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{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 4982, "ep": 16, "ec": 5577} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 4,982 | 16 | 5,577 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials | ground of David Smyth of Methven.
Sir John Watson Gordon R.A. (1788–1864) was a portrait artist, and a close friend and neighbour of Henry Raeburn. He exhibited from 1821, and was a member of the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) from 1829, exhibiting there from 1830. He was elected president to the RSA in 1850. His most famous work is the portrait of Sir Walter Scott in the National Gallery. Other subjects include Sir David Brewster and Thomas de Quincy. His brother and sister, who founded the Watson-Gordon Fine Art chair at Edinburgh University in his memory in 1879, are also buried |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 16, "sc": 5577, "ep": 20, "ec": 359} | 987 | Q5033342 | 16 | 5,577 | 20 | 359 | Canongate Kirkyard | 19th-century burials & Edinburgh Castle monument | here.
Horatius Bonar (1808–1889), a preacher and prodigious hymn-writer, was minister in Kelso from 1837, and took part in the Disruption of 1843. He was minister of Chalmers’ Memorial Church in Grage Road, Edinburgh from 1866. Edinburgh Castle monument A red granite cross, 26-foot (7.9 m) commemorates the soldiers of Edinburgh Castle. It was erected in May 1880, by Mr Ford of the Holyrood Glass Works, and inaugurated in the presence of General Hope and the 71st Highlanders. The dead lie in the wide open green area all around the cross, which is inscribed:
"To the memory of the soldiers who died in |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 20, "sc": 359, "ep": 24, "ec": 79} | 987 | Q5033342 | 20 | 359 | 24 | 79 | Canongate Kirkyard | Edinburgh Castle monument & 20th-century burials | Edinburgh Castle, situated in the parish of Canongate, interred herewith military honours from the year 1692 to 1880. "Death called them away from the martial ranks and sad was each comrade's tread as they bore them along to the march in Saul Midst crowds to their lonely bed But their country's sons will around this stone Oft speak of the deeds of the brave And gratefully look on the grassy sod That grows o’er the soldiers grave"
Verses from the Biblical Epistles to Timothy are inscribed on the reverse. 20th-century burials Architect Robert Hurd (1905–1963) was responsible for the partial redevelopment |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 24, "sc": 79, "ep": 28, "ec": 318} | 987 | Q5033342 | 24 | 79 | 28 | 318 | Canongate Kirkyard | 20th-century burials & Reputed burials | of the Canongate in the 1950s, and much other work throughout Edinburgh, including the Art Deco Ravelston Garden (1936). He was interred after the official closure of the churchyard to burials, and his was the most recent interment, other than ashes. Reputed burials David Rizzio (or Riccio) (1533–1566) was an Italian courtier of Mary, Queen of Scots. Born near Turin, he became valet to the Queen in 1561 and was promoted to be her secretary in 1564. He was enormously unpopular and was stabbed to death, in the presence of the Queen, in her chamber in Holyrood Palace. The murderers |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 28, "sc": 318, "ep": 28, "ec": 925} | 987 | Q5033342 | 28 | 318 | 28 | 925 | Canongate Kirkyard | Reputed burials | included Mary's husband, Lord Darnley. The body was interred in Holyrood Abbey but was allegedly moved to Canongate churchyard in 1688. A small bronze plaque on the east wall of the church, above a worn 17th-century flat tombstone, reads:
"Tradition says that this is the grave of David Riccio 1533–1566 Transported from Holyrood."
It is more likely to be a fanciful story to attach to the old but illegible stone (which may be the stone of Bishop James Ramsay). Holyrood was still a royal chapel in 1688, and there would have been little popular support to move this body to the "people's" |
{"datasets_id": 987, "wiki_id": "Q5033342", "sp": 28, "sc": 925, "ep": 28, "ec": 1292} | 987 | Q5033342 | 28 | 925 | 28 | 1,292 | Canongate Kirkyard | Reputed burials | churchyard. Rizzio being a Catholic, it is also hard to explain why he would be buried in a Protestant churchyard. If the story is true, the stone dates from roughly the time of the re-interment, and is a costly stone for someone who, particularly a century after death, would have no living friends or relatives. The bronze plaque is thought to date from the 1950s. |
{"datasets_id": 988, "wiki_id": "Q1605528", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 412} | 988 | Q1605528 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 412 | Canton of Marseille-La Pointe-Rouge | Area | Canton of Marseille-La Pointe-Rouge Area It is composed of the part of the 8th arrondissement of Marseille south of an imaginary line along these streets:
avenue Pierre-Mendès-France starting at boulevard des Neiges, avenue de Bonneveine, avenue de Hambourg, avenue d'Haïfa, traverse Ratonneau, rue Callelongue, boulevard Baptiste-Bonnet, boulevard Barbe, boulevard Pépin, boulevard de Sainte-Anne, avenue de Mazargues, avenue Guy-de-Maupassant. |
{"datasets_id": 989, "wiki_id": "Q185113", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 468} | 989 | Q185113 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 468 | Cape (geography) | Cape (geography) In geography, a cape is a headland or a promontory of large size extending into a body of water, usually the sea.
A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline which makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions. This results in capes having a relatively short geological lifespan. Capes can be formed by glaciers, volcanoes, and changes in sea level. Erosion plays a large role in each of these methods of formation. |
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{"datasets_id": 990, "wiki_id": "Q5034578", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 558} | 990 | Q5034578 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 558 | Cape Arkona (Heard Island) | Cape Arkona (Heard Island) Cape Arkona is a rocky headland between the mouths of Lied Glacier and Gotley Glacier on the southwest side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The feature appears to be roughly charted on an 1860 sketch map prepared by Captain H.C. Chester, an American sealer operating in the area during this period. The German frigate Arkona (named after a cape on the north of Rügen) (Captain von Reibnitz) examined the south coast of the island in February 1874 and, in Melbourne, provided the officers of HMS Challenger with a position for the cape which was |
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{"datasets_id": 990, "wiki_id": "Q5034578", "sp": 4, "sc": 558, "ep": 8, "ec": 77} | 990 | Q5034578 | 4 | 558 | 8 | 77 | Cape Arkona (Heard Island) | Map | used in preparation of the Admiralty chart. In so doing, however, the misspelling "Cape Arcona" was used on the British chart. Map Heard Island and McDonald Islands, including all major topographical features |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 527} | 991 | Q1034229 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 527 | Cape Grim massacre | Cape Grim massacre The Cape Grim massacre was an incident on 10 February 1828 in which a group of Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach in the north-west of Tasmania is said to have been ambushed and shot by four Van Diemen's Land Company (VDLC) workers, with bodies of some of the victims then thrown from a 60-metre (200 ft) cliff. About 30 men are thought to have been killed in the attack, which was a reprisal action for an earlier Aboriginal raid on a flock of Van Diemen's Land Company sheep, but part of an escalating spiral of |
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{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 4, "sc": 527, "ep": 4, "ec": 1166} | 991 | Q1034229 | 4 | 527 | 4 | 1,166 | Cape Grim massacre | violence probably triggered by the abduction and rape of Aboriginal women in the area. The massacre was part of the "Black War", the period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832.
News of the Cape Grim killings did not reach Governor George Arthur for almost two years. Arthur sent George Augustus Robinson, who held an unofficial government role as an Aboriginal conciliator, to investigate the incident, and later statements from company workers, a diary entry by the wife of a ship's captain and the testimony of an Aboriginal woman provided some further |
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{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 4, "sc": 1166, "ep": 8, "ec": 34} | 991 | Q1034229 | 4 | 1,166 | 8 | 34 | Cape Grim massacre | Background | information. Despite the witness statements however, detail of what took place is sketchy and Australian author Keith Windschuttle and some other historians have subsequently disputed the magnitude of the massacre or denied it occurred at all.
