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{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 3143, "ep": 30, "ec": 3758} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 3,143 | 30 | 3,758 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | back the McCormick brand. The plant in Winnipeg was taken over by the Buhler family to start Buhler Tractors.
In Europe the merger with New Holland (including the former Fordson and Fiat tractor lines) was the success Case IH expected. In 2006, Case IH came with a plan to bring back the "International" feel to their products. They brought back the old International Harvester logo, and made more technical difference between the two brands. Montgomery Design International redid the industrial design and styling of the MAGNUM and several other new Case IH products as well as the New Holland "Cat's Eye" |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 3758, "ep": 30, "ec": 3876} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 3,758 | 30 | 3,876 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | styling on all New Holland tractors and the revised Steyr tractor styling. These styling themes continue to this day. |
{"datasets_id": 1018, "wiki_id": "Q5049302", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 647} | 1,018 | Q5049302 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 647 | Casselman River | Casselman River The Casselman River is a 56.5-mile-long (90.9 km) tributary of the Youghiogheny River in western Maryland and Pennsylvania in the United States.
The Casselman River rises in Garrett County atop the plateau of western Maryland as two branches, the south one east of Meadow Mountain, the north one farther west, between Meadow Mountain and Negro Mountain. The two branches flow northward combining just southwest of Grantsville, Maryland. The river then continues north into Pennsylvania, following a great arc across the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania to the community of Confluence, where Laurel Hill Creek joins a few |
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{"datasets_id": 1018, "wiki_id": "Q5049302", "sp": 4, "sc": 647, "ep": 4, "ec": 1334} | 1,018 | Q5049302 | 4 | 647 | 4 | 1,334 | Casselman River | meters above the Youghiogheny River.
The river has been used for transportation across the Allegheny Mountains, between the cities of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. in the east and Pittsburgh in the west. Two railroads followed the Casselman River from Meyersdale, Pennsylvania to Confluence. First is the B&O Railroad, running between Baltimore and Pittsburgh, which was completed in 1827, and is currently owned by CSX. Second is the Western Maryland Railway, which ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Connellsville, Pennsylvania. Although the Western Maryland was abandoned in the 1980s, the right-of-way has been converted into the Great Allegheny Passage, a rail trail bicycle |
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{"datasets_id": 1018, "wiki_id": "Q5049302", "sp": 4, "sc": 1334, "ep": 4, "ec": 1351} | 1,018 | Q5049302 | 4 | 1,334 | 4 | 1,351 | Casselman River | and hiking path. |
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{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 661} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 661 | Cassette Scandal | Consequences | Cassette Scandal Consequences The described events provoked a crisis, with mass protests in Kiev from 15 December 2000 to 9 March 2001. Opposition started a campaign of non-violent resistance called UBK ("Ukraine without Kuchma!"), demanding Kuchma's resignation. Despite economic growth in the country, President Kuchma's public approval ratings fell below 9%.
In 2002, the governments of United States and other countries became more deeply involved after one of the recordings revealed the alleged transfer of a sophisticated Ukrainian defence system "Kol'chuha" to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. As a result, Leonid Kuchma was boycotted by Western governments for a time. In particular, |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 6, "sc": 661, "ep": 6, "ec": 1343} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 6 | 661 | 6 | 1,343 | Cassette Scandal | Consequences | he experienced an offensive diplomatic démarche when visiting the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit that took place on 21–22 November 2002 in Prague. Breaking the decades-lasting tradition, the list of participating countries was announced in French, not English. As a result Turkey was named after Ukraine, instead of the United Kingdom and United States, thereby avoiding the appearance of Kuchma next to Tony Blair and George W. Bush.
Moreover, widely publicized conversations depicted Kuchma as a rude and spiteful person, using bad language and speaking an unusual mixture of Russian and Ukrainian languages. Advocates argue that excessive foul language is the |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 6, "sc": 1343, "ep": 6, "ec": 2103} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 6 | 1,343 | 6 | 2,103 | Cassette Scandal | Consequences | proof of a deliberate montage of the recordings using extrinsic audio samples.
Influenced by all above-mentioned, the President soon became disillusioned with European integration and started to loosen Ukraine's relations with the United States and European Union, critical to his regime. Instead, he boosted integration with Russia, considering the fact that its new leader, Vladimir Putin, was continuously supporting Kuchma and refusing to recognize the allegations.
In September 2003, Ukrainian troops joined U.S.-led stabilization forces in Iraq, which is widely perceived as Kuchma's effort to improve relations with the West. Since then, high-level relations were partially restored.
Commenting on the scandal and Mel'nychenko's |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 6, "sc": 2103, "ep": 10, "ec": 197} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 6 | 2,103 | 10 | 197 | Cassette Scandal | Consequences & Legacy | actions in particular, Leonid Kuchma persistently claims they were a result of foreign interference, but never accuses any specific country. However, some of his statements on the issue may be interpreted as cautious hints on the role of either United States or Russia. According to him his voice was indeed one of those on the tapes, but he claimed that they had been selectively edited to distort his meaning. Legacy Many figures of the scandal remained influential in Ukrainian politics. The case was directly connected with the political career of Viktor Yushchenko, Ukraine's Prime Minister at the time and also |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 10, "sc": 197, "ep": 10, "ec": 908} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 10 | 197 | 10 | 908 | Cassette Scandal | Legacy | Ukraine's former President. Oleksander Moroz concluded an alliance with Yushchenko, resulting in the reformation of Ukraine's constitution (in favor of the parliament). Hundreds of politicians and activists taking part in the 2001 protests led the 2004 Orange Revolution. Yushchenko led the revolution after the presidential election, and became President on 23 January 2005.
Mykola Mel'nychenko (who received U.S. political asylum) released new portions of his recordings. Some analysts find his behavior partisan and suspicious. In 2004, Volodymyr Tsvil', a Ukrainian businessman who assisted Mel'nychenko in his escape, publicly accused him of not revealing certain details of the case and trying to |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 10, "sc": 908, "ep": 10, "ec": 1661} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 10 | 908 | 10 | 1,661 | Cassette Scandal | Legacy | sell the audio archive to Kuchma's aides. Mel'nychenko visited Ukraine in 2005 to release new allegation details, but hasn't disclosed any details of his possible eavesdropping operation.
The criminal investigation regarding the circumstances of Mel'nychenko's records and Georgiy Gongadze's death remains inconclusive despite a mass of information revealed by numerous journalistic investigations.
