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{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 86, "sc": 1201, "ep": 90, "ec": 65} | 978 | Q46974 | 86 | 1,201 | 90 | 65 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Holiday Train & Royal Canadian Pacific | events were held in Hamilton, Ontario, Calgary, Alberta, and Cottage Grove, Minnesota, to further raise awareness for hunger issues.
The trains feature different entertainers each year; in 2016, one train featured Dallas Smith and the Odds, while the other featured Colin James and Kelly Prescott. After its 20th anniversary tour in 2018, which hosted Terri Clark, Sam Roberts Band, The Trews and Willy Porter, the tour reported to have raised more than CA$15.8 million and collected more than 4.5 million pounds (2,000 t) of food since 1999. Royal Canadian Pacific On 7 June 2000, the CPR inaugurated the Royal Canadian Pacific, a |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 90, "sc": 65, "ep": 94, "ec": 187} | 978 | Q46974 | 90 | 65 | 94 | 187 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Royal Canadian Pacific & Steam train | luxury excursion service that operates between the months of June and September. It operates along a 1,050 km (650 mi) route from Calgary, through the Columbia Valley in British Columbia, and returning to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass. The trip takes six days and five nights. The train consists of up to eight luxury passenger cars built between 1916 and 1931 and is powered by first-generation diesel locomotives. Steam train In 1998, the CPR repatriated one of its former passenger steam locomotives that had been on static display in the United States following its sale in January 1964, long after the close of |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 94, "sc": 187, "ep": 94, "ec": 784} | 978 | Q46974 | 94 | 187 | 94 | 784 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam train | the steam era. CPR Hudson 2816 was re-designated Empress 2816 following a 30-month restoration that cost in excess of $1 million. It was subsequently returned to service to promote public relations. It has operated across much of the CPR system, including lines in the U.S. and been used for various charitable purposes; 100% of the money raised goes to the nationwide charity Breakfast for Learning — the CPR bears all of the expenses associated with the operation of the train. 2816 is the subject of Rocky Mountain Express, a 2011 IMAX film which follows the locomotive on an eastbound journey |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 94, "sc": 784, "ep": 102, "ec": 156} | 978 | Q46974 | 94 | 784 | 102 | 156 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam train & Spirit Train & CP Canada 150 Train | beginning in Vancouver, and which tells the story of the building of the CPR. Spirit Train In 2008, Canadian Pacific partnered with the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games to present a "Spirit Train" tour that featured Olympic-themed events at various stops. Colin James was a headline entertainer. Several stops were met by protesters who argued that the games were slated to take place on stolen indigenous land. CP Canada 150 Train In 2017, CP ran the CP Canada 150 Train from Port Moody to Ottawa to celebrate Canada's 150th year since Confederation. The train stopped in 13 cities along |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 102, "sc": 156, "ep": 106, "ec": 202} | 978 | Q46974 | 102 | 156 | 106 | 202 | Canadian Pacific Railway | CP Canada 150 Train & Non-railway services | its 3-week summer tour, offering a free block party and concert from Dean Brody, Kelly Prescott and Dallas Arcand. The heritage train drew out thousands to sign the special "Spirit of Tomorrow" car, where children were invited to write their wishes for the future of Canada and send them to Ottawa. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and daughter Ella-Grace Trudeau also visited the train and rode it from Revelstoke to Calgary. Non-railway services Historically, Canadian Pacific operated several non-railway businesses. In 1971, these businesses were split off into the separate company Canadian Pacific Limited, and in 2001, that company was further |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 106, "sc": 202, "ep": 110, "ec": 534} | 978 | Q46974 | 106 | 202 | 110 | 534 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Non-railway services & Telegraph | split into five companies. CP no longer provides any of these services. Telegraph The original charter of the CPR granted in 1881 provided for the right to create an electric telegraph and telephone service including charging for it. The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains. It began doing so in 1882 |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 110, "sc": 534, "ep": 110, "ec": 1138} | 978 | Q46974 | 110 | 534 | 110 | 1,138 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Telegraph | as the separate Telegraph Department. It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed. Before the CPR line, messages to the west could be sent only via the United States.
Paid for by the word, the telegram was an expensive way to send messages, but they were vital to businesses. An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices. Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities. In smaller locations, |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 110, "sc": 1138, "ep": 110, "ec": 1789} | 978 | Q46974 | 110 | 1,138 | 110 | 1,789 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Telegraph | the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis. To speed things, at the local end messages would first be telephoned. In 1931, it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines, news wire, ticker quotations for the stock market and eventually teleprinters. All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before mobile phones and computers came along. It was the coming of these newer technologies especially cellular telephones that eventually resulted in the demise of these services even after formation |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 110, "sc": 1789, "ep": 114, "ec": 378} | 978 | Q46974 | 110 | 1,789 | 114 | 378 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Telegraph & Radio | in 1967 of CN-CP Telecommunications in an effort to effect efficiencies through consolidation rather than competition. Deregulation in the 1980s, brought about mergers and the sale of remaining services and facilities. Radio On 17 January 1930, the CPR applied for licences to operate radio stations in 11 cities from coast to coast for the purpose of organising its own radio network in order to compete with the CNR Radio service. The CNR had built a radio network with the aim of promoting itself as well as entertaining its passengers during their travels. The onset of the Great Depression hurt the |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 114, "sc": 378, "ep": 114, "ec": 984} | 978 | Q46974 | 114 | 378 | 114 | 984 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Radio | CPR's financial plan for a rival project and in April they withdrew their applications for stations in all but Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg. CPR did not end up pursuing these applications but instead operated a phantom station in Toronto known as "CPRY," with initials standing for "Canadian Pacific Royal York" which operated out of studios at CP's Royal York Hotel and leased time on CFRB and CKGW. A network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s, but the takeover of CNR's Radio service by the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission removed CPR's |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 114, "sc": 984, "ep": 118, "ec": 503} | 978 | Q46974 | 114 | 984 | 118 | 503 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Radio & Steamships | need to have a network for competitive reasons and CPR's radio service was discontinued in 1935. Steamships Steamships played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 503, "ep": 118, "ec": 1108} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 503 | 118 | 1,108 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | from Toronto Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965.
In 1884, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the Great Lakes. Over time, CPR became a railroad company with widely organized water |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 1108, "ep": 118, "ec": 1780} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 1,108 | 118 | 1,780 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | transportation auxiliaries including the Great Lakes service, the trans-Pacific service, the Pacific coastal service, the British Columbia lake and river service, the trans-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan.
Once the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 1780, "ep": 118, "ec": 2411} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 1,780 | 118 | 2,411 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | "Empress" names (e. g., RMS Empress of Britain, Empress of Canada, Empress of Australia, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the All-Red Route linking the various parts of the British Empire.
The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 2411, "ep": 118, "ec": 3037} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 2,411 | 118 | 3,037 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world-famous for their luxury and speed. They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including Empress of Britain.
There were also |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 3037, "ep": 118, "ec": 3637} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 3,037 | 118 | 3,637 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | a number of rail ferries operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit from 1890 until 1915. This began with two paddle-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910. Pennsylvania-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across Lake Erie between Ashtabula, Ohio and Port Burwell, Ontario to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 3637, "ep": 118, "ec": 4274} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 3,637 | 118 | 4,274 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, Ashtabula, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on 18 September 1958, thus ending the service.
Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in Prescott, Ontario, and the NYC in Ogdensburg, New York. Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire 25 September 1970, thus ending all service. |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 4274, "ep": 118, "ec": 4848} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 4,274 | 118 | 4,848 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships | CPC&PTC was never owned by the CPR. Bay of Fundy ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking Digby, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick. Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. CP Ships was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 118, "sc": 4848, "ep": 122, "ec": 566} | 978 | Q46974 | 118 | 4,848 | 122 | 566 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steamships & British Columbia Coast Steamships | off in 2001. CP Ships was merged with Hapag-Lloyd in 2005. British Columbia Coast Steamships The Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service (British Columbia Coast Steamships or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 Canadian Pacific Navigation Company (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver-Victoria-Seattle Triangle Route, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of Princess ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing Empress ships |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 122, "sc": 566, "ep": 122, "ec": 1200} | 978 | Q46974 | 122 | 566 | 122 | 1,200 | Canadian Pacific Railway | British Columbia Coast Steamships | along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially Princess Marguerite (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The best known of the princess ships, however, is Princess Sophia, which sank with no survivors in October 1918 after striking the Vanderbilt Reef in Alaska's Lynn Canal, constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 122, "sc": 1200, "ep": 126, "ec": 93} | 978 | Q46974 | 122 | 1,200 | 126 | 93 | Canadian Pacific Railway | British Columbia Coast Steamships & British Columbia Lake and River Service | demise at the end of season in 1974. Princess Marguerite was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975) Ltd. and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981. British Columbia Lake and River Service The Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service (British Columbia Lake and River Service) |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 126, "sc": 93, "ep": 126, "ec": 692} | 978 | Q46974 | 126 | 93 | 126 | 692 | Canadian Pacific Railway | British Columbia Lake and River Service | developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the Arrow Lakes and was merged into the CPR as the CPR Lake and River Service which also served the Arrow Lakes and Columbia River, Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, Lake Okanagan and Skaha Lake, Slocan Lake, Trout Lake, and Shuswap Lake and the Thompson River/Kamloops Lake.
All of these lake operations had one thing in |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 126, "sc": 692, "ep": 126, "ec": 1272} | 978 | Q46974 | 126 | 692 | 126 | 1,272 | Canadian Pacific Railway | British Columbia Lake and River Service | common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The Iris G tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988. The sternwheel steamship Moyie |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 126, "sc": 1272, "ep": 130, "ec": 393} | 978 | Q46974 | 126 | 1,272 | 130 | 393 | Canadian Pacific Railway | British Columbia Lake and River Service & Hotels | on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the Sicamous and Naramata at Penticton on Lake Okanagan. Hotels To promote tourism and passenger ridership the Canadian Pacific established a series of first class hotels. These hotels became landmarks famous in their own right. They include the Algonquin in St. Andrews, Château Frontenac in Quebec, Royal York in Toronto, Minaki Lodge in Minaki Ontario, Hotel Vancouver, Empress Hotel in Victoria and the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise in the |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 130, "sc": 393, "ep": 134, "ec": 134} | 978 | Q46974 | 130 | 393 | 134 | 134 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Hotels & Airline | Canadian Rockies. Several signature hotels were acquired from its competitor Canadian National during the 1980s, including the Jasper Park Lodge. The hotels retain their Canadian Pacific heritage, but are no longer operated by the railroad. In 1998, Canadian Pacific Hotels acquired Fairmont Hotels, an American company, becoming Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, Inc.; the combined corporation operated the historic Canadian properties as well as the Fairmont's U.S. properties until merged with Raffles Hotels and Resorts and Swissôtel in 2006. Airline Canadian Pacific Airlines, also called CP Air, operated from 1942 to 1987 and was the main competitor of Canadian government-owned Air |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 134, "sc": 134, "ep": 138, "ec": 413} | 978 | Q46974 | 134 | 134 | 138 | 413 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Airline & Steam locomotives | Canada. Based at Vancouver International Airport, it served Canadian and international routes until it was purchased by Pacific Western Airlines which merged PWA and CP Air to create Canadian Airlines. Steam locomotives In the CPR's early years, it made extensive use of American-type 4-4-0 steam locomotives, and an example of this is the Countess of Dufferin. Later, considerable use was also made of the 4-6-0 type for passenger and 2-8-0 type for freight. Starting in the 20th century, the CPR bought and built hundreds of Ten-Wheeler-type 4-6-0s for passenger and freight service and similar quantities of 2-8-0s and 2-10-2s for |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 138, "sc": 413, "ep": 138, "ec": 1064} | 978 | Q46974 | 138 | 413 | 138 | 1,064 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam locomotives | freight. 2-10-2s were also used in passenger service on mountain routes. The CPR bought hundreds of 4-6-2 Pacifics between 1906 and 1948 with later versions being true dual-purpose passenger and fast-freight locomotives.
The CPR built hundreds of its own locomotives at its shops in Montreal, first at the "New Shops", as the DeLorimer shops were commonly referred to, and at the massive Angus Shops that replaced them in 1904. Some of the CPR's best-known locomotives were the 4-6-4 Hudsons. First built in 1929, they began a new era of modern locomotives with capabilities that changed how transcontinental passenger trains ran, eliminating |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 138, "sc": 1064, "ep": 138, "ec": 1703} | 978 | Q46974 | 138 | 1,064 | 138 | 1,703 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam locomotives | frequent changes en route. What once took 24 changes of engines in 1886, all of them 4-4-0s except for two of 2-8-0s in the mountains, for 4,640 kilometres (2,883 mi) between Montreal and Vancouver became 8 changes. The 2800s, as the Hudson type was known, ran from Toronto to Fort William, a distance of 1,305 kilometres (811 mi), while another lengthy engine district was from Winnipeg to Calgary 1,339 kilometres (832 mi).
Especially notable were the semi-streamlined H1 class Royal Hudsons, locomotives that were given their name because one of their class hauled the royal train carrying King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 138, "sc": 1703, "ep": 138, "ec": 2349} | 978 | Q46974 | 138 | 1,703 | 138 | 2,349 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam locomotives | the 1939 royal tour across Canada without change or failure. That locomotive, No. 2850, is preserved in the Exporail exhibit hall of the Canadian Railway Museum in Saint-Constant, Quebec. One of the class, No. 2860, was restored by the British Columbia government and used in excursion service on the British Columbia Railway between 1974 and 1999.
The CPR also made many of their older 2-8-0s, built in the turn of the century, into 2-8-2s.