The site of the massacre has been identified as the present-day Suicide Bay, facing the island outcrops known as The Doughboys. Because a number of tribes were in the area at the time, it is uncertain which one was involved in the clash, although historian Lyndall Ryan states that those killed were members of the Peerapper clan. Background Clans of the North West nation had |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 8, "sc": 34, "ep": 8, "ec": 653} | 991 | Q1034229 | 8 | 34 | 8 | 653 | Cape Grim massacre | Background | experienced violent conflict with European settlers since 1810 when sealing parties abducted women. In 1820 a group of sealers sprang from hiding in a cave at The Doughboys near Cape Grim and ambushed a group of Pennemukeer women collecting muttonbirds and shellfish, capturing and binding them and carrying them off to Kangaroo Island. Pennemukeer men responded with a reprisal attack, clubbing three sealers to death.
Further conflict developed after the arrival of the VDLC in late 1826. The company had been formed in London in 1824 as a joint stock company whose purpose would be to breed and farm Merino |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 8, "sc": 653, "ep": 8, "ec": 1264} | 991 | Q1034229 | 8 | 653 | 8 | 1,264 | Cape Grim massacre | Background | and Saxon sheep on a large scale to meet the high demand for wool in England. The company was given a grant to 250,000 acres in the northwest tip of the colony then known as Van Diemen's Land, an area that was home to about 400 or 500 Aboriginals who had cleared the grassy plains of trees through generations of fire-stick farming. Ships then began arriving to offload livestock and labourers—mostly indentured "servants" or convicts who would work as shepherds and ploughmen on sheep stations at Cape Grim and Circular Head, occupying key Aboriginal kangaroo hunting grounds.
Businessman Edward Curr |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 8, "sc": 1264, "ep": 8, "ec": 1869} | 991 | Q1034229 | 8 | 1,264 | 8 | 1,869 | Cape Grim massacre | Background | was appointed as VDLC's Chief Agent, answering to a court of directors in London, but his position in the remote part of the colony also gave him the powers and authority of a magistrate. Curr quickly developed a reputation as a cruel and ruthless despot. Within a year of the company establishing a presence in the North West, employees under his direct control had gained a reputation for brutal treatment of the local Aboriginal population. Curr, rather than inquiring into or intervening in such cases, sometimes actively encouraged violence. Rosalie Hare, the wife of a ship's captain who arrived in |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 8, "sc": 1869, "ep": 8, "ec": 2486} | 991 | Q1034229 | 8 | 1,869 | 8 | 2,486 | Cape Grim massacre | Background | January 1828 on board the Caroline and remained in the Curr household until March, noted in her journal the frequency of Aboriginal attacks on shepherds, but added: "We are not to suppose the Europeans in their turn take no revenge. We have to lament that our own countrymen consider the massacre of these people an honour. While we remained at Circular Head there were several accounts of considerable numbers of natives having been shot by them, they wishing to extirpate them entirely if possible."
According to historian Nicholas Clements, the primary cause of conflict was sex: very few white women were |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 8, "sc": 2486, "ep": 12, "ec": 29} | 991 | Q1034229 | 8 | 2,486 | 12 | 29 | Cape Grim massacre | Background & Massacre | in the colony generally, and the shortage was particularly acute in the North West, where only Curr's wife and one other woman lived. The Governor was warned by one worker in 1827 that Curr's shepherds "had designs of violating the (native) women" and examples were later given to Robinson of female Aboriginals being kept by stock keepers and shepherds, some of them "chained up like a wild beast" and abused. Another woman was said to have been kept by a stock keeper for about a month, "after which she was taken out and shot." Massacre The immediate catalyst of the |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 12, "sc": 29, "ep": 12, "ec": 586} | 991 | Q1034229 | 12 | 29 | 12 | 586 | Cape Grim massacre | Massacre | February killings at Cape Grim was an incident about the beginning of December 1827 during a visit to the area by the Peerapper clan from West Point in search of muttonbird eggs and seals. Convicts who were working as assigned servants for the VDLC were tending to a large flock of sheep and managed to lure some Peerapper women into a hut for sex. When the Peerapper men objected, a skirmish developed during which one of the shepherds, Thomas John, was speared in the leg and several Peerapper men including a chief were shot dead. John was taken back to |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 12, "sc": 586, "ep": 12, "ec": 1184} | 991 | Q1034229 | 12 | 586 | 12 | 1,184 | Cape Grim massacre | Massacre | Circular Head a fortnight later and Curr reported the injury to VDLC directors in London, stating that his shepherd had been speared in an extended conflict that had begun when "a very strong party of Natives" attacked the men.
A party of Peerapper, probably led by Wymurrick, returned to Cape Grim on 31 December, a month after the clash, to seek retribution. They destroyed 118 ewes from the company's stock, spearing some, beating others with waddies and driving the rest over a cliff and into the sea. The company vessel Fanny, with its master, Richard Frederick, was then sent to Cape |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 12, "sc": 1184, "ep": 12, "ec": 1780} | 991 | Q1034229 | 12 | 1,184 | 12 | 1,780 | Cape Grim massacre | Massacre | Grim, ostensibly to collect sheep to be transported to Emu Bay (modern-day Burnie). While he was there, Frederick, who was "very well acquainted with that part of the country and with the habits of the Natives"—helped the shepherds search for the Peerapper clan and located their camp as part of a punitive expedition. Then, according to a journal account by Rosalie Hare, wife of the captain of the Caroline who was staying with Curr and his wife, they killed 12 men in a surprise night time raid.
Several days later, on 10 February—about six weeks after the destruction of the ewes—the |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 12, "sc": 1780, "ep": 12, "ec": 2378} | 991 | Q1034229 | 12 | 1,780 | 12 | 2,378 | Cape Grim massacre | Massacre | same four shepherds are believed to have surprised and trapped a party of Aboriginal men, women and children in what is now known as Suicide Bay, as they feasted on mutton-birds the women had caught at the nearby Doughboy Islands. Although there is no single definitive narrative, it is thought that the Aboriginal people, confronted by the armed Europeans, panicked and fled in different directions, with some rushing into the sea, others scrambling around the cliff and some fatally shot by the shepherds. One group—thought to be all men—were killed near the edge of a 60m cliff and their bodies |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 12, "sc": 2378, "ep": 16, "ec": 204} | 991 | Q1034229 | 12 | 2,378 | 16 | 204 | Cape Grim massacre | Massacre & Investigation | then thrown to the rocks below. Two individuals, one of the convicts involved and an Aboriginal woman, stated that the death toll was 30, a senior VDLC employee described the fatalities as "a good number" and "a great many", while Curr initially reported six dead "besides several severely wounded". Those wounded by shot fired from muskets would have had poor prospects of survival. Investigation In a dispatch to VDL Company directors on 14 January Curr reported the voyage of the Fanny and the subsequent night time encounter with Peerapper at their camp by Frederick and the shepherds who had "gone |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 204, "ep": 16, "ec": 785} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 204 | 16 | 785 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | in quest" of those who had slaughtered the sheep. In Curr's account there were about 70 Peerapper in the encampment, but the shepherds watched and waited until dawn before retreating without a shot being fired, because "not a musket would go off" as a result of heavy rain during the night. Historian Ian McFarlane has described Curr's account as problematic and less plausible than that of Rosalie Hare: he said the men would have known the Peerapper were reluctant to move during the night, being timid in the dark, and it was improbable that men armed with that knowledge would |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 785, "ep": 16, "ec": 1373} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 785 | 16 | 1,373 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | sit in the cold and rain all night watching the targets silhouetted by campfires, only to await the light of the morning and lose their strategic advantage.
