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{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 18, "sc": 961, "ep": 18, "ec": 1557} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 18 | 961 | 18 | 1,557 | Charles III of Spain | Conquest of Naples and Sicily | be in charge. Charles inspected the Spanish troops at Perugia, and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the Papal States then ruled by Clement XII.
The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain Lombardy, had only limited resources for the defence of Naples, and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility were against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to Charles, who would be more likely to live and rule |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 18, "sc": 1557, "ep": 18, "ec": 2160} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 18 | 1,557 | 18 | 2,160 | Charles III of Spain | Conquest of Naples and Sicily | there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took Procida and Ischia, two islands in the Bay of Naples. A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked defensive position of the Austrians under general Traun, and forced them to withdraw to Capua. This allowed Charles and his troops to advance onto the city of Naples itself.
The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa, left some garrisons holding the city's fortresses, |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 18, "sc": 2160, "ep": 18, "ec": 2805} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 18 | 2,160 | 18 | 2,805 | Charles III of Spain | Conquest of Naples and Sicily | and withdrew to Apulia. There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, Charles received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the privilege book from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity
The Spanish took the Carmine Castle on 10 April; Castel Sant'Elmo |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 18, "sc": 2805, "ep": 22, "ec": 294} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 18 | 2,805 | 22 | 294 | Charles III of Spain | Conquest of Naples and Sicily & Relations with the Holy See | fell on 27 April; the Castel dell'Ovo on 4 May; and finally the New Castle on 6 May. This all occurred even though Charles had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness a review. Relations with the Holy See During the early years of Charles' reign the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason, Pope Clement XII considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples. He did not recognise |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 294, "ep": 22, "ec": 947} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 294 | 22 | 947 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through the apostolic nuncio, the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles' father, the King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer Bernardo Tanucci in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament. Tanucci also implemented a policy of substantially limiting the privileges of the clergy, whose vast possessions enjoyed tax exemption and their own jurisdiction. However, the Neapolitan government also made conciliatory gestures, such as forbidding the |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 947, "ep": 22, "ec": 1527} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 947 | 22 | 1,527 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | return home of the exiled historian Pietro Giannone, unwelcome to the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
The situation worsened when, in 1735, just a few days before the coronation of Charles, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of Hackney from the Emperor rather than from Charles. The "Hackney" was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that Charles had not yet been recognized as ruler of the Kingdom of Naples by a treaty of peace, |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 1527, "ep": 22, "ec": 2127} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 1,527 | 22 | 2,127 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | and so the Emperor was still de jure King of Naples. In addition, receiving the Hackney from the Empire was common, while receiving it from a Bourbon was a novelty. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante.
Meanwhile, Charles had landed in Sicily. Although the Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient Cathedral of Palermo, after having travelled overland to Palmi, and by sea from Palmi to |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 2127, "ep": 22, "ec": 2748} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 2,127 | 22 | 2,748 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | Palermo. The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from the Church. Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as Charles would have wanted.
In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of Palazzo Farnese, which was the personal property of the King Charles; people were brought there to impress them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in the town of |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 2748, "ep": 22, "ec": 3409} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 2,748 | 22 | 3,409 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | Trastevere stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in Piazza di Spagna. During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed including an officer. The disturbances spread to the town of Velletri where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples.
The episode was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. Regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such that |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 3409, "ep": 22, "ec": 4005} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 3,409 | 22 | 4,005 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See | some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for the occupation. Ostia was sacked, while Palestrina avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16000 crowns.
The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king subsequently managed to iron out his differences with |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 22, "sc": 4005, "ep": 24, "ec": 30} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 22 | 4,005 | 24 | 30 | Charles III of Spain | Relations with the Holy See & War of the Austrian Succession | the Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome, Cardinal Acquaviva, the archbishop Giuseppe Spinelli and the chaplain Celestino Galiani. Agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738.
After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by Pope Benedict XIV, who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed the taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiasticals and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal. War of the Austrian Succession |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 26, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 589} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 589 | Charles III of Spain | War of the Austrian Succession | The peace between Charles and Austria was signed in Vienna in 1740. That year, Emperor Charles died leaving his Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary (along with many other lands) to his daughter Maria Theresa; he had hoped the many signatories to the Pragmatic Sanction would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. France was allied with Spain and Prussia, all of whom were against Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain, ruled by George II, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was then ruled by |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 26, "sc": 589, "ep": 26, "ec": 1197} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 26 | 589 | 26 | 1,197 | Charles III of Spain | War of the Austrian Succession | Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.
Charles had wanted to stay neutral during the conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. Charles arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers to go to Italy under the control of Duke of Castropignano, but they were obliged to retreat when British forces under Commodore William Martin threatened to bombard the port of Naples if they did not stay out of the conflict.
The decision to remain neutral was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. Charles' parents encouraged him to take arms |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 26, "sc": 1197, "ep": 26, "ec": 1812} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 26 | 1,197 | 26 | 1,812 | Charles III of Spain | War of the Austrian Succession | as his brother Infante Felipe had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, Charles took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of Lobkowitz, who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border.
In order to oppose the small but powerful pro-Austrian party in Naples, a new council was formed under the direction of Tanucci that resulted in the arrest of more than 800 people. In April Maria Theresa addressed the Neapolitans with a proclamation in which she promised pardons and other benefits for those who rose against the "usurpers", |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 26, "sc": 1812, "ep": 26, "ec": 2449} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 26 | 1,812 | 26 | 2,449 | Charles III of Spain | War of the Austrian Succession | meaning the Bourbons.
The participation of Naples and Sicily in the conflict resulted, on 11 August in the decisive Battle of Velletri, where Neapolitan troops directed by Charles and the Duke of Castropignano, and Spanish troops under the Count of Pledges, defeated the Austrians of Lobkowitz, who retreated with heavy losses. The courage shown by Charles caused the King of Sardinia, his enemy, to write that "he revealed a worthy consistency of his blood and that he behaved gloriously".
The victory at Velletri assured Charles the right to give the title Duke of Parma to his younger brother Infante Felipe. This was |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 26, "sc": 2449, "ep": 30, "ec": 379} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 26 | 2,449 | 30 | 379 | Charles III of Spain | War of the Austrian Succession & Accession to the Spanish throne | recognised in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed in 1748; it was not until the next year that Infante Felipe would officially be the Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. Accession to the Spanish throne At the end of 1758, Charles' half brother Ferdinand VI was displaying the same symptoms of depression that their father used to suffer from. Ferdinand lost his devoted wife, Barbara of Portugal, in August 1758 and fell into deep mourning for her. He named Charles his heir presumptive on 10 December 1758 before leaving Madrid to stay at Villaviciosa de Odón, where he died on 10 |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 30, "sc": 379, "ep": 30, "ec": 979} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 30 | 379 | 30 | 979 | Charles III of Spain | Accession to the Spanish throne | August 1759.
At that point, Charles was proclaimed King of Spain under the name of Charles III of Spain, respecting the third Treaty of Vienna, which stated he would not be able to join the Neapolitan and Sicilian territories to the Spanish throne. He was later given the title of Lord of the Two Sicilies. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, that Charles had not ratified, foresaw the eventuality of his accession to Spain; thus Naples and Sicily went to his brother Philip, Duke of Parma, while the possessions of the latter were divided between Maria Theresa (Parma and Guastalla) and the King |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 30, "sc": 979, "ep": 30, "ec": 1645} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 30 | 979 | 30 | 1,645 | Charles III of Spain | Accession to the Spanish throne | of Sardinia (Plaisance).