In 1929, the CPR received its first 2-10-4 Selkirk locomotives, the largest steam locomotives to run in Canada and the British Empire. Named after the Selkirk Mountains where they served, |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 138, "sc": 2349, "ep": 142, "ec": 359} | 978 | Q46974 | 138 | 2,349 | 142 | 359 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Steam locomotives & Diesel locomotives | these locomotives were well suited for steep grades. They were regularly used in passenger and freight service. The CPR would own 37 of these locomotives, including number 8000, an experimental high pressure engine. The last steam locomotives that the CPR received, in 1949, were Selkirks, numbered 5930–5935. Diesel locomotives In 1937, the CPR acquired its first diesel-electric locomotive, a custom-built one-of-a-kind switcher numbered 7000. This locomotive was not successful and was not repeated. Production-model diesels were imported from American Locomotive Company (Alco) starting with five model S-2 yard switchers in 1943 and followed by further orders. In 1949, operations on |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 142, "sc": 359, "ep": 142, "ec": 1049} | 978 | Q46974 | 142 | 359 | 142 | 1,049 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Diesel locomotives | lines in Vermont were dieselized with Alco FA1 road locomotives (eight A and four B units), five ALCO RS-2 road switchers, three Alco S-2 switchers and three EMD E8 passenger locomotives. In 1948 Montreal Locomotive Works began production of ALCO designs.
In 1949, the CPR acquired 13 Baldwin-designed locomotives from the Canadian Locomotive Company for its isolated Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway and Vancouver Island was quickly dieselized. Following that successful experiment, the CPR started to dieselize its main network. Dieselization was completed 11 years later, with its last steam locomotive running on 6 November 1960. The CPR's first-generation locomotives were mostly |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 142, "sc": 1049, "ep": 142, "ec": 1730} | 978 | Q46974 | 142 | 1,049 | 142 | 1,730 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Diesel locomotives | made by General Motors Diesel and Montreal Locomotive Works (American Locomotive Company designs), with some made by the Canadian Locomotive Company to Baldwin and Fairbanks Morse designs.
CP was the first railway in North America to pioneer alternating current (AC) traction diesel-electric locomotives, in 1984. In 1995 CP turned to GE Transportation Systems for the first production AC traction locomotives in Canada, and now has the highest percentage of AC locomotives in service of all North American Class I railways.
On 16 September 2019, Progress Rail rolled out two SD70ACu rebuilds in Canadian Pacific heritage paint schemes. The 7010 wears a Tuscan-red |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 142, "sc": 1730, "ep": 146, "ec": 400} | 978 | Q46974 | 142 | 1,730 | 146 | 400 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Diesel locomotives & Corporate structure | and grey paint scheme with script writing, and the 7015 wears a similar paint scheme with block lettering. Eventually, there will be ten SD70ACu rebuilds painted in the two heritage paint schemes.
The fleet includes these types: Corporate structure Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (TSX: CP NYSE: CP) is a Canadian railway transportation company that operates the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was created in 2001 when the CPR's former parent company, Canadian Pacific Limited, spun off its railway operations. On 3 October 2001, the company's shares began to trade on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the "CP" symbol. |
{"datasets_id": 978, "wiki_id": "Q46974", "sp": 146, "sc": 400, "ep": 146, "ec": 751} | 978 | Q46974 | 146 | 400 | 146 | 751 | Canadian Pacific Railway | Corporate structure | During 2003, the company earned $C3.5 billion in freight revenue. In October 2008, Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's. Later that month, CPR was named one of Alberta's Top Employers, which was reported in both the Calgary Herald and the Edmonton Journal. |
{"datasets_id": 979, "wiki_id": "Q2936258", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 507} | 979 | Q2936258 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 507 | Candîce Hillebrand | Career | Candîce Hillebrand Career Hillebrand's on-screen career started early in life by hosting South African children's television channel, KTV, at the age of 6. Hillebrand went on to appear in numerous commercials and has acted in both TV and film. In 2002, she signed with Musketeer Records and released her debut album, Chasing Your Tomorrows in 2003. She has also appeared in Maxim magazine.
In 2008, Hillebrand was offered the role of Nina Williams, a character in the film adaptation of the popular video game series, Tekken. |
{"datasets_id": 980, "wiki_id": "Q5031834", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 182} | 980 | Q5031834 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 182 | Candidates of the 1976 New South Wales state election | Retiring Members | Candidates of the 1976 New South Wales state election This is a list of candidates for the 1976 New South Wales state election. The election was held on 1 May 1976. Retiring Members Note: Steve Mauger MLA (Liberal, Monaro) resigned some months prior to the election; a by-election was scheduled for the seat, but was cancelled when the general election was called. |
{"datasets_id": 981, "wiki_id": "Q1899421", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 310} | 981 | Q1899421 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 310 | Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota | Geography & Demographics | Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.5 square miles (89 km²), of which 30.6 square miles (79 km²) of it is land and 4.0 square miles (10 km²) of it (11.45%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 534 people, 205 households, and 171 families residing in the township. The population density was 17.5 people per square mile (6.7/km²). There were 404 housing units at an average density of 13.2/sq mi (5.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 97.38% White, 0.94% |
{"datasets_id": 981, "wiki_id": "Q1899421", "sp": 10, "sc": 310, "ep": 10, "ec": 905} | 981 | Q1899421 | 10 | 310 | 10 | 905 | Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota | Demographics | Native American, 0.37% Asian, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population.
There were 205 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the township the population was |
{"datasets_id": 981, "wiki_id": "Q1899421", "sp": 10, "sc": 905, "ep": 10, "ec": 1423} | 981 | Q1899421 | 10 | 905 | 10 | 1,423 | Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota | Demographics | spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $39,318, and the median income for a family was $39,773. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $18,942 for females. The per capita income for the township was |
{"datasets_id": 981, "wiki_id": "Q1899421", "sp": 10, "sc": 1423, "ep": 10, "ec": 1583} | 981 | Q1899421 | 10 | 1,423 | 10 | 1,583 | Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota | Demographics | $23,413. About 2.4% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 618} | 982 | Q23641116 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 618 | Canecutters Memorial | History | Canecutters Memorial History The Canecutter's Memorial was erected in 1959 by the Italian community of the Innisfail district to commemorate the centenary of the state of Queensland. The life-size statue of a canecutter was chosen, reflecting the importance of the sugarcane industry in the development of the district's economy.
The town of Innisfail (called Geraldton until 1911) was founded in 1880 by Thomas Henry Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald arrived on the banks of the Johnstone River with 35 South Sea Islanders and ten Irish workers to grow sugarcane on a 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) land grant, funded by the Roman Catholic Bishop of |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 618, "ep": 6, "ec": 1240} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 618 | 6 | 1,240 | Canecutters Memorial | History | Brisbane and All Hallows' Sisters of Mercy. Others arrived soon after, and a community was established with an economy based firmly on the production of sugar. In 1882 a sugar mill was built at Mourilyan in 1882, followed by the establishment of the South Johnstone mill in 1915.
Sugarcane was first grown commercially in Queensland in 1864 at Louis Hope's estate at Ormiston. The crop was originally grown on large plantations, using South Sea Islander labour as it was considered working in cane fields in the climatic conditions of Queensland was too prejudicial to the health of Europeans. This practice began |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 1240, "ep": 6, "ec": 1902} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 1,240 | 6 | 1,902 | Canecutters Memorial | History | to change in the 1880s and 1890s however when the Queensland Government adopted a policy of gradual repatriation of South Sea Islanders. Queensland sugarcane growers considered workers from the warmer parts of Europe, including Italy, to be appropriate replacement labourers. The first Italians to arrive in North Queensland landed in Townsville in 1891. A small number moved into the Johnstone area during the 1890s, although they came as tenant farmers and not labourers. The first large group of Italian nationals seeking cane cutting contracts arrived c. 1907-08. These Italian migrants were known for their determination to accept hardship and poor working |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 1902, "ep": 6, "ec": 2578} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 1,902 | 6 | 2,578 | Canecutters Memorial | History | conditions which, together with great economic cooperation, saw many Italian labourers gaining their own holdings.
