying cash on the night. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? The "your grounds too big for you" chant has never been more apt. The Ricoh Arena is just like all the recently built stadia but because of the issues at Coventry between the fans and the club itself, much of the ground is under used, although views of the pitch are good. It did look as though the Wasps rugby team were the more important users of the stadium as their club badges on the stands was bigger than that of Coventry's and there was more advertising to buy rugby tickets than football tickets, very strange... Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was not great and Coventry deserved something from the game based on their performance on the pitch. But the Coventry fans had picked this game to demonstrate against their owners and did not behave in an acceptable manner with two pitch invasions and keeping hold of the ball when it went in the stands. This behaviour did not endear them to the away fans who could have sympathised with them and their cause but instead the atmosphere turned unpleasant, none of which was help by the poor stewarding and policing of the game. While the protest obviously was designed to draw position attention to the cause of Coventry's fans I'm sure they could have found a better way to gain support. For the record Sheffield won 2-1, Blades getting the winner late on into the game, shortly after the second pitch invasion by the home fans. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: No problems getting away or on the journey home. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Strange game with the fans protests, but three points taken and we move on, hopefully we won't need to be going to Coventry again for some time. But I do hope the Coventry fans can get their club issues sorted out. Coventry City v Oxford United Football League One Tuesday 18th October 2016, 7.45pm Tyler King (Oxford United fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? I was looking forward to this game as this would be the first time that Oxford would play Coventry at the Richoh Arena. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The journey was very straight forward and the Ricoh Arena is clearly visible from the road. Parking is across the dual carriageway opposite the ground. Fans then get to the stadium on foot by either using a subway or walking over a footbridge. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? I went straight into the ground as apart from a Casino (who don't allow in under 18's) I couldn't see anything on the outside to do. I did not see many home fans, as there wasn't many of them (due to protests). What you thought on seeing the ground, first i mpressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? The Ricoh Arena is impressive on the inside but underneath the concourses were another thing. Only two bars were open and due to Oxford taking over 2,000 supporters, it was very crowded. However, I sat two thirds of the way up the stand and the view was fantastic Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was disappointing from an Oxford perspective. We were 2-0 down at half time and never really got back into it, scoring a consolation goal in the 92nd minute. But other than that the stewards were helpful and friendly, and the food was very good. Although there was a good away support it was difficult to get the atmosphere going, due to the high roofs of the stands. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Getting away from the ground was very easy and did not queue. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall our visit to the Ricoh Arena was a good evening out despite the result, but not a ground I would want to visit quickly again! Coventry City v Shrewsbury Town League One Saturday 13th August 2016, 3pm James Baxter (Neutral fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? I was looking forward to it because I live abroad and only get to one or two British games per season. This one was a local(ish) derby between two clubs whose names evoke fond memories. Coventry won the greatest FA Cup final of my lifetime, in 1987. Shrewsbury used to play at the ramshackle but utterly gorgeous Gay Meadow, a ground it was always a pleasure to visit. The first indications that this fixture wouldn’t be such a pleasure were after I’d ordered the tickets. I did this early because four of us planned to attend the game - my father, my partner and a long-time friend – and I wanted to ensure four seats together with good vantage points. Coventry use Ticketmaster, rarely a good sign in my experience. When, two weeks after my order, the tickets still hadn’t arrived, I emailed both Coventry and Ticketmaster to enquire as to why. Neither responded, and it was only after a resend of my mail to the club, one week later, that Coventry finally replied to say that I would have the tickets five days ahead of the game. There was nothing on the website, or in my order confirmation to say that distribution of tickets is left until the week of the fixture. Ticketmaster, of course, charge you a £1 admin fee per ticket for their 'troubles‘. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Another nightmare. The Ricoh Arena has a railway station that can’t be used on matchdays(!), and it is a long way from Coventry’s main station. There are no direct buses from the station, so you have to walk into town and catch a local service from the bus station. All I can say is, don’t do what we did and get on the number 5, as it takes you on a lengthy detour around every housing estate in north Coventry. A friendly fellow passenger told us about various other services we should have taken, but even these have to go along the Foleshill Road out of town. Given that there were roadworks along here, and that it is single-track, this too would have taken forever, as we realised when heading back to town after the game. I thought the whole point of out of town grounds was their accessibility. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? After walking into town, we went to the Earl of Mercia, a Wetherspoons pub near Coventry Cathedral. It was all you’d expect from a Wetherspoons; you don’t go hungry or thirsty, you don’t spend obscene amounts of money, but you don’t leave thinking, @I must come here again‘. I’d visited the cathedral before on a previous, non-football trip to Coventry, and that really is worth a visit. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? The number 5 bus offers glimpses of the ground from every conceivable angle before actually getting close to it. When you get there, it’s a modern, out-of-town ground with no really distinctive features. The concourses are spacious, but the refreshment outlets are absolute rip-offs (£1.50 for a mars bar, £2.50 for a bottle of water). Inside, the sky-blue seats suggest that this is Coventry’s home, but the Wasps RUFC logos everywhere tell a different tale. There’s something profoundly wrong here, surely; a rugby club with London roots owning a stadium in Coventry, a city with a proud rugby club of its own, and having a former FA Cup winner as its tenants. City’s owners, and the city council, have failed the club badly. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. I’d hoped that, by 3pm, all my negative impressions would be out of the way and the game would be a thriller. Of course, it wasn’t. Coventry looked bright in the first-half, with their front-three of Kyle Reid, Jodi Jones and Ruben Lameiras all showing some skillful touches. It was soon obvious, however, that none of the three is a natural goalscorer. Shrewsbury evened the game out following two half-time substitutions and a change in formation, and had two excellent late chances to score a winner. By then, Coventry had been forced to finish with ten men, Kwame Thomas getting injured after Tony Mowbray had used all three of his subs. 0-0 was about right. Coventry fans are only in the West and East Stands, which concentrates them more than if they were allowed behind the goals. The real problem is that the Ricoh Arena is too big for their average attendance. There were just under 10,300 at this game, disappointing for the first home match of the season, perhaps. However, considering how Coventry have been treated, and how they treat their fans, it’s surprising that they still get five-figure crowds. The home support were patient with their side, but impatient with referee Ross Joyce and – more rightly – with the club owners. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: We ditched the buses and took a taxi back to the station. However tt got stuck in traffic along the Foleshill Road. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Well, no day spent with friends and loved ones is entirely bad, but I won’t be visiting the Ricoh again, unless Coventry fans can take the club over. Good luck to them. Tuesday 9th August 2016, 7.45pm Graham Brown (Portsmouth fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? Having a great memory of visiting Highfield Road and Pompey winning 5-1 on my last away trip to Coventry I wanted to see the improved Ricoh Arena and to take my son to his second ever away trip after Stevenage. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Very easy to find and we parked in the nearby retail car park initially as we were early so wanted somewhere to eat. We were told if we spent £25 in a store and left the receipt on the dashboard we could stay parked for the match. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? Visited the Pizza Hut on site where they were very friendly, many other football fans of both sides, so must be popular on match days. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? We were impressed with the size and we're really looking forward to going, on entering the ground we were amazed at the view looked great from the away end with nothing to obstruct the view wherever we chose the sit, they allowed us to sit in any seat. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Great game which ended 3-2, after extra time, with some good football displayed. The atmosphere in the Portsmouth end was superb however due to the very low attendance from Coventry fans and the fact they were so far spread in this impressive stadium we heard nothing unless they scored. Stewards were friendly and the half time area under the stand is very good for refreshments and catching up on the half time scores on the TV. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Walked straight to the car from the final whistle in five minutes max and drove straight out only waiting for the traffic lights, easy access to M6 and on our way home. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: We overall enjoyed our visit to the Ricoh Arena. But I would like to attend another game there with more home support as the atmosphere could be great. Saturday 6th February 2016, 3pm Malcolm Parr (Bury fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Ricoh Arena? This was my first visit to the Ricoh Arena. I have visited over one hundred grounds on my travels with Bury so I was eager to compare this stadium with others. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? My outward journey was easy. The Ricoh Arena is approximately one mile from Junction 3 of the M6. It is located just off a dual carriageway. Several car parks are provided for spectators, but these are expensive. I searched in vain for street parking, but in the end, I paid £5.00 to park in a car park which was located across the road from the stadium. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? The atmosphere around the stadium was relaxed. I wasn't able to find a pub within walking distance. I didn't sense any hostility. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Ricoh Arena? The outside of the stadium is imposing. The inside is reminiscent of the Madjeski Stadium in Reading. Three sides of the ground are identical. The fourth side is equipped with corporate facilities. All the seats are sky blue. The acoustics are excellent, as is the tannoy system. The away supporter's concourse is equipped with a bar and catering facilities which sell standard, over-priced food and drink. The stands are accessed by flights of stairs. The stands are steep, so disabled fans may well be advised to sit in the lower sections. The stewards were amiable. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Our away form has been poor for some time. However, about 500 Bury fans made the trip to Coventry, hoping for an improvement. It was an emotional day for the home fans. There was a pre-match tribute to Jimmy Hill, who passed away about four weeks before the game. The game effectively ended as a contest after 17 minutes. By this time, City were 3-0 up. A fourth goal triggered an exodus of Bury fans at half time. By the time City had scored their sixth goal, I had had enough. I left with about 15 minutes left to play. It was the worst Bury performance I had witnessed in thirty years. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: I crossed the footbridge to get back to my car and I was back on the M6 before the final whistle. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: I'm glad I made the journey. I enjoy visiting new grounds. The Ricoh Arena was built with atmosphere in mind. Access to the stadium is easy for drivers - if expensive. It is another ground I've ticked off my list. Hopefully, I will see a better game on my next visit. Coventry City v Southend United League One John & Stephen Spooner (Southend United fans) Why were you looking forward to visiting the Ricoh Arena? It was our first ever visit to the Ricoh Stadium after hoping for many seasons to see them playing Southend again. Coventry led by Tony Mowbray were in the top five with only one defeat in the league, against Southend led by Phil Brown in the bottom 4 still looking for a first league win since promotion in May. So a chance to see two experienced managers do battle at a stadium with good ratings by other fans. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We live in North Wales so looked forward to a leisurely 110 mile trip down the M6, but Bank Holiday traffic made for a congested slow journey of two and a half hours. After leaving Junction 3 of the M6 and passing the Ricoh Arena on our left we headed right up Winding House Lane, to a pre-booked car park. The parking was found on Coventry's official website. It was Car Park 1 and was well organised by stewards on the site of a local non league team. It was then a 15 to 20 minute walk downhill to the Ricoh. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We enjoyed picnic and coffee and then took the walk to the stadium, climbing numerous steep steps to a footbridge crossing a busy road, onto the area leading to the away turnstiles. We met up with my two brothers. Local fans appeared friendly. What you thought on seeing the Ricoh Arena, first impressions of away end then other sides of the stadium? The first views of the Ricoh from outside are superb, a modern well designed ground. We found that you could pay cash at the gates and a series of steps take you through the concourse and out into the arena which is magnificent. The stadium is exactly as described on this site. The home end behind the goal was blocked off which detracted slightly from the affect. The floodlights were unusual in that they were on the stands along the length of the ground on each side rather than in corners or on all 4 sides. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. A crowd of 12,967 including Southend's 819 came alive after 34 minutes when Coventry took the lead. The atmosphere was charged further with Southend equalising within two minutes of the re-start and then shortly thereafter taking the lead with a penalty. Didn't bother with pies or facilities but heard good reports from others. In the second half Coventry had a penalty well saved by Southend's promising young keeper, Dan Bentley. Coventry managed to make it 2-2 after 72 minutes to ensure a nail biting finish to a highly entertaining game of football. Night games are usually good for atmosphere and this was certainly the case for this match. The stewards were helpful and allowed fans to sit anywhere within the usual away section of the South Stand. Fans were well behaved and remained seated apart from when the goals went in. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: A 20 minute march up the hill in constant rain to the car park was the worst part with an easy exit back down the hill and left at the stadium and onto the M6 ensuring a rapid exit. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: An entertaining night game. Four goals and a brilliant Ricoh stadium ensured a memory of a good day out that will linger more than many. A ground not to be missed if you get a chance to visit. Coventry City v Doncaster Rovers League One Saturday 21st March 2015, 3pm Brandon Hazelwood (Doncaster Rovers fan) Why you were looking forward to going to the Ricoh Arena? Having never travelled to the Ricoh before, it was to be a new stadium for me to visit. Plus it was one that I was looking forward to going to, due to its sheer size and modernness. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The journey was pretty easy from Doncaster, mainly spent on the motorway and we arrived in Coventry after about 1hr 40minutes of travelling. We parked about 15 minutes walk away from the stadium to avoid paying for a car park. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? Before we parked up, we went to a nearby mcdonalds where oddly we saw no coventry fans or Doncaster fans at all! Once we finished, we parked up and began the walk to the Ricoh Arena. Along the way, we met a couple of City fans which turned out to be very friendly and chatty. Certainly a welcoming we wanted! What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the stadium? The first thought was that it looked stunning! Extremely modern and the sheer size could be judged just from the outside. Certainly not a stadium you would associate with League One football! We had a quick walk around the ground before going into the away end where we had to walk up around 50 steps to even get out onto the pitch side! The inside looked absolutely amazing and seemed huge compared to our Keepmoat Stadium. The stairs seemed very steep and the height was almost scary from the top. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game itself started off terrible with a lacklustre first-half and Coventry took the lead 4 minutes into the game. The boos rung out for Paul Dickov yet again. Second half, Wellens equalised, Clarke-Harris sprung up minutes later and Forrester slotted home to send the 499 rovers fans crazy and a fantastic 3 points for the Red and White Army! As for, the Coventry fans we didn't hear a thing except from when they took the lead. It was very quiet but it is hard to generate an atmosphere when only a quarter of the ground is full. Compared to the stadium overall, the toilets were quite poor and seemed rather run down with graffity and stickers everywhere. Hardly saw a thing from the stewards which is nice for us away fans. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game : After the 15 minute walk back to the car, it was very simple to get out and we were back on the motorway almost straight away. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall, it was a thoroughly entertaining day, made better with the three points. The Ricoh will be definitely be one that we will have to visit again! 9/10 Coventry City v MK Dons League One Ben Vince (MK Dons fan) Why you were looking forward to visiting the Ricoh Arena? I was looking forward to the game as MK Dons were hoping to take 2,000 fans to Coventry. Plus I had never been to a league away game before, so it was going to be an exciting trip. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? It was very easy as I got on one of the official supporters coaches from Stadium MK to the Ricoh Arena. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? I had heard that there was a casino at the stadium, but the doormen there wanted to see iD as proof of my age. Unfortunately I hadn't thought to bring any so was unable to enter. However some friendly Coventry fans directed me to a local pub which was most obliging of them. What you thought on seeing the Richoh Arena, first impressions of away end then other sides of the stadium? When I saw the stadium for the first time I was blew away as the view I had was second to none and the ground itself looks stunning. In my opinion it has to be one of the better stadiums in the league. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Once the game started the atmosphere inside from both sets of fans were amazing. As the attendance was under 10,000 for this game, I wondered what the atmosphere would be like with the stadium full. However the atmosphere in the away end dried up with the Dons going 2-0 down in the first 13 minutes. After half time MK went all out attack and pulled one back in the 56 minute, but the game finished 2-1, to Coventry. The facilities were good and the stewards were polite and helpful. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Getting away from the ground was just as easy as getting to the stadium, as the coach I took was parked just outside where the fans was leaving. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall it has been an amazing day even though my team lost but I would recommend any fan to visit the Ricoh Arena and enjoy the experience. Coventry City v Exeter City Johnstone's Paint Trophy Tuesday, October 7th, 2014, 7.45pm Gary Parker (Exeter City fan) As I am ticking off all league grounds in my quest to do the 92, I have been waiting for Coventry to return home for some time. As luck would have it, my beloved Exeter City drew them in the Johnstone's Paint Trophy just weeks after returning home. Even better news was that Coventry were charging just £5 to visiting supporters. My working hours are pretty flexible these days so I set off for Coventry from Swindon at around 3pm, deciding to take the scenic Fosse Way route rather than chewing up a load of miles on the motorway. I arrived in Coventry at about 5pm and found the ground well signposted from the A46 (south of Coventry). Having planned to arrive in plenty of time, I drove back towards the city centre in search of a curry house. I found one called the Bengal Delights just five minutes drive away at 166-168 Holbrook Lane, Coventry, CV6 4BY. I cannot recommend this highly enough, fantastic food at very reasonable prices and so close to the stadium. Having enjoyed a very good curry, I made my way to the ground and was able to park in one of the official car parks for just £5. The Ricoh Arena looks quite impressive from outside. Once inside, apart from a unique little shelf of seating along one side (presumably for corporate guests) the rest is pretty much the same as all new stadiums these days. Still it was spacious and had good leg room and the stands were quite steep. Although there is a large and seemingly pointless gravel track surrounding the pitch, you still feel quite close to the action. The stewards were few and far between and were not called upon at all, so I can't really comment. The game itself was nothing much, Exeter were without their goalkeeper and central midfielder who were away on England Under 20 duty. We were also missing three first team players, so it was a young side that played and whilst they played well and gave it their all, a 3-1 defeat was probably about fair. There were only 7,200 at the game and 600 of those were Exeter so the atmosphere wasn’t all that great. But the travelling fans certainly gave it their all. Due to the low attendance I was able to get away fairly quickly, although they do keep the car parks closed until the majority of fans have made their way past the exit roads and this was around five minutes. The ground is right by the M6 and I was on the motorway before 10pm and back in Swindon shortly after 11:15! A shame about the result but it was a good game by two sides playing attractive football, in a nice stadium, the only down side though was…..and shame on Coventry City for this……NO Bovril being served in the away end! 9/10 overall would have been a 10 but for the lack of a Bovril. Coventry City v Exeter City Johnstone's Paint Trophy Tuesday, October 7th, 2014, 7.45pm Steve Ellis (Exeter City fan) 1. Why were you looking forward to going to this ground? This was to be my 40th of the current 92 clubs and one ground I never thought I would get the chance to get to. But the moment this fixture was drawn I pulled out the stops to get the day off. 2. How easy was your journey and finding the ground? I travelled up on the supporters coach, leaving Exeter at 2pm, arriving in Coventry, just after 6pm. There was no hassle in finding the ground as it's visible from the M6. 3. What did you do before the game, pub, chippy....home fans friendly? Before the game we opted to go to the Grosvenor Casino, which is part of the Ricoh complex and open to visiting supporters. Drinks started at prices of £3.50, food starting at £5. I didn't join in the gambling on this occasion. The home supporters I encountered in there seemed friendly enough. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end and then other sides of ground? Once through the turnstiles you come into a nice size concourse then you have to take two flights of stairs up into the stadium. Inside I thought it looked fantastic, and like most modern stadiums it is all enclosed. There is also plenty of leg room in the stands. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, refreshments etc. The game was a slow starter for Exeter and due to a couple of defensive errors we went in 2-0 down at half time, the game eventually ending 3-1 to Coventry. The atmosphere was superb as you would expect in a stadium like this, with the 486 Exeter fans singing from start to finish. Once again the stewards were helpful and non-obtrusive, toilets under the stand were clean and refreshments looked good but were quite pricey. 6. Comments on getting away from the ground after the game. No issues getting away after the game as the coaches were parked right outside the exit gates. Just before boarding the coach couple of Coventry fans came over said we were the best travelling fans they'd seen so far this season. Coventry City v Swindon Town League One Saturday, March 2nd, 2013, 3pm Ronan Howard (Swindon Town fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): Though I’d been to the Ricoh before due to work, I’d never watched a match there. Certainly looked a good ground and better than many in League One. Coupled with what was to be a very big away following, this was shaping up to be a good day out. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? From Basingstoke it was a 115 mile trip, although relatively straightforward – M4/A34/M40, before skirting around Coventry and back in from the M6. Due to the wonders of google street view I knew exactly what to expect and where to go, and signposting is excellent. Parked in the Ricoh car park free of charge, as I’d arranged this as a “football package” (two tickets for the match, with a night in the hotel adjacent for me and the missus for around 80 pounds). I cannot recommend this enough as it’s great value and meant once the car was parked we could really relax. Parking is ample at the stadium itself. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? As we arrived early (around midday) there was plenty of time to take a wander across the road to the retail park and have a burger. Then to the casino adjacent to the Ricoh – spacious, decent selection of beverages, Sky Sports on the many TVs, it was yet another selling point for the ground. There was plenty of time to watch the early kick off match and have a couple of pints before taking a short stroll to the away end. It should be noted that there’s very little else in the way of pubs in the immediate vicinity of the ground so it’s just as well the casino is large enough to accommodate a big away (and home) following. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The Ricoh looks pretty impressive from the outside but seems smaller than first impressions once you’re actually inside. Whilst it’s perfectly adequate and comfortable there’s little to distinguish it from similar modern stadiums. As a “bowl” type stadium all areas look fairly uniform, with the exception of the large row of executive boxes on one side of the ground to our left. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. I had mixed feelings before the match, as we’d seemed to have a downturn in form, and had just appointed a new manager – confidence wasn’t exactly high. As for the game, it was a rollercoaster to say the least – after going one nil down within the first couple of minutes due to some absolutely shambolic defending, the town rallied themselves and started to threaten. It was yet another match where we ended up dominating and creating a host of chances only to squander them repeatedly. Andy Williams seemed to be having a nightmare with three gilt-edged chances wasted, before finally equalising in the 86th minute. Although I would’ve taken a point at that stage, we did one better and defender Darren Ward scored a rare header to win it on the 90th – cue delirium from the 2000+ town fans in the away end! The atmosphere was mixed throughout the match other than that, with the home fans making little noise and with some problems finding seats for the away fans – as I’d got into the ground early I experienced no problems, but did hear of some having to watch the game on TV on the concourse – it would seem Coventry grossly underestimated the amount of fans who would attend, and after allowing unreserved seating, found it difficult to get everyone sat down. There were a number of frustrated exchanges with stewards that I saw, however to their credit all the stewards I spoke to were excellent and very relaxed. Didn’t eat or drink in the ground, however there seemed to be adequate facilities and the toilets were ample and well maintained. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: As I was staying over at the hotel I can’t really comment, however the car park layout was fairly good and I wouldn’t imagine there would have been too many problems – the traffic getting back on the M6, possibly more problematic. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: In terms of result and performance, a fantastic day. Atmosphere from the home fans was fairly flat, and with only around 10-11,000 home fans in a ground that holds 31,000, there were big gaps in the seating and little opportunity to get any singing going on. Nice enough stadium, easy to get to and with good facilities. Would definitely visit again in the fairly likely event we’re still in League One next season! Coventry City v Shrewsbury Town League One Tuesday January 1st 2013, 3pm Rus Teece (Shrewsbury Town fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground: Like many fans, I really enjoy going to matches over the Christmas/New Year period, it gets you out of the house and away from all that food! There were also a number of other reasons for looking forward to this trip; it was a new ground for me as it was Town's ever first visit to the Ricoh. It was one of our shortest away trips of the season and the team had managed to turn the corner after a very iffy spell. The only negative was that Coventry were in superb form so I travelled more in hope than expectation. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The Ricoh must be one of the easiest grounds to get to by road. I drove and it is dual carriageway/motorway pretty much all the way. As it was a public holiday even traffic on the M6 was moving at a good pace which meant the journey took just under an hour to complete. We managed to find free parking in an industrial estate off the A444 on the left just before the stadium. I'm not sure whether parking is allowed on a normal Saturday matchday, but as there was a mixture of home and away fans parking there we decided it would be OK. I'm happy to report that no parking tickets were issued. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? This turned out to be Coventry's largest home attendance of the season so far, including over 1,400 Town fans, but I never witnessed any problems as fans mingled outside before and after the game. We headed straight for the turnstiles where we found the stewards and staff to be friendly and helpful. Once inside it appeared as though Coventry hadn't realised that little old Shrewsbury might bring more than a couple of hundred fans as the queue for the only food outlet was huge and the food in short supply, I heard the too few and harassed staff behind the counter telling people that the pies and burgers would be ready by half-time, not what they wanted to hear. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? From the outside the ground looks a large and impressive structure, a lot different to many of the grounds we have visited this season. For me this makes the occasion more memorable, you get the feeling that you are visiting a "Big Club" and you have to remind yourself that it is a league fixture. This feeling continues once you are inside, the number of steps you have to scale gives some clue to the size of the stand. Some people refer to the ground as a "soulless bowl" but I thought it was a superb arena. I like the completely enclosed design as it helps to keep any noise in and a lot of the cold wind out. The main stand is different to the other three sides and this helps to break up the lines. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game felt like payback for all the matches this season where we have conceded late goals to drop vital points, it had happened far too many times. We certainly rode our luck at times and while we forged a number of very decent chances there is no denying that Coventry had more of the game and the better goalscoring opportunities, only Gary McSheffrey will know how he missed a golden opportunity presented on a plate by a poor back-pass. Marvellous Marvin Morgan gratefully accepted his best chance of the match to send us all into delirium. What followed was some decent defending and superb goalkeeping and we managed to hold out for our first away win of the season. Despite there being over 15,000 inside the ground the atmosphere generated by the home support was non-existent. I don't know how much we could be heard by the home fans but it is safe to say that the Town fans were the only ones making any noise - especially after the 62nd minute goal. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: The only drawback of the free parking was the fact that our location meant we had to drive towards the ground and negotiate the traffic-light controlled roundabout before swinging back towards the M6. This took a lot longer than expected but once we were headed north things went very smoothly. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Best away day of the season so far - quality ground offering an excellent view of the action, large turnout of Town fans, good opposition in excellent form vanquished for our first away win of the season, free parking and I didn't have to pay to get in. What is there not to like? Coventry City v Crawley Town League One Tuesday November 6th 2012, 7.45pm Geoff Day (Crawley Town fan) Our visit to the Ricoh Arena was to watch Crawley Town play their first league game against Coventry City and to visit the impressive Ricoh Arena for the first time. Getting there by supporters coach was a long but pleasant journey on a Tuesday evening. We took around 300 travelling fans and found the stadium lived up to our expectations. The Coach parking was close to the ground and after the game the coaches were waiting immediately outside the gates to save us the short walk back and allow a quick exit for the journey back home. Before the game we sampled the ground catering facilities, which were standard fare and average priced. Service was quick and friendly. We had little contact with the home fans but never felt any hostility, apart from one youngster’s over exuberance after the game, which was quickly dealt with, the police brought him to the coach to apologise for his gestures, good old fashioned policing! Walking up the steps into the arena itself was quite surreal, as you entered the stadium on a very dark night. It felt almost as if the stadium was isolated in a bubble. The acoustics were excellent and even a few hundred supporters can make a lot of noise. Views of the game were much better than anticipated, despite the “track” around the pitch it did not feel too far away. Contrary to some reviews read before our visit, we found the stewarding friendly and helpful and low key. We stood for the first twenty or so minutes of the game without any intolerance from the stewards, perhaps because we were relatively few in number or perhaps because we came without any rivalry or threatening behaviour. The facilities were as good as you would expect from a new ground. The game itself was disappointing for us, as we lost, but we still managed to have a good game experience, as this is undoubtedly a very impressive stadium, although the crowd was only around eight and a half thousand, much less than half full, it still had a good atmosphere, with the Coventry fans woken up by their scoring and finally generating their own noise. Getting away from the ground was easy, as the stewards and police held traffic to allow the coaches to leave together. Overall, a worthwhile journey, although it would have been nice to visit the city whilst there, something you miss when the coach brings you straight to the ground. Saturday 12noon July 28th 2012 Andy Hutchcraft (Just there to savour the Olympics!) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): As someone who has mainly visited old grounds, I was looking forward to seeing a new build, particularly as it was hosting an Olympic event. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Journey from Peterborough along the A14 then the M6 was perfect until the slip road for the stadium turn off, it was there that the queues started. It took nearly half an hour inching bumper to bumper to get parked in one of the designated Olympic car parks about 20 minutes walk from the ground. But the queue snaked right past the stadium so I got to see a good view early on. Signposting was very good. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Walked at top speed to the stadium as we'd been warned that security checks outside the ground could create delays. But once at the ground we walked in with no problems, just a quick body search from a security guard. Note: the ground operates a barcode turnstile to allow you through. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The ground itself was exceptional. We had an excellent view of the action despite being situated towards the corner. Concourses beneath were wide, and access areas plentiful. The tannoy was suitably booming, and the big screen in the corner was very easy to see. The clear roof gave a wonderful sense of light on what was a sunny day. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game ended 0-0 but not for the want of trying, certainly by the Japanese who missed several great chances. The skill level of the teams was very high, the killer instinct in front of goal perhaps not quite so high. Atmosphere was great as you'd expect for an Olympic tournament, with many families and obviously many foreign visitors in attendance. Queues for food at half time were long, but the food was of excellent quality, and the toilets plentiful if somewhat spartan inside. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Left for the 20 minute walk back to the car park, getting away was far easier than getting parked, back on the motorway in no time. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: It was always going to be something of a unique experience seeing an Olympic event in a British stadium, and the experience was wonderful. Coventry City have got a great asset with that ground which is certainly Premier League quality! Coventry City v Ipswich Town Championship League Saturday February 4th 2012 Myles Munsey (Neutral fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): Having cleared all the clubs in the South, I was now turning my attention to the Midlands where three or four more were required. Coventry is pretty close to home and after a winter recess I decided to resume activities in February not anticipating a foul day weather-wise! 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The journey to Coventry by train was straightforward and I arrived at 11.30am with bags of time on my hands. As a keen walker and as a means of keeping warm on a bitterly cold day (mad some might say), I walked to the stadium from the City Centre. It took an hour and five minutes. My internet print out map proved useful for checking position and although a bit of a slog I had no trouble locating the Arena. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I took an early lunch in Coventry Market where I also bought a much needed pair of emergency gloves. The only slight bother was getting to the start of the Foleshill Road which is near the bus station. This road, once located takes you right up to the stadium. After a long drag through three miles of rather monotonous ribbon development, I located Tescos where I bore left through the shopping centre (as advised). I eventually emerged close to the stadium where a pedestrian underpass below the Coventry to Nuneaton railway line brought me outside the stadium. I had already requisitioned a ticket from the club so spent time taking pictures including one of the Jimmy Hill statue (not too sure about the likeness) and speaking to the stewards one of whom summoned me across as he had spotted my Torquay(!) scarf. The scarf turned out to be a real conversation piece and I found all the stewards extremely helpful and chatty. I visited the well-apppointed club shop and invested in a CCFC tie - one of the nicest ties I've seen for long time. The weather forecast predicted snow for three o'clock and was unerringly accurate as flakes started falling right on cue. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Very much as I expected from a modern stadium. Everything was very well organised and my seat next to an aisle was comfortable. The seats in the Evening Telegraph stand mercifully had plenty of legroom (I'm 6'3") although the view down to the far end where four of the goals were scored (curses) was a long one. There were replays shown on the screen in the far left corner admittedly, but these weren't a lot larger than what could be seen with the naked eye. One minor crticism was that the yellow painted row letters for the seats were ridiculously small -only about 5 inches high so it took me a wee while to find my seat. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. Given that both teams were at the wrong end of the table and with a swirling wind I was expecting a cagey affair with ball control difficult. In fact both teams mastered the conditions admirably and a see-saw encounter with the lead changing three times saw Ipswich nick it 3-2 with a deft header from Chopra deep into injury time. Although there was a good turnout (13,000) on a foul day the atmosphere was pretty muted. The stewards were great and the toilets in good order and clean (sky blue decor!). 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: I was out of the stadium in five minutes. There was a bit of a log jam getting through the underpass. Once through I noted, as in earlier reports, that there were long queues for the stadium special buses. So, with an hour and a half until my train left Coventry I embarked on the long walk (again!) and was as warm as toast by the time I got to the station at 18.00. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Despite the sub-zero temperatures and periodic icy blasts, this was a good spectacle and a very enjoyable day out. Comfortable stadium, good view - albeit I was straining a bit to see the action down the far end, no hassle from anyone. But please make those row identification letters larger! Coventry City v West Ham United Championship League Saturday November 19th 2011, 3pm Tom Taylor (West Ham United fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): It was the one away game of the season that I was most looking forward to visit, purely to see the Ricoh Arena! A large following from West Ham (around 6,300 fans) were to be in attendance and I was expecting a fierce and electric atmosphere in this modern arena. The game and stadium certainly didn’t disappoint! 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The stadium itself is very easy to find. There are ample signs pointing you towards the Ricoh once you have come off the M6. There are also various car parks available to fans. The car park I parked my car in was a very reasonable £5 and about a 10-15 minute walk from the ground – Ideal. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? There were a few shops as we walked to the ground selling hot food, however I didn’t see many pubs near where we had parked so we got a beer in the ground instead. Home fans were very friendly and had no problem with us wearing our away colours both walking to and from the ground. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? I had seen various pictures of the Ricoh Arena before I arrived at the ground, and the whole spectacle did not disappoint. The outside of the ground was a modern as you like, the sky blue seats and pitch was perfection. The away end was largely spaced out as you enter through the turnstiles and they had various TV’s showing Sky Sports. The away end seats were near the only large screen in the stadium which was also a bonus. The rows of seats are very steep, giving a great view of the pitch and its impressive surroundings. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. The atmosphere from the Coventry fans were okay, having such a modern and steep stadium, the noise did carry. Coventry took a deserved lead going into half time so the singing of the Coventry fans was very good. However 2nd half West Ham dominated and scored twice in the last quarter to win the match. 6,300 away support was a credit to our club, and I’m sure the noise was incredible when we scored our winner. Credit to Coventry who on another day probably deserved a point - but we headed home the happiest. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: As we had a large following, getting out of the ground took a little bit of time, but once out the ground, because of the width from the stadium to the road, it was very easy to leave. As we had to cross the busy road, they have a large bridge, allowing plenty of fans to cross the road, and not get too crowded. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Superb day out, if we do fail to get promoted, I hope to visit again soon as the stadium is by far one of the best in the football league. Beautiful stadium and very much recommended! Saturday November 5th 2011 Steve Ridgley (Southampton fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I’ve visited the relatively new ‘Ricoh Arena’ once before. In 2007 I saw Southampton lose 4-1 in front of the Sky cameras in what was a terrible night for the Saints. However this season we were on a very good run heading into this game, and as I loved the ground and the surroundings so much last time, I’d thought I’d visit again! Also prior to the game Coventry had a battling home record, which would prove to be a wise test for Saints. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We travelled up by car with a very settled journey. Going into Coventry it was extremely congested along the A444 keeping us halted for around about half an hour! This congestion continued right through to Phoenix Way were the Ricoh Arena is situated. For car parking there are endless places to park with a few massive ones surrounding the stadium. Next to the ground is a modern, popular shopping centre named ‘Arena Park’. To park in there for longer than two hours would cost a whopping £25! However if you purchased an item at the shopping centre equivalent to £25 then parking is free. You do though need to display your receipt(s) on your dash board to show you’ve spent £25. Hence my dad and his friends loaded up with beer from the Tesco Extra! 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Throughout the area there were loads of restaurants, fast food places, so finding places to eat was fairly easy. However it is advisable you eat well before the match as all places can get very busy and you may run out of time in getting to the Stadium! We had a takeaway Burger King which we took away as the restaurant was chocker! Whilst being outside the ground, home fans seemed very friendly with no problems or major banter. Lots were helpful on directions to get to the away end. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? As before I think the Ricoh Arena is a fabulous ground. It has very steep stands (which I like) with the roof being very high above you. The sound system was spectacular; it was one of the best I’ve heard throughout the league before with loud/well chosen music before and during the game. For example, when Coventry scored the ‘Chelsea Dagger’ was blasted out. Overall the ground was very impressive with a great infrastructure. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. The game itself had all the ingredients to being a great game of football. Southampton took the advantage going into half time with a 2-0 lead, goals from Chaplow and Do Prado. Saints fans thought the game was settled, but with the Coventry City’s backing of their fans and subs they got one back seconds after the restart, 2-1. Then with 20 mins to go Coventry equalised which made it 2-2 with the Ricoh Arena going crazy making a deafening noise to send saints fans into worrying moods. But with our backing to strive on the team we got two late goals to make it 4-2! What a game to still keep us top of the league. During all the action the stewards let both Saints and part of Coventry fans beside us stand up all match not hassling us once, however going into the stadium stewarding is a bit over the top with normal procedures. Toilets were unbelievably crowded like any ground. Not the greatest, but there’s nothing they can do during the match as there were 3,000 saints supporters using them! 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: After them match it took 45 minutes getting out of the car park! However allfive5 of us were able to enjoy the 909 phone in with Saints fans complimenting the display. Once out of the car park surprisingly roads were very clear apart from a few queues in and around the A444. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall I really enjoyed my day out in and around the Ricoh arena with an outstanding game in all aspects and two of course keep us top of the league! And still, at this moment in time, having a laugh! Great, great display and also a great atmosphere, with 90% of the noise coming from the Saints fans! Tuesday September 27th 2011, 3pm Dean Williamson (Blackpool fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): The Ricoh stadium was for me the penultimate Midlands ground I'd yet to visit. I'd also heard that concerts were good at the stadium so was looking forward to experiencing the atmosphere at a football match there. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We drove down and found the best option was to park at one of the many car parks around the ground. It's standard to park for £5 at any of the sites. There is manned security throughout the game so this is a safe option. I would advise driving as no trains stop outside the stadium. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? As The Ricoh is on a business estate and some distance from the city centre the few pubs within walking distance are strictly home fans only. We went into the casino in the stadium which lets you in even if your not a member, away fan or wearing colours. The casino was novelty and a great opportunity to speak to home fans. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The Ricoh is one of the best stadiums in the football league. For both size and atmosphere this is also one of the best new all seaters. Both modern and providing great views of the pitch this is a real football experience. You can create lots of noise in the stadium and when full would enable you to have good banter with the home fans who are in the corner closest to the away fans. The stadium is fully connected at all corners and has a large screen that unlike some grounds is completely visible. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. The game itself was exciting and another one in which we dominated but failed to put away more of our chances. However, we did go into half time with a 1-0 lead. This wasn't to last though. There was controversy in the 78th minute when our central defender was off the pitch receiving treatment for an injury and the ref should wouldn't let us bring on a sub. Ironically from the resulting corner Coventry equalised to make it 1-1. There heads were up at this point and scored a second soon after only for us to equalise in the dying minutes! The Blackpool fans sang all game but the same can't be said for Coventry who struggled to fill the stadium and so the spaced apart home support were not unified. The steward were very well mannered and had a hands off approach. If the away attendance is not full they will let you sit where you want. Unbelievably they ran out of pies before the game and so I had to settle for a £4 hot dog. Finally, The toilets were large and easily accessible. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Unless you want to leave the stadium quickly at the end of the game, be prepared to sit in traffic for long periods, even with a low attendance. The traffic lights around the stadium appear to have a mind of their own and this caused many cars to go through on red lights. Highly dangerous and something the local council needs to address. Aside from this the area around the stadium is a vast and open therefore the crowds are not overbearing when leaving the stadium. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: I had a good evening at Coventry and will definitely be going again. This time to hit the table in the casino before the game!	i don't know
