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{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 8, "sc": 2264, "ep": 12, "ec": 401} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 8 | 2,264 | 12 | 401 | Celestial spheres | Early ideas of spheres and circles & Emergence of the planetary spheres | fixed stars. But it posited that the planets were spherical bodies set in rotating bands or rings rather than wheel rims as in Anaximander's cosmology. Emergence of the planetary spheres Instead of bands, Plato's student Eudoxus developed a planetary model using concentric spheres for all the planets, with three spheres each for his models of the Moon and the Sun and four each for the models of the other five planets, thus making 26 spheres in all. Callippus modified this system, using five spheres for his models of the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, and Mars and retaining four spheres |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 401, "ep": 12, "ec": 1042} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 401 | 12 | 1,042 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | for the models of Jupiter and Saturn, thus making 33 spheres in all. Each planet is attached to the innermost of its own particular set of spheres. Although the models of Eudoxus and Callippus qualitatively describe the major features of the motion of the planets, they fail to account exactly for these motions and therefore cannot provide quantitative predictions. Although historians of Greek science have traditionally considered these models to be merely geometrical representations, recent studies have proposed that they were also intended to be physically real or have withheld judgment, noting the limited evidence to resolve the |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 1042, "ep": 12, "ec": 1673} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 1,042 | 12 | 1,673 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | question.
In his Metaphysics, Aristotle developed a physical cosmology of spheres, based on the mathematical models of Eudoxus. In Aristotle's fully developed celestial model, the spherical Earth is at the centre of the universe and the planets are moved by either 47 or 55 interconnected spheres that form a unified planetary system, whereas in the models of Eudoxus and Callippus each planet's individual set of spheres were not connected to those of the next planet. Aristotle says the exact number of spheres, and hence the number of movers, is to be determined by astronomical investigation, but he added additional |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 1673, "ep": 12, "ec": 2281} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 1,673 | 12 | 2,281 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | spheres to those proposed by Eudoxus and Callippus, to counteract the motion of the outer spheres. Aristotle considers that these spheres are made of an unchanging fifth element, the aether. Each of these concentric spheres is moved by its own god—an unchanging divine unmoved mover, and who moves its sphere simply by virtue of being loved by it.
In his Almagest, the astronomer Ptolemy (fl. ca. 150 AD) developed geometrical predictive models of the motions of the stars and planets and extended them to a unified physical model of the cosmos in his Planetary hypotheses. By using eccentrics and |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 2281, "ep": 12, "ec": 2922} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 2,281 | 12 | 2,922 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | epicycles, his geometrical model achieved greater mathematical detail and predictive accuracy than had been exhibited by earlier concentric spherical models of the cosmos. In Ptolemy's physical model, each planet is contained in two or more spheres, but in Book 2 of his Planetary Hypotheses Ptolemy depicted thick circular slices rather than spheres as in its Book 1. One sphere/slice is the deferent, with a centre offset somewhat from the Earth; the other sphere/slice is an epicycle embedded in the deferent, with the planet embedded in the epicyclical sphere/slice. Ptolemy's model of nesting spheres provided the general dimensions |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 2922, "ep": 12, "ec": 3544} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 2,922 | 12 | 3,544 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | of the cosmos, the greatest distance of Saturn being 19,865 times the radius of the Earth and the distance of the fixed stars being at least 20,000 Earth radii.
The planetary spheres were arranged outwards from the spherical, stationary Earth at the centre of the universe in this order: the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In more detailed models the seven planetary spheres contained other secondary spheres within them. The planetary spheres were followed by the stellar sphere containing the fixed stars; other scholars added a ninth sphere to account for the precession |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 3544, "ep": 12, "ec": 4143} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 3,544 | 12 | 4,143 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres | of the equinoxes, a tenth to account for the supposed trepidation of the equinoxes, and even an eleventh to account for the changing obliquity of the ecliptic. In antiquity the order of the lower planets was not universally agreed. Plato and his followers ordered them Moon, Sun, Mercury, Venus, and then followed the standard model for the upper spheres. Others disagreed about the relative place of the spheres of Mercury and Venus: Ptolemy placed both of them beneath the Sun with Venus above Mercury, but noted others placed them both above the Sun; some medieval thinkers, such as al-Bitruji, |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 12, "sc": 4143, "ep": 16, "ec": 528} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 12 | 4,143 | 16 | 528 | Celestial spheres | Emergence of the planetary spheres & Astronomical discussions | placed the sphere of Venus above the Sun and that of Mercury below it. Astronomical discussions A series of astronomers, beginning with the Muslim astronomer al-Farghānī, used the Ptolemaic model of nesting spheres to compute distances to the stars and planetary spheres. Al-Farghānī's distance to the stars was 20,110 Earth radii which, on the assumption that the radius of the Earth was 3,250 miles, came to 65,357,500 miles. An introduction to Ptolemy's Almagest, the Tashil al-Majisti, believed to be written by Thābit ibn Qurra, presented minor variations of Ptolemy's distances to the celestial spheres. In his Zij, |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 16, "sc": 528, "ep": 16, "ec": 1207} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 16 | 528 | 16 | 1,207 | Celestial spheres | Astronomical discussions | Al-Battānī presented independent calculations of the distances to the planets on the model of nesting spheres, which he thought was due to scholars writing after Ptolemy. His calculations yielded a distance of 19,000 Earth radii to the stars.
Around the turn of the millennium, the Arabic astronomer and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) presented a development of Ptolemy's geocentric epicyclic models in terms of nested spheres. Despite the similarity of this concept to that of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses, al-Haytham's presentation differs in sufficient detail that it has been argued that it reflects an independent development of the concept. In chapters 15–16 |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 16, "sc": 1207, "ep": 16, "ec": 1890} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 16 | 1,207 | 16 | 1,890 | Celestial spheres | Astronomical discussions | of his Book of Optics, Ibn al-Haytham also said that the celestial spheres do not consist of solid matter.
Near the end of the twelfth century, the Spanish Muslim astronomer al-Bitrūjī (Alpetragius) sought to explain the complex motions of the planets without Ptolemy's epicycles and eccentrics, using an Aristotelian framework of purely concentric spheres that moved with differing speeds from east to west. This model was much less accurate as a predictive astronomical model, but it was discussed by later European astronomers and philosophers.
In the thirteenth century the astronomer, al-'Urḍi, proposed a radical change to Ptolemy's system of nesting spheres. |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 16, "sc": 1890, "ep": 16, "ec": 2486} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 16 | 1,890 | 16 | 2,486 | Celestial spheres | Astronomical discussions | In his Kitāb al-Hayáh, he recalculated the distance of the planets using parameters which he redetermined. Taking the distance of the Sun as 1,266 Earth radii, he was forced to place the sphere of Venus above the sphere of the Sun; as a further refinement, he added the planet's diameters to the thickness of their spheres. As a consequence, his version of the nesting spheres model had the sphere of the stars at a distance of 140,177 Earth radii.
