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{"datasets_id": 558, "wiki_id": "Q134676", "sp": 26, "sc": 1206, "ep": 30, "ec": 610} | 558 | Q134676 | 26 | 1,206 | 30 | 610 | Archosauromorpha | Vertebrae & Forelimbs | the archosauromorphs apart from most other Permian and Triassic reptiles. Forelimbs The humerus (forearm bone) is solid in archosauromorphs, completely lacking a hole near the elbow known as the entepicondylar foramen. This hole, present in most other tetrapods, is also absent in choristoderes yet not fully enclosed in some proterosuchids. In many advanced archosauromorphs, the capitullum and trochlea (elbow joints) of the humerus are poorly developed. Early archosauromorphs retain well-developed elbow joints, but all archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus have a trochlea (ulna joint) which is shifted towards the outer surface of the humerus, rather than the midpoint of the elbow |
{"datasets_id": 558, "wiki_id": "Q134676", "sp": 30, "sc": 610, "ep": 34, "ec": 512} | 558 | Q134676 | 30 | 610 | 34 | 512 | Archosauromorpha | Forelimbs & Hindlimbs | as in other reptiles. In conjunction with this shift, the olecranon process of the ulna is poorly developed in archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus and Protorosaurus. Hindlimbs The ankle bones of archosauromorphs tend to acquire complex structures and interactions with each other, and this is particularly the case with the large proximal tarsal bones: the astragalus and calcaneum. The calcaneum, for example, has a tube-like outer extension known as a calcaneal tuber in certain archosauromorphs. This tuber is particularly prominent in the ancient relatives of crocodylians, but it first appeared earlier at the last common ancestor of allokotosaurs, rhynchosaurs, and archosauriforms. |
{"datasets_id": 558, "wiki_id": "Q134676", "sp": 34, "sc": 512, "ep": 34, "ec": 680} | 558 | Q134676 | 34 | 512 | 34 | 680 | Archosauromorpha | Hindlimbs | The presence of a calcaneal tuber (sometimes known as a lateral tuber of the calcaneum) is a synapomorphy of the group Crocopoda, and is also responsible for its name. |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 422} | 559 | Q48816710 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 422 | Ardvagh | Geography | Ardvagh Ardvagh (from Irish: Ard Bheathach, meaning "The Height of the Birches") is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Corlough and barony of Tullyhaw. Geography Ardvagh is bounded on the north by Eshveagh townland, on the west by Tullytiernan and Gub (Glangevlin) townlands, on the south by Dunmakeever and Tullynacross (Glangevlin) townlands and on the east by Tullycrafton townland. Its chief geographical features are Dunmakeever Lough, Dunmakeever Lough North, mountain streams, forestry plantations and spring wells. Ardvagh is traversed by the R200 road (Ireland), minor public |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 8, "sc": 422, "ep": 12, "ec": 487} | 559 | Q48816710 | 8 | 422 | 12 | 487 | Ardvagh | Geography & History | roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 307 statute acres,. A sub-division is called Tullycasson (Tulaigh an Cásain = The Hill of the Pathway). History In earlier times the townland was probably uninhabited as it consists mainly of bog and poor clay soils. It was not seized by the English during the Plantation of Ulster in 1610. Under the Cromwellian settlement of 1652, Ardvahagh was granted to Mr Henry Crafton & others.
The 1832 Tithe Applotment books list eight tithepayers in the townland.
The Ardvagh Valuation Office Field books are available for August 1839.
In 1841 the population of the townland was 76, |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 12, "sc": 487, "ep": 12, "ec": 1117} | 559 | Q48816710 | 12 | 487 | 12 | 1,117 | Ardvagh | History | being 46 males and 30 females. There were ten houses in the townland, all of which were inhabited.
In 1851 the population of the townland was 74, being 39 males and 35 females, the reduction being due to the Great Famine (Ireland). There were eleven houses in the townland, of which one was uninhabited was inhabited.
Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists thirteen landholders in the townland.
In 1861 the population of the townland was 84, being 42 males and 42 females. There were fourteen houses in the townland of which one was uninhabited.
In 1871 the population of the townland was 69, being 33 |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 12, "sc": 1117, "ep": 16, "ec": 68} | 559 | Q48816710 | 12 | 1,117 | 16 | 68 | Ardvagh | History & Antiquities | males and 36 females. There were eleven houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
In 1881 the population of the townland was 61, being 33 males and 28 females. There were twelve houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
In 1891 the population of the townland was 51, being 30 males and 21 females. There were twelve houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are fourteen families listed in the townland.
In the 1911 census of Ireland, there are nine families listed in the townland. Antiquities The site of Tullycasson National school. The school was in existence |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 16, "sc": 68, "ep": 16, "ec": 700} | 559 | Q48816710 | 16 | 68 | 16 | 700 | Ardvagh | Antiquities | in 1844. In 1979, Tullycasson N.S. was amalgamated with Curravagh N.S., leaving Curravagh N.S. as the sole remaining school in the area. The 1930s Schools folklore collection for Tullycasson school is available at . A class photo from 1923 is available at . In 1921, the first year of Ardscoil Bhréifne, the Irish College in Glangevlin, the students were taught in Tullycassan school.
The Reports from the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland give the following figures for Tullycasson School, Roll No. 4024-
1846: One male teacher who received an annual salary of £8. There were 97 pupils, 77 boys and 20 |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 16, "sc": 700, "ep": 16, "ec": 1335} | 559 | Q48816710 | 16 | 700 | 16 | 1,335 | Ardvagh | Antiquities | girls.
1854: One male teacher who received an annual salary of £18. There were 62 pupils, 42 boys and 20 girls.
1862: Peter McAuley was the headmaster and Mary Magauran was the monitor, both Roman Catholics. There were 102 pupils, all Roman Catholic. The Catechism was taught to the Catholic pupils on Saturdays from 10:30am to 12:30.
1874: The school name was changed to Tullycassan Ordinary Agricultural School, which meant it was a national school with a small farm attached. One male teacher who received an annual salary of £30-13s-4d. There were 127 pupils, 70 boys and 57 girls.
1890, Roll No. |
{"datasets_id": 559, "wiki_id": "Q48816710", "sp": 16, "sc": 1335, "ep": 16, "ec": 1355} | 559 | Q48816710 | 16 | 1,335 | 16 | 1,355 | Ardvagh | Antiquities | 13,431: 126 pupils. |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 561} | 560 | Q3150352 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 561 | Area codes 706 and 762 | Area codes 706 and 762 In the NANP, area codes 706 and 762 cover parts of northern and west central Georgia outside metropolitan Atlanta.
This area code is divided into two disconnected geographical regions. A small section is west-central Georgia, in the region around Columbus. This is bordered by area code 334 to the west in Alabama, area code 478 to the east, area code 229 to the south, and metro Atlanta's 404, 678, 770, and 470. It does not border the landline area of 404, only the cellphone area.
The major section of 706 wraps around from Rome in northwest |
|
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 4, "sc": 561, "ep": 8, "ec": 142} | 560 | Q3150352 | 4 | 561 | 8 | 142 | Area codes 706 and 762 | History | Georgia, east through the mountains past Dahlonega, meeting its narrowest point at Toccoa, then broadening south to Athens and Augusta. It touches Alabama's area code 256/938 and 334 on the far west, Tennessee's area code 423 on the northwest, North Carolina's area code 828 and Upstate South Carolina's area code 864 to the north-northeast, and midlands area code 803 to the east, and middle Georgia's 478 and metro Atlanta as above. History It was created in 1992 as a split from 404, and was Georgia's first new area code in 38 years. Previously, 404 had served the northern half of |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 8, "sc": 142, "ep": 8, "ec": 753} | 560 | Q3150352 | 8 | 142 | 8 | 753 | Area codes 706 and 762 | History | the state, roughly everything from Columbus and Augusta northward to the Tennessee and North Carolina borders. After the split, 404 was retained by the metro area.