Two weeks later, on 28 February, Curr provided the directors with his first, brief reference to the events of 10 February. He reported that he had heard information from the men on the Fanny that shepherds had encountered "a strong party of natives" and that after a long fight six Aboriginals were left "dead on the field including their chief besides several severely wounded." He added: "I have no doubt that this will |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 1373, "ep": 16, "ec": 2000} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 1,373 | 16 | 2,000 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | have the effect of intimidating them, and oblige them to keep aloof."
Curr reported nothing more on the incident or what had become of those who had been severely wounded, prompting the directors to write back to express extreme "regret" over the deaths and point out: "It does not appear from the account who were the aggressors." Despite his role as magistrate Curr did not further investigate the clash or notify Governor Arthur of the deaths and outside knowledge of the massacre would have remained negligible had it not been for the decision of embittered VDL Company agricultural superintendent Alexander Goldie |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 2000, "ep": 16, "ec": 2595} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 2,000 | 16 | 2,595 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | to write a lengthy letter to Arthur in November 1829 mentioning the encounter. Goldie's letter to Arthur was one of confession of his own involvements in the killing of Aboriginals—notably the shooting and butchering with an axe a woman on a north-west beach two months earlier—and revealed:
There have been a great many Natives shot by the Company's Servants, and several engagements between them while their stock was in that district. On one occasion a good many were shot (I never heard exactly the number) and although Mr Curr knew it, yet he never that I am aware, took any notice |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 2595, "ep": 16, "ec": 3201} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 2,595 | 16 | 3,201 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | of it although in the Commission of the Peace and at that time there was no proclamation against the Natives, nor were they (the Natives) at the time they were attacked at all disturbing the Company's flocks ..."
In a separate, scathing, 110-page letter to VDL Company directors Goldie said Curr had personally encouraged the killing of other Aboriginals, offering rum on one occasion to any man who could bring him an Aboriginal head. Arthur responded to Goldie's accusations by asking Robinson to discover what he could about the incident when he ventured to the north-west region as part of his |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 3201, "ep": 16, "ec": 3883} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 3,201 | 16 | 3,883 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | "friendly mission" to Aboriginal Tasmanians. It took until June the following year before Robinson arrived in the area, where on 16 June he interviewed Charles Chamberlain, one of the four convict shepherds involved. He recounted the conversation about events that were by then almost 2¹⁄₂ years in the past:
Robinson: How many natives do you suppose there was killed?
Chamberlain: Thirty.
Robinson: There appears to be some difference respecting the numbers.
Chamberlain: Yes, it was so. We was afraid and thought at the time the Governor would hear of it and we should get into trouble, but thirty was about the number.
Robinson: What did |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 3883, "ep": 16, "ec": 4556} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 3,883 | 16 | 4,556 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | you do with the bodies?
Chamberlain: We threw them down the rocks where they had thrown the sheep.
Robinson: Was there any more females shot?
Chamberlain: No, the women all laid down, they were most of them men.
Robinson: How many was there in your party?
Chamberlain: There was four of us.
Robinson: What had they done to you?
Chamberlain: They had some time before that attacked us in a hut and had speared one man in the thigh. Several blacks was shot on that occasion. Subsequently thirty sheep had been driven over the rocks.
Four days later Robinson questioned a group of Aboriginal women at a sealer's |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 4556, "ep": 16, "ec": 5153} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 4,556 | 16 | 5,153 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | camp adjacent to Robbins Passage, east of Cape Grim. Some related the details of the spearing of Thomas John, the subsequent shooting of an Aboriginal chief and the return of tribe members a few days later to drive sheep off the cliff. They also described the massacre of 10 February, recounting how VDL Company shepherds had taken by "surprise a whole tribe which had come for a supply of muttonbirds at the Doughboys, massacred thirty of them and threw them off a cliff two hundred feet in altitude".
On 10 August Robinson encountered convict William Gunchannon, another of the four who |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 5153, "ep": 16, "ec": 5752} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 5,153 | 16 | 5,752 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | had been present at the massacre. Gunchannan admitted his involvement, estimating it had happened about six weeks after the destruction of the sheep, but was reluctant to provide detail. He told Robinson that the Aboriginal group attacked on 10 February had included men and women, but denied knowing whether any had been killed. Robinson later wrote that when he informed him that Chamberlain had already admitted a death toll of about 30, Gunchannan "seemed to glory in the act and said he would shoot them whenever he met them". Robinson did not interview the other two involved in the massacre: |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 5752, "ep": 16, "ec": 6347} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 5,752 | 16 | 6,347 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | Richard Nicholson had previously drowned and John Weavis had since moved to Hobart.
Guided by bushman Alexander McKay, Robinson visited Cape Grim and identified the site of the massacre. At the northern arm of what is today known as Suicide Bay, Robinson was able to identify the steep cliff over which the Aborigines drove the sheep. Just south of the cliff was a steep path leading down to the beach the Aboriginal women had identified as the site of the massacre. From the accounts gathered and his visit to the site, Robinson formulated what he believed was the most likely scenario |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 6347, "ep": 16, "ec": 6945} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 6,347 | 16 | 6,945 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation | of the day as the women swam across to the Doughboys to gather muttonbirds:
They swim across, leaving their children at the rocks in the care of the elderly people. They had prepared their supply of birds, had tied them with grass, had towed them on shore, and the whole tribe was seated around their fires partaking of their heard-earned fare, when down rushed the band of fierce barbarians thirsting for the blood of those unprotected and unoffending people ... Some rushed into the sea, others scrambled around the cliff and what remained the monsters put to death. Those poor creatures |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 16, "sc": 6945, "ep": 20, "ec": 417} | 991 | Q1034229 | 16 | 6,945 | 20 | 417 | Cape Grim massacre | Investigation & Curr's later explanations | who had sought shelter in the cleft of the rock they forced to the brink of the awful precipice, massacred them all and threw their bodies down the precipice. Curr's later explanations VDL Company directors, meanwhile, asked Curr to respond to Goldie's long list of complaints and accusations. His reply, on 7 October 1830, included a more comprehensive report on the events of 10 February 1828. Yet it was markedly different to the accounts Robinson had already obtained. Curr explained to VDL directors that a "very large" Aboriginal party had initially assembled at the top of a hill that overlooked |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 20, "sc": 417, "ep": 20, "ec": 947} | 991 | Q1034229 | 20 | 417 | 20 | 947 | Cape Grim massacre | Curr's later explanations | the shepherds' hut. He continued:
There our men saw them and the account they gave me of the transaction was that they considered the natives were coming to attack them again and marched out to meet them, and in the fight which ensued they killed six of the natives one of whom was a woman. This was the manner in which the story was first related to me: nothing was said about the natives being a party of people who were returning from the Islands with birds and fish, nor do I now believe that was the case but I think |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 20, "sc": 947, "ep": 20, "ec": 1496} | 991 | Q1034229 | 20 | 947 | 20 | 1,496 | Cape Grim massacre | Curr's later explanations | it probable they were going there.
... I have no doubt whatever that our men were fully impressed with the idea that the natives were there only for the purpose of surrounding and attacking them, and with that idea it would be madness for them to wait until the natives shewed their designs by making it too late for one man to escape. I considered these things at the time for I had thought of investigating the case, but I saw first that there was a strong presumption that our men were right, second if wrong it was impossible to convict |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 20, "sc": 1496, "ep": 20, "ec": 2059} | 991 | Q1034229 | 20 | 1,496 | 20 | 2,059 | Cape Grim massacre | Curr's later explanations | them, and thirdly that the mere enquiry would induce every man to leave Cape Grim.