About the same time, scholars in European universities began to address the implications of the rediscovered philosophy of Aristotle and |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 16, "sc": 2486, "ep": 16, "ec": 3118} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 16 | 2,486 | 16 | 3,118 | Celestial spheres | Astronomical discussions | astronomy of Ptolemy. Both astronomical scholars and popular writers considered the implications of the nested sphere model for the dimensions of the universe. Campanus of Novara's introductory astronomical text, the Theorica planetarum, used the model of nesting spheres to compute the distances of the various planets from the Earth, which he gave as 22,612 Earth radii or 73,387,747 100/660 miles. In his Opus Majus, Roger Bacon cited Al-Farghānī's distance to the stars of 20,110 Earth radii, or 65,357,700 miles, from which he computed the circumference of the universe to be 410,818,517 3/7 miles. Clear evidence that this |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 16, "sc": 3118, "ep": 20, "ec": 96} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 16 | 3,118 | 20 | 96 | Celestial spheres | Astronomical discussions & Philosophical and theological discussions | model was thought to represent physical reality is the accounts found in Bacon's Opus Majus of the time needed to walk to the Moon and in the popular Middle English South English Legendary, that it would take 8,000 years to reach the highest starry heaven. General understanding of the dimensions of the universe derived from the nested sphere model reached wider audiences through the presentations in Hebrew by Moses Maimonides, in French by Gossuin of Metz, and in Italian by Dante Alighieri. Philosophical and theological discussions Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 96, "ep": 20, "ec": 731} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 96 | 20 | 731 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions | celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.
Adi Setia describes the debate among Islamic scholars in the twelfth century, based on the commentary of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi about whether the celestial spheres are real, concrete physical bodies or "merely the abstract circles in the heavens traced out… by the various stars and planets." Setia points out that most of the learned, and the astronomers, said they were solid spheres "on which the stars turn… and this view is closer to the apparent sense of the Qur'anic verses regarding the celestial orbits." However, |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 731, "ep": 20, "ec": 1402} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 731 | 20 | 1,402 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions | al-Razi mentions that some, such as the Islamic scholar Dahhak, considered them to be abstract. Al-Razi himself, was undecided, he said: "In truth, there is no way to ascertain the characteristics of the heavens except by authority [of divine revelation or prophetic traditions]." Setia concludes: "Thus it seems that for al-Razi (and for others before and after him), astronomical models, whatever their utility or lack thereof for ordering the heavens, are not founded on sound rational proofs, and so no intellectual commitment can be made to them insofar as description and explanation of celestial realities are concerned."
Christian and Muslim philosophers |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 1402, "ep": 20, "ec": 2064} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 1,402 | 20 | 2,064 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions | modified Ptolemy's system to include an unmoved outermost region, the empyrean heaven, which came to be identified as the dwelling place of God and all the elect. Medieval Christians identified the sphere of stars with the Biblical firmament and sometimes posited an invisible layer of water above the firmament, to accord with Genesis. An outer sphere, inhabited by angels, appeared in some accounts.
Edward Grant, a historian of science, has provided evidence that medieval scholastic philosophers generally considered the celestial spheres to be solid in the sense of three-dimensional or continuous, but most did not consider them solid in the sense |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 2064, "ep": 20, "ec": 2713} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 2,064 | 20 | 2,713 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions | of hard. The consensus was that the celestial spheres were made of some kind of continuous fluid.
Later in the century, the mutakallim Adud al-Din al-Iji (1281–1355) rejected the principle of uniform and circular motion, following the Ash'ari doctrine of atomism, which maintained that all physical effects were caused directly by God's will rather than by natural causes. He maintained that the celestial spheres were "imaginary things" and "more tenuous than a spider's web". His views were challenged by al-Jurjani (1339–1413), who maintained that even if the celestial spheres "do not have an external reality, yet they are things that |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 2713, "ep": 20, "ec": 3371} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 2,713 | 20 | 3,371 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions | are correctly imagined and correspond to what [exists] in actuality".
Medieval astronomers and philosophers developed diverse theories about the causes of the celestial spheres' motions. They attempted to explain the spheres' motions in terms of the materials of which they were thought to be made, external movers such as celestial intelligences, and internal movers such as motive souls or impressed forces. Most of these models were qualitative, although a few incorporated quantitative analyses that related speed, motive force and resistance. By the end of the Middle Ages, the common opinion in Europe was that celestial bodies were moved by |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 20, "sc": 3371, "ep": 24, "ec": 255} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 20 | 3,371 | 24 | 255 | Celestial spheres | Philosophical and theological discussions & Renaissance | external intelligences, identified with the angels of revelation. The outermost moving sphere, which moved with the daily motion affecting all subordinate spheres, was moved by an unmoved mover, the Prime Mover, who was identified with God. Each of the lower spheres was moved by a subordinate spiritual mover (a replacement for Aristotle's multiple divine movers), called an intelligence. Renaissance Early in the sixteenth century Nicolaus Copernicus drastically reformed the model of astronomy by displacing the Earth from its central place in favour of the Sun, yet he called his great work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 255, "ep": 24, "ec": 824} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 255 | 24 | 824 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance | Celestial Spheres). Although Copernicus does not treat the physical nature of the spheres in detail, his few allusions make it clear that, like many of his predecessors, he accepted non-solid celestial spheres. Copernicus rejected the ninth and tenth spheres, placed the orb of the Moon around the Earth and moved the Sun from its orb to the center of the world. The planetary orbs circled the center of the world in the order Mercury, Venus, the great orb containing the Earth and the orb of the Moon, then the orbs of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Finally he retained |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 824, "ep": 24, "ec": 1444} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 824 | 24 | 1,444 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance | the eighth starry sphere, which he held to be unmoving.
The English almanac maker, Thomas Digges, delineated the spheres of the new cosmological system in his Perfit Description of the Caelestiall Orbes… (1576). Here he arranged the "orbes" in the new Copernican order, expanding one sphere to carry "the globe of mortalitye", the Earth, the four elements, and the Moon; and expanding the starry sphere infinitely upward to encompass all the stars, and also to serve as "the court of the Great God, the habitacle of the elect, and of the coelestiall angelles."
In the course of the sixteenth century, a |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 1444, "ep": 24, "ec": 2129} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 1,444 | 24 | 2,129 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance | number of philosophers, theologians, and astronomers—among them Francesco Patrizi, Andrea Cisalpino, Peter Ramus, Robert Bellarmine, Giordano Bruno, Jerónimo Muñoz, Michael Neander, Jean Pena, and Christoph Rothmann—abandoned the concept of celestial spheres. Rothmann argued from the observations of the comet of 1585 that the lack of observed parallax indicated that the comet was beyond Saturn, while the absence of observed refraction indicated the celestial region was of the same material as air, hence there were no planetary spheres.
Tycho Brahe's investigations of a series of comets from 1577 to 1585, aided by Rothmann's discussion of the comet of 1585 and Michael |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 2129, "ep": 24, "ec": 2805} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 2,129 | 24 | 2,805 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance | Maestlin's tabulated distances of the comet of 1577, which passed through the planetary orbs, led Tycho to conclude that "the structure of the heavens was very fluid and simple." Tycho opposed his view to that of "very many modern philosophers" who divided the heavens into "various orbs made of hard and impervious matter." Edward Grant found relatively few believers in hard celestial spheres before Copernicus, and concluded that the idea first became common sometime between the publication of Copernicus's De revolutionibus in 1542 and Tycho Brahe's publication of his cometary research in 1588.