Determined to maintain the hold of his descendants on the court of Naples, Charles undertook lengthy diplomatic negotiations with Maria Theresa, and in 1758 the two signed the Fourth Treaty of Versailles, by which Austria formally renounced the Italian Duchies. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, however continued to pressure on the possible gain of Plaisance and even threatened to occupy it.
In order to defend the Duchy of Parma from Charles Emmanuel's threats, Charles deployed troops on the borders of the Papal States. Thanks to the mediation of Louis XV, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claims to Plaisance in exchange |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 30, "sc": 1645, "ep": 30, "ec": 2240} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 30 | 1,645 | 30 | 2,240 | Charles III of Spain | Accession to the Spanish throne | for financial compensation. Charles thus assured the succession of one of his sons and, at the same time, reduced Charles Emmanuel's ambitions. According to Domenico Caracciolo, this was "a fatal blow to the hopes and designs of the king of Sardinia".
The eldest son of Charles, Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria, had learning difficulties and was thus taken out of the line of succession to any throne; he died in Portici where he had been born in 1747. The title of Prince of Asturias was given to Charles, the second-born. The right of succession to Naples and Sicily was reserved for |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 30, "sc": 2240, "ep": 34, "ec": 133} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 30 | 2,240 | 34 | 133 | Charles III of Spain | Accession to the Spanish throne & Ruler of Spain | his third son, Ferdinand; he would stay in Italy while his father was in Spain. Charles' formally abdicated the crowns of Naples and Sicily on 6 October 1759 in favor of Ferdinand. Charles left his son's education and care to a regency council which was composed of eight members. This council would govern the kingdom until the young king was 16 years old.
Charles and his wife arrived in Barcelona on 7 October 1759. Ruler of Spain Unlike his twenty years in the Italian Peninsula, which had been very fruitful, the era on mainland Spain is often regarded with less |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 34, "sc": 133, "ep": 34, "ec": 805} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 34 | 133 | 34 | 805 | Charles III of Spain | Ruler of Spain | joy. Internal politics, as well as diplomatic relationships with other countries underwent complete reform. Charles represented a new type of ruler, who followed Enlightened absolutism. This was a form of absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. Charles shared these ideals with other monarchs, including Maria Theresa of Austria, her son Joseph, and Catherine the Great of |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 34, "sc": 805, "ep": 34, "ec": 1428} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 34 | 805 | 34 | 1,428 | Charles III of Spain | Ruler of Spain | Russia.
The principles of the Enlightenment were applied to his rule in Naples, and he intended to do the same in Spain though on a much larger scale. Charles went about his reform along with the help of the Marquis of Esquilache, Count of Aranda, Count of Campomanes, Count of Floridablanca, Ricardo Wall and the Genoan aristocrat Jerónimo Grimaldi. Thanks to these principles, Charles III decided to forbid bullfighting, a practice he regarded as brutal and uncivilized.
The first crisis that Charles had to deal with was the death of his beloved wife Maria Amalia. She died unexpectedly at the Palace of |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 34, "sc": 1428, "ep": 38, "ec": 433} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 34 | 1,428 | 38 | 433 | Charles III of Spain | Ruler of Spain & Conflicts | Buen Retiro on the eastern outskirts of Madrid, aged 35, on 27 September 1760. She was buried at the El Escorial in the royal crypt. Conflicts The traditional friendship with France brought about the idea that the power of Great Britain would decrease and that of Spain and France would do the opposite; this alliance was marked by a Family Compact signed on 15 August 1761 (called the "Treaty of Paris"). Charles had become deeply concerned that British success in the Seven Years War would destroy the balance of power, and they would soon seek to conquer the Spanish Empire |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 38, "sc": 433, "ep": 38, "ec": 1037} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 38 | 433 | 38 | 1,037 | Charles III of Spain | Conflicts | as they had done the French.
In early 1762, Spain entered the war. The major Spanish objectives to invade Portugal and capture Jamaica were both failures. Britain and Portugal not only repulsed the Spanish attack on Portugal, but captured the cities of Havana and Manila. Charles III wanted to keep fighting the following year, but he was persuaded by the French leadership to stop. The Treaty of Paris (1763) required Spain to cede Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. This was partly compensated by the acquisition of a portion of Louisiana given by France |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 38, "sc": 1037, "ep": 38, "ec": 1666} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 38 | 1,037 | 38 | 1,666 | Charles III of Spain | Conflicts | as a compensation for Spain's war losses.
In the Falklands Crisis of 1770 the Spanish came close to war with Great Britain after expelling the British garrison of the Falkland Islands. However Spain was forced to back down when the British Royal Navy was mobilised and France declined to support Spain.
Continuing territorial disputes with Portugal led to the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, on 1 October 1777, in which Spain got Colonia del Sacramento, in present-day Uruguay, and the Misiones Orientales, in present-day Brazil, but not the western regions of Brazil, and also the Treaty of El Pardo, on 11 March |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 38, "sc": 1666, "ep": 38, "ec": 2325} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 38 | 1,666 | 38 | 2,325 | Charles III of Spain | Conflicts | 1778, in which Spain again conceded that Portuguese Brazil had expanded far west of the longitude specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas, and in return Portugal ceded present-day Equatorial Guinea to Spain.
The rivalry with Britain also led him to support the American revolutionaries in their War of Independence despite his misgivings about the example it would set for the Spanish Colonies. During the war, Spain recovered Menorca and British West Florida in military campaigns, but failed to regain Gibraltar. Spanish military operations in West Florida and on the Mississippi River helped the Thirteen Colonies secure their southern and western |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 38, "sc": 2325, "ep": 42, "ec": 269} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 38 | 2,325 | 42 | 269 | Charles III of Spain | Conflicts & Political policies | frontiers from British attack. The capture of Nassau in the Bahamas enabled Spain to also recover East Florida during peace negotiations. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 confirmed the recovery of the Floridas and Menorca, and restricted the actions of British commercial interests in Central America. Political policies His internal government was, on the whole, beneficial to the country. He began by compelling the people of Madrid to give up emptying their slops out of the windows, and when they objected he said they were like children who cried when their faces were washed. At the |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 269, "ep": 42, "ec": 904} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 269 | 42 | 904 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | time of his accession to Spain, Charles named secretary to the Finances and Treasurer, Marquis of Esquillache and both realised many reforms. The Spanish Army and Navy were reorganised despite the losses from the Seven Years War.
Charles also eliminated the tax on flour generally liberalised most commerce. Despite this action, it provoked the overlord to charge high prices because of the "monopolizers", speculating on the bad harvests of the previous years. On 23 March 1766, his attempt to force the madrileños to adopt French dress for public security reasons was the excuse for a riot (Motín de Esquilache) during which |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 904, "ep": 42, "ec": 1489} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 904 | 42 | 1,489 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | he did not display much personal courage. For a long time after, he remained at Aranjuez, leaving the government in the hands of his minister Count of Aranda. Not all his reforms were of this formal kind.
