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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: High doses of vitamin D are known to cause calcification of the artery media in as little as 3 to 4 days .
### Output Text: | High doses of <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> are known to cause calcification of the artery media in as little as 3 to 4 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: High doses of the vitamin K antagonist Warfarin are also known to cause calcification of the artery media , but at treatment times of 2 weeks or longer yet not at 1 week .
### Output Text: | High doses of the <span class="chemical">vitamin K</span> antagonist <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> are also known to cause calcification of the artery media , but at treatment times of 2 weeks or longer yet not at 1 week . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the current study , we investigated the synergy between these 2 treatments and found that concurrent Warfarin administration dramatically increased the extent of calcification in the media of vitamin D - treated rats at 3 and 4 days .
### Output Text: | In the current study , we investigated the synergy between these 2 treatments and found that concurrent <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> administration dramatically increased the extent of calcification in the media of <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> - treated rats at 3 and 4 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was a close parallel between the effect of vitamin D dose on artery calcification and the effect of vitamin D dose on the elevation of serum calcium , which suggests that vitamin D may induce artery calcification through its effect on serum calcium .
### Output Text: | There was a close parallel between the effect of <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> dose on artery calcification and the effect of <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> dose on the elevation of serum <span class="chemical">calcium</span> , which suggests that <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> may induce artery calcification through its effect on serum <span class="chemical">calcium</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Because Warfarin treatment had no effect on the elevation in serum calcium produced by vitamin D , the synergy between Warfarin and vitamin D is probably best explained by the hypothesis that Warfarin inhibits the activity of matrix Gla protein as a calcification inhibitor .
### Output Text: | Because <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> treatment had no effect on the elevation in serum <span class="chemical">calcium</span> produced by <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> , the synergy between <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> and <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> is probably best explained by the hypothesis that <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> inhibits the activity of matrix Gla protein as a calcification inhibitor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: High levels of matrix Gla protein are found at sites of artery calcification in rats treated with vitamin D plus Warfarin , and chemical analysis showed that the protein that accumulated was indeed not gamma - carboxylated .
### Output Text: | High levels of matrix Gla protein are found at sites of artery calcification in rats treated with <span class="chemical">vitamin D</span> plus <span class="chemical">Warfarin</span> , and chemical analysis showed that the protein that accumulated was indeed not <span class="chemical">gamma - carboxylated</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These observations indicate that although the gamma - carboxyglutamate residues of matrix Gla protein are apparently required for its function as a calcification inhibitor , they are not required for its accumulation at calcification sites .
### Output Text: | These observations indicate that although the <span class="chemical">gamma - carboxyglutamate</span> residues of matrix Gla protein are apparently required for its function as a calcification inhibitor , they are not required for its accumulation at calcification sites . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Test conditions influence the response to a drug challenge in rodents .
### Output Text: | Test conditions influence the response to a drug challenge in rodents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These studies were conducted to examine the differential response to a drug challenge under varied experimental test conditions routinely employed to study drug - induced behavioral and neurophysiological responses in rodents .
### Output Text: | These studies were conducted to examine the differential response to a drug challenge under varied experimental test conditions routinely employed to study drug - induced behavioral and neurophysiological responses in rodents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Apomorphine , a nonselective dopamine agonist , was selected due to its biphasic behavioral effects , its ability to induce hypothermia , and to produce distinct changes to dopamine turnover in the rodent brain .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Apomorphine</span> , a nonselective <span class="chemical">dopamine agonist</span> , was selected due to its biphasic behavioral effects , its ability to induce hypothermia , and to produce distinct changes to <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> turnover in the rodent brain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: From such experiments there is evidence that characterization and detection of apomorphine - induced activity in rodents critically depends upon the test conditions employed .
### Output Text: | From such experiments there is evidence that characterization and detection of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced activity in rodents critically depends upon the test conditions employed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In rats , detection of apomorphine - induced hyperactivity was facilitated by a period of acclimatization to the test conditions .
### Output Text: | In rats , detection of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced hyperactivity was facilitated by a period of acclimatization to the test conditions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , test conditions can impact upon other physiological responses to apomorphine such as drug - induced hypothermia .
### Output Text: | Moreover , test conditions can impact upon other physiological responses to <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> such as drug - induced hypothermia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In mice , apomorphine produced qualitatively different responses under novel conditions when compared to those behaviors elicited in the home test cage .
