_id
stringlengths 77
96
| datasets_id
int32 0
1.38M
| wiki_id
stringlengths 2
9
| start_paragraph
int32 2
1.17k
| start_character
int32 0
70.3k
| end_paragraph
int32 4
1.18k
| end_character
int32 1
70.3k
| article_title
stringlengths 1
250
| section_title
stringlengths 0
1.12k
| passage_text
stringlengths 1
14k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 1089, "ep": 18, "ec": 1735} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 1,089 | 18 | 1,735 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | with the severe winter weather, was enough to persuade Lieutenant General Anderson, the First Army commander, and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in North Africa, to abandon any further attempts.
In January 1943 Major General Keightley's 6th Armoured Division, still part of V Corps, participated in an action at Bou Arada, and resisted a major German attack. The following month the division, after failing to take Djebel Mansour, was significantly involved in the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Towards the end of February and into early March (where, on 9 March, he was promoted to the war substantive |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 1735, "ep": 18, "ec": 2367} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 1,735 | 18 | 2,367 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | rank of major general and to the temporary rank of lieutenant general), V Corps, now reinforced with Major General Harold Freeman-Attwood's 46th Infantry Division, was involved in Operation Ochsenkopf, with the 46th, stationed on V Corps' northern sector, absorbing the brunt of the German offensive, and falling back before bringing the German offensive to a halt, and eventually recovering Djebel Abiod and Sedjanane. Towards the end of March Major General Evelegh's 78th Division, along with the newly arrived 4th Division was ordered by Allfrey to clear the route from Medjez el Bab to Tebourba. Supported by the 25th Army Tank |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 2367, "ep": 18, "ec": 2987} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 2,367 | 18 | 2,987 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | Brigade, and later reinforced by Major General Walter Clutterbuck's 1st Division, V Corps was, for almost a month, engaged in some of the hardest fighting of the Tunisian Campaign so far. The fighting culminated in the 78th Division, on 26 April, managing to capture Longstop Hill, and then, with the 46th Division replacing the 4th Division on 30 April, all three divisions participated in further fierce fighting on the Medjez Plain, where the 1st Division put up an outstanding performance, gaining three Victoria Crosses (VC) in the space of a week.
During the final stages of the campaign Allfrey's V Corps |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 2987, "ep": 18, "ec": 3590} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 2,987 | 18 | 3,590 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | played a more minor role. The main role was played by IX Corps, under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks (succeeding Lieutenant General John Crocker, who had been injured). Horrocks, as previously mentioned, had been another one of Allfrey's fellow instructors at the Staff College before the war and thought highly of him, later writing in his autobiography that he "was one of the most popular officers in the British Army", and that "nobody could have been more helpful. The capture of Tunis was the result of the closest cooperation between our two corps, 5 and 9". Despite Allfrey's corps playing a |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 3590, "ep": 18, "ec": 4200} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 3,590 | 18 | 4,200 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa | relatively small role in the final stages of the campaign, which ended in mid-May with the surrender of almost 250,000 Axis troops, Allfrey, along with Major General Francis Tuker, GOC of the 4th Indian Division, was able to accept the surrender of German Colonel General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, commanding the Panzer Army Africa.
With the fighting in North Africa over Allfrey's V Corps, being in almost continuous fighting for the past five months (with the exception of the last few weeks), was rested and took no part in the Allied invasion of Sicily. The corps was transferred from the First Army, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 18, "sc": 4200, "ep": 22, "ec": 263} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 18 | 4,200 | 22 | 263 | Charles Walter Allfrey | North Africa & Italy and Egypt | now disbanded, to the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. In August, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded the American Commander of the Legion of Merit for his services in Tunisia. His rank of major general was made substantive on 6 November. Italy and Egypt On 3 September 1943, exactly four years since Britain had declared war on Germany, the Eighth Army landed in Italy at Reggio Calabria, with the US Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark landing at Salerno six days later. The 1st Airborne Division under |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 263, "ep": 22, "ec": 900} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 263 | 22 | 900 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | Major General George Hopkinson landed at Taranto on the same day, encountering little in the way of serious resistance, although just a few days later the division's GOC was killed in action (and replaced by Major General Ernest Down). On 23 September Allfrey's V Corps HQ landed, taking the 1st Airborne Division, Major General Dudley Russell's 8th Indian Infantry Division and the 78th Division, along with Brigadier John Currie's 4th Armoured Brigade, under command, and made quick progress in Italy, capturing the Foggia Airfield Complex on 27 September. After facing resistance on the River Biferno, which was outflanked by British |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 900, "ep": 22, "ec": 1516} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 900 | 22 | 1,516 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | Commandos (see Operation Devon), V Corps, now minus the 1st Airborne Division, found itself on the River Sangro by 9 November.
The fighting over the next few weeks involved both the 8th Indian and British 78th Divisions. With the onset of severe winter weather and indomitable German resistance, the fighting involved some of the bitterest encountered by the Allies thus far in the Italian Campaign and casualties were very heavy on both sides. The line of the Sangro was breached in late November, but Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey's XIII Corps was brought into the battle. The fighting raged on for the |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 1516, "ep": 22, "ec": 2200} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 1,516 | 22 | 2,200 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | next month until the 1st Canadian Division under Major General Chris Vokes (replacing the 78th Division, now under Major General Charles Keightley, which transferred to Dempsey's XIII Corps) captured the town of Ortona in late December, enabling engineers to erect bridges over the River Sangro, although these were soon washed away. However, the worsening weather, combined with the stiffness of the German resistance, which brought the advance to almost a complete halt, along with the heavy Allied casualties, forced Montgomery, the Eighth Army commander, to call off the offensive until weather conditions improved.
In mid-January 1944 the 5th Canadian Armoured Division, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 2200, "ep": 22, "ec": 2797} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 2,200 | 22 | 2,797 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | under Major General E. L. M. Burns, was placed under V Corps. Shortly afterwards the division, which had never before been in action, was grievously repulsed during an attack on the town of Arielli, despite support from no less than fifteen artillery regiments. After this Allfrey's V Corps passed into 15th Army Group reserve, the sector of the front passing to the command of Lieutenant General Harry Crerar's I Canadian Corps. V Corps returned to the Adriatic in March, taking over two new divisions, both from the Indian Army; the 4th, now under Major General Alexander Galloway, in dire need |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 2797, "ep": 22, "ec": 3381} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 2,797 | 22 | 3,381 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | of rest after suffering over 3,000 casualties in the Battle of Monte Cassino, and the 10th, under Major General Denys Reid, which had just arrived in Italy, and had seen no action. V Corps role was limited, as most of the Allied resources were transferred to the Western side of Italy, to Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's American Fifth Army, and was to hold a 30-mile sector of the front with just two divisions.
In July, with progress for the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI, formerly the 15th Army Group) returning, pursuing the Germans to the Gothic Line, Allfrey's V Corps |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 3381, "ep": 22, "ec": 3942} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 3,381 | 22 | 3,942 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | returned to the control of the Eighth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese in place of Montgomery who returned to the United Kingdom to take command of the 21st Army Group. Leese did not think highly of Allfrey, a view shared by his predecessor. Montgomery had, at least initially, believed Allfrey to be too slow and cautious, writing on 14 October 1943 to General Sir Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), that V Corps was "fighting in the line. I have not had Charles ALLFREY under me in battle before; he is not |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 3942, "ep": 22, "ec": 4510} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 3,942 | 22 | 4,510 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | yet up the standard of my other Corps Commanders; he is inclined to fiddle about with details, is very slow, and is inclined to bellyache". After severely castigating Allfrey over a month later, where he "told him [Allfrey] that his Corps was completely amateur according to Eighth Army standards; there was a lack of 'grip' and 'bite'", he wrote to Leese, who was then in England, that "Charles Allfrey and 5 Corps H.Q. are very amateur; they have never been properly taught and I have to watch over everything they do". He blamed this not on Allfrey himself, but on |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 4510, "ep": 22, "ec": 5137} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 4,510 | 22 | 5,137 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | his former army commander in Tunisia, Anderson, who Montgomery was highly critical of, believing that his performance in Tunisia to be lacklustre. Leese, doubtless influenced by what Montgomery had said of Allfrey, tried through the first few months of 1944 to get him sacked, and, as Richard Mead writes, it is significant that, during the Second Battle of Monte Cassino in March, rather than using Allfrey's by now highly experienced HQ, Leese ordered Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg, GOC of the 2nd New Zealand Division, to create a new, and therefore completely green and inexperienced, HQ for the battle. However, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 5137, "ep": 22, "ec": 5765} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 5,137 | 22 | 5,765 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | General The Hon. Sir Harold Alexander, Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the AAI, made the decision not to use Allfrey's V Corps in the belief that the two division GOCs, Freyberg and Tuker, of 4th Indian Division, both possessed very strong and stubborn personalities, both were Eighth Army veterans and both were older than Allfrey. Alexander feared Allfrey simply would not be able to control either men.