The Count of Campomanes tried to show Charles that the true leaders of the revolt against Esquilache were the Jesuits. The wealth and power of the Jesuits was very large; and by the royal decree of 27 February 1767, known as the Pragmatic Penalty of 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from Spain, and all their possessions were confiscated. His quarrel with the Jesuits, and |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 1489, "ep": 42, "ec": 2100} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 1,489 | 42 | 2,100 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | the memory of his with the Pope while he was King of Naples turned him towards a general policy of restriction of what he saw as the overgrown power of the Church. The number of reputedly idle clergy, and more particularly of the monastic orders, was reduced, and the Spanish Inquisition, though not abolished, was rendered torpid.
In the meantime, much antiquated legislation which tended to restrict trade and industry was abolished; roads, canals and drainage works were established. Many of his paternal ventures led to little more than waste of money, or the creation of hotbeds of jobbery; yet on |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 2100, "ep": 42, "ec": 2745} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 2,100 | 42 | 2,745 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | the whole the country prospered. The result was largely due to the king, who even when he was ill-advised did at least work steadily at his task of government.
Charles also sought to reform Spanish colonial policy, in order to make Spain's colonies more competitive with the plantations of the French Antilles (particularly the French colony of Saint-Domingue) and Portuguese Brazil. This resulted in the creation of the "Códigos Negros Españoles", or Spanish Black Codes. The Black Codes, which were partly based on the French Code Noir and 13th-century Castilian Siete Partidas, aimed to establish greater legal control over slaves in |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 2745, "ep": 42, "ec": 3382} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 2,745 | 42 | 3,382 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | the Spanish colonies, in order to expand agricultural production. The first code was written for the city of Santo Domingo in 1768, while the second code was written for the recently acquired Spanish territory of Louisiana in 1769. The third code, which was named the "Código Negro Carolino" after Charles himself, divided the freed black and slave populations of Santo Domingo into strictly stratified socio-economic classes.
In Spain, he continued with his work trying to improve the services and facilities of his people. He created the Luxury Porcelain factory under the name of Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro in 1760; Crystal |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 3382, "ep": 42, "ec": 3972} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 3,382 | 42 | 3,972 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | followed at the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja and then there was the Real Fábrica de Platería Martínez in 1778. During his reign, the areas of Asturias and Catalonia industrialised quickly and produced much revenue for the Spanish economy. He then turned to the foreign economy looking towards his colonies in the Americas. In particular, he looked at the finances of the Philippines and encouraged commerce with the United States, starting in 1778. He also carried out a number of public works; he had the Imperial Canal of Aragon constructed, as well a number of routes that led |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 3972, "ep": 42, "ec": 4573} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 3,972 | 42 | 4,573 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | to the capital of Madrid, which is located in the centre of Spain. Other cities were improved during his reign; Seville for example saw the introduction of many new structures such as hospitals and the Archivo General de Indias. In Madrid he was nicknamed the Best Mayor of Madrid, "el rey alcalde". Charles was responsible for granting the title "Royal University" to the University of Santo Tomás in Manila, which is the oldest in Asia.
In the capital, he also had the famous Puerta de Alcalá constructed along with the statue of Alcachofa fountain, and moved and redesigned the Real Jardín |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 4573, "ep": 42, "ec": 5189} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 4,573 | 42 | 5,189 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | Botánico de Madrid. He had the present National Art Museum of Queen Sofia (named in honour of the present Queen of Spain, born Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark) built, as well as the renowned Museo del Prado. At Aranjuez he added wings to the palace.
He created the Spanish Lottery and introduced Christmas cribs following Neapolitan models. During his reign, the movement to found "Economic Societies" (an early form of Chamber of Commerce) was born.
The example of his actions and works was not without effect on other Spanish nobles. In his domestic life, King Charles was regular, and was a |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 5189, "ep": 42, "ec": 5769} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 5,189 | 42 | 5,769 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies | considerate master, though he had a somewhat caustic tongue and took a rather cynical view of humanity. He was passionately fond of hunting. During his later years he had some trouble with his eldest son and daughter-in-law.
The Royal Palace of Madrid had undergone much alteration under his rule. It was in his reign that the huge Comedor de gala (Gala Dining room) was built during the years of 1765–1770; the room took the place of the old apartments of Queen Maria Amalia. He died in the palace on 14 December 1788.
He was buried at the Pantheon of the Kings |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 42, "sc": 5769, "ep": 46, "ec": 500} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 42 | 5,769 | 46 | 500 | Charles III of Spain | Political policies & Birth of a nation | located at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. Birth of a nation Under Charles' reign, Spain began to be recognised as a nation rather than a collection of kingdoms and territories with a common sovereign. His efforts resulted in creation of a national anthem, a flag, a capital city worthy of the name, and the construction of a network of coherent roads converging on Madrid. On 3 September 1770 Charles III declared that the Marcha Real was to be used in official ceremonies. It was Charles who chose the colours of the present flag of Spain; red and yellow. The |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 46, "sc": 500, "ep": 46, "ec": 1075} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 46 | 500 | 46 | 1,075 | Charles III of Spain | Birth of a nation | flag of the military navy was introduced by the king on 28 May 1785. Until then, Spanish vessels sported the white flag of the Bourbons with the arms of the sovereign. This was replaced by Charles due to his concern that it looked too similar to the flags of other nations.
The arms used by Charles while King of Spain were used until 1931 when his great great great grandson Alphonso XIII lost the crown, and the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed (there was also a brief interruption from 1873–75). Felipe VI of Spain, Spain's current monarch, is a direct male |
{"datasets_id": 1082, "wiki_id": "Q36234", "sp": 46, "sc": 1075, "ep": 46, "ec": 1243} | 1,082 | Q36234 | 46 | 1,075 | 46 | 1,243 | Charles III of Spain | Birth of a nation | line descendant of the "rey alcalde". Juan Carlos I is a descendant of Charles by four of his great grandparents, and is also a descendant of Maria Theresa of Austria. |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 623} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 623 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Biography | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken Biography Charles was born in Düsseldorf, the oldest of five children of Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bishwiller-Rappoltstein and Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach. His father converted to his mother's Roman Catholic faith shortly after his birth, he and his siblings being raised in that denomination. He inherited the duchy of Zweibrücken from his paternal uncle, Duke Christian IV, in 1775. He was heir presumptive to his childless cousin Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria whom, however, he predeceased. He ceded to his younger brother Maximilian Joseph the county of Rappoltstein in 1776, having |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 6, "sc": 623, "ep": 10, "ec": 541} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 6 | 623 | 10 | 541 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Biography & Rejected suitor | inherited it when their father died in 1767. Rejected suitor He wanted to marry Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, the eighth child of Empress Maria Theresa. He was well known in the Austrian court, and Maria Amalia was also in love with him. However, Maria Theresa deemed him of insufficient rank to marry an archduchess. Moreover, she wanted to strengthen Austria's alliance with the House of Bourbon by marrying a daughter to Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, a grandson of the French king, Louis XV. This was to be Maria Amalia, due to the death of another daughter, Maria Josepha.
