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{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 3171, "ep": 116, "ec": 3806} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 3,171 | 116 | 3,806 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States | Studies has suggested that the United States and China should agree to a policy of mutually assured restraint with respect to cyberspace. This would involve allowing both states to take the measures they deem necessary for their self-defense while simultaneously agreeing to refrain from taking offensive steps; it would also entail vetting these commitments.
In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people. Later, FBI Director James Comey put the number at 18 million. The Washington Post has |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 3806, "ep": 120, "ec": 329} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 3,806 | 120 | 329 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States & Australia | reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials. James Comey said: "It is a very big deal from a national security perspective and from a counterintelligence perspective. It's a treasure trove of information about everybody who has worked for, tried to work for, or works for the United States government." Australia Defence Secretary Dennis Richardson has stated that China is engaged in extensive espionage against Australia, and included surveillance of Chinese Australian communities. Australia believes that the Chinese government have been spying on Australian businesses. A male Chinese student from Fujian was granted a protection visa by |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 120, "sc": 329, "ep": 120, "ec": 1074} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 120 | 329 | 120 | 1,074 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Australia | the Refugee Review Tribunal of Australia after revealing that he had been instructed to spy on Australian targets in exchange for an overseas scholarship, reporting to the Ministry of State Security. Reported targets included Chinese students with anti-Communist sentiments and Falun Gong practitioners.
Nicola Roxon, the Attorney-General of Australia, blocked the Shenzhen-based corporation Huawei from seeking a supply contract for the National Broadband Network, on the advice of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Australian government feared Huawei would provide backdoor access for Chinese cyber espionage.
The Chinese government is suspected of orchestrating an attack on the email network used by the |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 120, "sc": 1074, "ep": 120, "ec": 1781} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 120 | 1,074 | 120 | 1,781 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Australia | Parliament of Australia, allowing unauthorized access to thousands of emails and compromising the computers of several senior Australian politicians including Prime Minister Julia Gillard, Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd, and Minister of Defense Stephen Smith.
Sheri Yan and Roger Uren were investigated by ASIO on suspicion of spying for China. Oren, former Assistant Secretary responsible for the Asia section of the Office of National Assessments, was found to have removed documents pertaining to Chinese intelligence operations in Australia, and kept them in his apartment. Yan was suspected of undertaking influence operations on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party, and introducing Colonel Liu |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 120, "sc": 1781, "ep": 120, "ec": 2507} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 120 | 1,781 | 120 | 2,507 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Australia | Chaoying, a military intelligence officer, to Australian contacts.
Hackers either working for or on behalf of the government of China are suspected as being responsible for a cyber-espionage attack against an Australian defense company. Designated APT Alf by the Australian Signals Directorate, the hackers stole approximately 30 gigabytes of data on projects including the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the P-8 Poseidon, the C-130 Hercules and the Joint Direct Attack Munition. APT Alf used a remote access tool dubbed "China Chopper".
In 2017, Chinese hackers infiltrated the computers of Australian National University, potentially compromising national security research conducted at the university. In 2015, |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 120, "sc": 2507, "ep": 128, "ec": 57} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 120 | 2,507 | 128 | 57 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Australia & New Zealand & South America | Chinese hackers infiltrated the Bureau of Meteorology. New Zealand Jian Yang, a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, was investigated by the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service as a possibly spy due to his links to Chinese military and intelligence schools. Yang reportedly failed to declare that he had taught at the Air Force Engineering University or the Luoyang People's Liberation Army University of Foreign Languages, which are commonly used as training grounds for Chinese intelligence officers. Yang has denied the allegations that he is a spy. South America Experts believe that China has recently increased its spy |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 128, "sc": 57, "ep": 132, "ec": 549} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 128 | 57 | 132 | 549 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | South America & Peru | capabilities in South America, perhaps with help from the Cuban government. Peru The computer security firm ESET reported that tens of thousands of blueprints were stolen from Peruvian corporations through malware, which were traced to Chinese e-mail accounts. This was done through an AutoCAD worm called ACAD/Medre.A, written in AutoLISP, which located AutoCAD files, at which point they were sent to QQ and 163.com email accounts in China. ESET researcher Righard Zwienenberg claimed this was Chinese industrial espionage. The virus was mostly localized to Peru but spread to a few neighboring countries before being contained. |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 621} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 621 | Chinese jade | Chinese jade Chinese jade refers to the jade mined or carved in China from the Neolithic onward. It is the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpture. Although deep and bright green jadeite is better known in Europe, for most of China's history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white "mutton-fat" nephrite was the most highly praised and prized. Native sources in Henan and along the Yangtze were exploited since prehistoric times and have largely been exhausted; most Chinese jade today is extracted from the northwestern province of Xinjiang.
Jade was prized for its hardness, durability, musical qualities, and beauty. |
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{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 4, "sc": 621, "ep": 4, "ec": 1209} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 4 | 621 | 4 | 1,209 | Chinese jade | In particular, its subtle, translucent colors and protective qualities caused it to become associated with Chinese conceptions of the soul and immortality. With gold, it was considered to be a symbol of heaven. The most prominent early use was the crafting of the Six Ritual Jades, found since the 3rd-millennium BC Liangzhu culture: the bi, the cong, the huang, the hu, the gui, and the zhang. Since the meanings of these shapes were not mentioned prior to the eastern Zhou dynasty, by the time of the composition of the Rites of Zhou, they were thought to represent the sky, the earth, |
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{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 4, "sc": 1209, "ep": 4, "ec": 1830} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 4 | 1,209 | 4 | 1,830 | Chinese jade | and the four directions. By the Han dynasty, the royal family and prominent lords were buried entirely ensheathed in jade burial suits sewn in gold thread, on the idea that it would preserve the body and the souls attached to it. Jade was also thought to combat fatigue in the living. The Han also greatly improved prior artistic treatment of jade.
These uses gave way after the Three Kingdoms period to Buddhist practices and new developments in Taoism such as alchemy. Nonetheless, jade remained part of traditional Chinese medicine and an important artistic medium. Although its use never became widespread in |
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{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 4, "sc": 1830, "ep": 8, "ec": 534} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 4 | 1,830 | 8 | 534 | Chinese jade | Name | Japan, jade became important to the art of Korea and Southeast Asia. Name The Chinese word yù 玉 "jade; gems of all kinds; (of women) beautiful; (courteous) your" has semantically broader meanings than English jade "any of various hard greenish gems used in jewelry and artistic carvings, including jadeite and nephrite; a green color of medium hue; made of jade; green like jade". Yù has referred to many rocks and minerals that carve and polish well, especially jadeite, nephrite and agalmatolite, as well as bowenite and other varieties of serpentine. Jadeite is now known as yìngyù 硬玉 (lit. "hard jade") |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 8, "sc": 534, "ep": 8, "ec": 1187} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 8 | 534 | 8 | 1,187 | Chinese jade | Name | and nephrite correspondingly as ruǎnyù 軟玉 (lit. "soft jade"). The polysemous term yù is used in various Chinese chengyu "set phrases, such as pāozhuānyǐnyù 抛砖引玉 (lit. "cast aside a brick, pick up a jade") "offer banal/humble remarks to spark abler talk by others; sacrifice a little to gain much"—one of the Thirty-Six Stratagems, and idioms, for instance yùlì 玉立 (lit. "jade standing") "gracious; graceful".