In Johannes Kepler's early Mysterium cosmographicum, he considered |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 2805, "ep": 24, "ec": 3465} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 2,805 | 24 | 3,465 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance | the distances of the planets, and the consequent gaps required between the planetary spheres implied by the Copernican system, which had been noted by his former teacher, Michael Maestlin. Kepler's Platonic cosmology filled the large gaps with the five Platonic polyhedra, which accounted for the spheres' measured astronomical distance. In his mature celestial physics, the spheres were regarded as the purely geometrical spatial regions containing each planetary orbit rather than as the rotating physical orbs of the earlier Aristotelian celestial physics. The eccentricity of each planet's orbit thereby defined the lengths of the radii of the inner and |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 24, "sc": 3465, "ep": 28, "ec": 313} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 24 | 3,465 | 28 | 313 | Celestial spheres | Renaissance & Literary and symbolic expressions | outer limits of its celestial sphere and thus its thickness. In Kepler's celestial mechanics the cause of planetary motion became the rotating Sun, itself rotated by its own motive soul. However, an immobile stellar sphere was a lasting remnant of physical celestial spheres in Kepler's cosmology. Literary and symbolic expressions In Cicero's Dream of Scipio, the elder Scipio Africanus describes an ascent through the celestial spheres, compared to which the Earth and the Roman Empire dwindle into insignificance. A commentary on the Dream of Scipio by the Roman writer Macrobius, which included a discussion of the various schools of thought |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 28, "sc": 313, "ep": 28, "ec": 898} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 28 | 313 | 28 | 898 | Celestial spheres | Literary and symbolic expressions | on the order of the spheres, did much to spread the idea of the celestial spheres through the Early Middle Ages.
Some late medieval figures noted that the celestial spheres' physical order was inverse to their order on the spiritual plane, where God was at the center and the Earth at the periphery. Near the beginning of the fourteenth century Dante, in the Paradiso of his Divine Comedy, described God as a light at the center of the cosmos. Here the poet ascends beyond physical existence to the Empyrean Heaven, where he comes face to face with God himself and is |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 28, "sc": 898, "ep": 28, "ec": 1494} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 28 | 898 | 28 | 1,494 | Celestial spheres | Literary and symbolic expressions | granted understanding of both divine and human nature. Later in the century, the illuminator of Nicole Oresme's Le livre du Ciel et du Monde, a translation of and commentary on Aristotle's De caelo produced for Oresme's patron, King Charles V, employed the same motif. He drew the spheres in the conventional order, with the Moon closest to the Earth and the stars highest, but the spheres were concave upwards, centered on God, rather than concave downwards, centered on the Earth. Below this figure Oresme quotes the Psalms that "The heavens declare the Glory of God and the firmament showeth |
{"datasets_id": 1034, "wiki_id": "Q4119786", "sp": 28, "sc": 1494, "ep": 28, "ec": 2025} | 1,034 | Q4119786 | 28 | 1,494 | 28 | 2,025 | Celestial spheres | Literary and symbolic expressions | his handiwork."
The late-16th-century Portuguese epic The Lusiads vividly portrays the celestial spheres as a "great machine of the universe" constructed by God. The explorer Vasco da Gama is shown the celestial spheres in the form of a mechanical model. Contrary to Cicero's representation, da Gama's tour of the spheres begins with the Empyrean, then descends inward toward Earth, culminating in a survey of the domains and divisions of earthly kingdoms, thus magnifying the importance of human deeds in the divine plan. |
{"datasets_id": 1035, "wiki_id": "Q42903494", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 608} | 1,035 | Q42903494 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 608 | Celier Xenon 4 | Design and development | Celier Xenon 4 Design and development The Xenon 4 is a development of the Celier Xenon 2 and Celier Xenon 3, with a newly designed fuselage and longer tailboom. It features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, with some models offering a third seat. It has tricycle landing gear and a modified four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke 135 hp (101 kW) turbocharged Rotax 912 engine in pusher configuration.
The fuselage is a monocoque made from carbon fiber reinforced polymer and features a cabin internal width of 130 cm (51 in). The two-bladed rotor has a diameter of 8.8 m (28.9 ft) |
{"datasets_id": 1035, "wiki_id": "Q42903494", "sp": 6, "sc": 608, "ep": 6, "ec": 910} | 1,035 | Q42903494 | 6 | 608 | 6 | 910 | Celier Xenon 4 | Design and development | and a chord of 20 cm (7.9 in). The aircraft has a typical empty weight of 295 kg (650 lb) and a maximum gross weight of 560 kg (1,235 lb), giving a useful load of 265 kg (584 lb). With full fuel of 85 litres (19 imp gal; 22 US gal) the payload for the pilot, passengers and baggage is 205 kg (452 lb). |
{"datasets_id": 1036, "wiki_id": "Q5058603", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 123} | 1,036 | Q5058603 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 123 | Celypha argyrata | Etymology | Celypha argyrata Etymology The name refers to colouration of distal third of forewing and is derived from Latin argyrata (meaning tinged with silver). |
{"datasets_id": 1037, "wiki_id": "Q27983289", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 565} | 1,037 | Q27983289 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 565 | Cem Belevi | Musical career | Cem Belevi Musical career He released his debut album Bilmezsin in 2013. "Günaydın Sevgilim" (English: "Good morning my lover") became the leading song and first video for the album. The album didn't get much attention, but the song gets affected by Turkish music executive Samsun Demir. The song was later re-arranged on Enbe Orkestrası & Behzat Gerçeker's album. In 2014, he made a duet with Ayshe for "Kim Ne Derse Desin", Turkish version of Sway. The song becomes very successful in Turkey and was nominated for a 2014 Turkey Music Awards in best debut category. In 2015, he released his |
{"datasets_id": 1037, "wiki_id": "Q27983289", "sp": 6, "sc": 565, "ep": 10, "ec": 67} | 1,037 | Q27983289 | 6 | 565 | 10 | 67 | Cem Belevi | Musical career & Acting career | second single "Sevemez Kimse Seni", a cover song of Suat Sayın previously sung by Zeki Müren and Muazzez Ersoy. The music video was released on 25 May 2015, directed by Hasan Kuyucu. The video is set in Santorini. Acting career In 2015, he started acting in İnadına Aşk (tr), a TV series on FOX. |
{"datasets_id": 1038, "wiki_id": "Q27663482", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 512} | 1,038 | Q27663482 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 512 | Ceno Aleksandrovski | Career | Ceno Aleksandrovski Career He started playing with Macedonian side FK Teteks in 1984 playing at that time in Yugoslav third level. Immediately that first season they achieved promotion, and Aleksandrovski played with Teteks in the following two seasons in the Yugoslav Second League. His consistent performances earned him a move to the capital, Belgrade, and a contract with Serbian side FK Rad playing in the 1987–88 Yugoslav First League. The following season, he moved to Serbian side OFK Kikinda playing in the Yugoslav Second League. |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 609 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Mato Grosso | Central-West Region, Brazil Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is a state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast chapadas and plain areas. Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems: the Cerrado, the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest. Open pasture vegetation covers 40% of the state. The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, with caves, grottoes, tracks, and waterfalls, is one of its tourist attractions.
In the north is the biodiverse Amazonian forest, which covers nearly half of the state. The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Further south, the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, is the habitat for |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 6, "sc": 609, "ep": 10, "ec": 563} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 6 | 609 | 10 | 563 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul | nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds. Mato Grosso do Sul The Pantanal covers 12 municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul and presents an enormous variety of flora and fauna, with forests, natural sand banks, savannahs, open pasture, fields and bushes. The area near Bonito has prehistoric caverns, natural rivers, waterfalls, swimming pools and the Blue Lake Cave. Mato Grosso do Sul has a humid subtropical and tropical climate.
The annual rainfall is 1,500 mm. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 34 °C (93.2 °F) and minima of 24 °C (75.2 °F) and more rain; July experiences the coldest temperatures, |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 10, "sc": 563, "ep": 14, "ec": 365} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 10 | 563 | 14 | 365 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Mato Grosso do Sul & Goiás | with mean maxima of 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) and sun. The cerrado landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Goiás The most populous state of the region, Goiás presents a landscape of plateaus and chapadões. At the height of the drought, from June to September, the lack of rain makes the level of the River Araguaia go down and brings up almost 2 km of beaches.
