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{"datasets_id": 1172, "wiki_id": "Q5118411", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 327} | 1,172 | Q5118411 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 327 | Chuwar, Queensland | Geography & Amenities | Chuwar, Queensland Geography Chuwar is 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of the Ipswich central business district, 32 kilometres (20 mi) west of Brisbane by road. The suburb is known for its leafy streets and solid brick homes which line Allawah Road, Lansdowne Way and Brodzig Road. Amenities Chuwar has a number of amenities including a service station, a produce store, two churches, a motorcycle track and a veterinary surgery. There is a shopping centre with a major supermarket in the neighbouring suburb of Karalee. The suburb's two churches are Chuwar Baptist Church, which runs a yearly community day called the |
{"datasets_id": 1172, "wiki_id": "Q5118411", "sp": 10, "sc": 327, "ep": 18, "ec": 96} | 1,172 | Q5118411 | 10 | 327 | 18 | 96 | Chuwar, Queensland | Amenities & Transport & Demographics | Street Party, and Rivers of Life Christian Church, which operates the Tivoli Drive In Theatre & Community Events Centre and market stalls. Chuwar includes the residential Karana Gardens Estate.
Chuwar includes Colleges Crossing, a popular park and river crossing on the Brisbane River with walking trails, lookouts, and clean water for swimming and fishing. Transport Chuwar is accessible by road with Mount Crosby Road directing traffic directly to Ipswich and Karana Downs, and the Warrego Highway routing traffic to Brisbane and Toowoomba. Demographics In the 2011 census, the population of Chuwar was 1,875, 49.7% female and 50.3% male. The median |
{"datasets_id": 1172, "wiki_id": "Q5118411", "sp": 18, "sc": 96, "ep": 22, "ec": 139} | 1,172 | Q5118411 | 18 | 96 | 22 | 139 | Chuwar, Queensland | Demographics & Proposed Kenmore Bypass | age of the Chuwar population was 34 years, 3 years below the Australian median of 37. 82.6% of people living in Chuwar were born in Australia. Other main countries of birth were England 4.9%, New Zealand 2.7%, South Africa 1.7%, Scotland 0.8%, and United States of America 0.4%. 95.3% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were, 0.5% Afrikaans, 0.3% Tagalog, 0.3% German, 0.3% Dutch, and 0.2% Portuguese. Proposed Kenmore Bypass The Kenmore Bypass, also known as the "Western Freeway Extension" and the "Moggill Pocket Sub-Arterial", is a proposed motorway to run from |
{"datasets_id": 1172, "wiki_id": "Q5118411", "sp": 22, "sc": 139, "ep": 22, "ec": 342} | 1,172 | Q5118411 | 22 | 139 | 22 | 342 | Chuwar, Queensland | Proposed Kenmore Bypass | the Western Freeway at Fig Tree Pocket to the Warrego Highway at Chuwar, connecting the suburbs of Karalee, Anstead, Pullenvale and Kenmore, to divert traffic from the Ipswich Motorway and Moggill Road. |
{"datasets_id": 1173, "wiki_id": "Q5119379", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 417} | 1,173 | Q5119379 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 417 | Ciceronianus | Content | Ciceronianus Ciceronianus ("The Ciceronian") is a treatise written by Desiderius Erasmus and published in 1528. It attacks the style of scholarly Latin written during the early 16th century, which style attempted to ape Cicero's Latin. Content As Cicero lived before Jesus, Erasmus saw Cicero's Latin as pagan, and therefore unsuited to translating holy texts. Because Cicero had no words for Christian theological concepts, he suggested that modern Ciceronian purists would have to use pagan language, for example calling the Christian God "Jupiter Maximus" and Jesus himself "Apollo". Erasmus argues that if Cicero himself had become a Christian he would have |
{"datasets_id": 1173, "wiki_id": "Q5119379", "sp": 8, "sc": 417, "ep": 8, "ec": 1146} | 1,173 | Q5119379 | 8 | 417 | 8 | 1,146 | Ciceronianus | Content | adapted his language to incorporate Biblical names and concepts. Erasmus also sought to defend medieval Latinists whose allegedly barbarous style the Ciceronians had ridiculed. He argued that excessively strict adherence to Cicero led to a form of literary idolatry. It also turned Latin into a "dead" language rather than a living and evolving means of international intellectual communication.