Seven months later, in May 1831, the paths of Arthur and Curr crossed in the central Tasmanian village of Jericho, where the Governor confronted Curr with Robinson's report and told the Chief Agent that if the findings were incorrect then he should say so. In a letter to the Governor, Curr did just that, declaring: "I believe it to be untrue. I have no doubt that some Natives were killed on the occasion, my impression is that the real number was three ... as the case |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 20, "sc": 2059, "ep": 24, "ec": 477} | 991 | Q1034229 | 20 | 2,059 | 24 | 477 | Cape Grim massacre | Curr's later explanations & Site inspection and speculation | was represented to me by the men themselves at the time they had no alternative but to act as they did." Site inspection and speculation The contradictions surrounding accounts of the events of 10 February 1828 have prompted some history writers to carry out their own inspections of the site in order to speculate on the most likely series of events. There is sharp contrast in their conclusions.
Based on his visit to Cape Grim, Windschuttle has disputed much of Robinson's description of events, concluding that the shepherds could not have launched a surprise attack if the Aboriginals had been sitting |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 477, "ep": 24, "ec": 1012} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 477 | 24 | 1,012 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | on the beach at Suicide Bay. He explained that because the basalt slope above the beach is too steep to climb down, the shepherds would have had to descend via a steep track halfway round the bay in full view of those on the beach, giving the Aboriginals at least five minutes to flee, either by swimming across the bay or out to sea, or going around the rocks at the base of the cliff. He said Robinson's description of Aboriginals seeking shelter "in the cleft of the rock" and then being "forced to the brink of an awful precipice" |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 1012, "ep": 24, "ec": 1636} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 1,012 | 24 | 1,636 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | was equally problematic because of the difficulty for shepherds to force captives up the track while carrying weapons and then—once the Aboriginal people reached the top—the impossibility of preventing their escape over the open grassy land as the shepherds climbed up behind them. He said: "If they really were trying to kill them all, they would have done it where they allegedly found them, down near the waterline at the edge of the bay." Windschuttle said the site's "extraordinarily difficult terrain" coupled with the limitations of 19th century muskets made it beyond belief that four shepherds could have killed 30 |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 1636, "ep": 24, "ec": 2257} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 1,636 | 24 | 2,257 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | Aboriginal people. He said the most credible account was Curr's, in which the shepherds felt threatened by the advancing Aboriginal party and marched from their hut to launch a pre-emptive strike. He also accepted Curr's claim of just six Aboriginal fatalities. Windschuttle said the clash probably took place on the open grassland near Victory Hill (on which he said the hut stood) and if bodies were thrown over a cliff, Victory Hill was the most plausible location from which to do it.
A study of the area by McFarlane, however, raises critical flaws with Windschuttle's favoured version in which the convicts |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 2257, "ep": 24, "ec": 2852} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 2,257 | 24 | 2,852 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | responded with gunfire after being threatened at their hut. McFarlane said surveyors' charts placed the shepherds' hut about a kilometre to the northeast of Victory Hill, which allowed the company easy access from the sea via Davisons Bay. The hut was well beyond the range of spears thrown by Aboriginal people on the hill, and McFarlane has argued that abandoning the cover of a hut to engage a vastly greater force of Aboriginal people occupying the higher ground would have been "an act of gross stupidity", particularly given that one of the convicts, John Weavis, was a former soldier who |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 2852, "ep": 24, "ec": 3442} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 2,852 | 24 | 3,442 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | had served in the 89th Foot Regiment and York Chasseurs, a regiment raised from military deserters. McFarlane said a musket loaded with shot and fired uphill would have been a poor match for spears that could be thrown with great accuracy as far as 90 metres. He wrote: "A large number of Aborigines armed with spears on the high ground would certainly have been victorious. That four shepherds could emerge from that shower of missiles unscathed is beyond the bounds of credibility." Additionally, if the fatal encounter had taken place closer to the shepherds' hut they would have had to |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 3442, "ep": 24, "ec": 4085} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 3,442 | 24 | 4,085 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | carry the bodies of their victims almost two kilometres—passing Victory Hill on the way—in order to throw them off the cliffs at Suicide Bay. McFarlane said neither Chamberlain, Gunchannon nor the Aboriginal woman interviewed by Robinson had made any mention of the hut or the hill, with the focus of their accounts solely Suicide Bay. He concluded: "Curr's version of events is clearly implausible, without foundation and would appear designed to depict the Aborigines as aggressors by shifting the scene, and thus the nature of he crime, from Suicide Bay to Victory Hill."
McFarlane has postulated that the two contradictory witness |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 4085, "ep": 24, "ec": 4673} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 4,085 | 24 | 4,673 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation | accounts of events—Chamberlain's admission of men's bodies being thrown from the cliff and the Aboriginal women's account of the whole tribe, including women and children, being attacked on the beach—were two elements of the one story: the convicts attacked and shot a small group of men who were hunting wallaby on the heights and then fired down on to the women, children and elderly who were close to the sea harvesting seafood. The bodies of the men might later have been thrown upon the rocks. He also suggested a second scenario, which he described as more likely, which involved a |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 24, "sc": 4673, "ep": 28, "ec": 78} | 991 | Q1034229 | 24 | 4,673 | 28 | 78 | Cape Grim massacre | Site inspection and speculation & Aftermath | midden whose remains are about 10 metres (33 ft) from the top of the path to the beach on a large flattish sandy area. He said if this was the cooking area chosen on the day, the tribe could have been ambushed as they cooked and ate the muttonbirds, and suddenly found themselves trapped between the shepherds and the sea. Alarmed by gunfire, some may have fled down to the beach while others were driven back around the lip of the high ground leading to the cliff top. Aftermath According to McFarlane, most of the Aboriginal people of Tasmania's north west |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 28, "sc": 78, "ep": 28, "ec": 673} | 991 | Q1034229 | 28 | 78 | 28 | 673 | Cape Grim massacre | Aftermath | were methodically hunted down and killed by VDL Company hunting expeditions, acting under Curr's control. He says between 400 and 500 Aboriginal people were living in the region before the company's arrival, but by 1835 their number had dwindled to just over 100. From 1830 Robinson began rounding up the last survivors of the Aboriginal tribes to take them to a "place of safety" on an island off Tasmania's north coast; however those in the north-west avoided him. In 1830 at a sealer's camp Robinson found six abducted Aboriginal women, and an 18-year-old man called "Jack of Cape Grim" from |
{"datasets_id": 991, "wiki_id": "Q1034229", "sp": 28, "sc": 673, "ep": 28, "ec": 928} | 991 | Q1034229 | 28 | 673 | 28 | 928 | Cape Grim massacre | Aftermath | the Parperloihener band of Robbins Island, whose Aboriginal name was Tunnerminnerwait. Robinson threatened the sealers with legal action unless they gave up the Aborigines, and to the Aborigines he promised safety and an eventual return to tribal areas. |
{"datasets_id": 992, "wiki_id": "Q23302605", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 604} | 992 | Q23302605 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 604 | Capital Airport Air National Guard Station | Capital Airport Air National Guard Station Capital Airport Air National Guard Station is a 91-acre (370,000 m²) facility on land leased from the Springfield Airport Authority (SAA), located on the grounds of Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport. It is home to the 183d Fighter Wing (183 FW), an Illinois Air National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC) and State Headquarters, Illinois Air National Guard. Historically a fighter unit, the 183 FW consists of 321 full-time and 800 part-time military personnel (total strength 1,321).