While many Italians arrived in North Queensland before the First World War, Italian immigration peaked in the years following the war. At this time conditions in Italy were such that many looked abroad to start a new life. Australia became a favoured destination in the 1920s when the United States moved to restrict immigration from Italy. The Australian and Italian Governments agreed on a chain migration system, where Italians already resident in Australia nominated relatives and fellow villagers, leading to the development of a chain immigration |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 2578, "ep": 6, "ec": 3250} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 2,578 | 6 | 3,250 | Canecutters Memorial | History | system. As a result of this system, family group pocket settlements mushroomed. The strong Italian community established in the Innisfail district before the war was strengthened further by the post-war immigration.
The number of Italian migrants arriving in North Queensland peaked again in the years following World War II. Immigrants from many European countries, including Yugoslavia, Malta, Spain and Italy arrived in Australia as displaced persons, and were indentured to work in the cane fields. Of the displaced migrants, the Italians were the largest ethnic group to be employed in the sugar industry, continuing to make a significant contribution to the |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 3250, "ep": 6, "ec": 3918} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 3,250 | 6 | 3,918 | Canecutters Memorial | History | sugar growing communities of North Queensland, including Innisfail.
In 1959 the Queensland Government suggested communities commemorate the centenary of separation from New South Wales by a structure of a permanent nature. A group from the Italian community in Innisfail decided to erect a statue. Photographs taken throughout the history of the sugar industry in the Johnstone area were submitted to Sydney artist Lamberto Yonna who suggested a statue in the form of a canecutter. The committee formed to oversee construction wrote to the Chamber of Commerce of Carrara, Italy, requesting the submission of designs by suitable sculptors. The design of Renato |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 6, "sc": 3918, "ep": 10, "ec": 217} | 982 | Q23641116 | 6 | 3,918 | 10 | 217 | Canecutters Memorial | History & Description | Beretta, the Instructor at the Carrara Academy of Arts, was selected. The monument was made in Carrara, arriving in 32 cases to be erected by an Italian migrant P Bertolani who had arrived in Australia two months previously. The monument was officially unveiled by the Premier of Queensland, the Hon Frank Nicklin, on 4 October 1959. It cost £5000 to construct. Description The Canecutter's Memorial is located on the Innisfail Esplanade overlooking the Johnstone River at the eastern end of Edith Street. It is sited on a small sealed area set among trees and a grassed park- like area. The |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 10, "sc": 217, "ep": 10, "ec": 812} | 982 | Q23641116 | 10 | 217 | 10 | 812 | Canecutters Memorial | Description | land to the east of the memorial slopes steeply towards the river.
The white marble monument consists of an octagonal pool from which rises a square section plinth containing a water fountain and bowl on each face and topped by a life-sized statue of a man cutting cane by hand. The cane cutter wears the typical clothing of shorts and hat and wields the trademark cane knife in his right hand. Under his left arm and across his back sweeps a sheaf of standing sugar cane.
Below the statue, two opposing faces of the plinth feature bas reliefs depicting cane cutters at |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 10, "sc": 812, "ep": 10, "ec": 1421} | 982 | Q23641116 | 10 | 812 | 10 | 1,421 | Canecutters Memorial | Description | work. That at the front of the monument carries the Latin motto "UBI BENI IBI PATRIA", which loosely interprets to 'Where one is content, there is one's homeland'. On the other two faces are inscriptions, one in English and one in Italian. The English version reads:
TO THE PIONEERS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY DONATED BY THE ITALIAN COMMUNITY OF INNISFAIL DISTRICT ON THE FIRST CENTENARY OF THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND 1859 1959
Below these panels are cast metal water spouts in the form of water bags over metal bowls. The water then flows into fluted marble basins supported by pairs of conventional |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 10, "sc": 1421, "ep": 14, "ec": 491} | 982 | Q23641116 | 10 | 1,421 | 14 | 491 | Canecutters Memorial | Description & Heritage listing | dolphins. The whole is surrounded by an octagonal metal railing made in the form of stylised cane stalks topped by tram rails and decorated with implements associated with the trade. Heritage listing Canecutters Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Canecutter's Memorial is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history as an illustration of the significance of the sugar industry in North Queensland. For many years, the growth of Innisfail and the surrounding district was reliant on |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 14, "sc": 491, "ep": 14, "ec": 1173} | 982 | Q23641116 | 14 | 491 | 14 | 1,173 | Canecutters Memorial | Heritage listing | the sugar industry, an industry which continues to the present day to be a crop of importance in the economy of the Johnstone Shire. Erected by the Italian community of Innisfail, the Memorial is important in demonstrating the contribution of Italian migrants to the sugar industry, both as labourers and farm owners. The subject of the Memorial, a canecutter, further demonstrates the evolution of Queensland's history as a figure in the sugar industry made obsolete by the mechanisation of cane harvesting in the 1960s and 1970s.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The Canecutter's Memorial demonstrates |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 14, "sc": 1173, "ep": 14, "ec": 1872} | 982 | Q23641116 | 14 | 1,173 | 14 | 1,872 | Canecutters Memorial | Heritage listing | a rare aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage as an early example of a monument carrying an inscription in two languages, English and Italian. Constructed in 1959, it is a multicultural tribute to the pioneers of the sugar industry, which predates the nationwide move towards multiculturalism later in the twentieth century.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The Canecutter's Memorial is important because of its aesthetic significance as a skilled example of the sculptor's art, occupying a prominent position along the Innisfail Esplanade, an open park-like area situated along the Johnstone River, and terminating long views east along Edith Street, |
{"datasets_id": 982, "wiki_id": "Q23641116", "sp": 14, "sc": 1872, "ep": 14, "ec": 2507} | 982 | Q23641116 | 14 | 1,872 | 14 | 2,507 | Canecutters Memorial | Heritage listing | one of the major streets of the central business district of the town.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The Canecutter's Memorial has a special association with the Italian community of Innisfail, whose members erected the memorial in 1959 to the pioneers of the sugar industry, many of whom were Italian. The Memorial also has a special association with the wider community of Innisfail as a tribute to the pioneers of an industry that has been of vital importance to the development and prosperity of the district. |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 209} | 983 | Q149892 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 209 | Canis | Etymology & Canini | Canis Etymology The generic name Canis means "dog" in Latin. The term "canine" comes from the adjective form, caninus ("of the dog"), from which the term canine tooth is also derived. The canine family has prominent canine teeth, used for killing their prey. The word canis is cognate to the Greek word kūon (Greek: Κύων), which means "dog", as well as (less transparently) English hound. Canini The tribe Canini (Fischer de Waldheim, 1817) is the sister group to the true foxes (Vulpes), and is represented today by two sub-tribes: Canina, which includes the genus Canis (wolves, jackals, the coyote, and |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 10, "sc": 209, "ep": 14, "ec": 76} | 983 | Q149892 | 10 | 209 | 14 | 76 | Canis | Canini & Canis | the domestic dog), as well as the dhole and the African wild dog; and Cerdocyonina, which includes the so-called foxes of South America. The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include: the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma. Canis While the tribe Canini (above) is monophyletic, the genus Canis is not. The |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 14, "sc": 76, "ep": 18, "ec": 64} | 983 | Q149892 | 14 | 76 | 18 | 64 | Canis | Canis & Dentition and biteforce | genus Canis (Carl Linnaeus, 1758) was published in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae and included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, coyotes and jackals. All species within Canis are phylogenetically closely related with 78 chromosomes and can potentially interbreed. In 1926, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in Opinion 91 included Genus Canis on its Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology. In 1955, the ICZN's Direction 22 added Canis familiaris as the type specimen for genus Canis to the official list. Dentition and biteforce Dentition relates to the arrangement of teeth in the mouth, with |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 18, "sc": 64, "ep": 18, "ec": 629} | 983 | Q149892 | 18 | 64 | 18 | 629 | Canis | Dentition and biteforce | the dental notation for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote incisors, C for canines, P for premolars, and M for molars, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the mandible teeth. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In carnivores, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the carnassials that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey.