TAME is the national airline of which South American nation?	Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean - Nations Online Project Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean ___ Major Airlines of Latin America and the Caribbean List of flag air carriers, domestic airlines, commercial airlines with passenger and cargo service, scheduled air carrier and low cost airlines. For more information about the companies click on the link to connect to the official site. The country links will open the respective country profile. Airlines of countries in the Caribbean Bookmark/share this page Aerolineas Argentinas IATA Designator: AR, ICAO Designator: ARG, Callsign: ARGENTINA Aerolineas Argentinas is the flag carrier of Argentina and the largest airline in the country.It operates a regional flight network within South America and offers flights to cities in Mexico ( Mexico City ), the United States ( Miami ), Europe ( Barcelona , Madrid and Rome ) and to Auckland in New Zealand and Sydney , Australia . Its main hubs are at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE), located 22 km (14 mi) south-southwest of Buenos Aires , Argentina's capital. LAN Argentina IATA Designator: 4M, ICAO Designator: DSM, Callsign: LANAR LAN Argentina is an affiliate of LAN Airlines. It operates scheduled domestic services and international services to Lima ( Peru ), Miami (Florida, USA ), Punta Cana ( Dominican Republic ), Santiago ( Chile ) and Sao Paulo ( Brazil ). Its main bases are Jorge Newbery Airport (AEP) and Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE), both located in Buenos Aires. Sol Líneas Aéreas IATA Designator: 8R, ICAO Designator: OLS, Callsign: FLIGHTSOL Sol Líneas Aéreas is a regional airline, it operates domestic flights as well as to Montevideo , Uruguay. Main hub is at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP), a main airport for domestic flights in Buenos Aires. AeroSur IATA Designator: SL, ICAO Designator: ASU, Callsign: AEREOSUR AeroSur is Bolivia's biggest airline and one of the flag carrier of Bolivia. AeroSur operates domestic and regional scheduled services and some international flights to Europe and the US. Its main hub is at Viru Viru International Airport (VVI), Bolivia's main air gateway of international flights. The airport is located near Santa Cruz. Boliviana de Aviación (BoA) IATA Designator: LB, ICAO Designator: -, Callsign: - BoA is the other Bolivian flag carrier. It operates scheduled domestic routes and international services to São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina. The airline has its main hub at Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (CBB) near Cochabamba in central Bolivia. Lloyd Aereo Boliviano S.A.- L.A.B. (defunct) IATA Designator: LB, ICAO Designator: LLB, Callsign: LLOYDAEREO LAB was the most important national airline of Bolivia until 2007. The airline has served South-America, Mexico, Miami, and the Caribbean. Avianca Brazil IATA Designator: O6, ICAO Designator: ONE, Callsign: OCEANAIR The former OceanAir is a subsidiary of Avianca (Colombia). Avianca Brazil is a regional airline which operates passenger services to 18 destinations in Brazil. Its main base is at Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), São Paulo and it operates a secondary hub at Brasília International Airport (BSB). Azul Brazilian Airlines IATA Designator: AD, ICAO Designator: AZU, Callsign: AZUL Azul is a domestic low-cost carrier which operates flights to destinaions within Brazil. Its hub is at Campinas-Viracopos Airport (VCP), near Campinas. GOL - GOL Transportes Aeros IATA Designator: G3, ICAO Designator: GLO, Callsign: GOL The Brazilian airline operates a domestic routes network and growing international services to destinations in the Caribbean and South America. The fleet of VRG Linhas Aéreas combines the brands Gol and Varig. Its main hubs are at Congonhas Airport (CGH), São Paulo , Galeão International Airport (GIG) near Rio de Janeiro and Brasília International Airport (BSB), Brasília . TAM Linhas Aeras IATA Designator: JJ, ICAO Designator: TAM, Callsign: TAM TAM Airlines is the largest airline in Latin America and Brszil's flag carrier. It operates domestic scheduled services and also international flights to destinations in North and South America and Europe. Its main hub airports are at São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), at Brasília International Airport (BSB), Brasília , Brazil's capital city, and at Galeão International Airport (GIG) near Rio de Janeiro . IATA Designator: T4, ICAO Designator: TIB, Callsign: TRIP TRIP Linhas Aéreas operates an extensive network of scheduled domestic service to about 80 destinations within Brazil. WebJet Linhas Aéreas IATA Designator: WH (WJ), ICAO Designator: WEB, Callsign: WEBJET Webjet Linhas Aéreas is a Brazilian low cost airline, it operates domestic services to 14 cities in Brazil: Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Natal, Navegantes, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador da Bahia, and São Paulo. LAN Airlines IATA Designator: LA, ICAO Designator: LAN, Callsign: LAN LAN is Chile's national flag carrier, the largest airline in the country and one of the largest airlines in Latin America. LAN operates an extensive network of both domestic and international flights to destinations in Latin America and the United States, to Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand, and to Paris, Frankfurt and Madrid in Europe. Its main hub is Santiago International Airport (SCL) near Santiago Sky Airlines IATA Designator: H2, ICAO Designator: SKU, Callsign: AEROSKY Sky Airline is the second largest airline in Chile. It operates a mainly domestic network of services to destinations within Chile, and to Buenos Aires in Argentina , to La Paz in Bolivia and to Arequipa and Lima in Peru . The airline is based at Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (SCL), Chile's largest and busiest international airport which is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of Santiago . Avianca IATA Designator: AV, ICAO Designator: AVA, Callsign: AVIANCA Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. - is Colombia's largest airline and the country's flag carrier. One of the world's oldest airlines operates a large network of passenger and cargo services within the country and to destinations in North, Central, and South America and to the Caribbean and to Spain. Avianca's main hub is at the El Dorado International Airport (BOG). Colombia's primary domestic and international airport is located near Bogotá, D.C. , Colombia's capital. EasyFly IATA Designator: EF, ICAO Designator: ESY, Callsign: EASYFLY Easyfly S.A. is a Colombian low-cost carrier that operates flights to 18 cities in Colombia. Its main base is El Dorado International Airport (BOG), Bogotá. Lacsa IATA Designator: LR, ICAO Designator: LRC, Callsign: LACSA Lacsa is the national airline of Costa Rica. The airline is part of Grupo TACA and operates as TACA/Lacsa international scheduled services to destinations in Central, North and South America. Its main hub is at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), located about 20 km (13 mi) northwest of San José , Costa Rica's capital city. Nature Air IATA Designator: 5C, ICAO Designator: NRR, Callsign: NATUREAIR Nature Air (formerly Travelair) is a Costa Rican domestic airline, it operates scheduled mainly domestic services. Its base is at Tobías Bolaños International Airport (SYQ), San José's main airport for domestic flights. AeroGal IATA Designator: 2K, ICAO Designator: GLG, Callsign: AEROGAL AeroGal is an airline based in Quito, Ecuador. It operates domestic passenger and cargo flights within the country and between the mainland and the Galápagos Islands, as well as flights from Ecuador to Bogotá , Colombia , and to New York City in the United States . The airline's main hubs are at José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport (UIO), Quito 's principal airport, and Mariscal Sucre International Airport (GYE) which serves Guayaquil , Equador's main port, its commercial center and largest city. tame IATA Designator: EQ, ICAO Designator: TAE, Callsign: TAME Línea Aérea del Ecuador. Tame is a regional carrier which operates a network of passenger and cargo services to 10 cities in Ecuador: Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Galápagos (Santa Cruz y San Cristóbal), Machala, Loja, Coca, Esmeraldas and Lago Agrio. It also connects Quito with some destinations in the Carribean and it flys to Cali, Colombia three times a week.TAME's main hub is at Mariscal Sucre International Airport (GYE), Guayaquil . Air Guyane IATA Designator: 3S, ICAO Designator: GUY, Callsign: GREENBIRD Air Guyane Express operates domestic flights and under the name of Air Antilles Express regional scheduled flights to Fort-de-France , Martinique , to Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Castries , Saint Lucia . Its main base is Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport. TACA (Grupo Taca) IATA Designator: TA, ICAO Designator: TAI, Callsign: TACA TACA is a regional airline and El Salvador's flag carrier. The group of five independent Central American airlines, whose operations are combined to serve destinations in Latin America, North America, and the most important business and tourist destinations in South America and the Caribbean. TACA's three main hubs are 1. at Comalapa International Airport (SAL), located about 50 km (30 mi) from San Salvador , El Salvador's capital city; and 2. at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), about 20 km (12.5 mi) from San José , Costa Rica , and 3. at Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM), located 11 km (7 mi) from Lima , the capital city of Peru . IATA Designator: AM, ICAO Designator: AMX, Callsign: AEROMEXICO Aerovias de Mexico, one of Mexico's two leading airlines. IATA Designator: MX, ICAO Designator: MXA, Callsign: MEXICANA Compania Mexicana De Aviacion, the other one of Mexico's two leading airlines. Copa Airlines IATA Designator: CM, ICAO Designator: CMP, Callsign: COPA The Compania Panamena de Aviacion S.A. is Panama's leading airline and its flag carrier. According to Copa, the airline operates scheduled passenger services to 49 destinations in 27 countries in North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Its main hub is at Copa Tocumen International Airport (PTY), the country's largest airport, located 24 km (15 mi) east of Panama City , Panama's capital.	Ecuador
Who wrote the children’s book “The Very Hungry Caterpillar”?	Discover South America with oneworld - Travel the World Visit South America Discover South America with oneworld With access to 65 destinations throughout 10 countries, a oneworld® Visit South America Pass is your key to discovering this amazing continent and its people. A Visit South America Pass enables you to visit the following countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. You can visit vibrant cities like Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, experience the spectacular Andes Mountains or travel to Easter Island, the Galapagos or the exotic Amazonian region in the north of the continent. Choice of flights Book as many flights as you like with your oneworld Visit South America Pass (minimum three flights), using the services of American Airlines, British Airways, LAN, Qatar Airways, TAM and their affiliates . Simply confirm the first segment of your itinerary when you make your booking and enjoy the flexibility of leaving your remaining segments open-dated. Simple pricing The price you pay for your oneworld Visit South America Pass is based on the following pricing zones: Journeys can be within a single zone or a combination of two or more. A minimum purchase of three sectors is required with no maximum limit. Zone Up to 560 miles (901km) Zone 2 2301-3500 miles (3703-5632km) How to book Visit South America fares are available to residents of countries outside of South America. Travel must be booked before departure from country of origin and in conjunction with return travel to South America on a oneworld airline. You can book your Visit South America Pass directly with a oneworld member airline. Please click on the links below for airline contact information. SriLankan Airlines Terms and conditions Valid on all services within South America operated and marketed by American Airlines, British Airways, LATAM and Qatar Airways and their affiliates . For the purpose of this fare, the definition of South America is the countries listed above. Available for sale only to residents of countries outside South America. This fare must be booked before departure from country of origin, and in conjunction with return travel to South America on oneworld member airlines. All information, routings, available destinations and fares are subject to change without notice. Fares are calculated per sector and are exclusive of any taxes and passenger fees (which must be collected separately). Fares are for travel in economy-class cabins, and are limited to availability and capacity controls. Cancellation and amendment penalties apply, subject to conditions of fare. Routing restrictions apply. Children and infants: Children pay 67%. Infants pay 10%. Minimum stay: One day. Maximum stay: 12 months. All destinations you wish to travel to must be stated at time of purchase, before departure from country of origin. You need to make a reservation (confirm the flight number and date) for only the first segment of the trip. All remaining segments may be left open, as long as the reservations are made at any time prior to the day of departure on the segment concerned. Local fees may apply. Further conditions may apply. Please speak to a oneworld member airline if you have further questions. All information is correct as of 1 February 2013. Subject to change without notice. © 2017 oneworld Alliance, LLC	i don't know