Originally, 706 completely wrapped around the inner ring of the Atlanta metropolitan area. It also included a number of southern exurbs of Atlanta. However, the residents of these areas felt chagrin at no longer being associated with 404. Shortly after 706 commenced service, BellSouth returned several of these areas to 404. The boundary was redrawn in such a way that Columbus and the surrounding area was cut off from the rest of the |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 8, "sc": 753, "ep": 8, "ec": 1375} | 560 | Q3150352 | 8 | 753 | 8 | 1,375 | Area codes 706 and 762 | History | 706 territory, making 706 one of the few area codes that is not contiguous. However, 404 had been close to exhaustion even after the creation of 706, and the return of the southern exurbs forced the Georgia Public Service Commission to switch most of Atlanta's suburbs over to 770 sooner than it had planned.
In June 2005, the GPSC announced that 706 had nearly exhausted its capacity for new telephone exchange prefixes. The supply of numbers was further limited because the 706 territory includes portions of three LATAs that spill into neighboring states. The Atlanta LATA, which includes Columbus, spills into |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 8, "sc": 1375, "ep": 8, "ec": 1952} | 560 | Q3150352 | 8 | 1,375 | 8 | 1,952 | Area codes 706 and 762 | History | Alabama. The northern portion is split between the Atlanta and Chattanooga LATAs. The Augusta LATA spills into South Carolina. On June 24, 2005, the NANPA assigned area code 762 for this purpose. However, the Columbus area was not large enough for its own area code, but was too large to stay in 706. For this reason, it was decided to make 762 an overlay, with 10-digit dialing to be allowed on September 3. On April 1, 2007, 10-digit dialing became mandatory in the 706/762 territory.
This is the third time that the GPSC has flip-flopped on its policy for deciding |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 8, "sc": 1952, "ep": 12, "ec": 12} | 560 | Q3150352 | 8 | 1,952 | 12 | 12 | Area codes 706 and 762 | History & Counties served | how new area codes would be assigned. Atlanta's suburbs were split into 770, but then both 404 and 770 were overlaid with 678, and cellphones (originally 404 only) can now have any of those no matter where in the metro area. Southern Georgia was then split three ways instead of an overlay.
Despite the rapid growth in 706/762's main section (particularly the northern portion), it is nowhere near exhausting. Under current projections, it is expected to remain in its unusual, non-contiguous state until after 2049.
Prior to 1990, area code 706 covered regions of Mexico. Counties served Banks, Burke |
{"datasets_id": 560, "wiki_id": "Q3150352", "sp": 12, "sc": 12, "ep": 12, "ec": 526} | 560 | Q3150352 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 526 | Area codes 706 and 762 | Counties served | (part with area code 478), Chattooga, Catoosa, Chattahoochee, Clarke, Columbia, Dade, Dawson, Elbert, Fannin, Franklin, Floyd Gilmer, Glascock, Gordon, Greene, Habersham, Hancock, Harris, Hart, Heard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson (part with area code 478), Jenkins, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Morgan, Murray, Muscogee, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Putnam, Rabun, Richmond, Stephens, Talbot, Taliaferro, Towns, Troup, Union, Upson (part with area code 478), Walker, Warren, White, Whitfield, and Wilkes |
{"datasets_id": 561, "wiki_id": "Q20685370", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 530} | 561 | Q20685370 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 530 | Arfin Rumey | His life | Arfin Rumey His life Arfin Rumey was a brilliant student in the Dhaka Government Muslim School. He completed his college study at Sharawardi College and then get admitted in Jaganath University in an Honours degree of Finance. He also learned audio engineering. He was a cricketer and played as an allrounder in different clubs of Dhaka. He married Lamiya Islam Ananna; they have one son but they divorced. His second marriage is with Kamrun Nessa; their first son is Ariyan and their second son is Ayaan. His manager is his mother, Nasima Akter Rozi. |
{"datasets_id": 562, "wiki_id": "Q3092236", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 631} | 562 | Q3092236 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 631 | Argentine University Federation | Latin America | Argentine University Federation Latin America Since its beginnings the FUA supported a politic of Latin American unity and international solidarity. In 1920 Gabriel del Mazo signed, on behalf of the FUA, an exchange and coordination agreement with the Peruvian Federación de Estudiantes del Perú's president Raúl Haya de la Torre.
In 1921 the FUA participated of the organization of the First International Students Congress at Mexico City, from which the International Students Federation was born. In 1925 it participated of the organization of the First Ibero-American Students Congress also in Mexico city. In that congress Alfredo Palacios, Miguel de Unamuno, José |
{"datasets_id": 562, "wiki_id": "Q3092236", "sp": 6, "sc": 631, "ep": 14, "ec": 386} | 562 | Q3092236 | 6 | 631 | 14 | 386 | Argentine University Federation | Latin America & Student leaders & 1918-1940 | Ingenieros, José Martí and José Vasconcelos are declared "teachers of the youth".
In 1937 took place in Santiago de Chile the First Latin American Students Congress. In 1957 the FUA organised the Second Latin American Students Congress, in La Plata. Student leaders Some important students' leaders of the FUA have been: 1918-1940 Deodoro Roca, Enrique Barros, Emilio Biagosh, Gabriel del Mazo, Héctor Ripa Alberti, Guillermo Watson, Julio V. González, Gumersindo Sayago, Horacio Valdés, Ismael Bordabehere, Conrado Nalé Roxlo, Alfredo Brandán Caraffa, Florentino Sanguinetti, Guillermo Korn Villafañe, Carlos Cossio, Miguel Angel Zabala Ortiz, Miguel Berçaitz, Aníbal Ponce, Ricardo Balbín, Bartolomé Fiorini, Homero |
{"datasets_id": 562, "wiki_id": "Q3092236", "sp": 14, "sc": 386, "ep": 22, "ec": 265} | 562 | Q3092236 | 14 | 386 | 22 | 265 | Argentine University Federation | 1918-1940 & 1940-1960 & 1960-1980 | Manzi, Arturo Jaureche, Sebastián Soler, Alejandro Korn, José Peco, Ernesto Sábato, Héctor Agosti, Ernesto Giudici, Carlos Sánchez Viamonte, Gregorio Bermann, Luis Dellepiane, Raúl Orgaz, Arturo Capdevila, Arturo Orgaz, Bernardo Kleiner, Alfredo Abregú, Emilio Nadra. 1940-1960 Carlos Canitrot, Emilio Gibaja, León Patlis, Noé Jitrik, Gustavo Cirigliano, Francisco Oddone, Marcos Merchensky, Andrés López Accotto, Ana María Eichelbaum, Gregorio Klimovsky, Ismael Viñas, Julio Godio, Germán López, Guillermo Estévez Boero. 1960-1980 Carlos Cevallos, Ariel Seoane, Domingo Teruggi, Jorge Enea Spilimbergo, Hugo Varsky, Marcelo Stubrin, Federico Storani, Roberto Vázquez, Ernesto Jaimóvich, Changui Cáceres, Rubén Giustiniani, Miguel Talento, José Pablo Ventura, Rafael Pascual, Vilma Ibarra, Ricardo |
{"datasets_id": 562, "wiki_id": "Q3092236", "sp": 22, "sc": 265, "ep": 30, "ec": 406} | 562 | Q3092236 | 22 | 265 | 30 | 406 | Argentine University Federation | 1960-1980 & 1980- & Parties and movements | López Murphy, Rogelio Simonato, Francisco Delich, María del Cármen Viñas, Gustavo Galland, Facundo Suárez Lastra. 1980- Andrés Delich, Mario Alarcón, Damián Farah, Juan Artusi, Verónica García, Martín Baintrub, Daniel Pavicich, Alicia Castigliego, Ariel Martinez, Daniel Bravo. Parties and movements Throughout its history, there have been several and varied movements, ideologies, and parties that coexisted, and still do, in the Argentine students' politics: radicals, socialists, Peronists, communists, Maoists, etc.
The Franja Morada, youth arm of the UCR, is the party that most often has directed the FUA since Franja Morada's creation in 1970, and has remained in the presidency from 1973 to |
{"datasets_id": 562, "wiki_id": "Q3092236", "sp": 30, "sc": 406, "ep": 30, "ec": 607} | 562 | Q3092236 | 30 | 406 | 30 | 607 | Argentine University Federation | Parties and movements | 2016. Other important parties are the Juventud Universitaria Peronista or JUP (of the Justicialism) and the Movimiento Nacional Reformista (MNR) of the Socialist Party, who has ruled during the 1970s. |
{"datasets_id": 563, "wiki_id": "Q16821768", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 664} | 563 | Q16821768 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 664 | Arid Forest Research Institute | About | Arid Forest Research Institute About The Arid Forest Research Institute was established in 1988 to cater the forestry research needs of the arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman-Diu.