Montgomery later came to revise his initially low opinion of Allfrey. After hearing in February of Leese writing to the War Office asking if he could sack Allfrey Montgomery, believing Leese to be wrong, writing to |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 5765, "ep": 22, "ec": 6336} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 5,765 | 22 | 6,336 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | Brooke, claimed that "When Allfrey came to the Eighth Army in September 1943 I found he was below the standard of the experienced Corps Commanders in my army i.e. Leese, Horrocks, Dempsey. It seemed to me he had never been properly taught by his former Army Commander. He began rather shakily and was not too good. I accordingly moved my Tac H.Q. near his Corps H.Q., and watched over his operations carefully, and taught him his trade. I had found exactly the same thing previously with Leese, and with Horrocks, and with Dempsey; all required help initially and had to |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 6336, "ep": 22, "ec": 6902} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 6,336 | 22 | 6,902 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt | be taught.... I consider that one of the first duties of a commander is to teach his subordinates, and in accordance with his teaching so he will get results, provided the subordinate has character and is teachable. Allfrey is very teachable, and is very willing to learn, and is very grateful for help given. I consider that Leese must teach Allfrey, and bring him on; he is very well qualified to do so and will get good results". However, Leese was eventually successful; in August Allfrey handed over V Corps, which he had now commanded for well over two years, |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 22, "sc": 6902, "ep": 26, "ec": 138} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 22 | 6,902 | 26 | 138 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Italy and Egypt & Postwar | to Lieutenant General Charles Keightley, who had commanded both the 6th Armoured and 78th Infantry Divisions, and was rested from field command. After leave in England, in November Allfrey become GOC British Troops in Egypt, by that stage of the war an almost complete backwater. During his tenure, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), and his rank of lieutenant general was made substantive on 23 November 1946. Postwar Egypt was Allfrey's last posting and, after handing over his command to Lieutenant General Richard Gale, he retired from the army, after a |
{"datasets_id": 1091, "wiki_id": "Q5083329", "sp": 26, "sc": 138, "ep": 26, "ec": 626} | 1,091 | Q5083329 | 26 | 138 | 26 | 626 | Charles Walter Allfrey | Postwar | 33-year military career, as a lieutenant general in June 1948.
After retirement he held numerous honorary appointments, including Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery, a position he held from 1947 to 1957, followed by Colonel Commandant of the Royal Horse Artillery from 1949 to 1957. He was Justice of the peace and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Gloucestershire from 1953 until his death, which occurred on 2 November 1964 in Bristol, shortly after his 69th birthday. |
{"datasets_id": 1092, "wiki_id": "Q2960807", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 558} | 1,092 | Q2960807 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 558 | Charley Roussel Fomen | Club career | Charley Roussel Fomen Club career Fomen began his professional career in 2007 with Mount Cameroon FC, moving in the following year to Panthère de Bangangté.
On 17 April 2009, he had his first abroad experience, signing with French club Olympique de Marseille, who had already scouted the player. During his first season, he did not appear in the league, as the club won the title.
On 1 July 2010, Fomen was loaned to second level's Dijon FCO, in a season-long move. He played 28 times as the club won promotion to Ligue 1.
On 3 August 2011, Fomen moved to Ligue 2 side |
{"datasets_id": 1092, "wiki_id": "Q2960807", "sp": 6, "sc": 558, "ep": 10, "ec": 132} | 1,092 | Q2960807 | 6 | 558 | 10 | 132 | Charley Roussel Fomen | Club career & International career | Clermont Foot on free transfer. After four seasons with Clermont, Fomen was sidelined for a year through injury. He moved to Iceland and signed for Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar. He was loaned by them to another Icelandic club, Leiknir Reykjavík. When his father died in January 2017 he returned to Cameroon, signing a contract with Feutcheu FC.
Fomen signed a two-year contract with French Championnat National side Red Star in July 2017. International career Fomen earned his first call-up for the U-17 of Cameroon on 27 July 2006, being summoned for a training camp in his hometown of Buea. |
{"datasets_id": 1093, "wiki_id": "Q3666647", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 222} | 1,093 | Q3666647 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 222 | Charlie Big Potato | Music video | Charlie Big Potato Music video The video was directed by Giuseppe Capotondi. The bizarre video shows the band appearing in different locations, with Skin waking up in a toilet, followed by a boy beginning to realise that his nightmares have become real. |
{"datasets_id": 1094, "wiki_id": "Q16200967", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 584} | 1,094 | Q16200967 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 584 | Charlie Richmond (referee) | Charlie Richmond (referee) Charlie Richmond (born 13 May 1968) is a Scottish former football referee. Richmond was on the FIFA list of international referees and officiated in the Scottish Premier League (SPL) from 2002 to 2012. Richmond resigned in April 2012, after being overlooked for SPL appointments during the 2011–12 season.
Richmond is known to have refereed at men's international matches during the period from 2005 to 2007. He also officiated in women's international matches.
He is an engineer by profession and has made frequent appearances on BBC Radio Scotland show Off the Ball. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1095, "wiki_id": "Q3720675", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 58} | 1,095 | Q3720675 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 58 | Chateau at Kamenice nad Lipou | Permanent exhibitions & Short-term exhibitions | Chateau at Kamenice nad Lipou Permanent exhibitions Wrought-iron work: grilles, chests, keys, locks, knockers and other ornamental and architectural metalwork dating from the Gothic period to the early 20th century.
Late 19th- and 20th-century toys for boys and girls (from the Collection of František Kyncl).
The Study Collection of 19th- and 20th-century Furniture: The Evolution of Furniture Design in the Bohemian Lands and Other Countries of Europe
A Museum for the Senses: an exhibition of the Municipal Museum that documents the 750-year history of the town of Kamenice nad Lipou in a new, entertaining way. Short-term exhibitions For current information concerning short-term exhibitions, |
{"datasets_id": 1095, "wiki_id": "Q3720675", "sp": 10, "sc": 58, "ep": 14, "ec": 176} | 1,095 | Q3720675 | 10 | 58 | 14 | 176 | Chateau at Kamenice nad Lipou | Short-term exhibitions & Toys | see the web pages of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague: www.upm.cz Toys An annual summer festival of toys, their designers and producers, including art students’ creations and works in the possession of collectors throughout the country and abroad. |
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 593} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 593 | Chato people | Chato people The Chato were an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, that formerly lived on the coast in Mississippi and Alabama and around Mobile Bay. They were related to the Choctaws and Chickasaws. One source indicates that "The Chato were part of the Apalachee Indian tribe, as were the Escambe." However, the more general opinion is that the Chato tribe was of unknown ethnic affinity, although they were allied with the Choctaw.