### Output Text: | In mice , <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> produced qualitatively different responses under novel conditions when compared to those behaviors elicited in the home test cage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Drug - induced gross activity counts were increased in the novel exploratory box only , while measures of stereotypic behavior were similar in both .
### Output Text: | Drug - induced gross activity counts were increased in the novel exploratory box only , while measures of stereotypic behavior were similar in both . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: By contrast , apomorphine - induced locomotion was more prominent in the novel exploratory box .
### Output Text: | By contrast , <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced locomotion was more prominent in the novel exploratory box . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dopamine turnover ratios ( DOPAC : DA and HVA : DA ) were found to be lower in those animals exposed to the exploratory box when compared to their home cage counterparts .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Dopamine</span> turnover ratios ( <span class="chemical">DOPAC</span> : <span class="chemical">DA</span> and <span class="chemical">HVA</span> : <span class="chemical">DA</span> ) were found to be lower in those animals exposed to the exploratory box when compared to their home cage counterparts . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , apomorphine - induced reductions in striatal dopamine turnover were detected in both novel and home cage environments .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced reductions in striatal <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> turnover were detected in both novel and home cage environments . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis upon conducting psychopharmacological challenge tests in rodents .
### Output Text: | The implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis upon conducting psychopharmacological challenge tests in rodents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by tamoxifen is related to disruption of membrane structure .
### Output Text: | Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> is related to disruption of membrane structure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Tamoxifen ( TAM ) , the antiestrogenic drug most widely prescribed in the chemotherapy of breast cancer , induces changes in normal discoid shape of erythrocytes and hemolytic anemia .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Tamoxifen</span> ( <span class="chemical">TAM</span> ) , the antiestrogenic drug most widely prescribed in the chemotherapy of breast cancer , induces changes in normal discoid shape of erythrocytes and hemolytic anemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This work evaluates the effects of TAM on isolated human erythrocytes , attempting to identify the underlying mechanisms on TAM - induced hemolytic anemia and the involvement of biomembranes in its cytostatic action mechanisms .
### Output Text: | This work evaluates the effects of <span class="chemical">TAM</span> on isolated human erythrocytes , attempting to identify the underlying mechanisms on <span class="chemical">TAM</span> - induced hemolytic anemia and the involvement of biomembranes in its cytostatic action mechanisms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: TAM induces hemolysis of erythrocytes as a function of concentration .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">TAM</span> induces hemolysis of erythrocytes as a function of concentration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The extension of hemolysis is variable with erythrocyte samples , but 12 . 5 microM TAM induces total hemolysis of all tested suspensions .
### Output Text: | The extension of hemolysis is variable with erythrocyte samples , but 12 . 5 microM <span class="chemical">TAM</span> induces total hemolysis of all tested suspensions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Despite inducing extensive erythrocyte lysis , TAM does not shift the osmotic fragility curves of erythrocytes .
### Output Text: | Despite inducing extensive erythrocyte lysis , <span class="chemical">TAM</span> does not shift the osmotic fragility curves of erythrocytes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The hemolytic effect of TAM is prevented by low concentrations of alpha - tocopherol ( alpha - T ) and alpha - tocopherol acetate ( alpha - TAc ) ( inactivated functional hydroxyl ) indicating that TAM - induced hemolysis is not related to oxidative membrane damage .
### Output Text: | The hemolytic effect of <span class="chemical">TAM</span> is prevented by low concentrations of <span class="chemical">alpha - tocopherol</span> ( <span class="chemical">alpha - T</span> ) and <span class="chemical">alpha - tocopherol acetate</span> ( <span class="chemical">alpha - TAc</span> ) ( inactivated functional <span class="chemical">hydroxyl</span> ) indicating that <span class="chemical">TAM</span> - induced hemolysis is not related to oxidative membrane damage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This was further evidenced by absence of oxygen consumption and hemoglobin oxidation both determined in parallel with TAM - induced hemolysis .
### Output Text: | This was further evidenced by absence of <span class="chemical">oxygen</span> consumption and hemoglobin oxidation both determined in parallel with <span class="chemical">TAM</span> - induced hemolysis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , it was observed that TAM inhibits the peroxidation of human erythrocytes induced by AAPH , thus ruling out TAM - induced cell oxidative stress .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , it was observed that <span class="chemical">TAM</span> inhibits the peroxidation of human erythrocytes induced by <span class="chemical">AAPH</span> , thus ruling out <span class="chemical">TAM</span> - induced cell oxidative stress . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hemolysis caused by TAM was not preceded by the leakage of K ( + ) from the cells , also excluding a colloid - osmotic type mechanism of hemolysis , according to the effects on osmotic fragility curves .
