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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Two mouse lines were selectively bred according to their sensitivity ( BS line ) or resistance ( BR line ) to seizures induced by a single i . p . injection of methyl beta - carboline - 3 - carboxylate ( beta - CCM ) , an inverse agonist of the GABA ( A ) receptor benzodiazepine site .
### Output Text: | Two mouse lines were selectively bred according to their sensitivity ( BS line ) or resistance ( BR line ) to seizures induced by a single i . p . injection of <span class="chemical">methyl beta - carboline - 3 - carboxylate</span> ( <span class="chemical">beta - CCM</span> ) , an inverse agonist of the <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) receptor <span class="chemical">benzodiazepine</span> site . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our aim was to characterize both lines ' sensitivities to various physiological effects of other ligands of the GABA ( A ) receptor .
### Output Text: | Our aim was to characterize both lines ' sensitivities to various physiological effects of other ligands of the <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) receptor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We measured diazepam - induced anxiolysis with the elevated plus - maze test , diazepam - induced sedation by recording the vigilance states , and picrotoxin - and pentylenetetrazol - induced seizures after i . p . injections .
### Output Text: | We measured <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> - induced anxiolysis with the elevated plus - maze test , <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> - induced sedation by recording the vigilance states , and <span class="chemical">picrotoxin</span> - and <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazol</span> - induced seizures after i . p . injections . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Results presented here show that the differential sensitivities of BS and BR lines to beta - CCM can be extended to diazepam , picrotoxin , and pentylenetetrazol , suggesting a genetic selection of a general sensitivity and resistance to several ligands of the GABA ( A ) receptor .
### Output Text: | Results presented here show that the differential sensitivities of BS and BR lines to <span class="chemical">beta - CCM</span> can be extended to <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> , <span class="chemical">picrotoxin</span> , and <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazol</span> , suggesting a genetic selection of a general sensitivity and resistance to several ligands of the <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) receptor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Propylthiouracil - induced perinuclear - staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody - positive vasculitis in conjunction with pericarditis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Propylthiouracil</span> - induced perinuclear - staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody - positive vasculitis in conjunction with pericarditis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To describe a case of propylthiouracil - induced vasculitis manifesting with pericarditis .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To describe a case of <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> - induced vasculitis manifesting with pericarditis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : We present the first case report of a woman with hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil in whom a syndrome of pericarditis , fever , and glomerulonephritis developed .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We present the first case report of a woman with hyperthyroidism treated with <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> in whom a syndrome of pericarditis , fever , and glomerulonephritis developed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serologic testing and immunologic studies were done , and a pericardial biopsy was performed .
### Output Text: | Serologic testing and immunologic studies were done , and a pericardial biopsy was performed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : A 25 - year - old woman with Graves ' disease had a febrile illness and evidence of pericarditis , which was confirmed by biopsy .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : A 25 - year - old woman with Graves ' disease had a febrile illness and evidence of pericarditis , which was confirmed by biopsy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serologic evaluation revealed the presence of perinuclear - staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies ( pANCA ) against myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) .
### Output Text: | Serologic evaluation revealed the presence of perinuclear - staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies ( pANCA ) against myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Propylthiouracil therapy was withdrawn , and she was treated with a 1 - month course of prednisone , which alleviated her symptoms .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Propylthiouracil</span> therapy was withdrawn , and she was treated with a 1 - month course of <span class="chemical">prednisone</span> , which alleviated her symptoms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A literature review revealed no prior reports of pericarditis in anti - MPO pANCA - positive vasculitis associated with propylthio - uracil therapy .
### Output Text: | A literature review revealed no prior reports of pericarditis in anti - MPO pANCA - positive vasculitis associated with <span class="chemical">propylthio - uracil</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Pericarditis may be the initial manifestation of drug - induced vasculitis attributable to propylthio - uracil therapy .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Pericarditis may be the initial manifestation of drug - induced vasculitis attributable to <span class="chemical">propylthio - uracil</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Repeated transient anuria following losartan administration in a patient with a solitary kidney .
### Output Text: | Repeated transient anuria following <span class="chemical">losartan</span> administration in a patient with a solitary kidney . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report the case of a 70 - year - old hypertensive man with a solitary kidney and chronic renal insufficiency who developed two episodes of transient anuria after losartan administration .