Mel'nychenko's recordings were declared evidence when former President Kuchma was charged with abuse of office and giving illegal orders to Interior Ministry officials; a criminal case into the murder of Gongadze was opened against Kuchma on March 21, 2011. A Ukrainian district court ordered prosecutors to drop criminal charges against |
{"datasets_id": 1019, "wiki_id": "Q2507183", "sp": 10, "sc": 1661, "ep": 10, "ec": 1827} | 1,019 | Q2507183 | 10 | 1,661 | 10 | 1,827 | Cassette Scandal | Legacy | Kuchma on 14 December 2011 on grounds that evidence linking him to the murder of Gongadze was insufficient. The court rejected Mel'nychenko's recordings as evidence. |
{"datasets_id": 1020, "wiki_id": "Q744390", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 625} | 1,020 | Q744390 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 625 | Catalan Talgo | Traction | Catalan Talgo Traction Initially the Catalan Talgo was hauled by the RENFE class 3000 locomotives, the later class 353. These locomotives were not equipped with adaptable bogies, so the locomotive numbers 3003 and 3004, which had Iberian gauge bogies, worked the section between Barcelona and the French-Spanish border, while the other three locomotives of this series, which had standard gauge bogies, served the section between the French-Spanish border and Geneva. Already in September 1971, the standard gauge locomotives were replaced by class BB 67400 of SNCF. The broad gauge locomotives were replaced shortly after by class 276 of RENFE. In |
{"datasets_id": 1020, "wiki_id": "Q744390", "sp": 6, "sc": 625, "ep": 10, "ec": 213} | 1,020 | Q744390 | 6 | 625 | 10 | 213 | Catalan Talgo | Traction & Coaches | 1975, the route between Geneva and Avignon was changed. Instead of Grenoble the electrified tracks via Lyon were used, allowing the entire Geneva – Narbonne route section to be worked by an SNCF BB 9300 class locomotive. When in early 1980 the route Narbonne – Portbou was electrified as well, the BB 9300 class was replaced by SNCF BB 7200 class. Coaches The coaches are all variants of the type Talgo III RD. These coaches (RT), built in 1968, were deployed until the end of 2010. A generator car, supplying power for the train's electrical system, is located at both |
{"datasets_id": 1020, "wiki_id": "Q744390", "sp": 10, "sc": 213, "ep": 10, "ec": 791} | 1,020 | Q744390 | 10 | 213 | 10 | 791 | Catalan Talgo | Coaches | ends of the carriages. These generator cars also provide the coupling to the locomotive because the Talgo coupling between the carriages is not compatible with other railway stock. One generator car, the RT 212, houses the train chief's office, while the other, the RT 211, is provided with a luggage compartment. The basic composition of the train consisted, in between the two generator cars, of nine carriages RT 201, one bar/kitchen car RT 206 and two dining cars RT 210. The RT 206 was situated approximately in the middle of the train, flanked by an RT 210 on both sides; |
{"datasets_id": 1020, "wiki_id": "Q744390", "sp": 10, "sc": 791, "ep": 14, "ec": 131} | 1,020 | Q744390 | 10 | 791 | 14 | 131 | Catalan Talgo | Coaches & EuroCity | the RT 211 formed the Spanish side and the RT 212 the Swiss side of the train. In case of heavy traffic, up to seven RT 201 could be added, so a train of 21 carriages, each 11.5 m long, could be formed. After the introduction of the RT 202 second-class carriages in 1982, which were conveyed between the RT 206 and RT 212, the RT 210 on that side of the RT 206 was removed. EuroCity In 1987, the Catalan Talgo became part of the then-new EuroCity network. In the fall of 1994, with the introduction of TGV services |
{"datasets_id": 1020, "wiki_id": "Q744390", "sp": 14, "sc": 131, "ep": 14, "ec": 412} | 1,020 | Q744390 | 14 | 131 | 14 | 412 | Catalan Talgo | EuroCity | from Paris and Geneva to Montpellier, the Catalan Talgo was shortened to the Montpellier – Barcelona part. Since December 2010, the TGV high-speed line was extended to Figueres, where passengers can transfer to a Spanish domestic train. The Catalan Talgo was taken out of service. |
{"datasets_id": 1021, "wiki_id": "Q3663250", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 2} | 1,021 | Q3663250 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 2 | Catalina Robayo | Early life & Miss Valle 2009 & Miss Colombia 2010 | Catalina Robayo Early life Born in Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Robayo studied Law at Pontifical Xavierian University in Cali. Miss Valle 2009 Prior to competing in Miss Colombia 2010, Robayo was given the chance to represent Valle in Miss Colombia 2009 when the original Miss Valle 2009, Diana Salgado, was forced to resign because "her body measures surpassed the normal requirements of the competition."
Robayo only participated in the first week of the 2009 Miss Colombia pageant, after Salgado sued Valle del Cauca Department organizing committee, and regained the right to represent Valle in Miss Colombia 2009. Miss Colombia 2010 A |
{"datasets_id": 1021, "wiki_id": "Q3663250", "sp": 14, "sc": 1, "ep": 18, "ec": 192} | 1,021 | Q3663250 | 14 | 1 | 18 | 192 | Catalina Robayo | Miss Colombia 2010 & Miss Universe 2011 results | year later, Robayo competed once again as Miss Valle in her country's national pageant, Miss Colombia 2010, held in Cartagena on November 15, 2010, where she obtained the Miss Elegance award and the title of Miss Colombia, gaining the right to represent her country in the 2011 Miss Universe pageant, broadcast live from São Paulo, Brazil on September 12, 2011. Miss Universe 2011 results Miss Colombia was elected into the 16 finalists to take part in the world-wide televised event. However, she was eliminated in the first round and never made it to the top ten of Miss Universe |
{"datasets_id": 1021, "wiki_id": "Q3663250", "sp": 18, "sc": 192, "ep": 18, "ec": 240} | 1,021 | Q3663250 | 18 | 192 | 18 | 240 | Catalina Robayo | Miss Universe 2011 results | 2011 which would eventually won by Miss Angola. |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 271} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 271 | Catalinas Norte | The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. | Catalinas Norte Catalinas Norte is an important business complex composed of nineteen commercial office buildings, in two sections, and occupied by numerous leading Argentine companies, foreign subsidiaries, diplomatic offices, and a hotel. It is located in the Retiro and San Nicolás wards of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. Francisco Seeber, a German Argentine businessman and legislator, created The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company, Ltd. in 1872 for the purpose of building a pier (near Paraguay Street), a wharf, and an office building. The acquired lands were east of the Paseo de Julio |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 8, "sc": 271, "ep": 8, "ec": 874} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 8 | 271 | 8 | 874 | Catalinas Norte | The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. | (now Leandro Alem Avenue).
The area was known as the "Catalinas Incline," and was so named for the Church of Santa Catalina of Sienna (still standing on the corner of Viamonte and San Martín streets). This church also served as the namesake for Seeber's new firm. With the purchase of more land in the quarter of La Boca, the Retiro lot was named Catalinas Norte (North Catalinas), and the La Boca lot, Catalinas Sur.
The firm obtained a municipal contract for the construction of the Catalina Docks. Needing a large and steady supply of soil to level and grade the hitherto flood-prone |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 8, "sc": 874, "ep": 8, "ec": 1508} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 8 | 874 | 8 | 1,508 | Catalinas Norte | The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. | site for the wharf, Seeber bought land in the then-desolate northwest end of the city with the intent of hauling soil to Catalinas for land reclamation. Enlisting workers mostly from Entre Ríos Province, these latter established a neighborhood (Villa Urquiza) there in 1887.
These docks became the northern and southern points of entry into Puerto Madero upon its inaugural in 1897. Catalinas Norte was later chosen as the site for the Hotel de Inmigrantes, a facility built to temporarily house the over 100,000 annual immigrant arrivals, and completed in 1911. Following the construction of the modern Port of Buenos Aires |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 8, "sc": 1508, "ep": 8, "ec": 2146} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 8 | 1,508 | 8 | 2,146 | Catalinas Norte | The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. | from 1911 to 1925, both Catalinas docks fell into disuse, and October 31, 1945, the Catalinas Warehouses properties were sold to Yatahí, S.A. A lot facing Córdoba Avenue was, in turn, resold in 1949 to a State enterprise created during the administration of Juan Perón: Atlas, S.A. This entity built the Alas Building, and an adjacent lot was used to build the Peronist ALEA publishing house (redeveloped as Microsoft's South American headquarters in 2000).
The bulk of the land, totaling 39,110 m² (429,000 ft²), north of these buildings continued vacant for decades. A further 24,200 m² (260,000 ft³) were owned by Otto Bemberg |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 8, "sc": 2146, "ep": 12, "ec": 446} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 8 | 2,146 | 12 | 446 | Catalinas Norte | The Catalinas Warehouses and Pier Company Ltd. & Early plans | and Company, which opened the Retiro Park (an amusement park) there in 1939; the rest was later mostly used as parking lots. Early plans The underutilized state of an area so close to the financial and administrative center of the city prompted the Municipal Department of Planning in 1956 to draft an urban renewal plan for the district. This envisaged the construction of a highway that would extend from Tigre to La Plata, as well as rezoning Catalinas to allow for the construction of office buildings of up to 70 floors. This district, per these plans, would ultimately be known |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 12, "sc": 446, "ep": 12, "ec": 1078} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 12 | 446 | 12 | 1,078 | Catalinas Norte | Early plans | as the "Catalinas Gateway" to Buenos Aires.