The institute is situated on Jodhpur Pali Road (NH 65) in a campus spreading over 66 hectares, housing office buildings, laboratories, a library-cum-information center, community center, guest house, scientist hostel and residential quarters.
The institute has an additional campus at Plot No. 729 adjoining CAZRI. The institute also has three experimental areas and a model nursery within the vicinity of the main campus.
The institute is headed by |
{"datasets_id": 563, "wiki_id": "Q16821768", "sp": 6, "sc": 664, "ep": 14, "ec": 190} | 563 | Q16821768 | 6 | 664 | 14 | 190 | Arid Forest Research Institute | About & Facilities & Mandate of the Institute | the Director supported by a Group Coordinator (Research) and Coordinator (Facilities). The Institute has six divisions with well-equipped laboratories and technical manpower, namely: Facilities IT Cell, Library, Model Nursery, GIS Lab, Community centre, Dispensary. Mandate of the Institute Forestry research for conservation of biodiversity and enhancement of bio-productivity in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with special emphasis on arid and semi-arid regions. |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 667} | 564 | Q4790461 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 667 | Ariel Schrag | Career | Ariel Schrag Career While attending Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California, Schrag self-published her first comic series, Awkward, depicting events from her freshman year, originally selling copies to friends and family. Schrag then published three more graphic novels based on her next three years of school: Definition, Potential, and Likewise. The comics describe Schrag's experiences with family life, going to concerts, experimenting with drugs, high school crushes, and coming out as bisexual and later as lesbian.
Schrag graduated from high school in 1998. She graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor's degree in English in 2003, and has continued to work |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 6, "sc": 667, "ep": 6, "ec": 1278} | 564 | Q4790461 | 6 | 667 | 6 | 1,278 | Ariel Schrag | Career | as a cartoonist and writer. Schrag was a writer for the third and fourth seasons of the Showtime series The L Word, and for the second season of the HBO series How To Make It In America.
The documentary Confession: A Film About Ariel Schrag was released in 2004. It explores the then-23-year-old Schrag's world in which she "negotiates fame, obsesses about disease, and discusses the way she sees as a dyke comic book artist."
Schrag is a part-time faculty member at The New School in Manhattan, where she teaches in the writing program. Schrag participates in the artistic community Yaddo, and |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 6, "sc": 1278, "ep": 14, "ec": 246} | 564 | Q4790461 | 6 | 1,278 | 14 | 246 | Ariel Schrag | Career & High school comics & Adam | the queer-centric creative retreat Radar Lab. In 2014, Schrag published her novel Adam. High school comics Slave Labor Graphics subsequently reprinted Awkward as a graphic novel. Her follow-up works Definition, Potential, and Likewise were republished by Touchstone/Simon & Schuster in 2008 and 2009.
Killer Films is producing a movie adaptation of Potential; Schrag has written the screenplay. Adam Adam is coming-of-age story which follows Adam, a seventeen-year-old boy who comes to New York City to live with his older sister for the summer of 2006. Adam is straight and cisgender, but is introduced to the LGBTQ community of New York through |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 246, "ep": 14, "ec": 827} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 246 | 14 | 827 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | his sister, an LGBTQ advocate. During his stay, he becomes attracted to a gay woman. After being mistaken for a transgender man, he decides to maintain the deception in order to date the woman.
In an interview with The Rumpus, Schrag stated that she was inspired to write Adam while working on the third season of The L Word. All of the writers on that season were lesbian women except one straight, cisgender man, Adam Rapp. Schrag found the situation unusual and imagined Rapp going to gay bars pretending to be a transgender man in order to collect material for writing |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 827, "ep": 14, "ec": 1422} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 827 | 14 | 1,422 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | on the show. She decided to write a novel based on the concept, initially picturing the character Adam as an adult male. Eventually she decided that it would be in poor taste, and revised the character as a love-struck teenager, stating she believed it was more sympathetic that way because "a teenager is clueless". She also mentioned having lesbian friends who were attracted to trans men, and thought that "a teenage boy could clean up if he got in there." Overall she was interested in the challenge of trying to write about a character doing inappropriate things but remaining sympathetic. |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 1422, "ep": 14, "ec": 2008} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 1,422 | 14 | 2,008 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | In an interview with Brooklyn, she stated she was "intrigued by the idea of taking a standard YA formula — awkward teen boy finds love for the first time — and subverting it with unexpected explicit and hopefully thought-provoking content about gender and sexuality."
In addition to being inspired by co-worker Adam Rapp, Schrag drew inspiration from her experiences in the New York LGBT scene around 2006, while she was in her 20s. She started writing the book in 2007, and retained the setting even though the book was not released until 2014; it wound up a period piece as a |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 2008, "ep": 14, "ec": 2663} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 2,008 | 14 | 2,663 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | result. Schrag has stated she feels this is to the book's benefit, as transgender issues were much less visible during the 2000s, meaning that Adam's ignorance about the transgender community was much more justifiable than it would be in a modern setting.
Schrag was also interested in exploring her perceptions of the LGBT community and the subtle prejudices its members may hold. Schrag addressed biphobia and heterophobia through the character Gillian, who was inspired by Constance McMillen. In 2010, McMillen was barred from attending her school's prom with her girlfriend. Schrag wondered how McMillen would feel if she later discovered she |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 2663, "ep": 14, "ec": 3303} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 2,663 | 14 | 3,303 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | was attracted to men despite the heavy coverage of her as "a proud lesbian", and explored that through Gillian, a lesbian who comes to date Adam.
In an interview with Diva magazine, Schrag discussed the controversy generated by the story's unusual premise. She explained that the book was intended to be "satirical and nuanced", rather than being a typical story about the experience of being transgender. Speaking to Lambda Literary, she declared that the novel was intended to be provocative, for the purpose of sparking discussions about gender and sexual identity. She felt it was particularly important to write characters who |
{"datasets_id": 564, "wiki_id": "Q4790461", "sp": 14, "sc": 3303, "ep": 14, "ec": 3852} | 564 | Q4790461 | 14 | 3,303 | 14 | 3,852 | Ariel Schrag | Adam | acted realistically "obnoxious, self-involved, self-righteous, or entitled," regardless of their gender or sexuality. Some characters display prejudiced behaviors, even towards groups that they may be a part of, which Schrag included to highlight the hypocrisy of such behavior from people who may themselves be marginalized. Schrag has expressed frustration with people who have criticized the book's premise without first reading it; she feels it is unfair to do so and has asked people to refrain from forming an opinion before reading the book. |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 563} | 565 | Q454841 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 563 | Arizona State Route 85 | Route description | Arizona State Route 85 Route description The southern terminus of SR 85 is located at the United States-Mexico border near Lukeville in Pima County. From Lukeville to Why, SR 85 is designated the Organ Pipe Cactus Parkway by ADOT. The road continues across the border into Mexico to the town of Sonoita as Mexican Federal Highway 8. SR 85 heads north from the border as a two-lane road, passing through the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. The highway leaves the monument boundary and heads to a junction with SR 86 in Why. SR 86 heads east from this junction towards Tucson and southeastern Arizona. |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 6, "sc": 563, "ep": 6, "ec": 1161} | 565 | Q454841 | 6 | 563 | 6 | 1,161 | Arizona State Route 85 | Route description | SR 85 heads northwest from this junction to the town of Ajo. From Ajo, the highway heads north and enters the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range. While within the range, the highway enters Maricopa County. After the highway passes through the range, it continues towards the north to a junction with I-8 in Gila Bend. After passing I-8, the highway intersects the business loop of I-8 and turns towards the east to run concurrently with business loop along Pima Street in Gila Bend. The two highways split, with the business loop heading towards the southeast and SR 85 heading northeast providing |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 6, "sc": 1161, "ep": 6, "ec": 1774} | 565 | Q454841 | 6 | 1,161 | 6 | 1,774 | Arizona State Route 85 | Route description | access to Gila Bend Municipal Airport
SR 85 continues north from Gila Bend towards the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The mileposts north of Gila Bend reflect the mileage of old US 80 in proximity to the California state line. This stretch of highway north of Gila Bend is a part of the National Highway System. The highway passes near the western edge of the Sonoran Desert National Monument and also provides access to the Buckeye Hills Recreational Area. SR 85 continues northward to a crossing of the Gila River as it nears Buckeye. The highway intersects Buckeye Road which is where the original routing |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 6, "sc": 1774, "ep": 10, "ec": 363} | 565 | Q454841 | 6 | 1,774 | 10 | 363 | Arizona State Route 85 | Route description & History | of US 80 and later SR 85 followed into Phoenix before being rerouted onto its current alignment. The highway continues towards the north, crossing over the Buckeye Canal before reaching its northern terminus at exit 112 on I-10. History The first numbered highway along the SR 85 corridor was established in 1927 between Gila Bend and Phoenix as US 80. At the time, it was only paved from Phoenix to Hassayampa. Although not paved between Hassayampa and Gila Bend, it was an improved road. This original routing of US 80 still exists as Old US 80 west of the SR 85 alignment. A dirt road between Gila |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 10, "sc": 363, "ep": 10, "ec": 887} | 565 | Q454841 | 10 | 363 | 10 | 887 | Arizona State Route 85 | History | Bend and Ajo did exist at this time, but it was not a part of the state highway system. By 1935, the entire route of US 80 between Gila Bend and Phoenix had been paved. The road south of Gila Bend had also been improved to a gravel road.
