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{"datasets_id": 1964, "wiki_id": "Q3086851", "sp": 10, "sc": 698, "ep": 10, "ec": 1388} | 1,964 | Q3086851 | 10 | 698 | 10 | 1,388 | Fred Harman | Red Ryder | parade of appearances with Harman appearing as a real-life cowboy artist. Popular comic books, illustrated books and juvenile novels, Radio shows, movies, and an avalanche of dependable quality merchandise followed: From school supplies to camping supplies, toys, games, puzzles, novelties, craft kits and leather kits, wallets with secret pockets, watches, camping cookware and more. An exclusive Red Ryder Corral at J.C. Penny's offered Red Ryder Cowboy themed clothing, hats, suspenders, underwear, accessories, housewares and rugged Red Ryder Ranch Brand clothing for work and play. Soon there were Red Ryder Rodeos, Little Beaver Powwows, Red Ryder sponsored family events and outdoor |
{"datasets_id": 1964, "wiki_id": "Q3086851", "sp": 10, "sc": 1388, "ep": 14, "ec": 279} | 1,964 | Q3086851 | 10 | 1,388 | 14 | 279 | Fred Harman | Red Ryder & Cowboy Artists of America | youth programs. In 2020 Red Ryder Enterprises, Inc., owners of the Red Ryder trademarks, copyrights and archives, will celebrate the 80th Anniversary of Red Ryder's outdoor youth programs..
In March 1953, Harman embarked on a six-week USO tour, doing chalk talks at camps in England, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey and Africa. Cowboy Artists of America Harman lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico, while also maintaining his Pagosa Springs ranch. After he retired from the strip in 1964, he turned to painting at his Albuquerque studio. The strip was continued by Bob MacLeod, Jim Gary, John Wade Hampton, Edmond Good, the same talented |
{"datasets_id": 1964, "wiki_id": "Q3086851", "sp": 14, "sc": 279, "ep": 18, "ec": 107} | 1,964 | Q3086851 | 14 | 279 | 18 | 107 | Fred Harman | Cowboy Artists of America & Awards | artists who had helped produce the Red Ryder content, in the New York Studios of Stephen Slesinger.
Harman was one of the original 1965 members of the Cowboy Artists of America, along with Joe Beeler, Charlie Dye, John Hampton, and George Phippen; and Harman's paintings were included in the first annual exhibition of the Cowboy Artists of America on September 9, 1966, at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City.
Harman died in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1982. Awards Among other honors, Harman was one of only 75 white men in history to be adopted into the Navajo Nation. In |
{"datasets_id": 1964, "wiki_id": "Q3086851", "sp": 18, "sc": 107, "ep": 18, "ec": 298} | 1,964 | Q3086851 | 18 | 107 | 18 | 298 | Fred Harman | Awards | 1958, he received the Sertoma Award as Colorado's Outstanding Citizen.
The Red Ryder Round-up is an annual July 4 weekend event in Pagosa Springs, home of the Fred Harman Art Museum. |
{"datasets_id": 1965, "wiki_id": "Q195396", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 40} | 1,965 | Q195396 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 40 | Freddie Jones | Early life & Personal life | Freddie Jones Early life Jones was born in Dresden, a suburb of the town of Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, the son of Ida Elizabeth (née Goodwin) and Charles Edward Jones. Charles was a porcelain thrower, Ida a clerk and pub pianist. He worked briefly at Creda, the consumer electrical goods vendors, in Longton before he joined the British Ceramic Research Association in Penkhull, where he worked for ten years. His girlfriend at the time suggested he joined a drama course, after which he joined repertory theatre in Shelton, Staffordshire, and other local theatre groups. Personal life Jones married the actress Jennifer Jones |
{"datasets_id": 1965, "wiki_id": "Q195396", "sp": 10, "sc": 40, "ep": 10, "ec": 390} | 1,965 | Q195396 | 10 | 40 | 10 | 390 | Freddie Jones | Personal life | (née Heslewood) in 1965. They had three sons, the eldest being the actor Toby Jones.
Jones died on 9 July 2019 at the age of 91 in Bicester, Oxfordshire, after a short illness. Following his death several of the cast members from Emmerdale paid tribute to Jones. On 11 July both episodes of a double-bill of the soap were dedicated to Jones. |
{"datasets_id": 1966, "wiki_id": "Q3090012", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 409} | 1,966 | Q3090012 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 409 | Frederic Marcotte | Papers on poetic works & Publications in periodicals | Frederic Marcotte Papers on poetic works BRASSARD, Denise, Perdre ses traces (Losing track) in Voix et Images, no 108, Spring-Summer 2011, p. 117-125.
CLOUTIER, Mario, Métropoétique in La Presse, Arts section, January 28, 2011.
GAGNÉ, Dominic, Carnets de résonance VII : vents contraires in Estuaire, no 155, p. 118-119. Publications in periodicals Notre-Dame-du-Vertige (Our Lady Vertigo) in Jet d'encre, Spring-Summer 2011, p. 131-138.
Idoles de guerre (war idols) in ''Les Écrits'' (revue), no 132, August 2011, p. 109-113.
Vacance de Dieu (vacations of God) in ''Les Écrits'' (revue), no 135, August 2012, p. 67-71.
Chants in ''Les Écrits'' (revue), no 140, March 2014, p. 131-135.
Surtout ne me libère pas in Estuaire, no |
{"datasets_id": 1966, "wiki_id": "Q3090012", "sp": 10, "sc": 409, "ep": 14, "ec": 240} | 1,966 | Q3090012 | 10 | 409 | 14 | 240 | Frederic Marcotte | Publications in periodicals & Poetic works | 157, May 2014, p. 63-67. Poetic works Évangile (gospel), Les Herbes Rouges, August 2010, 177 pages.
Théorie de la crise (crisis theory), Les Herbes Rouges, March 2011, 158 pages.
Notre-Dame-du-Vertige (Our Lady Vertigo), Les Herbes Rouges, April 2013, 136 pages. |
{"datasets_id": 1967, "wiki_id": "Q1452772", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 651} | 1,967 | Q1452772 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 651 | Frederick A. Pike | Biography | Frederick A. Pike Biography Born in Calais, Maine, Pike attended the common schools and the Washington Academy, East Machias, Maine.
He was graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1837.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Calais, Washington County, Maine in 1840. In 1846 he married future American author Mary Hayden Green, daughter of Elijah Dix Green and Hannah Caflin Hayden.
He served as mayor of Calais in 1852 and 1853.
He served as member of the State house of representatives 1858-1860 and served as speaker in 1860.
Pike was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh and |
{"datasets_id": 1967, "wiki_id": "Q1452772", "sp": 6, "sc": 651, "ep": 6, "ec": 1282} | 1,967 | Q1452772 | 6 | 651 | 6 | 1,282 | Frederick A. Pike | Biography | to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1869).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State (Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses), Committee on Naval Affairs (Fortieth Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1868.
He resumed the practice of law.
He was again a member of the State house of representatives in 1870 and 1871.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1872 to the Forty-third Congress.
He died in Calais, Maine, December 2, 1886.
He was interred in Calais Cemetery. |
{"datasets_id": 1968, "wiki_id": "Q5498220", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 141} | 1,968 | Q5498220 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 141 | Frederick Krug | Biography | Frederick Krug Frederick Krug (1855 – November 18, 1930) was the German-immigrant founder of the Frederick Krug Brewing Company of Omaha, Nebraska. Krug is often cited as one of the early settlers of Omaha. In addition to operating the brewery for almost the entire duration of his life, Krug operated Krug Park in the Benson community and was the president of the Home Fire Insurance Company, which was founded in Omaha in 1884. Biography Fred Krug was born in Niederzwehren near Kassel in Germany on December 22, 1833. He lived in Niederzwehren until 19 years of age where he was |
{"datasets_id": 1968, "wiki_id": "Q5498220", "sp": 8, "sc": 141, "ep": 8, "ec": 674} | 1,968 | Q5498220 | 8 | 141 | 8 | 674 | Frederick Krug | Biography | trained as a brewer. He then emigrated to the U.S. in 1852, settling in St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, he met his wife Anna and had a son, William. In 1858, he moved to Council Bluffs where he worked in a small brewery. Later the same year, he moved to Omaha with his wife and son. He established his first small brewery on Farnam Street. Later, his business moved to Jackson Street between 10th and 11th streets. On October 17, 1893, he and his family celebrated the grand opening of the new Fred Krug Brewery. At the time this |
{"datasets_id": 1968, "wiki_id": "Q5498220", "sp": 8, "sc": 674, "ep": 12, "ec": 48} | 1,968 | Q5498220 | 8 | 674 | 12 | 48 | Frederick Krug | Biography & Legacy | new brewery was one of the largest and most modern of its kind. Its capacity was reported to be 150,000 barrels per year and they employed approximately 500 men.