At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Chapadão do Céu, it is possible to observe the typical fauna |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 14, "sc": 365, "ep": 18, "ec": 277} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 14 | 365 | 18 | 277 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Goiás & Federal District | and the flora from the region. At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions include canyons, valleys, rapids and waterfalls. Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás (or Old Goiás), at 132 km from Goiânia, established at the beginning of the 18th century, and Caldas Novas, known for its hot springs. Federal District Located in the state of Goiás in a region called Planalto Central, the Federal District is divided in 31 administrative regions. Brasília - where the three branches of the federal government are located - is the main attraction of this dry area with only two seasons. The rainy |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 18, "sc": 277, "ep": 24, "ec": 22} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 18 | 277 | 24 | 22 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Federal District & Education & Tourism and recreation | season is from October to March.
During the dry season, the humidity can reach critical levels, mainly in the peak hours of the hottest days. The artificial lake of Paranoá, with almost 40 km² and 500 million m³ of water, was built to minimize the severe climatic conditions of the winter. The region also attracts mystics, and in its surroundings one can find many temples of different religions and sectarian groups. Education Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. Tourism and recreation |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 26, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 591} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 591 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Tourism and recreation | Tourism has grown at impressive speed in the last decades there, attracting visitors from several parts of Brazil and the world; who all enjoy the Region's flora and fauna riches, as well as its numerous marvelous views.
Located in the middle of the vast Central Upland, the Central-West Region reveals how attractive the tours in the interior of the country can be. Starting in the west part of Mato Grosso do Sul State and the southeast part of Mato Grosso State, we have Pantanal Mato-grossense; the largest swampy plain area in the world, cut by the Paraguai River. Its fauna and |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 26, "sc": 591, "ep": 26, "ec": 1225} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 26 | 591 | 26 | 1,225 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Tourism and recreation | flora riches draw the attention of the world. In the same state, it's possible to take tours through pleasant places, such as Alta Floresta, where ecotourism is the greatest attraction; Bonito, one of the places with the most crystalline waters in the country; and Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, full of mountains and beautiful landscapes offered by the meadow vegetation.
Dividing the States of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás, the Araguaia River attracts numerous fishermen from all parts of Brazil and the world. And in the State of Goiás, historical attractions, such as Pirenópolis draw many visitors all |
{"datasets_id": 1039, "wiki_id": "Q980175", "sp": 26, "sc": 1225, "ep": 26, "ec": 1549} | 1,039 | Q980175 | 26 | 1,225 | 26 | 1,549 | Central-West Region, Brazil | Tourism and recreation | year long, with its steep stone-paved streets and its colonial houses. Other attractions in the same state include Chapada dos Veadeiros and the National Park of Emas, where the contact with nature is the essence of the tours. In the Federal District, the National Park of Brasília is one of the greatest local attractions. |
{"datasets_id": 1040, "wiki_id": "Q4115455", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 412} | 1,040 | Q4115455 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 412 | Central District (Mahabad County) | Central District (Mahabad County) The Central District of Mahabad County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان مهاباد) is a district (bakhsh) in Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 179,697, in 39,752 families. The District has one city: Mahabad. The District has three rural districts (dehestan): Akhtachi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Mokriyan-e Gharbi Rural District, and Mokriyan-e Sharqi Rural District. |
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{"datasets_id": 1041, "wiki_id": "Q4117893", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 346} | 1,041 | Q4117893 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 346 | Central District (Parsian County) | Central District (Parsian County) The Central District of Parsian County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان پارسیان) is a district (bakhsh) in Parsian County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18,041, in 4,061 families. The District has one city: Parsian. The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Buchir Rural District and Mehregan Rural District. |
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{"datasets_id": 1042, "wiki_id": "Q5061862", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 457} | 1,042 | Q5061862 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 457 | Central Station (online gaming service) | Central Station (online gaming service) Central Station was the main portal by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe for PAL regions in the PlayStation 2 era.
The service allowed users to view new game releases, change account details, read the latest PlayStation-related news and enter online events for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable consoles.
Central Station was superseded by the worldwide PlayStation Network upon release of the PlayStation 3 but it was discontinued. |
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{"datasets_id": 1043, "wiki_id": "Q5062026", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 193} | 1,043 | Q5062026 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 193 | Central West Public Service Corporation | Insolvency | Central West Public Service Corporation Central West Public Service Corporation was a Chicago, Illinois-based utility company that operated in Iowa, South Dakota, Texas, and Minnesota. It owned stock in other utilities that operated in Illinois, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Its failure in 1934 reflects the difficult economic climate of the Great Depression and the inability of large utilities, with significant market capitalizations, to remain solvent. Insolvency The power corporation went into receivership in March 1934 after defaulting on interest payments on its first lien collateral gold bonds, its ten-year convertible 6% debentures, and its 7% gold |
{"datasets_id": 1043, "wiki_id": "Q5062026", "sp": 8, "sc": 193, "ep": 8, "ec": 447} | 1,043 | Q5062026 | 8 | 193 | 8 | 447 | Central West Public Service Corporation | Insolvency | notes. Three receivers for the firm were appointed, first in Wilmington, Delaware and Sioux City, Iowa, and later in Chicago. Central West Public Service Corporation reported an outstanding indebtedness of $12,800,000 at the time of its
failure. |
{"datasets_id": 1044, "wiki_id": "Q5062308", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 692} | 1,044 | Q5062308 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 692 | Centre Stage (theater) | Collaborations | Centre Stage (theater) Collaborations Through collaborations with arts organizations elsewhere in the city (Greenville Symphony Orchestra, Metropolitan Arts Council, etc.), Centre Stage has expanded its range of entertainment and nightlife offerings to include art exhibitions, chamber concerts, independent film screenings and lectures on a wide variety of topics. Faculty and students from area colleges and universities (North Greenville University, Clemson University, Furman University) regularly direct and staff Centre Stage productions. Greenville Technical College (GTC) theater classes are taught at Centre Stage by GTC professor of theater Dr. Brian Haimbach, who also is chairman of the Centre Stage New Play Festival. |
{"datasets_id": 1044, "wiki_id": "Q5062308", "sp": 6, "sc": 692, "ep": 10, "ec": 411} | 1,044 | Q5062308 | 6 | 692 | 10 | 411 | Centre Stage (theater) | Collaborations & History | CSSC is also host to Greenville Light Opera Works. GLOW is Greenville's professional opera, operetta and musical theatre company and produces a summer festival season of comic opera, operetta and musical theatre. History Founded in 1983 by Douglas P. McCoy, Centre Stage was formed with the intent of becoming a professional theater. The theater's first performance space was inside the Greenville County Museum of Art and its first full production was presented in the St. Mary's Church gymnatorium. For the next four years, Centre Stage performed in the Greenville School District's Fine Arts Center. For the next ten years Centre |
{"datasets_id": 1044, "wiki_id": "Q5062308", "sp": 10, "sc": 411, "ep": 10, "ec": 1062} | 1,044 | Q5062308 | 10 | 411 | 10 | 1,062 | Centre Stage (theater) | History | Stage leased a building on the corner of Washington and Academy Streets and produced all of its plays there.
In April 1996, Centre Stage was approved as an Associate Member of Theatre Communications Group (TCG) and remains so to this day. TCG membership entitles Centre Stage to all of the rights and privileges of a professional theatre. In April, 1998, Centre Stage was designated as a Constituent Member of TCG.