### Output Text: | Hemolysis caused by <span class="chemical">TAM</span> was not preceded by the leakage of <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) from the cells , also excluding a colloid - osmotic type mechanism of hemolysis , according to the effects on osmotic fragility curves . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , TAM induces release of peripheral proteins of membrane - cytoskeleton and cytosol proteins essentially bound to band 3 .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">TAM</span> induces release of peripheral proteins of membrane - cytoskeleton and cytosol proteins essentially bound to band 3 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Either alpha - T or alpha - TAc increases membrane packing and prevents TAM partition into model membranes .
### Output Text: | Either <span class="chemical">alpha - T</span> or <span class="chemical">alpha - TAc</span> increases membrane packing and prevents <span class="chemical">TAM</span> partition into model membranes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These effects suggest that the protection from hemolysis by tocopherols is related to a decreased TAM incorporation in condensed membranes and the structural damage of the erythrocyte membrane is consequently avoided .
### Output Text: | These effects suggest that the protection from hemolysis by <span class="chemical">tocopherols</span> is related to a decreased <span class="chemical">TAM</span> incorporation in condensed membranes and the structural damage of the erythrocyte membrane is consequently avoided . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therefore , TAM - induced hemolysis results from a structural perturbation of red cell membrane , leading to changes in the framework of the erythrocyte membrane and its cytoskeleton caused by its high partition in the membrane .
### Output Text: | Therefore , <span class="chemical">TAM</span> - induced hemolysis results from a structural perturbation of red cell membrane , leading to changes in the framework of the erythrocyte membrane and its cytoskeleton caused by its high partition in the membrane . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These defects explain the abnormal erythrocyte shape and decreased mechanical stability promoted by TAM , resulting in hemolytic anemia .
### Output Text: | These defects explain the abnormal erythrocyte shape and decreased mechanical stability promoted by <span class="chemical">TAM</span> , resulting in hemolytic anemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additionally , since membrane leakage is a final stage of cytotoxicity , the disruption of the structural characteristics of biomembranes by TAM may contribute to the multiple mechanisms of its anticancer action .
### Output Text: | Additionally , since membrane leakage is a final stage of cytotoxicity , the disruption of the structural characteristics of biomembranes by <span class="chemical">TAM</span> may contribute to the multiple mechanisms of its anticancer action . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Changes of sodium and ATP affinities of the cardiac ( Na , K ) - ATPase during and after nitric oxide deficient hypertension .
### Output Text: | Changes of <span class="chemical">sodium</span> and <span class="chemical">ATP</span> affinities of the cardiac ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase during and after <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> deficient hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the cardiovascular system , NO is involved in the regulation of a variety of functions .
### Output Text: | In the cardiovascular system , <span class="chemical">NO</span> is involved in the regulation of a variety of functions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Inhibition of NO synthesis induces sustained hypertension .
### Output Text: | Inhibition of <span class="chemical">NO</span> synthesis induces sustained hypertension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In several models of hypertension , elevation of intracellular sodium level was documented in cardiac tissue .
### Output Text: | In several models of hypertension , elevation of intracellular <span class="chemical">sodium</span> level was documented in cardiac tissue . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To assess the molecular basis of disturbances in transmembraneous transport of Na + , we studied the response of cardiac ( Na , K ) - ATPase to NO - deficient hypertension induced in rats by NO - synthase inhibition with 40 mg / kg / day N ( G ) - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester ( L - NAME ) for 4 four weeks .
### Output Text: | To assess the molecular basis of disturbances in transmembraneous transport of <span class="chemical">Na</span> + , we studied the response of cardiac ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase to <span class="chemical">NO</span> - deficient hypertension induced in rats by <span class="chemical">NO</span> - synthase inhibition with 40 mg / kg / day <span class="chemical">N ( G ) - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester</span> ( <span class="chemical">L - NAME</span> ) for 4 four weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 4 - week administration of L - NAME , the systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) increased by 36 % .