The Chato people were first located west of the Apalachicola River, north of the Choctawhatchee Bay and St Joseph’s Bay off of the coast of the Gulf of |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 593, "ep": 4, "ec": 1202} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 593 | 4 | 1,202 | Chato people | Mexico in Florida during the mid 17th century. Though they are known as the Chato in some texts, others have labeled the Chato as the Chatot Tribe, considering ‘Chato’ as a synonymous name referring to same group of individuals. Various synonyms have sprung up referring to the Chato People over the course of their discovery due to miscommunications and misinterpretations of the Chato as an entirely different group as they moved westward along the Gulf of Mexico. When the Chato were first discovered west of the Apalachicola River they were known as the Chacâtos, Chaqtos, Chatots and the Chactots; after |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 1202, "ep": 4, "ec": 1837} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 1,202 | 4 | 1,837 | Chato people | numerous relocations of the tribe new synonyms referring to the names of the Chato People were generated after their sighting in 1763. These synonymous names included the Chactoo, Chacchous, Chaetoos and Chattoos.
The culture and nature of the Chato are largely unknown due to the lack of recorded history on their way of life. Based on the proximal location of the Chato to the neighboring Apalachee Tribe, it is inferred that the Chato’s culture and way of living were similar to that of the Apalachee. The language of the Chato is completely unknown alongside their neighboring tribes (Pensacola, Apalachee, Mobila, Tohomé, |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 1837, "ep": 4, "ec": 2493} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 1,837 | 4 | 2,493 | Chato people | Naniaba), though by the end of the 17th century there were reports of these tribes communicating in Mobilian, a culmination of several Native languages mixed together as the tribes were forced together in the same region of Mobile. In 1805 in Louisiana, Missouri there were reports of various Native groups that gathered in the region, “...as having distinct languages of their own.” In particular observers noted, “15 single, small groups and two pairs of speaking languages distinct from all others. These [groups] were the Adai, Akokisa, Apalachee, Bidai, Biloxi, Chatot, Eyeish, Kitsai, Maye, Opelousa, Pakana, Pascagoula, Taensa, Tonkawa, and Tunica, |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 2493, "ep": 4, "ec": 3134} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 2,493 | 4 | 3,134 | Chato people | the Natchitoches and Yatsai, and the Atakapa and Karankawa.”
After their initial discovery by the Spanish in 1639, the Chato requested the building of missionaries in 1648. At this time relations between the Chato and the Spanish were not heated, reports of the neighboring Apalachee tribe complaining of carrying pelts for the Chato indicated that the Chato were at least somewhat involved in the Spanish trade network. Despite this implicit amiability, the missionaries were not erected in Chato territory until 1674 in which two mission villages were built for the Chato around the site known as Marianna, located at a subsidiary |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 3134, "ep": 4, "ec": 3795} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 3,134 | 4 | 3,795 | Chato people | river approximately 25 miles west of the Apalachicola River.
In 1675 the Chato executed a religious revolt against the missionaries due to the suffocating nature of the Spaniards attempting to impress the Christian religion upon Chato beliefs. The conflict did not last long due to another neighboring tribe, the Chisca, that continually raided the missionary villages. The Chato and Apalachee banded with the Spanish to deter the Chisca raids, which climaxed in 1677 when a Spanish force containing 10 Chato attacked a town hosting a festival of roughly 300 Chato, Pensacola and Chisca participants. This particular battle ended without conclusion and |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 3795, "ep": 4, "ec": 4454} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 3,795 | 4 | 4,454 | Chato people | prompted the Chato to relocate to an abandoned town and establish a new town, San Carlos de los Chacatos, located southwest of the Marianna region.
After the Chato firmly settled in San Carlos de los Chacatos they continued practicing the Christian faith. Several pockets of Chato retained their original lifestyle off of the Pensacola Bay. In the following decades the majority of the Chato persisted with missionary life but outside influences endangered the integrity of the system. In 1684 the Shawnee tribe sold Chato slaves to the English, presumably acquired from the missions or surrounding pockets of non-Christian denizens. The Apalachicola |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 4454, "ep": 4, "ec": 5080} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 4,454 | 4 | 5,080 | Chato people | tribe outright raided San Carlos de los Chacatos in 1695, further destabilizing San Carlos.
In 1699, “...a band of 40 Chacatos on a buffalo hunt, led by a Spaniard, attacked a peaceful Tuskegee trading party, killing 16 and stealing their goods.” This was met with a severe counter by the English and several Native forces; in two separate events in 1702 and 1704, English and Apalachicola forces attacked the Spanish missions, presumably including San Carlos de los Chacatos. Following these attacks in August 1704, 200 Chatos along with an unnumbered amount of Apalachees were found at Mobile Bay with French forces |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 5080, "ep": 4, "ec": 5668} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 5,080 | 4 | 5,668 | Chato people | seeking refuge. The following statement, “Juan, chief of the Chato, was allotted territory at the mouth of the river where he, his mother Jacinta and two hundred of his villagers moved to the site called the Oignonets, location of present-day Mobile” shows that the Chato still held onto some form of their traditions by the start of the 18th century.
From the settlement of Mobile the Chato were integrated into the faith of the French Roman Catholics, “...in 1707, the son of the Chacato chief was recorded as baptized by the French priest.” At this time the Chato were said to |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 5668, "ep": 4, "ec": 6257} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 5,668 | 4 | 6,257 | Chato people | be speaking the Choctaw and French languages. A flood of Fort St. Louis in 1711 caused the French to relocate Fort St. Louis to the location of Mobile. The Chato present here were relocated two leagues further south to the Dog River still off of the Mobile Bay.
The last major interaction of the Chato with world powers was in the English takeover of the land in 1763 which pushed the Chato and fellow tribes of the region westward. Afterward the Chato People vanished from history outside of cursory sightings as they were continuously pushed westward along the coast, “They were |
|
{"datasets_id": 1096, "wiki_id": "Q5087755", "sp": 4, "sc": 6257, "ep": 4, "ec": 6393} | 1,096 | Q5087755 | 4 | 6,257 | 4 | 6,393 | Chato people | at Rapides, Louisiana, in 1773, apparently on the Red River in 1796, on Bayou Boeuf in 1803 and 1805, and on the Sabine River in 1817.” |
|
{"datasets_id": 1097, "wiki_id": "Q1068275", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 651} | 1,097 | Q1068275 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 651 | Chatoyancy | Chatoyancy In gemology, chatoyancy (/ʃəˈtɔɪ.ənsi/ shə-TOY-ən-see), or chatoyance or cat's eye effect, is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gemstones. Coined from the French "œil de chat", meaning "cat's eye", chatoyancy arises either from the fibrous structure of a material, as in tiger's eye quartz, or from fibrous inclusions or cavities within the stone, as in cat's eye chrysoberyl. The precipitates that cause chatoyance in chrysoberyl are the mineral rutile, composed mostly of titanium dioxide. Examined samples have yielded no evidence of tubes or fibres. The rutile precipitates all align perpendicularly with respect to cat's eye effect. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1097, "wiki_id": "Q1068275", "sp": 4, "sc": 651, "ep": 4, "ec": 1239} | 1,097 | Q1068275 | 4 | 651 | 4 | 1,239 | Chatoyancy | It is reasoned that the lattice parameter of the rutile matches only one of the three orthorhombic crystal axes of the chrysoberyl, resulting in preferred alignment along that direction.
The effect can be likened to the sheen off a spool of silk: The luminous streak of reflected light is always perpendicular to the direction of the fibres. For a gemstone to show this effect best it must be cut en cabochon (rounded with a flat base rather than faceted), with the fibers or fibrous structures parallel to the base of the finished gem. The best finished specimens show a single |
|
{"datasets_id": 1097, "wiki_id": "Q1068275", "sp": 4, "sc": 1239, "ep": 4, "ec": 1923} | 1,097 | Q1068275 | 4 | 1,239 | 4 | 1,923 | Chatoyancy | sharply defined band of light that moves across the stone when it is rotated. Chatoyant stones of lesser quality display a banded effect as is typical with cat's-eye varieties of quartz. Faceted stones do not show the effect well.