The City Office of Regulatory Planning (OPRBA) further specified, in its revised master plan of 1958, that construction of skyscrapers in downtown Buenos Aires would be prohibited, and limited these to the Catalinas district. Mayor Hernán Giralt presented a project to the City Council for the development of "an area of hotels, an office and retail center, a location for shipping companies and air travel, a recreation center and a large area for parking," and on February 3, 1960, the Argentine National Congress authorized the City to purchase land north of Catalinas for the |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 12, "sc": 1078, "ep": 16, "ec": 470} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 12 | 1,078 | 16 | 470 | Catalinas Norte | Early plans & The final draft | purpose.The Catalinas Norte Commission was established in 1961, but a subsequent political and economic crisis caused the project to stall and ultimately be discarded. The final draft The coup d'état that toppled President Arturo Illia in 1966 led to the dissolution of OPRBA. Mayor Eugenio Schettini instructed the Municipal Department of Architecture and Urbanism (MCBA) to design a new, simpler plan that would limit permits for office high rises. A municipal ordinance in 1967 parceled the land inaccordance to the 1958 master plan, and lots were sold to Aerolíneas Argentinas, Conurban S.A, IBM, Impresit Sideco, Kokourek S.A, SEGBA (the state-owned |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 16, "sc": 470, "ep": 20, "ec": 279} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 16 | 470 | 20 | 279 | Catalinas Norte | The final draft & Development | city electric utility), Sheraton, and the Argentine Industrial Union (UIA). Retiro Park was bulldozed, and the Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens therein were relocated to their present, Palermo Woods location. The MCBA, in turn, retained four areas, opened three parking lots, and built two promenades: Carlos Della Paolera and Ingeniero Butty. Development Ground was broken on the first buildings in the complex, the Kokourek Group's Conurban Tower (in April 1969), and the Sheraton Buenos Aires Hotel & Convention Center, on June 26. Work began on the Carlos Pellegrini Tower for the UIA in 1970, and on the Catalinas Norte Tower (for |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 20, "sc": 279, "ep": 20, "ec": 895} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 20 | 279 | 20 | 895 | Catalinas Norte | Development | Impresit Sideco) in 1972. The Conurban Tower was inaugurated in 1973, Carlos Pellegrini in 1974, and Catalinas Norte, in 1975. Work then began on the Madero Tower (so named for its Eduardo Madero Avenue address) in 1976, and in 1979, the IBM Tower. These high rises, while not the first in Buenos Aires to incorporate elements of the International Style (such as curtain walls), became the first to do so as a group. SEPRA Arquitectos, a prominent Argentine architectural firm, designed the Sheraton Hotel and the Catalinas Norte Tower.
The implosion of the dictatorship's economic policies in 1981 led to a |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 20, "sc": 895, "ep": 20, "ec": 1524} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 20 | 895 | 20 | 1,524 | Catalinas Norte | Development | suspension in new developments for the area, however, as well as a sharp decline in new construction as a whole. A subsequent economic recovery that followed Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo's 1991 Convertibility Plan prompted renewed interest among developers, and from 1995 to 1998, the Consultatio Group developed the Alem and Catalinas Plaza twin towers, and IRSA, Laminar Plaza (all designed by SEPRA). The final addition to the complex during the 1990s was the Bank Boston Tower. The Postmodern high rise, designed by César Pelli, was completed in 2001 and at 137 meters (450 ft), would become the tallest in the district. |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 22, "sc": 0, "ep": 24, "ec": 601} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 22 | 0 | 24 | 601 | Catalinas Norte | Expansion to the south | Expansion to the south The flurry of new construction also led to the redevelopment of the southern end of MCBA's redevelopment district (located in the San Nicolás ward). The Bouchard Tower and Loma Negra's Fortabat Tower, both designed by SEPRA, were built between 1991 and 1995. The República Building, designed by Pelli for the now defunct Banco República, was completed in 1996 (with Telefónica de Argentina as its chief tenant). The Microsoft Building (by Mario Roberto Álvarez), opened in 2001, and Bouchard Plaza, designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum for the La Nación news and publishing group, opened in 2004. |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 26, "sc": 0, "ep": 28, "ec": 558} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 26 | 0 | 28 | 558 | Catalinas Norte | Sale of last remaining lots | Sale of last remaining lots The complex, which by 2004 included 15 buildings totalling over 540,000 m² (5.8 million ft²), was in the news during 2009 and 2010, when Mayor Mauricio Macri obtained the City Legislature's approval to sell the remaining three undeveloped lots. The combined land is zoned to house up to 120,000 m² (1.3 million ft²) of new office space, and the city sanctioned the future construction of high rises of up to 50 stories, and 150 m (492 ft) in height (slightly more than the tallest building currently in Catalinas). The third and last lot was sold on November |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 28, "sc": 558, "ep": 28, "ec": 1200} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 28 | 558 | 28 | 1,200 | Catalinas Norte | Sale of last remaining lots | 18, 2010, to Banco Macro. The other lots had been sold to IRSA and Consultatio earlier in the year, and the combined sales netted 386 million Argentine pesos (us$99 million), or us$6,866 per m² (us$639 per ft²).
Projects approved for these lots during 2011 include the Macro Tower, a 130 metres (430 ft) headquarters designed by César Pelli; the 155 metres (509 ft) Consultatio Tower by Beccar Varela & Associates; and the 29-story IRSA headquarters, designed by Miguel Baudizzone and Jorge Lestard. BBVA Banco Francés, the fifth largest bank in Argentina, announced in 2013 that it would relocate its headquarters to the Consultatio |
{"datasets_id": 1022, "wiki_id": "Q5051297", "sp": 28, "sc": 1200, "ep": 28, "ec": 1382} | 1,022 | Q5051297 | 28 | 1,200 | 28 | 1,382 | Catalinas Norte | Sale of last remaining lots | Tower upon the building's completion. One last potential zone for future development, a 5,694 m² (613,000 ft²) property alongside the Alas Building, remains in use as a parking lot. |
{"datasets_id": 1023, "wiki_id": "Q5051416", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 49} | 1,023 | Q5051416 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 49 | Catan Dice Game | Gameplay | Catan Dice Game Catan Dice Game is a German-style board game, developed by Klaus Teuber and published in 2007 by Catan GmbH and its licensors, Kosmos in Germany and Mayfair Games in English-speaking countries. It is a dice game re-imagining of Teuber's most notable title, Settlers of Catan. Catan Dice Game can be played by any number of players, but is ideally suited for up to four. A variation, known as Catan Dice Game Plus, is freely available from the Catan website, whose gameplay is closer to its Settlers origins. Gameplay Gameplay is similar to that of Yahtzee, where six |
{"datasets_id": 1023, "wiki_id": "Q5051416", "sp": 8, "sc": 49, "ep": 8, "ec": 673} | 1,023 | Q5051416 | 8 | 49 | 8 | 673 | Catan Dice Game | Gameplay | specially-marked dice representing resources can be rolled up to three times, with the player being able to choose which dice to keep between rolls. After the player stops rolling, they may invest their resources to build roads, knights, settlements, and cities; each of these having differing resource requirements. Roads must extend from a starting point, which the cities and settlements (which must be built in increasing order of point value) must connect. Knights may be used to unlock "resource jokers", which allow the outcome of one die to be set to a specific resource after the dice have been rolled.