The treatise takes the form of a dialogue between the Ciceronian "Nosoponus" and his opponent "Bulephorus" (representing Erasmus). Bulephorus's views are supported by "Hypologus". Erasmus's persona approaches his argument in an intentionally entertaining and satirical style, imagining the Ciceronian purists having to write |
{"datasets_id": 1173, "wiki_id": "Q5119379", "sp": 8, "sc": 1146, "ep": 12, "ec": 418} | 1,173 | Q5119379 | 8 | 1,146 | 12 | 418 | Ciceronianus | Content & Replies | their ultra-sterilised prose in soundproof rooms to avoid any violation by real life, especially the distressingly vulgar speech of children and women. Replies In 1531 Julius Caesar Scaliger printed his first oration against Erasmus, in defence of Cicero and the Ciceronians, dismissing Erasmus as a literary parasite, a mere corrector of texts. In 1535, Étienne Dolet also published a riposte, Erasmianus, defending Ciceronian Latin. The Italian scholar Giulio Camillo's response, Trattato dell’ Imitatione, written in Paris, was published in the year of Camillo's death, 1544. |
{"datasets_id": 1174, "wiki_id": "Q1092461", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 621} | 1,174 | Q1092461 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 621 | Cinema of Transgression | Cinema of Transgression The Cinema of Transgression is a term coined by Nick Zedd in 1985 to describe a New York City-based underground film movement, consisting of a loose-knit group of like-minded artists using shock value and humor in their work. Key players in this movement were Zedd, Kembra Pfahler, John Waters, Tessa Hughes-Freeland, Casandra Stark, Beth B, Tommy Turner, Richard Kern, and Lydia Lunch, who in the late 1970s and mid-1980s began to make very low-budget films using cheap 8 mm cameras.
Zedd outlined his philosophy on the Cinema of Transgression in "The Cinema of Transgression Manifesto", published under the name |
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{"datasets_id": 1174, "wiki_id": "Q1092461", "sp": 4, "sc": 621, "ep": 4, "ec": 932} | 1,174 | Q1092461 | 4 | 621 | 4 | 932 | Cinema of Transgression | Orion Jeriko in the zine The Underground Film Bulletin (1984–90).
Cinema of Transgression continues to heavily influence underground filmmakers. In 2000, the British Film Institute showed a retrospective of the movement's work introduced by those involved in the production of the original video films. |
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{"datasets_id": 1175, "wiki_id": "Q135980", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 77} | 1,175 | Q135980 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 77 | Cipocereus | Synonymy | Cipocereus Synonymy The genus Floribunda F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with this genus. |
{"datasets_id": 1176, "wiki_id": "Q1101001", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 53} | 1,176 | Q1101001 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 53 | Cirfontaines-en-Azois | Geography | Cirfontaines-en-Azois Geography The Aujon forms part of the commune's eastern border. |
{"datasets_id": 1177, "wiki_id": "Q22093344", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 252} | 1,177 | Q22093344 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 252 | Cis (mathematics) | Overview | Cis (mathematics) cis is a less commonly used mathematical notation defined by cis(x) = cos(x) + i sin(x), where cos is the cosine function, i is the imaginary unit and sin is the sine. The notation is less commonly used than Euler's formula, , which offers an even shorter and more general notation for cos(x) + i sin(x). Overview The cis notation was first coined by William Rowan Hamilton in Elements of Quaternions (1866) and subsequently used by Irving Stringham in works such as Uniplanar Algebra (1893), or by James Harkness and Frank Morley in their Introduction to the Theory |
{"datasets_id": 1177, "wiki_id": "Q22093344", "sp": 8, "sc": 252, "ep": 8, "ec": 994} | 1,177 | Q22093344 | 8 | 252 | 8 | 994 | Cis (mathematics) | Overview | of Analytic Functions (1898). It connects trigonometric functions with exponential functions in the complex plane via Euler's formula.
It is mostly used as a convenient shorthand notation to simplify some expressions, for example in conjunction with Fourier and Hartley transforms, or when exponential functions shouldn't be used for some reason in math education.