Gem species known for this phenomenon include the aforementioned quartz, chrysoberyl, beryl (especially var. aquamarine), charoite, tourmaline, labradorite, selenite, feldspar, apatite, moonstone, thomsonite and scapolite amongst others. Glass optical cable can also display chatoyancy if properly cut, and has become a popular decorative material in a variety of vivid colors.
The term "cat's eye", when used by itself as the name of a |
|
{"datasets_id": 1097, "wiki_id": "Q1068275", "sp": 4, "sc": 1923, "ep": 4, "ec": 2088} | 1,097 | Q1068275 | 4 | 1,923 | 4 | 2,088 | Chatoyancy | gemstone, refers to a cat's eye chrysoberyl. It is also used as an adjective which indicates the chatoyance phenomenon in another stone, e.g., cat's eye aquamarine. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 603} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 603 | Chatroulette | Overview | Chatroulette Overview The Chatroulette website was created by Andrey Ternovskiy, a 17-year-old high-school student in Moscow, Russia. Ternovskiy says the concept arose from video chats he used to have with friends on Skype, and that he wrote the first version of Chatroulette in "two days and two nights". Ternovskiy chose the name "Chatroulette" after watching The Deer Hunter, a 1978 film set in the Vietnam War in which prisoners of war are forced to play Russian roulette. The site pairs its users at random, and allows them to type messages to one another while watching the other user's webcam.
Ternovskiy built |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 603, "ep": 6, "ec": 1156} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 603 | 6 | 1,156 | Chatroulette | Overview | the site on an old computer he had in his bedroom. The site initially had 20 users, and then it doubled daily for a period, according to Ternovskiy in 2010. He discusses that he did not advertise or post his site anywhere; in fact, people starting talking about the website and knowledge of it gradually spread by word of mouth. As the number of active users grew, Ternovskiy has had to rewrite the entire code to cope with the load, the management of which being the most challenging part of his project. Despite the expansion of the service, he still |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 1156, "ep": 6, "ec": 1757} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 1,156 | 6 | 1,757 | Chatroulette | Overview | codes everything on his own. Ternovskiy sought help from his longtime friend Vlad Kostanyan, who helped him with his side projects.
In early November 2009, shortly after the site launched, it had 500 visitors per day. One month later there were 50,000. The site has been featured in The New York Times, The New Yorker, New York magazine, and on Good Morning America, Newsnight in the United Kingdom, Tosh.0, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. In February 2010, about 35,000 people were on Chatroulette at any given time. Around the beginning of March, Ternovskiy estimated the site to have |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 1757, "ep": 6, "ec": 2397} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 1,757 | 6 | 2,397 | Chatroulette | Overview | around 1.5 million users, around 33% of them from the United States and 5% from Germany.
An early growth phase was funded by a $10,000 investment from Ternovskiy's parents, which he soon paid back. As of March 2010, Ternovskiy was running the site from his childhood bedroom, assisted by four programmers who were working remotely, and the site was supported through advertising links to an online dating service. The site uses several high-end servers all located in Frankfurt, Germany.
According to New York Times, the site is intensely addictive. One informal study published in March 2010 showed that nearly half of all |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 2397, "ep": 6, "ec": 2957} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 2,397 | 6 | 2,957 | Chatroulette | Overview | Chatroulette "spins" connected a user with someone in the US, while the next most likely country was France with 15%. On average, in sessions showing a single person 89% of these were male and 11% were female; 8% of spins showed multiple people behind the camera. About one in three females appeared as such a group, and one in 12 males. A user was more likely to encounter a webcam featuring no person at all than one featuring a sole female. About one in eight spins yielded someone apparently naked, exposing themselves, or engaging in a sexual act. A user |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 2957, "ep": 6, "ec": 3608} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 2,957 | 6 | 3,608 | Chatroulette | Overview | was twice as likely to encounter a sign requesting female nudity than to encounter actual female nudity.
The website uses Adobe Flash to display video and access the user's webcam. Flash's peer-to-peer network capabilities (via RTMFP) allow almost all video and audio streams to travel directly between user computers, without using server bandwidth. However, certain combinations of routers will not allow UDP traffic to flow between them, and then falling back to RTMP is necessary.
Initially, the site only asked users to confirm that they are at least 18 years old and agree on terms to not broadcast any offensive or pornographic |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 6, "sc": 3608, "ep": 10, "ec": 68} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 6 | 3,608 | 10 | 68 | Chatroulette | Overview & Inappropriate content | content. Login or registration was not required. However, the website now requires users to register for free before they can use the features of the website. The signup requires a username, email address, and password. Details such as age, gender, and location can be further added under profile and settings. This tab also allows users to write an 'about me' section about themselves, including languages they speak and their taste in music, movies, and games. Users can also upload an image of themselves to add to their profiles. Inappropriate content Within a year of the site's launch, Chatroulette received criticism, |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 10, "sc": 68, "ep": 10, "ec": 685} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 10 | 68 | 10 | 685 | Chatroulette | Inappropriate content | particularly with respect to the offensive, obscene, or pornographic material that some users of this site were exhibiting. Psychiatrist Dr. Keith Ablow advised, "Parents should keep all their children off the site because it's much too dangerous for children. It's a predator's paradise. This is one of the worst faces of the Internet that I've seen. It's disconnecting human relationships rather than connecting them." Emie Allen, president of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, told CBS' The Early Show that the site was the "last place parents want their kids to be. This is a huge red flag; |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 10, "sc": 685, "ep": 10, "ec": 1227} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 10 | 685 | 10 | 1,227 | Chatroulette | Inappropriate content | this is extreme social networking. This is a place kids are going to gravitate to."
Ternovskiy told the New York Times that "Everyone finds his own way of using the site. Some think it is a game, others think it is a whole unknown world, others think it is a dating service. I think it's cool that such a concept can be useful for so many people. Although some people are using the site in not very nice ways -- I am really against it." Early users of the site would frequently encounter users who were naked or masturbating in front |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 10, "sc": 1227, "ep": 10, "ec": 1818} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 10 | 1,227 | 10 | 1,818 | Chatroulette | Inappropriate content | of the camera. According to certain reports and a firsthand test, the majority of the site's users are male and overwhelmingly young, and people in their 30s are usually mocked on the site for being too "old". Some users dress in costumes to entertain the viewer the site pairs them with, while others play music or host dance parties. In 2011, artists Eva and Franco Mattes presented random Chatroulette users with a staged view of a man who had apparently hanged himself, and recorded the reactions.
According to a survey carried out by RJMetrics, about one in eight of feeds from |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 10, "sc": 1818, "ep": 14, "ec": 174} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 10 | 1,818 | 14 | 174 | Chatroulette | Inappropriate content & Reaction to criticisms | Chatroulette involved "R-rated" content. Parody shows such as The Daily Show and South Park have lampooned this aspect of the service, and nudity has become an established part of the site's notoriety. A complicated legal environment surrounds Chatroulette with respect to the sexual activities that occur frequently on the site. These activities may be illegal, but who is liable for such content is uncertain due to the level of anonymity of the users. Reaction to criticisms In response, the website has discouraged under-18s from using the site, and prohibits "pornographic" behavior. Users who experience harassment or witness illegal, immoral, or |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 14, "sc": 174, "ep": 14, "ec": 818} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 14 | 174 | 14 | 818 | Chatroulette | Reaction to criticisms | pornographic activity may report the offending user. If three users complain about the same participant within five minutes, the user is temporarily banned from the service. In August 2012, Chatroulette removed the Safe Mode feature of the website, and posted new terms and conditions, stating that nudity was no longer allowed on any part of the site. Chatroulette later changed their terms of use, making it a requirement that all users sign up before using the service.