For |
{"datasets_id": 1023, "wiki_id": "Q5051416", "sp": 8, "sc": 673, "ep": 8, "ec": 894} | 1,023 | Q5051416 | 8 | 673 | 8 | 894 | Catan Dice Game | Gameplay | each road, settlement, knight, or city completed, points are awarded - however points are deducted if a player is unable to build anything on a turn. The player with the most points after 15 turns is declared the winner. |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 97} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 97 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | History | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius The Cathedral of Saint Demetrius (Russian Дмитриевский собор) is a cathedral in the ancient Russian city of Vladimir. It was finished in 1197 during the reign of the Grand Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest of Vladimir-Suzdal to the honour of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki. Being an important component of the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, the cathedral belongs to the World Heritage of UNESCO. Currently, the cathedral is a part of the Vladimir-Suzdal open-air museum. History The Cathedral of St. Dmitrii in Vladimir, Russia was built by Vsevolod III in 1193-7. It was one |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 8, "sc": 97, "ep": 8, "ec": 700} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 8 | 97 | 8 | 700 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | History | of several large churches he had built which also include the much larger Cathedral of Dormition, 1158-60, also in Vladimir, Russia. The cathedral was dedicated to St. Dmitrii of Salonika (St. Demetrios of Thesseloinka in Greek). The Cathedral of St. Dmitrii was originally connected directly with Vsevolod’s palace and was for his personal use. The palace no longer exists and the church has been renovated many times since it was first built but it has kept is predominant features and iconographic program. The most extensive renovation was in 1832 when the some attached structures which used to |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 8, "sc": 700, "ep": 12, "ec": 407} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 8 | 700 | 12 | 407 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | History & Exterior | connect it to the palace were removed. At that time, some of the exterior blocks were moved and some replaced with newly carved blocks. Exterior The cathedral is masonry and made from local white limestone blocks. It is cubic in form similar to many earlier churches in Bogolyubovo especially the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165). It has four columns on the interior which supports drum and cupola. The exterior walls are separated into three bays each with the one in the middle larger than the others. Each bay contains a zakomara at |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 12, "sc": 407, "ep": 16, "ec": 335} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 12 | 407 | 16 | 335 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Exterior & Carvings | the top. They are also separated at mid-level by a horizontal arcade frieze. One side of the cathedral contains an apse which is also separated into three parts. The windows and doors are deeply recessed with extensive carved ornamentation. Carvings The most striking feature of the cathedral are the extensive shallow relief carvings which cover the upper half of the exterior walls above the arcade frieze and the drum below the cupola. The source of the artisans and provenance for these carvings seems to be an amalgam of many influences. The most likely are earlier Bogoluiubovo |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 16, "sc": 335, "ep": 16, "ec": 959} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 16 | 335 | 16 | 959 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Carvings | churches, Balkan churches and Armenian churches. Vladimir, at end of the 12th century, was a cosmopolitan and artistic center. Architects and artisans from both the east and west resided there are were used in the construction of the church. In addition, Vsevolod’s mother was a Byzantine princess and Vsevolod lived in Constantinople for several years during his childhood. Another source of inspiration may also have been portable carvings such as Byzantine ivories.
The carvings consist of animals and plants as well as figures in rows and scenes in the zakomary. Some carvings are also ornamental patterns. |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 16, "sc": 959, "ep": 16, "ec": 1558} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 16 | 959 | 16 | 1,558 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Carvings | The patterns, plants and animals (both real and imaginary) might be based pagan beliefs and traditions, traditional Russia folklore or Christian theological themes. These types of carvings make of the majority of the decoration on the cathedral. In each zakomara, there is a figural scene. The most prominent, on the west façade in the central bay, is a scene featuring King David surrounded by angels and chimeras. King David is also featured on the south façade central bay surrounded by warrior saints. Other prominent figures, in addition to Christ and Mary, include Solomon, Alexander the |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 16, "sc": 1558, "ep": 20, "ec": 44} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 16 | 1,558 | 20 | 44 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Carvings & Interior | Great, Hercules, warrior saints and churchmen. The final piece of this theme being the zakomara of the north façade left showing the donor, Vsevolod with his sons. In a time when power and territory were taken and held by military might, the building of churches and palaces which support the prince’s authority are important. This cathedral, not unlike the Cathedral of Dormition by its size and grandeur, by its iconographic program reinforces the prince’s authority by linking it to ancient kings and philosophers, biblical figures and military leaders. Interior While a few carvings are still intact inside |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 20, "sc": 44, "ep": 20, "ec": 598} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 20 | 44 | 20 | 598 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Interior | the cathedral, the most important original feature of the interior are a few frescoes above and around the west entrance that have survived since the late 12th century. The quality of the work varies. The best work in the faces of saints and angels in the Last Judgement scene are likely the work of Byzantine masters with their Russian pupils completing less important parts such as drapery and background. The lines and shading of the better parts is comparable to the best work in Greece and Byzantium. The icon of the Virgin of Vladimir was also |
{"datasets_id": 1024, "wiki_id": "Q550346", "sp": 20, "sc": 598, "ep": 20, "ec": 737} | 1,024 | Q550346 | 20 | 598 | 20 | 737 | Cathedral of Saint Demetrius | Interior | known to be in the nearby Cathedral of Dormition at the time the frescoes were painted so was likely a source of inspiration and training. |
{"datasets_id": 1025, "wiki_id": "Q5052392", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 83} | 1,025 | Q5052392 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 83 | Cathedral of St. John (Providence, Rhode Island) | History of the parish & The building | Cathedral of St. John (Providence, Rhode Island) History of the parish The parish was originally organized in 1722 as King's Church, a wooden structure that was renamed St John's Church in 1794. That building served Providence until 1810 when work began on what would become the Cathedral of St. John. The Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island was formed in 1790, but it was not until 1929 that St John's Church was designated the Episcopal seat and was renamed the Cathedral of St. John. The building The cornerstone for St. John's Church was laid in 1810 and the church was dedicated |
{"datasets_id": 1025, "wiki_id": "Q5052392", "sp": 10, "sc": 83, "ep": 10, "ec": 662} | 1,025 | Q5052392 | 10 | 83 | 10 | 662 | Cathedral of St. John (Providence, Rhode Island) | The building | in 1811. The building was designed by Federal-era architect John Holden Greene, who designed many buildings in Providence. A Cathedral corporation was formed in 1909 and in 1929, the church was designated the Episcopal seat. The building was renovated in 1855, 1866, 1906, and 1967, and still retains its architectural integrity, but is in a state of deterioration. It was listed on the Providence Preservation Society 10 Most Endangered Properties List in 2007, 2008 and 2010. Citing dwindling membership and costs associated with upkeep, the diocese closed the church in 2012. |
{"datasets_id": 1026, "wiki_id": "Q315161", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 610} | 1,026 | Q315161 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 610 | Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt | History | Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt History The university's history dates back to a seminary for priests ("Collegium Willibaldum"), which was founded in 1564 by bishop Martin von Schaumburg and the old University of Ingolstadt, the first university in Bavaria, which was founded in 1472 with the approval of the pope. The latter institution was moved to the capital Munich – nowadays the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) by King Ludwig I in 1826. One of the most famous rectors of the old University of Ingolstadt was the Jesuit Petrus Canisius.