In December 1996, ground was broken for the theater's current location at 501 River Street where it occupies 10,000 square feet (930 m²) of the 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) Citi-Smith Barney Building. Centre Stage took |
{"datasets_id": 1044, "wiki_id": "Q5062308", "sp": 10, "sc": 1062, "ep": 14, "ec": 522} | 1,044 | Q5062308 | 10 | 1,062 | 14 | 522 | Centre Stage (theater) | History & New Play Festival | occupancy of this venue on October 1, 1997, and staged its first performance there on October 2, 1997. New Play Festival The Centre Stage New Play Festival (NPF) receives hundreds of scripts throughout the year submitted by playwrights from around the country and abroad. Four finalists are chosen to be presented in readers’ theater format during each year’s festival. Talkback sessions for the four festival finalists take place immediately following the readings, making the festival an opportunity for playgoers to participate in the creative process that culminates in a full production of the play chosen as festival winner. Previous NPF |
{"datasets_id": 1044, "wiki_id": "Q5062308", "sp": 14, "sc": 522, "ep": 14, "ec": 981} | 1,044 | Q5062308 | 14 | 522 | 14 | 981 | Centre Stage (theater) | New Play Festival | winners include The Edith Whartons by Erwin Palley (winner 2005 NPF, produced 2006), Guided Tour by Peter Snoad (winner 2006 NPF, produced 2007) and The Uncurled Hand by Stephen Kilduff (winner 2007 NPF, produced 2008), "The Legacy" by Adam Siegel (winner 2008 NPF, produced 2009), "Coal Creek" by Walter Thinnes (winner 2009 NPF, produced 2010). Each year's festival features a keynote playwright of national stature, such as Lee Blessing and Arlene Hutton. |
{"datasets_id": 1045, "wiki_id": "Q2945551", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 655} | 1,045 | Q2945551 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 655 | Centre des monuments nationaux | Centre des monuments nationaux The Centre des monuments nationaux (CMN, English: National monuments centre) is a French government body (Établissement public à caractère administratif) which conserves, restores, and manages historic buildings and sites which are the property of the French state. It is run by the Ministry for Culture and Communication.
The CMN is responsible for the upkeep of around 85 monuments, ranging from the prehistoric megaliths at Carnac, medieval fortifications such as the towers at La Rochelle, and Renaissance châteaux such as Azay-le-Rideau, to Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye. The CMN is also responsible for making these monuments accessible to the |
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{"datasets_id": 1045, "wiki_id": "Q2945551", "sp": 4, "sc": 655, "ep": 4, "ec": 1126} | 1,045 | Q2945551 | 4 | 655 | 4 | 1,126 | Centre des monuments nationaux | public, and promoting understanding of the heritage they represent through publishing books and guides, under the imprint Éditions du patrimoine. During 2008, the CNM sites had a total of nearly 8.5 million visitors.
The CMN had an annual budget of €120 million for 2009, which was mainly derived from its own sales, as well as from donations and a subsidy from the Ministry of Culture and Communication. The organisation is based at the Hôtel de Sully in Paris. |
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{"datasets_id": 1046, "wiki_id": "Q5062482", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 98} | 1,046 | Q5062482 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 98 | Centre for International Business at the University of Leeds | History | Centre for International Business at the University of Leeds History CIBUL was founded in 1995 by Professor Peter Buckley, a scholar in international business studies. |
{"datasets_id": 1047, "wiki_id": "Q5062768", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 343} | 1,047 | Q5062768 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 343 | Centro (borough) | History | Centro (borough) History In the mid-nineteenth century, the land that is now the downtown area of the city, belonged to the ranch of Don Santiago Argüello, which was occupied for livestock. Argüello lived until 1862, but after his death, his family continued to live on the ranch, so the children and grandchildren were forming families that settled on their property. |
{"datasets_id": 1048, "wiki_id": "Q5062909", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585} | 1,048 | Q5062909 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 585 | Centro de Estudios Superiores Royal | History | Centro de Estudios Superiores Royal History The royal educational system was born in 1989 with the opening of the Royal English Academy (REA), it was cofounded by Juan de Dios González and Sandra González. The system has been expanded piecemeal to include more levels of education, in 1991 the junior high school opened its doors and it is called "Colegio Bilingüe Real", in 1994 elementary and highschool were added, the highschool is called "Preparatoria Royal", since then, it has managed to break local, state and regional academic and cultural records.
The Royal University was created on August 11, 2003, because of |
{"datasets_id": 1048, "wiki_id": "Q5062909", "sp": 6, "sc": 585, "ep": 10, "ec": 180} | 1,048 | Q5062909 | 6 | 585 | 10 | 180 | Centro de Estudios Superiores Royal | History & High school | high local demand for quality education and having the intention of being the option to study in an excellent university without leaving the city and to form professionals with international vision, competitive spirit, and a solid national culture. As of 2009, the school offers kindergarten, elementary, middle-school, highschool and university. Today the university is well known for the bilingual professionals that graduate with an excellent formation and human values. High school Located in the same building of the university, the royal highschool "Preparatoria Royal" offers high school education in 3 years with the distinctiveness of the system, the royal |
{"datasets_id": 1048, "wiki_id": "Q5062909", "sp": 10, "sc": 180, "ep": 10, "ec": 226} | 1,048 | Q5062909 | 10 | 180 | 10 | 226 | Centro de Estudios Superiores Royal | High school | quality and the teaching of english language. |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 230} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 230 | Cephas Msipa | Education & General career | Cephas Msipa Education Msipa was educated at Siboza School from 1941 to 1943 before going to Dadaya Mission where he was taught by Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole. He left school in 1949 but returned to Dadaya in 1951 to train as a primary school teacher. Between 1953 and 1954, he studied privately for his Matriculation Exemption Certificate General career He taught at schools in Shabani, Kwekwe from 1953 to 1957. He was Headmaster for schools in Harare from 1959 to 1964. During 1963 he attended the World Teachers' Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the same year he attended a |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 10, "sc": 230, "ep": 14, "ec": 96} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 10 | 230 | 14 | 96 | Cephas Msipa | General career & Political career | seminar in Nairobi, Kenya. He was the President of the Rhodesia Teachers' Association from 1961 to 1965. He was dismissed from the teaching profession by the Government in 1964 but was however retained by the Teachers Association which recognised his value by appointing him its paid secretary. Post independence, he rose to become the first anti-Robert Mugabe politician in the ruling party ZANU PF's powerful elite and did not at all lose his national hero status for that rebellion like others had. Political career During his teaching years he became interested in politics. At first Msipa was interested in the |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 14, "sc": 96, "ep": 14, "ec": 688} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 14 | 96 | 14 | 688 | Cephas Msipa | Political career | multi-racial Capricorn Africa Society and the CAP. He later joined the Advisory Board in Kwekwe and became its chairman. He also acted as the Midlands Province correspondent for the African Daily News. He later joined Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) in 1961. Msipa was arrested in November 1965 and served with a two-year detention order. Early in 1966 he walked out of the restriction area and was on the run from the police for 10 weeks before he was arrested and sent for indefinite detention at Gwelo Prison. He remained in detention until June 1970. While in detention he studied |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 14, "sc": 688, "ep": 14, "ec": 1295} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 14 | 688 | 14 | 1,295 | Cephas Msipa | Political career | for an external degree with the University of South Africa and graduated with a Bachelors in Administration.