Who was the star of wartime films “Spare a Copper”, “He Snoops to Conquer” and “Turned Out Nice Again”?	He Snoops To Conquer Handyman stands for election as Minister of Parliament for local village, and exposes corrupt councils plebiscite. Brendan Ryan Leslie Halliwell's Film Guide A local handyman exposes a corrupt council. Spotty star comedy with insufficient zest for its great length I said in a previous review that 'this film is the worst of the lot!' - I take it all back. It is actually quite good, I cannot understand why it has never been shown on television, far worst film productions get regular screenings. No matter! If you are a member of the GFS you will now be able to see for yourself because the Society has managed to find a excellent print of this film. It will be seen for the first time in Blackpool on November 28 and is sure to get a repeat performance. A marvelous discovery. All the pictures on this page are actual screen captures, not VistaVision I agree but a wonderful improvement on the only copy known (before now). Peter Pollard Update - August 2012 These images are from the DVD which is of course a very good copy, far better than the original film print written about above. The DVD version now carries sub-titles for the hard of hearing and is is available to purchase in the GFS shop, just follow this LINK. Peter Pollard In recent years, "He Snoops to Conquer" has been poorly thought of in comparison with George's other films. Sometimes the criticism has been a little unfair, arising from the fact that this film now appears more dated than most. The plot revolves around a local council's post-war town- planning, so although it seems rather obscure today, it would have been very topical when released. Of course there are numerous corny effects in all of George's pictures, but in "Snoops" there are too many. Admittedly, they seem more corny now than they may have in '45, but unfortunately the film relies too heavily on these effects to supply much of the comedy (for example, the crazy inventions of mad millionaire Sir Timothy Strawbridge, amongst other bizarre things). Such gimmicks are no substitute for the true Formby-style comedy we find in every other of his films, and there's no escaping the fact that the script is letting George down here - at a critical point in his career when he needed a strong success. Perhaps the writers' problem stems from the fact that the political orientation is not really in keeping with the familiar Formby film character. Or, I ask myself, do I find the film lacking simply because I am unable to accept George presented in a different type of role? No, this is not the case: I'd love to know how George would have tackled a new kind of role, but this script does not define a new character, it simply stifles the old one. And the ukulele is only allowed to appear in one song - surely this is going too far! Note that the following film "I Didn't Do It" represents a marked return to the old Formby formula, and is one of his best. However, though "Snoops" may not be George's greatest, it is still most entertaining, and we are now very glad to have a print of what once seemed to be a long-lost treasure - it is the pride of the GFS archives. Andy Eastwood HE SNOOPS TO CONQUER Columbia Produced by: Marcel Varnel & Ben Henry Writers: Stephen Black, Howard Irving-Young, Norman Lee, Michael Vaughan Langford Reed. Photography: Roy Fogwell Director: Marcel Varnel Trade Show: December 12 1944; Released on: January 8 1945 Cast: George Formby, Robertson Hare, Elizabeth Allen, Aubrey Mallalieu, Gordon McLeod, James Harcourt. SONGS: Hill Billy Willie (Formby/Gifford/Cliffe) Got To Get Your Photo In The Press (Latta) Unconditional Surrender (Cunningham/Towers) formby on film Handyman stands for election as Minister of Parliament for local village, and exposes corrupt councils plebiscite. Brendan Ryan Leslie Halliwell's Film Guide A local handyman exposes a corrupt council. Spotty star comedy with insufficient zest for its great length I said in a previous review that 'this film is the worst of the lot!' - I take it all back. It is actually quite good, I cannot understand why it has never been shown on television, far worst film productions get regular screenings. No matter! If you are a member of the GFS you will now be able to see for yourself because the Society has managed to find a excellent print of this film. It will be seen for the first time in Blackpool on November 28 and is sure to get a repeat performance. A marvelous discovery. All the pictures on this page are actual screen captures, not VistaVision I agree but a wonderful improvement on the only copy known (before now). Peter Pollard Update - August 2012 These images are from the DVD which is of course a very good copy, far better than the original film print written about above. The DVD version now carries sub-titles for the hard of hearing and is is available to purchase in the GFS shop, just follow this LINK. Peter Pollard In recent years, "He Snoops to Conquer" has been poorly thought of in comparison with George's other films. Sometimes the criticism has been a little unfair, arising from the fact that this film now appears more dated than most. The plot revolves around a local council's post-war town-planning, so although it seems rather obscure today, it would have been very topical when released. Of course there are numerous corny effects in all of George's pictures, but in "Snoops" there are too many. Admittedly, they seem more corny now than they may have in '45, but unfortunately the film relies too heavily on these effects to supply much of the comedy (for example, the crazy inventions of mad millionaire Sir Timothy Strawbridge, amongst other bizarre things). Such gimmicks are no substitute for the true Formby-style comedy we find in every other of his films, and there's no escaping the fact that the script is letting George down here - at a critical point in his career when he needed a strong success. Perhaps the writers' problem stems from the fact that the political orientation is not really in keeping with the familiar Formby film character. Or, I ask myself, do I find the film lacking simply because I am unable to accept George presented in a different type of role? No, this is not the case: I'd love to know how George would have tackled a new kind of role, but this script does not define a new character, it simply stifles the old one. And the ukulele is only allowed to appear in one song - surely this is going too far! Note that the following film "I Didn't Do It" represents a marked return to the old Formby formula, and is one of his best. However, though "Snoops" may not be George's greatest, it is still most entertaining, and we are now very glad to have a print of what once seemed to be a long-lost treasure - it is the pride of the GFS archives. Andy Eastwood HE SNOOPS TO CONQUER Columbia Produced by: Marcel Varnel & Ben Henry Writers: Stephen Black, Howard Irving-Young, Norman Lee, Michael Vaughan Langford Reed. Photography: Roy Fogwell Director: Marcel Varnel Trade Show: December 12 1944; Released on: January 8 1945 Cast: George Formby, Robertson Hare, Elizabeth Allen, Aubrey Mallalieu, Gordon McLeod, James Harcourt. SONGS: Hill Billy Willie (Formby/Gifford/Cliffe) Got To Get Your Photo In The Press (Latta) Unconditional Surrender (Cunningham/Towers)	George Formby
Which religious order runs Stonyhurst College in Lancashire?	George Formby - IMDb IMDb George Formby was the archetype "cheeky chappie" Northern British comedian. Trained originally as a jockey, he often appeared on horseback in his films. Best known for his buck-toothed grin and his ukelele. See full bio » Born: a list of 31 people created 22 Mar 2011 a list of 151 people created 19 Jun 2011 a list of 10 people created 31 Jul 2015 a list of 10 people created 3 weeks ago a list of 10 people created 3 weeks ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of George Formby's work have you seen? User Polls 2016 Top Gear (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #23.1 (2016) ... (performer: "It's Turned Out Nice Again" - uncredited) 2014 Britain's Most Dangerous Songs: Listen to the Banned (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock") / (writer: "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock") 2011 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (performer: "Mr Wu's A Window Cleaner Now") / (writer: "Mr Wu's A Window Cleaner Now") 2011 TT3D: Closer to the Edge (Documentary) (performer: "Riding in the T.T. Races") 2010 Upstairs Downstairs (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - The Fledgling (2010) ... (writer: "Fanlight Fanny" - uncredited) 2010 Never Let Me Go (performer: "COUNT YOUR BLESSINGS AND SMILE") / (writer: "COUNT YOUR BLESSINGS AND SMILE") Timeshift (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008) - The Comic Songbook (2008) ... (performer: "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock") / (writer: "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock") 2008 Chemical Wedding (performer: "Fanlight Fanny") / (writer: "Fanlight Fanny") 2005 The White Countess (performer: "Chinese Laundry Blues" (1932)) 2004 The Queen of Sheba's Pearls (performer: "When I'm Cleaning Windows") / (writer: "When I'm Cleaning Windows") 2003 Matchstick Men (performer: "Leaning on a Lamp Post") 1999 The Royle Family (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Antony's Birthday (1999) ... (writer: "Grandad's Flannelette Nightshirt") - Live Grand Final 1994 (1994) ... (writer: "When I'm Cleaning Windows") - Episode #5.4 (1994) ... (writer: "When I'm Cleaning Windows") The Beiderbecke Tapes (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1987) (writer - 1 episode, 1987) - Episode #1.1 (1987) ... (performer: "Leaning on a Lamppost", "With my Little Stick of Blackpool Rock", "Chinese Laundry Blues") / (writer: "With my Little Stick of Blackpool Rock") 1980 All Creatures Great and Small (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Home and Away (1980) ... (performer: "With My Little Ukelele in My Hand", "When I'm Cleaning Windows", "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock", "It's a Grand and Healthy Life", "Dan the Dairyman" - uncredited) 1946 George in Civvy Street (performer: "We've Been A Long Time Gone", "The Mad March Hare", "You Don't Need A License For That", "It Could Be", "I Was Christened With A Horse-Shoe") / (writer: "We've Been A Long Time Gone", "The Mad March Hare", "You Don't Need A License For That") 1945 I Didn't Do It (performer: "She's Got Two Of Everything", "I'd Like A Dream Like That", "The Daring Young Man" - uncredited) / (writer: "I'd Like A Dream Like That", "The Daring Young Man" - uncredited) 1945 He Snoops to Conquer (performer: "Hill Billy Willie", "Got To Get Your Photo In The Press", "Unconditional Surrender") / (writer: "Hill Billy Willie") 1944 Champagne Charlie (writer: "Ee! But It's a Grand and Healthy Life" - uncredited) 1944 Bell-Bottom George (performer: "Swim Little Fish", "It Serves You Right", "If I Had A Girl Like You", "Bell Bottom George") 1943 Get Cracking (performer: "Under The Blasted Oak", "Home Guard Blues", "Get Cracking") / (writer: "Under The Blasted Oak", "Home Guard Blues", "Get Cracking") 1942 Much Too Shy (performer: "Andy The Handy Man", "They Laughed When I Started To Play", "Talking To The Moon About You", "Delivering The Morning Milk") / (writer: "They Laughed When I Started To Play", "Delivering The Morning Milk") 1941 South American George (performer: "I'd Do It With a Smile", "Swing Mama", "The Barmaid at The Rose & Crown", "I Played on My Spanish Guitar") / (writer: "The Barmaid at The Rose & Crown") 1941 Turned Out Nice Again (lyrics: "Auntie Maggie's Remedy") / (music: "Auntie Maggie's Remedy") / (performer: "Auntie Maggie's Remedy", "Can't Go Wrong In These", "Emperor Of Lancashire", "You're Everything To Me") 1940 Spare a Copper (lyrics: "I'm Shy") / (music: "I'm Shy") / (performer: "Ukulele Man", "On The Beat", "I Wish I Was Back On The Farm", "I'm Shy")	i don't know
Who commanded the British Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in 1916?	First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Jutland, 1916 What's New Battles - The Battle of Jutland, 1916 The greatest naval battle of the First World War. Jutland had all the ingredients to be a great British naval victory, but in the event the result was much less clear-cut. Sponsored Links The recently appointed commander of the German High Seas Fleet, Reinhard Scheer , had returned to the policy of making sorties against the British coast, confident that his codes were secure, and thus that the main British battle fleet, at Scapa Flow in the north of Scotland could not intervene. However, the British could read German coded messages, and were aware of Scheer's plan. At the end of May, Scheer sortied with the entire High Seas Fleet, expected that the only serious threat he would meet was Admiral Beatty's battle cruiser squadron based on the Forth. Unfortunately for his plan, the Royal Navy knew he was coming, and the Grand Fleet sailed only minutes after the High Seas Fleet. Both fleets sailed in a similar formation, with a scouting squadron of battle cruisers sailing ahead of the main battle fleets. The battle falls into five main phases. The first came when Admiral Beatty, commanding the British battle cruisers encountered their weaker German equivalent under Admiral Hipper , (31 May) and chased them south towards the main German fleet. The second phase saw Beatty flee north, pursued by the German Dreadnoughts. So far, both sides thought the battle was going to plan, although a design flaw led to the destruction of two British battle cruisers. Now, in the third phase the Germans got a nasty surprise. Thinking themselves involved in a chase that would end with the destruction of the British battle cruisers, they found themselves under bombardment from Jellicoe's battle fleet, which they had thought to be too far north to intervene. The heavy British guns quickly forced Scheer to order a retreat, but then Scheer made what could have turned into a grievous error, turning back, possibly hoping to pass behind Jellicoe, and escape into the Baltic. However, Jellicoe had slowed down, and the German fleet found themselves crossing in front of the British fleet, and in ten minutes of gunfire suffered 27 heavy hits while only inflicted two. Once again, Scheer ordered a retreat. Finally, in the last phase of the battle, in a night of intense fighting, the retreat of the German battleships was covered by their lighter ships, while Jellicoe lost time after turning to avoid a potential torpedo attack. The Germans lost one battle cruiser, one pre-Dreadnought, four light cruisers and five destroyers, while the British lost three battle cruisers, four armoured cruisers, and eight destroyers. However, many of the surviving German heavy ships had suffered serious damage, and one result of the battle was to increase the British dominance in heavy ships. Jutland was the last, and largest, of the great battleship battles. Neither submarines or aircraft played any part in the battle, despite the plans of both sides. Never again did battle fleets meet again in such numbers. While the Royal Navy suffered more loses, the battle effectively ended any threat from the High Seas Fleet, which now knew it could not contest control of the North Sea with the Royal Navy. The great fleet which Kaiser Wilhelm II had been obsessed with, and which had done so much to sour relations between Britain and Germany had proved to be a blunted weapon. Despite that, the battle disappointed in Britain, where news of a new Trafalgar had been expected, and the hard fought draw at Jutland was not appreciated until much later, while the Kaiser claimed a German victory. Photographs courtesy of Photos of the Great War website Click here to read the initial official German reaction to the battle; click here to read the first British report; click here to read naval minister Eduard von Capelle's official report; click here to read British Grand Fleet Commander-in-Chief Sir John Jellicoe's report; click here to read an account of the battle by a German sailor; click here to read a British memoir. Sponsored Links Saturday, 22 August, 2009 Michael Duffy 'Strafing' is attacking ground troops by machine guns fired from low-flying aircraft. - Did you know?	John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