In information technology, the function sees dedicated support in various high-performance math libraries (such as Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL)), available for many compilers, programming languages (including C, C++, Common Lisp, D, Fortran, Haskell, Julia), and operating systems (including Windows, Linux, macOS and HP-UX). Depending on the platform the |
{"datasets_id": 1177, "wiki_id": "Q22093344", "sp": 8, "sc": 994, "ep": 8, "ec": 1088} | 1,177 | Q22093344 | 8 | 994 | 8 | 1,088 | Cis (mathematics) | Overview | fused operation is about twice as fast as calling the sine and cosine functions individually. |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 574} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 574 | Citi Field | Planning | Citi Field Planning Since the 1990s, the Mets were looking to replace Shea Stadium. It had originally been built as a multi-purpose stadium in 1964. While it had been retrofitted as a baseball-only stadium after the NFL's New York Jets left for Giants Stadium after the 1983 season, it was still not optimal for baseball, with seating located farther away from the playing field compared to other major league ballparks. The team unveiled a preliminary model of the ballpark in 1998; it featured a retractable roof and a movable grass field, which would have allowed it to host events including |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 6, "sc": 574, "ep": 6, "ec": 1195} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 6 | 574 | 6 | 1,195 | Citi Field | Planning | conventions and college basketball. The Mets also considered moving to Mitchel Field or Belmont Park in Nassau County, Long Island; Sunnyside Yard in Queens, or the West Side Yard in Manhattan.
In December 2001, shortly before leaving office, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani announced "tentative agreements" for both the Mets and the New York Yankees to build new stadiums. Of the $1.6 billion sought for the stadiums, city and state taxpayers would pick up half the tab for construction, $800 million, along with $390 million on extra transportation. The plan also said that the teams would be allowed to keep |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 6, "sc": 1195, "ep": 6, "ec": 1795} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 6 | 1,195 | 6 | 1,795 | Citi Field | Planning | all parking revenues, which state officials had already said they wanted to keep to compensate the state for building new garages for the teams. The teams would keep 96% of ticket revenues and 100% of all other revenues, not pay sales tax or property tax on the stadium, and would get low-cost electricity from New York state. Business officials criticized the plan as giving too much money to successful teams with little reason to move to a different city.
Michael Bloomberg, who succeeded Giuliani as mayor, exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals, saying |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 6, "sc": 1795, "ep": 6, "ec": 2369} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 6 | 1,795 | 6 | 2,369 | Citi Field | Planning | that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Mets and Yankees. Bloomberg said that, unbeknownst to him, Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal which loosened the teams' leases with the city and would allow the Mets and Yankees to leave the city on 60 days notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement. At the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Under Bloomberg, the New York City government would only offer public financing for infrastructure improvements; the teams would have to |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 6, "sc": 2369, "ep": 6, "ec": 3011} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 6 | 2,369 | 6 | 3,011 | Citi Field | Planning | pay for the stadiums themselves. Bloomberg called the former mayor's agreements "corporate welfare." Giuliani had already been instrumental in the construction of taxpayer-funded minor league baseball facilities MCU Park for the Mets' minor league Brooklyn Cyclones and Richmond County Bank Ballpark for the Staten Island Yankees.
The final plans for what is now Citi Field were created as part of the unsuccessful New York City 2012 Olympic bid. After plans for a West Side Stadium fell through, New York looked for an alternate stadium to host the opening and closing ceremonies and track and field. The Olympic Stadium project on |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 6, "sc": 3011, "ep": 10, "ec": 234} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 6 | 3,011 | 10 | 234 | Citi Field | Planning & Construction | the West Side was estimated to cost $2.2 billion, with $300 million provided by New York City and an additional $300 million from New York State. If New York had won the bid, Citi Field would have been expanded to Olympic events while the Mets would have played at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx for the 2012 season. Construction The projected cost of the new ballpark and other infrastructure improvements is $610 million, with the Mets picking up $420 million of that amount. The agreement includes a 40-year lease that will keep the Mets in New York until 2049. |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 10, "sc": 234, "ep": 10, "ec": 841} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 10 | 234 | 10 | 841 | Citi Field | Construction | The Mets own the stadium through a wholly owned subsidiary, Queens Ballpark Company.
On March 18, 2006, the New York Mets unveiled the official model for the new ballpark. By July 2006, initial construction of the new park was underway in the parking lot beyond Shea Stadium's left-field, with a projected finish of late March ahead of Opening Day 2009.