### Output Text: | After 4 - week administration of <span class="chemical">L - NAME</span> , the systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) increased by 36 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two weeks after terminating the treatment , the SBP recovered to control value .
### Output Text: | Two weeks after terminating the treatment , the SBP recovered to control value . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When activating the ( Na , K ) - ATPase with its substrate ATP , no changes in Km and Vmax values were observed in NO - deficient rats .
### Output Text: | When activating the ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase with its substrate <span class="chemical">ATP</span> , no changes in Km and Vmax values were observed in <span class="chemical">NO</span> - deficient rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: During activation with Na + , the Vmax remained unchanged , however the K ( Na ) increased by 50 % , indicating a profound decrease in the affinity of the Na + - binding site in NO - deficient rats .
### Output Text: | During activation with <span class="chemical">Na</span> + , the Vmax remained unchanged , however the <span class="chemical">K</span> ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> ) increased by 50 % , indicating a profound decrease in the affinity of the <span class="chemical">Na</span> + - binding site in <span class="chemical">NO</span> - deficient rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After recovery from hypertension , the activity of ( Na , K ) - ATPase increased , due to higher affinity of the ATP - binding site , as revealed from the lowered Km value for ATP .
### Output Text: | After recovery from hypertension , the activity of ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase increased , due to higher affinity of the <span class="chemical">ATP</span> - binding site , as revealed from the lowered Km value for <span class="chemical">ATP</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The K ( Na ) value for Na + returned to control value .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">K</span> ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> ) value for <span class="chemical">Na</span> + returned to control value . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Inhibition of NO - synthase induced a reversible hypertension accompanied by depressed Na + - extrusion from cardiac cells as a consequence of deteriorated Na + - binding properties of the ( Na , K ) - ATPase .
### Output Text: | Inhibition of <span class="chemical">NO</span> - synthase induced a reversible hypertension accompanied by depressed <span class="chemical">Na</span> + - extrusion from cardiac cells as a consequence of deteriorated <span class="chemical">Na</span> + - binding properties of the ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After recovery of blood pressure to control values , the extrusion of Na + from cardiac cells was normalized , as revealed by restoration of the ( Na , K ) - ATPase activity .
### Output Text: | After recovery of blood pressure to control values , the extrusion of <span class="chemical">Na</span> + from cardiac cells was normalized , as revealed by restoration of the ( <span class="chemical">Na</span> , <span class="chemical">K</span> ) - ATPase activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effects of long - term pretreatment with isoproterenol on bromocriptine - induced tachycardia in conscious rats .
### Output Text: | Effects of long - term pretreatment with <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> on <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> - induced tachycardia in conscious rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It has been shown that bromocriptine - induced tachycardia , which persisted after adrenalectomy , is ( i ) mediated by central dopamine D2 receptor activation and ( ii ) reduced by 5 - day isoproterenol pretreatment , supporting therefore the hypothesis that this effect is dependent on sympathetic outflow to the heart .
### Output Text: | It has been shown that <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> - induced tachycardia , which persisted after adrenalectomy , is ( i ) mediated by central <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 receptor activation and ( ii ) reduced by 5 - day <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> pretreatment , supporting therefore the hypothesis that this effect is dependent on sympathetic outflow to the heart . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study was conducted to examine whether prolonged pretreatment with isoproterenol could abolish bromocriptine - induced tachycardia in conscious rats .
### Output Text: | This study was conducted to examine whether prolonged pretreatment with <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> could abolish <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> - induced tachycardia in conscious rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Isoproterenol pretreatment for 15 days caused cardiac hypertrophy without affecting baseline blood pressure and heart rate .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Isoproterenol</span> pretreatment for 15 days caused cardiac hypertrophy without affecting baseline blood pressure and heart rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In control rats , intravenous bromocriptine ( 150 microg / kg ) induced significant hypotension and tachycardia .
### Output Text: | In control rats , intravenous <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> ( 150 microg / kg ) induced significant hypotension and tachycardia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bromocriptine - induced hypotension was unaffected by isoproterenol pretreatment , while tachycardia was reversed to significant bradycardia , an effect that was partly reduced by i . v . domperidone ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Bromocriptine</span> - induced hypotension was unaffected by <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> pretreatment , while tachycardia was reversed to significant bradycardia , an effect that was partly reduced by i . v . <span class="chemical">domperidone</span> ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither cardiac vagal nor sympathetic tone was altered by isoproterenol pretreatment .