Canids use their premolars for cutting and crushing except for the upper fourth |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 18, "sc": 629, "ep": 18, "ec": 1246} | 983 | Q149892 | 18 | 629 | 18 | 1,246 | Canis | Dentition and biteforce | premolar P4 (the upper carnassial) that is only used for cutting. They use their molars for grinding except for the lower first molar m1 (the lower carnassial) that has evolved for both cutting and grinding depending on the candid's dietary adaptation. On the lower carnassial the trigonid is used for slicing and the talonid is used for grinding. The ratio between the trigonid and the talonid indicates a carnivore's dietary habits, with a larger trigonid indicating a hypercarnivore and a larger talonid indicating a more omnivorous diet. Because of its low variability, the length of the lower carnassial is used |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 18, "sc": 1246, "ep": 18, "ec": 1846} | 983 | Q149892 | 18 | 1,246 | 18 | 1,846 | Canis | Dentition and biteforce | to provide an estimate of a carnivore's body size.
A study of the estimated bite force at the canine teeth of a large sample of living and fossil mammalian predators, when adjusted for their body mass, found that for placental mammals the bite force at the canines (in Newtons/kilogram of body weight) was greatest in the extinct dire wolf (163), followed among the modern canids by the four hypercarnivores that often prey on animals larger than themselves: the African hunting dog (142), the gray wolf (136), the dhole (112), and the dingo (108). The bite force at the carnassials showed a |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 18, "sc": 1846, "ep": 22, "ec": 462} | 983 | Q149892 | 18 | 1,846 | 22 | 462 | Canis | Dentition and biteforce & Description and sexual dimorphism | similar trend to the canines. A predator's largest prey size is strongly influenced by its biomechanical limits. Description and sexual dimorphism There is little variance among male and female canids. Canids tend to live as monogamous pairs. Wolves, dholes, coyotes, and jackals live in groups that include breeding pairs and their offspring. Wolves may live in extended family groups. To take prey larger than themselves, the African wild dog, the dhole, and the gray wolf depend on their jaws as they cannot use their forelimbs to grapple with prey. They work together as a pack consisting of an alpha pair |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 22, "sc": 462, "ep": 26, "ec": 225} | 983 | Q149892 | 22 | 462 | 26 | 225 | Canis | Description and sexual dimorphism & Mating behaviour | and their offspring from the current and previous years. Social mammal predators prey on herbivores with a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the predator pack. The gray wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey, and a pack of timber wolves can bring down a 500 kg (1,100 lb) moose. Mating behaviour The genus Canis contains many different species and has a wide range of different mating systems that varies depending on the type of canine and the species. In a study done in 2017 it was found that in some species of canids |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 26, "sc": 225, "ep": 26, "ec": 848} | 983 | Q149892 | 26 | 225 | 26 | 848 | Canis | Mating behaviour | females use their sexual status to gain food resources. The study looked at wolves and dogs. Wolves are typically monogamous and form pair-bonds; whereas dogs are promiscuous when free-range and mate with multiple individuals. The study found that in both species females tried to gain access to food more and were more successful in monopolize a food resource when in heat. Outside of the breeding season their efforts were not as persistent or successful. This shows that the food-for-sex hypothesis likely plays a role in the food sharing among canids and acts as a direct benefit for the females.
Another study |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 26, "sc": 848, "ep": 26, "ec": 1469} | 983 | Q149892 | 26 | 848 | 26 | 1,469 | Canis | Mating behaviour | on free-ranging dogs found that social factors played a significant role in the determination of mating pairs. The study, done in 2014, looked at social regulation of reproduction in the dogs. They found that females in heat searched out dominant males and were more likely to mate with a dominant male who appeared to be a quality leader. The females were more likely to reject submissive males. Furthermore, cases of male-male competition were more aggressive in the presence of high ranking females. This suggests that females prefer dominant males and males prefer high ranking females meaning social cues and status |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 26, "sc": 1469, "ep": 26, "ec": 2097} | 983 | Q149892 | 26 | 1,469 | 26 | 2,097 | Canis | Mating behaviour | play a large role in the determination of mating pairs in dogs.
Canids also show a wide range of parental care and in 2018 a study showed that sexual conflict plays a role in the determination of intersexual parental investment. The studied looked at coyote mating pairs and found that paternal investment was increased to match or near match the maternal investment. The amount of parental care provided by the fathers also was shown to fluctuated depending on the level of care provided by the mother.
Another study on parental investment showed that in free-ranging dogs, mothers modify their energy and time |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 26, "sc": 2097, "ep": 26, "ec": 2706} | 983 | Q149892 | 26 | 2,097 | 26 | 2,706 | Canis | Mating behaviour | investment into their pups as they age. Due to the high mortality of free-range dogs at a young age a mother's fitness can be drastically reduced. This study found that as the pups aged the mother shifted from high-energy care to lower-energy care so that they can care for their offspring for a longer duration for a reduced energy requirement. By doing this the mothers increasing the likelihood of their pups surviving infancy and reaching adulthood and thereby increase their own fitness.