By April 13, 2008, all of the structure for the Jackie Robinson Rotunda was in place with the arched windows receiving their paneling and glass. By September 2008, most of the Citi Field signage had been installed. By December 1, 2008, |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 10, "sc": 841, "ep": 14, "ec": 535} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 10 | 841 | 14 | 535 | Citi Field | Construction & Modifications | all of the seats and the playing field had been installed. Modifications During the 2010 off-season, the bullpen area in right-center field underwent a complete renovation. When the edifice opened in time for the start of the 2009 MLB season, the Mets' bullpen was in front of the visiting bullpen, leading to an obstructed view of the field from the visiting bullpen, which the San Diego Padres complained about during the Mets' first regular-season home series. The bullpens were turned 90°, with pitchers throwing toward the field instead of parallel to it. More Mets team colors, player banners and logos |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 14, "sc": 535, "ep": 14, "ec": 1115} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 14 | 535 | 14 | 1,115 | Citi Field | Modifications | were also added throughout the ballpark, including revamping the "Let's Go Mets" slogan on the Citi Vision board so that the word "Mets" appears in its traditional script instead of the same font as the rest of the slogan. Additionally, the height of the home run boundary line directly in front of the Home Run Apple in center field was reduced from 16 feet (4.9 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m) in an attempt to produce more home runs.
During its first three seasons, the large field dimensions caused Citi Field to play as an extreme "pitcher's park", and home-runs at the stadium |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 14, "sc": 1115, "ep": 14, "ec": 1663} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 14 | 1,115 | 14 | 1,663 | Citi Field | Modifications | were among the fewest in the Major Leagues. Mets' general manager Sandy Alderson changed Citi Field's dimensions in time for the 2012 MLB season in order to make it more friendly to hitters. Changes included building an 8 feet (2.4 m) wall in front of the high 16 feet (4.9 m) wall in left field that many had dubbed the "Great Wall of Flushing", removing the nook in the "Mo's Zone" in right field, and reducing the distance in right center field from 415 feet (126 m) from home plate to 390 feet (120 m). The new walls are colored blue in order |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 14, "sc": 1663, "ep": 14, "ec": 2258} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 14 | 1,663 | 14 | 2,258 | Citi Field | Modifications | to address fan complaints that the old black walls with orange trims did not reflect the colors of the Mets. The Mets have also created a new seating section located in between the old and new left field walls called the Party City Party Deck, renamed the M&M's Sweet Seats in 2016 after change of sponsorship, and can accommodate 102 additional fans.
The center and right-center outfield wall were brought in to 380 feet (120 m) for the 2015 season.
On March 21, 2019, the Mets announced on Twitter that Citi Field's permanent address will be changed to 41 Seaver Way, in honor |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 14, "sc": 2258, "ep": 18, "ec": 330} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 14 | 2,258 | 18 | 330 | Citi Field | Modifications & Features | of former Mets Hall of Fame pitcher Tom Seaver whose number was 41. The ceremony was held on June 27, 2019 and was part of the weekend set aside for celebrating the 1969 World Series Champion Mets. Features Citi Field has a capacity of 41,922. It has over 15,000 fewer seats than Shea Stadium. All the seats in the park are green – in an homage to the Polo Grounds, longtime home of the baseball Giants and the original home of the Mets – as opposed to Shea's orange, blue, red and green assortment. The exterior facade is reminiscent of |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 18, "sc": 330, "ep": 18, "ec": 980} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 18 | 330 | 18 | 980 | Citi Field | Features | Ebbets Field (which was long sought by Mets owner Fred Wilpon, a Brooklyn native).
Citi Field's interior design is primarily influenced by the Pittsburgh Pirates' PNC Park, which was the favorite ballpark of Mets COO Jeff Wilpon. Other influences include Great American Ball Park, Coors Field, and Citizens Bank Park. Shea Stadium was the only ballpark in the Major League Baseball to feature orange foul poles instead of the standard yellow, a unique characteristic that carried over from Shea Stadium.
Citi Field features an overarching bridge motif in its architecture, as New York City is linked by 2,027 bridges and is reflected |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 18, "sc": 980, "ep": 18, "ec": 1585} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 18 | 980 | 18 | 1,585 | Citi Field | Features | in the Mets logo, as the team is the symbolic bridge to the city's past National League teams, the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers. In the outfield section of the ballpark, there is a pedestrian bridge named Shea Bridge which resembles the Hell Gate Bridge.
Similar to Shea Stadium, Citi Field's field dimensions ensure it is a pitcher-friendly park. The Coca-Cola Corner, originally known as the Pepsi Porch, hangs over the field in right field, extending far beyond the indentation of the Clubhouse and is inspired by Tiger Stadium's right field porch. The Pepsi sign that sat atop the |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 18, "sc": 1585, "ep": 18, "ec": 2214} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 18 | 1,585 | 18 | 2,214 | Citi Field | Features | area (2009-2015) was modeled after the one alongside the East River in Gantry Plaza State Park; it was replaced by Coca-Cola's logo in 2016 upon assuming the role of a Mets sponsor.