### Output Text: | We report the case of a 70 - year - old hypertensive man with a solitary kidney and chronic renal insufficiency who developed two episodes of transient anuria after <span class="chemical">losartan</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: He was hospitalized for a myocardial infarction with pulmonary edema , treated with high - dose diuretics .
### Output Text: | He was hospitalized for a myocardial infarction with pulmonary edema , treated with high - dose diuretics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Due to severe systolic dysfunction losartan was prescribed .
### Output Text: | Due to severe systolic dysfunction <span class="chemical">losartan</span> was prescribed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Surprisingly , the first dose of 50 mg of losartan resulted in a sudden anuria , which lasted eight hours despite high - dose furosemide and amine infusion .
### Output Text: | Surprisingly , the first dose of 50 mg of <span class="chemical">losartan</span> resulted in a sudden anuria , which lasted eight hours despite high - dose <span class="chemical">furosemide</span> and <span class="chemical">amine</span> infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: One week later , by mistake , losartan was prescribed again and after the second dose of 50 mg , the patient developed a second episode of transient anuria lasting 10 hours .
### Output Text: | One week later , by mistake , <span class="chemical">losartan</span> was prescribed again and after the second dose of 50 mg , the patient developed a second episode of transient anuria lasting 10 hours . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: During these two episodes , his blood pressure diminished but no severe hypotension was noted .
### Output Text: | During these two episodes , his blood pressure diminished but no severe hypotension was noted . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ultimately , an arteriography showed a 70 - 80 % renal artery stenosis .
### Output Text: | Ultimately , an arteriography showed a 70 - 80 % renal artery stenosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In this patient , renal artery stenosis combined with heart failure and diuretic therapy certainly resulted in a strong activation of the renin - angiotensin system ( RAS ) .
### Output Text: | In this patient , renal artery stenosis combined with heart failure and diuretic therapy certainly resulted in a strong activation of the renin - <span class="chemical">angiotensin</span> system ( RAS ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Under such conditions , angiotensin II receptor blockade by losartan probably induced a critical fall in glomerular filtration pressure .
### Output Text: | Under such conditions , <span class="chemical">angiotensin II</span> receptor blockade by <span class="chemical">losartan</span> probably induced a critical fall in glomerular filtration pressure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This case report highlights the fact that the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan can cause serious unexpected complications in patients with renovascular disease and should be used with extreme caution in this setting .
### Output Text: | This case report highlights the fact that the <span class="chemical">angiotensin II</span> receptor antagonist <span class="chemical">losartan</span> can cause serious unexpected complications in patients with renovascular disease and should be used with extreme caution in this setting . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Calcineurin - inhibitor induced pain syndrome ( CIPS ) : a severe disabling complication after organ transplantation .
### Output Text: | Calcineurin - inhibitor induced pain syndrome ( CIPS ) : a severe disabling complication after organ transplantation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bone pain after transplantation is a frequent complication that can be caused by several diseases .
### Output Text: | Bone pain after transplantation is a frequent complication that can be caused by several diseases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatment strategies depend on the correct diagnosis of the pain .
### Output Text: | Treatment strategies depend on the correct diagnosis of the pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nine patients with severe pain in their feet , which was registered after transplantation , were investigated .
### Output Text: | Nine patients with severe pain in their feet , which was registered after transplantation , were investigated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bone scans showed an increased tracer uptake of the foot bones .
### Output Text: | Bone scans showed an increased tracer uptake of the foot bones . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bone marrow oedema in the painful bones .
### Output Text: | Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bone marrow oedema in the painful bones . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pain was not explained by other diseases causing foot pain , like reflex sympathetic dystrophy , polyneuropathy , Morton ' s neuralgia , gout , osteoporosis , avascular necrosis , intermittent claudication , orthopaedic foot deformities , stress fractures , and hyperparathyroidism .
### Output Text: | Pain was not explained by other diseases causing foot pain , like reflex sympathetic dystrophy , polyneuropathy , Morton ' s neuralgia , gout , osteoporosis , avascular necrosis , intermittent claudication , orthopaedic foot deformities , stress fractures , and hyperparathyroidism . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The reduction of cyclosporine - or tacrolimus trough levels and the administration of calcium channel blockers led to relief of pain .