What is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guinea?	Battle of Jutland Part II: Opening Battle Cruiser action on 31st May 1916 Museums Battle of Jutland Part II: Opening Battle Cruiser action on 31st May 1916 British Battle Cruisers opening fire in the opening stages of the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: from the right HMS Lion Princess Royal Tiger Queen Mary New Zealand and Indefatigable: picture by Lionel Wyllie. Click here to buy this picture The Titanic struggle between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet British Battle Cruiser HMS Lion. Lion was Admiral Beatty’s Flagship at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: picture by Lionel Wyllie: to buy a photograph of HMS Lion click here Battle of Jutland Part V: Annexe British Battle Cruiser HMS New Zealand. New Zealand fought in the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty commanding the British Battle Cruiser Fleet at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: to buy a picture of Admiral Beatty click here Date: 31st May 1916 Place: In the North Sea off the coast of Denmark War: The First World War Contestants: The British Royal Navy against the Imperial German Navy Admirals: Admiral Sir John Jellicoe commanded the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet. Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty commanded the British Battle Cruiser Fleet. Admiral Reinhard Scheer commanded the German High Seas Fleet. Vice Admiral Franz Hipper commanded the German Battle Cruiser Squadron. Winner: The German navy considered it won the Battle of Skagerrak , the German name for Jutland, having sunk more Royal Navy ships and inflicted more casualties. The Royal Navy considered that it had repelled the incursion by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea. The German fleet made only one further incursion during the War. British Battle Cruisers HMS Tiger Princess Royal and Lion 1916: contemporary photograph taken from the next battle cruiser in line possibly Queen Mary The Battle of Jutland Part II: the opening Battle Cruiser actions on 31st May 1916 Background: From the beginning of the First World War the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet was stationed at Scapa Flow in the Orkneys and Rosyth in the Firth of Forth waiting for the German High Seas Fleet to emerge from its network of naval bases along Germany’s short North Sea coast. German Battleship SMS Kaiserin. Kaiserin fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 A strong Royal Navy force, comprising light cruisers, destroyers and submarines stationed at Harwich kept a direct watch on the German bases. From late 1914 the German navy conducted a series of hit and run raids on coastal towns in north-east England. Admiral Jellicoe the commander-in-chief of the Grand Fleet was expected to curtail these raids. There was also an expectation that the Grand Fleet would bring the German High Seas Fleet to battle and defeat it. This required the High Seas Fleet to emerge from its bases. Other units of the Royal Navy imposed a blockade on the ports of the central powers, Germany and Austria. In answer to this blockade at the beginning of 1915 the German navy began unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to destroy British and French trade. On 7th May 1915 the German submarine U20 sank the RMS Lusitania causing the deaths of 128 US citizens. Following the international and American outcry Germany abandoned her policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (it was resumed in 1917). This made the German submarine force available to act with the High Seas Fleet in any foray into the North Sea. British 1st Light Cruiser Squadron. The Squadron fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Admiral Scheer the commander of the High Seas Fleet was keen to act offensively. It is said that German national morale was suffering due to the losses in the land offensive against the French at Verdun and that there was widespread dissatisfaction in the German Army and across the country at the perceived inactivity of the Kaiser’s much vaunted expensive and powerful surface navy. In May 1916 Admiral Jellicoe began planning a scheme to entice the German High Seas Fleet out to sea at the beginning of June. Co-incidentally Admiral Scheer was planning a reverse of this plan to lure out and destroy powerful units of the Grand Fleet at the end of May 1916. Scheer’s timing was governed by the need to await completion of repairs to the battle cruiser SMS Seydlitz. The precise details of Scheer’s plan are not clear. It would seem that Scheer’s intention was to cross the North Sea and bombard the English coastal town of Sunderland with a small force of battle cruisers followed at a distance by the full German High Seas Fleet. Beatty’s battle cruisers would be drawn down from Rosyth giving the waiting battleships of the German High Seas Fleet the opportunity to sink some or all of Beatty’s ships before they could be reinforced by Jellicoe’s battleships from Scapa Flow in the Orkneys. German airship flying over German Battleship SMS Ostfriesland 1916 A line of fifteen U boats took up positions off British bases down the east coast to intercept British surface ships as they went to sea to meet the German High Seas Fleet and also laid mines in coastal waters. The British Admiralty was aware of the presence of these submarine. Reconnaissance by Airships was expected to warn Scheer if Jellicoe’s battle squadrons, in the habit of conducting unpredictably timed sweeps down the North Sea, took to sea at an inconvenient time. An alternative plan was for the German battle cruisers to sail up the Danish coast to the Skagerrak acting as a bait to lure Beatty’s battle cruiser fleet to action so that it could be destroyed by the battleships of the German High Seas Fleet following out of sight. Royal Navy dirigible; taken from HMS Barham German High Seas Fleet passing Heligoland on 30th May 1916 as it steamed into the North Sea to ambush Admiral Beatty’s battle cruisers leading to the Battle of Jutland: picture by Claus Bergen 30th May 1916: Airships required near wind-free conditions to fly. With the weather remaining bad and consequently lacking the necessary aerial reconnaissance, on 30th May 1916 Admiral Scheer gave orders for the alternative Skagerrak operation to begin the following day. Admiral Hipper would take his First Scouting Group Battle Cruisers along the Norwegian coast to be seen by the British light cruisers and submarines in the area in the expectation that this would bring Beatty’s Battle Cruiser Fleet across the North Sea. The subterfuge was misconceived. By 5pm on 30th May 1916 Room 40 at the British Admiralty was able partially to decode a wireless signal sent to all the ships of the High Seas Fleet. It was clear that a major German operation was under way and that several ships were already in the Jade Roads after leaving harbour. Jellicoe was warned and the Harwich destroyers and mine sweeping sloops recalled to harbour. Map of the North Sea showing the advance of the British and German Fleets to the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 At 5.40pm the British Admiralty sent telegrams to Beatty and Jellicoe ordering them to leave harbour and concentrate at the east of the ‘Long Forties’ the designated rendezvous for dealing with a possible German incursion into the northern area of the North Sea. Appropriate orders were sent to the commands further south on the eastern coast. British Grand Fleet sailing from Scapa Flow for the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 The Grand Fleet (see the order of battle of both fleets in Part I) sailed from Scapa Flow at around 9.45pm on 30th May 1916. Due to a failure to receive the order to sail the fleet seaplane carrier HMS Campania, which had been out on exercise, left two and a quarter hours later and consequently in Jellicoe’s view was too far behind to take an active part in the battle. She was ordered to return to Scapa Flow. HMS Campania Admiral Jellicoe’s Seaplane Carrier left behind when the Grand Fleet sailed for the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 In fact Campania was overhauling the Grand Fleet and would have reached her before the battle began. Her ten seaplanes might have rendered valuable assistance to the Jellicoe in tracking the elusive German High Seas Fleet, particularly in the early dawn hours of 1st June. They could also have prevented the German airships from keeping track of the Grand Fleet at that time. Admiral Beatty’s British Battle Cruisers in action at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Jellicoe’s rendezvous was off the Norwegian coast. Beatty was heading to a point some 70 miles to the south-east of the Grand Fleet rendezvous and nearer to the German coast, with his force of 1st and 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadrons, 5th Battle Squadron less HMS Queen Elizabeth which was ‘in dockyard hands’, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Light Cruiser Squadrons and 27 destroyers. While Beatty’s force had the general role of providing advanced reconnaissance for the Grand Fleet it was primarily required to prevent any raid on the British coast-line. German Battle Cruiser SMS Lützow opens fire in the opening minutes of the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 This was the system established during the numerous patrols conducted by the Royal Navy in the North Sea up to this time. There was as yet insufficient information that the situation was any different from earlier occasions when Hipper’s fast battle cruisers acting alone carried out hit and run raids on English coastal towns. During the afternoon and evening of 30th May 1916 several British ships reported having torpedoes fired at them as they left harbour but none were hit. The German U Boat ambush had failed and the British ships were at sea. Both sides still experienced uncertainty. The German U Boat line failed to identify that the Grand Fleet had put to sea and the German procedure of transferring the commander in chief’s call sign to a shore establishment and taking on a new call sign for sea operations caused Room 40 at the British Admiralty to believe that Scheer himself was still in harbour when he and his fleet were well out to sea. British Battle Cruiser HMS Tiger. Tiger fought in 1st Battle Cruiser Squadron at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 The British ships expected their deployment to be the usual uneventful routine patrol and the Germans expected to have only Beatty’s battle cruisers to deal with whereas in fact the full fleets of each naval power were rushing to meet each other off the coast of Denmark. The mistake over Scheer’s call sign continued to lead Room 40 to believe that the High Seas Fleet flagship was still in harbour throughout 30th May 1916. This information was passed to Jellicoe who maintained a moderate steaming speed towards the Jutland Bank in order to conserve his destroyers’ fuel. In fact the High Seas Fleet was on its way to the area. If Jellicoe had been aware that the High Seas Fleet was well out to sea and had sailed at a greater speed the clash between the fleets would have taken place earlier giving the British more daylight to maintain the action with a corresponding increase in damage inflicted. British battle cruisers HMS Queen Mary Princess Royal and Lion around 1pm on 31st May 1916 about 2 hours before the Battle of Jutland began: contemporary photograph taken from HMS Tiger the next battle cruiser in line At midday on 31st May 1916 Beatty with 1st Battle Cruiser Squadron (Lion, Tiger and Queen Mary) was near his rendezvous some forty-five miles west of the Jutland Bank. The destroyers formed a screen on each side, the light cruisers were in pairs eight miles to the front, the 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron (New Zealand and Indefatigable) was three miles away on his port bow and the 5th Battle Squadron (Barham, Valiant, Warspite and Malaya) with 1st Destroyer Flotilla five miles astern. German Battle Cruiser SMS Lützow Admiral Hipper’s Flagship in the 1st Scouting Group at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916. Lützow was sunk during the battle Beatty signalled his force to begin a turn to the north at 2.15pm on the basis that no German force was at sea (the Admiralty still believed that Scheer’s call sign was in harbour) to meet Jellicoe’s Grand Fleet which was steaming south-east from Scapa Flow towards the rendezvous. German battle cruisers SMS Seydlitz and von der Tann turning to attack in the opening stages of the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 In fact Hipper’s force 1st Scouting Group Battle Cruisers (Lützow, Derfflinger, Seydlitz, Moltke, von der Tann and accompanying light cruisers and destroyers) was fifty miles to the east on the same latitude as Beatty. The light cruisers were in a wide arc, but the nearest ship was still some twenty-two miles from the British. Scheer’s main force of the High Seas Fleet was following fifty miles behind Hipper. Both fleets were steaming towards each other each unaware of the other’s presence. Scheer had been persuaded by Rear-Admiral Mauve against his original intention to bring Mauve’s 2nd Battle Squadron of six Pre-Dreadnought battleships; SMS Deutschland, Hannover, Pommern, Schlesien, Schleswig-Holstein and Hessen, in spite of their weak armament, inadequate armour and slow speed. Shortly before midday five German airships were sent up to conduct a reconnaissance but due to the hazy weather could see little and failed to identify the British ships, returning to their base at 4pm. British Light Cruiser HMS Galatea. Galatea fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 as the lead of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron At 2pm the incident occurred that triggered the clash between the two fleets. A Danish steamer the ‘Fjord’ was spotted nearly simultaneously by the German light cruiser Elbing and the Royal Navy light cruiser Galatea (the squadron commander Commodore Alexander-Sinclair was on board Galatea) as Beatty’s force was turning onto its northern course. Elbing detached a destroyer to investigate the strange ship as Galatea with Phaeton approached on the same mission. The German destroyer reported seeing Galatea’s smoke and other German light cruisers turned towards the area, Frankfurt, Pillau and Wiesbaden. Galatea signalled at 2.20pm ‘Enemy in sight…’ increased speed towards the German ships and at 2.28pm opened fire. British Battle Cruiser HMS Lion photographed from Queen Mary The Race to the south: At 2.32pm Beatty ordered his ships to alter course from north to south south-east and raise steam for full speed. The opening phase of the Battle of Jutland known as ‘the Race to the South’ was under way. Jellicoe’s Grand Fleet was behind schedule due to the despatch of destroyers to investigate suspicious vessels during the journey from Scapa Flow and the need to slow down to allow the tasked destroyers to re-join. Jellicoe was sixty-five miles north of Beatty as the opening shots were fired. Admiral Evan-Thomas’s four battleships of the Fifth Battle Squadron continued steaming north until 2.40pm due to a delay in receiving Beatty’s order to turn to the south south-east. The battle cruisers were increasing speed so the four battleships found themselves ten miles behind the rest of Beatty’s ships. This distance was to have an important impact. HMS Barham gun crew being timed going to ‘Action Stations’ Galatea, seeing a cloud of black smoke on the horizon indicating a substantial German presence, assumed this to be the German Battle Cruiser Fleet alone. This was in the light of the Admiralty’s information that Scheer and therefore the High Seas Fleet were still in harbour. Galatea and Phaeton turned north expecting the Germans to pursue them, thereby enabling Beatty’s battle cruisers to cut them off from their bases. Jellicoe picked up Galatea’s messages and ordered the Grand Fleet to be ready for steam for full speed. He also assumed the German force was Hipper’s Battle Cruiser Fleet alone. Rutland of Jutland: At 2.40pm Beatty signalled HMS Engadine to send up a seaplane to identify the German ships and establish their course. Short 184 Seaplane of the sort flown by Light Lieutenant Frederick Rutland from HMS Engadine in the opening phase of the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 about to take off. At 3.08pm Flight Lieutenant Frederick Rutland with his observer Assistant Paymaster Trewin took off from Engadine in a Short 184 Seaplane. British Seaplane Carrier HMS Engadine. Engadine fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 with Admiral Beatty’s Battle Cruiser Fleet. The seaplane that provided information on the approaching German ships was a Short 184 flown by Flight Lieutenant Frederick Rutland from Engadine Rutland flew north north-east for ten minutes before sighting the German ships. Cloud cover was at around 1,100 feet with patches down to 900 feet causing Rutland to fly low. Rutland was forced to fly within a mile and a half of the German ships to make out what they were and what they were doing. At this range the German light cruisers opened fire with every gun that would bear. Rutland described the German shooting as ‘fairly good with shells exploding on my wing, before and behind me. British Light Cruiser HMS Champion and 13th Destroyer Flotilla ahead of the Battle Cruisers at the beginning of the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: picture by Lionel Wyllie The reporting of the plane’s observations was a slow business. The observer had to write his report down, encode it and then send it over his wireless by Morse code. While Rutland was flying over the German ships they performed a 16 point turn (180 degrees), a manoeuvre that then had to be reported to Engadine by wireless in the same way. Towards the end of the transmission the Germans began to jam Rutland’s wireless. Rutland kept on the bow of the German ships observing them. He then saw the British battle cruisers approaching which told him that his messages had got through. At 3.45pm one of the aeroplane’s fuel leads broke forcing Rutland to land in the sea. He repaired the lead and was about to take off again to resume his observations when Engadine came up and hoisted him aboard. Rutland received the Distinguished Service Cross for his conduct. At 2.43pm Galatea reported seeing a substantial amount of smoke bearing east north-east indicating the presence of more German ships. Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet to cease zig zagging and proceed at 17 knots increasing to 18 knots. British battle cruisers first catch sight of the German ships at 3.20pm on 31st May 1916: contemporary photograph taken from a British ship At around 3.20pm the opposing forces of battle cruisers caught sight of each other, the Germans seeing the British a few minutes in advance due to tricks of visibility in this notoriously difficult area of sea. Commencement of the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916. British battle cruisers are in the distance behind the smoke line: contemporary photograph taken from the light cruiser HMS Champion The German Battle Cruisers were heading north of north-west while Beatty’s ships were heading east of north-east. The German plan was for Hipper to turn back towards the High Seas Fleet, thereby luring the British Battle Cruisers onto Scheer’s battleship guns. British Flotilla Leader HMS Fearless. Fearless led the 1st Destroyer Flotilla at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Map of the ‘Run to the South’ by the British and German Battle Cruiser Fleets in the opening phase of the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: map by John Fawkes Hipper turned with his five battle cruisers and accompanying light cruisers and destroyers onto a course heading south south-east while Beatty increased his speed to 25 knots and ordered New Zealand and Indefatigable to form line behind him. First of a sequence of photographs of the opening stages of the Battle Cruiser action at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 taken by Paymaster Lieutenant Duckworth from HMS Birmingham at 3.28pm. HMS Birmingham is shown on the right, HMS Nottingham in the left centre and the British Battle Cruisers on the left horizon Beatty signalled Evan-Thomas to head east with 5th Battle Squadron at a speed of 25 knots. 