In 2012, the Mets added the Party City Party Deck in left field because they moved the fences in. The Party Deck is very similar to The Royals' Pepsi Party Porch.
Delta Air Lines signed a multiyear deal on September 15, 2008, to sponsor an exclusive section in Citi Field. The Delta Sky360 Club is a 22,500-square-foot (2,090 m²) restaurant-cafe-bar-lounge complex that also houses 1,600 premium seats behind home plate stretching |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 18, "sc": 2214, "ep": 22, "ec": 653} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 18 | 2,214 | 22 | 653 | Citi Field | Features & Jackie Robinson Rotunda | from dugout to dugout. Jackie Robinson Rotunda The front entrance of Citi Field features a rotunda named after Brooklyn Dodgers legend Jackie Robinson and honors his life and accomplishments. Engraved into the rotunda's 160-foot-diameter (49 m) floor and etched into the archways are words and larger-than-life images that defined Robinson's nine values: Courage, Excellence, Persistence, Justice, Teamwork, Commitment, Citizenship, Determination and Integrity.
Robinson's famous quote: "A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives" is engraved into the upper ring of the rotunda. There is also an 8-foot (2.4 m) sculpture of Robinson's number 42. The formal dedication |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 22, "sc": 653, "ep": 26, "ec": 404} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 22 | 653 | 26 | 404 | Citi Field | Jackie Robinson Rotunda & Home Run Apple | of the Jackie Robinson Rotunda was held as part of Major League Baseball's official celebration of Jackie Robinson Day on April 15, 2009. Home Run Apple Another tradition from Shea Stadium carried over into Citi Field is the Home Run Apple. When a Mets player hits a home run, a giant apple, which has a Mets logo on the front that lights up, rises from its housing in the center field batter's eye. The new apple that was constructed for Citi Field is more than four times the size of the previous one and was designed by Minneapolis-based engineering firm |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 26, "sc": 404, "ep": 30, "ec": 321} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 26 | 404 | 30 | 321 | Citi Field | Home Run Apple & Amenities and facilities | Uni-Systems.
During the 2009 season, the original Shea apple was located in Bullpen Plaza, just inside the Bullpen Gate entrance. In 2010, it was relocated outside the ballpark in Mets Plaza to the area between the Jackie Robinson Rotunda and the entrance to the Mets–Willets Point subway station. Amenities and facilities Behind the center field scoreboard is the FanFest area, an expanded family entertainment area that includes a miniature wiffleball field replica of Citi Field called Mr. Met's Kiddie Field, a batting cage, a dunk tank, video game kiosks and other attractions.
Citi Field offers a wide choice of eateries. Taste of |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 30, "sc": 321, "ep": 30, "ec": 942} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 30 | 321 | 30 | 942 | Citi Field | Amenities and facilities | the City is a food court located in the center field section of the ballpark. It features food from restaurateur Danny Meyer's Union Square Hospitality Group and includes a variety of stands, including Shake Shack (burgers, fries, shakes), Blue Smoke (barbecue), El Verano Taqueria (Mexican cuisine), Catch of the Day (featuring seafood from chef Dave Pasternack of Esca), and Box Frites (Belgian French fries). The World's Fare Market is located on the field level in right field and features sushi from Daruma of Tokyo, sandwiches and pastries from Mama's of Corona, Chinese cuisine from Tai Pan Bakery and Korean food |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 30, "sc": 942, "ep": 30, "ec": 1530} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 30 | 942 | 30 | 1,530 | Citi Field | Amenities and facilities | from Café Hanover. Citi Field also offers a choice of fresh fruit at several stands around the stadium. In 2010 Citi Field upgraded the food choices on the Promenade Level behind home plate. Blue Smoke BBQ and Box Frites both open a second location.