In 1936, SR 85 was established, but it only extended as far north as Gila Bend and as far south as Ajo. By 1938, SR 85 had been paved as well as the portion between Ajo and Why that would eventually become part of SR 85. The portion between Why and the border with Mexico began |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 10, "sc": 887, "ep": 10, "ec": 1438} | 565 | Q454841 | 10 | 887 | 10 | 1,438 | Arizona State Route 85 | History | showing up on maps at this time as a gravel road. In 1943, the portion of the highway between Ajo and Why was added to the state highway system, but as SR 86, when it was extended west from Tucson to Ajo. In 1955, the highway was extended to Lukeville at the United States-Mexico border with an overlap with SR 86 between Ajo and Why when a county road was added to SR 85.
In 1973, the connector between I-10 and Baseline Road was established, and was redesignated in 1978 as a spur route of SR 85. As the old, indirect US 80 was removed from |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 10, "sc": 1438, "ep": 10, "ec": 2011} | 565 | Q454841 | 10 | 1,438 | 10 | 2,011 | Arizona State Route 85 | History | Arizona, SR 85 was extended north in 1977 over the old alignment of US 80 to Buckeye and extended east to Phoenix. Portions of the route in Buckeye and Phoenix were turned over to their respective cities for maintenance in 1990. The following year, a portion of the highway between Avondale and Phoenix was turned over to Maricopa County for maintenance. (This portion is designated today as MC 85.) Also in 1991, the overlap between SR 85 and SR 86 was eliminated and the western terminus of SR 86 was changed to its junction with Route 85 in Why. In 1994, the northern |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 10, "sc": 2011, "ep": 14, "ec": 87} | 565 | Q454841 | 10 | 2,011 | 14 | 87 | Arizona State Route 85 | History & Future | end of SR 85 was moved onto the SR 85 Spur that connected to I-10 and the remaining portions along the old alignment to the east were redesignated as a temporary route of SR 85. In 1999, the portion of the old route in Avondale was turned over to the city for maintenance. The portion of the old route around the state capitol complex, the last remaining section of the old route between Phoenix and Buckeye, was turned over to the city of Phoenix in 2001. Future The segment of SR 85 between Buckeye and Gila Bend is a connector between I-8 and I-10, |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 14, "sc": 87, "ep": 14, "ec": 740} | 565 | Q454841 | 14 | 87 | 14 | 740 | Arizona State Route 85 | Future | and serves both as a connector from I-8 from San Diego, California to Phoenix. This segment is being upgraded to a divided highway, and is planned to become a freeway. Most of the four-lane road upgrades have already been completed.
In 2010, an environmental study into building a freeway-to-freeway interchange in Gila Bend from SR 85 to I-8 was completed by ADOT and the Federal Highway Administration. The study found no significant impact on the local environment and outlined a finalized full freeway standard design, bypassing the I-8 Business/Maricopa Road intersection SR 85 currently traverses through. A diamond interchange (Exit 121) |
{"datasets_id": 565, "wiki_id": "Q454841", "sp": 14, "sc": 740, "ep": 14, "ec": 866} | 565 | Q454841 | 14 | 740 | 14 | 866 | Arizona State Route 85 | Future | is planned at Maricopa Road/I-8 Business along with a second diamond interchange slightly northeast of the proposed Exit 121. |
{"datasets_id": 566, "wiki_id": "Q18279804", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 566 | Q18279804 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 312 | Arkady Chepelev | Early life & World War II | Arkady Chepelev Early life Chepelev was born on 24 January 1915 in the village of Tamlyk in Voronezh Governorate to a peasant family. After he completed four years of primary school, Chepelev's family moved to Voronezh. Chepelev then worked at a factory there. World War II In April 1942, Chepelev was drafted into the Red Army. He was sent to the 180th Separate Sapper Battalion of the 167th Rifle Division in April 1943. The division fought in the Battle of Kursk.
By September 1943, he was a senior sergeant commanding a sapper squad in the battalion. On 12 September, he was |
{"datasets_id": 566, "wiki_id": "Q18279804", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 10, "ec": 951} | 566 | Q18279804 | 10 | 312 | 10 | 951 | Arkady Chepelev | World War II | awarded the Order of the Red Star. He fought in the Battle of the Dnieper. On 26 September, Chepelev and his squad cleared lanes in German minefields near Vyshhorod, enabling the advance of infantry units. During the subsequent crossing of the Dnieper, Chepelev reportedly made several trips on a raft, ferrying weapons and ammunition to troops on the west bank. Chepelev's squad reportedly built an improvised rowboat and ferried two artillery guns and an infantry battalion across the river. On 3 November, Chepelev helped repulse German counterattacks on the bridgehead.
On 10 January 1944, Chepelev was awarded the title Hero |
{"datasets_id": 566, "wiki_id": "Q18279804", "sp": 10, "sc": 951, "ep": 14, "ec": 89} | 566 | Q18279804 | 10 | 951 | 14 | 89 | Arkady Chepelev | World War II & Postwar | of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1944. Chepelev continued to fight with the 167th Rifle Division. In the summer, he fought in the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. During the fall, he participated in the Battle of the Dukla Pass. On 8 December, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class. In January 1945, he fought in the Western Carpathian Offensive. During April, he fought in the Moravian-Ostrava Offensive. Postwar After the end of the war in 1945, Chepelev demobilized with the rank of sergeant major or |
{"datasets_id": 566, "wiki_id": "Q18279804", "sp": 14, "sc": 89, "ep": 14, "ec": 414} | 566 | Q18279804 | 14 | 89 | 14 | 414 | Arkady Chepelev | Postwar | Starshina and returned to Voronezh. He worked as a factory mechanic at the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association. On 11 March 1985, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 1st class on the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II. Chepelev died on 31 July 1985 and was buried in the city's Southwestern Cemetery. |
{"datasets_id": 567, "wiki_id": "Q2431493", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 546} | 567 | Q2431493 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 546 | Arkansas Highway 299 | Route description | Arkansas Highway 299 Route description Highway 299 begins at Interstate 30 in Hemsptead County. The route runs south to intersect Highway 174 before turning east toward Emmet. In Emmet the route has a 0.1 miles (0.16 km) overlap with US 67 before continuing east into Nevada County. The route has a short concurrency with Highway 53 and then US 371 near Laneburg. East of this overlap the route serves as a terminus for Highway 372 and later Highway 200 before entering White Oak Lake State Park. After an intersection with Highway 387 the route terminates at Highway 24. The route was |
{"datasets_id": 567, "wiki_id": "Q2431493", "sp": 6, "sc": 546, "ep": 10, "ec": 239} | 567 | Q2431493 | 6 | 546 | 10 | 239 | Arkansas Highway 299 | Route description & History | most recently paved when a segment in Nevada County was resurfaced 1975, with all portions last receiving paving prior to that project. History The portions from Emmet-Highway 53 and from Highway 24-White Oak Lake State Park (at the time the Arkansas State Nursery) were added to the state highway system on April 24, 1963. The discontinuous segments were connected on June 23, 1965. |
{"datasets_id": 568, "wiki_id": "Q4349765", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 656} | 568 | Q4349765 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 656 | Armando José Fernandes | Armando José Fernandes Armando José Fernandes (Lisbon, 26 July 1906 - Lisbon, 3 May 1983) was a neoclassical Portuguese composer; with Jorge Croner de Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, and Pedro do Prado, one of the "group of four" who dominated mid-20th-century Portuguese music. After studying at the National Conservatory of Lisbon (Conservatório Nacional de Lisboa in Portuguese), he won a three-year scholarship to Paris and became a pupil of, among others, Nadia Boulanger.