The Chinese character 玉 for yu "jade" dates back to circa 11th century BCE oracle bone script from the late Shang dynasty, when it depicted pieces of jade hanging on a string. Chinese characters most commonly combine a radical, such as |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 8, "sc": 1187, "ep": 12, "ec": 296} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 8 | 1,187 | 12 | 296 | Chinese jade | Name & History | the "jade radical" 玉 or 王, that suggests meaning and a phonetic that hints at pronunciation. The "jade radical" frequently occurs in characters for names of gemstones (e.g., bì 碧 "green jade; bluish green" and shānhú 珊瑚 "coral"), and occasionally for words denoting "preciousness" (bǎo 宝 "treasure" and bǎobǎo 宝宝 "precious/darling baby"). History Jade has been used in virtually all periods of Chinese history and generally accords with the style of decorative art characteristic of each period. Its deep significance in Chinese culture has deemed it worthy of being symbolic of ancient Chinese ethics and ideologies and also representative of |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 296, "ep": 12, "ec": 937} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 296 | 12 | 937 | Chinese jade | History | the progression of Chinese culture. Thus, the earliest jades, of the Neolithic Period, are unornamented ritual and impractical versions of the tools and weapons that were in ordinary use, often much larger than normal examples. These are presumed to have been symbols of political power or possibly religious authority.
There have been three main Neolithic jadeworking centers. The first known center is known as the Liangzhu culture (c. 3300 – c. 2200). This centre took place in the Lake Tai District. The jades of this period were primarily small items of personal adornment, such as small discs strung onto necklaces. Typically, |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 937, "ep": 12, "ec": 1583} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 937 | 12 | 1,583 | Chinese jade | History | the jade was polished on its surface and perforated. Ritual jades and personal ornamental jade of different shapes began to show up during this time period. This religious nature of jade is often evaluated as connections between spirituality and the Neolithic societal structure that jade was produced in.
The second centre is known as Longshan culture and arose in 2500 BC. The centre was situated in China's east coast. The jade objects found in these centres were ritualistic implements, such as axes, knives, and chisels. There is a suggestion of curvilinear anthropomorphic images. A distinctive carving technique was used to create |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 1583, "ep": 12, "ec": 2238} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 1,583 | 12 | 2,238 | Chinese jade | History | the fine raised relief of the anthropomorphic images.
The third known centre is known as the Hongshan culture (c. 3800 – c. 2700 BC). The centre was situated in along the modern northeastern border of China. The objects of this centre were typically pendants and large C-shaped ornaments. Realistic figures of fish, turtles, cicadas, and owl-like birds with spread wings were typical carvings of the Hongshan culture.
During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yangtze River Delta (Liangzhu culture 3400–2250 |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 2238, "ep": 12, "ec": 2843} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 2,238 | 12 | 2,843 | Chinese jade | History | BC) and in an area of the Liaoning province in Inner Mongolia (Hongshan culture 4700–2200 BC). Archeological finds have also unearthed jade objects in this province in the shapes of dragons and clay-molded human figurines, therefore symbolizing the existence of a developed social group along the Liao River and inner-Mongolia. As early as 6000 BC, Dushan jade has been mined. In the Yin Ruins of the Shang dynasty in Anyang, Dushan jade ornaments were unearthed in the tombs of the Shang kings.
The bi and cong are types of objects only found in jade in early periods, and probably had religious |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 2843, "ep": 12, "ec": 3477} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 2,843 | 12 | 3,477 | Chinese jade | History | or cosmic significance. The bi is a circular disk with a hole, originally usually plain, but increasingly decorated, and the cong is a vessel, square on the outside but circular inside. In later literature the cong represents the earth and the bi the sky.
Jades of the Shang, Zhou, and Han dynasties are increasingly embellished with animal and other decorative motifs characteristic of those times, and craftsmen developed great skill in detailed low relief work in objects such as the belt-hooks that became part of elite costume. In later periods ancient jade shapes, derived from bronze sacrificial vessels, and motifs of |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 3477, "ep": 12, "ec": 4159} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 3,477 | 12 | 4,159 | Chinese jade | History | painting were used to demonstrate the craftsman's extraordinary technical facility.
In the Zhou dynasty (1122–255 BC), the system of government had been completed and there were varying levels of departments within the government. Buttons of jade were utilized to differentiate the various levels of official society.
Jade was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, ranging from indoor decorative items to jade burial suits, reflecting the ancient Chinese belief that jades would confer immortality or prolong life and prevent decay. Jade spoons, spatulas, and pestles were used to make medicine in order for the jade to bestow its special virtues |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 4159, "ep": 12, "ec": 4795} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 4,159 | 12 | 4,795 | Chinese jade | History | onto the medical compounds.
From about the earliest Chinese dynasties until the present, jade was sourced from deposits in western regions like Khotan and other parts of China like Lantian, Shaanxi. In Lantian, white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the Kun-Lun mountain range northward into the Takla-Makan desert area. River jade collection was concentrated in the Yarkand, the White Jade (Yurungkash) and Black Jade (Karakash) Rivers. From the Kingdom of Khotan, on the southern leg of the Silk Road, yearly tribute payments consisting of the most |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 4795, "ep": 12, "ec": 5424} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 4,795 | 12 | 5,424 | Chinese jade | History | precious white jade were made to the Chinese Imperial court and there transformed into objets d'art by skilled artisans as jade was considered more valuable than gold or silver, and white more valuable than green.
Jade became a favorite material for the crafting of Chinese writing materials, such as rests for calligraphy brushes, as well as the mouthpieces of some opium pipes, due to the belief that breathing through jade would bestow longevity upon smokers who used such a pipe.
The Qing dynasty was the final dynasty to gain political power within China beginning in 1644 CE until 1911 CE. Emperor Shengzu, |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 12, "sc": 5424, "ep": 16, "ec": 323} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 12 | 5,424 | 16 | 323 | Chinese jade | History & Carving techniques | who was also known as the Kangxi Emperor, ruled between circa 1662 CE until 1722 CE. During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, a distinctive pairs of lions or dogs composed of jade were commissioned by the dynastic family. Carving techniques The hardness of jade presented an obstacle to those who wanted to carve it and turn it into various objects. In order to quarry nephrite jade, fires were placed next to the jade to heat it and water was thrown against the rock's surface. This rapid temperature change caused the jade to crack and wooden wedges were used to |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 323, "ep": 16, "ec": 923} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 323 | 16 | 923 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques | further break it down. However, this quarrying technique also destroyed the jade. The best way to extract jade in terms of it being in the best condition was to remove it from pebbles and boulders that were found in rivers.
Neolithic jade workshops, also known as wasters, have been found in areas where jade usage was evident and popularized. Most evidence of the development of jade technology and tools are taken from wasters and the discards and finished works present in these workshops. From the traces of jade left at these sites, one can see the evolution of crafting procedures from |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 923, "ep": 16, "ec": 1518} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 923 | 16 | 1,518 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques | chipping and polishing to more advanced drilling and slicing. Due to the toughness of jade, the chipping and polishing procedures differ drastically from regular stone. The only possible method of altering the shape or texture of this mineral dense rock hasn't seen much change from its introduction to modern day as both times remain reliant on the abrasion method. In order to override the abrasiveness of jade and subdue it to molding, a jade-worker must use an object of higher abrasive factor. In the early days of jade carving, quartz, a mineral with a high hardness level, was the object |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 1518, "ep": 16, "ec": 2155} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 1,518 | 16 | 2,155 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques | of choice. At the beginning of the Song dynasty, a time of prolific technology growth, "red sand", with a hardness level of 7.5 became the dominant tool of the industry. By 1939, and once more advanced carving tools had arisen, Peking jade carvers were already using six different types of abrasives: quartz, almandine garnet, corundum, carborundum, diamond, and a medium combining both carborundum and calcareous silt or loess.