Early in the site's operation, an algorithm was developed to successfully filter out large quantities of obscene content on Chatroulette, considering that as much |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 14, "sc": 818, "ep": 14, "ec": 1449} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 14 | 818 | 14 | 1,449 | Chatroulette | Reaction to criticisms | as 30% of the 8.5 million monthly unique visitors are under 18 years of age. This has led to a higher proportion of female users accessing the service due to the cleanup. The image recognition algorithms automatically flag users broadcasting sexual content. The filter works in a manner that it identifies excessive amounts of revealed skin while simultaneously recognizes faces as appropriate. A 20,000-user-based sample study proved that the algorithm is able to filter out nearly 60% of the offensive material along with ads on the site. While the video streams are transmitted in a peer-to-peer manner, without passing through |
{"datasets_id": 1098, "wiki_id": "Q750541", "sp": 14, "sc": 1449, "ep": 14, "ec": 2025} | 1,098 | Q750541 | 14 | 1,449 | 14 | 2,025 | Chatroulette | Reaction to criticisms | the site's server, Chatroulette does periodically take screenshots of the users' video content. Humans then check the screenshots flagged by the algorithms and proceed to block the offending users for a period of time. In an interview, Ternovskiy states, "While recognition software improves, we have employed a moderation team to review pictures manually. We now have around 100 moderators who are all monitoring all webcam feeds and marking inappropriate ones. The combination of filter technology and moderation results in the banning of 50,000 inappropriate users daily." |
{"datasets_id": 1099, "wiki_id": "Q16961195", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 61} | 1,099 | Q16961195 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 61 | Chatta Baria | Geography & Demographics & Infrastructure | Chatta Baria Geography Duttapukur, Shibalaya, Chandrapur, Gangapur, Chatta Baria and Joypul form a cluster of census towns in the northern part of the CD Block. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).
Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block. Demographics As of 2011 India census, Chatta Baria had a population of 12,537; of this,6,410 are male, 6,127 female. It has an average literacy rate of 74.26%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Infrastructure As per District Census Handbook 2011, Chatta Baria covered an |
{"datasets_id": 1099, "wiki_id": "Q16961195", "sp": 14, "sc": 61, "ep": 22, "ec": 83} | 1,099 | Q16961195 | 14 | 61 | 22 | 83 | Chatta Baria | Infrastructure & Transport & Healthcare | area of 2.3437 km². It had 2 primary schools and 1 middle school, the nearest secondary school and senior secondary were 1 km away at Duttapukur, and the nearest degree college is 8 km away at Barasat. Chatta Baria had 2 family welfare centres and 2 maternity and child welfare centres (both without any bed). Transport Chatta Baria is beside National Highway 112 (Jessore Road).
Duttapukur railway station and Bira railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system, are located nearby. Healthcare There is a primary health centre at Duttapukur. For other medical facilities in the |
{"datasets_id": 1099, "wiki_id": "Q16961195", "sp": 22, "sc": 83, "ep": 22, "ec": 251} | 1,099 | Q16961195 | 22 | 83 | 22 | 251 | Chatta Baria | Healthcare | area see Barasat Sadar subdivision.
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination. |
{"datasets_id": 1100, "wiki_id": "Q5089951", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 151} | 1,100 | Q5089951 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 151 | Chelmer railway station | History & Services | Chelmer railway station History The original station opened north of its current location in 1876 as Oxley's Point. In 1888, the station was renamed Riverton. A siding was built at the current station location in 1881, which was later converted into the current station in 1889. Riverton was closed that same year.
The line through Chelmer was duplicated in June 1886. The station was rebuilt in 1959 as part of the quadruplication of the line. Services Chelmer is served by City network services operating from Nambour, Caboolture, Kippa-Ring and Bowen Hills to Springfield Central, Ipswich and Rosewood. |
{"datasets_id": 1101, "wiki_id": "Q60609110", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 492} | 1,101 | Q60609110 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 492 | Chelsea Brandwood | Youth career | Chelsea Brandwood Chelsea Brandwood is a Canadian curler from St. Catharines, Ontario. She currently skips a team on the World Curling Tour. Her hometown is Beamsville, Ontario. Youth career Brandwood's first provincial title came at the women's bantam championship in 2012.
Brandwood won the Ontario Junior women's championship in 2015, with teammates Claire Greenlees, Brenda Holloway and Danielle Greenlees. The team represented Ontario at the 2015 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. Brandwood led her rink to a 7-3 record, after the round robin tournament. In the playoffs, she beat British Columbia's Corryn Brown team, before losing in the final to Alberta's Kelsey |
{"datasets_id": 1101, "wiki_id": "Q60609110", "sp": 8, "sc": 492, "ep": 8, "ec": 1134} | 1,101 | Q60609110 | 8 | 492 | 8 | 1,134 | Chelsea Brandwood | Youth career | Rocque.
In university curling, Brandwood played for the Laurier Golden Hawks, where she won three straight provincial (OUA) titles from 2014 to 2016, but came up short in 2017, her fourth year of eligibility. She was the alternate for the Laurier team (skipped by Carly Howard) at the 2014 CIS/CCA Curling Championships, where they finished third. At the 2015 CIS/CCA Curling Championships, she was the lead on the team, and won another bronze medal. At the 2016 CIS/CCA Curling Championships, she was the skip of the team, but they missed the playoffs.
Brandwood then attended Niagara College, skipping their women's team to |
{"datasets_id": 1101, "wiki_id": "Q60609110", "sp": 8, "sc": 1134, "ep": 12, "ec": 267} | 1,101 | Q60609110 | 8 | 1,134 | 12 | 267 | Chelsea Brandwood | Youth career & Women's curling | a provincial college title in 2018. She represented Niagara at the 2018 CCAA Curling National Championships, where she led her team to a 4-3 record. Women's curling Brandwood won her first World Curling Tour event at the 2018 Gord Carroll Curling Classic, defeating Korea's Gim Un-chi in the final. Later that season, Brandwood qualified for her first provincial women's championship, the 2019 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 569} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 569 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Chemical weapons in the Rif War During the Third Rif War in Spanish Morocco between 1921 and 1927, the Spanish Army of Africa dropped chemical warfare agents in an attempt to put down the Riffian Berber rebellion led by guerrilla leader Abd el-Krim.
These attacks in 1924 marked the second confirmed case of mustard gas being dropped from airplanes, a year before the signing of the Geneva Protocol for "the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare". The gas used in these attacks was produced by the "Fábrica Nacional |
|
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 4, "sc": 569, "ep": 8, "ec": 321} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 4 | 569 | 8 | 321 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Research and revelations | de Productos Químicos" (National factory of chemical products) at La Marañosa near Madrid; a plant founded with significant assistance from Hugo Stoltzenberg, a chemist associated with the German government's clandestine chemical warfare activities in the early 1920s who was later given Spanish citizenship. Research and revelations The Spanish bombings were covered up but some observers of military aviation, like Pedro Tonda Bueno in his autobiography La vida y yo (Life and I), published in 1974, talked about dropping toxic gases from airplanes and the consequent poisoning of the Rif fields. Likewise, Spanish Army air arm pilot Ignacio Hidalgo de |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 8, "sc": 321, "ep": 8, "ec": 990} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 8 | 321 | 8 | 990 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Research and revelations | Cisneros, in his autobiographical work Cambio de rumbo (Course change), reveals how he witnessed several chemical attacks. Years later, in 1990, two German journalists and investigators, Rudibert Kunz and Rolf-Dieter Müller, in their work Giftgas gegen Abd El Krim: Deutschland, Spanien und der Gaskrieg in Spanisch-Marokko, 1922-1927 (Poison Gas against Abd El Krim: Germany, Spain and the Gas War in Spanish Morocco, 1922-1927), proved with scientific tests that chemical attacks had indeed occurred. The British historian Sebastian Balfour, of the London School of Economics, in his book Deadly Embrace, confirmed massive use of chemical arms after having studied |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 8, "sc": 990, "ep": 12, "ec": 324} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 8 | 990 | 12 | 324 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Research and revelations & Background | numerous Spanish, French and British archives. According to his research, the strategy of the Spanish military was to choose highly populated zones as targets. Additional evidence is found in a telegram from a British official, H. Pughe Lloyd, sent to the British Minister of War. Background According to Sebastian Balfour, the motivation for the chemical attacks was based primarily on revenge for the defeat of the Spanish Army of Africa and their Moroccan recruits the Regulares at the Battle of Annual on July 22, 1921.