Originally trained as a concert pianist, Fernandes came to concentrate more on composition and teaching. He composed, among other works, a cello sonata, a violin concerto, and numerous piano |
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{"datasets_id": 568, "wiki_id": "Q4349765", "sp": 4, "sc": 656, "ep": 4, "ec": 1123} | 568 | Q4349765 | 4 | 656 | 4 | 1,123 | Armando José Fernandes | pieces. His work, usually of an intimate character, occasionally contains virtuosic passages. It has been described as "[pursuing] a more conventional neoclassical path, albeit with great finesse". Most of his works were written for the national broadcasting station.
From 1940 onwards he taught at the Academia de Amadores de Música in Lisbon, and from 1953 to 1976 at the Lisbon Conservatory.
He also produced editions of early music from Portugal. |
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{"datasets_id": 569, "wiki_id": "Q10828406", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 436} | 569 | Q10828406 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 436 | Arrow in the Dust | Plot | Arrow in the Dust Arrow In the Dust is a 1954 Western starring Sterling Hayden and Coleen Gray. It was directed by Lesley Selander. Plot Cavalry deserter Bart Laish comes upon an ambushed wagon and a mortally wounded major. The officer's dying request is for Laish to catch up to the remainder of the wagon train and help guide it safely to a fort.
Laish transports the major's body, then dons his uniform and assumes his identity when joining up with a wagon train that has been repeatedly attacked by Indians. He is resented at first by Christella Burke, who owns |
{"datasets_id": 569, "wiki_id": "Q10828406", "sp": 8, "sc": 436, "ep": 8, "ec": 1047} | 569 | Q10828406 | 8 | 436 | 8 | 1,047 | Arrow in the Dust | Plot | one of the wagons, and Lt. Steve King, who until now has been leading the wagon train. Laish also shoots a crew boss who challenges him.
Unable to understand why the Indians keep staging raids against these same wagons, Laish and scout Crowshaw distract them with cases of liquor. They also anger Tillotson, a trader, by using his large wagon as bait. Christella is impressed by Laish's bravery, then accidentally learns of his true identity. Crowshaw ends up shooting Tillotson, whose wagons are filled with guns and ammunition that the Indians have been after all along. Christella falls in love with |
{"datasets_id": 569, "wiki_id": "Q10828406", "sp": 8, "sc": 1047, "ep": 8, "ec": 1137} | 569 | Q10828406 | 8 | 1,047 | 8 | 1,137 | Arrow in the Dust | Plot | Laish, who decides to turn himself in, with Lt. King offering to vouch for his character. |
{"datasets_id": 570, "wiki_id": "Q4798028", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 610} | 570 | Q4798028 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 610 | Arthur Blennerhassett (1799–1843) | Arthur Blennerhassett (1799–1843) Arthur Blennerhassett (1 January 1799 – 23 January 1843) was an Irish politician.
He was born the son of Arthur and Dorcas née Twiss Blennerhassett and educated at Trinity College, Dublin.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Kerry for 1821. In the 1832 elections for Tralee he fought a duel with the Liberal candidate Maurice O'Connell (MP). Neither was hurt and O'Connell went on to win the seat. Blennerhassett later served in British Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kerry from 1837 to 1841.
He died whilst staying in Nantes, France aged only 44. He had married Frances Grady |
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{"datasets_id": 570, "wiki_id": "Q4798028", "sp": 4, "sc": 610, "ep": 4, "ec": 717} | 570 | Q4798028 | 4 | 610 | 4 | 717 | Arthur Blennerhassett (1799–1843) | in 1821; they lived at Ballyseedy and had 9 children. He was a cousin of Sir William Godfrey, 3rd Baronet. |
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{"datasets_id": 571, "wiki_id": "Q23668524", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 254} | 571 | Q23668524 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 254 | Arthur Margelidon | Career | Arthur Margelidon Career Margelidon won the bronze medal the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto and the gold medal at the 2016 Pan American Judo Championships in Havana.
In June 2016, he was selected for Canada's Olympic team but had to withdraw after he injured his arm. |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 549} | 572 | Q4799830 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 549 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket | Arthur Newton (cricketer) County cricket According to his obituary in the 1953 edition of Wisden, Newton started playing for Somerset in 1880, and his final appearance for the side was 35 seasons later in 1914. The first match for which statistics are readily available was a two-day non-first-class match between Somerset and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Taunton in August 1880: Newton made 14 in a match that Somerset won by an innings, and it is not clear whether he kept wicket or not. Somerset's matches between 1882 and 1885 are regarded as first-class, but Newton did not play in |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 6, "sc": 549, "ep": 6, "ec": 1185} | 572 | Q4799830 | 6 | 549 | 6 | 1,185 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket | any of these games. He was, however, in the side in 1886 for a non-first-class game against Warwickshire at Edgbaston when Sammy Woods made his debut and took a wicket with his first ball: "C. W. Rock, batting for Warwickshire, missed a very fast yorker on the leg-side, and Newton stumped him brilliantly."
From 1887 onwards, Newton played regularly for Somerset in the second half of most seasons. From 1891, Somerset resumed first-class cricket status, and Newton played in the first County Championship match involving the team, against Middlesex at Lord's. In these early days of Somerset's first-class cricket, the county |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 6, "sc": 1185, "ep": 6, "ec": 1759} | 572 | Q4799830 | 6 | 1,185 | 6 | 1,759 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket | did not lack capable amateur wicket-keepers, and Newton shared the position with the Rev. Archdale Wickham and then Henry Martyn, with the Test player Leslie Gay intervening for a season in 1894. For the seven seasons from 1897 to 1903, Newton played fairly regularly, and his batting improved in these seasons. In 1899, his batting average was more than 20 for the only time in his career, and he made an unbeaten 64 in a high-scoring match against Surrey at Taunton. In 1900, batting in the unaccustomedly high position of No 5 in the batting order, he made 77, equalling |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 6, "sc": 1759, "ep": 6, "ec": 2398} | 572 | Q4799830 | 6 | 1,759 | 6 | 2,398 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket | his highest career score, in the match against Gloucestershire at Bristol: this was a good match for wicket-keeper/batsmen, with Wickham, Newton's Somerset colleague, making his highest career score with 28 and Jack Board, the Gloucestershire wicket-keeper, trumping both of them with a score of 214 to give his side an innings victory.
Newton's wicket-keeping in this period was also of high quality: against Middlesex at Lord's in 1901, he dismissed nine batsmen in the match, with six catches and three stumpings, to set a Somerset record for first-class cricket that has been equalled but not surpassed in the 109 years since. |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 6, "sc": 2398, "ep": 6, "ec": 3003} | 572 | Q4799830 | 6 | 2,398 | 6 | 3,003 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket | In two other matches in 1901 and 1902 he made seven dismissals. His representative cricket at higher level, though, was restricted to just two matches for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players series, one at The Oval in 1897 and the other the more important Lord's match in 1902. He did not progress to Test selection, however.