In 1971 he obtained work as a Public Relations Officer for a textile company. In November 1971 Msipa was invited by Josiah Chinamano to accompany him as a representative of ZAPU during a meeting with Sir Alec Douglas-Home which was also attended by Edson Sithole and Michael Mawema. Msipa was appointed the Secretary General of the ANC but his textile job made it impossible for him to actively participate and he resigned in 1972. He was later appointed the Secretary for Education in the |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 14, "sc": 1295, "ep": 14, "ec": 1926} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 14 | 1,295 | 14 | 1,926 | Cephas Msipa | Political career | ANC in September 1975. He was appointed a member of the ANC delegation to the constitutional conference in Salisbury (now Harare). In January 1976 he left Salisbury on a mission to brief the Governments of Ghana and Nigeria on the progress of the conference. He was announced as a member of the ANC delegation to the Geneva Conference in October 1976.
After Zimbabwe’s independence, Msipa worked in government first as deputy minister of Youth, Sport and Recreation, Manpower Planning and Development and later as minister of Water Resources and Development and lastly as Governor of the Midlands Province. He retired from |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 14, "sc": 1926, "ep": 18, "ec": 457} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 14 | 1,926 | 18 | 457 | Cephas Msipa | Political career & Comments on Zanu PF factionalism and Mugabe | active politics in December 2014 when he decided not to contest for a central committee position. Comments on Zanu PF factionalism and Mugabe Since his retirement from active politics Msipa commented on Zanu PF factionalism and Mugabe. In an interview with a local publication, Msipa spoke on the need for Mugabe to choose a successor: "I am worried and Zimbabweans are worried, and without a proper succession plan, Mugabe’s departure presents a worrying scenario. Mugabe should be looking beyond his party because he is the so-called only centre of power and can do what he wants. I would have him |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 18, "sc": 457, "ep": 18, "ec": 1052} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 18 | 457 | 18 | 1,052 | Cephas Msipa | Comments on Zanu PF factionalism and Mugabe | use that opportunity to now move and set out a clear succession plan."
Msipa went on to say that Mugabe could take a cue from the late Tanzanian founding leader, Julius Nyerere, who stepped down and allowed for a peaceful and orderly transition,
"I am not asking him to re-invent the wheel. There are examples all over, like Nyerere did in Tanzania. He needs to really think about it and understand that a peaceful transition will be the best thing he could bequeath to this country. Zimbabweans might actually forgive him for everything he is accused of having done in the past |
{"datasets_id": 1049, "wiki_id": "Q27380169", "sp": 18, "sc": 1052, "ep": 26, "ec": 160} | 1,049 | Q27380169 | 18 | 1,052 | 26 | 160 | Cephas Msipa | Comments on Zanu PF factionalism and Mugabe & Personal life & Death | three-and-half decades." Personal life Msipa was born in Shabani in a family of 10 children. He was married to Charlotte Msipa and they had eight children. Death Msipa died at West End clinic in Harare around 4 am on 17 October after being hospitalised over a suspected chest infection that had degenerated into pneumonia. |
{"datasets_id": 1050, "wiki_id": "Q5063875", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 264} | 1,050 | Q5063875 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 264 | Ceraunus | Ceraunus Ceraunus (Céran) (died 614) was bishop of Paris. His relics are in the church of St. Genevieve, Paris; they are on the altar of St Clotilda. He is also said to have been bishop 609 to 622.
He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, his feast day is 27 September. |
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{"datasets_id": 1051, "wiki_id": "Q5064067", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 670} | 1,051 | Q5064067 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 670 | Cerealis | Cerealis Cerealis is a Portuguese food producer and the biggest milling company in Portugal, headquartered in Maia, and founded in 1919 as a cereal processing company. Cerealis Group has two divisions, food producer Cerealis Produtos Alimentares and miller Cerealis Moagens which produce and commercialise a range of products including pasta, biscuits, cornflakes as well as providing milled wheat flour and rye flour to the food manufacturing sector. Cerealis Group is a privately owned company and owns the Portuguese well-known brands Milaneza and Nacional. The company's exporting branch, Cerealis Internacional, exports the groups's products, and has its main clients in the |
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{"datasets_id": 1051, "wiki_id": "Q5064067", "sp": 4, "sc": 670, "ep": 8, "ec": 422} | 1,051 | Q5064067 | 4 | 670 | 8 | 422 | Cerealis | History | United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, United States, Canada, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cuba, South Africa, and Libya. In 2007, about 200,000,000 euros of products were exported by Cerealis. History Founded in 1919 by José Alves de Amorim and Manuel Gonçalves Lage, the company first started out in the milling business, supplying flour for bakeries. Spurred on by their initial success, the founders started diversifying. In 1933, they inaugurated a modern manufacturing plant to produce pastas, launching them on the market with the Milaneza brand name. Milaneza become the leading Pasta-maker on the Portuguese market, |
{"datasets_id": 1051, "wiki_id": "Q5064067", "sp": 8, "sc": 422, "ep": 8, "ec": 1079} | 1,051 | Q5064067 | 8 | 422 | 8 | 1,079 | Cerealis | History | being the first one of its kind to be certified. The Grupo Amorim Lage ("Amorim Lage Group") become one of the largest Iberian companies in the sector and the oldest in continuous operation in Portugal. In order to certify the quality of its products and manufacturing process, Milaneza is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, with NP EN ISO 9002 certification and certified HACCP systems.
Operating in a large number of markets, including the European Union, Portuguese-speaking African countries, the United States, and Canada, exports account for over 25% of the company's business turnover; the company continued to expand in the 2000s. In |
{"datasets_id": 1051, "wiki_id": "Q5064067", "sp": 8, "sc": 1079, "ep": 8, "ec": 1663} | 1,051 | Q5064067 | 8 | 1,079 | 8 | 1,663 | Cerealis | History | 2005, the Grupo Amorim Lage, affiliated with the Associação Empresarial de Portugal since 1930, with its subsidiaries Milaneza, Nacional, and Harmonia, was renamed and organized into a new company, Cerealis, SGPS, S.A., Cerealis Produtos Alimentares, S.A. In 2006, three companies (Spain's Ebro Puleva and Grupo Gallo and Italy's Barilla S.p.A.) all rumoured to be interested in sealing a deal to acquire Portugal's leading pasta maker Cerealis. The proposed sale, according to Dow Jones, was worth over €100 million ($121.12 million) but Cerealis management team refused the offers. |
{"datasets_id": 1052, "wiki_id": "Q18822194", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 497} | 1,052 | Q18822194 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 497 | Cervidpoxvirus | Structure & Lifecycle | Cervidpoxvirus Structure Viruses in Cervidpoxvirus are enveloped, with brick-shaped geometries. Genomes are linear, around 154 kb in length. Lifecycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans, which mediate endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane releases the core into the host cytoplasm. In the early phase, early genes are transcribed in the cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes after infection. The core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, and the viral genome is |
{"datasets_id": 1052, "wiki_id": "Q18822194", "sp": 10, "sc": 497, "ep": 10, "ec": 1218} | 1,052 | Q18822194 | 10 | 497 | 10 | 1,218 | Cervidpoxvirus | Lifecycle | now free in the cytoplasm. In the intermediate phase, intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication about 100 minutes after infection. In the late phase, late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours postinfection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing spherical immature particles. These particles mature into brick-shaped intracellular mature virions, which can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion host receptors, which mediate endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the |
{"datasets_id": 1052, "wiki_id": "Q18822194", "sp": 10, "sc": 1218, "ep": 10, "ec": 1415} | 1,052 | Q18822194 | 10 | 1,218 | 10 | 1,415 | Cervidpoxvirus | Lifecycle | method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host.