The 183 FW was directed to divest itself of its fighter aircraft pursuant to a Base |
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{"datasets_id": 992, "wiki_id": "Q23302605", "sp": 4, "sc": 604, "ep": 4, "ec": 1260} | 992 | Q23302605 | 4 | 604 | 4 | 1,260 | Capital Airport Air National Guard Station | Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 2005 decision and in October 2008, the last of the 170th Fighter Squadron's fifteen F-16C/D Fighting Falcon aircraft departed Capital Airport AGS for redistribution to other Air National Guard fighter wings.
The 183 FW remains in place at Capital Airport AGS minus a flying mission while the U.S. Air Force, the Air Combat Command and the Air National Guard determine a new role and mission set for the wing. The Illinois Air National Guard State Headquarters, Expeditionary Combat Support (ECS) elements of the 183 FW, the 217th Engineering Installation Squadron, and the F110 engine Centralized Intermediate Repair |
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{"datasets_id": 992, "wiki_id": "Q23302605", "sp": 4, "sc": 1260, "ep": 4, "ec": 1321} | 992 | Q23302605 | 4 | 1,260 | 4 | 1,321 | Capital Airport Air National Guard Station | Facility (CIRF) also remain in place at Capital Airport AGS. |
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{"datasets_id": 993, "wiki_id": "Q2937386", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 144} | 993 | Q2937386 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 144 | Capital City Speedway | History | Capital City Speedway Capital City Speedway was a racetrack in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Stittsville, Ontario. The Speedway included a dragstrip and a 3/8th mile oval, and ran five different series including the 4 For Fun class, Mini Stock Class, Thunder Car Class, ACT Late Model Class and the Lentch Automotive Legends Class. The Speedway's racing season ran from May until September annually. The Speedway has been closed since 2015. History Capital City Speedway was founded in 1961 after the closure of the very popular Lansdowne Speedway. Lansdowne ran from 1955 until 1960 where the |
{"datasets_id": 993, "wiki_id": "Q2937386", "sp": 8, "sc": 144, "ep": 8, "ec": 722} | 993 | Q2937386 | 8 | 144 | 8 | 722 | Capital City Speedway | History | track had been a success, gathering 5,000 fans on its June 1, 1955 opening night. The track had been an old horse racing track that was in Lansdowne Park surrounding the football field where the Ottawa Rough Riders CFL team played. Many spectators and drivers came from as far as Montreal and New York State to race at the 1/3-mile track. But with the track being located in Ottawa's residential section, the noise created by the cars had local families unhappy. Neighbourhood complaints meant that the popular track had to close. After its closure, Gerry Bisson, who had been |
{"datasets_id": 993, "wiki_id": "Q2937386", "sp": 8, "sc": 722, "ep": 8, "ec": 1342} | 993 | Q2937386 | 8 | 722 | 8 | 1,342 | Capital City Speedway | History | the race promoter, constructed a state of the art track near Stittsville, Ontario, just west of Ottawa, known as Capital City Speedway.
The 2010 season started with a new race promoter, Legend driver Jeremy Coulter. There were many "rain outs" and there were only a handful of full nights completed. Jeremy, who started the year as a manager for the track (hired by the Drummond family), resigned halfway through the season.
The 2011 Season is well underway under the watchful eye of new promoter and former Legend Driver Todd Gow.Our new race director is former Late model driver Tim Dorning and making |
{"datasets_id": 993, "wiki_id": "Q2937386", "sp": 8, "sc": 1342, "ep": 8, "ec": 1926} | 993 | Q2937386 | 8 | 1,342 | 8 | 1,926 | Capital City Speedway | History | his return is announcer Brian 'Motormouth' Goudge.CCS also introduced Thundercat as our new mascot.A few driver changes took place with Rick Rump jumping behind the wheel of the #88 Al Dickie Owned Late model, Doug Mould stepped out of the racing picture and Quincy Roberts is now the owner of the #71 (Former #27) Mini-Stock.Former Mini-Stock Driver's Justin Hemsley and Malcolm MacDonald are down in the 4 for fun Class.Hemsley picked up his first feature win on Rona Night July 13.Mike Oakley now drives the #09 Legend and Braydon Oakley drives the #18 4 For Fun Car.As of July 13 |
{"datasets_id": 993, "wiki_id": "Q2937386", "sp": 8, "sc": 1926, "ep": 8, "ec": 2474} | 993 | Q2937386 | 8 | 1,926 | 8 | 2,474 | Capital City Speedway | History | here are your points Leaders:Steve Munro holds a 7 Point lead over Justin Holtom in the Late Model Class,Greg Ogilvie has a big 63 Point lead over Ken Sproule in Thunder cars,Matt Haufe has a 7-point lead over Chad Windsor in the Legends,Casey Cavanagh with the help of backup driver Ryan Foley leads Shawn Ethier by 11 Points in Mini-Stocks and Brooke Cordick has a respectable 48 point lead over Rodney Dingwall
The 2015 season was to be saved by Mr Shawn Kerr, after many drivers meetings the Drummond family decided not to go with him. |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 544} | 994 | Q2937632 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 544 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | Captain Hareblower Plot A one-man Pirate crew Captain Yosemite Sam is sailing over an ocean on his ship singing "Blow the Man Down." Sam looks through a telescope and sees a trading sailship nearby. Captain Yosemite Sam reveals his new desire to steal the ship for himself. He fires a warning shot from his cannon and lines up side-by-side with the ship ordering its surrender. Since Sam is a legendary intimidating pirate the crew on the other ship surrender and abandon it. Bugs Bunny, lying in a box filled with carrots, hears the commotion on the ship and asks Sam |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 544, "ep": 6, "ec": 1105} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 544 | 6 | 1,105 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | "Ahoy there! What's up doc?" Sam orders Bugs to surrender the ship. Bugs replies with "Surrender? Never hoid the woid. So you'll have to try and take this ship!" Sam simply responds with a warning shot through Bugs' Napoleonic hat and between his ears, leaving a lump on Bugs' head ("Now, he should know better than that!").
Bugs and Captain Sam battle each other in a fierce duel. Bugs first manages to find and shoot Sam first time ("Blast, ya rabbit! Two can play that game!"), and when Sam tries to himself, he ends up being shot again. When Sam is |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 1105, "ep": 6, "ec": 1688} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 1,105 | 6 | 1,688 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | filling his cannons and firing them, Bugs wanders onto Sam's ship and shoots Sam as he is filling one, turning Sam into a pile of rubble. Later, Sam tries the same method on Bugs but this time, the cannon instead launches backwards into Sam, shooting himself out of the ship's side. Sam then tries to swing aboard Bugs' ship. ("Prepare to defend yourself, rabbit, cuz I'm a-boarding your ship! Charge!") However, there is another cannon in Sam's path resulting in him landing in the cannon. The cannon fires as Sam tries to retreat (much like in Bunker Hill Bunny).
Sam then |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 1688, "ep": 6, "ec": 2210} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 1,688 | 6 | 2,210 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | makes a model sailship using a barrel of dynamite. He lights it and blows into the sail to push the ship towards Bugs' ship. Bugs tries to blow the explosive model ship back to no avail and then uses an electric fan to blow the ship back towards Sam; when Sam tries to blow it back it explodes when it reaches his face.