Krug led his company in Omaha for almost 50 years, and was responsible for founding Omaha's Krug Park in 1904. The city of Omaha named a street after him. Frederick's sons, including William, Frederick H., Jacob and Albert all worked at the brewery in a variety of capacities. Krug, a German immigrant, served on the State of Nebraska's Board of Immigration. Legacy Krug Avenue in South Omaha was named after Krug. |
{"datasets_id": 1969, "wiki_id": "Q56275882", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 138} | 1,969 | Q56275882 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 138 | Frederick Morris Preston Brookfield | Biography & Career | Frederick Morris Preston Brookfield Biography Brookfield was born in England in 1825 the third son of Charles Brookfield a notable Sheffield solicitor. He studied law under his eldest brother Charles Austin Brookfield in London, before going into practice there. In 1851 he emigrated to Auckland, New Zealand.
Brookfield's home in Onehunga (near the corner of Brookfield Ave and Onehunga Mall) was built in 1875 on the site of an earlier dwelling.
He had 4 sons and 4 daughters Career Brookfield studied and practised law in London and Melbourne before being admitted to practise in New Zealand in 1855. He was a provincial |
{"datasets_id": 1969, "wiki_id": "Q56275882", "sp": 10, "sc": 138, "ep": 10, "ec": 825} | 1,969 | Q56275882 | 10 | 138 | 10 | 825 | Frederick Morris Preston Brookfield | Career | solicitor for Auckland Province before becoming a Crown Prosecutor. In politics, he represented Onehunga 1861-63, then Pensioner Settlements 1870-73, as a member of the Provincial Council executive.
On 28 March 1879, he became the founding Vice President of the Auckland District Law Society, alongside Frederick Whitaker.
Brookfield retired as Native Land Court judge in January 1885 and founded a practice with his eldest son, Frederic William Brookfield. The practice was named Brookfield and Son and was located in the Colonial Bank Buildings on Queen St.
In 1889, father and son notably brought a case before the mayor of Onehunga Michael Yates for slander, |
{"datasets_id": 1969, "wiki_id": "Q56275882", "sp": 10, "sc": 825, "ep": 10, "ec": 894} | 1,969 | Q56275882 | 10 | 825 | 10 | 894 | Frederick Morris Preston Brookfield | Career | after the mayor allegedly accused them of "trying to ruin the town". |
{"datasets_id": 1970, "wiki_id": "Q5498961", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 593} | 1,970 | Q5498961 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 593 | Frederick W. Sumner | Frederick W. Sumner Frederick William Sumner (April 12, 1855 – November 20, 1919 ) was a merchant and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Westmorland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1895 to 1899 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Moncton, New Brunswick and educated in Moncton and Truro, Nova Scotia. Sumner married Margaret T. McEwan. He was a hardware merchant and was also involved in production and export of lumber. Sumner served six terms as mayor of Moncton. He also served as Agent-General for New Brunswick. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in |
|
{"datasets_id": 1970, "wiki_id": "Q5498961", "sp": 4, "sc": 593, "ep": 4, "ec": 705} | 1,970 | Q5498961 | 4 | 593 | 4 | 705 | Frederick W. Sumner | the House of Commons in 1908.
Two of his former homes in Moncton were designated Local Historic Places. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 95} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 95 | Frederick William Gibbins | Family and education & Career | Frederick William Gibbins Frederick William Gibbins (1 April 1861 – 30 July 1937) was a Welsh businessman and Liberal Party politician. Family and education Gibbins was born in Neath, the eldest son of F J Gibbins, a local Justice of the Peace. He was educated privately but also attended the Quaker School in Scarborough. In 1898 he married Sarah Jennet Rhys, the daughter of Jenkin Rhys of Ysguborfawr, Breconshire. They had two sons. In religion Gibbins was a devout member of the Society of Friends. Career Gibbins main business concern was tinplate manufacturing. He entered the tinplate trade in 1880 |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 12, "sc": 95, "ep": 12, "ec": 657} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 12 | 95 | 12 | 657 | Frederick William Gibbins | Career | and was assistant manager at the Ynispenllwch works in 1884. In 1890 he erected and managed the Eagle Tinplate works at Melyn in Neath. He was regarded as a model employer in his industry. He provided his workers with a canteen, a lending library as well as other recreational facilities. He was also looked upon as fair-minded and was often asked to act as an arbitrator in trades disputes. He was one of the founders of the Welsh Plate and Sheet Manufacturers' Association and was its chairman from 1910 to 1922. In the years after the First World War however |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 12, "sc": 657, "ep": 16, "ec": 195} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 12 | 657 | 16 | 195 | Frederick William Gibbins | Career & Politics | small, independent, tinplate makers faced difficult economic conditions and, like others in the trade, Gibbins withdrew from production. After 31 years in the business he sold out to Baldwin Ltd in 1921 making well over £100,000. He went on to develop interests in the insurance industry, becoming a director of the London and Scottish Assurance Corporation and he was sometime chairman of the Welsh Insurance Corporation. Politics In 1910 the sitting Liberal MP for the constituency of Mid Glamorganshire, Samuel Thomas Evans resigned his seat to take up the post of President of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 16, "sc": 195, "ep": 16, "ec": 828} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 16 | 195 | 16 | 828 | Frederick William Gibbins | Politics | the High Court of Justice. This resulted in a by-election and the Mid Glamorgan Liberal and Labour Association selected Gibbins to fight the seat. Gibbins was initially reluctant having given certain private assurances that he would not contest the election but he was prevailed upon to change his mind and having consulted his close friends (and perhaps getting the permission of his wife), he agreed to stand. The by-election was acrimonious because it signalled a rupture between the Liberals and organised Labour in the area, especially the South Wales Miners Federation. It also caused internal conflicts within the South Wales |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 16, "sc": 828, "ep": 16, "ec": 1449} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 16 | 828 | 16 | 1,449 | Frederick William Gibbins | Politics | Miners Federation, with William Brace, their Vice-President, opposing the intervention of a Labour candidate. It also caused internal conflicts for the Liberal Party as the local Association had been put under pressure by the Liberal Chief Whip, the Master of Elibank. Elibank wanted the Liberals to stand aside in favour of a Labour candidate in the interests of good relations with Labour at Westminster where the Liberal government now depended on Labour and the Irish Nationalists. However, the Liberals in Mid Glamorgan did not wish to yield the seat and determined to fight it. With tacit Unionist support given to |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 16, "sc": 1449, "ep": 16, "ec": 2104} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 16 | 1,449 | 16 | 2,104 | Frederick William Gibbins | Politics | him in a campaign characterised by anti-socialist rhetoric, Gibbins held the seat for the Liberals with a majority of 2,710 against a strong Labour challenge from Vernon Hartshorn a prominent miners’ official who later sat as Labour MP for Ogmore.
However, in the words of historian Brinley Richards, "the hurly-burly of Parliamentary life was not to [Gibbins’] liking." He served as MP only a few months, standing down at the general election in December 1910. Thereafter he concentrated on business, industrial relations and philanthropy. Perhaps this was as well given another historian’s assessment of Gibbins as having no political talent or |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 16, "sc": 2104, "ep": 20, "ec": 580} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 16 | 2,104 | 20 | 580 | Frederick William Gibbins | Politics & Other appointments | background. Other appointments Gibbins was typical of the late Victorian and Edwardian Liberal political class. He served on committees, commercial and philanthropic. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the county of Glamorgan. He was an ardent upholder of hospital work and a vice-president of the Welsh National Memorial Association. He served as High Sheriff of Glamorgan for 1908.