A study done in 2017 found that aggression between male and female gray wolves varied and changed with age. |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 26, "sc": 2706, "ep": 30, "ec": 269} | 983 | Q149892 | 26 | 2,706 | 30 | 269 | Canis | Mating behaviour & Tooth breakage | Males were more likely to chase away rival packs and lone individuals than females and became increasingly aggressive with age. Alternatively, females were found to be less aggressive and constant in their level of aggression throughout their life. This requires further research but suggests that intersexual aggression levels in gray wolves relates to their mating system. Tooth breakage Tooth breakage is a frequent result of carnivores' feeding behaviour. Carnivores include both pack hunters and solitary hunters. The solitary hunter depends on a powerful bite at the canine teeth to subdue their prey, and thus exhibits a strong mandibular symphysis. In |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 30, "sc": 269, "ep": 30, "ec": 890} | 983 | Q149892 | 30 | 269 | 30 | 890 | Canis | Tooth breakage | contrast, a pack hunter, which delivers many shallower bites, has a comparably weaker mandibular symphysis. Thus, researchers can use the strength of the mandibular symphysis in fossil carnivore specimens to determine what kind of hunter it was – a pack hunter or a solitary hunter – and even how it consumed its prey. The mandibles of canids are buttressed behind the carnassial teeth to crack bones with their post-carnassial teeth (molars M2 and M3). A study found that the modern gray wolf and the red wolf (C. rufus) possess greater buttressing than all other extant canids and the extinct dire wolf. This indicates |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 30, "sc": 890, "ep": 30, "ec": 1498} | 983 | Q149892 | 30 | 890 | 30 | 1,498 | Canis | Tooth breakage | that these are both better adapted for cracking bone than other canids.
A study of nine modern carnivores indicate that one in four adults had suffered tooth breakage and that half of these breakages were of the canine teeth. The highest frequency of breakage occurred in the spotted hyena, which is known to consume all of its prey including the bone. The least breakage occurred in the African wild dog. The gray wolf ranked between these two. The eating of bone increases the risk of accidental fracture due to the relatively high, unpredictable stresses that it creates. The most commonly broken |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 30, "sc": 1498, "ep": 30, "ec": 2143} | 983 | Q149892 | 30 | 1,498 | 30 | 2,143 | Canis | Tooth breakage | teeth are the canines, followed by the premolars, carnassial molars, and incisors. Canines are the teeth most likely to break because of their shape and function, which subjects them to bending stresses that are unpredictable in direction and magnitude. The risk of tooth fracture is also higher when taking and consuming large prey.
In comparison to extant gray wolves, the extinct Beringian wolves included many more individuals with moderately to heavily worn teeth and with a significantly greater number of broken teeth. The frequencies of fracture ranged from a minimum of 2% found in the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 30, "sc": 2143, "ep": 34, "ec": 165} | 983 | Q149892 | 30 | 2,143 | 34 | 165 | Canis | Tooth breakage & African migration | irremotus) up to a maximum of 11% found in Beringian wolves. The distribution of fractures across the tooth row also differs, with Beringian wolves having much higher frequencies of fracture for incisors, carnassials, and molars. A similar pattern was observed in spotted hyenas, suggesting that increased incisor and carnassial fracture reflects habitual bone consumption because bones are gnawed with the incisors and then cracked with the carnassials and molars. African migration The first record of genus Canis on the African continent is Canis sp. A from South Turkwel, Kenya dated 3.58–3.2 million years ago. In 2015, a study of mitochondrial |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 34, "sc": 165, "ep": 34, "ec": 854} | 983 | Q149892 | 34 | 165 | 34 | 854 | Canis | African migration | genome sequences and whole genome nuclear sequences of African and Eurasian canids indicated that extant wolf-like canids have colonised Africa from Eurasia at least 5 times throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is consistent with fossil evidence suggesting that much of African canid fauna diversity resulted from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions. In 2017, the fossil remains of a new Canis species named Canis othmanii was discovered among remains found at Wadi Sarrat, Tunisia from deposits that date 700,000 years ago. This canine shows a morphology more closely associated |
{"datasets_id": 983, "wiki_id": "Q149892", "sp": 34, "sc": 854, "ep": 34, "ec": 899} | 983 | Q149892 | 34 | 854 | 34 | 899 | Canis | African migration | with canids from Eurasia rather than Africa. |
{"datasets_id": 984, "wiki_id": "Q991515", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 248} | 984 | Q991515 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 248 | Canmore, Alberta | Climate & Elevation Place | Canmore, Alberta Climate Canmore's climate is relatively mild compared to some other regions of Alberta. It does not have an Environment Canada weather observation station, but the nearby town of Banff has an average high of −3.1 °C (26 °F) in January, with relatively low humidity. Summers are short with daytime temperatures ranging from 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F). Elevation Place Elevation Place opened in April 2013 as Canmore's new recreation facility. Construction of the facility began in 2012 to replace the Canmore Recreation Centre (the community's old facility). The facility offers an 8-lane 25m lap pool, a world class |
{"datasets_id": 984, "wiki_id": "Q991515", "sp": 10, "sc": 248, "ep": 14, "ec": 380} | 984 | Q991515 | 10 | 248 | 14 | 380 | Canmore, Alberta | Elevation Place & Grassi Lakes | climbing wall developed by Walltopia, two cardio rooms, a strength room, and a host of fitness programs. Elevation Place also houses the community's library and a local art gallery. Grassi Lakes The Upper & Lower Grassi Lakes lie at an elevation of about 1,525 m in the southern Canadian Rockies overlooking the town of Canmore, Alberta. They receive their water from the Spray Lakes Reservoir on the Spray River. There is a trail route that takes you up to the Upper Grassi Lake , with decent parking at the bottom. The trail is 4.3km. It’s appropriate for all skill levels. |
{"datasets_id": 984, "wiki_id": "Q991515", "sp": 14, "sc": 380, "ep": 22, "ec": 56} | 984 | Q991515 | 14 | 380 | 22 | 56 | Canmore, Alberta | Grassi Lakes & Banff National Park & Health care | The water is a beautiful Caribbean green / blue & very clear. It’s surrounded by stunning snow covered mountains & shear soaring cliffs. There are two options for the hike , one easy & one more difficult. It takes approximately 60 minutes to hike the loop. Banff National Park Canmore is the closest major town to Banff National Park, the main gate of which is just northwest of the town limits. It is a 22-kilometre drive from Canmore to the park's main townsite at Banff. Health care Health care is provided at the Canmore General Hospital. |
{"datasets_id": 985, "wiki_id": "Q28868642", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 377} | 985 | Q28868642 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 377 | Cannabis in Martinique | Cannabis in Martinique Cannabis in Martinique is illegal, but is illicitly produced and transported on the island. Cannabis, crack, and cocaine are all present on the island, with the latter two having had significant negative impacts on Martiniquan society. Some cannabis is grown locally on Martinique, but appears to be mostly for local consumption and has little impact on the larger drug market. |
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{"datasets_id": 986, "wiki_id": "Q5032876", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 223} | 986 | Q5032876 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 223 | Canoe & Kayak UK | History & Local coverage & Social networks | Canoe & Kayak UK History Canoe & Kayak UK has been published monthly in the UK since March 4, 2001 by Warners Group Publications, under their Warners Midlands PLC subsidiary, as part of their outdoor and sporting stable. Local coverage The magazine attends local canoeing events across the country, for example during September 2009, staff visited the Wychavon Kayak and Canoe Club for a pool session. Social networks The magazine has its own YouTube channel featuring watersports related video articles and tutorials, in addition to user submitted videos hosted on the magazine website.