### Output Text: | The reduction of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> - or <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> trough levels and the administration of <span class="chemical">calcium</span> channel blockers led to relief of pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The Calcineurin - inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome ( CIPS ) is a rare but severe side effect of cyclosporine or tacrolimus and is accurately diagnosed by its typical presentation , magnetic resonance imaging and bone scans .
### Output Text: | The Calcineurin - inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome ( CIPS ) is a rare but severe side effect of <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> or <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> and is accurately diagnosed by its typical presentation , magnetic resonance imaging and bone scans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Incorrect diagnosis of the syndrome will lead to a significant reduction of life quality in patients suffering from CIPS .
### Output Text: | Incorrect diagnosis of the syndrome will lead to a significant reduction of life quality in patients suffering from CIPS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Brain natriuretic peptide is a predictor of anthracycline - induced cardiotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Brain natriuretic peptide is a predictor of <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> - induced cardiotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anthracyclines are effective antineoplastic drugs , but they frequently cause dose - related cardiotoxicity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Anthracyclines</span> are effective antineoplastic drugs , but they frequently cause dose - related cardiotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The cardiotoxicity of conventional anthracycline therapy highlights a need to search for methods that are highly sensitive and capable of predicting cardiac dysfunction .
### Output Text: | The cardiotoxicity of conventional <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> therapy highlights a need to search for methods that are highly sensitive and capable of predicting cardiac dysfunction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We measured the plasma level of brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) to determine whether BNP might serve as a simple diagnostic indicator of anthracycline - induced cardiotoxicity in patients with acute leukemia treated with a daunorubicin ( DNR ) - containing regimen .
### Output Text: | We measured the plasma level of brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) to determine whether BNP might serve as a simple diagnostic indicator of <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> - induced cardiotoxicity in patients with acute leukemia treated with a <span class="chemical">daunorubicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">DNR</span> ) - containing regimen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thirteen patients with acute leukemia were treated with a DNR - containing regimen .
### Output Text: | Thirteen patients with acute leukemia were treated with a <span class="chemical">DNR</span> - containing regimen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cardiac functions were evaluated with radionuclide angiography before chemotherapies .
### Output Text: | Cardiac functions were evaluated with radionuclide angiography before chemotherapies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) and BNP were measured at the time of radionuclide angiography .
### Output Text: | The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) and BNP were measured at the time of radionuclide angiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three patients developed congestive heart failure after the completion of chemotherapy .
### Output Text: | Three patients developed congestive heart failure after the completion of chemotherapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five patients were diagnosed as having subclinical heart failure after the completion of chemotherapy .
### Output Text: | Five patients were diagnosed as having subclinical heart failure after the completion of chemotherapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The plasma levels of BNP in all the patients with clinical and subclinical heart failure increased above the normal limit ( 40 pg / ml ) before the detection of clinical or subclinical heart failure by radionuclide angiography .
### Output Text: | The plasma levels of BNP in all the patients with clinical and subclinical heart failure increased above the normal limit ( 40 pg / ml ) before the detection of clinical or subclinical heart failure by radionuclide angiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: On the other hand , BNP did not increase in the patients without heart failure given DNR , even at more than 700 mg / m ( 2 ) .
### Output Text: | On the other hand , BNP did not increase in the patients without heart failure given <span class="chemical">DNR</span> , even at more than 700 mg / m ( 2 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The plasma level of ANP did not always increase in all the patients with clinical and subclinical heart failure .
### Output Text: | The plasma level of ANP did not always increase in all the patients with clinical and subclinical heart failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These preliminary results suggest that BNP may be useful as an early and sensitive indicator of anthracycline - induced cardiotoxicity .
### Output Text: | These preliminary results suggest that BNP may be useful as an early and sensitive indicator of <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> - induced cardiotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nephrotoxicity of combined cephalothin - gentamicin regimen .
### Output Text: | Nephrotoxicity of combined <span class="chemical">cephalothin</span> - <span class="chemical">gentamicin</span> regimen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis , characterized clinically by acute oliguric renal failure , while they were receiving a combination of cephalothin sodium and gentamicin sulfate therapy .
### Output Text: | Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis , characterized clinically by acute oliguric renal failure , while they were receiving a combination of <span class="chemical">cephalothin sodium</span> and <span class="chemical">gentamicin sulfate</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients who are given this drug regimen should be observed very carefully for early signs of nephrotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Patients who are given this drug regimen should be observed very carefully for early signs of nephrotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: High doses of this antibiotic combination should be avoided especially in elderly patients .