Today's university came into existence in 1980, after a fusion of Eichstätt's School of |
{"datasets_id": 1026, "wiki_id": "Q315161", "sp": 6, "sc": 610, "ep": 6, "ec": 1289} | 1,026 | Q315161 | 6 | 610 | 6 | 1,289 | Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt | History | Education and the School of Philosophy and Theology in 1972. A major role in the formation of the university was played by the former archbishop of Munich-Freising, Joseph Ratzinger, who later got an honorary doctorate from the university. Among others receiving honorary doctorates from the university are the philosopher Karl Popper, and the former bishop of Eichstätt Alois Brems. In 1990, the Catholic University established the WFI – Ingolstadt School of Management, one of Germany's foremost business schools. Since 1998 the Collegium Orientale, an academic institution associated with the university, hosts young theologians and priests from eastern European and Oriental |
{"datasets_id": 1026, "wiki_id": "Q315161", "sp": 6, "sc": 1289, "ep": 14, "ec": 132} | 1,026 | Q315161 | 6 | 1,289 | 14 | 132 | Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt | History & Catholic context & Library | churches who continue their post-graduate studies in Eichstätt. Catholic context The university is largely funded by the state but is run by a self-governing public church trust (Stiftung Katholische Universität Eichstätt, Kirchliche Stiftung des Öffentlichen Rechts) set up by Bavarian Catholic bishops on the basis of a concordat between the Holy See and the Free State of Bavaria. The ethos of Catholic universities was defined in Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Constitution of Catholic Churches. Library In February 2007 it was revealed that the university library had recycled 80 tons of books and journals, of which 68.4 tons had been |
{"datasets_id": 1026, "wiki_id": "Q315161", "sp": 14, "sc": 132, "ep": 14, "ec": 490} | 1,026 | Q315161 | 14 | 132 | 14 | 490 | Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt | Library | donated from the central library in Altötting of the Bavarian Capuchin monasteries. This is about one quarter of the 300,000 volumes of philosophy and theology donated for the purpose of being included in university library's collections. An inquest ordered by the Government of the Free State of Bavaria concluded that no valuable books had been destroyed. |
{"datasets_id": 1027, "wiki_id": "Q5053484", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 606} | 1,027 | Q5053484 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 606 | Cathy Richardson | Biography | Cathy Richardson Biography Richardson grew up in west suburban Burr Ridge, Illinois, and graduated from Hinsdale Central High School in Hinsdale, Illinois. Before starting her music career, Richardson worked as an auto mechanic and as a cashier at her father's gas station. She started her music career full-time in 1990. She was introduced to Jim Peterik who mentored her and helped with her first two albums. She has also co-written songs with Peterik, and is a fairly frequent guest in his all-star World Stage concerts.
Richardson appeared as a guest on Noggin's Jack's Big Music Show.
The Cathy Richardson Band |
{"datasets_id": 1027, "wiki_id": "Q5053484", "sp": 6, "sc": 606, "ep": 6, "ec": 1221} | 1,027 | Q5053484 | 6 | 606 | 6 | 1,221 | Cathy Richardson | Biography | was voted Best Local Band in the Chicago Tribune readers poll of 1999 and best in WFLD's "Best & Worst of Chicago" viewer poll in November 2000.
She portrayed Janis Joplin in the 2001 original off-Broadway run of Love, Janis and much of the touring performances. She also sang Janis' vocal parts for Big Brother and the Holding Company during many of their recent live shows.
In 2004, Richardson and art director Bill Dolan were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Recording Package for the Cathy Richardson Band album The Road to Bliss.
In 2008, Richardson became the new vocalist for |
{"datasets_id": 1027, "wiki_id": "Q5053484", "sp": 6, "sc": 1221, "ep": 6, "ec": 1461} | 1,027 | Q5053484 | 6 | 1,221 | 6 | 1,461 | Cathy Richardson | Biography | San Francisco band Jefferson Starship and appears on the 2008 release Jefferson's Tree of Liberty and as vocalist with Jefferson Starship on PBS's 2011 60s Pop, Rock & Soul television show, performing "White Rabbit" and "Somebody to Love". |
{"datasets_id": 1028, "wiki_id": "Q5054108", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 615} | 1,028 | Q5054108 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 615 | Cattle cycle | Cattle cycle The cattle cycle is the approximately 10-year period in which the number of U.S. beef cattle is alternatively expanded and reduced over several consecutive years in response to perceived changes in profitability by producers.
Generally, low prices occur when cattle numbers (or beef supplies) are high, precipitating several years of herd liquidation. As cattle numbers decline, prices gradually begin to rise, causing producers to begin adding cattle to their herds. The cycle is relatively long due to the long period of time it takes between the time a cow-calf operator decides to expand a cow herd to |
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{"datasets_id": 1028, "wiki_id": "Q5054108", "sp": 4, "sc": 615, "ep": 4, "ec": 689} | 1,028 | Q5054108 | 4 | 615 | 4 | 689 | Cattle cycle | breed more beef cattle and the time those animals reach slaughter weight. |
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{"datasets_id": 1029, "wiki_id": "Q847339", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 219} | 1,029 | Q847339 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 219 | Cauchy's equation | Cauchy's equation Cauchy's equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who defined it in 1836. |
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{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 659} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 659 | Causal model | Causal model In philosophy of science, a causal model (or structural causal model) is a conceptual model that describes the causal mechanisms of a system. Causal models can improve study designs by providing clear rules for deciding which independent variables need to be included/controlled for.
They can allow some questions to be answered from existing observational data without the need for an interventional study such as a randomized controlled trial. Some interventional studies are inappropriate for ethical or practical reasons, meaning that without a causal model, some hypotheses cannot be tested.
Causal models can help with the question of |
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{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 4, "sc": 659, "ep": 8, "ec": 247} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 4 | 659 | 8 | 247 | Causal model | Definition | external validity (whether results from one study apply to unstudied populations). Causal models can allow data from multiple studies to be merged (in certain circumstances) to answer questions that cannot be answered by any individual data set.
Causal models are falsifiable, in that if they do not match data, they must be rejected as invalid.
Causal models have found applications in signal processing, epidemiology and machine learning. Definition Causal models are mathematical models representing causal relationships within an individual system or population. They facilitate inferences about causal relationships from statistical data. They can teach us a good deal about the epistemology of |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 8, "sc": 247, "ep": 8, "ec": 893} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 8 | 247 | 8 | 893 | Causal model | Definition | causation, and about the relationship between causation and probability. They have also been applied to topics of interest to philosophers, such as the logic of counterfactuals, decision theory, and the analysis of actual causation.
— Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Pearl defines a causal model as an ordered triple , where U is a set of exogenous variables whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of structural equations that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 8, "sc": 893, "ep": 12, "ec": 597} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 8 | 893 | 12 | 597 | Causal model | Definition & History | the values of the other variables in U and V. History Aristotle defined a taxonomy of causality, including material, formal, efficient and final causes. Hume rejected Aristotle's taxonomy in favor of counterfactuals. At one point, he denied that objects have "powers" that make one a cause and another an effect. Later he adopted "if the first object had not been, the second had never existed" ("but-for" causation).
In the late 19th century, the discipline of statistics began to form. After a years-long effort to identify causal rules for domains such as biological inheritance, Galton introduced the concept of mean regression (epitomized |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 597, "ep": 12, "ec": 1221} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 597 | 12 | 1,221 | Causal model | History | by the sophomore slump in sports) which later led him to the non-causal concept of correlation.
As a positivist, Pearson expunged the notion of causality from much of science as an unprovable special case of association and introduced the correlation coefficient as the metric of association. He wrote, "Force as a cause of motion is exactly the same as a tree god as a cause of growth" and that causation was only a "fetish among the inscrutable arcana of modern science". Pearson founded Biometrika and the Biometrics Lab at University College London, which became the world leader in statistics.
In 1908 |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 1221, "ep": 12, "ec": 1895} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 1,221 | 12 | 1,895 | Causal model | History | Hardy and Weinberg solved the problem of trait stability that had led Galton to abandon causality, by resurrecting Mendelian inheritance.
In 1921 Wright's path analysis became the theoretical ancestor of causal modeling and causal graphs. He developed this approach while attempting to untangle the relative impacts of heredity, development and environment on guinea pig coat patterns. He backed up his then-heretical claims by showing how such analyses could explain the relationship between guinea pig birth weight, in utero time and litter size. Opposition to these ideas by prominent statisticians led them to be ignored for the following 40 years (except among |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 1895, "ep": 12, "ec": 2529} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 1,895 | 12 | 2,529 | Causal model | History | animal breeders). Instead scientists relied on correlations, partly at the behest of Wright's critic (and leading statistician), Fisher. One exception was Burks, a student who in 1926 was the first to apply path diagrams to represent a mediating influence (mediator) and to assert that holding a mediator constant induces errors. She may have invented path diagrams independently.