In 1911 the Board of Trade set up an Industrial Council to act as a National Conciliation Council in relation to labour and trade disputes. Gibbins was appointed to sit on the Council as one of the employers’ |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 20, "sc": 580, "ep": 24, "ec": 36} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 20 | 580 | 24 | 36 | Frederick William Gibbins | Other appointments & Death | representatives.
In 1916 Gibbins was appointed a member of the Appeal Tribunal for Glamorgan under the Military Service Act 1916 which introduced conscription. Under the Act those liable to be called up were entitled to apply to a local (borough or district) tribunal for exemption on grounds of conscientious objection, domestic hardship or that they were key workers in industry; if dissatisfied with the result, they could appeal to the county tribunal. One factor in Gibbins' appointment may have been his Quaker upbringing, as he would have had knowledge of religious objection. Death In 1922, Gibbins went to live at Cwm |
{"datasets_id": 1971, "wiki_id": "Q16023428", "sp": 24, "sc": 36, "ep": 24, "ec": 195} | 1,971 | Q16023428 | 24 | 36 | 24 | 195 | Frederick William Gibbins | Death | Irfon Lodge, Llanwrtyd Wells. He later moved again to Glynsaer, Llandovery where he died on 30 July 1937 aged 76. He was buried at Cynghordy, near Llandovery. |
{"datasets_id": 1972, "wiki_id": "Q22122702", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 555} | 1,972 | Q22122702 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 555 | Frederik Draiby | Background | Frederik Draiby Background Frederik Draiby was born in Kirke Helsinge where his father worked as a master builder. Draiby moved to Copenhagen to study at the Technical School. He graduated as a mason and was then admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts architecture school in 1898. From 1898 to 1900 he worked for the architect Vilhelm Dahlerup. In 1901, Draiby travelled to Cape Town in South Africa where he was employed by the architect Herbert Thomas Jones and in 1903, he became a partner in the company. The following year he was appointed director of the department |
{"datasets_id": 1972, "wiki_id": "Q22122702", "sp": 6, "sc": 555, "ep": 6, "ec": 875} | 1,972 | Q22122702 | 6 | 555 | 6 | 875 | Frederik Draiby | Background | in Johannesburg. In 1905, Draiby married a Swedish woman and started preparing to move back to Denmark. In 1907 he was back in Denmark where he was hired at the city engineer's office in Copenhagen. In 1919, the office of city engineer was established in Aarhus and Draiby was hired for the position on October 1, 1919. |
{"datasets_id": 1973, "wiki_id": "Q21694903", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 540} | 1,973 | Q21694903 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 540 | Freeze (video game player) | Career | Freeze (video game player) Career With Ninjas in Pyjamas, Freeze Began his LCS career beginning in the summer split of season 3. By the end of the split, the team finished the regular season in 5th place, making it to the playoffs, where they finished 6th overall. This, unfortunately, lead Ninjas in Pyjamas to be relegated to the challenger series, where Freeze would stay for all of season 4, before later leaving the disbanding NiP. Freeze was then picked up by the Copenhagen Wolves before beginning the season 5 spring split, where he and the team finished 6th. In the |
{"datasets_id": 1973, "wiki_id": "Q21694903", "sp": 6, "sc": 540, "ep": 6, "ec": 1130} | 1,973 | Q21694903 | 6 | 540 | 6 | 1,130 | Freeze (video game player) | Career | summer split of season 5, the Copenhagen Wolves were much less successful, finishing in last place, 10th, forcing them to be auto-relegated. And once Freeze's contract expired and he announced his free agency on November 1, 2015. He was picked up by North American team Renegades on January 6, where he is currently playing the season 6 spring split. Renagades finished 8th in the LCS, and Freeze left the team after the disappointing finish.
He joined H2k on May 8, 2016, ahead of the EU LCS Summer 2016 split, replacing FORG1VEN at AD Carry as the latter was conscripted into the |
{"datasets_id": 1973, "wiki_id": "Q21694903", "sp": 6, "sc": 1130, "ep": 6, "ec": 1456} | 1,973 | Q21694903 | 6 | 1,130 | 6 | 1,456 | Freeze (video game player) | Career | Greek Army. However, FORG1VEN later had his military service commuted, and transferred to Origen.
On July 27, 2016 H2k announced that Freeze would step away from the roster due to persistent tendonitis. The team stated that FORG1VEN would take his place on the starting roster. Signed by Tempo Storm in December 2016. |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 609 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Background | French expedition to Ireland (1796) Background Following the French Revolution which began in 1789, the cause of republicanism was taken up in many countries, including the Kingdom of Ireland, at that time ruled by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Opposition to British rule had existed in Ireland for centuries, but the French example, combined with the imposition of the Penal Laws which discriminated against the Catholic majority and a large Presbyterian minority, prompted the creation of the Society of United Irishmen, a broad non-sectarian coalition of groups seeking to create an Irish Republic. Initially a non-violent political movement, the United |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 6, "sc": 609, "ep": 6, "ec": 1229} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 6 | 609 | 6 | 1,229 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Background | Irishmen were forced to operate as a secret society after membership was made illegal in 1793 at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Deciding that their only hope of creating the Irish Republic lay in armed revolt, the United Irishmen began secretly organising and arming their forces. In search of external aid, two of their leaders, Lord Edward FitzGerald and Arthur O'Connor travelled to Basle to meet with French General Lazare Hoche. Their efforts were supported by Protestant Dublin lawyer Theobald Wolfe Tone, who travelled to Paris to appeal to the French Directory in person. During this period, the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 6, "sc": 1229, "ep": 6, "ec": 1835} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 6 | 1,229 | 6 | 1,835 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Background | British government repealed some of the Penal Laws, in an attempt to quell unrest.
The First French Republic had long planned an invasion of the British Isles, but their ambitions had been repeatedly thwarted by other factors, including other fronts of the Revolutionary Wars, the War in the Vendée and the parlous state of the French Navy. This latter problem was a major cause for concern: the Navy had suffered heavily from the removal of its officer corps during the Revolution and then endured a series of military setbacks, culminating in the tactical defeat at the Glorious First of June in |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 6, "sc": 1835, "ep": 6, "ec": 2465} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 6 | 1,835 | 6 | 2,465 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Background | 1794 and the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver in 1795. After securing peace on several fronts in 1795, the new French Directory decided that Britain was one of their most dangerous remaining opponents, and they determined to defeat it through invasion.
The applications from Tone intrigued the Directory, which understood that by attacking Ireland they would be striking at the least defensible part of the British Isles. Support for the British government was weakest there and the United Irishmen optimistically claimed to be able to raise an irregular army of as many as 250,000 waiting to join the French once they |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 6, "sc": 2465, "ep": 10, "ec": 109} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 6 | 2,465 | 10 | 109 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Background & Preparation | had landed, with the additional attraction that a successful establishment of an Irish Republic would prove an ideological coup for the French Republic. Finally and most significantly, a large expeditionary force in Ireland could provide an ideal springboard for an invasion of Britain, especially in combination with a plan then under development to land 2,000 uniformed criminals in Cornwall, who would distract the British Army during the invasion of Ireland and could potentially provide a beachhead for future operations. Preparation With the end of the War in the Vendée and peace with Spain, substantial French forces were made available for |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 10, "sc": 109, "ep": 10, "ec": 743} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 10 | 109 | 10 | 743 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Preparation | the operation, to be led by General Hoche and scheduled for the end of October 1796. Hoche was a successful military commander, who had defeated the Vendée Royalists and been subsequently engaged in planning the Cornish invasion. A body of veteran soldiers and the entire French Atlantic Fleet were placed at his disposal, based in the major Atlantic seaport of Brest. The number of soldiers earmarked for the invasion is uncertain: the French Directory suggested 25,000 men would be required, the Irish delegates insisting that 15,000 would be sufficient. Estimates of the number of soldiers eventually embarked range between 13,500 |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 10, "sc": 743, "ep": 10, "ec": 1372} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 10 | 743 | 10 | 1,372 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Preparation | and 20,000.