### Output Text: | High doses of this antibiotic combination should be avoided especially in elderly patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients with renal insufficiency should not be given this regimen .
### Output Text: | Patients with renal insufficiency should not be given this regimen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In vivo protection of dna damage associated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths during acetaminophen - induced nephrotoxicity , amiodarone - induced lung toxicity and doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity by a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract .
### Output Text: | In vivo protection of dna damage associated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths during <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> - induced nephrotoxicity , <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> - induced lung toxicity and <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced cardiotoxicity by a novel <span class="chemical">IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Grape seed extract , primarily a mixture of proanthocyanidins , has been shown to modulate a wide - range of biological , pharmacological and toxicological effects which are mainly cytoprotective .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Grape seed extract</span> , primarily a mixture of <span class="chemical">proanthocyanidins</span> , has been shown to modulate a wide - range of biological , pharmacological and toxicological effects which are mainly cytoprotective . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study assessed the ability of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ( GSPE ) to prevent acetaminophen ( AAP ) - induced nephrotoxicity , amiodarone ( AMI ) - induced lung toxicity , and doxorubicin ( DOX ) - induced cardiotoxicity in mice .
### Output Text: | This study assessed the ability of <span class="chemical">IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract</span> ( <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> ) to prevent <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> ( <span class="chemical">AAP</span> ) - induced nephrotoxicity , <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> ( <span class="chemical">AMI</span> ) - induced lung toxicity , and <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">DOX</span> ) - induced cardiotoxicity in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Experimental design consisted of four groups : control ( vehicle alone ) , GSPE alone , drug alone and GSPE + drug .
### Output Text: | Experimental design consisted of four groups : control ( vehicle alone ) , <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> alone , drug alone and <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> + drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: For the cytoprotection study , animals were orally gavaged 100 mg / Kg GSPE for 7 - 10 days followed by i . p . injections of organ specific three drugs ( AAP : 500 mg / Kg for 24 h ; AMI : 50 mg / Kg / day for four days ; DOX : 20 mg / Kg for 48 h ) .
### Output Text: | For the cytoprotection study , animals were orally gavaged 100 mg / Kg <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> for 7 - 10 days followed by i . p . injections of organ specific three drugs ( <span class="chemical">AAP</span> : 500 mg / Kg for 24 h ; <span class="chemical">AMI</span> : 50 mg / Kg / day for four days ; <span class="chemical">DOX</span> : 20 mg / Kg for 48 h ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Parameters of study included analysis of serum chemistry ( ALT , BUN and CPK ) , and orderly fragmentation of genomic DNA ( both endonuclease - dependent and independent ) in addition to microscopic evaluation of damage and / or protection in corresponding PAS stained tissues .
### Output Text: | Parameters of study included analysis of serum chemistry ( ALT , BUN and CPK ) , and orderly fragmentation of genomic DNA ( both endonuclease - dependent and independent ) in addition to microscopic evaluation of damage and / or protection in corresponding PAS stained tissues . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Results indicate that GSPE preexposure prior to AAP , AMI and DOX , provided near complete protection in terms of serum chemistry changes ( ALT , BUN and CPK ) , and significantly reduced DNA fragmentation .
### Output Text: | Results indicate that <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> preexposure prior to <span class="chemical">AAP</span> , <span class="chemical">AMI</span> and <span class="chemical">DOX</span> , provided near complete protection in terms of serum chemistry changes ( ALT , BUN and CPK ) , and significantly reduced DNA fragmentation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Histopathological examination of kidney , heart and lung sections revealed moderate to massive tissue damage with a variety of morphological aberrations by all the three drugs in the absence of GSPE preexposure than in its presence .
### Output Text: | Histopathological examination of kidney , heart and lung sections revealed moderate to massive tissue damage with a variety of morphological aberrations by all the three drugs in the absence of <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> preexposure than in its presence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: GSPE + drug exposed tissues exhibited minor residual damage or near total recovery .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> + drug exposed tissues exhibited minor residual damage or near total recovery . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additionally , histopathological alterations mirrored both serum chemistry changes and the pattern of DNA fragmentation .
### Output Text: | Additionally , histopathological alterations mirrored both serum chemistry changes and the pattern of DNA fragmentation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Interestingly , all the drugs , such as , AAP , AMI and DOX induced apoptotic death in addition to necrosis in the respective organs which was very effectively blocked by GSPE .