In terms of Hongshan (a culture consisting of regions such as Dongjiayingzi, Aohan, and Inner Mongolia) jade, four main tools comprise the basics for jade carving: the string, awl, the hollow drill, |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 2155, "ep": 16, "ec": 2814} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 2,155 | 16 | 2,814 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques | and a slow rotating disk. The string tools specifically were involved in the shaping of raw materials and slicing of jade into flat disks. Besides for slicing, this instrument was also responsible for open work, specifically the cutting of slits. Awls and hollow drills were both used to delicately puncture holes into jade material, however, awls were responsible for small pierces in ornaments whereas hollow drills made larger punctures for a variety of purposes. The slow rotating disk, finally, was purposeful in line cutting and preparing jade material for other drilling techniques. Although little is researched regarding the manufacturing techniques |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 2814, "ep": 16, "ec": 3433} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 2,814 | 16 | 3,433 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques | of other major Neolithic jade centers Dawenkou or Longshan, the Hongshan culture is quite known for its technical quality in the production of jade products and therefore serves as reliable source when examining the pinnacle of jade crafting during the Neolithic period. The introduction of metal tools occurred in the late Zhou period (1050–256 B.C.). It is likely that the use of copper in these tools preceded the use of iron.
Since jade was considered to be rare and strenuous to work with, pieces of jade were minimally changed and scrap pieces were reused in some way. The microstructure especially, with |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 16, "sc": 3433, "ep": 20, "ec": 12} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 16 | 3,433 | 20 | 12 | Chinese jade | Carving techniques & Categories | its composition of densely packed fibrous crystals in a felted mass formation, contributed to the mineral's toughness and difficulty in carving. Due to this toughness and unique manufacturing techniques, the jade objects studied suggest an organized labor structure consisting of skilled laborers and an education in the handling of particular tools. Likewise, stylistic features and carving techniques seen throughout different Chinese cultures suggest a fluid transmission of knowledge between cultures rather than a border-bounded knowledge isolating cultures.
The coloration of the jade was a factor taken into consideration when deciding what form the piece of jade would take. Categories Jade objects |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 20, "sc": 12, "ep": 20, "ec": 647} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 20 | 12 | 20 | 647 | Chinese jade | Categories | of early ages (Neolithic through Zhou) fall into five categories: small decorative and functional ornaments such as beads, pendants, and belt hooks; weapons and related equipment; independent sculptural, especially of real and mythological animals; small objects of probably emblematic value, including the han (ornaments, often carved in the shape of a cicada, to be placed in the mouth of the dead), and many examples of larger objects—such as the cong (a hollow cylinder or truncated cone). In terms of the Hongshan culture, bi and cong discs were most common, along with beads, pendants and ornamental pieces for hair and clothing |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 20, "sc": 647, "ep": 24, "ec": 352} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 20 | 647 | 24 | 352 | Chinese jade | Categories & Six Ritual and Six Ceremonial Jades | in a variety of animal shapes. Jade manufactured weapons were typical to ritualistic processes like sacrifices and symbols of authority. Particularly axes and blades were seen in the rituals of the Longshan culture. Six Ritual and Six Ceremonial Jades The Six Ritual Jades originating in pre-history were the bi (a flat disk with a hole in its center), the cong (prismatic tube), the huang (a flat, half-ring pendant), the hu, the flat, bladelike gui, and the zhang. The original names, value and functions of these objects have invited much speculation. The Zhou Li, itself probably compiled in the Han |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 24, "sc": 352, "ep": 24, "ec": 954} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 24 | 352 | 24 | 954 | Chinese jade | Six Ritual and Six Ceremonial Jades | Dynasty, ascribes the circular bi as representing the heavens, the cong as representing the earth, the gui the east, the zhang the south, the hu the west and the huang the north. Although over two millennia old these names and symbolism were given to these objects by much later writers, who interpreted the objects in a way that reflected their own understanding of the cosmos.
The original use of the "Six Ritual Jades" became lost, with such jades becoming status symbols, with utility and religious significance forgotten. The objects came to represent the status of the holder due to the |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 24, "sc": 954, "ep": 28, "ec": 72} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 24 | 954 | 28 | 72 | Chinese jade | Six Ritual and Six Ceremonial Jades & Symbolism and meaning | expense and authority needed to command the resources and labour in creating the object. Thus it was as the "Ceremonial Jades" that the forms of some of these jades were perpetuated. The "Zhou Li" states that a king (wang) was entitled to gui of the zhen type, dukes (gong) to the huang, marquis to gui of the xin type, earls (bo) to gui of the gong type, viscounts (zi) to a bi of the gu type and barons (nan) to a bi of the pu type. Symbolism and meaning Jade objects originally begun as forms of spiritual connections or value |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 28, "sc": 72, "ep": 28, "ec": 748} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 28 | 72 | 28 | 748 | Chinese jade | Symbolism and meaning | but in later years, developed into symbols of authority and status. Throughout Neolithic Chinese culture, jade remained, however, saturated in purposeful iconography and symbolism. Especially during the Eastern Zhou period and Shang dynasty, jade objects see representations of celestial beings who played key roles in communicating with ancestral spirits. Later, with the transition to the early Western Zhou period, jade objects began to lose their connectivity to Heavenly powers and instead reflected the political authority and status of their owners. This shift marked an important period in Chinese jade, a correction of usage and thus a redefining of Chinese culture. |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 30, "sc": 0, "ep": 32, "ec": 666} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 30 | 0 | 32 | 666 | Chinese jade | Concentration on spirituality | Concentration on spirituality In its earliest states, the visual representations in Chinese jade embody one of the first forms of narrative. Narratives with universal characteristics associated with religion and spirituality utilize natural elements that surround humankind and suggest a religion associated with Heaven and Earth. Due to ancient China's deep dependence on agriculture, and a reliance on a cycle of natural phenomenon, many mystic properties began to be associated with nature. A certain vulnerability when it came to nature, led many to attribute natural phenomena with spirituality. This spirituality, a mythological connection between the mundane Earth and the transcendence of |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 32, "sc": 666, "ep": 32, "ec": 1305} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 32 | 666 | 32 | 1,305 | Chinese jade | Concentration on spirituality | Heaven, was manifested in many jade objects through the late phase of the Shang dynasty. Since jade was extracted from high mountains and riverbeds, and mountains in Chinese culture symbolized a way to ascend beyond the Earth into Heaven, jade held power in terms of funerary rites and other rites associated with mysticism. Funerary ritual jade objects included things like pinnular-shaped ornamental jade, beads, and even agricultural tools such as axes and shovel (used to reiterate the connection between nature and the heavens). These agricultural tools were either placed in tombs as symbols of a prosperous afterlife or to sanctify |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 32, "sc": 1305, "ep": 32, "ec": 2005} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 32 | 1,305 | 32 | 2,005 | Chinese jade | Concentration on spirituality | the tomb for spirits responsible for natural phenomena and human wellbeing. Along with major objects, many smaller animal-shaped objects reflected the same sense of spirituality in nature and remained prevalent throughout the Shang dynasty. Birds, turtles, silkworms, dragons and cicadas appeared the most and each epitomized early China's relationship between religion and nature. Birds flight for instance, symbolized the spiritual journey: a journey from the natural earth to the celestial heavens. Similarly, the turtle's voyage across land and sea represented the expedition from earth to underworld. Jade cicadas and silkworms construed rebirth, symbolizing the rebirth of the dead when placed |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 32, "sc": 2005, "ep": 32, "ec": 2687} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 32 | 2,005 | 32 | 2,687 | Chinese jade | Concentration on spirituality | in tombs.
Along with animal-shaped objects, jade also took upon the shape of clouds, earth, and wind; creating a more literal translation of belief. Cloud pendants and cloud-shaped jade found in tombs of the elite elicit the belief in a hierarchical social structure with leaders holding both political and spiritual power. Bi discs and cong, commonly structured jade objects, also developed funerary significance in their use in rituals. Bi discs, specifically, were used in sacrifices to Heaven. Jade constructed huang pendants likewise saw an important funerary connection due to their inclusion in the typical shaman attire.