They also have a Facebook page, where regular |
{"datasets_id": 986, "wiki_id": "Q5032876", "sp": 14, "sc": 223, "ep": 22, "ec": 297} | 986 | Q5032876 | 14 | 223 | 22 | 297 | Canoe & Kayak UK | Social networks & Blog & Forum | updates are posted of upcoming articles from the magazine. Blog The magazine website hosts a blog section that invites readers to contribute feedback on the magazine and their own articles on canoeing and kayaking locations and events. The site also hosts blogs from staff and official contributors to the magazine. Forum The magazine also has an internet forum in which the editor and writers regularly interact with the readership. Certain questions are posed on a monthly basis with select answers from forum members appearing in the magazine. Forum users can also request articles to be featured by the lead editor. |
{"datasets_id": 986, "wiki_id": "Q5032876", "sp": 24, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 139} | 986 | Q5032876 | 24 | 0 | 26 | 139 | Canoe & Kayak UK | Competitions | Competitions The magazine runs regular competitions in which replying readers have a chance to win free watersport and other outdoor activity equipment. |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 13} | 987 | Q5033342 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 13 | Canongate Kirkyard | History | Canongate Kirkyard The Canongate Kirkyard (English: Churchyard) stands around Canongate Kirk on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland. The churchyard was used for burials from the late 1680s until the mid-20th century.
The most celebrated burials at the kirkyard are the economist Adam Smith and the poet Robert Fergusson, but many other notable people were interred in the cemetery. It has been claimed that David Rizzio, the murdered private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots lies here, although it is highly unlikely that an Italian Catholic would be reinterred in a Protestant graveyard 120 years after his death. History The Canongate |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 8, "sc": 13, "ep": 8, "ec": 600} | 987 | Q5033342 | 8 | 13 | 8 | 600 | Canongate Kirkyard | History | was, until the 19th century, a separate parish from Edinburgh. This separate parish was formerly served by Holyrood Abbey at the foot of the Royal Mile, and Lady Yester's Church on High School Wynd. In 1687 King James VII adopted the abbey church as a Royal Chapel, and the general population worshipped in Lady Yester's Kirk (built in 1647) until 1691. Both of these sites formerly served as burial grounds to the parish.
The new Canongate Kirk was founded in 1688 and completed in 1691. A large area of ground was purchased beyond that required for the erection of the church, |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 8, "sc": 600, "ep": 8, "ec": 1201} | 987 | Q5033342 | 8 | 600 | 8 | 1,201 | Canongate Kirkyard | History | and this appears to have been used for burial immediately from the church's foundation in 1688. This area is now fully occupied as a burial ground.
Due to peculiarities in the parish boundaries, the parish also included some properties on the Nor Loch and, due to an ancient charter linking the castle to Holyrood, also Edinburgh Castle, which saw itself as separate from the parish of Edinburgh, under St Giles'. This led to many burials of soldiers from the castle within the section to the north of the churchyard.
In 1952 the old Church Hall to the east, facing the Canongate, was |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 8, "sc": 1201, "ep": 12, "ec": 202} | 987 | Q5033342 | 8 | 1,201 | 12 | 202 | Canongate Kirkyard | History & 18th-century burials | demolished. This area was reformed as a sunken garden and the Burgh Cross, dating from 1128, was relocated here as a centre-piece, having formerly stood in the roadway in front of the church. The cross was restored in 1888, when it was moved from its temporary home in front of the Canongate Tolbooth to in front of the church, before its transition to the sunken garden in 1953. 18th-century burials Very Rev Thomas Wilkie (1645–1711) first minister of Canongate Kirk and twice Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
The Coachman's Stone, dating to around 1770, displays a |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 202, "ep": 12, "ec": 817} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 202 | 12 | 817 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | skull and the motto "memento mori". It is inscribed "This stone is for the society of Coachdrivers In the Canongate It was chiefly erected by Thomas Jamieson and Robert Maving, treasurer, 1734–65". Below this inscription is a relief sculpture of a coach and horses crossing a bridge. The drivers operated the Edinburgh to London route from White Horse Close, around 200 metres (660 ft) to the east. Several of the Company are interred at this spot.
John Frederick Lampe (1703–1751) was a composer, conductor and writer of hymn-tunes for Charles Wesley and others. His stone, just to the north of the Fettes |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 817, "ep": 12, "ec": 1475} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 817 | 12 | 1,475 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | tomb, is now badly eroded and for the most part illegible. At the base of the stone is a skull and two crossed bones, and at the top two figures hold a small book with some of his composition inscribed. The stone formerly read:
"Here lye the mortal remains of John Frederick Lampe whose harmonious composing shal out live Monumental register"
Bishop Robert Keith (1681–1757) authored A History of the Church and State in Scotland from the Reformation to 1568.
Sir Thomas Calder (1682–1760), stone erected by his grandson Admiral Robert Calder.
Professor Charles Alston (1683–1760), lecturer in Botany and Medicinal Plants at |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 1475, "ep": 12, "ec": 2150} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 1,475 | 12 | 2,150 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | Edinburgh University, was co-founder of the Edinburgh School of Medicine in 1726.
George Drummond (1688–1766) was six times Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and the founder of Edinburgh New Town. He was responsible for the redevelopment of Edinburgh, founding the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; co-founding the Medical School; draining the Nor’ Loch; founding the Royal Exchange in 1753; and most importantly, initiating and founding the New Town and the first North Bridge (1763).
John Gregory MD (1724–1773) and his son James Gregory MD (1753–1821) were from a long line of Gregorys from Aberdeen, eminent in both medicine and science. John was Professor of Medicine |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 2150, "ep": 12, "ec": 2757} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 2,150 | 12 | 2,757 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | in Aberdeen from 1755 to 1766, and at Edinburgh University from 1766 until his death. James was a doctor and publisher, who succeeded his father in the chair of Medicine at Edinburgh University in 1776, and also had a separate chair in the Practice of Medicine from 1790. He was the inventor of "Gregory's Powder" a mixture of magnesia, rhubarb and ginger, used in the treatment of stomach complaints for around 150 years. His son Dr James Gregory and grandsons Donald Gregory and James Crawford Gregory lie nearby.
Poet Robert Fergusson (1750–1774) was trained as a minister, but abandoned this to |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 2757, "ep": 12, "ec": 3315} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 2,757 | 12 | 3,315 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | take up poetry at the age of 22, supplementing his income by working as a clerk. His career was short-lived, and he died in the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, then called Darien House, on Bristo Street. Robert Burns was inspired to be a poet by reading Fergusson's work. It is likely that Burns left monies in his will to erect a monument in grateful memory, penning the inscription himself. The year of birth on the stone is incorrect, though the day and month are correct. The monument was erected in June 1828, after Burns’ own death, but at his express wish. |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 3315, "ep": 12, "ec": 3979} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 3,315 | 12 | 3,979 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | The grave was fully restored in 2010, replacing the enclosing ironwork and chains, and cleaning the stone. The gravestone reads:
"Here lies Robert Fergusson, Poet Born September 5th 1751 Died October 16th 1774 No sculptured marble here, nor pompous lay No storied urn, nor animated bust This simple stone directs pale Scotia's way To pour her sorrows o’er her poet's dust"
The reverse is inscribed:
"By special grant of the managers to Robert Burns, who erected this stone, This burial place is to remain ever sacred To the memory of Robert Fergusson"
A further plaque within the front enclosure explains how Robert Louis Stevenson |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 3979, "ep": 12, "ec": 4638} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 3,979 | 12 | 4,638 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | was going to re-inscribe the stone in the mid-19th century. A statue was erected to Fergusson on the pavement at the churchyard entrance in 2004.