### Output Text: | Interestingly , all the drugs , such as , <span class="chemical">AAP</span> , <span class="chemical">AMI</span> and <span class="chemical">DOX</span> induced apoptotic death in addition to necrosis in the respective organs which was very effectively blocked by <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Since AAP , AMI and DOX undergo biotransformation and are known to produce damaging radicals in vivo , the protection by GSPE may be linked to both inhibition of metabolism and / or detoxification of cytotoxic radicals .
### Output Text: | Since <span class="chemical">AAP</span> , <span class="chemical">AMI</span> and <span class="chemical">DOX</span> undergo biotransformation and are known to produce damaging radicals in vivo , the protection by <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> may be linked to both inhibition of metabolism and / or detoxification of cytotoxic radicals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , its ' presumed contribution to DNA repair may be another important attribute , which played a role in the chemoprevention process .
### Output Text: | In addition , its ' presumed contribution to DNA repair may be another important attribute , which played a role in the chemoprevention process . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additionally , this may have been the first report on AMI - induced apoptotic death in the lung tissue .
### Output Text: | Additionally , this may have been the first report on <span class="chemical">AMI</span> - induced apoptotic death in the lung tissue . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Taken together , these events undoubtedly establish GSPE ' s abundant bioavailability , and the power to defend multiple target organs from toxic assaults induced by structurally diverse and functionally different entities in vivo .
### Output Text: | Taken together , these events undoubtedly establish <span class="chemical">GSPE</span> ' s abundant bioavailability , and the power to defend multiple target organs from toxic assaults induced by structurally diverse and functionally different entities in vivo . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Antidepressant - induced mania in bipolar patients : identification of risk factors .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Antidepressant</span> - induced mania in bipolar patients : identification of risk factors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Concerns about possible risks of switching to mania associated with antidepressants continue to interfere with the establishment of an optimal treatment paradigm for bipolar depression .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Concerns about possible risks of switching to mania associated with <span class="chemical">antidepressants</span> continue to interfere with the establishment of an optimal treatment paradigm for bipolar depression . |
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### Input Text: METHOD : The response of 44 patients meeting DSM - IV criteria for bipolar disorder to naturalistic treatment was assessed for at least 6 weeks using the Montgomery - Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Bech - Rafaelson Mania Rating Scale .
### Output Text: | METHOD : The response of 44 patients meeting DSM - IV criteria for bipolar disorder to naturalistic treatment was assessed for at least 6 weeks using the Montgomery - Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Bech - Rafaelson Mania Rating Scale . |
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### Input Text: Patients who experienced a manic or hypomanic switch were compared with those who did not on several variables including age , sex , diagnosis ( DSM - IV bipolar I vs . bipolar II ) , number of previous manic episodes , type of antidepressant therapy used ( electroconvulsive therapy vs . antidepressant drugs and , more particularly , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [ SSRIs ] ) , use and type of mood stabilizers ( lithium vs . anticonvulsants ) , and temperament of the patient , assessed during a normothymic period using the hyperthymia component of the Semi - structured Affective Temperament Interview .
### Output Text: | Patients who experienced a manic or hypomanic switch were compared with those who did not on several variables including age , sex , diagnosis ( DSM - IV bipolar I vs . bipolar II ) , number of previous manic episodes , type of <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> therapy used ( electroconvulsive therapy vs . <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> drugs and , more particularly , selective <span class="chemical">serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> [ <span class="chemical">SSRIs</span> ] ) , use and type of mood stabilizers ( <span class="chemical">lithium</span> vs . anticonvulsants ) , and temperament of the patient , assessed during a normothymic period using the hyperthymia component of the Semi - structured Affective Temperament Interview . |
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Switches to hypomania or mania occurred in 27 % of all patients ( N = 12 ) ( and in 24 % of the subgroup of patients treated with SSRIs [ 8 / 33 ] ) ; 16 % ( N = 7 ) experienced manic episodes , and 11 % ( N = 5 ) experienced hypomanic episodes .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Switches to hypomania or mania occurred in 27 % of all patients ( N = 12 ) ( and in 24 % of the subgroup of patients treated with <span class="chemical">SSRIs</span> [ 8 / 33 ] ) ; 16 % ( N = 7 ) experienced manic episodes , and 11 % ( N = 5 ) experienced hypomanic episodes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sex , age , diagnosis ( bipolar I vs . bipolar II ) , and additional treatment did not affect the risk of switching .