Deer serve as the natural host. |
{"datasets_id": 1053, "wiki_id": "Q2967883", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 464} | 1,053 | Q2967883 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 464 | Château Haldimand | History | Château Haldimand The Château Haldimand was a castle that stood where the Château Frontenac now stands in Quebec City. The building was constructed between 1784 and 1786. History In 1784 the then governor of Quebec, Frederick Haldimand, ordered construction of the château. It became the seat of the colonial government of the province of Quebec from 1786 to 1791.
In 1860, the Canadian government established administrative offices and the headquarters of the Legislative Assembly of Canada in this castle until 1866.
The castle was later used as part of Laval University until 1892, when it was demolished to make way for the |
{"datasets_id": 1053, "wiki_id": "Q2967883", "sp": 8, "sc": 464, "ep": 8, "ec": 503} | 1,053 | Q2967883 | 8 | 464 | 8 | 503 | Château Haldimand | History | construction of the Château Frontenac. |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 315} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 315 | Château de Clermont | Wings | Château de Clermont The Château de Clermont, built between 1643 and 1649, is located in the commune of Le Cellier, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Nantes in France. It was owned by the Maupassant family before becoming the property of the actor Louis de Funès. Wings The two wings contained the servants rooms: sleeping quarters, stables, and greenhouses, placed where they could be watched by the master of the house. Where the wings join the main body of the house are the kitchens on the right and on the left the chapel, the altar still displaying its original retable. From the |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 8, "sc": 315, "ep": 8, "ec": 862} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 8 | 315 | 8 | 862 | Château de Clermont | Wings | centre of the wings arched passages arched lead out: on the right to the gardens and on the left to the farmyard. The two entrances provide both convenience and break the monotony of the formal lines. A gallery runs along the first floor of the right-hand wing.
The wings of Clermont are very different from those of other châteaux from the same period of the 17th century. Up until 1624, wings were designed to be of the same or very similar height to that of the main house, so the courtyard was enclosed on three sides, an echo of the |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 8, "sc": 862, "ep": 8, "ec": 1473} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 8 | 862 | 8 | 1,473 | Château de Clermont | Wings | former defensive role of castles. The Rocher-Portail, near Fougères, is a rare intact example of this kind of architecture. Clermont is one of the last châteaux to have wings attached to the central building in this fashion. They are, however, smaller, lower and have an Italian influence, natural enough at a time when many French architects were studying in Rome and Venice. Clermont was completed just before 1650, the year when, following the trend started by the builders of Vaux-le-Vicomte and François Mansart at the Château de Beaumesnil, the central bodies of the majority of new castles started to be |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 8, "sc": 1473, "ep": 16, "ec": 200} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 8 | 1,473 | 16 | 200 | Château de Clermont | Wings & Mixture of styles & History | built separated from the wings. Mixture of styles In a design that was, at the time, very modern, there are a number of features that are reminiscent of older architecture: corbelling is used on both the northern and southern sides, and on the Loire side machicolations are utilised to support the high roofs. Regardless of their architectural heritage, overall the features blend to a harmonious whole. History The château was inherited by the de Funès family from an aunt, the Countess of Maupassant. It was built by the Chenu de Clermont, a family of important military administrators. René Chenu, (1599–1672) |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 16, "sc": 200, "ep": 16, "ec": 812} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 16 | 200 | 16 | 812 | Château de Clermont | History | was a long-time governor of the fortified towns of Oudon and Champtoceaux which dominated the Loire upstream. His son Hardy Chenu (1621–1683) was in charge of the fortifications, cities, castles and fortified towns of Brittany.
The Chenu were vassals of the House of Condé, who had many holdings in the west of France, and this feudal relationship, so strong under Ancien Régime, was increased by a strong personal friendship. Rene Chenu was the contemporary and loyal ally of Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé. The birth and death of Hardy Chenu coincide with those of Louis II de Bourbon-Condé, the |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 16, "sc": 812, "ep": 16, "ec": 1400} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 16 | 812 | 16 | 1,400 | Château de Clermont | History | Grand Condé, whom he served. It is traditionally held that one of the Chenu, either the father or the son, saved the life of their master, and that Clermont was constructed to express his recognition of the act. In any case, the construction of Clermont, with its imposing proportions, testifies to some princely expenditure. The Château de Clermont was built shortly after the Battle of Rocroi (19 May 1643), where the Grand Condé, saved the throne of the enfant Louis XIV and merited a considerable reward. It reflects enthusiasm of a period filled with glory. For 30 years the château |
{"datasets_id": 1054, "wiki_id": "Q2095479", "sp": 16, "sc": 1400, "ep": 16, "ec": 1540} | 1,054 | Q2095479 | 16 | 1,400 | 16 | 1,540 | Château de Clermont | History | was the property of French comedian Louis de Funès. In 2013 the mansion was converted to a museum dedicated to the life and times of Funès. |
{"datasets_id": 1055, "wiki_id": "Q2182818", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 221} | 1,055 | Q2182818 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 221 | Château de Gizeux | Geography & History | Château de Gizeux Geography The Château de Gizeux is situated some fifteen kilometres north of Bourgueil and 25 kilometres from Saumur, within the green and wooded parc naturel régional de Loire-Anjou-Touraine. It is midway between Angers and Tours.
The château was part of the former province of Anjou and today is in Touraine angevine. It was built on the site of a 14th-century castle. History The manor of Gizeux belonged to the family of the poet Joachim du Bellay from 1315 to 1660.
The château then became the property of several marquises of Gizeux from the family of Contades.
In 1789, during |
{"datasets_id": 1055, "wiki_id": "Q2182818", "sp": 10, "sc": 221, "ep": 14, "ec": 169} | 1,055 | Q2182818 | 10 | 221 | 14 | 169 | Château de Gizeux | History & Description | the French Revolution, Prince Louis Gabriel de Contades (1759–1825), opposing the revolutionaries, had to flee from French soil and find refuge in Saint-Domingue. He only returned to Gizeux in 1801.
The Château de Gizeux was a dependency of the sénéchaussée de Saumur and the former province of Anjou.
In 1790, this part of Anjou, stretching from Bourgueil in the south to Château-la-Vallière in the north and including Gizeux, was attached to the département of Indre-et-Loire. Description The buildings have conserved the parts built at different times. Thus, the medieval style mixes with that of the Renaissance.
The château has two large galleries |
{"datasets_id": 1055, "wiki_id": "Q2182818", "sp": 14, "sc": 169, "ep": 14, "ec": 838} | 1,055 | Q2182818 | 14 | 169 | 14 | 838 | Château de Gizeux | Description | of paintings: the Galerie François Ier (François I) decorated with Italian paintings form the start of the 17th century, and the Grande Galerie des Châteaux decorated with late 17th-century painting, including panels representing royal palaces and rural scenes covering more than 400 m².
The park land was established in 1829.
Nearby, a church houses the Du Bellays' splendid tombs. The extremely rare 17th century orants were made of white marble by Ghislain (known as Cambrai), director of the Académie royale de peinture et sculpture in Paris.
The Château de Gizeux has been listed since 1945 as a monument historique by the French Ministry |
{"datasets_id": 1055, "wiki_id": "Q2182818", "sp": 14, "sc": 838, "ep": 14, "ec": 850} | 1,055 | Q2182818 | 14 | 838 | 14 | 850 | Château de Gizeux | Description | of Culture. |
{"datasets_id": 1056, "wiki_id": "Q1016089", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 375} | 1,056 | Q1016089 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 375 | Chénérailles | Geography & History | Chénérailles Geography A small town situated at the junction of the D997, D4, D7 and D55 roads, 12 miles to the north of Aubusson, on a hill dominating marshy areas from which rises a tributary of the Voueize. History Originally a fortified stronghold going back to before Roman times, there’s plenty of evidence found of Roman occupation too (urns, papryus ashes, coins and medallions of the emperors Maximilian, Gallien, Gordien and Licinius). The city was once surrounded by a strong wall, in the middle of which there was a castle (since destroyed). These days, the site is occupied by the |
{"datasets_id": 1056, "wiki_id": "Q1016089", "sp": 10, "sc": 375, "ep": 10, "ec": 960} | 1,056 | Q1016089 | 10 | 375 | 10 | 960 | Chénérailles | History | parish church of St Barthélémy.