The Spanish defeat at Annual left 13,000 Spanish and Moroccan colonial soldiers dead |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 12, "sc": 324, "ep": 12, "ec": 960} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 12 | 324 | 12 | 960 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Background | according to the official count, many of them killed in cold blood after surrendering to the Rif armies, and led to a major political crisis and a redefinition of Spanish colonial policy toward the Rif region. The political crisis led Indalecio Prieto to say in the Congress of Deputies: "We are at the most acute period of Spanish decadence. The campaign in Africa is a total failure, absolute, without extenuation, of the Spanish Army."
The Minister of War ordered the creation of an investigative commission, directed by the respected general Juan Picasso González, which eventually developed the Expediente Picasso report. |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 12, "sc": 960, "ep": 16, "ec": 209} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 12 | 960 | 16 | 209 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Background & The use of the chemical agents | Despite identifying numerous military mistakes, it did not, owing to obstructions raised by various ministers and judges, go so far as to lay political responsibility for the defeat. Popular opinion widely blamed King Alfonso XIII who, according to several sources, encouraged General Manuel Fernández Silvestre's irresponsible penetration of positions far from Melilla without having adequate defenses in his rear. The use of the chemical agents Spain was one of the first powers to use chemical weapons against civilian populaces in their use against the Rif rebellion. Between 1921 and 1927, the Spanish army indiscriminately used phosgene, diphosgene, |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 16, "sc": 209, "ep": 16, "ec": 857} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 16 | 209 | 16 | 857 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | The use of the chemical agents | chloropicrin and mustard gas (known as Iperita). Common targets were civilian populations, markets, and rivers. In a telegram sent by the High Commissioner of Spanish Morocco Dámaso Berenguer on August 12, 1921 to the Spanish minister of War, Berenguer stated:
I have been obstinately resistant to the use of suffocating gases against these indigenous peoples but after what they have done, and of their treacherous and deceptive conduct, I have to use them with true joy.
On August 20, 1921, Spain asked Germany to deliver mustard gas via Hugo Stoltzenberg, although Germany was prohibited from manufacturing such weapons by the |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 16, "sc": 857, "ep": 16, "ec": 1464} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 16 | 857 | 16 | 1,464 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | The use of the chemical agents | Treaty of Versailles of 1919. The first delivery occurred in 1923. The use of chemical weapons against the Rif was first described in an article of a (now defunct) Francophone daily newspaper published in Tangier called La Dépêche marocaine dated on November 27, 1921. Historian Juan Pando has been the only Spanish historian to have confirmed the usage of mustard gas starting in 1923. Spanish newspaper La Correspondencia de España published an article called Cartas de un soldado (Letters of a soldier) on August 16, 1923 which backed the usage of mustard gas.
According to military aviation |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 16, "sc": 1464, "ep": 20, "ec": 49} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 16 | 1,464 | 20 | 49 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | The use of the chemical agents & Alleged toxic effects | general Hidalgo de Cisneros in his autobiographical book Cambio de rumbo, he was the first warfighter to drop a 100-kilogram mustard gas bomb from his Farman F60 Goliath aircraft in the summer of 1924. About 127 fighters and bombers flew in the campaign, dropping around 1,680 bombs each day. Thirteen of these planes were stationed in the military air base of Seville. The mustard gas bombs were brought from the stockpiles of Germany and delivered to Melilla before being carried on Farman F60 Goliath airplanes. Alleged toxic effects The Association for the Defence of Victims of the |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 20, "sc": 49, "ep": 24, "ec": 360} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 20 | 49 | 24 | 360 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Alleged toxic effects & Bill of acknowledgment | Rif War considers that the toxic effects are still being felt in the Rif region. However, no scientific study has proven to date the relationship between the usage of chemical weapons and the high rate of cancer in the area. Bill of acknowledgment On February 14, 2007, the Catalan party of the Republican Left (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya) passed a bill to the Spanish Congress of Deputies requesting Spain to acknowledge the "systematic" use of chemical weapons against the population of the Rif mountains. The bill was rejected by 33 votes from the governing Socialist Labor Party and the opposition |
{"datasets_id": 1102, "wiki_id": "Q777966", "sp": 24, "sc": 360, "ep": 24, "ec": 434} | 1,102 | Q777966 | 24 | 360 | 24 | 434 | Chemical weapons in the Rif War | Bill of acknowledgment | right-wing Popular Party who form the majority in the Spanish parliament. |
{"datasets_id": 1103, "wiki_id": "Q5090675", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 555} | 1,103 | Q5090675 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 555 | Chemung Canal Bank Building | Uses | Chemung Canal Bank Building Uses The Chemung Canal Bank Building was chartered in July 1833, and was open for business later that year, in October. It was owned and operated by the Chemung Canal Trust Company until 1920 when they moved to a new location. After the Chemung Canal Trust Company moved, the building came under the ownership of the Arnot Realty Company. The building was also home to various offices including the Sayles, Evans, Brayton, Palmer, and Tifft Law Firm. The building was purchased in the early 1980s and is currently run and owned by the Chemung County Historical |
{"datasets_id": 1103, "wiki_id": "Q5090675", "sp": 6, "sc": 555, "ep": 10, "ec": 310} | 1,103 | Q5090675 | 6 | 555 | 10 | 310 | Chemung Canal Bank Building | Uses & Appearance and features | Society. The first floor has become a general history museum (The Chemung Valley History Museum), the largest in the region. The second floor is occupied by the Booth library, a research facility/archive open to the public and the third floor is used for collections storage. Appearance and features The building was a combination of Greek revival and Traditional Federal styling. It was a brick structure with stepped gables, whereas most buildings of that time period were made of wood. The Bank building had a stone stoop with an ornamental wrought iron railing. The floor plan included a large central hall |
{"datasets_id": 1103, "wiki_id": "Q5090675", "sp": 10, "sc": 310, "ep": 10, "ec": 861} | 1,103 | Q5090675 | 10 | 310 | 10 | 861 | Chemung Canal Bank Building | Appearance and features | with one or two rooms on either side as well as a substantial staircase. The second floor was to be used as an apartment for the bank manager. The structure was built upon a stone basement, separate from the foundations of the vaults on the east and west sides. The west side vaults were used by the gas company offices on the west side of the building. In 1868 the bank was remodeled to include a third floor, to be used as rentable apartment space. In 1903 the building was renovated by the Pierce and Bickford architectural firm. The modifications |
{"datasets_id": 1103, "wiki_id": "Q5090675", "sp": 10, "sc": 861, "ep": 10, "ec": 1253} | 1,103 | Q5090675 | 10 | 861 | 10 | 1,253 | Chemung Canal Bank Building | Appearance and features | included the addition of two more vaults to store books and currency, mahogany counters, terrazzo flooring, extra restrooms, coupon booths, and a ventilation system that included an indirect heating system and a fan for the summer months. In 1993 the Bank Building was renovated and restored by the Chemung County Historical Society, although many of the original features are still present. |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 | Cherkasy Oblast | Geography | Cherkasy Oblast Geography With 20,900 km², the Cherkasy oblast is the 18th largest oblast of Ukraine, comprising about 3.5% of the area of the country. The south flowing Dnieper River with the hilly western bank and the plain eastern bank divides the oblast into two unequal parts. The larger western part belongs to the Dnieper Upland. The low-lying eastern part of the oblast used to be subject to the frequent Dnieper flooding before the flow of the river became controlled by multiple dams of Hydroelectric Power Plants constructed along the river in the 20th century.