### Output Text: | Neither cardiac vagal nor sympathetic tone was altered by <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> pretreatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In isolated perfused heart preparations from isoproterenol - pretreated rats , the isoproterenol - induced maximal increase in left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly reduced , compared with saline - pretreated rats ( the EC50 of the isoproterenol - induced increase in left ventricular systolic pressure was enhanced approximately 22 - fold ) .
### Output Text: | In isolated perfused heart preparations from <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - pretreated rats , the <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced maximal increase in left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly reduced , compared with saline - pretreated rats ( the EC50 of the <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced increase in left ventricular systolic pressure was enhanced approximately 22 - fold ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results show that 15 - day isoproterenol pretreatment not only abolished but reversed bromocriptine - induced tachycardia to bradycardia , an effect that is mainly related to further cardiac beta - adrenoceptor desensitization rather than to impairment of autonomic regulation of the heart .
### Output Text: | These results show that 15 - day <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> pretreatment not only abolished but reversed <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> - induced tachycardia to bradycardia , an effect that is mainly related to further cardiac beta - adrenoceptor desensitization rather than to impairment of autonomic regulation of the heart . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: They suggest that , in normal conscious rats , the central tachycardia of bromocriptine appears to predominate and to mask the bradycardia of this agonist at peripheral dopamine D2 receptors .
### Output Text: | They suggest that , in normal conscious rats , the central tachycardia of <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> appears to predominate and to mask the bradycardia of this agonist at peripheral <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 receptors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A developmental analysis of clonidine ' s effects on cardiac rate and ultrasound production in infant rats .
### Output Text: | A developmental analysis of <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> ' s effects on cardiac rate and ultrasound production in infant rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Under controlled conditions , infant rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations during extreme cold exposure and after administration of the alpha ( 2 ) adrenoceptor agonist , clonidine .
### Output Text: | Under controlled conditions , infant rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations during extreme cold exposure and after administration of the alpha ( 2 ) adrenoceptor agonist , <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Previous investigations have determined that , in response to clonidine , ultrasound production increases through the 2nd - week postpartum and decreases thereafter .
### Output Text: | Previous investigations have determined that , in response to <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> , ultrasound production increases through the 2nd - week postpartum and decreases thereafter . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Given that sympathetic neural dominance exhibits a similar developmental pattern , and given that clonidine induces sympathetic withdrawal and bradycardia , we hypothesized that clonidine ' s developmental effects on cardiac rate and ultrasound production would mirror each other .
### Output Text: | Given that sympathetic neural dominance exhibits a similar developmental pattern , and given that <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> induces sympathetic withdrawal and bradycardia , we hypothesized that <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> ' s developmental effects on cardiac rate and ultrasound production would mirror each other . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therefore , in the present experiment , the effects of clonidine administration ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) on cardiac rate and ultrasound production were examined in 2 - , 8 - , 15 - , and 20 - day - old rats .
### Output Text: | Therefore , in the present experiment , the effects of <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> administration ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) on cardiac rate and ultrasound production were examined in 2 - , 8 - , 15 - , and 20 - day - old rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Age - related changes in ultrasound production corresponded with changes in cardiovascular variables , including baseline cardiac rate and clonidine - induced bradycardia .
### Output Text: | Age - related changes in ultrasound production corresponded with changes in cardiovascular variables , including baseline cardiac rate and <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> - induced bradycardia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This experiment is discussed with regard to the hypothesis that ultrasound production is the acoustic by - product of a physiological maneuver that compensates for clonidine ' s detrimental effects on cardiovascular function .
### Output Text: | This experiment is discussed with regard to the hypothesis that ultrasound production is the acoustic by - product of a physiological maneuver that compensates for <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> ' s detrimental effects on cardiovascular function . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recurrent use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism .
### Output Text: | Recurrent use of newer <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> and the risk of venous thromboembolism . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The epidemiological studies that assessed the risk of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) associated with newer oral contraceptives ( OC ) did not distinguish between patterns of OC use , namely first - time users , repeaters and switchers .
### Output Text: | The epidemiological studies that assessed the risk of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) associated with newer <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> ( <span class="chemical">OC</span> ) did not distinguish between patterns of <span class="chemical">OC</span> use , namely first - time users , repeaters and switchers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Data from a Transnational case - control study were used to assess the risk of VTE for the latter patterns of use , while accounting for duration of use .