By August the plan was already behind schedule: severe shortages of stores and wages slowed work at the Brest shipyards, while the troops set aside for the invasion of Cornwall proved unreliable, deserting in large numbers. A practice voyage of the Cornish invasion fleet ended in total failure, as the small ships intended for the operation proved unable to operate in open water. The plan was dropped and the reliable soldiers from the unit were merged into the Ireland expeditionary force and the rest returned to prison. Reinforcements from the Mediterranean Fleet were also delayed: seven ships from the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 10, "sc": 1372, "ep": 10, "ec": 2047} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 10 | 1,372 | 10 | 2,047 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Preparation | expedition under Contre-amiral Joseph de Richery had to shelter from the British blockade squadron in Rochefort, only arriving in Brest on 8 December, while a second squadron under Contre-amiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve did not arrive until after the expeditionary force had departed.
Throughout late 1796, progress on the expedition faltered. Hoche publicly blamed the naval command and specifically Vice-amiral Villaret de Joyeuse for the delay, whom he accused of being more interested in the planning of a proposed invasion of India. In October, Villaret was replaced by Vice-amiral Morard de Galles and the India plans were cancelled, while Hoche was placed in |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 10, "sc": 2047, "ep": 10, "ec": 2672} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 10 | 2,047 | 10 | 2,672 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Preparation | direct command of discipline within the fleet. By the second week of December the fleet was ready, consisting of 17 ships of the line, 13 frigates and 14 other vessels, including several large transports created by removing the cannon from old frigates to maximise cargo space. Each ship of the line carried 600 soldiers, the frigates 250 and the transports approximately 400. Included were cavalry units, field artillery and substantial military stores with which to arm the thousands of anticipated Irish volunteers. Hoche was still dissatisfied, announcing to the Directory on 8 December that he would rather lead his men |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 10, "sc": 2672, "ep": 14, "ec": 368} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 10 | 2,672 | 14 | 368 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Preparation & Departure | in any other operation than the planned attack on Ireland. He was supported by Morard de Galles, who admitted that his men were so inexperienced at sea that encounters with the enemy should be avoided wherever possible. Departure Despite the misgivings of the expedition's commanders, the fleet left Brest as scheduled on 15 December 1796, one day ahead of a message from the Directory calling off the entire operation. De Galles knew that the British would be watching Brest harbour: their frigates were a constant presence as part of the Inshore Squadron of the blockade. In an effort to disguise |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 368, "ep": 14, "ec": 973} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 368 | 14 | 973 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure | his force's intentions, he first anchored in Camaret Bay and issued orders for his ships to pass through the Raz de Sein. The Raz was a dangerous narrow channel littered with rocks and sandbanks and subject to heavy surf during bad weather, but would also obscure the size, strength and direction of the French fleet from the British squadron offshore, which French scouts claimed consisted of 30 ships.
Despite the French reports, the principal British blockade squadron was absent from the approaches to Brest during the night of 15 December. Most of the fleet had retired to one of the British |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 973, "ep": 14, "ec": 1614} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 973 | 14 | 1,614 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure | Channel Ports to avoid the winter storms, while the remaining squadron under Rear-Admiral John Colpoys had been forced to retreat 40 nautical miles (74 km) into the Atlantic to avoid the risk of being driven onto the rocky French Biscay shoreline during a storm. The only British ships within sight of Brest were a frigate squadron, consisting of HMS Indefatigable, HMS Amazon, HMS Phoebe, HMS Révolutionnaire and the lugger HMS Duke of York, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Pellew in Indefatigable. Pellew had noted French preparations on 11 December and immediately sent Phoebe to warn Colpoys and Amazon to Falmouth, to alert the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 1614, "ep": 14, "ec": 2227} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 1,614 | 14 | 2,227 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure | Admiralty. He remained off Brest with the rest of the squadron, and sighted the main French fleet at 15:30 on 15 December, bringing his frigates inshore towards Camaret Bay to establish its size and purpose. At 15:30 on 16 December, the French sailed from the Bay, Pellew observing closely and despatching Revolutionnaire to assist in the search for Colpoys.
Morard de Galles had spent most of 16 December preparing for passage through the Raz de Sein, situating temporary lightships in the channel to warn of hazards and giving instructions on the use of signal rockets during the passage. The fleet was |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 2227, "ep": 14, "ec": 2798} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 2,227 | 14 | 2,798 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure | so delayed in this work that darkness began to fall before preparations were complete and he abandoned the plan at approximately 16:00 and signalled for the fleet to leave via the main channel from the port, leading the way in his flagship, the frigate Fraternité. It was so dark by the time the signal was made that most ships failed to see it, Fraternité and the corvette Atalante attempting to notify them by rocket signal. These signals were confusing and many ships failed to understand, sailing for the Raz de Sein rather than the main channel. Pellew added to the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 2798, "ep": 14, "ec": 3421} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 2,798 | 14 | 3,421 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure | problem by weaving ahead of the fleet shining blue lights and firing rockets, further confusing the French captains as to their location.
When dawn broke on 17 December, most of the French fleet was scattered across the approaches to Brest. The largest intact group was that under Vice-amiral François Joseph Bouvet, which had come through the Raz de Sein with nine ships of the line, six frigates and one transport. The other ships, including Fraternité, which also carried General Hoche, were alone or in small groups, the captains forced open their secret orders to discover their destination, in the absence of |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 14, "sc": 3421, "ep": 18, "ec": 80} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 14 | 3,421 | 18 | 80 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Departure & Voyage to Ireland | instructions from any commanding officers. One ship had been lost:, the 74-gun ship of the line Séduisant had driven onto the Grand Stevenent rock during the night and sank with the loss of 680 lives. She too had fired numerous rockets and signal guns in an effort to attract attention, succeeding only in compounding the confusion in the fleet. Pellew, unable now to affect the large French force, sailed for Falmouth to telegraph his report to the Admiralty and replenish his supplies. Voyage to Ireland By 19 December, Bouvet had gathered 33 ships together and set a course for Mizen |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 80, "ep": 18, "ec": 722} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 80 | 18 | 722 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | Head in southern Ireland, the designated rendezvous point where he was instructed by his sealed orders to wait five days for further instructions from France. One of the ships still missing was the Fraternité. Despite the disappearance of its commanders the French fleet continued to Bantry Bay, sailing through both high winds and thick fog, which delayed its arrival until 21 December. While Bouvet sailed for Ireland, Fraternité crossed the Western Approaches in search of the fleet, accompanied by Nestor, Romaine and Cocarde. Unwittingly passing Bouvet's fleet in the fog, de Galles separated from his small squadron near the rendezvous |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 722, "ep": 18, "ec": 1330} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 722 | 18 | 1,330 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | on 21 December, only to discover a British frigate immediately ahead. Retreating from the threat, Fraternité was chased far into the Atlantic before she could escape the unidentified pursuer. On the return journey de Galle found the winds against him, and it took eight days to regain Mizen Head.