Maria Amalia's |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 10, "sc": 541, "ep": 14, "ec": 282} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 10 | 541 | 14 | 282 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Rejected suitor & Bavarian claims | older brother, Emperor Joseph II, also favored the marriage of his sister to the Duke of Parma, who was the younger brother of his beloved wife, Isabella. So in 1769, Maria Amalia was married to Ferdinand against her will. This decision not only permanently embittered Charles against the Empress and Austria but also Maria Amalia against her mother. Bavarian claims His cousin Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, died without children in December 1777. Their mutual cousin, Charles Theodore of Sulzbach, then Elector Palatine, succeeded Maximilian Joseph as prince elector. However, Charles Theodore had no legitimate children to inherit his |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 14, "sc": 282, "ep": 14, "ec": 928} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 14 | 282 | 14 | 928 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Bavarian claims | combined holdings in Bavaria and the Palatinate, so Charles August became the heir to the Wittelsbach territories of: Zweibrucken (his own duchy), the duchies of Neuburg, Sulzbach, Julich and Berg, in addition to the electorates of the Palatinate and Bavaria (though exercising only one electoral vote in the College of Electors, as stipulated in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648). Charles Theodore preferred the Palatinate and therefore tried to exchange parts of his Bavarian inheritance with Joseph II of Austria in return for parts of the Austrian Netherlands. Although Charles Theodore would have preferred to exchange the entire complex of |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 14, "sc": 928, "ep": 14, "ec": 1627} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 14 | 928 | 14 | 1,627 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Bavarian claims | territories of Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands, the Austrian court would not countenance an outright exchange and a final arrangement was never concluded.
Charles August, being next in line for the Bavarian territories, objected strenuously. He obtained the active support of Frederick the Great of Prussia and the Elector Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. The French government under Foreign Minister Vergennes passively supported Charles II August despite France's formal alliance with Austria.
The War of the Bavarian Succession was resolved without prolonged fighting; Charles Theodore succeeded in all of Bavaria except for the district east of the Inn River, known as the |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 14, "sc": 1627, "ep": 18, "ec": 200} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 14 | 1,627 | 18 | 200 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Bavarian claims & Marriage | Innviertel, assigned to Austria by the Peace of Teschen (May 1779). A second attempt to make the exchange in 1784 was also opposed by Charles August, again with Prussian support, and also failed. However, Charles Theodore outlived Charles August who, dying in 1795 without sons, left his claim to Bavaria to his brother, Maximilian Joseph, who would succeed in vastly enlarging that realm and, in 1806, becoming its king. Marriage In Dresden in 1774, Charles married Maria Amalia of Saxony, daughter of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (and granddaughter of Emperor Charles VII, Elector of Bavaria). Their only child, Charles |
{"datasets_id": 1083, "wiki_id": "Q64918", "sp": 18, "sc": 200, "ep": 18, "ec": 527} | 1,083 | Q64918 | 18 | 200 | 18 | 527 | Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken | Marriage | Augustus Frederick, died at the age of eight on 21 August 1784. Upon the death of Charles II August the title of Duke of Zweibrücken was inherited by his brother Maximilian, the first of many to which he would succeed.
Charles August was the principal owner of the famous Karlsberg Castle. He died at Mannheim in 1795. |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 351} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 351 | Charles M. Schwab | Early life & Career | Charles M. Schwab Early life Charles Schwab, was born in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania, the son of Pauline (née Farabaugh) and John Anthony Schwab. All four of his grandparents were Roman Catholic immigrants from Germany. Schwab was raised in Loretto, Pennsylvania, which he considered his home town. Career Schwab began his career as an engineer in Andrew Carnegie's steelworks, starting as a stake-driver in the engineering corps of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Furnaces in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was promoted often, including to the positions of general superintendent of the Homestead Works in 1887 and general superintendent of the Edgar Thomson |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 351, "ep": 10, "ec": 966} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 351 | 10 | 966 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | Steel Works in 1890. In 1897, at only 35 years of age, he became president of the Carnegie Steel Company. In 1901, he helped negotiate the secret sale of Carnegie Steel to a group of New York–based financiers led by J. P. Morgan. After the buyout, Schwab became the first president of the U.S. Steel Corporation, the company formed out of Carnegie's former holdings.
After several clashes with Morgan and fellow US Steel executive Elbert Gary, Schwab left USS in 1903 to run the Bethlehem Shipbuilding and Steel Company in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The company had gained shipyards in California, Delaware, |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 966, "ep": 10, "ec": 1577} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 966 | 10 | 1,577 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | and New Jersey through its brief but fortunate involvement as one of the few solvent enterprises in United States Shipbuilding Company. Under his leadership (and that of Eugene Grace), it became the largest independent steel producer in the world. A major part of Bethlehem Steel's success was the development of the H-beam, a precursor of today's ubiquitous I-beam. Schwab was interested in mass-producing the wide flange steel beam, but that was a risky venture that required raising capital and building a large new plant, all to make a product whose ability to sell was unproven. In his most famous remark, |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 1577, "ep": 10, "ec": 2253} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 1,577 | 10 | 2,253 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | Schwab told his secretary, "I've thought the whole thing over, and if we are going bust, we will go bust big."
In 1908, Bethlehem Steel began making the beam, which revolutionized building construction and contributed to the age of the skyscraper. Its success helped make Bethlehem Steel the second-largest steel company in the world. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania was incorporated, virtually as a company town, by uniting four previous villages. In 1910, Schwab broke the Bethlehem Steel strike by calling out the newly formed Pennsylvania State Police. Schwab successfully kept labor unions out of Bethlehem Steel throughout his tenure (although Bethlehem Steel unionized |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 2253, "ep": 10, "ec": 2889} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 2,253 | 10 | 2,889 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | in 1941, two years after his death).
In 1911, Bethlehem Steel formed a company soccer team known as Bethlehem Steel F.C. In 1914 Schwab took the team professional. Until its demise in 1930, the team won eight league championships, six American Cups and five National Challenge Cups. It was considered among the greatest soccer teams in U.S. history. The company disbanded the team as a result of financial losses incurred during the internecine 1928–1929 "Soccer Wars" between American Soccer League and United States Football Association and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929.
During the first years of World |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 2889, "ep": 10, "ec": 3551} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 2,889 | 10 | 3,551 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | War I, Bethlehem Steel had a virtual monopoly in contracts to supply the Allies with certain kinds of munitions. Schwab made many visits to Europe in connection with the manufacture and supply of munitions to the Allied governments, during this period. He circumvented American neutrality laws by funneling goods through Canada.
On April 16, 1918, Schwab became Director General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, a board granted by Congress with master authority over all shipbuilding in the United States. He was appointed over Charles Piez, the former general manager of the corporation. President Wilson had specifically asked Schwab to assume this |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 3551, "ep": 10, "ec": 4223} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 3,551 | 10 | 4,223 | Charles M. Schwab | Career | responsibility. Schwab's biggest change to the shipbuilding effort was to abandon the cost plus profit contracting system that had been in place up to that time and begin issuing fixed-price contracts. After America's entry into the war, he was accused of profiteering but was later acquitted.
Schwab was considered to be a risk taker and was highly controversial (Thomas Edison once famously called him the "master hustler"). Schwab's lucrative contract providing steel to the Trans-Siberian Railroad came after he provided a $200,000 "gift" to the mistress of the Grand Duke Alexis Aleksandrovich.