### Output Text: | Data from a Transnational case - control study were used to assess the risk of VTE for the latter patterns of use , while accounting for duration of use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Over the period 1993 - 1996 , 551 cases of VTE were identified in Germany and the UK along with 2066 controls .
### Output Text: | Over the period 1993 - 1996 , 551 cases of VTE were identified in Germany and the UK along with 2066 controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Totals of 128 cases and 650 controls were analysed for repeat use and 135 cases and 622 controls for switching patterns .
### Output Text: | Totals of 128 cases and 650 controls were analysed for repeat use and 135 cases and 622 controls for switching patterns . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The adjusted rate ratio of VTE for repeat users of third generation OC was 0 . 6 ( 95 % CI : 0 . 3 - 1 . 2 ) relative to repeat users of second generation pills , whereas it was 1 . 3 ( 95 % CI : 0 . 7 - 2 . 4 ) for switchers from second to third generation pills relative to switchers from third to second generation pills .
### Output Text: | The adjusted rate ratio of VTE for repeat users of third generation <span class="chemical">OC</span> was 0 . 6 ( 95 % CI : 0 . 3 - 1 . 2 ) relative to repeat users of second generation pills , whereas it was 1 . 3 ( 95 % CI : 0 . 7 - 2 . 4 ) for switchers from second to third generation pills relative to switchers from third to second generation pills . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that second and third generation agents are associated with equivalent risks of VTE when the same agent is used repeatedly after interruption periods or when users are switched between the two generations of pills .
### Output Text: | We conclude that second and third generation agents are associated with equivalent risks of VTE when the same agent is used repeatedly after interruption periods or when users are switched between the two generations of pills . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These analyses suggest that the higher risk observed for the newer OC in other studies may be the result of inadequate comparisons of pill users with different patterns of pill use .
### Output Text: | These analyses suggest that the higher risk observed for the newer <span class="chemical">OC</span> in other studies may be the result of inadequate comparisons of pill users with different patterns of pill use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Differential effects of systemically administered ketamine and lidocaine on dynamic and static hyperalgesia induced by intradermal capsaicin in humans .
### Output Text: | Differential effects of systemically administered <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> and <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> on dynamic and static hyperalgesia induced by intradermal <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We have examined the effect of systemic administration of ketamine and lidocaine on brush - evoked ( dynamic ) pain and punctate - evoked ( static ) hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin .
### Output Text: | We have examined the effect of systemic administration of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> and <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> on brush - evoked ( dynamic ) pain and punctate - evoked ( static ) hyperalgesia induced by <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover study , we studied 12 volunteers in three experiments .
### Output Text: | In a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover study , we studied 12 volunteers in three experiments . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Capsaicin 100 micrograms was injected intradermally on the volar forearm followed by an i . v . infusion of ketamine ( bolus 0 . 1 mg kg - 1 over 10 min followed by infusion of 7 micrograms kg - 1 min - 1 ) , lidocaine 5 mg kg - 1 or saline for 50 min .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Capsaicin</span> 100 micrograms was injected intradermally on the volar forearm followed by an i . v . infusion of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> ( bolus 0 . 1 mg kg - 1 over 10 min followed by infusion of 7 micrograms kg - 1 min - 1 ) , <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> 5 mg kg - 1 or saline for 50 min . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Infusion started 15 min after injection of capsaicin .
### Output Text: | Infusion started 15 min after injection of <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The following were measured : spontaneous pain , pain evoked by punctate and brush stimuli ( VAS ) , and areas of brush - evoked and punctate - evoked hyperalgesia .
### Output Text: | The following were measured : spontaneous pain , pain evoked by punctate and brush stimuli ( VAS ) , and areas of brush - evoked and punctate - evoked hyperalgesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ketamine reduced both the area of brush - evoked and punctate - evoked hyperalgesia significantly and it tended to reduce brush - evoked pain .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Ketamine</span> reduced both the area of brush - evoked and punctate - evoked hyperalgesia significantly and it tended to reduce brush - evoked pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Lidocaine reduced the area of punctate - evoked hyperalgesia significantly .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Lidocaine</span> reduced the area of punctate - evoked hyperalgesia significantly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It tended to reduce VAS scores of spontaneous pain but had no effect on evoked pain .