Chénérailles suffered from the wars against the English early in the 15th century, being almost completely destroyed, but Jacques and Bernard of Armagnac, Comtes de la Marche, rebuilt the place between the years 1430 and 1440. The first of these Counts, Jacques, re-confirmed several privileges that had been granted to Chénérailles, in 1265, by Hugues XII of Lusignan. In 1592, towards the end of the French Wars of Religion, the city supported the Catholic League and was besieged for 8 months, only surrendering when they were starved out. |
{"datasets_id": 1057, "wiki_id": "Q5119026", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 368} | 1,057 | Q5119026 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 368 | Chūnan, Kagawa | Chūnan, Kagawa Chūnan (仲南町 Chūnan-chō) was a town located in Nakatado District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,681 and a density of 80.51 persons per km². The total area was 58.14 km².
On March 20, 2006, Chūnan, along with the town of Kotonami (also from Nakatado District), was merged into the expanded town of Mannō. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1058, "wiki_id": "Q4504468", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 15} | 1,058 | Q4504468 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 15 | Chain (algebraic topology) | Integration on chains & Boundary operator on chains | Chain (algebraic topology) In algebraic topology, a k-chain
is a formal linear combination of the k-cells in a cell complex. In simplicial complexes (respectively, cubical complexes), k-chains are combinations of k-simplices (respectively, k-cubes). Chains are used in homology; the elements of a homology group are equivalence classes of chains. Integration on chains Integration is defined on chains by taking the linear combination of integrals over the simplices in the chain with coefficients (which are typically integers).
The set of all k-chains forms a group and the sequence of these groups is called a chain complex. Boundary operator on chains The boundary of |
{"datasets_id": 1058, "wiki_id": "Q4504468", "sp": 12, "sc": 15, "ep": 12, "ec": 593} | 1,058 | Q4504468 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 593 | Chain (algebraic topology) | Boundary operator on chains | a chain is the linear combination of boundaries of the simplices in the chain. The boundary of a k-chain is a (k−1)-chain. Note that the boundary of a simplex is not a simplex, but a chain with coefficients 1 or −1 – thus chains are the closure of simplices under the boundary operator.
Example 1: The boundary of a path is the formal difference of its endpoints: it is a telescoping sum. To illustrate, if the 1-chain is a path from point to point , where
,
and
are its constituent 1-simplices, then
Example 2: The boundary of the |
{"datasets_id": 1058, "wiki_id": "Q4504468", "sp": 12, "sc": 593, "ep": 12, "ec": 1220} | 1,058 | Q4504468 | 12 | 593 | 12 | 1,220 | Chain (algebraic topology) | Boundary operator on chains | triangle is a formal sum of its edges with signs arranged to make the traversal of the boundary counterclockwise.
A chain is called a cycle when its boundary is zero. A chain that is the boundary of another chain is called a boundary. Boundaries are cycles,
so chains form a chain complex, whose homology groups (cycles modulo boundaries) are called simplicial homology groups.
Example 3: A 0-cycle is a linear combination of points such that the sum of all the coefficients is 0. Thus, the 0-homology group measures the number of path connected components of the space.
Example 4: The plane |
{"datasets_id": 1058, "wiki_id": "Q4504468", "sp": 12, "sc": 1220, "ep": 12, "ec": 1489} | 1,058 | Q4504468 | 12 | 1,220 | 12 | 1,489 | Chain (algebraic topology) | Boundary operator on chains | punctured at the origin has nontrivial 1-homology group since the unit circle is a cycle, but not a boundary.
In differential geometry, the duality between the boundary operator on chains and the exterior derivative is expressed by the general Stokes' theorem. |
{"datasets_id": 1059, "wiki_id": "Q42378045", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 152} | 1,059 | Q42378045 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 152 | Chalavadi | Origin & Karnataka | Chalavadi Origin Chalvadi is said to be disciples of Basava. They came with the Maharaja of the Vijayanagar empire and settled in different districts. they are considered as the right-hand caste as opposed to the left-hand who are the Madars or Madiga.
Chalavadi's were agricultural labourer during the 17th century to 18th century and were divided into Kuliyalugalu (hired labourer's) and Muladalugalu or Mulada Holeya (hereditary serfs) depending on nature of employment in Agrarian society. Karnataka The important sections of Holeyas were the Pombada (Bhuta dancers), the Bakuda or Mundala, the Holeya or Mari Holeya, the Koragar (basket maker) & Nalke |
{"datasets_id": 1059, "wiki_id": "Q42378045", "sp": 10, "sc": 152, "ep": 10, "ec": 235} | 1,059 | Q42378045 | 10 | 152 | 10 | 235 | Chalavadi | Karnataka | (Bhuta Dancers). but only Holeya or Mari Holeya considered Chalavadis, not others. |
{"datasets_id": 1060, "wiki_id": "Q1375726", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 191} | 1,060 | Q1375726 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 191 | Challenge International de Tourisme 1934 | Overview | Challenge International de Tourisme 1934 The Challenge 1934 was the fourth and last FAI International Tourist Plane Contest (French: Challenge International de Tourisme), that took place between August 28 and September 16, 1934, in Warsaw, Poland. The four Challenges, from 1929 to 1934, were major aviation events in pre-war Europe. The 1934 Challenge was won by the Polish pilots, who had also won the previous year. Overview Poland and the Polish Aero Club organized the contest because a Polish pilot Franciszek Żwirko had won the previous Challenge in 1932. The contest rules were announced in June 1933: like the |
{"datasets_id": 1060, "wiki_id": "Q1375726", "sp": 8, "sc": 191, "ep": 8, "ec": 805} | 1,060 | Q1375726 | 8 | 191 | 8 | 805 | Challenge International de Tourisme 1934 | Overview | previous contest, it consisted of three parts: technical trials, a rally over Europe and a maximum speed trial, but there were changes in details. Since one of the aims of the Challenges was to stimulate the development of tourist aircraft, a stress was placed upon aircraft performance and quality, although pilots' skills remained crucial.
The opening ceremony was held at noon on August 28, 1934, at Mokotowskie field in Warsaw (the Italian team was late by two hours due to weather and arrived during the ceremony). During an air show, a Polish fighter PZL P.7a performing aerobatics crashed, but the |
{"datasets_id": 1060, "wiki_id": "Q1375726", "sp": 8, "sc": 805, "ep": 8, "ec": 1421} | 1,060 | Q1375726 | 8 | 805 | 8 | 1,421 | Challenge International de Tourisme 1934 | Overview | pilot survived with injuries.
The number of crews and aircraft that eventually took part in the 1934 Challenge was smaller - 34 compared to 43 in the 1932 Challenge, because the contest was more difficult. The aircraft flew with a two-man crew (pilot and mechanic). Only four countries entered teams for the Challenge in 1934: Poland (12 crews), Germany (13 crews), Italy (6 crews) and Czechoslovakia (3 crews). The British aviator Walter MacPherson entered the contest in the Polish team. The French team of eight crews resigned from the contest, because a development of a new aircraft, the Caudron C.500 |
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