Phoebe did not find Colpoys until 19 December, deep in the Bay of Biscay. The following day he sighted the delayed French squadron under Villeneuve and gave chase, but Villeneuve was able to outrun Colpoys' pursuit in a gale, reaching Lorient ahead of the British, whose ships were badly damaged by the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 1330, "ep": 18, "ec": 1941} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 1,330 | 18 | 1,941 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | storm. Unable to continue operations, Colpoys was forced to retreat to Spithead for repairs. The response from the Channel Fleet under Lord Bridport was similarly ineffective. News of the French departure from Brest did not arrive in Plymouth, the most westerly of the British fleet ports, until 20 December. Many of Bridport's ships, based at Spithead, were not ready for sea and it was several days before enough vessels were manned and equipped for service. The order to leave port was issued on 25 December, but the fleet was almost immediately thrown into chaos when the large second-rate HMS Prince swung |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 1941, "ep": 18, "ec": 2583} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 1,941 | 18 | 2,583 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | out of control and collided with the 80-gun HMS Sans Pareil. At almost the same time, another second-rate, HMS Formidable, was driven into the 100-gun first-rate HMS Ville de Paris by strong winds while the 98-gun HMS Atlas grounded. All five ships were required to enter dock for extensive repairs, denying Bridport his strongest vessels and delaying his departure further. When he eventually reached St Helens, the departure point from the Solent, the wind was blowing from the west and his remaining eight ships were rendered immobile until 3 January.
In the absence of Morard de Galles and Hoche, Bouvet and his army counterpart, |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 2583, "ep": 18, "ec": 3197} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 2,583 | 18 | 3,197 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | General Emmanuel de Grouchy, gave orders on 21 December for the fleet to anchor in preparation for landings the following day. Local maritime pilots, believing the fleet to be British, rowed out to the ships and were seized, providing the French with guides to the best landing sites. During the night of 21 December, the weather suddenly and significantly worsened, Atlantic gales bringing blizzards that hid the shoreline and forced the fleet to anchor or risk being wrecked. For four days they remained in the Bay, the inexperienced French sailors, lacking any winter clothing, unable to operate their ships in |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 3197, "ep": 18, "ec": 3802} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 3,197 | 18 | 3,802 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland | the coldest winter recorded since 1708. On shore, local militia forces were marshaled by local landowner Richard White, taking positions in anticipation of the French landing. On 24 December the wind slackened and a council of war was convened among the expedition's senior officers. Together they resolved to force a landing despite the weather, identifying a nearby creek as the safest point and giving orders for the operation to go ahead at first light on 25 December. During the night the weather deteriorated once more, and by morning the waves were so violent that they were breaking over the bows |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 18, "sc": 3802, "ep": 22, "ec": 47} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 18 | 3,802 | 22 | 47 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Voyage to Ireland & Collapse of the expedition | of many ships. Anchors dragged and a number of vessels were blown right out of the Bay and into the Atlantic, unable to return against the wind. In the storm, the largest ship of the line, the Indomptable, collided with the frigate Résolue and both suffered severe damage. HMS Monarch, flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir George Elphinstone returning from the successful Invasion of the Cape Colony, was battered by the storm and passed right through the French fleet without realising the danger, anchoring in a disabled state at Crookhaven. Collapse of the expedition For four more days Bouvet's ships were battered |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 22, "sc": 47, "ep": 22, "ec": 630} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 22 | 47 | 22 | 630 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Collapse of the expedition | by the high winds, none able to approach the shore without severe risk of being destroyed on the rocky coast. Losing their anchors as the cables snapped, many ships were forced to run before the wind and scatter into the Western Approaches. Others were destroyed: an American ship named Ellis, passing close to Crookhaven on 29 December, encountered a vessel wallowing in the waves, dismasted and with the deck strewn with bodies. The American captain, Harvey, reported that he approached the ship but was unable to assist her due to the storm and as he watched, the ship was driven |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 22, "sc": 630, "ep": 22, "ec": 1275} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 22 | 630 | 22 | 1,275 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Collapse of the expedition | ashore and destroyed. This was the 44-gun frigate Impatiente, of which only seven men survived from her complement of 550 crew and passengers. Harvey also recounted coming across the Révolution and frigate Scévola. Captain Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley was in the process of removing the crew and passengers from Scévola before she foundered, the heavy weather having reduced the 40-gun razee frigate to a sinking condition. Ellis was not the only ship to discover Révolution; the long-delayed Fraternité encountered the ships and observed the destruction of the Scévola, which was burnt once she had been abandoned.
Bouvet had been driven |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 22, "sc": 1275, "ep": 22, "ec": 1889} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 22 | 1,275 | 22 | 1,889 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Collapse of the expedition | offshore in his flagship Immortalité during the storm, and when the wind fell during 29 December he decided to abandon the operation. Signalling to the ships within view, he ordered his remaining squadron to sail southeast towards Brest. Some ships failed to receive the message and continued to the second rendezvous off the River Shannon, but they were few and scattered and in the continuing storms no landing was possible. With provisions running low, these ships also turned and sailed for Brest, as the weather worsened once more. As their expeditionary force sailed home, Morard de Galles and Hoche arrived |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 22, "sc": 1889, "ep": 22, "ec": 2553} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 22 | 1,889 | 22 | 2,553 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Collapse of the expedition | in Bantry Bay on 30 December, discovering that the fleet had gone. With their own provisions almost exhausted, Fraternité and Révolution were forced to return to France as well. The British response to the attempted invasion continued to be inadequate, Colpoys arriving at Spithead on 31 December with only six of his ships still in formation. Only a handful of ships based at Cork under Rear-Admiral Robert Kingsmill, principally HMS Polyphemus under Captain George Lumsdaine and a frigate squadron, interfered with the French fleet: Polyphemus seized the transport Justine on 30 December and HMS Jason captured the transport Suffren shortly afterwards, although |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 22, "sc": 2553, "ep": 26, "ec": 565} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 22 | 2,553 | 26 | 565 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Collapse of the expedition & Retreat | she was later recaptured by the French frigate Tartu. Retreat The first French ships to return to Brest arrived on 1 January, including Bouvet's flagship Immortalité accompanied by Indomptable, Redoutable, Patriote, Mucius, Fougueux and some smaller ships. They had avoided any contact with British warships and had been able to make good speed in a period of relatively calm weather. During the following days, the French ships that had gathered off the Shannon limped home, all badly damaged due to the increasingly rough seas and high winds. Several ships did not return to France at all, including the frigate Surveillante, |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 26, "sc": 565, "ep": 26, "ec": 1186} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 26 | 565 | 26 | 1,186 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Retreat | which was scuttled in Bantry Bay on 2 January; many of those aboard, including General Julien Mermet and 600 cavalrymen, were rescued by boats from the remaining French fleet while others scrambled ashore to become prisoners of war. On 5 January, Polyphemus outran and captured the frigate Tartu, of 44 guns and 625 men (including troops), after four hours of intermittent combat. The Royal Navy later took her into service as HMS Uranie. Polyphemus also captured another transport, but the weather being bad and night falling, she did not take possession. Captain Lumsdaine of Polyphemus reported that the transport was |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 26, "sc": 1186, "ep": 26, "ec": 1799} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 26 | 1,186 | 26 | 1,799 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Retreat | leaky and making distress signals, but that he was unable to assist. He thought it highly likely that she had sunk. This may have been the transport Fille-Unique, which sank in the Bay of Biscay on 6 January, although the fate of the 300 soldiers aboard is unknown.
On 7 January, the British frigates HMS Unicorn under Captain Sir Thomas Williams, HMS Doris under Captain Charles Jones and HMS Druid under Captain Richard King, captured the transport Ville de Lorient, Druid escorting the prize back to Cork. The following day Unicorn and Doris encountered some of the force that had attempted to land at |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 26, "sc": 1799, "ep": 26, "ec": 2454} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 26 | 1,799 | 26 | 2,454 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Retreat | the Shannon. Outnumbered, the frigates retreated westwards and encountered the battered Révolution and Fraternité, which withdrew before them. This prevented Morard de Galles and Hoche from belatedly joining their squadron and took them away from the route back to France. When Unicorn and Doris reappeared the following morning, they were operating as scouts for Bridport's fleet, which had finally left port at the start of the new year and had encountered the frigates during the night. Escaping pursuit in a fog, Révolution and Fraternité sailed directly for France and arrived at Rochefort on 13 January.