After the 1903 season, Newton reverted to more occasional first-class cricket appearances with Somerset, playing at least one match each season through to 1914, but never more than nine games. His final match for the county ended just three days before the outbreak |
{"datasets_id": 572, "wiki_id": "Q4799830", "sp": 6, "sc": 3003, "ep": 10, "ec": 425} | 572 | Q4799830 | 6 | 3,003 | 10 | 425 | Arthur Newton (cricketer) | County cricket & Later life | of World War I; according to Wisden, Newton "showed remarkable form behind the wickets for a man approaching the age of fifty-two". Later life Newton continued to play club cricket well beyond normal retirement age: his obituary in Wisden records that he played for amateur sides such as the Somerset Stragglers until he was 81. It noted: "When 74, having cycled to the Taunton ground to turn out for Somerset Stragglers, he demonstrated that his ability had not seriously declined by stumping five batsmen." He also continued hunting in the Taunton area into his 80s. |
{"datasets_id": 573, "wiki_id": "Q4800265", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 135} | 573 | Q4800265 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 135 | Arthur Shapton Richards | Early life | Arthur Shapton Richards Early life He was born in Reading, Berkshire, England and came to New Zealand in 1894, first at Gisborne and Poverty Bay, then from 1922 Auckland. |
{"datasets_id": 574, "wiki_id": "Q4800573", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 170} | 574 | Q4800573 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 170 | Arthur W. V. Reeve | Early life and family & Working life | Arthur W. V. Reeve Early life and family Born in Auckland on 2 December 1912, Reeve was the son of Ethel Mary Whitta and her husband Benjamin Alfred Reeve. He was educated at Eastbourne and West Christchurch Primary Schools.
On 5 February 1944, Reeve married Jacqueline Lorraine Taylor at St Matthew's Church, in the Wellington suburb of Brooklyn, and the couple went on to have three children. Working life Reeve joined the Post and Telegraph Department as a telegram delivery boy in 1929. By the time he retired from the New Zealand Post Office in 1971, he had risen to become |
{"datasets_id": 574, "wiki_id": "Q4800573", "sp": 10, "sc": 170, "ep": 14, "ec": 262} | 574 | Q4800573 | 10 | 170 | 14 | 262 | Arthur W. V. Reeve | Working life & Scouting | the assistant principal public relations officer. He had been involved in the organisation of various international conferences in Wellington, including for SEATO, the Colombo Plan, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and the Pacific Basin Economic Council in 1972. He then became chairman of the Wellington branch of the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society. Scouting Reeve's name first appears in the Troop records for St Matthew's Scout Group in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1926. He started as a scout and moved on to take over the troop as a much-respected scoutmaster. From there he was promoted to district scoutmaster and |
{"datasets_id": 574, "wiki_id": "Q4800573", "sp": 14, "sc": 262, "ep": 14, "ec": 900} | 574 | Q4800573 | 14 | 262 | 14 | 900 | Arthur W. V. Reeve | Scouting | formally resigned from St Matthew's Scout Group with a letter left in the troop log book dated 11 December 1936, although he kept in contact throughout the years and often visited the group when he could. His roles in Scouting New Zealand included commissioner for Pacific Island Scouting and international commissioner.
In the 1978 New Year Honours, Reeve was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to scouting.
In 1979, Reeve was presented with the Bronze Wolf Award by the World Scout Committee, awarded in recognition of "outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement". |
{"datasets_id": 574, "wiki_id": "Q4800573", "sp": 14, "sc": 900, "ep": 18, "ec": 367} | 574 | Q4800573 | 14 | 900 | 18 | 367 | Arthur W. V. Reeve | Scouting & Rugby | It is the highest honour that can be given to a volunteer Scout leader in the world. He also received the Commonwealth's highest Scouting honour, Silver Wolf Award, and the Silver Tui, Scouting New Zealand's highest award. Rugby Reeve was an avid follower of rugby union, and a life member of the Wellington Rugby Football Union. He donated a trophy, the Arthur Reeve Cup, which is contested in the Wellington Secondary Schools rugby competition in the under-80 kg grade. It was first awarded in 1989.
After injuring his leg playing rugby at 19, he joined the Scottish Harriers, and was |
{"datasets_id": 574, "wiki_id": "Q4800573", "sp": 18, "sc": 367, "ep": 22, "ec": 160} | 574 | Q4800573 | 18 | 367 | 22 | 160 | Arthur W. V. Reeve | Rugby & Later life | elected vice president.
Reeve was a rugby columnist for over 23 years for Rugby News and then the Sunday Times. He wrote a history of college rugby, Cradle of Rugby, published in 1992. Later life Reeve died in Wellington on 21 May 2002 from cancer. As well as rugby and scouts he supported the Masonic Lodge and St Matthew’s Church in Brooklyn, Wellington. |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 26} | 575 | Q421297 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 26 | Articaine | Structure and metabolism & Clinical use | Articaine Structure and metabolism The amide structure of articaine is similar to that of other local anesthetics, but its molecular structure differs through the presence of a thiophene ring instead of a benzene ring. Articaine is exceptional because it contains an additional ester group that is metabolized by esterases in blood and tissue. The elimination of articaine is exponential with a half-life of 20 minutes. Since articaine is hydrolized very quickly in the blood, the risk of systemic intoxication seems to be lower than with other anesthetics, especially if repeated injection is performed. Clinical use Articaine is used for pain |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 10, "sc": 26, "ep": 10, "ec": 740} | 575 | Q421297 | 10 | 26 | 10 | 740 | Articaine | Clinical use | control. Like other local anesthetic drugs, articaine causes a transient and completely reversible state of anesthesia (loss of sensation) during (dental) procedures.
In dentistry, articaine is used mainly for infiltration injections. Articaine, while not proven, has been associated with higher risk of nerve damage when used as a block technique. However, articaine is able to penetrate dense cortical bone — as found in the lower jaw (mandible) — more than most other local anaesthetics.
In people with hypokalemic sensory overstimulation, lidocaine is not very effective, but articaine works well.
Studies comparing lidocaine and articaine found that articaine is more effective than |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 10, "sc": 740, "ep": 14, "ec": 176} | 575 | Q421297 | 10 | 740 | 14 | 176 | Articaine | Clinical use & Paresthesia controversy | lidocaine in anaesthetising the posterior first molar region. Articaine has been found to be 3.81 times more likely than lidocaine to produce successful anaesthesia when used for infiltration injections. However, there is no evidence to support the use of articaine over lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Furthermore, articaine has been demonstrated to be superior to lidocaine for use of supplementary infiltration following persistent pain despite a successful inferior dental nerve block with lidocaine. Paresthesia controversy Paresthesia, a short-to-long-term numbness or altered sensation affecting a nerve, is a well-known complication of injectable local anesthetics and has been present even before |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 14, "sc": 176, "ep": 14, "ec": 865} | 575 | Q421297 | 14 | 176 | 14 | 865 | Articaine | Paresthesia controversy | articaine was available.
An article by Haas and Lennon published in 1993 seems to be the original source for the controversy surrounding articaine.This paper analyzed 143 cases reported in to the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario (RCDSO) over a 21-year period. The results from their analysis seemed to indicate that 4% local anesthetics had a higher incidence of causing paresthesia, an undesirable temporary or permanent complication, after the injection. The authors concluded that “...the overall incidence of paresthesia following local anesthetic administration for non-surgical procedures in dentistry in Ontario is very low, with only 14 cases being reported out |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 14, "sc": 865, "ep": 14, "ec": 1497} | 575 | Q421297 | 14 | 865 | 14 | 1,497 | Articaine | Paresthesia controversy | of an estimated 11,000,000 injections in 1993. However if paresthesia does occur, the results of this study are consistent with the suggestion that it is significantly more likely to do so if either articaine or prilocaine is used.”
In another paper by the same authors, 19 reported paresthesia cases in Ontario for 1994 were reviewed, concluding that the incidence of paresthesia was 2.05 per million injections of 4% anesthetic drugs. Another follow up study by Miller and Haas published in 2000, concluded that the incidence of paresthesia from either prilocaine or articaine (the only two 4% drugs in the dental market) |
{"datasets_id": 575, "wiki_id": "Q421297", "sp": 14, "sc": 1497, "ep": 14, "ec": 2102} | 575 | Q421297 | 14 | 1,497 | 14 | 2,102 | Articaine | Paresthesia controversy | was close to 1:500,000 injections. (An average dentist gives around 1,800 injections in a year.)
Almost all recorded cases of long-term numbness or altered sensation (paresthesia) seem only to be present when this anesthetic is used for dental use (no PubMed references for paresthesia with articaine for other medical specialties), and only affect, in the vast majority of the reports, the lingual nerve.
Nonetheless, direct damage to the nerve caused by 4% drugs has never been scientifically proven.