Jade human figurines in the Shijiahe |
{"datasets_id": 1123, "wiki_id": "Q4211668", "sp": 32, "sc": 2687, "ep": 32, "ec": 2897} | 1,123 | Q4211668 | 32 | 2,687 | 32 | 2,897 | Chinese jade | Concentration on spirituality | culture are another way jade was used in the celestial context. These figurines were supposedly used for the staging of ritual sacrifices and to preserve the memory of the sacrifice for subsequent generations. |
{"datasets_id": 1124, "wiki_id": "Q19825750", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 359} | 1,124 | Q19825750 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 359 | Ching Cheung-ying | Teaching career | Ching Cheung-ying Ching Cheung-ying (Chinese: 程張迎, born 31 May 1958) is a retired Hong Kong schoolteacher and politician. He is currently the representative of the Sun Tin Wai constituency of Sha Tin District Council. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Teaching career Ching was a Chinese Language and Chinese History teacher at Diocesan Boys' School. In 2002, he opposed the school's move from a free-of-charge Grant School to a fee-paying Direct Subsidy Scheme school. He criticized the move as a unilateral decision which sidelined teachers from the decision-making process, citing an internal secret ballot which showed that |
{"datasets_id": 1124, "wiki_id": "Q19825750", "sp": 8, "sc": 359, "ep": 12, "ec": 189} | 1,124 | Q19825750 | 8 | 359 | 12 | 189 | Ching Cheung-ying | Teaching career & Political career | 70% of the school's teachers opposed the move. He argued that the Direct Subsidy Scheme excluded poor families from high-quality education and reduced social mobility. Ching commented in 2013 that, since the school became fee-paying, there had been a substantial decrease in the number of lower-class students, and the school's management had become less transparent.
Ching retired from his teaching post in July 2018. Political career He was first elected to the Sha Tin District Board in the 1985 election and has been an elected local councillor since then. He represents Sun Tin Wai Estate. He was elected to the Regional |
{"datasets_id": 1124, "wiki_id": "Q19825750", "sp": 12, "sc": 189, "ep": 12, "ec": 776} | 1,124 | Q19825750 | 12 | 189 | 12 | 776 | Ching Cheung-ying | Political career | Council in the 1995 election and held the seat until the Regional Council's abolition in 1999. He is a member of the consultation panel of West Kowloon Cultural District and previously held advisory positions in various statutory arts and culture committees.
Ching was awarded the Medal of Honour in 2007 "for his outstanding and dedicated community service in Sha Tin District."
He was elected to the Education sub-sector of the Election Committee in 2016, running as a member of the Professional Teachers' Union caucus which formed part of the Democracy 300+ campaign. |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 578} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 578 | Chironomus zealandicus | Description | Chironomus zealandicus Description The common New Zealand midge is a two-winged non-biting Chironomus. These species are often confused with the biting mosquito as they look very similar. The males of this species have feathery antenna, and the females do not. The feathered antennas allow the insect to be able to walk in the water. The colouration of the species is black or dark segmented parts on the body (abdomen) with green or yellow striping. Chironomus has three types of teeth in its mandible, one single strong apical tooth, three inner subapical teeth, and a single outer apicodorsal tooth. The mentum |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 6, "sc": 578, "ep": 10, "ec": 338} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 6 | 578 | 10 | 338 | Chironomus zealandicus | Description & Distribution and habitat | of Chironomus also has 15 darker pigmented teeth on outer sides and either sides of the teeth. The adult is approximately 5mm in length. The larvae form is blood red and has elongated blood gills on its penultimate abdominal segments. Distribution and habitat Chironomus zealandicus is a native flying insect species of Chironomid that is endemic to New Zealand. It was first reported by Hudson in 1892 and was later described taxonomically by Hutton in 1902 and Kieffer in 1921 with the name Chironomus novae zealandiae. In New Zealand, this species is mostly found in freshwater and lake areas in |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 10, "sc": 338, "ep": 10, "ec": 943} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 10 | 338 | 10 | 943 | Chironomus zealandicus | Distribution and habitat | North Island and South Island, such as in Lake Ngaroto in Hamilton, Lake Rotoroa, Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora in Canterbury, and other South Island lakes and freshwater areas.
C. zealandicus can be found in swarms in lakes, rivers, and swamps, where they typically breed in slow stagnant water. They are especially found in great numbers in areas which are man-made. The species often lives in areas that suffer from pollution; although, as a result of its make up it can withstand these conditions unlike other midge species such as a green midge larvae related to it. The myoglobin contained in |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 10, "sc": 943, "ep": 14, "ec": 283} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 10 | 943 | 14 | 283 | Chironomus zealandicus | Distribution and habitat & Life cycle | the species (made up of an iron and oxygen-binding protein)helps them survive in habitats they are abundant in such as stagnant, low oxygen water. In New Zealand, the species is common in the lower reaches of the West Coast glaciers, geothermal waters and seashores. Life cycle The New Zealand midge has 4 stages in its life cycle. This ranges from egg, larva, pupa and adult. The midge often breeds in swarms in areas of lakes and stagnant water which suits pupae and larvae to breed. Eggs are often laid in numbers up to 3000 and are contained in a gelatinous |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 14, "sc": 283, "ep": 14, "ec": 783} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 14 | 283 | 14 | 783 | Chironomus zealandicus | Life cycle | substance which helps it to attach to objects in the water such as sticks or to river or lake banks. The eggs which are not attached to any material sink to the bottom but this does not stop the eggs ability to hatch on the lake bed. The first stage (the egg) lasts between 2 to 7 days in which it hatches and then feeds on the gelatinous material for a couple of days. It then burrows into the substrate or the material available for it to make its home. Most of the larval stage is spent in a tube |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 14, "sc": 783, "ep": 14, "ec": 1327} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 14 | 783 | 14 | 1,327 | Chironomus zealandicus | Life cycle | constructed from silt. During this stage, they take on a red colour which is where the name blood worm arises from. They spend 2–7 weeks in this form which can be faster or slower due to current water temperatures caused by season weather. After they reach the end of this cycle they pupate. The pupae creates burrows in the sediment layer, where as a pupa its lives in constructed tubes. The pupa stage lasts for up to 3 days where they emerge to the surface by actively swimming and stay on the surface for several hours until the adult form |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 14, "sc": 1327, "ep": 18, "ec": 315} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 14 | 1,327 | 18 | 315 | Chironomus zealandicus | Life cycle & Diet and foraging | emerges. The adult stage lasts a maximum of 5 days in which they breed in swarms at night and then die. In the right conditions with regards to water temperature and season, the full life cycle can be completed within two weeks. Diet and foraging The adult stage does not eat and this contributes to its short life; it is known as a non-biter unlike some related species. During undulations which are created by using 2-elongated blood gills filters oxygen and nutrients past them in the water layer. In New Zealand there are a wide range of strategies the midge |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 18, "sc": 315, "ep": 22, "ec": 367} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 18 | 315 | 22 | 367 | Chironomus zealandicus | Diet and foraging & Predators, parasites, and diseases | uses as the fauna are so diverse. With this diversity in food selection it is able to get sources of nutrients from algae, microorganisms, invertebrates, macrophytes, and woody debris. Predators, parasites, and diseases The midge from the larva, pupa and adult form is predated on by river fish and other aquatic vertebrates such as indigenous minnows. Examples of this are small trout which will come up and feed on the swarms above and on the surface of the water on warm nights. Other invertebrates such as arthropods are known to prey on midges, this is usually through chance due to |