The majority of the remaining French |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 26, "sc": 2454, "ep": 30, "ec": 25} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 26 | 2,454 | 30 | 25 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Retreat & Droits de l'Homme | ships had reached Brest on 11 January, including Constitution, Trajan, Pluton, Wattignies and Pégase, the latter towing the dismasted Résolue. On 13 January most of the remainder returned, including Nestor, Tourville, Éole and Cassard with their attendant frigates, while the frigate Bravoure arrived at Lorient alone. Losses had continued as the French neared Brest, the disarmed Suffren recaptured by HMS Daedalus off Ushant and burnt on 8 January, while Atalante was outrun and captured by HMS Phoebe on 10 January. On 12 January, the storeship Allègre was captured by the brig HMS Spitfire. Droits de l'Homme By 13 January, all of the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 25, "ep": 30, "ec": 623} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 25 | 30 | 623 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme | French fleet had been accounted for except the small brig Mutine, which was blown all the way to Santa Cruz and was captured there in July, and the 74-gun Droits de l'Homme. Droits de l'Homme had been among the ships under Bouvet in Bantry Bay and then with those that carried on to the Shannon, but as the fleet broke up she became separated. With provisions running low and landings still impossible, Captain Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse determined to return to France independently. Progress was slow as Droits de l'Homme was overloaded with 1,300 men, including 800 soldiers under General |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 623, "ep": 30, "ec": 1250} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 623 | 30 | 1,250 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme | Jean Humbert. She was further delayed when she encountered and captured a small British privateer named Cumberland. As a result, La Crosse had only reached Ushant by 13 January, where he encountered the same fog that had enabled Révolution and Fraternité to reach safety.
At 13:00, two ships emerged from the gloom to the east and Lacrosse turned away rather than risk his passengers in a pointless engagement. The ships persisted and were soon revealed to be the frigates Indefatigable under Captain Sir Edward Pellew, and Amazon under Captain Robert Carthew Reynolds, which had taken on supplies at Falmouth and then |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 1250, "ep": 30, "ec": 1883} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 1,250 | 30 | 1,883 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme | returned to their station off Brest. As Droits de l'Homme steered southwest, the winds increased once more and the sea became choppy, preventing Lacrosse from opening the gunports on his lower deck without severe risk of flooding and snapping his topmasts, which reduced his ship's stability. Realising his opponent's difficulties, Pellew closed with the larger ship and began a heavy fire. At 18:45, Amazon came within range and the frigates combined to repeatedly rake the French ship. The combat continued throughout the night, punctuated by short breaks in which the more mobile British ships repaired their battle damage out of |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 1883, "ep": 30, "ec": 2504} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 1,883 | 30 | 2,504 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme | range of Lacrosse's guns.
At 04:20 on 14 January, lookouts on all three ships sighted waves breaking immediately eastwards. Desperate to escape the heavy surf, Indefatigable turned north and Amazon turned south, while the battered Droits de l'Homme was unable to make any maneuvre and drove straight onto a sandbar near the town of Plozévet, the force of the waves rolling her onto her side. Amazon too was wrecked, although in a more sheltered position which enabled the frigate to remain upright. The only surviving ship was Indefatigable, which was able to round the Penmarck rocks and reach open water. While |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 2504, "ep": 30, "ec": 3071} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 2,504 | 30 | 3,071 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme | Reynolds fashioned rafts to bring his men safely to shore, the French officers on Droits de l'Homme were unable to launch their boats, their exposed position in the heavy surf destroying every attempt to reach shore and drowning hundreds of men. Losses on board the wreck mounted as the storm continued, breaking open the stern of the ship and flooding the interior. On the morning of 15 January a group of prisoners from Cumberland reached the shore in a small boat, but subsequent attempts failed and it was not until 17 January that the sea calmed enough for the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 30, "sc": 3071, "ep": 34, "ec": 503} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 30 | 3,071 | 34 | 503 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Droits de l'Homme & Aftermath | small naval vessel Arrogante to approach the wreck and remove the remaining 290 survivors. Aftermath The French attempt to invade Ireland had ended in total failure. With the exception of a handful of prisoners of war, not one French soldier had successfully landed in Ireland, despite some ships remaining off the coast for almost two weeks. Twelve ships had been lost and over two thousand soldiers and sailors drowned. The invasion was abandoned, Hoche and his remaining men were returned to the army for service in Germany, and the general died nine months later from natural causes. The French Navy, |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 34, "sc": 503, "ep": 34, "ec": 1171} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 34 | 503 | 34 | 1,171 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Aftermath | although criticised for failing to land the expeditionary force, was also praised for successfully reaching Ireland and returning without encountering the main body of the British fleet. This achievement encouraged further invasion attempts, including a landing at Fishguard in Wales in February 1797 and a second invasion of Ireland in mid-1798.
In Britain, the Royal Navy's response to the French campaign was heavily criticised: both fleets assigned to intercept the invasion fleet had failed, the only losses inflicted on the French coming from the small Cork squadron or Pellew's independent frigates. White was rewarded for his service on shore with the |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 34, "sc": 1171, "ep": 34, "ec": 1782} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 34 | 1,171 | 34 | 1,782 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Aftermath | title Baron Bantry. At sea, Colpoys was replaced in command of the blockade of Brest by Rear-Admiral Sir Roger Curtis, and extensive deployments to the Bay of Biscay were made in February and March to prevent any further French operations. In addition, reinforcements were also sent to the fleet off Cadiz under Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis, who had won the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February. These extended deployments were unpopular with the regular seamen and in April the Spithead Mutiny broke out, paralysing the Channel Fleet. The French, still recovering from their losses in the winter campaign, |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 34, "sc": 1782, "ep": 34, "ec": 2401} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 34 | 1,782 | 34 | 2,401 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Aftermath | were unable to respond.
In Ireland, the failure of the French expeditionary force was the source of great frustration: Wolfe Tone, who was aboard Indomptable throughout the voyage, reported that he felt that he could have touched either side of the bay with both hands. Postponing the uprising, Tone continued to rally support in Europe, raising a fleet in the Netherlands for an attempted invasion that ended in destruction at the Battle of Camperdown. In May 1798, a British crackdown arrested the leaders of the United Irishmen in Ireland and provoked the Irish Rebellion. By the time the French had managed |
{"datasets_id": 1974, "wiki_id": "Q2113036", "sp": 34, "sc": 2401, "ep": 34, "ec": 2988} | 1,974 | Q2113036 | 34 | 2,401 | 34 | 2,988 | French expedition to Ireland (1796) | Aftermath | to gather a small force and reach Ireland in August, the rebellion was almost over and the inadequate French army, led by Jean Humbert, surrendered in September at the Battle of Ballinamuck. A subsequent invasion attempt the following month also ended in failure, when the invasion squadron was intercepted and defeated at the Battle of Tory Island. Wolfe Tone was captured at the action off Tory Island and committed suicide in prison. His death, combined with military defeat and reprisals against the Irish rebels, ended both the Society of United Irishmen and French invasion plans. |
{"datasets_id": 1975, "wiki_id": "Q2218450", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 346} | 1,975 | Q2218450 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 346 | Frieden Ministry | Formation | Frieden Ministry The Frieden Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 29 March 1958 and 23 February 1959 until the death of Pierre Frieden. It was a coalition between the Christian Social People's Party (CSV), and the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP). Formation When in January 1958, the Minister of Economic Affairs, Michel Rasquin, left the government and became a member of the Commission of the EEC, Joseph Bech wanted to profit from the ministerial reshuffle by giving himself a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to assist him. However, the LSAP, the coalition partner, opposed this idea. Bech also |
{"datasets_id": 1975, "wiki_id": "Q2218450", "sp": 8, "sc": 346, "ep": 12, "ec": 367} | 1,975 | Q2218450 | 8 | 346 | 12 | 367 | Frieden Ministry | Formation & Policy | requested that the Grand Duchess allow him to resign as Prime Minister, as he found he could no longer fulfil this role efficiently while still carrying out his international responsibilities. Pierre Frieden, the longest-serving Christian Social minister, replaced him as head of government. Policy A year before the election, the Frieden government had a limited margin for manoeuvre. Various pressure groups presented their demands to the government, especially the Farmers' Central and the unions. The Frieden government continued the policy of the preceding government, putting more emphasis on reforms in education and culture. The law of 7 July 1958 introduced |
{"datasets_id": 1975, "wiki_id": "Q2218450", "sp": 12, "sc": 367, "ep": 12, "ec": 980} | 1,975 | Q2218450 | 12 | 367 | 12 | 980 | Frieden Ministry | Policy | a new training regime for teachers. Their secondary studies would be complemented by two years at the "Institut pédagogique". The law of 3 August 1958 created the "Institut d'enseignement technique". The law of 5 December 1958 gave a legal status to the National Library and the State Archives. Other reforms, such as those of the state museums and professional education, could not be completed due to the premature death of the Prime Minister. The continual growth of the number of pupils required the construction of new school buildings. In 1958, construction was started for a new school campus on Boulevard |
{"datasets_id": 1975, "wiki_id": "Q2218450", "sp": 12, "sc": 980, "ep": 12, "ec": 1568} | 1,975 | Q2218450 | 12 | 980 | 12 | 1,568 | Frieden Ministry | Policy | Pierre Dupong, of which the first completed building was that of the new Athénée. The government also pursued the modernisation of the country's infrastructure. On 10 July 1958, it signed an agreement with the German Land Rhineland-Palatinate on the development of a pumping station on the Our, near Vianden. To achieve this, a private company with some investment by the Luxembourgish State had been created in 1951, the Société électrique de l’Our (SEO). The signing of the agreement allowed construction t start on the hydroelectric plant. The pumping station started working in 1963. |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography | Friedensreich Hundertwasser Biography The Second World War was a very difficult time for Hundertwasser and his mother Elsa, who were Jewish. They avoided persecution by posing as Christians, a credible ruse as Hundertwasser's father had been a Catholic. Hundertwasser was baptized as a Catholic in 1935. To remain inconspicuous Hundertwasser also joined the Hitler Youth.