His innovative ways of dealing with his staff are given |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 10, "sc": 4223, "ep": 14, "ec": 55} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 10 | 4,223 | 14 | 55 | Charles M. Schwab | Career & Personal life | a mention in Dale Carnegie's most famous work, How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936). In 1928, Schwab was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal for "outstanding services to the steel industry". In 1932 he was awarded the Melchett Medal by the British Institute of Fuel In 1982, Schwab was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame. In 2011 Schwab was inducted into the inaugural class of the American Metal Market Steel Hall of Fame (http://www.amm.com/HOF-Profile/CharlesSchwab.html) for his lifelong work in the US steel industry. Personal life Schwab married Emma Eurana Dinkey (1859–1939) on May 1, |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 14, "sc": 55, "ep": 14, "ec": 690} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 14 | 55 | 14 | 690 | Charles M. Schwab | Personal life | 1883. Mrs. Schwab had lived in Weatherly, Pennsylvania and donated $85,000 to build a school there.
Schwab eventually became very wealthy. He moved to New York City's Upper West Side, which at the time was considered the "wrong" side of Central Park, where he built "Riverside", the most ambitious private house ever built in New York. The US$7 million 75-room house, designed by French architect Maurice Hebert, combined details from three French chateaux on a full city block. After Schwab's death, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia turned down a proposal to make Riverside the official mayoral residence, deeming it too grandiose. |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 14, "sc": 690, "ep": 14, "ec": 1346} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 14 | 690 | 14 | 1,346 | Charles M. Schwab | Personal life | It was eventually razed and replaced by an apartment block.
Schwab also owned a 44-room summer estate on 1,000 acres (4 km²) in Loretto, Pennsylvania, called "Immergrün" (German for "evergreen"). The house featured opulent gardens and a nine-hole golf course. Rather than raze the existing house, Schwab had the mansion moved 200 feet on rollers to a new location to make room for the new mansion. Schwab's estate sold Immergrün after his death, and it is now Mount Assisi Friary on the grounds of Saint Francis University.
Schwab became notorious for his "fast lane" lifestyle including opulent parties, high-stakes gambling, and a string |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 14, "sc": 1346, "ep": 14, "ec": 1961} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 14 | 1,346 | 14 | 1,961 | Charles M. Schwab | Personal life | of extramarital affairs producing at least one child out of wedlock. The affairs and the out-of-wedlock child soured his relationship with his wife. He became an international celebrity when he "broke the bank" at Monte Carlo and traveled in a $100,000 private rail car named "Loretto". Even before the Great Depression, he had already spent most of his fortune, estimated at between $25 million and $40 million. Adjusted for inflation, that equates to between $500 million and $800 million in the first decade of the 21st century.
The stock market crash of 1929 finished off what years of wanton spending |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 14, "sc": 1961, "ep": 14, "ec": 2519} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 14 | 1,961 | 14 | 2,519 | Charles M. Schwab | Personal life | had started. He spent his last years in a small apartment. He could no longer afford the taxes on "Riverside" and it was seized by creditors. He had offered to sell the mansion at a huge loss but there were no buyers. At his death ten years later, Schwab's holdings in Bethlehem Steel were virtually worthless, and he was over US$300,000 in debt. Had he lived a few more years, he would have seen his fortunes restored when Bethlehem Steel was flooded with orders for war material. He was buried in Loretto at Saint Michael's Cemetery in a private mausoleum |
{"datasets_id": 1084, "wiki_id": "Q365218", "sp": 14, "sc": 2519, "ep": 14, "ec": 3067} | 1,084 | Q365218 | 14 | 2,519 | 14 | 3,067 | Charles M. Schwab | Personal life | with his wife. Schwab had no children by Eurana Dinkey, but had one daughter by a mistress.
A bust-length portrait of Schwab painted in 1903 by Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) was formerly in the Jessica Dragonette Collection at the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming at Laramie, but has been donated to the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. Müller-Ury also painted his nephew and namesake Charles M. Schwab (son of his brother Joseph) as a boy in a sailor suit around the same date. |
{"datasets_id": 1085, "wiki_id": "Q5080908", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 395} | 1,085 | Q5080908 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 395 | Charles Meredith (politician) | Early life | Charles Meredith (politician) Charles Meredith (29 May 1811 – 2 March 1880) was an Australian Grazier and Politician, Tasmanian Colonial Treasurer for several years in the mid-to-late 19th century. Early life Meredith was born at Poyston Lodge, Pembroke, Wales, the youngest son of George Meredith and his wife, Sarah Westall Hicks. He was descended in a direct line from the last kings of Wales. His father saw service in the royal marines during the Napoleonic wars, and later decided to emigrate to Van Diemen's Land (later called Tasmania). He arrived at Hobart with his father, wife and family on 18 |
{"datasets_id": 1085, "wiki_id": "Q5080908", "sp": 8, "sc": 395, "ep": 8, "ec": 956} | 1,085 | Q5080908 | 8 | 395 | 8 | 956 | Charles Meredith (politician) | Early life | March 1821 and became one of the best known of the early pioneers. Charles assisted his father in farming in Tasmania for some time.
In 1834 Meredith went to New South Wales and took up land on the Murrumbidgee River after being denied a grant of land by Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur. He visited England in 1838 and on 18 April 1839 married his cousin, Louisa Anne Twamley. On his return to Australia he spent two years in New South Wales, but it was a depressed period and he made heavy losses. He then went to Tasmania, and in 1843 was appointed |
{"datasets_id": 1085, "wiki_id": "Q5080908", "sp": 8, "sc": 956, "ep": 12, "ec": 535} | 1,085 | Q5080908 | 8 | 956 | 12 | 535 | Charles Meredith (politician) | Early life & Political career | a police magistrate at Port Sorell in the north-west. Political career Meredith became a member of the original Tasmanian Legislative Council and was elected for Glamorgan in the first house of assembly in 1856. He was colonial treasurer in the Thomas Gregson ministry for two months in 1857, and held the same position in the James Whyte ministry from January 1863 to November 1866. He was opposition leader 1862–63 and November 1866–72. He held the lands and works portfolios in the Frederick Innes cabinet from November 1872 to August 1873, and was again colonial treasurer in the Thomas Reibey ministry |
{"datasets_id": 1085, "wiki_id": "Q5080908", "sp": 12, "sc": 535, "ep": 16, "ec": 375} | 1,085 | Q5080908 | 12 | 535 | 16 | 375 | Charles Meredith (politician) | Political career & Late life and legacy | from July 1876 to August 1877. In total, he was in parliament almost 24 years and was a member of the executive council for 17 years. Late life and legacy Meredith resigned his seat on account of ill-health in 1879, and died at Launceston, Tasmania, on 2 March 1880. His wife and children survived him.
Meredith was one of the few Tasmanians whose name has been publicly commemorated; a mountain range in north-east Tasmania is named for him and a fountain in his memory was erected in the Queen's domain, Hobart, in 1885. |
{"datasets_id": 1086, "wiki_id": "Q5081011", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 567} | 1,086 | Q5081011 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 567 | Charles Mole | Career | Charles Mole Career Mole was born in 1886 in Broadhempston in the English county of Devon. He was initially educated at Lipson Grammar School in Plymouth.
In 1911, he began working for the Office of Works, which later became the Ministry of Works. Amongst other things, he was involved in the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. For his work in the Office, he was made a Member of the Victorian Order (MVO) in 1937.