{"datasets_id": 1125, "wiki_id": "Q14555230", "sp": 22, "sc": 367, "ep": 22, "ec": 742} | 1,125 | Q14555230 | 22 | 367 | 22 | 742 | Chironomus zealandicus | Predators, parasites, and diseases | swarms landing or getting caught in webs. Chironomus suffer deforming in the head capsules. A recent study conducted by Jeyasingham & Ling has shown that the incidence of deformity increased during summer in larvae, the cause to this incidence is season, genetic factors and sediment chemistry which may have caused problems to the deformity of the Chironomus capsule heads. |
{"datasets_id": 1126, "wiki_id": "Q12619805", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 419} | 1,126 | Q12619805 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 419 | Choiza | Personal life | Choiza Personal life On September 25, 2013, Choiza and Sulli were rumored to be dating after pictures of them surfaced on the Internet. Their agencies initially denied their relationship, but later confirmed it on August 19, 2014. as other pictures of them on a date surfaced on the internet. Both celebrities endured malicious comments and cyberbullying throughout their public relationship. The two ended their relationship in March 2017. |
{"datasets_id": 1127, "wiki_id": "Q4499039", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 152} | 1,127 | Q4499039 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 152 | Cholescintigraphy | Etymology and pronunciation | Cholescintigraphy Etymology and pronunciation The word cholescintigraphy (/ˌkoʊliˌsɪnˈtɪɡrəfi/) uses combining forms of chole- + scinti(llation) + -graphy, most literally "bile + flash + recording". |
{"datasets_id": 1128, "wiki_id": "Q5104416", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 325} | 1,128 | Q5104416 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 325 | Choman Hardi | Background & Career | Choman Hardi Background She has published three volumes of poetry in Kurdish. She has published two collections of English poems, Life for Us (Bloodaxe Books, 2004) and Considering the Women (Bloodaxe Books, 2015), which was shortlisted for the Forward Prize in 2016. Her articles have appeared in Modern Poetry in Translation Career She has been a former chairperson of Exiled Writers Ink! and has organized creative writing workshops for the British Council in UK, Belgium, Czech Republic and India. She was former Poet-In-Residence at Moniack Mhor Writers Centre (Scotland), Villa Hellebosch (Belgium), Hedgebrook Women Writers’ Retreat (USA) and The Booth |
{"datasets_id": 1128, "wiki_id": "Q5104416", "sp": 10, "sc": 325, "ep": 10, "ec": 805} | 1,128 | Q5104416 | 10 | 325 | 10 | 805 | Choman Hardi | Career | (Shetland). As an academic researcher she has been a visiting scholar in The Centre for Multiethnic Research (Uppsala University), Zentrum Moderner Orient (Berlin) and The Department of Humanities (University of Amsterdam). Between 2009 and 2011 she was a Senior Associate Member of St Anthony's College, Oxford. In 2014 she moved back to her home-city of Sulaimani to take up a post at the American University of Iraq (AUIS), becoming chair of the department of English in 2015. |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 631} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 631 | Choose and Book | Choose and Book Choose and Book was an E-Booking software application for the National Health Service (NHS) in England which enabled patients needing an outpatient appointment to choose which hospital they were referred to by their general practitioner (GP), and to book a convenient date and time for their appointment.
Originally designed simply as an electronic booking system, Choose and Book was developed to enable patient hospital choice. It was introduced into the NHS from 2005 onwards. It was procured as part of the National Programme for IT (NPfIT) in 2003. The contract was awarded to Schlumberger Limited's Sema division just |
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{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 4, "sc": 631, "ep": 8, "ec": 190} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 4 | 631 | 8 | 190 | Choose and Book | How Choose and Book works | before its acquisition by Atos Origin. The software is based on Cerner Corporation's Millennium e-Booking software.
Surgery where immediate treatment is required is not in the remit of Choose and Book since such patients' needs bypass any longer-term queuing systems.
Choose and Book has been replaced by the NHS e-Referral Service which was to have started in 2014 but was postponed until 2015 after it failed an assessment by the Government Digital Service. How Choose and Book works In its fully functional mode, Choose and Book communicated electronically between "compliant" GP Clinical Computer systems and Directly Bookable Hospital Patient Administration Systems (PAS) |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 8, "sc": 190, "ep": 12, "ec": 138} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 8 | 190 | 12 | 138 | Choose and Book | How Choose and Book works & Development | to enable GPs to shortlist appropriate services for their patients. This enabled patients to either book their appointment at their GP practice, call the national appointments line (0845 60 88888) or book their appointment online through the HealthSpace website. Directly Bookable Services refers to hospitals using Choose and Book compliant PAS systems. In this mode Choose and Book 'harvests' and displays appointment slots directly from the Hospital PAS for users to book directly into. Development The roll-out of Choose and Book in 2005 and 2006 suffered a number of delays; some technical because of its dependency on other NPfIT work |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 12, "sc": 138, "ep": 12, "ec": 816} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 12 | 138 | 12 | 816 | Choose and Book | Development | streams, partly through functional problems in early releases, and partly through clinicians' concerns about additional workload.
There were conflicting views about its effectiveness, both from a technical viewpoint (it is hard to distinguish between bugs in CaB and the systems with which it interfaces) and a service perspective (some users argue that it undermines existing good practice, while others praise the convenience and reduced delays it offers to patients). A 2006 survey (published 2008) found that the majority of patients were not experiencing the degree of choice that the system was designed to deliver.
To increase the uptake of Choose & Book |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 12, "sc": 816, "ep": 12, "ec": 1410} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 12 | 816 | 12 | 1,410 | Choose and Book | Development | by doctors in England, surgeries were offered a financial incentive for the first part of 2006, but it continued to suffer from adverse publicity in the medical press and resistance from a number of GPs.
As the application became more stable during 2005 and 2006, booking volumes increased, albeit more slowly than planned. At December 2006, over 1.5M patients had used Choose and Book. By the end of October 2008, this had risen to over 10M bookings, with daily figures of over 20,000. All Primary Care Trusts in England were live with Choose and Book (although that might only be one |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 12, "sc": 1410, "ep": 12, "ec": 1951} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 12 | 1,410 | 12 | 1,951 | Choose and Book | Development | GP within a PCT or practice), while all NHS Acute Trusts and a large number of Independent Sector Hospitals used Choose and Book. At 28 October 2008, 93% of practices were providing the service, and while some PCTs are only seeing low volumes (30% and less in some cases), many were booking 70 to 80% of patients using Choose and Book.
Use reached a high point nationally of 57% of referrals in the first two months of 2010. As incentive schemes were scaled back there was a drop in use to 50% at the start of 2012. When the system |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 12, "sc": 1951, "ep": 16, "ec": 539} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 12 | 1,951 | 16 | 539 | Choose and Book | Development & Extended Choice Network | was turned off in June 2015 it was used by 40,000 patients every day. Extended Choice Network In January 2007 private Hospitals started making their services directly bookable to GPs whose PCT had commissioned their services. From April 2007, the 'Extended Choice Network' included all NHS Foundation Trusts and independent sector hospitals accredited by the Department of Health as meeting NHS quality and cost criteria. This meant that a GP could, via CaB, offer their patients the choice of four or more local providers, and the option of any Foundation Trust or accredited independent sector hospital in England. The Government's |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 16, "sc": 539, "ep": 16, "ec": 1209} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 16 | 539 | 16 | 1,209 | Choose and Book | Extended Choice Network | intention was that when patients were able to choose between their local NHS Hospital and any accredited private hospital in England, standards would rise (known as 'contestability'). In March 2007 the first independent sector hospitals became available as directly bookable options from within Choose and Book.