### Output Text: | Sex , age , diagnosis ( bipolar I vs . bipolar II ) , and additional treatment did not affect the risk of switching . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The incidence of mood switches seemed not to differ between patients receiving an anticonvulsant and those receiving no mood stabilizer .
### Output Text: | The incidence of mood switches seemed not to differ between patients receiving an anticonvulsant and those receiving no mood stabilizer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , mood switches were less frequent in patients receiving lithium ( 15 % , 4 / 26 ) than in patients not treated with lithium ( 44 % , 8 / 18 ; p = . 04 ) .
### Output Text: | In contrast , mood switches were less frequent in patients receiving <span class="chemical">lithium</span> ( 15 % , 4 / 26 ) than in patients not treated with <span class="chemical">lithium</span> ( 44 % , 8 / 18 ; p = . 04 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The number of previous manic episodes did not affect the probability of switching , whereas a high score on the hyperthymia component of the Semistructured Affective Temperament Interview was associated with a greater risk of switching ( p = . 008 ) .
### Output Text: | The number of previous manic episodes did not affect the probability of switching , whereas a high score on the hyperthymia component of the Semistructured Affective Temperament Interview was associated with a greater risk of switching ( p = . 008 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : The frequency of mood switching associated with acute antidepressant therapy may be reduced by lithium treatment .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : The frequency of mood switching associated with acute <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> therapy may be reduced by <span class="chemical">lithium</span> treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Particular attention should be paid to patients with a hyperthymic temperament , who have a greater risk of mood switches .
### Output Text: | Particular attention should be paid to patients with a hyperthymic temperament , who have a greater risk of mood switches . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Peritubular capillary basement membrane reduplication in allografts and native kidney disease : a clinicopathologic study of 278 consecutive renal specimens .
### Output Text: | Peritubular capillary basement membrane reduplication in allografts and native kidney disease : a clinicopathologic study of 278 consecutive renal specimens . |
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : An association has been found between transplant glomerulopathy ( TG ) and reduplication of peritubular capillary basement membranes ( PTCR ) .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : An association has been found between transplant glomerulopathy ( TG ) and reduplication of peritubular capillary basement membranes ( PTCR ) . |
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### Input Text: Although such an association is of practical and theoretical importance , only one prospective study has tried to confirm it .
### Output Text: | Although such an association is of practical and theoretical importance , only one prospective study has tried to confirm it . |
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### Input Text: METHODS : We examined 278 consecutive renal specimens ( from 135 transplants and 143 native kidneys ) for ultrastructural evidence of PTCR .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We examined 278 consecutive renal specimens ( from 135 transplants and 143 native kidneys ) for ultrastructural evidence of PTCR . |
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### Input Text: In addition to renal allografts with TG , we also examined grafts with acute rejection , recurrent glomerulonephritis , chronic allograft nephropathy and stable grafts ( " protocol biopsies " ) .
### Output Text: | In addition to renal allografts with TG , we also examined grafts with acute rejection , recurrent glomerulonephritis , chronic allograft nephropathy and stable grafts ( " protocol biopsies " ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Native kidney specimens included a wide range of glomerulopathies as well as cases of thrombotic microangiopathy , malignant hypertension , acute interstitial nephritis , and acute tubular necrosis .
### Output Text: | Native kidney specimens included a wide range of glomerulopathies as well as cases of thrombotic microangiopathy , malignant hypertension , acute interstitial nephritis , and acute tubular necrosis . |
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### Input Text: RESULTS : We found PTCR in 14 of 15 cases of TG , in 7 transplant biopsy specimens without TG , and in 13 of 143 native kidney biopsy specimens .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : We found PTCR in 14 of 15 cases of TG , in 7 transplant biopsy specimens without TG , and in 13 of 143 native kidney biopsy specimens . |
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### Input Text: These 13 included cases of malignant hypertension , thrombotic microangiopathy , lupus nephritis , Henoch - Schonlein nephritis , crescentic glomerulonephritis , and cocaine - related acute renal failure .
### Output Text: | These 13 included cases of malignant hypertension , thrombotic microangiopathy , lupus nephritis , Henoch - Schonlein nephritis , crescentic glomerulonephritis , and <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - related acute renal failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mild PTCR in allografts without TG did not predict renal failure or significant proteinuria after follow - up periods of between 3 months and 1 year .