Hundertwasser developed artistic skills early on. After the war, he spent three months at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. At this time he began to sign his art as Hundertwasser instead of Stowasser. He left to travel using a small set of paints he |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 6, "ec": 1268} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 6 | 593 | 6 | 1,268 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography | carried at all times to sketch anything that caught his eye. In Florence, he met the young French painter René Brô for the first time and they became lifelong friends. Hundertwasser's first commercial painting success was in 1952–53 with an exhibition in Vienna.
His adopted surname is based on the translation of "sto" (the Slavic word for "(one) hundred") into German. The name Friedensreich has a double meaning as "Peace-realm" or "Peace-rich" (in the sense of "peaceful"). Therefore, his name Friedensreich Hundertwasser translates directly into English as "Peace-Realm Hundred-Water". The other names he chose for himself, Regentag and Dunkelbunt, translate to |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 6, "sc": 1268, "ep": 6, "ec": 1911} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 6 | 1,268 | 6 | 1,911 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography | "Rainy day" and "Darkly multi-coloured".
In the early 1950s, he entered the field of architecture. Hundertwasser also worked in the field of applied art, creating flags, stamps, coins, and posters. His most famous flag is his koru flag, as well as several postage stamps for the Austrian Post Office. He also designed stamps for Cape Verde and for the United Nations postal administration in Geneva on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
In 1957 Hundertwasser acquired a farm on the edge of Normandy. Hundertwasser married Herta Leitner in 1958 but they divorced two years later. |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 6, "sc": 1911, "ep": 6, "ec": 2566} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 6 | 1,911 | 6 | 2,566 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography | He married again in 1962 to the Japanese artist Yuko Ikewada but she divorced him in 1966. He had gained a popular reputation by this time for his art.
In 1964 Hundertwasser bought "Hahnsäge", a former saw mill, in the sparsely populated Lower Austria's Waldviertel. There, far from the hustle and bustle and surrounded by nature, he set up a new home.
In 1972 Hundertwasser incorporated in Switzerland, the "Grüner Janura AG", which was renamed to "Namida AG" 2008. Via this stock company Hundertwasser managed his intellectual property rights.
In the 1970s, Hundertwasser acquired several properties in the Bay of Islands in New |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 6, "sc": 2566, "ep": 6, "ec": 3253} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 6 | 2,566 | 6 | 3,253 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography | Zealand, which include a total area of approximately 372 ha of the entire "Kaurinui" valley. There he realized his dream of living and working closely connected to nature. Beside other projects he designed the "Bottle House" there. He could live largely self-sufficient using solar panels, a water wheel and a biological water purification plant. Also his first grass roofs experiment took place here.
In 1979 Hundertwasser bought the vast historical garden Giardino Eden including the Palazzo Villa delle Rose, from Alexandra of Yugoslavia via his Swiss company.
In 1980, Hundertwasser visited Washington D.C. to support activist Ralph Nader's efforts to oppose nuclear |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 6, "sc": 3253, "ep": 10, "ec": 247} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 6 | 3,253 | 10 | 247 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Biography & Political views | proliferation. Hundertwasser planted trees in Judiciary Square and advocated on behalf of a co-op owner who was fined for designing her own window. Mayor Marion Barry declared November 18 to be Hundertwasser Day.
In 1982, Hundertwasser's only child, his daughter Heidi Trimmel, was born.
Hundertwasser was buried in New Zealand after his death at sea on the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2000 at the age of 71. Political views In a letter from 1954 Hundertwasser described the square as "geometric rectangles compressed columns on the march".
Beginning in the 1950s Hundertwasser traveled globally promoting ecological causes. In 1959 Hundertwasser got involved with |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 10, "sc": 247, "ep": 10, "ec": 970} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 10 | 247 | 10 | 970 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Political views | helping the Dalai Lama escape from Tibet by campaigning for the Tibetan religious leader in Carl Laszlo's magazine Panderma. In later years, when he was already a known artist, Friedensreich Hundertwasser became an environmental activist and most recently operated as a more prominent opponent of the European Union, advocating the preservation of regional peculiarities.
Among the lesser-known facets of Hundertwasser's personality is his commitment to constitutional monarchy:
Austria needs something to look up to, consisting of perennial higher values—of which one now hardly dares to speak—such as beauty, culture, internal and external peace, faith, richness of heart [...] Austria needs an |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 10, "sc": 970, "ep": 10, "ec": 1531} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 10 | 970 | 10 | 1,531 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Political views | emperor, who is subservient to the people. A superior and radiant figure in whom everyone has confidence, because this great figure is a possession of all. The rationalist way of thinking has brought us, in this century, an ephemeral higher, American standard of living at the expense of nature and creation, which is now coming to an end, for it is destroying our heart, our quality of life, our longing, without which an Austrian does not want to live. It is outrageous that Austria has an emperor who did no evil to anyone but is still treated like a leper. |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 10, "sc": 1531, "ep": 14, "ec": 334} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 10 | 1,531 | 14 | 334 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Political views & Artistic style and themes | Austria needs a crown! Long live Austria! Long live the constitutional monarchy! Long live Otto von Habsburg!
- Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Für die Wiederkehr der konstitutionellen Monarchie (For the Return of the Constitutional Monarchy).
Kaurinui, New Zealand, 28 March 1983; dedicated, on 14 May 1987, to Otto von Habsburg for his 75th birthday. Artistic style and themes Hundertwasser's original and unruly artistic vision expressed itself in pictorial art, environmentalism, philosophy, and design of facades, postage stamps, flags, and clothing (among other areas). The common themes in his work utilised bright colours, organic forms, a reconciliation of humans with nature, and a strong individualism, |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 14, "sc": 334, "ep": 14, "ec": 978} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 14 | 334 | 14 | 978 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Artistic style and themes | rejecting straight lines.
He remains sui generis, although his architectural work is comparable to Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) in its use of biomorphic forms and the use of tile. He was also inspired by the art of the Vienna Secession, and by the Austrian painters Egon Schiele (1890–1918) and Gustav Klimt (1862–1918).