Then Sam dresses up in a diving suit, lights a fuse to a bomb and dives underwater (how his bomb does not light out from the water is not explained). When he is swimming towards Bugs' ship with |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 2210, "ep": 6, "ec": 2755} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 2,210 | 6 | 2,755 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | the bomb, a shark comes up from behind and eats Sam. Seconds later the bomb detonates and blows up the shark, leaving only its skeleton behind and Sam himself burned and dazed from the explosion.
Sam eventually corners Bugs on the crow's nest of Bugs' ship. Sam tells Bugs to surrender but Bugs challenges Sam to climb up and get him first. Sam in reply uses an axe to chop down the mast and to avoid being hurt by the falling mast Sam takes cover when it is almost completely cut apart. When it remains still balanced on its last chunk |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 2755, "ep": 6, "ec": 3289} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 2,755 | 6 | 3,289 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | holding it up, Sam walks under the rested mast to chop the final chunk of it off but before he can do anything the mast falls on itself and crushes Sam.
Sam eventually climbs out of the mast, gets back in shape and glares up at Bugs. He climbs up the net ladders and corners Bugs on the rigging ("A-ha! Now I got ya, ya fur-bearin' critter!"). Bugs decides to take a dive in the ocean instead of facing Sam. When Sam tries to dive after Bugs he lands head-first onto a rock and falls in the water in massive pain.
Sam |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 3289, "ep": 6, "ec": 3822} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 3,289 | 6 | 3,822 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | gives a final warning to Bugs once back on ship. Bugs Bunny tosses a lighted match into the powder room of Sam's ship. Sam frantically retrieves the match and tells Bugs "Ya doggone idjit galut! You'll blow the ship to smithereenies! And if ya does that once more, I ain't a-goin' after it!". Bugs uses this stubbornness as an advantage to throw another match into the powder room forcing Sam to stand and wait like he said he would. After a few seconds, Sam changes his mind and runs after the match but by the time he does so, the |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 3822, "ep": 6, "ec": 4403} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 3,822 | 6 | 4,403 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | ship blows up (similar to Buccaneer Bunny)
An injured, ragged, burnt Sam is blown onto Bugs' ship. To retaliate, Sam lights a match himself and tosses it into Bugs' ship powder room ("What's good for the goose is good for the gander!"). Bugs however refuses to go after it and realizing that Bugs is serious, Sam panics, dives off the ship and swims off. Bugs Bunny reveals that his powder room is actually a make-up room, commenting "I don't know what he's so excited about. Talcum powder doesn't explode." However this is proven false as after Bugs reveals the room, the |
{"datasets_id": 994, "wiki_id": "Q2937632", "sp": 6, "sc": 4403, "ep": 6, "ec": 4539} | 994 | Q2937632 | 6 | 4,403 | 6 | 4,539 | Captain Hareblower | Plot | ship blows up to smithereens, as well. As a defeated Bugs is tossed in the air he sadly stares as he says "I could be wrong, you know". |
{"datasets_id": 995, "wiki_id": "Q5037584", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 61} | 995 | Q5037584 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 61 | Caracolus marginella | Description | Caracolus marginella Description The shell has 5-6 whorls. The width of the shell is 35–45 mm. |
{"datasets_id": 996, "wiki_id": "Q5038507", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 588} | 996 | Q5038507 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 588 | Cardigan Pluton | Cardigan Pluton The Cardigan Pluton is the most voluminous pluton in the state of New Hampshire, United States. The onset of magmatism was during the Acadian orogeny, and the pluton is part of the Kinsman suite of the New Hampshire Plutonic Series. The pluton is approximately 20 km wide by 90 km long and on average about 2.5 km thick. It is exposed in west-central New Hampshire along a north-northeast by south-southwest axis, extending from the town of Groton in the north to Dublin in the south. Mount Cardigan, from which the pluton is named, stands near the north end.
The pluton ranges in |
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{"datasets_id": 996, "wiki_id": "Q5038507", "sp": 4, "sc": 588, "ep": 4, "ec": 1139} | 996 | Q5038507 | 4 | 588 | 4 | 1,139 | Cardigan Pluton | composition from granite to tonolite (s-type) and is likely derived from crustal melting of pelitic rocks. The rocks show foliation indicating they were implaced early in the Acadian Orogeny and subsequently overprinted by later metamorphic events. Minerals in the Cardigan Pluton include large K-feldspar megacrysts and quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, garnet, biotite, and less abundant minerals including sillimanite, cordierite, ilmenite, graphite, apatite, monazite, zircon, and allanite. The pluton is dated at 411 +/- 19 Ma by the Rb/Sr method. |
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{"datasets_id": 997, "wiki_id": "Q2689514", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 550} | 997 | Q2689514 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 550 | Carel Balth | Carel Balth Carel Balth (born November 25, 1939) is a Dutch artist and curator.
Balth was born in Rotterdam. His work is characterised by the innovative use of new media, where a synthesis of light, motion and space occupies a central position and where new means of perception are investigated. Balth uses a wide array of tools to get to the core of human perception and consistently utilises unconventional means and materials, from vinyl to Plexiglas to deliberately pixilated images. Important influences in his work are Mondriaan and Lucio Fontana. |
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{"datasets_id": 998, "wiki_id": "Q2938524", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 261} | 998 | Q2938524 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 261 | Carex inops | Description & Ecology | Carex inops Description This sedge produces a loose clump of stems up to 50 centimeters tall. The stiff, narrow leaves persist, with dead ones remaining around the base of the plant. The inflorescence usually has pistillate spikes below staminate spikes. The plant grows from rhizomes and fibrous roots; despite its common name, it does not usually form stolons. Ecology This plant, particularly sun sedge (C. inops subsp. heliophila), is a dominant species in a number of ecosystems, such as many grasslands. On the prairies of the northern Great Plains it is codominant with grasses such as western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) |
{"datasets_id": 998, "wiki_id": "Q2938524", "sp": 10, "sc": 261, "ep": 10, "ec": 963} | 998 | Q2938524 | 10 | 261 | 10 | 963 | Carex inops | Ecology | and other wheatgrasses, big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and other bluestems, needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata) and other needlegrasses, and/or blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and other gramas. It is common on the tallgrass prairies of Kansas alongside bluestems and prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia). It can be a dominant species in Rocky Mountain meadows, woodlands in Nebraska, the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, and the plains of Saskatchewan. It can be found in each stage of ecological succession on grasslands. It can colonize blowouts, anthills, and prairie dog towns.
Many types of animals consume this plant, particularly C. inops subsp. heliophila. It |
{"datasets_id": 998, "wiki_id": "Q2938524", "sp": 10, "sc": 963, "ep": 10, "ec": 1119} | 998 | Q2938524 | 10 | 963 | 10 | 1,119 | Carex inops | Ecology | is considered a good forage for livestock because it is one of the first green plants to appear in the spring and animals such as cattle find it palatable. |
{"datasets_id": 999, "wiki_id": "Q5040261", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 378} | 999 | Q5040261 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 378 | Carl Gutherz | Biography | Carl Gutherz Carl Gutherz (January 28, 1844 in Switzerland – February 7, 1907 in Washington, D.C.) was a painter, part of the Symbolist movement in the United States during the 19th century. Biography He came to the United States with his parents in 1851. His father settled in Cincinnati and was the first to introduce terra cotta works of art into the U.S. The son began his professional career by modeling clay in his father's studio. He later studied under a portrait painter in Memphis, Tennessee, and in 1868 went to Paris, where he studied with Joseph Cabasson and Isadore |
{"datasets_id": 999, "wiki_id": "Q5040261", "sp": 8, "sc": 378, "ep": 8, "ec": 972} | 999 | Q5040261 | 8 | 378 | 8 | 972 | Carl Gutherz | Biography | Pils, and was a pupil at the École des Beaux Arts.