Daniel Dow (1732–1783), fiddler and composer of vernacular music.
Rev William Lothian (1740–1783) minister of Canongate Kirk and joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Alexander Runciman (1736–1785) and his brother John Runciman (1744–1766) were painters. Their bronze plaque on the outer west wall of the church bears their heads, and was erected in 1866 by the Royal Scottish Academy near the then unmarked grave of Alexander. John died in Naples during his grand tour, and is |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 4638, "ep": 12, "ec": 5256} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 4,638 | 12 | 5,256 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | buried there.
John Mackenzie, Lord MacLeod (1727–1789), the son of George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie and like his father a Jacobite. He captured Dunrobin Castle in 1746 during the second Jacobite rising and was subsequently convicted of high treason, but pardoned in 1748. He went on to become a Swedish Count, and later a major-general in the British army.
Adam Smith LLD (1723–1790), economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, founded the study of political economics. His house was very close by, at the head of Panmure Close, and it survived until 1889. He lived here from 1778 until his |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 5256, "ep": 12, "ec": 5852} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 5,256 | 12 | 5,852 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials | death in 1790, having moved from his native town of Kirkcaldy. The grave is a place of pilgrimage for economists of the world. Although an imposing railed monument, it may have been altered in the 1930s, as it was then described as "too small to notice". It is understood that Dr Joseph Black, the chemist and physicist, and James Hutton, the founder of geology, were both at his funeral, being his executors, as would have been David Douglas (see below).
Rev. Thomas Hardy (1748–1798) was Professor of Church History and Divinity, Chaplain to the King, Advocate of Church Unity, and one |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 12, "sc": 5852, "ep": 16, "ec": 548} | 987 | Q5033342 | 12 | 5,852 | 16 | 548 | Canongate Kirkyard | 18th-century burials & 19th-century burials | of the ministers of St Giles. 19th-century burials David Smythe, Lord Methven FRSE (1746–1806) law lord.
Benjamin Bell (1749–1806) and his son Joseph Bell, (1787–1848), both surgeons, are buried in the same plot. Benjamin Bell was one of the few men to have declined a Baronetcy. He was related to Wiliam Paterson, the Scots founder of the Bank of England and was the great-grandfather of Joseph Bell, tutor to Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson, and the inspiration for the character Sherlock Holmes. A small stone to the north of Bell's stone is of interest due to |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 548, "ep": 16, "ec": 1217} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 548 | 16 | 1,217 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | its unusual Greek inscription, taken from The Persians by Aeschylus and translated as "Dear the mound for it hides a loved heart."
Prof Very Rev Alexander Brunton (1772–1854), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1823. Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at Edinburgh University. His wife, the author Mary Brunton (1778-1818) lies with him.
James Clark (1732–1808) founded of the James Clark Vet School in Edinburgh. His monument was erected by "members of the veterinary profession in Great Britain and America 1950".
Luke Fraser (1736–1821) was a teacher of Sir Walter Scott at the Royal High School. Fraser said |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 1217, "ep": 16, "ec": 1811} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 1,217 | 16 | 1,811 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | of Scott that he was "a good Latin scholar, and very worthy man."
The grave of John Ballantyne (1774–1821), and his brother James Ballantyne (1772–1833), publishers and friends of Sir Walter Scott, has no headstone, reflecting their poverty at the end of their lives. A small bronze plaque on the base of the Fettes tomb marks their final resting place. It is inscribed:
"Here in June 1821 Sir Walter Scott, Bart, stood by the open grave of his publisher and friend John Ballantyne (1774–1821) and said "I feel as if there would be less sunshine for me this day forth" And here |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 1811, "ep": 16, "ec": 2390} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 1,811 | 16 | 2,390 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | too lies buried his friend and printer James Ballantyne (1772–1833) Brother of the above. Erected by the Edinburgh Walter Scott Club"
The brothers were from a long-standing family of publishers in the Canongate. James, having moved to Edinburgh from Kelso in 1802, was the printer of the Waverley novels and these were first read in his house, prior to their printing. John, though partly to blame for Scott's loss of his fortune in the midst of his career, was a very dear friend to Scott, who is said to have openly wept at his funeral and whispered the above words on |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 2390, "ep": 16, "ec": 3068} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 2,390 | 16 | 3,068 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | the plaque to John Gibson Lockhart. Scott had nicknames for both men: John was "Rigdumfunnidos"; James was "Aldiboronti-phoscophornio".
Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh University from 1785 until 1820. The son of Matthew Stewart, Professor of Mathematics, Dugald is principally remembered as author of Philosophy of the Human Mind (1792). His sealed tomb stands in the north section of the churchyard, notable as the only sealed tomb in the churchyard. The Dugald Stewart Monument erected to him on the south-west edge of Calton Hill is just out of sight from the tomb.
Hugh William Williams (1773–1829), a watercolorist |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 3068, "ep": 16, "ec": 3747} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 3,068 | 16 | 3,747 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | and landscape artist, was known as "Grecian Williams" for his foreign studies. It was allegedly Williams who coined the term "the modern Athens" in reference to Edinburgh, therefore his resting place, with Edinburgh's "Acropolis" (Calton Hill) standing to the right, is fittingly appropriate.
Sir William Fettes (1750–1836), a former merchant on the High Street, served as Lord Provost of Edinburgh in the early 19th century. His bequests funded the building of Fettes College (opened 1870). The monument is a large sandstone mausoleum with gilded, grey marble tablets, inscribed:
"Sacred to the memory of Sir William Fettes of Comely Bank, Baronet, Lord Provost |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 3747, "ep": 16, "ec": 4377} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 3,747 | 16 | 4,377 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | of Edinburgh in 1801 and 1802 and a second time in 1805 and 1806 Born 25 June 1750. Died 27 May 1836... over the grave of its founder, the trustees of the Fettes Endowment have erected this monument, in grateful recognition of the enlightened benevolence which devoted the acquisitions of an honourable life to the useful purpose of providing for the children of his less fortunate fellow countrymen the elegance of a sound and liberal education"
George Chalmers (1773–1836) was a master plumber and founder of Chalmers Hospital. He had lived at 208 Canongate.
Mrs Agnes Maclehose (1759–1841) was born in Glasgow. |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 4377, "ep": 16, "ec": 4982} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 4,377 | 16 | 4,982 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | She separated from her husband and subsequently befriended Robert Burns, carrying on a correspondence with him under the name "Clarinda". She lived at 14 Calton Hill, and is buried in the tomb of Lord Craig. Burns wrote several poems to her (not published until 1843, after her death). The most famous of these is "Ae Fond Kiss", which includes the lines "Had we never lo’ed sae kindly, had we never lo’ed sae blindly, never met, or never parted, we’d hae ne’er been broken-hearted".
Euphemia Amelia Murray (1768–1845) was called "the Flower of Strathmore" by Robert Burns. She is interred in the |
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