### Output Text: | It tended to reduce VAS scores of spontaneous pain but had no effect on evoked pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The differential effects of ketamine and lidocaine on static and dynamic hyperalgesia suggest that the two types of hyperalgesia are mediated by separate mechanisms and have a distinct pharmacology .
### Output Text: | The differential effects of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> and <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> on static and dynamic hyperalgesia suggest that the two types of hyperalgesia are mediated by separate mechanisms and have a distinct pharmacology . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Development of apomorphine - induced aggressive behavior : comparison of adult male and female Wistar rats .
### Output Text: | Development of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced aggressive behavior : comparison of adult male and female Wistar rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The development of apomorphine - induced ( 1 . 0 mg / kg s . c . once daily ) aggressive behavior of adult male and female Wistar rats obtained from the same breeder was studied in two consecutive sets .
### Output Text: | The development of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced ( 1 . 0 mg / kg s . c . once daily ) aggressive behavior of adult male and female Wistar rats obtained from the same breeder was studied in two consecutive sets . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In male animals , repeated apomorphine treatment induced a gradual development of aggressive behavior as evidenced by the increased intensity of aggressiveness and shortened latency before the first attack toward the opponent .
### Output Text: | In male animals , repeated <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> treatment induced a gradual development of aggressive behavior as evidenced by the increased intensity of aggressiveness and shortened latency before the first attack toward the opponent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In female rats , only a weak tendency toward aggressiveness was found .
### Output Text: | In female rats , only a weak tendency toward aggressiveness was found . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In conclusion , the present study demonstrates gender differences in the development of the apomorphine - induced aggressive behavior and indicates that the female rats do not fill the validation criteria for use in this method .
### Output Text: | In conclusion , the present study demonstrates gender differences in the development of the <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced aggressive behavior and indicates that the female rats do not fill the validation criteria for use in this method . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Intracranial aneurysms and cocaine abuse : analysis of prognostic indicators .
### Output Text: | Intracranial aneurysms and cocaine abuse : analysis of prognostic indicators . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : The outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with cocaine abuse is reportedly poor .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : The outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with cocaine abuse is reportedly poor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , no study in the literature has reported the use of a statistical model to analyze the variables that influence outcome .
### Output Text: | However , no study in the literature has reported the use of a statistical model to analyze the variables that influence outcome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A review of admissions during a 6 - year period revealed 14 patients with cocaine - related aneurysms .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A review of admissions during a 6 - year period revealed 14 patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - related aneurysms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This group was compared with a control group of 135 patients with ruptured aneurysms and no history of cocaine abuse .
### Output Text: | This group was compared with a control group of 135 patients with ruptured aneurysms and no history of cocaine abuse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Age at presentation , time of ictus after intoxication , Hunt and Hess grade of subarachnoid hemorrhage , size of the aneurysm , location of the aneurysm , and the Glasgow Outcome Scale score were assessed and compared .
### Output Text: | Age at presentation , time of ictus after intoxication , Hunt and Hess grade of subarachnoid hemorrhage , size of the aneurysm , location of the aneurysm , and the Glasgow Outcome Scale score were assessed and compared . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : The patients in the study group were significantly younger than the patients in the control group ( P < 0 . 002 ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : The patients in the study group were significantly younger than the patients in the control group ( P < 0 . 002 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In patients in the study group , all aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation .
### Output Text: | In patients in the study group , all aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The majority of these aneurysms were smaller than those of the control group ( 8 + / - 6 . 08 mm versus 11 + / - 5 . 4 mm ; P = 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | The majority of these aneurysms were smaller than those of the control group ( 8 + / - 6 . 08 mm versus 11 + / - 5 . 4 mm ; P = 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The differences in mortality and morbidity between the two groups were not significant .
### Output Text: | The differences in mortality and morbidity between the two groups were not significant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hunt and Hess grade ( P < 0 . 005 ) and age ( P < 0 . 007 ) were significant predictors of outcome for the patients with cocaine - related aneurysms .
### Output Text: | Hunt and Hess grade ( P < 0 . 005 ) and age ( P < 0 . 007 ) were significant predictors of outcome for the patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - related aneurysms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Cocaine use predisposed aneurysmal rupture at a significantly earlier age and in much smaller aneurysms .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> use predisposed aneurysmal rupture at a significantly earlier age and in much smaller aneurysms . |