From April 2008, 'Free Choice' policy meant that patients could choose from any clinically appropriate and accredited provider in England. Since the deployment of Release 4.0 of the application in May 2008, referrers could select from two menus: "Search Primary Care", which only showed services provided by the PCT or by smaller local providers, or |
{"datasets_id": 1129, "wiki_id": "Q5104774", "sp": 16, "sc": 1209, "ep": 16, "ec": 1537} | 1,129 | Q5104774 | 16 | 1,209 | 16 | 1,537 | Choose and Book | Extended Choice Network | "Search All", which showed services provided by all accredited providers in England. One criticism of this policy is that patients and their referring clinicians needed more meaningful information to make a genuinely informed choice, some of which is provided by the NHS website "Find and Choose a Hospital" comparison feature. |
{"datasets_id": 1130, "wiki_id": "Q5105169", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 206} | 1,130 | Q5105169 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 206 | Chorley RUFC | History | Chorley RUFC History Chorley RFC was founded in 1973 and initially played their matches on the playing fields of Astley Park. In 1981 the club moved to its own ground at Chancery Road, which remains the club's current location. |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 396} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 396 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot introduction & Plot summary | Chosen of the Gods Plot introduction Chosen of the Gods is set in Istar during the reign of Symeon IV, Kurnos the Ursurper, and Beldinas Pilofiro. Plot summary Cathan is called back to his house to discover that his brother has died of the Longosai, a plague, and that he and Wentha are the only remaining members of their clan. Having prayed to Paladine every day to heal his brother, he rips down the symbol of Paladine from the wall of their house, since Paladine didn't answer his requests. Having no family left except for his sister, Wentha, he joins |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 396, "ep": 10, "ec": 948} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 396 | 10 | 948 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | some bandits led by Baron Tavarre. Baron Tavarre gained an intense hate of clerists after a loved member of his family died, because the clerists in Istar wouldn't help him. However, he is not the only one that feels that way, as many other bandits joined only after their family died of the Longosai because the clerists ignored them. This hate influences the actions of Cathan, when on a rainy day they ambush a fat clergyman heading for Govinna with a tarp against the rain held by his guards. Cathan slings a piece of the symbol of Paladine at the |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 948, "ep": 10, "ec": 1534} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 948 | 10 | 1,534 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | clerist, knocking him out. The bandits quickly disarm the guards, and Cathan, seeing the fat and richly robed clergymen feels disgust, and so kicks him, earning himself a reprimand from Lord Tavarre, as he is now called.
Meanwhile, in Istar, the Kingpriest of Istar, Symeon IV, calls a meeting of his most trusted advisers, and to break the news that Kurnos the Usurper is going to become his heir once he dies, as he has seen portents of his death. He and his advisers also debate whether do send the Imperial Army against bandits who attacked the clergymen, but Ilista, First |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 1534, "ep": 10, "ec": 2121} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 1,534 | 10 | 2,121 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | Daughter of Paladine, and Loralon, emissary of the elves, counsel against it. The Kingpriest then adjourns the meeting to meditate. That night, Ilista has dreams of a Lightbringer, so she asks for the approval of the Kingpriest, and then with his approval sets out. Later in the day, during a game of khas with Kurnos, Symeon falls over unconscious. Kurnos then hears a dark voice in his head; "Let him die." Unknown to him at the time, the voice came from Fistandantilus. Kurnos refuses to listen to it and calls for help.
After returning to their bandit camp, Cathan is called |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 2121, "ep": 10, "ec": 2688} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 2,121 | 10 | 2,688 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | back to his village, where he finds out that Wentha has caught the Longosai. He leaves her in the care of Widow Fendrilla almost as soon as he arrives, desiring even more revenge against the clergymen. After returning, he learns that they have united with other bandits and plan to attack Govinna, the only walled city in the highlands. The bandits split up into groups, and enter Govinna undetected. Cathan is told to guard an alley, but he really wants to be part of the fighting. However, he remains at his post. Meanwhile, the rest of the bandits quickly capture |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 2688, "ep": 10, "ec": 3288} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 2,688 | 10 | 3,288 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | the city, but Durinen, the Little Emperor of the highlands escapes. Durinen emerges through a secret tunnel close to where Cathan is posted, and so is captured and placed under house arrest.
Back in Istar, Kurnos learns that Symeon will most likely live until the fall, which he feels is too long a wait. Fistandantilus offers his aid, and so Kurnos reluctantly accepts it, in the form of a demon, Sathira, bound within a ring. Kurnos tells Sathira to kill Symeon in a "natural way", and so Kurnos is crowned Kingpriest soon after.
Ilista searches far and wide, however does not find |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 3288, "ep": 10, "ec": 3870} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 3,288 | 10 | 3,870 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | any sign of the Lightbringer. Soon, she begins to doubt herself, and begins to consider turning back until she receives a message telling her to go to an abandoned monastery, where she will find the Lightbringer. On the way to the monastery, she is attacked by evil monsters, but is rescued by a humble monk, Brother Beldyn, who will become known to the world as "the Lightbringer." With the Lightbringer, she sets back out for Istar, taking an overland route through the highlands. However, unbeknownst to her and her party, the highlands have been taken over by the bandits. Just |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 3870, "ep": 10, "ec": 4457} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 3,870 | 10 | 4,457 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | after setting out, she, her guards, and the Lightbringer are captured by the bandits. A guard was mortally injured in the battle, and Beldyn pleads with the bandits to allow him to heal the guard. The bandits reluctantly agree, and Beldyn manages to heal the guard. With a healing miracle in their midst, the bandits quickly support the Lightbringer, and pleading with him to heal their friends, family, and villages. Cathan is among the others that beg for healing, and luckily manages to have him heal his sister. After arriving in their village, Beldyn not only heals his sister, but |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 4457, "ep": 10, "ec": 5088} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 4,457 | 10 | 5,088 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | everyone in the village too. Cathan then swears allegiance to Beldinas.
In Istar, Kurnos learns of the capture of Govinna, and that Ilista found the Lightbringer. However, instead of accepting Beldinas, he feels threatened, deciding to send Sathira to kill him. He also sends the Imperial Army, or the Scatas, to kill the bandits.
Durinen attempts to commit suicide, ending up with a mortal wound; however, Beldyn manages to heal him, convincing the Little Emperor that Beldyn is the true Kingpriest. The Little Emperor then reveals the location of the Crown of Power, an artifact that allows the wielder to claim |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 5088, "ep": 10, "ec": 5669} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 5,088 | 10 | 5,669 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | the mantle of Kingpriest, and that has been lost since the time of Pradian. Unluckily, before Durinen finishes, Sathira arrives and slays the Little Empire; however he is banished back to the gem by Ilista's sacrifice and death. Everyone in the city mourns for Ilista, as she was unlike the other high clergy — she actually helped the people during her stay. Also, during this time, the Imperial Army reaches Govinna and camps right outside the city. This sets plans into motion as Beldyn and Cathan head into the catacombs in an attempt to retrieve Crown of Power. Cathan emerges |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 5669, "ep": 10, "ec": 6215} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 5,669 | 10 | 6,215 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | later with the crown, but Beldyn is in a coma and cannot be woken. Meanwhile, the situation becomes more dire, as the defenders of Govinna are deserting in the face of the Imperial scatas. Soon, the scatas make their move, and the fight for the city begins. However Beldyn still has not awoken. Cathan prays to Paladine, and the ghost of Pradian, the would-be emperor who hid the crown, appears. Cathan forces Pradian to wake Beldyn, as Pradian does not want to see the crown in the hands of Kurnos, and so Cathan and Beldyn join the fight. In a |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 6215, "ep": 10, "ec": 6808} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 6,215 | 10 | 6,808 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | surprising move, Beldyn breaks the gates of Govinna to let the scatas in. Then, to convince the scatas of his power, Beldyn has Cathan crown him with the Miceram, the Crown of Power, but Sathira appears and lunges for Brother Beldyn. Cathan pushes Beldyn away, and manages to wound Sathira with the pieces of his symbol of Paladine, giving Beldyn time to banish Sathira. Beldyn then puts on the Crown of Power, resulting in a cleansing wave of power spreading through the city. The Scatas realize the power, and swear allegiance to Beldyn.