The oblast extends for 245 km |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 6, "ec": 1201} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 6 | 586 | 6 | 1,201 | Cherkasy Oblast | Geography | from south-west to north-east, and for 150 km from north to south. The northernmost point of the oblast is located is near the village of Kononivka in the Drabivskyi Raion (district), the southernmost point near the village of Kolodyste in the Talnivskyi Raion, the westernmost point near the village of Korytnya in the Zhashkivskyi Raion, and the easternmost point near the village of Stetsivka in the Chyhyrynsky Raion. The geometric centre of the oblast is located near the village Zhuravky of the Horodyshchenskyi Raion. The oblast borders the Kiev Oblast to the north, the Kirovohrad Oblast to the south, the |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 6, "sc": 1201, "ep": 14, "ec": 4} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 6 | 1,201 | 14 | 4 | Cherkasy Oblast | Geography & History & Demographics | Poltava Oblast to the east, and the Vinnytsia Oblast to the west. History The Cherkasy Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on January 7, 1954. The oblast's territory was the major cities of Cherkasy, Smila and Uman, their corresponding raions (districts), as well as 30 former raions of the Vinnytsia, Kiev, Kirovohrad and Poltava Oblasts.
Archaeological discoveries, have shown that people have inhabited the valley of the Dnieper (Dnipro) River since the times immemorial. The oldest objects excavated on the territory of the region date back to the Stone Age – the Palaeolithic period. Demographics The |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 14, "sc": 3, "ep": 18, "ec": 118} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 14 | 3 | 18 | 118 | Cherkasy Oblast | Demographics & Economy | current estimated population is 1,335,064 (as of 2006).
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the oblast's population is almost equally divided between the urban and rural areas (53.7% and 46.3%, respectively). The demographic situation in this largely agricultural territory is somewhat complicated by population ageing.
By ethnic composition, Ukrainians represent the overwhelming majority of the oblast's population (93.6%). Ethnic Russians are the distant second group of population (5.4%), and are concentrated mainly in the city of Cherkasy.
The oblast is primarily Ukrainophone. Economy The economy of the Cherkasy Oblast is largely dominated by agriculture. While the winter wheat and sugar beets are the |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 18, "sc": 118, "ep": 22, "ec": 294} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 18 | 118 | 22 | 294 | Cherkasy Oblast | Economy & Nomenclature | main products grown in the oblast, barley, corn, tobacco and hemp are also grown. Cattle breeding is also important.
The industry is mainly concentrated in Cherkasy, the oblast's capital and the largest city. A chemical industry was developed in the city in late 1960s in addition to machine building, furniture making and agricultural processing. Nomenclature Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially referred to as "oblast centers" (Ukrainian: обласний центр, translit. oblasnyi tsentr). The name of each oblast is a relative adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective center city: Cherkasy |
{"datasets_id": 1104, "wiki_id": "Q161808", "sp": 22, "sc": 294, "ep": 22, "ec": 576} | 1,104 | Q161808 | 22 | 294 | 22 | 576 | Cherkasy Oblast | Nomenclature | is the center of the Cherkas’ka oblast’ (Cherkasy Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Cherkasy Oblast, Cherkashchyna. |
{"datasets_id": 1105, "wiki_id": "Q5092367", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 331} | 1,105 | Q5092367 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 331 | Cherry Healey | Early life & Career | Cherry Healey Early life Healey is descended from the Chadwyck-Healey baronets; her father Nicholas is a son of the 4th Baronet. She has three brothers. She attended Cheltenham Ladies' College until 1999. She has a Degree in Drama Education/Drama for Social Change from the Central School of Speech and Drama. Career Best known for her work with light-hearted documentaries on BBC Three, including studies on drinking, childbirth, body issues, dating, and money, Healey frequently relates documentaries to her own life both during the programmes and on her blog on the BBC website. She presented a mini-series called Britain's Favourite Supermarket |
{"datasets_id": 1105, "wiki_id": "Q5092367", "sp": 10, "sc": 331, "ep": 10, "ec": 1010} | 1,105 | Q5092367 | 10 | 331 | 10 | 1,010 | Cherry Healey | Career | Foods on BBC One.
Since 2015, Healey has presented the E4 spin-off The Jump: On the Piste.
From 2013 until 2015, Healey appeared in TV commercials shown in the United States and Canada, for Cottonelle toilet paper, in which she approached random people and asked them to use Cottonelle and "go commando" – meaning without underwear – to demonstrate how effectively Cottonelle cleaned them.
Healey has also written for several publications including Grazia, You Me Baby magazine, and Cellardoor online.
She has co-presented four series of Inside the Factory for BBC Two alongside Gregg Wallace. In 2016, Healey took part in Celebrity MasterChef on |
{"datasets_id": 1105, "wiki_id": "Q5092367", "sp": 10, "sc": 1010, "ep": 14, "ec": 172} | 1,105 | Q5092367 | 10 | 1,010 | 14 | 172 | Cherry Healey | Career & Personal life | BBC One. In 2017–2018 her BBC series Find My First Love is being syndicated in the US on FYI.
Healey co-presents a podcast called The Hotbed, hosted on Acast, which talks about sex and long-term relationships. It reached No.14 in the Apple podcasts chart, and has been described as "your cringe-free, light-hearted and straight-talking take on sex". Personal life In Summer 2010, Healey married her long term partner Roly Allen. The couple have a daughter, born 2009, and a son, born 2013. Healey and Allen later separated and divorced. |
{"datasets_id": 1106, "wiki_id": "Q55829765", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 125} | 1,106 | Q55829765 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 125 | Chersobius | Naming & Distribution & Conservation and captivity | Chersobius Naming As a group, these closely related species are commonly known in Europe and Africa as padlopers (originally meaning "path-walkers" in Afrikaans), due to their habit of making tiny pathways through vegetation. In other parts of the world, such as the United States, they are known as Cape tortoises. Distribution The genus is indigenous and endemic to southern Africa, one within South Africa, one only in Namibia, and one possibly spanning across the border region of both countries. Conservation and captivity They are threatened by habitat destruction, traffic on roads, overgrazing, and poaching for the pet trade.
Among the |
{"datasets_id": 1106, "wiki_id": "Q55829765", "sp": 14, "sc": 125, "ep": 14, "ec": 712} | 1,106 | Q55829765 | 14 | 125 | 14 | 712 | Chersobius | Conservation and captivity | Chersobius species, C. signatus adapts well to captivity, as their diets are not highly specialized. The others do not generally survive well in captivity unless some effort is made to supply them with their natural food, that is, endemic plants from the Cape/Karoo regions. Many are taken from their natural habitat each year, and subsequently die as a result, as they do not readily adapt to typical captive diets and environment change. However, they can be very hardy in captivity, and most problems with captive care are caused by faulty nutrition, high humidity, or bad husbandry. |
{"datasets_id": 1107, "wiki_id": "Q65121934", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 635} | 1,107 | Q65121934 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 635 | Chersonasus | Chersonasus Chersonasus or Chersonasos (Ancient Greek: Χερσόνασος), later Chersonesus or Chersonesos (Χερσόνησος), was a town and polis (city-state) on the north coast of ancient Crete. It functioned as the harbour of Lyctus, and had a temple of Britomartis, According to the Stadiasmus Maris Magni, which spells that name Cherrhonesus or Cherronesos (Χερρόνησος), it had a harbour and was located 130 stadia from Herakleion and 260 stadia from Olus. By land, it was 16 M.P. from Cnossus. In the fourth century BCE, it struck coins.