In 1923, Neyman introduced the concept of a potential outcome, but his paper was not translated from Polish to English until 1990.
In 1958 Cox wrote warned that controlling for a variable Z is valid only if it is highly unlikely to be |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 2529, "ep": 12, "ec": 3270} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 2,529 | 12 | 3,270 | Causal model | History | affected by independent variables.
In the 1960s, Duncan, Blalock, Goldberger and others rediscovered path analysis. While reading Blalock's work on path diagrams, Duncan remembered a lecture by Ogburn twenty years earlier that mentioned a paper by Wright that in turn mentioned Burks.
Sociologists originally called causal models structural equation modeling, but once it became a rote method, it lost its utility, leading some practitioners to reject any relationship to causality. Economists adopted the algebraic part of path analysis, calling it simultaneous equation modeling. However, economists still avoided attributing causal meaning to their equations.
Sixty years after his first paper, Wright published |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 3270, "ep": 12, "ec": 3946} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 3,270 | 12 | 3,946 | Causal model | History | a piece that recapitulated it, following Karlin et al.'s critique, which objected that it handled only linear relationships and that robust, model-free presentations of data were more revealing.
In 1973 Lewis advocated replacing correlation with but-for causality (counterfactuals). He referred to humans' ability to envision alternative worlds in which a cause did or not occur and in which effect an appeared only following its cause. In 1974 Rubin introduced the notion of "potential outcomes" as a language for asking causal questions.
In 1983 Cartwright proposed that any factor that is "causally relevant" to an effect be conditioned on, moving beyond |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 12, "sc": 3946, "ep": 16, "ec": 62} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 12 | 3,946 | 16 | 62 | Causal model | History & Ladder of causation | simple probability as the only guide.
In 1986 Baron and Kenny introduced principles for detecting and evaluating mediation in a system of linear equations. As of 2014 their paper was the 33rd most-cited of all time. That year Greenland and Robins introduced the "exchangeability" approach to handling confounding by considering a counterfactual. They proposed assessing what would have happened to the treatment group if they had not received the treatment and comparing that outcome to that of the control group. If they matched, confounding was said to be absent. Ladder of causation Pearl's causal metamodel involves a three-level abstraction he |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 16, "sc": 62, "ep": 20, "ec": 180} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 16 | 62 | 20 | 180 | Causal model | Ladder of causation & Counterfactuals | calls the ladder of causation. The lowest level, Association (seeing/observing), entails the sensing of regularities or patterns in the input data, expressed as correlations. The middle level, Intervention (doing), predicts the effects of deliberate actions, expressed as causal relationships. The highest level, Counterfactuals (imagining), involves constructing a theory of (part of) the world that explains why specific actions have specific effects and what happens in the absence of such actions. Counterfactuals The highest, counterfactual, level involves consideration of an alternate version of a past event. Example: What is the probability that, if a store had doubled the price of floss, |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 20, "sc": 180, "ep": 28, "ec": 110} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 20 | 180 | 28 | 110 | Causal model | Counterfactuals & Types & Necessary | the toothpaste-purchasing shopper would still have bought it? Answering yes asserts the existence of a causal relationship. Models that can answer counterfactuals allow precise interventions whose consequences can be predicted. At the extreme, such models are accepted as physical laws (as in the laws of physics, e.g., inertia, which says that if force is not applied to a stationary object, it will not move). Types A cause can be necessary, sufficient, contributory or some combination. Necessary For x to be a necessary cause of y, the presence of y must imply the prior occurrence of x. The presence of x, |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 28, "sc": 110, "ep": 36, "ec": 125} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 28 | 110 | 36 | 125 | Causal model | Necessary & Sufficient causes & Contributory causes | however, does not imply that y will occur. Necessary causes are also known as "but-for" causes, as in y would not have occurred but for the occurrence of x. Sufficient causes For x to be a sufficient cause of y, the presence of x must imply the subsequent occurrence of y. However, another cause z may independently cause y. Thus the presence of y does not require the prior occurrence of x. Contributory causes For x to be a contributory cause of y, the presence of x must increase the likelihood of y. If the likelihood is 100%, then x |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 36, "sc": 125, "ep": 40, "ec": 491} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 36 | 125 | 40 | 491 | Causal model | Contributory causes & Causal diagram | is instead called sufficient. A contributory cause may also be necessary. Causal diagram A causal diagram is a directed graph that displays causal relationships between variables in a causal model. A causal diagram includes a set of variables (or nodes). Each node is connected by an arrow to one or more other nodes upon which it has a causal influence. An arrowhead delineates the direction of causality, e.g., an arrow connecting variables A and B with the arrowhead at B indicates that a change in A causes a change in B (with an associated probability). A path is a traversal |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 40, "sc": 491, "ep": 52, "ec": 131} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 40 | 491 | 52 | 131 | Causal model | Causal diagram & Model elements & Junction patterns & Mediator | of the graph between two nodes following causal arrows.
Causal diagrams include causal loop diagrams, directed acyclic graphs, and Ishikawa diagrams.
Causal diagrams are independent of the quantitative probabilities that inform them. Changes to those probabilities (e.g., due to technological improvements) do not require changes to the model. Model elements Causal models have formal structures with elements with specific properties. Junction patterns The three types of connections of three nodes are linear chains, branching forks and merging colliders. Mediator A mediator node modifies the effect of other causes on an outcome (as opposed to simply affecting the outcome). For example, in the |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 52, "sc": 131, "ep": 64, "ec": 22} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 52 | 131 | 64 | 22 | Causal model | Mediator & Confounder & Mendelian randomization & Do calculus | chain example above, B is a mediator, because it modifies the effect of A (an indirect cause of C) on C (the outcome). Confounder A confounder node affects multiple outcomes, creating a positive correlation among them. Mendelian randomization Definition: Mendelian randomization uses measured variation in genes of known function to examine the causal effect of a modifiable exposure on disease in observational studies.
Because genes vary randomly across populations, presence of a gene typically qualifies as an instrumental variable, implying that in many cases, causality can be quantified using regression on an observational study. Do calculus The do calculus is the |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 64, "sc": 22, "ep": 64, "ec": 649} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 64 | 22 | 64 | 649 | Causal model | Do calculus | set of manipulations that are available to transform one expression into another, with the general goal of transforming expressions that contain the do operator into expressions that do not. Expressions that do not include the do operator can be estimated from observational data alone, without the need for an experimental intervention, which might be expensive, lengthy or even unethical (e.g., asking subjects to take up smoking). The set of rules is complete (it can be used to derive every true statement in this system). An algorithm can determine whether, for a given model, a solution is computable in polynomial time. |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 66, "sc": 0, "ep": 80, "ec": 102} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 66 | 0 | 80 | 102 | Causal model | Rules & Counterfactuals & Abduct & Act | Rules The calculus includes three rules for the transformation of conditional probability expressions involving the do operator. Counterfactuals Counterfactuals consider possibilities that are not found in data, such as whether a nonsmoker would have developed cancer had they instead been a heavy smoker. They are the highest step on Pearl's causality ladder. Abduct Apply abductive reasoning (logical inference that uses observation to find the simplest/most likely explanation) to estimate u, the proxy for the unobserved variables on the specific observation that supports the counterfactual. Act For a specific observation, use the do operator to establish the counterfactual (e.g., m=0), modifying |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 80, "sc": 102, "ep": 88, "ec": 572} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 80 | 102 | 88 | 572 | Causal model | Act & Predict & Mediation | the equations accordingly. Predict Calculate the values of the output (y) using the modified equations. Mediation Direct and indirect (mediated) causes can only be distinguished via conducting counterfactuals. Understanding mediation requires holding the mediator constant while intervening on the direct cause. In the model
M mediates X's influence on Y, while X also has an unmediated effect on Y. Thus M is held constant, while do(X) is computed.