Later, Beldyn and his newfound army march to |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 6808, "ep": 10, "ec": 7428} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 6,808 | 10 | 7,428 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | Istar, to oust Kurnos. Back in Istar, the heads of the temples receive word of the approaching army, and Beldyn's holy powers, and begin to send votes of "no support" to Kurnos.
That night, Fistandantilus replaces Sathira with a killing spell, instructing Kurnos to use it to kill Beldinas. The next day, Kurnos surrenders without a fight, and when he pretends to beg for forgiveness, he uses the ring on Beldinas. Cathan realizes Kurnos's intent, and jumps in front of Beldinas, saving his life, but dies. However, Beldinas calls on Paladine to resurrect Cathan, and Paladine answers. Cathan is resurrected and |
{"datasets_id": 1131, "wiki_id": "Q16829507", "sp": 10, "sc": 7428, "ep": 10, "ec": 7728} | 1,131 | Q16829507 | 10 | 7,428 | 10 | 7,728 | Chosen of the Gods | Plot summary | Kurnos is thrown into a dungeon, while Beldinas debates what to do with him. However, that night Fistandantilus arrives in Kurnos's cell and unleashes Sathira on Kurnos, letting her kill and mutilate him. When Sathira is done, Fistandantilus uses magic so that Kurnos looks like he died naturally. |
{"datasets_id": 1132, "wiki_id": "Q1076671", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 371} | 1,132 | Q1076671 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 371 | Chota (automobile) | Chota (automobile) The Chota was a 6 hp English cyclecar manufactured from 1912 until 1913 by the Buckingham Engine Works of Coventry. Chota is Hindustani for "small".
The car was designed by J. F. Buckingham and had a 746 cc single-cylinder engine of Buckingham's own design. A larger 1492 cc model was added in 1913.
The Chota was renamed the Buckingham in September 1913. |
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{"datasets_id": 1133, "wiki_id": "Q27964504", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 591} | 1,133 | Q27964504 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 591 | Chowka | Plot | Chowka Plot The film is a narrative which emerges through five different timelines and geographies within the state of Karnataka, encapsulating the lives of four people with a common friend and their love lives while sending across a strong message relating to the common man. Four individuals, each with their own dreams and aspirations, get framed for crimes they did not commit and land up in jail. First Hakki Gopala (Prem) who is cheated and sent to jail. Second Krishna Rao (Diganth) who is blamed for the murder of his pregnant friend Maria (Priyamani). Third Surya Shetty (Vijay Raghavendra) who |
{"datasets_id": 1133, "wiki_id": "Q27964504", "sp": 6, "sc": 591, "ep": 6, "ec": 1195} | 1,133 | Q27964504 | 6 | 591 | 6 | 1,195 | Chowka | Plot | is dragged in a false murder case and fourth Mohammed Anwar (Prajwal Devaraj) who is blamed for a bomb blast. They all are linked with their friend Manjunath (Chikkanna). They meet a school teacher Vishwanath (Kashinath) who not only shows them hope but also stirs up a passion towards reform. He reveals that he had a daughter Ramya (Manvitha Harish) who loved the son of MLA Krishnamurthy (Avinash). This angers Krishnamurthy and gets Ramya raped and killed and blames Vishwanath for it. They four decide to help Vishwanath in his objective.
The story takes place in the cities of Bangalore in |
{"datasets_id": 1133, "wiki_id": "Q27964504", "sp": 6, "sc": 1195, "ep": 6, "ec": 1712} | 1,133 | Q27964504 | 6 | 1,195 | 6 | 1,712 | Chowka | Plot | 1986, followed by 1995 in Mysore, 2000 in Mangalore and 2007 in Bijapur. The present day is depicted in 2017, in the Central Jail of Bellary and ends in the Suvarna Vidhana Soudha premises in Belagavi. It ends on a happy note as Vishwanath is proved innocent , but the four heroes are shot by commandoes in the end.
Where as tear eyed Pushpa(Aindrita Rai), Gopala's girlfriend now grown old, Bhoomika (Bhavana), Surya's girlfriend and Gowri (Deepa Sannidhi),Anwar's girlfriend watch it with utter disbelief. |
{"datasets_id": 1134, "wiki_id": "Q1077197", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 603} | 1,134 | Q1077197 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 603 | Chris Fairclough | Playing career | Chris Fairclough Playing career He joined his hometown club Nottingham Forest in 1981, where he won the first of his seven England under-21 international caps. Forest however allowed the defender's contract to expire and he had his pick of clubs. Having made 134 appearances and scored 2 goals for Forest, he moved to Tottenham Hotspur in June 1987, with the transfer fee set by tribunal at £387,000. Fairclough proved to be a solid and reliable centre-back, being an ever-present throughout the 1987–88 season. The 1988–89 season however was blighted by injury for Fairclough and he only 20 made league appearances.
Fairclough |
{"datasets_id": 1134, "wiki_id": "Q1077197", "sp": 6, "sc": 603, "ep": 6, "ec": 1171} | 1,134 | Q1077197 | 6 | 603 | 6 | 1,171 | Chris Fairclough | Playing career | was capped seven times at under-21 level for England during the 1980s, but never played for his country at senior level.
After failing to reclaim his place in Terry Venables' team, Fairclough joined Leeds United on loan in March 1989. In the summer of 1989 he made the move permanent, moving for a fee of £500,000. He was immediately installed at the heart of the defence, and the team gained promotion the Second Division in 1990 and went on to win the First Division title two years later - the last top division title before the formation of the FA Premier |
{"datasets_id": 1134, "wiki_id": "Q1077197", "sp": 6, "sc": 1171, "ep": 6, "ec": 1737} | 1,134 | Q1077197 | 6 | 1,171 | 6 | 1,737 | Chris Fairclough | Playing career | League. In his six years at Elland Road, he was almost ever-present and immensely popular with the fans, picking up Player of the Year in 1990. His partnership with Chris Whyte was a key factor in the Championship win.
However, he eventually lost his place in the side and moved to Bolton Wanderers in July 1995 for the same fee he joined the club for, having made 240 appearances scoring 23 goals. Over a period of three years he made 106 appearances scoring 8 goals. He joined Bolton on their promotion to the Premier League, and although he was unable to |
{"datasets_id": 1134, "wiki_id": "Q1077197", "sp": 6, "sc": 1737, "ep": 10, "ec": 168} | 1,134 | Q1077197 | 6 | 1,737 | 10 | 168 | Chris Fairclough | Playing career & Coaching career | keep them there, he helped them return at the first attempt by winning the Division One title in 1997 with 100 goals and 98 points, though again they were ultimately relegated from the Premier League after just one season.
He had a spell at Notts County (1998–1999, scoring once against his soon to be employers, York City) before joining York City in 1999 where he stayed until he retired in 2001. Coaching career He now lives outside Nottingham and worked for Nottingham Forest as an assistant first team coach having previously coached the under-17 team. He left in June 2011 when |
{"datasets_id": 1134, "wiki_id": "Q1077197", "sp": 10, "sc": 168, "ep": 10, "ec": 359} | 1,134 | Q1077197 | 10 | 168 | 10 | 359 | Chris Fairclough | Coaching career | his contract was terminated by the club following the departure of Billy Davies.
In July 2012 he was appointed as Professional Development Phase Coach (U16-U18) at Charlton Athletic. |
{"datasets_id": 1135, "wiki_id": "Q5107429", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 668} | 1,135 | Q5107429 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 668 | Chris McLaughlin | Chris McLaughlin Chris McLaughlin (born 1955) is a British journalist, who between 2004-2018 was the editor of the Labour Party-supporting weekly UK magazine Tribune. Since Tribune's re-launch as a bi-monthly publication, McLaughlin is now the editor-at-large, in charge of the magazine's News output.