It was Christianised early, and the site of a bishopric. Michel Le Quien mentions four Greek bishops, from |
|
{"datasets_id": 1107, "wiki_id": "Q65121934", "sp": 4, "sc": 635, "ep": 4, "ec": 1243} | 1,107 | Q65121934 | 4 | 635 | 4 | 1,243 | Chersonasus | 441 to 789; the see still figures in later "Notitiae Episcopatuum" of the twelfth or thirteenth century. Seven Latin bishops are mentioned by Le Quien, from 1298 to 1549, of whom the last two, Dionysius and Joannes Franciscus Verdura, were present at the Council of Trent. Another bishop of Chersonesus was Pietro Coletti, at the beginning of the seventeenth century a Catholic, but whether of his native Greek Rite or of the Latin is unknown. No longer a residential bishopric, it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.
The site of Chersonasus is located near modern Limin Khersonisos. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1108, "wiki_id": "Q5094004", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 510} | 1,108 | Q5094004 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 510 | Chestnut Street Methodist Church (Portland, Maine) | Description and history | Chestnut Street Methodist Church (Portland, Maine) Description and history The former Chestnut Street Church building is set in the city center, directly behind Portland City Hall on the east side of Chestnut Street. It is a single story masonry structure, built out of pressed brick with brownstone trim. Its slate roof is steeply pitched at the center, with a gentler slope over the outer aisles of the nave. Its foundation is brick, faced in brownstone to a height of 2 feet (0.61 m). Its walls are buttressed, with Gothic arched windows between the buttresses on the side walls. |
{"datasets_id": 1108, "wiki_id": "Q5094004", "sp": 6, "sc": 510, "ep": 6, "ec": 1075} | 1,108 | Q5094004 | 6 | 510 | 6 | 1,075 | Chestnut Street Methodist Church (Portland, Maine) | Description and history | The main facade is symmetrical, with a pair of equal-height towers flanking the central gable. The towers originally had more elaborate spires, but these were removed for safety reasons in the 1950s, as were similar spires on the buttresses. There are three entrances, one at the center between the towers, and one each on the side aisles, all set in Gothic arched openings.
The church was built in 1856 for a Methodist congregation that had been meeting on the site since 1808. It is the first Methodist church into which an organ was installed. The |
{"datasets_id": 1108, "wiki_id": "Q5094004", "sp": 6, "sc": 1075, "ep": 6, "ec": 1576} | 1,108 | Q5094004 | 6 | 1,075 | 6 | 1,576 | Chestnut Street Methodist Church (Portland, Maine) | Description and history | building was designed by Charles A. Alexander, who designed a number of high-profile buildings in Portland in the 1850s, all of the others having either been demolished or significantly altered. The early Gothic style is also rare in Portland, as many buildings from the 1850s and early 1860s were lost in the 1866 fire.
In 1904, the Maine Women's Suffragist Association held their 24th annual convention at the church. The building was restored and converted into Grace restaurant in 2009. |
{"datasets_id": 1109, "wiki_id": "Q28452992", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585} | 1,109 | Q28452992 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 585 | Chichester City F.C. (1873) | History | Chichester City F.C. (1873) History The club was established in 1873 as Chichester Football Club. They were founder members of the Sussex County Football Association in 1882, and later became founder members of the West Sussex League in 1896. In 1920 the club were founder members of another new league, the Sussex County League.
In 1925–26 Chichester won the Sussex Senior Challenge Cup, beating Eastbourne 5–1 in the final. After World War II the club spent one season in the West Sussex League, winning the Division One title and Malcolm Simmonds Memorial Cup, before returning the Sussex County League when it |
{"datasets_id": 1109, "wiki_id": "Q28452992", "sp": 6, "sc": 585, "ep": 6, "ec": 1152} | 1,109 | Q28452992 | 6 | 585 | 6 | 1,152 | Chichester City F.C. (1873) | History | resumed in 1946. In 1948 the club was renamed Chichester City. They won the Sussex County League in 1959–60, retaining their title the following season. In 1960–61 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first and only time in their history, losing 11–0 at Bristol City. They also reached the Sussex RUR Cup final, and after drawing 2–2 with Brighton & Hove Albion, were jointly awarded the cup; they went on to win the RUR Cup outright in 1963–64. After finishing as league runners-up in 1965–66 and 1966–67, they were champions again in 1967–68. The |
{"datasets_id": 1109, "wiki_id": "Q28452992", "sp": 6, "sc": 1152, "ep": 6, "ec": 1769} | 1,109 | Q28452992 | 6 | 1,152 | 6 | 1,769 | Chichester City F.C. (1873) | History | club were runners-up in 1969–70 and champions for a fourth time in 1972–73.
After several seasons of lower-mid table finishes in the mid-1970s, Chichester were champions again in 1979–80. However, the next few years saw them become a yo-yo club; they were relegated to Division Two at the end of the 1982–83 season, having finished bottom of Division One. Although they returned to Division One in 1985 after finishing as Division Two runners-up, they were relegated again at the end of the 1986–87 season. The club were promoted back to Division One as Division Two runners-up in 1990–91, but were relegated |
{"datasets_id": 1109, "wiki_id": "Q28452992", "sp": 6, "sc": 1769, "ep": 10, "ec": 93} | 1,109 | Q28452992 | 6 | 1,769 | 10 | 93 | Chichester City F.C. (1873) | History & Ground | for a third time in 1993–94 after finishing bottom of Division One. In 1995–96 the club finished in the promotion positions, but were denied promotion as Oakland Park did not have floodlights. In 1996–97 they were Division Two runners-up again, earning promotion back to Division One after floodlights had been installed.
In 2000 Chichester merged with Portfield to form Chichester City United, playing at Portfield's Church Road ground whilst Oaklands Park was redeveloped. Ground The club originally played at Priory Park, before moving to Oaklands Park in the early 1950s. |
{"datasets_id": 1110, "wiki_id": "Q16837419", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 456} | 1,110 | Q16837419 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 456 | Chicken Inn F.C. | History | Chicken Inn F.C. History Having only been formed in 1997, Chicken Inn are a relatively young side in the Zimbabwean Premier Soccer League, and their league title in 2015 was the first in their history following promotion to the top-flight in 2011.
Head coach, Joey Antipas, joined the club in 2013, and has now successfully guided them into the CAF Champions League for the first time in their history after a league campaign that saw them lose just five out of 30 matches. |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 577} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 577 | Chiddingstone Castle | Chiddingstone Castle Chiddingstone Castle is situated in the village of Chiddingstone, near Edenbridge, Kent, England, 35 miles (56 kilometres) south-southeast of London and in the upper valley of the River Medway. The castle itself dates from the early 19th century, but incorporates elements of earlier buildings on the same site.
From the early 16th century to the end of the 19th century it was the seat of the Streatfeild family. Since 1977, the castle and its 35 acres (14 hectares) of grounds have been held in trust for the nation by the Denys Eyre Bower Bequest, and both are open |
|
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 4, "sc": 577, "ep": 10, "ec": 20} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 4 | 577 | 10 | 20 | Chiddingstone Castle | High Street House & Chiddingstone Castle | to the public. High Street House The first significant building to occupy the site of the castle was a timber-framed dwelling, inhabited from the early 16th century by Richard Streatfeild, an iron master and wool merchant. Little remains of this first structure as, in 1679, Henry Streatfeild (1639-1719) had the house rebuilt in red brick in the Restoration style. The building was known as High Street House or High Street Mansion since it fronted the village high street. Remodelling of the house's grounds in the 19th century resulted in the current diversion of the road through the village. Chiddingstone Castle |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 12, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 643} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 643 | Chiddingstone Castle | Chiddingstone Castle | In the early 19th century, Henry Streatfeild (1757-1829), the son of Henry Streatfeild (1706-1762) and Lady Anne Sidney, commissioned William Atkinson to rebuild the house in the Gothic style however Atkinson's design was not completed and, in 1835, Streatfeild's son, also Henry Streatfeild (1784-1852), engaged the architect Henry Kendal to carry out further work. Although the Streatfields owned the house, now renamed Chiddingstone Castle, until it was sold to Lord Astor in 1938, the family did not live there after 1900. During the Second World War, the castle hosted members of the Canadian Forces before becoming Long Dene School until |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.