The Mediation Fallacy instead involves conditioning on the mediator if the mediator and the outcome are confounded, as they are in the above model.
For linear models, the indirect effect can be computed by taking |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 88, "sc": 572, "ep": 92, "ec": 314} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 88 | 572 | 92 | 314 | Causal model | Mediation & Transportability | the product of all the path coefficients along a mediated pathway. The total indirect effect is computed by the sum of the individual indirect effects. For linear models mediation is indicated when the coefficients of an equation fitted without including the mediator vary significantly from an equation that includes it. Transportability Causal models provide a vehicle for integrating data across datasets, known as transport, even though the causal models (and the associated data) differ. E.g., survey data can be merged with randomized, controlled trial data. Transport offers a solution to the question of external validity, whether a study can be |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 92, "sc": 314, "ep": 92, "ec": 945} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 92 | 314 | 92 | 945 | Causal model | Transportability | applied in a different context.
Where two models match on all relevant variables and data from one model is known to be unbiased, data from one population can be used to draw conclusions about the other. In other cases, where data is known to be biased, reweighting can allow the dataset to be transported. In a third case, conclusions can be drawn from an incomplete dataset. In some cases, data from studies of multiple populations can be combined (via transportation) to allow conclusions about an unmeasured population. In some cases, combining estimates (e.g., P(W|X)) from multiple studies can increase the precision |
{"datasets_id": 1030, "wiki_id": "Q5054567", "sp": 92, "sc": 945, "ep": 92, "ec": 1305} | 1,030 | Q5054567 | 92 | 945 | 92 | 1,305 | Causal model | Transportability | of a conclusion.
Do-calculus provides a general criterion for transport: A target variable can be transformed into another expression via a series of do-operations that does not involve any "difference-producing" variables (those that distinguish the two populations). An analogous rule applies to studies that have relevantly different participants. |
{"datasets_id": 1031, "wiki_id": "Q17855958", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 611} | 1,031 | Q17855958 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 611 | Caveolin 1 | Function | Caveolin 1 Function The scaffolding protein encoded by this gene is the main component of the caveolae plasma membranes found in most cell types. The protein links integrin subunits to the tyrosine kinase FYN, an initiating step in coupling integrins to the Ras-ERK pathway and promoting cell cycle progression. The gene is a tumor suppressor gene candidate and a negative regulator of the Ras-p42/44 MAP kinase cascade. CAV1 and CAV2 are located next to each other on chromosome 7 and express colocalizing proteins that form a stable hetero-oligomeric complex. By using alternative initiation codons in the same reading frame, two |
{"datasets_id": 1031, "wiki_id": "Q17855958", "sp": 6, "sc": 611, "ep": 10, "ec": 665} | 1,031 | Q17855958 | 6 | 611 | 10 | 665 | Caveolin 1 | Function & Interactions | isoforms (alpha and beta) are encoded by a single transcript from this gene. Interactions Caveolin 1 has been shown to interact with heterotrimeric G proteins,
Src tyrosine kinases (Src, Lyn) and H-Ras,
cholesterol,TGF beta receptor 1,
endothelial NOS,
androgen receptor,
amyloid precursor protein,
gap junction protein, alpha 1,nitric oxide synthase 2A, epidermal growth factor receptor, endothelin receptor type B, PDGFRB, PDGFRA, PTGS2, TRAF2, estrogen receptor alpha, caveolin 2, PLD2, Bruton's tyrosine kinase and SCP2. All these interactions are through a caveolin-scaffolding domain (CSD) within caveolin-1 molecule. Molecules that interact with caveolin-1 contain caveolin-binding motifs (CBM). |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 511} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 511 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden Biography Despite the fact that she was queen for over twenty years, the queen consort of King Canute is one of the most unknown of Swedish queens. Neither her name, her parents or her birth and death years are confirmed. Canute I stated in a letter to Pope Clement III that his bride was the only one who was of sufficiently high status to marry him, which may point to royal connections. Some historians guess that she was the daughter of John, son of King Sverker I of Sweden (d. 1156). The assumption that she carried |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 6, "sc": 511, "ep": 6, "ec": 1061} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 6 | 511 | 6 | 1,061 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography | the name Cecilia rests on the hypothesis that an annal entry from the 14th century has been twisted. This text states that the mother of Eric the Saint (d. 1160) was called Cecilia, the sister of Ulf Jarl and Kol and the daughter of a king Sven (presumably alluding to Blot-Sweyn). This in turn can be compared with a genealogy that mentions Ubbe (Ulf), Kol and Burislev as the sons of John Sverkersson. Their implied sister Cecilia would then have been the mother of Eric X of Sweden, whose father was Canute I, rather than being the mother of Eric |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 6, "sc": 1061, "ep": 6, "ec": 1718} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 6 | 1,061 | 6 | 1,718 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography | the Saint. The hypotheses might be strengthened by a 13th-century painting in the church of Dädesjö mentioning the names Canute and (possibly) Cecilia.
However, a marriage alliance between the two feuding royal clans of Sverker and Eric is not entirely plausible. A contemporary document shows that she was the sister of another nobleman called Canute, known in an (alleged) lost document as Canute Ulvhildsson. According to an alternative hypothesis, the Queen's brother Canute was the son of an Ingeborg, daughter of Sigvard. These three persons were all donators to Vårfruberga Abbey. Some early-modern writers allege that the queen was a sister |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 6, "sc": 1718, "ep": 6, "ec": 2271} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 6 | 1,718 | 6 | 2,271 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography | of Jarl Birger Brosa which is considered highly unlikely. As a girl (juuencula), the lady was to have been married to Prince Canute Eriksson about the year 1160, but the murder of Eric the Saint forced her to enter a convent while Canute escaped. In 1167, seven years later, her husband became King and she was made Queen of Sweden.
There is only one story that truly mentions the Queen in more detail. In c. 1190, the Queen was taken ill. It was a grave illness, and people worried that she would die. To avoid death, the Queen promised on her |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 6, "sc": 2271, "ep": 6, "ec": 2816} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 6 | 2,271 | 6 | 2,816 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography | sick bed, that if God would spare her life, she would enter a convent after her recovery to show her gratitude. Eventually, she recovered from her sickness, but did not wish to become a nun, nor did her husband wish it. They sent an appeal to the Pope in Rome to ask if she could be released from her promise and continue her marital obligations. Canute argued that he must secure the support of her relatives in order to fight the pagans east of the Baltic Sea, and therefore maintain married life. The current Pope Celestine III wrote back to |
{"datasets_id": 1032, "wiki_id": "Q1842079", "sp": 6, "sc": 2816, "ep": 14, "ec": 225} | 1,032 | Q1842079 | 6 | 2,816 | 14 | 225 | Cecilia Johansdotter of Sweden | Biography & Cecilia Blanka & Marriage | the Swedish bishops and asked that the circumstances should be further verified. The outcome is not known. This letter is dated to 1193. The year of her death is unknown. Cecilia Blanka Queen Cecilia Johansdotter is used as a character in a book by author Jan Guillou in 1998, where she was used to create the fictional queen, Cecilia Blanka. Marriage She was betrothed, around 1160, with Canute Eriksson of Sweden (King, 1167). The marriage was concluded in about 1167, but was (at least temporarily) dissolved when she was obliged to enter a convent in the 1190s (see above). |
{"datasets_id": 1033, "wiki_id": "Q25324851", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 1,033 | Q25324851 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Celeste Anne Morello | Background | Celeste Anne Morello Background Born in Norristown Pa; resides in Philadelphia. Morello's Before Bruno: The history of the Philadelphia Mafia (Published by Jefferies and Manz, Philadelphia) is the history of the Mafia in the Philadelphia area from 1880 to 1959 when Angelo Bruno became boss of the Philadelphia crime family. Morello spent 15 years in research, during which time she personally interviewed over a dozen members of the American Mafia. Morello is "The only historian and criminologist in the United State specializing in Mafia history who is the descendant of the first Mafiosi in New York City, New Orleans and |
{"datasets_id": 1033, "wiki_id": "Q25324851", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 10, "ec": 445} | 1,033 | Q25324851 | 6 | 593 | 10 | 445 | Celeste Anne Morello | Background & Education | suburban Philadelphia."