At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, he went to Belgium, studying in Brussels and Antwerp under Stalleart and Robert. He moved to Rome in 1871, where he executed his first important work. He returned to Memphis in 1873, painting portraits and figure pieces in oil and watercolors.
In 1874 he moved to St. Louis, where he was connected with the art department of Washington University, and assisted Halsey Ives in the organization of the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts where he taught the life class from 1876 |
{"datasets_id": 999, "wiki_id": "Q5040261", "sp": 8, "sc": 972, "ep": 8, "ec": 1469} | 999 | Q5040261 | 8 | 972 | 8 | 1,469 | Carl Gutherz | Biography | until 1884. He sent his “Ecce Homo” and his “Awakening of Spring” to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, receiving a medal and certificate for the latter work.
In 1884, he went to Paris to study in the Academie Julian. Here he became versed in the Symbolist school and studied with Gustave Boulanger and Joseph Lefebvre. He participated in the annual Paris salon.
In 1896 he did a mural for the Library of Congress, and stayed in Washington, D.C. for the rest of his life. |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 328} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 328 | Carl Muecke (editor) | History | Carl Muecke (editor) Rev. Dr. Carl Wilhelm Ludwig Muecke PhD., DTh., MA. (16 July 1815 – 4 January 1898), occasionally written Mücke, especially in German language newspapers, was a German-born clergyman, plant pathologist and German-language newspaper editor in the colony of South Australia. History Muecke was born in Möckern, near Magdeberg, and was originally destined for a career in mining, which he studied at Frieberg, but after experiencing an accident in the mines, his father sent him to the University of Bonn, where he took his degrees.
He served for a time as an observer on the Luxembourg border during the |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 8, "sc": 328, "ep": 8, "ec": 1021} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 8 | 328 | 8 | 1,021 | Carl Muecke (editor) | History | 1831 war between Belgium and Holland.
He began teaching chemistry, and became an activist for the cause of compulsory education in State schools. He was an excellent speaker, and much in demand at the Handwerkerverein (de), a workers' education society in Berlin. One of Muecke's brothers established a Liedertafel in association with the Verein, which after his death erected a monument to his memory.
During the repressive Eichhorn ministry Muecke published some anti-authoritarian pamphlets, for which two of his fellows were punished. He moved to Berlin, where he had a hand in editing educational year-books.
Following the Revolutions of 1848, Muecke left Germany |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 8, "sc": 1021, "ep": 8, "ec": 1643} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 8 | 1,021 | 8 | 1,643 | Carl Muecke (editor) | History | for South Australia aboard Princess Louise, arriving in August 1849. Also on board were two of the Schomburgk brothers: Otto Alfred Carl Schomburgk and his wife Maria Charlotte Schomburgk (née Von Selchow) and
Richard Moritz Schomburgk, and Pauline Henriette Schomburgk (née Kneib), who were married at sea. He was naturalized as a British subject in September 1849, one of the few times his name was written as Mücke.
He first settled as a farmer near Gawler, but agriculture had no great attraction for him, and in 1859 he accepted an invitation to serve as pastor of the Lutheran Church at Tanunda, and |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 8, "sc": 1643, "ep": 8, "ec": 2287} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 8 | 1,643 | 8 | 2,287 | Carl Muecke (editor) | History | shortly afterwards settled in that town. Over the next twenty years he also served several other Lutheran congregations: Lyndoch, Concordia (5 km ENE of Gawler), Schoenfeld (near Freeling) and King's Belt (near Sheaoak Log). At each of these pastorates he was closely associated with the church school and intellectual life of these towns. He was at the forefront of agitation for equal voting rights for naturalized Germans, and gave popular and stimulating lectures on scientific subjects.
He was of great assistance to Sir Robert Torrens in promoting the Real Property Act which, thanks to Dr. Ulrich Hübbe, was largely based on the |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 8, "sc": 2287, "ep": 12, "ec": 197} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 8 | 2,287 | 12 | 197 | Carl Muecke (editor) | History & Later years | system used in the Hanse towns, and helped organise a festival at Tanunda in honour of Sir Robert after the Act was passed.
For years he took a very practical interest in "takeall" and "red rust", significant diseases of wheat, studying the soil and roots under a microscope, and discovered parasites that could have been responsible.
His MA. degree was conferred by the University of Adelaide. Later years For many years he resided at Semaphore, then around 1890, thinking the mountain air would be more beneficial to his health, he retired to Hahndorf. On his eightieth birthday a great celebration was |
{"datasets_id": 1000, "wiki_id": "Q21536094", "sp": 12, "sc": 197, "ep": 12, "ec": 236} | 1,000 | Q21536094 | 12 | 197 | 12 | 236 | Carl Muecke (editor) | Later years | held at the German Club in his honour. |
{"datasets_id": 1001, "wiki_id": "Q5040575", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 99} | 1,001 | Q5040575 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 99 | Carl Nafzger | Bull riding career & Horse training career & Awards and honors | Carl Nafzger Bull riding career Nafzger competed in bull riding throughout the 1960s, and qualified for the National Finals Rodeo 3 separate times. He retired from bull riding in 1972, after suffering a bad leg fracture. Horse training career Following the end of his bull riding career, Nafzger went to California from his home in Texas and began training Thoroughbred racehorses. He had his first Kentucky Derby win in 1990, with Unbridled. His second Kentucky Derby winner was Street Sense, in 2007. Awards and honors Nafzger was inducted into the Professional Bull Riders Heroes and Legends Celebration Ring of Honor |
{"datasets_id": 1001, "wiki_id": "Q5040575", "sp": 14, "sc": 99, "ep": 14, "ec": 357} | 1,001 | Q5040575 | 14 | 99 | 14 | 357 | Carl Nafzger | Awards and honors | in 2007. In 2008 he was inducted into both the Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame and the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame. Also in 2007 he was inducted into the Texas Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Lastly, he was inducted into the Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame. |
{"datasets_id": 1002, "wiki_id": "Q22082452", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580} | 1,002 | Q22082452 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 580 | Carles Pérez | Club career | Carles Pérez Club career Born in Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Pérez joined FC Barcelona's youth setup in 2012, from RCD Espanyol. On 3 October 2015, while still a youth, he made his senior debut with the reserves by coming on as a second-half substitute for Maxi Rolón in a 0–0 Segunda División B away draw against Levante UD B.
In July 2017, Pérez was promoted to the B-side, now in Segunda División. He made his professional debut on 19 August 2017, replacing Vitinho in a 2–1 away win against Real Valladolid.
Pérez scored his first professional goals on 21 January 2018, netting a |
{"datasets_id": 1002, "wiki_id": "Q22082452", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 6, "ec": 981} | 1,002 | Q22082452 | 6 | 580 | 6 | 981 | Carles Pérez | Club career | hat-trick in a 3–1 away defeat of CD Tenerife. On 12 June, after suffering relegation with the reserve side, he renewed his contract for two further years.
Pérez made his first team – and La Liga – debut on 19 May 2019, replacing Malcom in a 2–2 away draw against SD Eibar. He scored his first goal for the Blaugrana on 25 August, scoring his team's third in a 5–2 home routing of Real Betis. |
{"datasets_id": 1003, "wiki_id": "Q5041248", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 561} | 1,003 | Q5041248 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 561 | Carleton Scott | Professional career | Carleton Scott Professional career Scott went undrafted in the 2011 NBA draft. In August 2011, he signed with Cáceres Ciudad del Baloncesto of Spain for the 2011–12 season. In November 2011, he left Cáceres and signed with UBC Güssing Knights of Austria for the rest of the season.