He was fascinated by spirals, and called straight lines "godless and immoral" and "something cowardly drawn with a rule, without thought or feeling" He called his theory of art "transautomatism", focusing on the experience of the viewer rather than the artist. This was encapsulated by his design of a new flag |
{"datasets_id": 1976, "wiki_id": "Q151836", "sp": 14, "sc": 978, "ep": 14, "ec": 1191} | 1,976 | Q151836 | 14 | 978 | 14 | 1,191 | Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Artistic style and themes | for New Zealand, which incorporated the image of the Koru a spiral shape based on the image of a new unfurling silver fern frond and symbolizing new life, growth, strength and peace according to the Māori people. |
{"datasets_id": 1977, "wiki_id": "Q214194", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578} | 1,977 | Q214194 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 578 | Friedrich von Müller (statesman) | Biography | Friedrich von Müller (statesman) Biography He was born at Kunreuth, Bavaria, studied law at Erlangen and Göttingen, and in 1801 entered the administrative employ of Weimar. His greatest political achievement was his inducing Napoleon to keep Weimar independent (1806–07). For this he was rewarded by being ennobled and raised to the post of privy councilor. Müller became chancellor in 1815, and from 1835 to 1848 was deputy.
He wrote Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten von 1806-13 (1851). On his friendship with Goethe, see Burkhardt, Goethes Unterhaltungen mit dem Kanzler Friedrich von Müller (Stuttgart, 1870). |
{"datasets_id": 1978, "wiki_id": "Q95783", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 242} | 1,978 | Q95783 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 242 | Friedrich von Schrötter | Legacy | Friedrich von Schrötter Legacy In 1941 the Polish city of Płock, which was annexed to the Province of East Prussia after the Poland Campaign in 1939, was renamed Schröttersburg in honor of Schrötter. However, the name disappeared soon after the end of the Second World War. |
{"datasets_id": 1979, "wiki_id": "Q5869695", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 548} | 1,979 | Q5869695 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 548 | Fritz Hamer | Biography | Fritz Hamer Biography Hamer received a business education and was employed by a Dutch export company. In 1937 the company sent him to Venezuela; and in 1938 to Guatemala, where he joined World War II. In 1942 he returned to Germany and served in the army during the Russian campaign. In 1948, at the end of the war, he returned to Guatemala and established himself in El Salvador, where he created a company to import and distribute machinery and equipment.
His interest in families of orchids began in 1960 when he saw a specimen of Miltonia, of which he made a |
{"datasets_id": 1979, "wiki_id": "Q5869695", "sp": 6, "sc": 548, "ep": 6, "ec": 1165} | 1,979 | Q5869695 | 6 | 548 | 6 | 1,165 | Fritz Hamer | Biography | beautiful illustration. He then took to the road and began to take photographs, make illustrations, and write descriptions. But he noticed the lack of literature on orchids. In 1925 there were 63 species in 28 genera, described by Standley and S. Calderón, and nothing more. So Hamer, who had already published a number of articles about orchids in his country, prepared The Orchids of El Salvador, which was published in two volumes in 1974 by the Ministry of Education of El Salvador; 279 descriptions and illustrations spp. in 67 genera. Hamer, with no scientific training in natural sciences, received invaluable |
{"datasets_id": 1979, "wiki_id": "Q5869695", "sp": 6, "sc": 1165, "ep": 6, "ec": 1773} | 1,979 | Q5869695 | 6 | 1,165 | 6 | 1,773 | Fritz Hamer | Biography | help from Leslie A. Garay, his mentor and friend. At the beginning the Salvadoran Civil War, Hamer left El Salvador and moved to Florida, where he worked as a scientist at the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. In 1981 he published the third volume of The Orchids of El Salvador, with 362 spp. 93 Gros. Salvadoran orchids.
The Missouri Botanical Garden planned to publish the Flora of Nicaragua, with the University of Managua. Hamer asked to be responsible for the study of the family Orchidaceae. Hamer visited the herbaria of Kew and the Field Museum of Chicago by Pan-American Agricultural School of |
{"datasets_id": 1979, "wiki_id": "Q5869695", "sp": 6, "sc": 1773, "ep": 6, "ec": 2389} | 1,979 | Q5869695 | 6 | 1,773 | 6 | 2,389 | Fritz Hamer | Biography | Honduras, Managua, the University of Michigan. In 1982 he published the 7th installment of the 1st series of Icones Plantarum Tropicarum, edited by Dodson, with the first 100 descriptions and illustrations of the orchids of Nicaragua. Hamer published 500 additional plates for Icones. Between 1988 and 1990 they were published in Selbyana Hamer (Vols. 10 and 11) the Orchids of Central America - an Illustrated Field Guide, with all its illustrations of the spp. region, but no descriptions. Then the Flora of Nicaragua was published by the Missouri Botanical Garden in 2001, and Hamer, 89 years old, was the author |
{"datasets_id": 1979, "wiki_id": "Q5869695", "sp": 6, "sc": 2389, "ep": 6, "ec": 2765} | 1,979 | Q5869695 | 6 | 2,389 | 6 | 2,765 | Fritz Hamer | Biography | of Chapter Orchidaceae, describing 587 species in 144 genera.
He was married to Hedwig Pfister for 42 years, to whom he dedicated one of the species he discovered: Maxillaria hedwigae (Hamer & Dodson). He had three children, one of whom died in El Salvador in 2003. That tragedy clouded the last months of his life, and died in Sarasota, Florida, on January 13, 2004. |
{"datasets_id": 1980, "wiki_id": "Q3432084", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 239} | 1,980 | Q3432084 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 239 | Fritz Petzholdt | Biography | Fritz Petzholdt Ernst Christian Petzholdt, known as Fritz (1 January 1805 – 29 August 1838) was a Danish landscape painter of the Copenhagen School, also known as the Golden Age of Danish Painting. He spent most of his artistic life in Italy, where he painted refined landscapes in a light colour palette but died early, most likely by way of suicide. Biography Fritz Petzholdt was born into a prosperous home on 1 January 1805 in Copenhagen to grocer Johan Jacob Petzholdt and his second wife Josephine Marie Elisabeth Petzholdt. After completing an apprenticeship as a house painter, he attended the |
{"datasets_id": 1980, "wiki_id": "Q3432084", "sp": 8, "sc": 239, "ep": 8, "ec": 852} | 1,980 | Q3432084 | 8 | 239 | 8 | 852 | Fritz Petzholdt | Biography | Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1824 where he studied under Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, known as the father of the Golden Age of Danish Painting spanning the first half of the 19th century. He graduated in 1828 and already the following year sold a painting, En mose ved Høsterkøb med tørvearbejdere (A Bog at Høsterkøb), to the Royal Danish Painting Collection.
Although he never won the Academy's gold medal, the traditional opening for Academy students to go abroad to further their studies since it was accompanied by a travel stipend, his family's wealth allowed him to travel to Harz the |
{"datasets_id": 1980, "wiki_id": "Q3432084", "sp": 8, "sc": 852, "ep": 8, "ec": 1442} | 1,980 | Q3432084 | 8 | 852 | 8 | 1,442 | Fritz Petzholdt | Biography | same year and then, in May 1830, to set out for Rome. On the way he visited Dresden, Prague, Nuremberg, Munich, Venice and Florence. In Rome he joined the Danish artists colony which had formed in the city with Bertel Thorvaldsen as its centre. He made excursions to the Roman countryside—to places such as Tivoli, Subiaco and Olevano—as well as longer trips south to Naples, Sicily and Corfu.
In the winter of 1835/36 he returned to Copenhagen due to his father's illness and subsequent death. Shortly after the funeral, he returned to Italy with an extended stop in Munich on the |
{"datasets_id": 1980, "wiki_id": "Q3432084", "sp": 8, "sc": 1442, "ep": 8, "ec": 1725} | 1,980 | Q3432084 | 8 | 1,442 | 8 | 1,725 | Fritz Petzholdt | Biography | way. From Italy he continued to Greece, a destination only Martinus Rørbye had visited before him among the Danish Golden Age painters. On 29 August 1838 he was found dead in his hotel room in Patras with his throat cut. Whether it was a case of suicide or murder was never settled. |
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