### Output Text: | Mild PTCR in allografts without TG did not predict renal failure or significant proteinuria after follow - up periods of between 3 months and 1 year . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that in transplants , there is a strong association between well - developed PTCR and TG , while the significance of mild PTCR and its predictive value in the absence of TG is unclear .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that in transplants , there is a strong association between well - developed PTCR and TG , while the significance of mild PTCR and its predictive value in the absence of TG is unclear . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PTCR also occurs in certain native kidney diseases , though the association is not as strong as that for TG .
### Output Text: | PTCR also occurs in certain native kidney diseases , though the association is not as strong as that for TG . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We suggest that repeated endothelial injury , including immunologic injury , may be the cause of this lesion both in allografts and native kidneys .
### Output Text: | We suggest that repeated endothelial injury , including immunologic injury , may be the cause of this lesion both in allografts and native kidneys . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Caffeine - induced cardiac arrhythmia : an unrecognised danger of healthfood products .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Caffeine</span> - induced cardiac arrhythmia : an unrecognised danger of healthfood products . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe a 25 - year - old woman with pre - existing mitral valve prolapse who developed intractable ventricular fibrillation after consuming a " natural energy " guarana health drink containing a high concentration of caffeine .
### Output Text: | We describe a 25 - year - old woman with pre - existing mitral valve prolapse who developed intractable ventricular fibrillation after consuming a " natural energy " guarana health drink containing a high concentration of <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This case highlights the need for adequate labelling and regulation of such products .
### Output Text: | This case highlights the need for adequate labelling and regulation of such products . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Conformationally restricted analogs of BD1008 and an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting sigma1 receptors produce anti - cocaine effects in mice .
### Output Text: | Conformationally restricted analogs of <span class="chemical">BD1008</span> and an antisense <span class="chemical">oligodeoxynucleotide</span> targeting sigma1 receptors produce anti - <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> effects in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cocaine ' s ability to interact with sigma receptors suggests that these proteins mediate some of its behavioral effects .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> ' s ability to interact with sigma receptors suggests that these proteins mediate some of its behavioral effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therefore , three novel sigma receptor ligands with antagonist activity were evaluated in Swiss Webster mice : BD1018 ( 3S - 1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 1 , 4 - diazabicyclo [ 4 . 3 . 0 ] nonane ) , BD1063 ( 1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 4 - methylpiperazine ) , and LR132 ( 1R , 2S - ( + ) - cis - N - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 2 - ( 1 - pyrrolidinyl ) cyclohexylamine ) .
### Output Text: | Therefore , three novel sigma receptor ligands with antagonist activity were evaluated in Swiss Webster mice : <span class="chemical">BD1018</span> ( <span class="chemical">3S - 1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 1 , 4 - diazabicyclo [ 4 . 3 . 0 ] nonane</span> ) , <span class="chemical">BD1063</span> ( <span class="chemical">1 - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 4 - methylpiperazine</span> ) , and <span class="chemical">LR132</span> ( 1R , 2S - ( + ) - cis - N - [ 2 - ( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) ethyl ] - 2 - ( 1 - pyrrolidinyl ) cyclohexylamine ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Competition binding assays demonstrated that all three compounds have high affinities for sigma1 receptors .
### Output Text: | Competition binding assays demonstrated that all three compounds have high affinities for sigma1 receptors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The three compounds vary in their affinities for sigma2 receptors and exhibit negligible affinities for dopamine , opioid , GABA ( A ) and NMDA receptors .
### Output Text: | The three compounds vary in their affinities for sigma2 receptors and exhibit negligible affinities for <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> , opioid , <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) and <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> receptors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In behavioral studies , pre - treatment of mice with BD1018 , BD1063 , or LR132 significantly attenuated cocaine - induced convulsions and lethality .
### Output Text: | In behavioral studies , pre - treatment of mice with <span class="chemical">BD1018</span> , <span class="chemical">BD1063</span> , or <span class="chemical">LR132</span> significantly attenuated <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced convulsions and lethality . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , post - treatment with LR132 prevented cocaine - induced lethality in a significant proportion of animals .
### Output Text: | Moreover , post - treatment with <span class="chemical">LR132</span> prevented <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced lethality in a significant proportion of animals . |