In July 2012, Scott joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2012 NBA Summer League. On September 17, 2012, he signed with the Nets. However, he was later waived by the Nets on October 27, 2012. Five days later, he was acquired by the Springfield Armor as an affiliate player.
In July 2013, Scott re-joined |
{"datasets_id": 1003, "wiki_id": "Q5041248", "sp": 6, "sc": 561, "ep": 6, "ec": 846} | 1,003 | Q5041248 | 6 | 561 | 6 | 846 | Carleton Scott | Professional career | the Brooklyn Nets for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On August 31, 2013, he signed with Juvecaserta Basket of the Lega Basket Serie A.
On June 10, 2015, he signed with Antwerp Giants of Belgium.
On June 27, 2016, he signed with Pallacanestro Trapani of Italy in Serie A2. |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 273} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 273 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | History & Activities | Carlisle, Massachusetts History English colonialists first settled the area composing the town of Carlisle in 1651 on parcels of land of the neighboring towns of Acton, Billerica, Chelmsford and Concord. Carlisle became a district of Concord in 1780 and was incorporated as a town by an act of the legislature in 1805. Activities Carlisle contains a library, a country store, a book store, a dentist's office, an automated teller machine and many residential buildings. There are two ice cream stores: one of the four branches of Kimball Farms, and Great Brook Farm State Park which is home to the first |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 10, "sc": 273, "ep": 10, "ec": 855} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 10 | 273 | 10 | 855 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Activities | robotic milking system in Massachusetts and serves ice cream made from the farm's milk. Great Brook Farm is also the site of one of the premiere cross-country ski touring centers in New England. On the east end of town there is an auto body shop and the former (closed in 2012) Blue Jay Recording Studio, where artists such as the Platters, Aerosmith, Aimee Mann, Amy Grant, Alice Cooper, Boston, John Williams and the Boston Pops, Buckwheat Zydeco, Billy Joel, Lauryn Hill, Rihanna, Roy Orbison, k. d. lang, Pat Metheny, Yo Yo Ma, Carly Simon, the Pussycat Dolls, Genesis and Lady |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 10, "sc": 855, "ep": 10, "ec": 1547} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 10 | 855 | 10 | 1,547 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Activities | Gaga have recorded.
The town newspaper, the Carlisle Mosquito, has appeared as the weekly independent newspaper of the town since 1972. It is a non-profit publication distributed free to all town residents. The paper includes local news, announcements, and logs.
The Gleason Public Library is one of the 36 libraries in the Merrimack Valley Library Consortium. Gleason Public Library also contains a seismograph.
Cultural organizations include the Carlisle Chamber Orchestra, the Carlisle Community Chorus, and the Savoyard Light Opera Company.
Carlisle Old Home Day has been held for over 100 years on the weekend prior to the Fourth of July as a free public |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 10, "sc": 1547, "ep": 14, "ec": 562} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 10 | 1,547 | 14 | 562 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Activities & Demographics | event with family-friendly games and activities. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 4,717 people, 1,618 households, and 1,372 families residing in the town. The population density was 307.1 people per square mile (118.6/km²). There were 1,655 housing units at an average density of 107.7 per square mile (41.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 93.47% White, 0.17% African American, 0.06% Native American, 4.83% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population.
There were 1,618 households out |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 14, "sc": 562, "ep": 14, "ec": 1105} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 14 | 562 | 14 | 1,105 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Demographics | of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.6% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the town, the population was spread out with 30.6% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 14, "sc": 1105, "ep": 18, "ec": 112} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 14 | 1,105 | 18 | 112 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Demographics & Notable residents | who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town $176,228 (Average household income is $244,544). The per capita income for the town was $87,470. The town is ranked as having the third highest income per capita in Massachusetts, behind Weston and Dover.
Carlisle maintains a 2-acre (8,100 m²) zoning law on new development. Notable residents Norm Abram, television personality
E. M. Swift, sports writer
Mike Toth (1952-2014), founder and |
{"datasets_id": 1004, "wiki_id": "Q1041805", "sp": 18, "sc": 112, "ep": 18, "ec": 339} | 1,004 | Q1041805 | 18 | 112 | 18 | 339 | Carlisle, Massachusetts | Notable residents | CEO of Toth + Co. (Toth Brand Imaging).
Clairo, musician and recording artist
Sean Bielat, businessman and two time Republican candidate for United States Congress in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. |
{"datasets_id": 1005, "wiki_id": "Q1041877", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 423} | 1,005 | Q1041877 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 423 | Carlo Bernari | Life and career | Carlo Bernari Carlo Bernari (born in Naples on October 13, 1909; died in Rome on October 22, 1992) is the pseudonym under which Italian author Carlo Bernard is known. Life and career He had no formal education after grade seven, when he was expelled, but read widely in philosophy and art. At an early point he became interested in avant-garde art and experimentalism. He also became close to leftist intellectuals and artists His first novel, Tre Operai (Three Workers), concerned workers issues in Naples. The book may have been a precursor to neo-realism and reportedly angered Benito Mussolini who felt |
{"datasets_id": 1005, "wiki_id": "Q1041877", "sp": 8, "sc": 423, "ep": 12, "ec": 196} | 1,005 | Q1041877 | 8 | 423 | 12 | 196 | Carlo Bernari | Life and career & Awards | there was Communism in it. Awards In 1950, he shared the Viareggio Prize with Francesco Jovine. In 1962, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his work on the screenplay of The Four Days of Naples. |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 606} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 606 | Carlos E. Chardón | Early life and education | Carlos E. Chardón Early life and education Chardón (birth name: Carlos Eugenio Chardón Palacios) was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to Carlos Felix Chardón and Isabel Palacios Pelletier. His great-grandfather, Juan Bautista Chardón, a Catholic native of Champagne, France, immigrated to Puerto Rico from Louisiana in 1816, encouraged by the Royal Decree of Graces issued by the Spanish Crown, which was trying to attract new settlers to the island
Chardón received his primary and secondary education in his hometown. In 1915 he began his studies in agriculture at the College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts in Mayagüez. Chardón went to the |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 6, "sc": 606, "ep": 6, "ec": 1251} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 6 | 606 | 6 | 1,251 | Carlos E. Chardón | Early life and education | United States to continue his college education at Cornell University in New York State after Mayagüez was struck by an earthquake in 1918. It did considerable damage to the university and the city, damaging hundreds of masonry and wooden buildings, both commercial and residential.
Chardón earned his B.A. degree in 1919 and continued towards his Master's. He specialized in phytopathology and mycology, and studied diseases of sugar cane under the supervision of Professor Herbert H. Whetzel. Chardón earned his master's degree in 1921 and became the first Puerto Rican mycologist. He returned to Puerto Rico and began a career in the |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 6, "sc": 1251, "ep": 10, "ec": 579} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 6 | 1,251 | 10 | 579 | Carlos E. Chardón | Early life and education & First Puerto Rican mycologist | fields of taxonomy of fungi, phytopathology, and agricultural development. First Puerto Rican mycologist Chardón worked as a phytopathologist at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Río Piedras. He became the first person to describe Ophionectria portoricensis in 1921. In 1922 he discovered the vector of the Mosaic virus of sugar cane, which was the aphid Aphis maidis. His findings were published in the Journal of Phytopathology.
Chardón was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor by Horace Mann Towner, the US-appointed governor. As commissioner, he continued his studies of the diseases of tobacco and sugar cane. In 1926 Chardón traveled to Colombia, where |
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