In 1944, Mole became the Director of Works. Two years later, he was promoted to Director-General, a position he held until his retirement in |
{"datasets_id": 1086, "wiki_id": "Q5081011", "sp": 6, "sc": 567, "ep": 10, "ec": 79} | 1,086 | Q5081011 | 6 | 567 | 10 | 79 | Charles Mole | Career & Personal life | 1958. During his tenure, he oversaw building and maintenance work of about £50m per year.
Mole was knighted in 1947 and made KBE in 1953.
He died at his home in Walton-on-Thames on 4 December 1962. Personal life Mole married Annie Martin in 1913. They had one son, Arthur, and two daughters. |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 533} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 533 | Charles Rohlfs | Life and career | Charles Rohlfs Life and career Rohlfs was born in Brooklyn and studied at the Cooper Union in Manhattan. As a young man, he worked as a stove pattern-maker while pursuing his career as an actor. He received several patents for stove designs, but had limited success as an actor. (Reading a review in 1895 in which a Chicago critic wrote, "His face is comedy, his spindling legs are comedy, and those ponderous double-jointed, floppy hands of his would be two separate and distinct boons to any eccentric comedian" - and Rohlfs was performing a serious role - may |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 6, "sc": 533, "ep": 6, "ec": 1160} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 6 | 533 | 6 | 1,160 | Charles Rohlfs | Life and career | have been a turning point in his choice of careers.) He married the successful crime novelist Anna Katharine Green in 1884. After their marriage, he continued his career in the stove industry, and later made another attempt to establish his reputation as an actor. Rohlfs's father-in-law had been prominent in the Republican Party in New York City, and in 1896, Rohlfs participated in public debates in support of William McKinley's presidential campaign.
Rohlfs designed and made furniture for his family's use as early as 1888, but he did not commence his decade-long career as a professional furniture maker until |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 6, "sc": 1160, "ep": 6, "ec": 1784} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 6 | 1,160 | 6 | 1,784 | Charles Rohlfs | Life and career | 1897. Rohlfs had no professional training as a furniture maker. By century's end, Rohlfs had set up a shop on Washington Street in downtown Buffalo and began producing examples of what he called "artistic furniture" or the "Rohlfs style." Starting in 1899, Chicago retailer Marshall Field advertised and offered furniture and other decorative objects by Rohlfs, but sales fell short of expectations.
Rohlfs participated at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition at the National Arts Club in New York in December 1900. The next year, he participated both as an exhibitor and as an organizer of the Pan-American Exposition |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 6, "sc": 1784, "ep": 6, "ec": 2395} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 6 | 1,784 | 6 | 2,395 | Charles Rohlfs | Life and career | in his hometown of Buffalo. The Exposition brought him fame. "So far as furniture is concerned, Buffalo can claim to hold the most original man in America," one enthusiastic Berlin commentator wrote about Rohlfs' work. Rohlfs is the only American furniture maker known to have participated in the International Exposition of Decorative Art in Turin in 1902. Perhaps as a result of the exposure he received there, Rohlfs became a member of the Royal Society of Arts in London.
After he retired from furniture making around 1907, Rohlfs became a leader of the Chamber of Commerce in Buffalo. He actively |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 6, "sc": 2395, "ep": 10, "ec": 188} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 6 | 2,395 | 10 | 188 | Charles Rohlfs | Life and career & Family | campaigned for child labor reform and was an advocate of the metric system.
An art critic writes, "The photographs in the exhibition of the house that the Rohlfs designed and build [i.e., built] at 156 Park St. (still extant) in 1912 reveal a sense of structural harmony between woodwork and furniture that sidesteps typical Victorian clutter."
He died on June 30, 1936 in Buffalo, New York. Family Rohlfs and Anna Katharine Green had one daughter and two sons. Sterling Rohlfs, a ranch manager, died piloting a private plane over Mexico in 1928. After World War I, Roland Rohlfs was a |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 10, "sc": 188, "ep": 14, "ec": 639} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 10 | 188 | 14 | 639 | Charles Rohlfs | Family & Works | record-holding test pilot. Works An exhibition, entitled The Artistic Furniture of Charles Rohlfs, was organized by the Milwaukee Art Museum, Chipstone Foundation and American Decorative Art 1900 Foundation. From 2009 to 2011, the exhibition was presented at the Milwaukee Art Museum, Dallas Museum of Art, Carnegie Museum of Art, Huntington Art Collections and Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Works by Charles Rohlfs are included in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, Brooklyn Museum, Carnegie Museum of Art, Dallas Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, High Museum of Art, Huntington Art Collections, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Metropolitan |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 14, "sc": 639, "ep": 18, "ec": 275} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 14 | 639 | 18 | 275 | Charles Rohlfs | Works & Books | Museum of Art, Milwaukee Art Museum, Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Museum of Fine Arts-Boston, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Princeton University Art Museum, Saint Louis Art Museum, Toledo Museum of Art, Virginia Museum of Fine Art and Wolfsonian-FIU.
During the Philadelphia edition of Antiques Roadshow in November 2007, a mahogany chair designed by Rohlfs was appraised for between $80,0000 - $120,000 dollars. Books Charles Rohlfs's life and work are covered in the monographic book The Artistic Furniture of Charles Rohlfs (Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-13909-9), which received three book awards.
The same topics fill the book Drama in Design: The Life and Craft of Charles |
{"datasets_id": 1087, "wiki_id": "Q1065941", "sp": 18, "sc": 275, "ep": 18, "ec": 411} | 1,087 | Q1065941 | 18 | 275 | 18 | 411 | Charles Rohlfs | Books | Rohlfs, by Michael L. James, published on the occasion of the Burchfield Art Center's exhibition "The Craftsmanship of Charles Rohlfs." |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 568} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 568 | Charles Searles | Education and career | Charles Searles Education and career Searles received the Cresson Traveling Scholarship and the Ware Traveling Memorial Scholarships which allowed him to travel to Nigeria, Ghana, and Morocco in 1972. Upon his return he created a series of works titled Nigerian Impressions. One notable work painted in 1972 was Filas for Sale which depicted colorful images of masks and patterns that fill the frame of the painting. He received his first commission when he was asked to paint a mural at the William H. Green Federal Building in Philadelphia in 1974. The work Celebration, a study for that mural, is owned |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 6, "sc": 568, "ep": 6, "ec": 1115} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 6 | 568 | 6 | 1,115 | Charles Searles | Education and career | by the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is not currently on view. It is a 27 1/2 x 81 3/4 in acrylic on canvas work that depicts masked dancers and colorful figures. Charles Searles was often inspired by music, and his Dancers series in 1975 showcased his ability to portray movement in his work. His piece Dance of the Twin Souls is on display at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Museum. He lived in Philadelphia until 1978, when he moved to New York City. In the 1980s he began working on a series of large sculptures including Warrior |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 6, "sc": 1115, "ep": 10, "ec": 444} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 6 | 1,115 | 10 | 444 | Charles Searles | Education and career & New Black Artists | (1987) and Freedom's Gate (2000) which were between 8 and 10 feet tall. He died in 2004 and is survived by his wife, Kathleen Spicer. New Black Artists Charles Searles was featured in the exhibit "New Black Artists" which was on view at the Brooklyn Museum from October 7 – November 10, 1969. It included a total of 49 works, 30 paintings and 19 sculptures, by 12 artists: Ellsworth Ausby, Clifford Eubanks, Jr., Hugh Harrell, William J. Howell, Tonnie Jones, Charles McGee, Ted