9th and 13th Destroyer Flotillas led by HMS Fearless and Champion were ordered to form a screen in advance and to the starboard flank of the speeding battle cruisers. Second of a sequence of photographs of the opening stages of the Battle Cruiser action at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 taken at 3.30pm by Paymaster Lieutenant Duckworth from HMS Birmingham. The vertical white clouds are spouts of water put up by exploding heavy calibre shells. When Beatty saw the German battle cruisers (Lützow, Derfflinger, Seydlitz, Moltke and von der Tann) they were hull down eleven miles away on the horizon. Rutland in his seaplane now reported that the German ships were heading south (the 12 point turn). Third of a sequence of photographs of the opening stages of the Battle Cruiser action at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 taken by Paymaster Lieutenant Duckworth from HMS Birmingham. The vertical white clouds are spouts of water put up by exploding heavy calibre shells Beatty signalled his ships to form on a line north-west on a course east south-east in order to clear the smoke and enable them to open fire. Fourth of a sequence of photographs of the opening stages of the Battle Cruiser action at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 taken by Paymaster Lieutenant Duckworth from HMS Birmingham. The vertical white clouds are spouts of water put up by exploding heavy calibre shells At 3.46pm Beatty signalled by flag the targets for each of his Battle Cruisers. This signal was not recorded by Tiger or New Zealand and Queen Mary appears also to have missed the signal (the destruction of Queen Mary prevented this being verified). In the signal Beatty took advantage of having six battle cruisers to Hipper’s five, ordering Princess Royal to fire with Lion on Hipper’s flagship Lützow, while Queen Mary fired on Derfflinger the second in the German line instead of the German third in line Seydlitz. Tiger was to fire on the German number three Seydlitz, New Zealand on the number four Moltke and Indefatigable to fire on the number five von der Tann. Not seeing the signal Queen Mary fired on her opposite number Seydlitz in accordance with Grand Fleet standing orders and Tiger and New Zealand both fired on Moltke. This left Derfflinger, the most powerful German battle cruiser, free from fire for some ten minutes until the error was realised on the British ships. This was a repeat of the error made at Dogger Bank where Derfflinger had been left free from fire by a similar misunderstanding. Fifth of a sequence of photographs of the opening stages of the Battle Cruiser action at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 taken at 4pm by Paymaster Lieutenant Duckworth from HMS Birmingham. The vertical white clouds are spouts of water put up by exploding heavy calibre shells. Both Battle Cruiser fleets opened fire at about 3.50pm at a range of 9 miles. First of a series of photographs taken from a British destroyer at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 showing salvos of German shells landing short of HMS Lion : Second of a series of photographs taken from a British destroyer at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 showing salvos of German shells landing short of HMS Lion Third of a series of photographs taken from a British destroyer at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 showing salvos of German shells landing short of HMS Lion The German Battle Cruisers had the advantage that the British ships were outlined against the setting sun in the west, quickly picked up the range and began scoring hits. Additionally the German fire was evenly distributed along the British line. Lion and Tiger were quickly hit twice in the hull. Beatty executed a number of small turns that brought the German ships closer. Soon the opposing Battle Cruiser squadrons were sailing on parallel courses south south-east at a range of 13,000 yards (7 ¼ miles) and engaging each other with main and secondary armaments. The fire was too hot to endure for long and within minutes Hipper turned away to south east in line ahead and Beatty turned away to the starboard by two points. The range widened with the firing continuing. The British firing was not effective, scoring few hits on the German ships. This may be explained by the presence on the engaged side of the British Battle Cruisers of a division of 9th Destroyer Flotilla comprising ‘L’ class destroyers from the Harwich Force. These destroyers were posted to the front of the Battle Cruisers but were older slower vessels than the run of destroyers in the Grand Fleet. In their strivings to maintain station in the fast moving battle the destroyers gave off substantial clouds of black smoke that masked Princess Royal and Tiger severely hampering their fire direction. At around 3.58pm as Beatty turned away he signalled to increase the rate of fire. A salvo hit Derfflinger. Accurate German salvos of both main and secondary armament were coming in every twenty seconds. The ships were surrounded by water spouts as each salvo landed. It is apparent from accounts that the effect of a salvo landing alongside a ship was significant: a terrifying explosion followed by mountains of dirty evil-smelling water deluging the ship accompanied by metal shrapnel. Beatty signalled 13th Destroyer Flotilla to deliver a torpedo attack on the German Battle Cruisers. Admiral Beatty’s flagship HMS Lion struck on Q Turret during the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: contemporary photograph taken from a British destroyer Major Harvey RMLI awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his conduct on board HMS Lion at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Lion hit on Q Turret: At around 4pm a heavy shell probably from Lützow struck Lion’s Q turret. This strike was nearly the end of Lion. The shell penetrated the turret roof before exploding, killing almost all the gun crew in the turret. There was a severe danger that the fire that broke out in the turret would flash down into the magazine area beneath and cause the ship to blow up. The turret commander Major Harvey of the Royal Marine Light Infantry having lost both legs dragged himself to the voice tube connected to the control area beneath the turret and ordered the flash doors to be closed and the magazine flooded. This action probably prevented a catastrophic explosion although it caused the death by drowning of the magazine teams. Harvey received a posthumous Victoria Cross. Flames shooting out of HMS Lion’s Q Turret after being hit by German shells: contemporary photograph taken from a British destroyer From the beginning of the action Derfflinger fired on Princess Royal without being herself fired on. After some minutes Queen Mary realised the error and shifted her fire from Seydlitz to Derfflinger. British Battle Cruiser HMS Indefatigable at about 3pm on 31st May 1916 half an hour before she was sunk. Indefatigable was lost at the Battle of Jutland when she was repeatedly struck by German salvos and exploded. Her entire crew was lost Loss of HMS Indefatigable: At the end of the opposing lines Indefatigable and von der Tann were firing on each other with increasing intensity. Just after 4pm a salvo of three shells struck HMS Indefatigable on her upper deck, concealing her in a column of smoke and flame. One or more shots must have penetrated to a magazine. Indefatigable fell out of the line sinking by the stern. Another salvo struck her and Indefatigable exploded. She turned over and disappeared. All 57 officers and 960 seamen of the crew of Indefatigable were lost. Loss of HMS Indefatigable at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: picture by Willy Stoewer The firing had now become so intense that Lion inclined away to starboard. The distance between the lines quickly widened until at 4.5pm the range was too great for the German guns and they ceased firing. British Battle Cruiser HMS Indefatigable exploding after being repeatedly hit by shellfire at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916. Photograph taken during the battle 5th Battle Squadron: 5th Battle Squadron (Barham, Valiant, Malaya and Warspite) was eight miles behind the German battle cruisers. Evan-Thomas’s battleships fired salvos at the German light cruisers in the rear of Hipper’s fleet forcing them away eastwards. British 5th Battle Squadron Vice-Admiral Evan-Thomas’s Flagship HMS Barham HMS Valiant HMS Malaya and HMS Warspite all Queen Elizabeth Class Battleships At 4.5pm Evan-Thomas came in sight of both Beatty’s ships and the rearmost German ship von der Tann. Evan-Thomas followed Beatty in his inclination towards the south and Barham opened fire on von der Tann. Although the range was 19,000 yards (just under eleven miles) Barham’s salvos straddled the von der Tann which began to zig-zag to avoid being hit. 5th Battle Squadron; HMS Valiant, Warspite & Malaya about to open fire; taken from HMS Barham. 5th Battle Squadron fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 as part of Admiral Beatty’s Battle Cruiser Fleet. However Von der Tann was hit and it seems that only the poor quality of the British shells (a problem encountered by the British Army in the following months during the Somme Offensives) prevented the von der Tann from being sunk. Soon the battle cruisers largely disappeared from the view of Evans-Thomas’s battleships due to the distance and the haze. Evan-Thomas managed to continue firing at the German gun flashes at extreme range as the opposing battle cruiser forces inclined towards each other. British Battle Cruiser HMS Queen Mary. Queen Mary blew up and sank in the opening part of the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 British battle cruiser HMS Queen Mary explodes after being repeatedly struck by shells from German battle cruisers SMS Derfflinger and Seydlitz, Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: comtemporary photograph taken from HMS Lydiard Loss of HMS Queen Mary: Fires on board Lion obscured her from view causing Derfflinger to take the Princess Royal as the leading British ship instead of Lion. Derfflinger therefore fired on the next ship in line HMS Queen Mary. Queen Mary was also being fired on by Seydlitz. At 4.26pm Queen Mary was struck by a salvo from Derfflinger on her forward deck. There was an explosion and Queen Mary immediately sank by the bows leaving her stern and still revolving propellers in the air as Tiger and New Zealand sped past on either side. Exploding of HMS Queen Mary at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: picture by Willy Stoewer 57 officers and 1,209 sailors on Queen Mary were lost. 18 survivors were picked up by British destroyers. 1 officer and 1 sailor were rescued by German destroyers. British battle cruiser HMS Queen Mary explodes at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: picture by Claus Bergen from the contemporary photograph taken by a British officer In spite of the unexpected success in sinking two British battle cruisers Hipper was in increasing trouble. The battleships of Evan-Thomas’s 5th Battle Squadron were engaging his rear ships and ahead of Beatty’s battle cruisers the 13th Destroyer Flotilla was preparing for its attack on the German battle cruisers. Chief Stokers on British Battle Cruiser HMS Queen Mary all lost when Queen Mary blew up and sank during the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 13th Destroyer Flotilla attack: At 4.15pm Captain Farie of HMS Champion, the flotilla leader, gave the order to attack. Nestor (Commander Bingham) led Nomad, Nicator, Pelican and Narborough across Lion’s bows towards the German line, followed by Petard, Obdurate, Nerissa, Turbulent, Termagent (these two of 9th Flotilla), Moorsom and Morris (these two of 10th Flotilla). German Battle Cruiser SMS Derfflinger firing a full salvo. Derfflinger fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 in Admiral Hipper’s 1st Scouting Group As the British destroyers crossed the eight miles of sea to reach the German battle cruisers they passed German destroyers tasked to attack the British 5th Battle Squadron to relieve the increasing pressure on Hipper’s battle cruisers. British destroyers of the 13th Flotilla begin their attack as HMS Queen Mary blows up at 4.26pm during the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 The British destroyers turned north and attacked the German destroyers. The German destroyers, smaller and less well armed than the British ships, fired their torpedoes and hurriedly withdrew. The 5th Battle Squadron turned away two points and none of the torpedoes struck its ships. British Destroyer HMS Nicator. Nicator fought with the 13th Destroyer Flotilla at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Bingham’s destroyers now turned to attack the German battle cruisers. Nestor and Nicator fired a number of torpedoes at Hipper’s flagship SMS Lützow. The German ship took evasive action and none hit. The remaining destroyers were involved in a confused melee with the German destroyers until 4.43pm when Lion recalled the British vessels. They withdrew leaving two German destroyers V27 and V29 sinking. Nomad was also sinking and Bingham’s ship Nestor was left disabled by hits from SMS Regensburg the German flotilla light cruiser. German High Seas Fleet at sea The German High Seas Fleet appears: The reason for the recall was that the strategic situation had taken a surprising turn. At 4.33pm Commodore Goodenough in HMS Southampton two miles ahead of Lion on the port bow signalled that battle ships were in sight to the south-east. This was the main body of the German High Seas Fleet. Within minutes Beatty was able to see the German battle ships, confirmed by Champion in advance of the battle cruisers. Beatty was taken by surprise. The information from the Admiralty in London had been that the German commander-in-chief Admiral Scheer’s call sign was still located in Kiel but here was the German High Seas Fleet sailing towards him with its overwhelming array of modern battleships. Beatty immediately turned to port towards where the supposed German fleet was reported from and maintained his course until he was 13,000 yards (7.3 miles) from the approaching battle fleet and the Germans opened fire before signalling a complete reversal of his battle cruiser fleet’s course to north-west at 4.40pm and then to a northerly course to head for Jellicoe’s Grand Fleet. British Battle Cruisers turning from south to north on sighting the German High Seas Fleet and beginning the ‘Run to the North’ Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 Lion turning Princess Royal straddled: contemporary photograph taken from a British ship As Beatty’s battle cruisers executed the change of course in turn they came under fire from the approaching German battleships, managing to avoid the fall of shot by zig-zagging. German Battleship SMS Grosse Kurfurst. Kurfurst fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 The German 3rd Squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Behncke in SMS König led the German High Seas Fleet with seven ‘König’ and ‘Kaiser’ battleships, followed by five ‘Helgolands’ and four ‘Nassaus’. In the rear were the six pre-Dreadnoughts of the 2nd Squadron. Admiral Scheer the German commander-in-chief had his flag in SMS Freidrich Der Grosse the eighth ship in the line. Accompanying the battleships were five cruisers of 4th Scouting Group and three and a half flotillas of destroyers (torpedo boats) led by the light cruiser Rostock. German Battleships open fire in the early stages of the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916: picture by Claus Bergen Scheer continued on his course to the north until 4.5pm when he turned to the north-west. At 4.20pm Scheer turned his line to the west to put Beatty’s battle cruisers between the fires of his battleships’ and the battle cruisers’ of Hipper’s 1st Scouting Group. Almost immediately Scheer heard that Hipper was under heavy fire from Evan-Thomas’s newly arriving 5th Battle Squadron and turned north again to save Hipper from the very same trap Scheer had intended for Beatty. The German battleships advanced into the area across which the British destroyers of the 13th Flotilla were withdrawing. Nestor and Nomad lay immobilised and were quickly destroyed by German gunfire, their crews rescued by a German destroyer. Nicator and Petard renewed their torpedo attack on Hipper’s battle cruisers. Petard fired three torpedoes one of which hit Seydlitz on the starboard side under her armour belt blowing a 39 X 13 foot hole and immobilising a gun. Seydlitz continued in action. In all the British destroyers fired twenty torpedoes and caused the German battle cruisers to veer away from Beatty’s ships. Each side lost two destroyers. German High Seas Fleet leaving for the North Sea on 30th May 1916 for the Battle of Jutland: picture by Claus Bergen The Race to the north: At 4.49pm Hipper resumed his southerly course after his turn away as Beatty’s battle cruisers headed north after their 16 point turn to the north-west followed by the turn north. The two battle cruiser squadrons resumed firing, Lion engaging von der Tann the nearest of the German ships at extreme range. Hipper then executed a 16 point turn to the starboard to take up position in advance of Scheer’s High Seas Fleet (the conventional position of each nation’s battle cruisers in a fleet action was in advance of the battleship line). The misty conditions caused the two sides to lose sight of each other and firing ceased. German Battleships and Destroyers advancing to the attack at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916: picture by Claus Bergen At around 5pm the ships of each side were able to see each other again and firing resumed. Lion received a hit which caused a near catastrophic fire. Positioned to the west of the German ships the British battle cruisers were outlined against the setting sun while the German ships were shrouded in mist and difficult to see with sufficient precision for accurate shooting. At around 5.8pm the two sides were again out of range. Beatty reduced speed to 24 knots and continued north to meet Jellicoe’s advancing battle fleet. Evan-Thomas’s 5th Battle Squadron had begun the turn to the north some minutes after Beatty, not immediately seeing the German High Seas Fleet and taking a little time to react to the order for the 16 point turn. British Battleship HMS Barham Admiral Evan-Thomas’s Flagship in 5th Battle Squadron at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 Evan-Thomas’s ships turned in succession so that each succeeding ship was nearer the German battleship line and to Hipper’s ships than her predecessor in the line. The leader HMS Barham was heavily hit. Valiant turned unscathed, Warspite was hit several times and then Malaya received the fire of the whole of the leading squadron of German battleships. Malaya was struck several times and began to list. For around half an hour Malaya was the target for much of the German fleet. HMS Malaya of the 5th Battle Squadron in action at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 5th Battle Squadron HMS Malaya firing 1916. 