In 1978, as a student at Loyola University, in Rome, Italy Morello visited with relatives in Sicily, where she became acquainted with the Sicilian Mafia in her family's history. From this, Morello posited the "Medieval Origins" of the Mafia. Education Honor's Program, Chestnut Hill College (Philadelphia) : Art History (magna cum laude) and Classical Civilizations (cum laude) 1980; Master's in sociology/criminology at St Joseph's University (Phila.) 1994; Master's in History at Villanova University, 2000. Certification, Paralegal studies, Villanova University. Licensed Realtor, 1982 to 1985. Morello also learned much from the Organized Crime Strikes Force of the U.S. Attorneys Office under |
{"datasets_id": 1033, "wiki_id": "Q25324851", "sp": 10, "sc": 445, "ep": 14, "ec": 991} | 1,033 | Q25324851 | 10 | 445 | 14 | 991 | Celeste Anne Morello | Education & Historical Markers | Deputy Chief Prosecutor Albert C. Wicks. Historical Markers Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission nominations and approved:
1. St. Augustine Church (Philadelphia)
2. St. Mary Magdalen de Pazzi Church
3. Gianinni family
4. Frank Gasparro
5. Mario Lanza
6. Eddie Lang
7. Joe Venuti
8. Tommy Loughran
9. Eddie Gottlieb
10. Harvey Pollack
11. Rabbi Israel Goldstein
12. St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
13. Old St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
14. Old St. Joseph's Church
15. Commodore John Barry
16. Philadelphia Zoo
17. American Bandstand
18. John Wanamaker
19. Mother's Day
20. Nicola Monachesi
21. Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania
22. Christian Street Hospital
23. South 9th Street Market
24. Benjamin Rush
25. Mathew Carey
26. Connie Mack
27. The Barrymore Family
28. Shibe |
{"datasets_id": 1033, "wiki_id": "Q25324851", "sp": 14, "sc": 991, "ep": 14, "ec": 1500} | 1,033 | Q25324851 | 14 | 991 | 14 | 1,500 | Celeste Anne Morello | Historical Markers | Park
29. African American Baseball
30. Roy Campanella
31. Moyamensing Prison
32. Eastern State Penitentiary
33. Maxfield Parrish
34. W.C. Fields
35. Haym Solomon
36. House of Industry
37. Vincent Persichetti
38. The Mischianza
39. Palumbo's
40. Philadelphia Italian Market
41. Pat's Steaks
42. Samuel V. Merrick
43. Jewish Hospital of Philadelphia
44. The Trial of Hester Vaughan |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 621} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 621 | Celestial spheres | Celestial spheres The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others. In these celestial models, the apparent motions of the fixed stars and planets are accounted for by treating them as embedded in rotating spheres made of an aetherial, transparent fifth element (quintessence), like jewels set in orbs. Since it was believed that the fixed stars did not change their positions relative to one another, it was argued that they must be on the surface of a single starry sphere.
In modern thought, the orbits of |
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{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 4, "sc": 621, "ep": 4, "ec": 1262} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 4 | 621 | 4 | 1,262 | Celestial spheres | the planets are viewed as the paths of those planets through mostly empty space. Ancient and medieval thinkers, however, considered the celestial orbs to be thick spheres of rarefied matter nested one within the other, each one in complete contact with the sphere above it and the sphere below. When scholars applied Ptolemy's epicycles, they presumed that each planetary sphere was exactly thick enough to accommodate them. By combining this nested sphere model with astronomical observations, scholars calculated what became generally accepted values at the time for the distances to the Sun (about 4 million miles), to the other planets, |
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{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 4, "sc": 1262, "ep": 4, "ec": 1910} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 4 | 1,262 | 4 | 1,910 | Celestial spheres | and to the edge of the universe (about 73 million miles). The nested sphere model's distances to the Sun and planets differ significantly from modern measurements of the distances, and the size of the universe is now known to be inconceivably large and continuously expanding.
Albert Van Helden has suggested that from about 1250 until the 17th century, virtually all educated Europeans were familiar with the Ptolemaic model of "nesting spheres and the cosmic dimensions derived from it". Even following the adoption of Copernicus's heliocentric model of the universe, new versions of the celestial sphere model were introduced, with the |
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{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 4, "sc": 1910, "ep": 4, "ec": 2581} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 4 | 1,910 | 4 | 2,581 | Celestial spheres | planetary spheres following this sequence from the central Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth-Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Mainstream belief in the theory of celestial spheres did not survive the Scientific Revolution. In the early 1600s, Kepler continued to discuss celestial spheres, although he did not consider that the planets were carried by the spheres but held that they moved in elliptical paths described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In the late 1600s, Greek and medieval theories concerning the motion of terrestrial and celestial objects were replaced by Newton's law of universal gravitation and Newtonian mechanics, which explain how Kepler's |
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{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 4, "sc": 2581, "ep": 8, "ec": 488} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 4 | 2,581 | 8 | 488 | Celestial spheres | Early ideas of spheres and circles | laws arise from the gravitational attraction between bodies. Early ideas of spheres and circles In Greek antiquity the ideas of celestial spheres and rings first appeared in the cosmology of Anaximander in the early 6th century BC. In his cosmology both the Sun and Moon are circular open vents in tubular rings of fire enclosed in tubes of condensed air; these rings constitute the rims of rotating chariot-like wheels pivoting on the Earth at their centre. The fixed stars are also open vents in such wheel rims, but there are so many such wheels for the stars that their contiguous |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 8, "sc": 488, "ep": 8, "ec": 1108} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 8 | 488 | 8 | 1,108 | Celestial spheres | Early ideas of spheres and circles | rims all together form a continuous spherical shell encompassing the Earth. All these wheel rims had originally been formed out of an original sphere of fire wholly encompassing the Earth, which had disintegrated into many individual rings. Hence, in Anaximanders's cosmogony, in the beginning was the sphere, out of which celestial rings were formed, from some of which the stellar sphere was in turn composed. As viewed from the Earth, the ring of the Sun was highest, that of the Moon was lower, and the sphere of the stars was lowest.
Following Anaximander, his pupil Anaximenes (c. 585–528/4) held that the |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 8, "sc": 1108, "ep": 8, "ec": 1652} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 8 | 1,108 | 8 | 1,652 | Celestial spheres | Early ideas of spheres and circles | stars, Sun, Moon, and planets are all made of fire. But whilst the stars are fastened on a revolving crystal sphere like nails or studs, the Sun, Moon, and planets, and also the Earth, all just ride on air like leaves because of their breadth. And whilst the fixed stars are carried around in a complete circle by the stellar sphere, the Sun, Moon and planets do not revolve under the Earth between setting and rising again like the stars do, but rather on setting they go laterally around the Earth like a cap turning halfway around the head |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 8, "sc": 1652, "ep": 8, "ec": 2264} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 8 | 1,652 | 8 | 2,264 | Celestial spheres | Early ideas of spheres and circles | until they rise again. And unlike Anaximander, he relegated the fixed stars to the region most distant from the Earth. The most enduring feature of Anaximenes' cosmos was its conception of the stars being fixed on a crystal sphere as in a rigid frame, which became a fundamental principle of cosmology down to Copernicus and Kepler.
After Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Xenophanes and Parmenides all held that the universe was spherical. And much later in the fourth century BC Plato's Timaeus proposed that the body of the cosmos was made in the most perfect and uniform shape, that of a sphere containing the |
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