Previously McLaughlin was political editor of the Sunday Mirror, deputy Political Editor of The Mail on Sunday, European Editor and deputy Political Editor of The Scotsman and a columnist on The Big Issue, and until 1987 worked for Labour Weekly, the now closed official Labour Party newspaper.
McLaughlin served as a Labour councillor in the London Borough of Newham |
|
{"datasets_id": 1135, "wiki_id": "Q5107429", "sp": 4, "sc": 668, "ep": 4, "ec": 684} | 1,135 | Q5107429 | 4 | 668 | 4 | 684 | Chris McLaughlin | for four years. |
|
{"datasets_id": 1136, "wiki_id": "Q51754940", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 193} | 1,136 | Q51754940 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 193 | Chris Rabb | Early life, education, and family & Committee Assignments | Chris Rabb Early life, education, and family Shortly after beginning his undergraduate education at Yale in 1988, Rabb was instrumental in the removal of an image of a shackled slave from the common room of Calhoun College (named after alum John C. Calhoun). Rabb received his Bachelors from Yale in 1992. Rabb got a Masters in Organizational Dynamics from the University of Pennsylvania in 2006. Rabb has two sons. Committee Assignments Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Democratic Vice Chair
Commerce, Subcommittee on Financial Services and Banking - Democratic Chair
Finance, Democratic Secretary
Judiciary |
{"datasets_id": 1137, "wiki_id": "Q5107985", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 338} | 1,137 | Q5107985 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 338 | Chris Savino | Early life & Career | Chris Savino Early life Savino was born and raised in Royal Oak, Michigan and attended Dondero High School. His biggest influence for the animation world was Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures because of the way its animation style differed from that of the other 1980s animated series. Career He began his career in the animation industry in 1991 and has worked for Spümcø, Joe Murray Studio, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network Studios and Disney Television Animation. He was originally the showrunner for the last two seasons of Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls and My Gym Partner's a Monkey. He |
{"datasets_id": 1137, "wiki_id": "Q5107985", "sp": 10, "sc": 338, "ep": 14, "ec": 362} | 1,137 | Q5107985 | 10 | 338 | 14 | 362 | Chris Savino | Career & Sexual harassment allegations | was also previously a writer for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil and Mickey Mouse. In June 2014, his short for Nickelodeon, The Loud House, was greenlit for a full series, and debuted on May 2, 2016. Sexual harassment allegations On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Nickelodeon had suspended Savino from their studio due to multiple allegations of sexual harassment against him; rumors of Savino's inappropriate behavior had existed for "at least a decade". As many as a dozen women accused Savino of sexual harassment, unwanted sexual advances, and threats of blacklisting female |
{"datasets_id": 1137, "wiki_id": "Q5107985", "sp": 14, "sc": 362, "ep": 14, "ec": 985} | 1,137 | Q5107985 | 14 | 362 | 14 | 985 | Chris Savino | Sexual harassment allegations | colleagues who no longer agreed to consensual relationships with him. On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that they terminated Savino's contract, and that The Loud House will continue production without him. On October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since the allegations first appeared, saying he was "deeply sorry" for his actions. On May 30, 2018, Savino was given a one-year suspension from The Animation Guild, I.A.T.S.E. Local 839. As part of his plea bargain with The Animation Guild, Savino was ordered to donate $4,000 to a charity chosen by the guild, complete 40 hours of community service, |
{"datasets_id": 1137, "wiki_id": "Q5107985", "sp": 14, "sc": 985, "ep": 14, "ec": 1219} | 1,137 | Q5107985 | 14 | 985 | 14 | 1,219 | Chris Savino | Sexual harassment allegations | undergo counseling, and obtain a certificate of sexual harassment training.
In a September 2019 interview, Chris Savino has mentioned his regret about his actions. In October 2019, Savino claimed to be a born-again Christian. |
{"datasets_id": 1138, "wiki_id": "Q21067279", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 141} | 1,138 | Q21067279 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 141 | Christa Wells | Early and personal life & Music career | Christa Wells Early and personal life Christa Nichole Rogers, now Wells, was born on August 23, 1973 in Palo Pinto, Texas, the daughter of Gordon and Sharon Rogers (née, Covert). Her father was in the military, which caused the family to frequently move. She studied music industry and English education, while enrolled at Anderson University in Anderson, Indiana. She married Toby Wells in 1994, and they have five children, biological and adopted. Music career Wells started her music career in the early 2000s, writing hit single "Day by Day" for Point of Grace and co-writing with Plumb for her album |
{"datasets_id": 1138, "wiki_id": "Q21067279", "sp": 10, "sc": 141, "ep": 10, "ec": 726} | 1,138 | Q21067279 | 10 | 141 | 10 | 726 | Christa Wells | Music career | Beautiful Lumps of Coal. She independently wrote the song Held, which became a hit single for Natalie Grant on her 2005 Awaken studio album, winning Wells the Dove Award for Songwriter of the Year. Her first solo studio album, Frame the Clouds, was released on June 15, 2009, with Kiss Me Not Publishing. The subsequent release, How Emptiness Sings, an extended play, was released on March 15, 2011. That same year, Wells collaborated with singer/songwriter Nicole Witt to write and record another ep titled Image of God, which was released on December 27, 2011. The duo later added |
{"datasets_id": 1138, "wiki_id": "Q21067279", "sp": 10, "sc": 726, "ep": 10, "ec": 1194} | 1,138 | Q21067279 | 10 | 726 | 10 | 1,194 | Christa Wells | Music career | to the Image of God collection, releasing a full-length self-titled album under band name More Than Rubies.
Wells released Feed Your Soul, her second full-length studio album, on August 13, 2013.
In 2014 she recorded the title song for the film A Long Way Off.
In February 2015, Wells released a crowd-funded extended play called Covers, including songs by popular mainstream bands U2, Depeche Mode, Nirvana, The Smiths, and Smashing Pumpkins. |
{"datasets_id": 1139, "wiki_id": "Q2463306", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 256} | 1,139 | Q2463306 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 256 | Christapor Mikaelian | Early life | Christapor Mikaelian Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան, Krisdapor Mikaelyan/Chrisdapor Mikaelian; 18 October 1859 – 1 March 1905), also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (Էլլէն), Topal (Թոփալ), and Edward (Էդուարդ), was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. Early life Mikaelian was born in the village of Agulis in the canton of Goghtn in the province of Vaspurakan in the Southern Caucasus under the Russian Empire, now part of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. His father was highly respected by the villagers, who considered him as |
{"datasets_id": 1139, "wiki_id": "Q2463306", "sp": 8, "sc": 256, "ep": 8, "ec": 811} | 1,139 | Q2463306 | 8 | 256 | 8 | 811 | Christapor Mikaelian | Early life | the village judge and would bring their disputes to his arbitration. Mikaelian lost his mother at the age of four, and his father at the age of ten. He graduated from the local school with flying colors, and so the administration offered him a scholarship to the professorial academy of Tiflis, on the condition that he then return to take a teaching position at the village school. He departed to Tiflis in 1874. But his education was not yet sufficient, so he studied until in 1876, at the age of seventeen, he was accepted to the academy. He became an |
{"datasets_id": 1139, "wiki_id": "Q2463306", "sp": 8, "sc": 811, "ep": 8, "ec": 1467} | 1,139 | Q2463306 | 8 | 811 | 8 | 1,467 | Christapor Mikaelian | Early life | active member of the revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), which was widespread amongst student circles. He read all the revolutionary literature he could get his hands on, and was especially influenced by the works of Welsh social reformer Robert Owen.
In 1880 he graduated from the professorial academy of Tiflis, returning to his hometown and honoring his agreement to teach at the village school. In 1884 he returned to Tiflis and found the student organization Armenian Patriotic Union (Միութիւն Հայրենասիրաց) in disarray. He managed to gather some of the members along with some laborers and gave them lectures, taught |
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