5th Battle Squadron fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 as part of Admiral Beatty’s Battle Cruiser Fleet. Malaya suffered heavy damage at the battle. The 5th Battle Squadron continued on a northerly course, the leading ships Barham and Valiant firing on Hipper’s battle cruisers while Warspite and Malaya fired on Scheer’s battleships. As Scheer was on a north westerly course the range kept reducing in spite of the greater speed of the four ‘Queen Elizabeths’ of Evan-Thomas’s squadron. German Battleship SMS Kaiser fires on HMS Warspite before 5th Battle Squadron turns to the north during the opening phase of the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916 Two British destroyers of 13th Flotilla, HMS Onslow and Moresby, appeared returning from escorting the seaplane carrier HMS Engadine. Seeing that the German battleships had no preceding destroyer or light cruiser screen Onslow and Moresby resolved to carry out a torpedo attack. As they did so four light cruisers of Hipper’s screen appeared and opened fire on them. Onslow sheared off but Moresby continued with her attack closing to within 8,000 yards (4 ½ miles) of the third German battleship SMS Markgraf and firing a torpedo which missed its target. German Battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein fires a salvo at the Battle of Jutland 31st May 1916 At around 5.20pm Evan-Thomas turned to north north-west into the wake of Beatty’s battle cruisers, the range opened up and by around 5.30pm the distance and the misty gloom was such that the German ships could only be glimpsed. The running fire fell away although hits were still occasionally achieved. Scheer ordered his ships to pursue the escaping British ships with all the speed that could be achieved unaware that he was hastening towards Jellicoe’s battleships (Jellicoe had twenty-four Dreadnought battleships and seven battle cruisers against Scheer’s sixteen Dreadnought battleships six pre-Dreadnought battleships and five battle cruisers, a severe mismatch). German Battleship SMS Nassau. Nassau fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31st May 1916	i don't know
In which year was East Enders first broadcast?	EastEnders live, BBC One \| The Arts Desk Home > tv > EastEnders live, BBC One EastEnders live, BBC One \| reviews, news & interviews EastEnders live, BBC One First live episode goes off with barely a hitch as Archie's killer is revealed by Veronica Lee Saturday, 20 February 2010 Share It woz 'er wot dun it: Stacey (Lacey Turner) killed Archie in EastEnders It was Stacey whodunnit. EastEnders’ first live broadcast last night, to celebrate 25 years on BBC One, ended with Stacey Branning (Lacey Turner) declaring, “It was me. I did it. I killed Archie. It was me.” So now we know, as one of the most drawn-out storylines in the history of soaps finally reached its conclusion (Archie Mitchell was killed at Christmas). Only it didn’t, because next week’s episodes (which were pre-recorded as normal, with dual storylines to cover all 10 suspects' possible guilt or innocence) will explain why Stacey done it, as they say in this mythical part of east London. But at least we now know the “who” and are about to learn the “why”. The BBC also drew out the in-house pre-publicity for this special episode, and much of it was enjoyably inventive. Last night’s episode began with colourful, redrawn opening titles and earlier in the week one episode ended with a medley of fans humming the show’s theme. There was an entertaining walk down memory lane with a show about the “doof doofs” (EastEnders’ final scenes end with the "doof doof" intro of the closing theme) and snippets were shown between BBC One programmes of fans guessing who killed Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb), the second owner of the Queen Victoria (“the Vic”) to be killed among the optics (Dirty Den being the other). The live show was an inspired idea and must have garnered a good proportion of the 16.6 million viewers who watched yesterday evening. I must confess I prefer Coronation Street (ITV), with its wonderfully camp northern humour, to the grittier, shoutier EastEnders. Whenever I dip into EastEnders I find the characters spend an inordinate amount of time shouting at, menacing or threatening each other, and E20 a place where smiles are in short supply; I live in London so I don’t wish to see my daily bus journey repeated on screen. EastEnders started life with the working title “E8” - its fictional setting, Walford, is now designated E20 - and was the brainchild of producer Julia Smith and script editor Tony Holland, both sadly now no longer with us. The first transmission was 19 February 1985, hence last night’s anniversary, and back then the soap was shown twice weekly, with an average audience of 17 million. It’s now broadcast four times a week, and averages between 10 and 11 million viewers It was the first and remains the only southern soap, and has always prided itself on its social realism, but the picture it paints of the East End couldn’t be more wrong. EastEnders is, a few characters notwithstanding, hideously white (the East End, long a home to various immigrant settlers, is now predominantly Asian), and the thuggish criminal element once associated with it through the Krays (here the Mitchells) has long since moved out to the suburbs. And I know London can be a dangerous place, but Walford’s murder rate is ridiculous. Which is where we came in. Executive producer Diederick Santer must have been very relieved no one dried up or corpsed and that last night’s episode went off relatively trouble-free. It was an enormous operation - it took nine months to plan, and involved 36 cameras, 10 sets, 51 cast members, 13 make-up artists, 12 dressers and 16 props people. The episode is Santer’s swansong, as he will shortly leave EastEnders to take up a role elsewhere in the BBC. Was it worth it? Probably not in terms of the cost (I suspect the BBC Trust are asking for a budget breakdown as I write) and also in terms of dramatic tension; if ever you wanted to illustrate the importance of good editing, the rooftop chase where Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements), Stacey’s husband, fell to his death would be a good place to start. In fact the only tension in the show (apart from waiting for the last-scene reveal, of course) was in wondering who would cock up first, the actors or the crew. That prize went to Scott Maslen as Jack Branning, who stumbled badly over his first lines but recovered later in the show, but the camera also wobbled in a couple of places so I would call it an honourable draw. But in terms of delaying the denouement and giving real viewing pleasure, it certainly did work. It’s rare for any soap storyline to stay a secret (either because TV companies want pre-publicity, or insiders reveal them to the media) and nobody - not even the bookies - knew whodunnit before transmission. Indeed Turner herself was told only 20 minutes before EastEnders went on air. So simply for the rare, genuine suspense involved, last night was a treat.	one thousand nine hundred and eighty five
In which country was Mo Farah born?	EastEnders: On the real Albert Square - Telegraph Telegraph EastEnders: On the real Albert Square The real deal: Fassett Square was the inspiration for Albert Square Chris Leadbeater , Travel writer 19 February 2015 • 12:00am The first obvious difference is that there is no pub. Not on the corner, not tucked politely at the back, certainly not at the heart of the matter. And with this, there is no rumble of conversation, no roar of voices raised in loud disagreement, no call for last orders. If you are looking for the Queen Vic, you will not find it – or her – at this little London address. But aside from this clear discrepancy, the resemblance is remarkably similar. A series of boxy terraced houses – all grey brick and prominent windows – are arranged around a rectangular garden whose staunch black railings create an enclosed space of bushes, paths and benches. True, some of the other markers are missing. There is no second-hand car lot, no street market, no fish-and-chip shop – or indeed, any shop at all. The name, of course, also strays from the theme. ‘Fassett Square’ does not come close to referencing Queen Victoria’s husband. And yet, even at a glance, it is still visibly the location which inspired the setting for Britain’s most popular London soap 30 years ago. Squint and you really could be stood in Albert Square, playing your own starring role in EastEnders. Thirty years ago, on February 19 1985, the first EastEnders episode was broadcast. But while this never knowingly cheerful series is entering its fourth decade with a week of live shows and murder-mystery intrigue, its foundation stone is doing what it has always done – going about its day calmly on the west edge of Hackney. In some ways, it is mildly surprising that Fassett Square is not more of a tourist attraction. EastEnders, after all, is the television stalwart which still holds the record for the largest ever audience for a single UK programme – the 30.5 million people who fascinatedly tuned in to the Christmas Day installment in 1986 to witness Leslie Grantham’s ‘Dirty’ Den Watts at his nastiest, sneeringly handing divorce papers to long-suffering wife Angie. Fassett Square was the inspiration for its fictional counterpart (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) But if any of what was then over half of the British population switched off their sets as that inimitable drum coda kicked in and decided to seek out the real-life location for this drama, then nobody has made the journey on the February morning when I make my own visit. Fassett Square is all but deserted, the most prominent indication that anybody is at home being the recycling bags left strewn along the pavement, waiting for collection. There are no tour groups here, no coach parties, no fans in comedy Grant Mitchell ‘wigs’. Maybe its position on the map is the reason why Fassett Square remains one of London’s hidden secrets. It is filed away where those two prime shards of the capital's east – Hackney and Dalston – meet, semi-invisible on the north side of the busy Graham Road. Barbara Windsor has been an EastEnders stalwart (Photo: PA) The street sign bears the postcode ‘E8’ – which fixes Fassett Square to the right London compass point, but leaves it somewhat removed from the part of the city that EastEnders is supposed to inhabit. Pinning a fictional concept to the physical world is always a tricky task, but by any reasonable parameters, EastEnders is not set in Hackney. Its famous title sequence focuses on the Greenwich Peninsula as it pulls up and away from ground level – an area six miles from Fassett Square, and on the far bank of the Thames. Its invented London borough, Walford, has the notional postcode ‘E20’ – which did not exist in 1985, but since 2011 has belonged to the Olympic Park in Stratford, 2.5 miles due east. Fans of the show will know that when the Tube map appears on screen, Walford’s imagined station occupies the spot where, in reality, Bromley-by-Bow – 3.5 miles south-east – sits. Like Albert Square, Fassett Square has a fenced garden (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) Fassett Square owes its odd place in folklore to quirk of circumstance. Built in the 1860s, it floated in happy anonymity for over a century – until it was identified as a possible site for EastEnders by the show’s co-creator Tony Holland. For two reasons. The first was that its houses, looking inward onto a core garden, made for a crucible of community and introspection. The second was that, simply, he lived nearby in Dalston – where, crucially, you can find a Walford Road. Holland also merged ‘Walthamstow’ (his birthplace) with ‘Stratford’ to spawn a fresh yet convincingly titled area of London. A legend was forged. It is not difficult to think that the residents of Fassett Square prefer their home’s relative lack of profile. Its clipped hedges and neatly painted window frames, with the occasional expensive car parked outside, talk of an upward mobility rarely observed in the gloom and drudgery that has long dominated the soap’s narrative. The garden, meanwhile, is host to an elegantly sculpted metal bird bath. Dirty Den, you suspect, would not have approved. Local resident Helena says the square has "genuine community spirit" (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) But there are overlaps nonetheless. The north end of the plaza is abruptly cut off by the North London Line – an overground rail service which injects a regular clang of urban cacophony as trains rattle by in the cutting below. And there is a sense of togetherness in the square which chimes nicely with its fictive counterpart. “One of the things about Fassett Square is that there is a genuine community spirit,” says Helena, who lives on its east side. “There is a strong resident’s association. We often have parties – on Bonfire Night, or for children’s birthdays.” She was aware of the square’s curious past when she moved in some four years ago - but does she watch the show? “No,” she replies, with a laugh. The Fassett Square garden is rather more elegant than the EastEnders version (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) Fassett Square could have been an A-list London celebrity. The EastEnders producers considered making it the full-scale setting for their meandering tales of London booze, brawls, bravado and badinage. The stumbling block was the presence of a hospital – a large modern structure, built in 1935, which dominates the north-west corner. Co-creator Julia Smith felt that this would necessitate the insertion of medical stories into the soap, and did not want to follow this trail. Instead, Albert Square put down roots at the BBC’s Borehamwood complex in Hertfordshire – and Hackney sank back into its Eighties sleep. Fassett Square's former hospital has been turned into flats (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) It has stirred since. The hospital closed in 1987, and found new purpose as apartments – known, straightforwardly, as ’10 Fassett Square’, another symbol of the upsurge which has altered the area. Hackney and Dalston have rapidly gentrified in the last decade, and the effects are apparent if you exit Fassett Square and go west on Graham Road – where The Queen Elizabeth, at number nine, is a former pub that has been converted into flats. It is not the Queen Vic. For that, you have to continue west, then turn south onto Dalston Lane, where The Victoria (451 Queensbridge Road; 020 7275 1711; thedalstonvic.co.uk ) might just have Barbara Windsor behind its old-fashioned wooden bar. Dalston pub The Victoria sits close to Fassett Square (Photo: Chris Leadbeater) Or, at least, it may have done 15 years ago. Here too, the tide of change has swept up from chic Shoreditch, transforming a classic East End watering hole into a hotspot of leather sofas where the rear wall is artfully lined with books. Even the longest sagas have to move with the times. The Best Hotels In East London	i don't know

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