Some research points to needle trauma as the cause of the paresthesia events. |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 576 | Q3109230 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 312 | Articular cartilage repair | Different articular cartilage repair procedures & Arthroscopic Lavage / Debridement | Articular cartilage repair Different articular cartilage repair procedures Though the different articular cartilage procedures differ in the used technologies and surgical techniques, they all share the aim to repair articular cartilage whilst keeping options open for alternative treatments in the future. Broadly taken, there are five major types of articular cartilage repair: Arthroscopic Lavage / Debridement Arthroscopic lavage is a "cleaning up" procedure of the knee joint. This short term solution is not considered an articular cartilage repair procedure but rather a palliative treatment to reduce pain, mechanical restriction and inflammation. Lavage focusses on removing degenerative articular cartilage flaps and |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 14, "ec": 533} | 576 | Q3109230 | 10 | 312 | 14 | 533 | Articular cartilage repair | Arthroscopic Lavage / Debridement & Marrow Stimulation Techniques (Microfracture Surgery and others) | fibrous tissue. The main target group are patients with very small defects of the articular cartilage. Marrow Stimulation Techniques (Microfracture Surgery and others) Marrow stimulating techniques attempt to solve articular cartilage damage through an arthroscopic procedure. Firstly, damaged cartilage is drilled or punched until the underlying bone is exposed. By doing this, the subchondral bone is perforated to generate a blood clot within the defect. Studies, however, have shown that marrow stimulation techniques often have insufficiently filled the chondral defect and the repair material is often fibrocartilage (which is not as good mechanically as hyaline cartilage). The blood clot takes |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 14, "sc": 533, "ep": 14, "ec": 1178} | 576 | Q3109230 | 14 | 533 | 14 | 1,178 | Articular cartilage repair | Marrow Stimulation Techniques (Microfracture Surgery and others) | about 8 weeks to become fibrous tissue and it takes 4 months to become fibrocartilage. This has implications for the rehabilitation.
Further on, chances are high that after only 1 or 2 years of the surgery symptoms start to return as the fibrocartilage wears away, forcing the patient to reengage in articular cartilage repair. This is not always the case and microfracture surgery is therefore considered to be an intermediate step.
An evolvement of the microfracture technique is the implantation of a collagen membrane onto the site of the microfracture to protect and stabilize the blood clot and to enhance the chondrogenic |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 14, "sc": 1178, "ep": 18, "ec": 477} | 576 | Q3109230 | 14 | 1,178 | 18 | 477 | Articular cartilage repair | Marrow Stimulation Techniques (Microfracture Surgery and others) & Marrow Stimulation augmented with Hydrogel Implant | differentiation of the MSCs. This technique is known as AMIC (Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis) and was first published in 2003. Marrow Stimulation augmented with Hydrogel Implant A hydrogel implant to help the body regrow cartilage in the knee is currently being studied in U.S. and European clinical trials. Called GelrinC, the implant is made of a synthetic material called polyethylene glycol (PEG) and denatured human fibrinogen protein.
During the standard microfracture procedure, the implant is applied to the cartilage defect as a liquid. It is then exposed to UVA light for 90 seconds, turning it into a solid, soft implant that completely |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 18, "sc": 477, "ep": 22, "ec": 102} | 576 | Q3109230 | 18 | 477 | 22 | 102 | Articular cartilage repair | Marrow Stimulation augmented with Hydrogel Implant & Marrow Stimulation augmented with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells | occupies the space of the cartilage defect.
The implant is designed to support the formation of hyaline cartilage through a unique guided tissue mechanism. It protects the repair site from infiltration of undesired fibrous tissue while providing the appropriate environment for hyaline cartilage matrix formation. Over six to 12 months, the implant resorbs from its surface inward, enabling it to be gradually replaced with new cartilage.
Preliminary clinical studies in Europe have shown the implant improves pain and function. Marrow Stimulation augmented with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells A 2011 study reports histologically confirmed hyaline cartilage regrowth in a 5 patient case-series, 2 |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 22, "sc": 102, "ep": 22, "ec": 774} | 576 | Q3109230 | 22 | 102 | 22 | 774 | Articular cartilage repair | Marrow Stimulation augmented with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells | with grade IV bipolar or kissing lesions in the knee. The successful protocol involves arthroscopic microdrilling/ microfracture surgery followed by postoperative injections of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC's) and hyaluronic acid (HA). PBPC’s are a blood product containing mesenchymal stem cells and is obtained by mobilizing the stem cells into the peripheral blood. Khay Yong Saw and his team propose that the microdrilling surgery creates a blood clot scaffold on which injected PBPC’s can be recruited and enhance chondrogenesis at the site of the contained lesion. They explain that the significance of this cartilage regeneration protocol is |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 22, "sc": 774, "ep": 26, "ec": 298} | 576 | Q3109230 | 22 | 774 | 26 | 298 | Articular cartilage repair | Marrow Stimulation augmented with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells & Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts | that it is successful in patients with historically difficult-to-treat grade IV bipolar or bone-on-bone osteochondral lesions.
Saw and his team are currently conducting a larger randomized trial and working towards beginning a multicenter study. The work of the Malaysian research team is gaining international attention. Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts This technique/repair requires transplant sections of bone and cartilage. First, the damaged section of bone and cartilage is removed from the joint. Then a new healthy dowel of bone with its cartilage covering is punched out of the same joint and replanted into the hole left from removing the old |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 26, "sc": 298, "ep": 26, "ec": 944} | 576 | Q3109230 | 26 | 298 | 26 | 944 | Articular cartilage repair | Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts | damaged bone and cartilage. The healthy bone and cartilage are taken from areas of low stress in the joint so as to prevent weakening the joint. Depending on the severity and overall size of the damage multiple plugs or dowels may be required to adequately repair the joint, which becomes difficult for osteochondral autografts. The clinical results may deteriorate over time.
For osteochondral allografts, the plugs are taken from deceased donors. This has the advantage that more osteochondral tissue is available and larger damages can be repaired using either the plug (snowman) technique or by hand carving larger grafts. There are, |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 26, "sc": 944, "ep": 30, "ec": 25} | 576 | Q3109230 | 26 | 944 | 30 | 25 | Articular cartilage repair | Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts & Cell Based Repairs | however, worries on the histocompatibility, though no rejection drugs are required and infection has been shown to be lesser than that of a total knee or hip. Osteochondral allografting using donor cartilage has been used most historically in knees, but is also emerging in hips, ankles, shoulders and elbows. Patients are typically younger than 55, with BMI below 35, and have a desire to maintain a higher activity level that traditional joint replacements would not allow. Advances in tissue preservation and surgical technique are quickly growing this surgery in popularity. Cell Based Repairs Aiming to obtain the best |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 30, "sc": 25, "ep": 30, "ec": 778} | 576 | Q3109230 | 30 | 25 | 30 | 778 | Articular cartilage repair | Cell Based Repairs | possible results, scientists have striven to replace damaged articular cartilage with healthy articular cartilage. Previous repair procedures, however, always generated fibrocartilage or, at best, a combination of hyaline and fibrocartilage repair tissue. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) procedures are cell-based repairs that aim to achieve a repair consisting of healthy articular cartilage.
ACI articular cartilage repair procedures take place in three stages. First, cartilage cells are extracted arthroscopically from the patient's healthy articular cartilage that is located in a non load-bearing area of either the intercondylar notch or the superior ridge of the femoral condyles. Then these extracted cells are transferred to |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 30, "sc": 778, "ep": 34, "ec": 93} | 576 | Q3109230 | 30 | 778 | 34 | 93 | Articular cartilage repair | Cell Based Repairs & Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant | an in vitro environment in specialised laboratories where they grow and replicate, for approximately four to six weeks, until their population has increased to a sufficient amount. Finally, the patient undergoes a second surgery where the in vitro chondrocytes are applied to the damaged area. In this procedure, chondrocytes are injected and applied to the damaged area in combination with either a membrane or a matrix structure. These transplanted cells thrive in their new environment, forming new articular cartilage. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant For years, the concept of harvesting stem cells and re-implanting them into one's own body to |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 34, "sc": 93, "ep": 34, "ec": 736} | 576 | Q3109230 | 34 | 93 | 34 | 736 | Articular cartilage repair | Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant | regenerate organs and tissues has been embraced and researched in animal models. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown in animal models to regenerate cartilage[1]. Recently, there has been a published case report of decrease in knee pain in a single individual using autologous mesenchymal stem cells.[2]An advantage to this approach is that a person's own stem cells are used, avoiding transmission of genetic diseases. It is also minimally invasive, minimally painful and has a very short recovery period. This alternative to the current available treatments was shown not to cause cancer in patients who were followed for 3 |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 34, "sc": 736, "ep": 38, "ec": 507} | 576 | Q3109230 | 34 | 736 | 38 | 507 | Articular cartilage repair | Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant & The importance of rehabilitation in articular cartilage repair | years after the procedure.