Moody, Joseph Overstreet, Anderson J. Pigatt, Daniel Pressley, Charles Searles and Erik W. A. Stephenson. The exhibit |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 10, "sc": 444, "ep": 18, "ec": 114} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 10 | 444 | 18 | 114 | Charles Searles | New Black Artists & Universal Reflections of Color and Rhythm & Charles Searles: The Mask of Abstraction | was then on display at Columbia University from November 20 – December 12, 1969. Universal Reflections of Color and Rhythm Searles's work was displayed posthumously in an exhibition at Winston-Salem State University's Diggs Gallery. The exhibit, which was on view from February 8 – March 31, 2009. The exhibition displayed over 60 works of art by Searles that he created at the end of his life including painting, sculptures, and drawings. Charles Searles: The Mask of Abstraction La Salle University featured 52 works of Searles that were on display from March 11 – May 31, 2013 at the La Salle |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 18, "sc": 114, "ep": 26, "ec": 96} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 18 | 114 | 26 | 96 | Charles Searles | Charles Searles: The Mask of Abstraction & Charles Searles: In Motion & Expanding the Legacy: New Collections on African American Art | University Art Museum. The exhibition showed works from throughout his life, beginning with his figure drawings from the 1960s, sculptures and paintings from the 1970s, and later abstract works. Charles Searles: In Motion The Tyler School of Art at Temple University displayed 17 large-scale paintings and sculptures by Searles from April 20 – June 16, 2013. The exhibition also featured a symposium by students who performed dance and visual art pieces inspired by Searles. Expanding the Legacy: New Collections on African American Art The papers of Charles Searles were featured in an exhibit on view at the Lawrence A. Fleischmann |
{"datasets_id": 1088, "wiki_id": "Q21751027", "sp": 26, "sc": 96, "ep": 26, "ec": 449} | 1,088 | Q21751027 | 26 | 96 | 26 | 449 | Charles Searles | Expanding the Legacy: New Collections on African American Art | Gallery in Washington D.C. from September 23, 2016 - March 21, 0217. The exhibition included papers, drawings, notebooks, and other materials from artists such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Kehinde Wiley, and Alma Thomas. It showcased how these artists experienced and explored cultural identity, racism, and major political events in their personal writing. |
{"datasets_id": 1089, "wiki_id": "Q2960229", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580} | 1,089 | Q2960229 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 580 | Charles Shaar Murray | Biography | Charles Shaar Murray Biography Murray grew up in Reading, Berkshire, England, where he attended Reading School and learnt to play the harmonica and guitar. His first experience in journalism came in 1970, when he was one of a number of schoolchildren who responded to an invitation to edit the April issue of the satirical magazine Oz. He thus contributed to the notorious Schoolkids OZ issue and was involved in the consequent obscenity trial.
He then wrote for IT (International Times), before moving to the New Musical Express in 1972 for which he wrote until around 1986. He subsequently worked for |
{"datasets_id": 1089, "wiki_id": "Q2960229", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 10, "ec": 176} | 1,089 | Q2960229 | 6 | 580 | 10 | 176 | Charles Shaar Murray | Biography & Performance | a number of publications including Q magazine, Mojo, MacUser, New Statesman, Prospect, The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, Vogue, and The Independent. He currently writes a monthly column about his lifelong love affair with guitars in Guitarist magazine. Performance Murray also sang and played guitar and harmonica as Blast Furnace in the band Blast Furnace and the Heatwaves and currently performs with London blues band Crosstown Lightnin'. |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 701} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 701 | Charles W. Steger | Accomplishments as president | Charles W. Steger Accomplishments as president Steger's early years as president focused on expanding Virginia Tech's continuing education and outreach programs beyond the main Blacksburg campus. Under his administration, Virginia Tech created the Center for European Studies and Architecture in Switzerland and the Washington-Alexandria Center for Architecture near Washington, D.C. Steger was also instrumental in the creation of Virginia Tech's Public Service Office in downtown Richmond.
Most recently, Steger's administration was instrumental in the establishment of the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute which will focus on research efforts to end disease, expand the world's food supply, and environmental protection. In an effort to |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 6, "sc": 701, "ep": 10, "ec": 466} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 6 | 701 | 10 | 466 | Charles W. Steger | Accomplishments as president & Awards and appointments | draw many research and outreach activities together, Steger's administration also created the Virginia Tech Institute for Information Technology. Awards and appointments Steger was appointed to the Governor's Commission on Population Growth and Development. He also served on the Board of Trustees of Hollins University. In addition to his duties as Virginia Tech president, he also served as president of the Endowment Foundation Center in the Square in Roanoke, Virginia. Steger also was a director on the Boswil Foundation in Zürich, Switzerland. The Swiss Ambassador to the United States and the World Bank asked Steger to serve |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 10, "sc": 466, "ep": 14, "ec": 98} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 10 | 466 | 14 | 98 | Charles W. Steger | Awards and appointments & Virginia Tech shooting | on a committee to establish a foundation in the United States to conduct research on mitigating global natural disasters.
Steger was inducted into the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1990, and received the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Virginia Society of AIA in 1996. He received the Outstanding Fund Raising Executive Award given by the First Virginia Chapter of the National Society of Fund Raising Executives at its 1999 National Philanthropy Day Awards Dinner. Virginia Tech shooting Steger was President during the Virginia Tech shootings of April 16, 2007, in which 32 people were |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 14, "sc": 98, "ep": 14, "ec": 752} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 14 | 98 | 14 | 752 | Charles W. Steger | Virginia Tech shooting | killed and another 17 were injured by Seung-Hui Cho in two buildings on opposite sides of the sprawling campus. Cho's killings became the deadliest single-perpetrator civilian shooting in U.S. history. Steger called the shootings "a tragedy of monumental proportions." In the report produced by a state appointed commission to review response by university, local, state, and federal agencies to the unfolding incident focused its criticism on the mental health system which failed Cho but also noted that "senior university administrators, acting as the emergency Policy Group, failed to issue an all-campus notification about the first two killings |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 14, "sc": 752, "ep": 14, "ec": 1398} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 14 | 752 | 14 | 1,398 | Charles W. Steger | Virginia Tech shooting | in a dormitory until almost two hours had elapsed. University practice may have conflicted with written policies."
Nearly two-and-a-half hours after the first two killings, after leaving the Virginia Tech campus and walking to the Blacksburg Post Office to mail his manifesto to MSNBC, Cho chained the doors of Norris Hall and opened fire. He took the lives of 30 more students and faculty members before killing himself as police stormed the building.
Steger, along with several other Virginia Tech officials, was personally named a defendant in lawsuits filed against the Commonwealth of Virginia by the families of two of the |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 14, "sc": 1398, "ep": 14, "ec": 1999} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 14 | 1,398 | 14 | 1,999 | Charles W. Steger | Virginia Tech shooting | deceased victims of the Virginia Tech massacre, though Steger was later dismissed from the case. In 2012 Jurors in Montgomery County Circuit Court ruled that the state was negligent in the deaths of Julia Pryde and Erin Peterson. The jury panel awarded the parents of Pryde and Peterson $4 million each. The court later reduced the amount to $100,000 per family.
This judgement was overturned on appeal in a unanimous verdict by the Virginia Supreme Court on October 31, 2013. The justices wrote that “there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal |
{"datasets_id": 1090, "wiki_id": "Q5083258", "sp": 14, "sc": 1999, "ep": 14, "ec": 2085} | 1,090 | Q5083258 | 14 | 1,999 | 14 | 2,085 | Charles W. Steger | Virginia Tech shooting | acts by third parties. Therefore we will reverse the judgement of the circuit court.” |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 567} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 567 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Early life and military career | Charles Walter Allfrey Early life and military career Charles Walter Allfrey was born on 24 October 1895 in Southam, Northamptonshire, the youngest son of Captain Henry Allfrey, a British Army officer of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, and Kathleen Hankey. He entered the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. However, upon the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, he instead was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 11 August.
Promoted to lieutenant on 9 June 1915, during the war Allfrey was wounded twice. He served on the Western Front with the 94th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 6, "sc": 567, "ep": 10, "ec": 57} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 6 | 567 | 10 | 57 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Early life and military career & Between the wars | part of the 21st Division, a Kitchener's Army unit. He was promoted to the acting rank of captain on 5 January 1917, and was promoted to the substantive rank on 3 November 1917. Allfrey was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in 1918 for keeping his battery in action for an extended period of time, despite being under direct machine gun and artillery fire from the enemy. He was promoted to acting major on 17 December 1917 and reverted to his permanent rank of captain on 18 February 1919. Between the wars After the war, Allfrey served on regimental duties before |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 10, "sc": 57, "ep": 10, "ec": 646} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 10 | 57 | 10 | 646 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Between the wars | becoming adjutant at the Army Equitation School, from 1925 to 1928, and was seconded to the Colonial Office, being later seconded to the Iraqi Army in November 1930. In Iraq, he won the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and, from October 1932 to November 1933, was employed with the British Military Mission to Iraq where he was Inspector Artillery to the Iraqi Army. He was brevetted to major on 1 January 1931 and promoted to the substantive rank on 10 August 1933. He was brevetted lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1935 and, in the same year, he married Geraldine Clare Lucas-Scudamore. |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 10, "sc": 646, "ep": 14, "ec": 204} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 10 | 646 | 14 | 204 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Between the wars & France and Britain | They had two children, a son and a daughter. The following year Allfrey was appointed as a General staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) at the Staff College, Camberley from 1936 to 1939, despite never having attended as a student, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 6 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. France and Britain At the start of the Second World War, in September, Allfrey held a senior staff position, as a GSO1, in the United Kingdom, continuing in this role in France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). In |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 204, "ep": 14, "ec": 790} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 204 | 14 | 790 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | February 1940, however, he returned to the United Kingdom to take up the post of Corps Commander Royal Artillery at II Corps, then commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Alan Brooke. On 19 July 1940, after having participated in the Battle of France and the Dunkirk evacuation, and after a brief spell as CCRA at IV Corps, under Lieutenant General Claude Auchinleck, he was promoted to the acting rank of major general to command Southwestern Area, Home Forces, part of Southern Command, which was responsible for the defence of the counties of Devon and Cornwall in the event of a German |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 790, "ep": 14, "ec": 1466} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 790 | 14 | 1,466 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | invasion, and was then, in the aftermath of Dunkirk, considered highly likely.
In late February 1941 Allfrey was ordered to form the Devon and Cornwall County Division, comprising the recently created 203rd, 209th and 211th Infantry Brigades (all formerly independent brigades), but with no supporting troops, with himself as its General Officer Commanding (GOC). However, within a week, he relinquished command of the division to Major General Frederick Morgan and ordered to take command of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, in succession to Major General Robert Pollok who was retiring. The division was a first-line Territorial Army (TA) formation stationed on |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 1466, "ep": 14, "ec": 2112} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 1,466 | 14 | 2,112 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | the other side of the country in Kent on anti-invasion duties. He was promoted to temporary major general on 19 July 1941. The division was serving as part of XII Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General Andrew Thorne (replaced in April by Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery who in turn was replaced by Lieutenant General James Gammell in November), under South-Eastern Command and, like Allfrey's former command, was on anti-invasion duties and training to repel an invasion. Also serving in XII Corps were the 44th (Home Counties) and 56th (London) Divisions, commanded respectively by Major Generals Brian Horrocks and Montagu Stopford, both |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 2112, "ep": 14, "ec": 2760} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 2,112 | 14 | 2,760 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | of whom had been among Allfrey's fellow instructors at the Staff College, Camberley before the war. However, with the arrival of Montgomery as the new corps commander, Allfrey's 43rd Division − comprising the 128th, 129th and 130th Infantry Brigades and divisional troops − was, throughout the year, put through highly intensive and strenuous training for offensive operations, as a result of which the division had been selected for overseas service, although this would not occur during Allfrey's reign as GOC.
In early March 1942, Allfrey handed over command of the 43rd Division to Major General Ivor Thomas, a fellow artilleryman, and |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 2760, "ep": 14, "ec": 3399} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 2,760 | 14 | 3,399 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | was promoted to acting lieutenant general to become the GOC of V Corps in succession to Lieutenant General Edmond Schreiber. Aged just 46, this was a considerable tribute towards Allfrey and made him one of the youngest corps commanders in the British Army. V Corps, with the 38th (Welsh) and 47th (London) Infantry Divisions, commanded respectively by Major Generals Donald Butterworth and Gerald Templer (who had briefly been Allfrey's BGS), and the 214th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) under command, was serving under Southern Command in a static beach defence role. However, it relinquished this role upon being sent to Scotland |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 3399, "ep": 14, "ec": 4067} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 3,399 | 14 | 4,067 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain | in July, where it took under command the 6th Armoured Division, under Major General Charles Keightley (who had been a fellow instructor at the Staff College some years before), and the 4th and 78th Infantry Divisions, commanded by Major Generals John Hawkesworth (another of Allfrey's fellow Staff College instructors) and Vyvyan Evelegh, respectively. Allfrey's V Corps was to form a major component of the First Army, under Lieutenant General Edmond Schreiber (replaced in August by Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson), then being formed for participation in Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, scheduled for November. Training in Scotland |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 14, "sc": 4067, "ep": 18, "ec": 478} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 14 | 4,067 | 18 | 478 | Charles Walter Allfrey | France and Britain & North Africa | continued until October, and the 4th and 78th Divisions were posted elsewhere in preparation for the invasion. North Africa Allfrey led his corps overseas to French North Africa in late November, a few weeks after the invasion, activating it on 5 December, where it took command of all British ground units in Tunisia − the 1st Parachute Brigade under Brigadier Edwin Flavell, and the 6th Armoured and 78th Infantry Divisions, along with commandos and elements of the US 1st Armored Division under Major General Orlando Ward. By the time of Allfrey's arrival the run for Tunis had quite clearly failed, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 478, "ep": 18, "ec": 1089} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 478 | 18 | 1,089 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | due to the Axis forces having brought in significant reinforcements, and the campaign was beginning to turn into a stalemate. The 78th Division was, by the time V Corps took it under command, pulling out through the Tebourba Gap against heavy German resistance. On 9 December an attack planned was cancelled and Allfrey tried to arrange for the French holding the town of Medjez el Bab to be relieved, he also believed, and subsequently ordered, Longstop Hill, overlooking the road to Tunis, to be abandoned. Two weeks later, however, a combined US-British attempt to recapture the hill failed, which, combined |
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