See also Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant for Cartilage Growth The importance of rehabilitation in articular cartilage repair Rehabilitation following any articular cartilage repair procedure is paramount for the success of any articular cartilage resurfacing technique. The rehabilitation is often long and demanding. The main reason is that it takes a long time for the cartilage cells to adapt and mature into repair tissue. Cartilage is a slow adapting substance. Where a muscle takes approximately 35 weeks to fully adapt itself, cartilage only undergoes 75% adaptation in 2 years. If the rehabilitation period is too short, the |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 38, "sc": 507, "ep": 42, "ec": 548} | 576 | Q3109230 | 38 | 507 | 42 | 548 | Articular cartilage repair | The importance of rehabilitation in articular cartilage repair & Concerns | cartilage repair might be put under too much stress, causing the repair to fail. Concerns New research by Robert Litchfield, September 2008, of the University of Western Ontario concluded that routinely practised knee surgery is ineffective at reducing joint pain or improving joint function in people with osteoarthritis. The researchers did however find that arthroscopic surgery did help a minority of patients with milder symptoms, large tears or other damage to the meniscus — cartilage pads that improve the congruence between femur and tibia bones. Similarly, a 2013 Finnish study found surgery to be ineffective for knee surgery |
{"datasets_id": 576, "wiki_id": "Q3109230", "sp": 42, "sc": 548, "ep": 42, "ec": 617} | 576 | Q3109230 | 42 | 548 | 42 | 617 | Articular cartilage repair | Concerns | (arthroscopic partial meniscectomy), by comparing to sham treatment. |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 277} | 577 | Q17006331 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 277 | Artifact-centric business process model | Overview | Artifact-centric business process model Artifact-centric business process model represents an operational model of business processes in which the changes and evolution of business data, or business entities, are considered as the main driver of the processes. The artifact-centric approach, a kind of data-centric business process modeling, focuses on describing how business data is changed/updated, by a particular action or task, throughout the process. Overview In general, a process model describes activities conducted (i.e. activity-centric) in order to achieve business goals, informational structures, and organizational resources. Workflows, as a typical process modeling approach, often emphasize the sequencing of activities (i.e., |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 8, "sc": 277, "ep": 8, "ec": 919} | 577 | Q17006331 | 8 | 277 | 8 | 919 | Artifact-centric business process model | Overview | control flows), but ignore the informational perspective or treat it only within the context of single activities. Without a complete view of the informational context, business actors often focus on what should be done instead of what can be done, hindering operational innovations.
Business process modeling is a foundation for design and management of business processes. Two key aspects of business process modeling are a formal framework that integrates both control flow and data, and a set of tools to assist all aspects of a business process life cycle. A typical business process life cycle includes at least a design phase, |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 8, "sc": 919, "ep": 8, "ec": 1686} | 577 | Q17006331 | 8 | 919 | 8 | 1,686 | Artifact-centric business process model | Overview | concerned with the “correct” realization of business logic in a resource-constrained environment, and an operational phase, concerned with optimizing and improving execution (operations). Traditional business process models emphasize a procedural and/or graph-based paradigm (i.e., control flow). Thus, methodologies to design workflow in those models are typically process-centric. It has been argued that a data-centric perspective is more useful for designing business processes in the modern era.
Intuitively, business artifacts (or simply artifacts) are data objects whose manipulations define the underlying processes in a business model. Recent engineering and development efforts have adopted the artifact approach for design and analysis of business |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 8, "sc": 1686, "ep": 12, "ec": 475} | 577 | Q17006331 | 8 | 1,686 | 12 | 475 | Artifact-centric business process model | Overview & Research and history | models. An important distinction between artifact-centric models and traditional data flow (computational) models is that the notion of the life cycle of the data objects is prominent in the former, while not existing in the latter. Research and history Artifact-centric modeling is an area of growing interest. Nigam and Caswell introduced the concept of business artifacts and information-centric processing of artifact lifecycles. Kumaran et al.'s further studies on artifact-centric business processes can be found here. Bhattacharya described a successful business engagement which applies business artifact techniques to industrialize discovery processes in pharmaceutical research. Liu et al. formulated nine commonly used |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 12, "sc": 475, "ep": 12, "ec": 1234} | 577 | Q17006331 | 12 | 475 | 12 | 1,234 | Artifact-centric business process model | Research and history | patterns in information-centric business operation models and developed a computational model based on Petri Nets. Bhattacharya, K., et al. provides a formal model for artifact-centric business processes with complexity results concerning static analysis of the semantics of such processes. Kumaran et al. presented the formalized information-centric approach to discovering business entities from activity-centric process models and transforming such models into artifact-centric business process models. An algorithm was provided to achieve this transformation automatically.
Other approaches related to artifact-centric modelling can be found in,. Van der Aalst et al. provides a case-handling approach where a process is driven by the presence of |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 12, "sc": 1234, "ep": 12, "ec": 1950} | 577 | Q17006331 | 12 | 1,234 | 12 | 1,950 | Artifact-centric business process model | Research and history | data objects instead of control flows. A case is similar to the business entity concept in many respects. Wang and Kumar proposed the document-driven workflow systems which is designed based on data dependencies without the need for explicit control flows. Muller et al. also introduced the framework for the data-driven modelling of large process structures, namely COREPRO. The approach reduces modelling efforts significantly and provides mechanisms for maintaining data-driven process structures.
Another related thread of work is the use of state machines to model object lifecycles. Industries often define data objects and standardize their lifecycles as state machines to facilitate interoperability |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 12, "sc": 1950, "ep": 12, "ec": 2684} | 577 | Q17006331 | 12 | 1,950 | 12 | 2,684 | Artifact-centric business process model | Research and history | between industry partners and enforce legal regulations. Redding et al. and Küster et al. give techniques to generate business processes which are compliant with predefined object lifecycles. In addition, event-driven process modelling, for example, Event-driven Process Chains (EPC), also describes object lifecycles glued by events.
More recent and closely related work on artifact-centric process model can be found in. Gerede and Su developed a specification language ABSL to specify artifact behaviours in artifact-centric process models. The authors showed decidability results of our language for different cases and provided key insights on how artifact-centric view can affect the specification of desirable business |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 12, "sc": 2684, "ep": 12, "ec": 3432} | 577 | Q17006331 | 12 | 2,684 | 12 | 3,432 | Artifact-centric business process model | Research and history | properties. Gerede et al. identified important classes of properties on artifact-centric operational models focusing on persistence, uniqueness and arrival properties. They proposed a formal model for artifact-centric operational models to enable a static analysis of these properties and showed that the formal model guarantees persistence and uniqueness.
Fritz, Hull, and Su formulated the technical problem of goal-directed workflow construction in the context of declarative artifact-centric workflow, and develop results concerning the general setting, design time analysis, and the synthesis of workflow schemas from goal specifications. The work is among the important initial steps along the path towards eventual support for tools |
{"datasets_id": 577, "wiki_id": "Q17006331", "sp": 12, "sc": 3432, "ep": 12, "ec": 4165} | 577 | Q17006331 | 12 | 3,432 | 12 | 4,165 | Artifact-centric business process model | Research and history | that enable substantial automation for workflow design, analysis, and modification. Deutsch et al. introduced the artifact system model, which formalizes a business process modelling paradigm that has recently attracted the attention of both the industrial and research communities. The problem of automatic verification of artifact systems, with the goal of increasing confidence in the correctness of such business processes is also studied.
Sira and Chengfei proposed a novel view framework for artifact-centric business processes. It consists of artifact-centric process model, process view model, a set of consistency rules, and the construction approach for building process views. The formal model of artifact-centric |
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