Restaurants and clubs are also available in every level of the ballpark. The 350-seat Acela Club (now Porsche Grill) located in left field on the Excelsior Level, is the dining highlight of the new park and features a full view of the playing field as well as food from Drew Nieporent's Myriad Restaurant Group, renowned for Nobu |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 30, "sc": 1530, "ep": 34, "ec": 174} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 30 | 1,530 | 34 | 174 | Citi Field | Amenities and facilities & Mets Hall of Fame & Museum | and Tribeca Grill. Admission into the high-end luxury Porsche Grill and Delta Sky360 Club, and including the other semi-luxury clubs are exclusive to high-end ticket holders only, and some restaurants enforce that reservations be made. A McFadden's Restaurant and Saloon opened at Citi Field in 2010. It is located directly under the Good Humor FanFest and is open to the public year-round. Mets Hall of Fame & Museum The Mets Hall of Fame & Museum is located adjacent to the Jackie Robinson Rotunda on the first base side and opened on April 5, 2010. The museum includes plaques honoring the |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 34, "sc": 174, "ep": 38, "ec": 56} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 34 | 174 | 38 | 56 | Citi Field | Mets Hall of Fame & Museum & Naming rights | inductees of the New York Mets Hall of Fame, the team's World Series trophies from 1969 and 1986, as well as artifacts on loan from noted collectors, former players and the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
The museum boasts several displays including autographed memorabilia, original scouting reports on players such as Darryl Strawberry, and handwritten notes from the team's first manager Casey Stengel. In addition to this the team has installed interactive touchscreens, television screens, and timelines that guide visitors through various aspects of the franchise's history. Naming rights On November 13, 2006, it was announced that the ballpark |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 38, "sc": 56, "ep": 38, "ec": 639} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 38 | 56 | 38 | 639 | Citi Field | Naming rights | would be called Citi Field, named for Citigroup Inc. Citigroup will be paying $20 million a year for the naming rights to the park over the next 20 years. This made Citi Field the second major league sports venue in the New York metropolitan area and the first in the city itself to be named for a corporate sponsor. At the time, the Meadowlands Arena in New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex had carried the Continental Airlines name; since then Prudential Center in Newark, MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, Red Bull Arena in Harrison, and Barclays Center in Brooklyn have all |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 38, "sc": 639, "ep": 38, "ec": 1269} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 38 | 639 | 38 | 1,269 | Citi Field | Naming rights | opened under corporate sponsorship. The deal includes an option on both sides to extend the contract to 40 years, and is the most expensive sports-stadium naming rights agreement ever, subsequently equaled by MetLife Stadium's $400 million deal.
At the groundbreaking for Citi Field, it was announced that the main entrance, modeled on the one in Brooklyn's old Ebbets Field, would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda, possibly due to campaigns to forgo naming rights revenue and name the ballpark after Robinson. The Mets are spending more than $600 million for the new ballpark, which New York City and New York state |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 38, "sc": 1269, "ep": 42, "ec": 427} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 38 | 1,269 | 42 | 427 | Citi Field | Naming rights & Controversy | are also supporting with a total of $165 million for such costs as infrastructure and site preparation. On February 24, 2008, the Mets and Citigroup unveiled the new Citi Field logo. Controversy Both Citigroup and the Mets maintain that the naming rights deal is secure, despite Citigroup's economic troubles. This deal has been criticized in light of the late-2000s financial crisis and the $45 billion of taxpayer funds allocated to Citigroup by the U.S. federal government in two separate rescue packages, prompting New York City Council members Vincent Ignizio and James Oddo to suggest that the new ballpark be called |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 42, "sc": 427, "ep": 42, "ec": 1078} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 42 | 427 | 42 | 1,078 | Citi Field | Controversy | "Citi/Taxpayer Field." Radio talk show host Brian Lehrer suggested the name "Debits Field" which combines baseball history with public outrage over the Citi bailout. Congressman Elijah Cummings of Maryland, who serves on the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, stated in regards to the Citi Field naming rights deal, "This type of spending is indefensible and unacceptable to Citigroup's new partner and largest investor: the American taxpayer.... I strongly urge Citigroup to find a way out of this contract and instead spend that $400 million on retaining its employees and restoring confidence in its operations." On |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 42, "sc": 1078, "ep": 42, "ec": 1723} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 42 | 1,078 | 42 | 1,723 | Citi Field | Controversy | January 29, 2009, congressmen Dennis Kucinich of Ohio and Ted Poe of Texas sent a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Timothy F. Geithner urging him to scrap Citigroup's $400 million naming rights deal. "We request that you intervene and demand that Citigroup dissolve the agreement they have with the New York Mets," reads the letter. "Absent this outcome, we feel strongly that you should compel Citigroup to return immediately all federal monies received to date, as well as cancel all loan guarantees." However, Geithner rejected congressional demands to cancel the naming rights deal.
The Wall Street Journal reported |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 42, "sc": 1723, "ep": 46, "ec": 204} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 42 | 1,723 | 46 | 204 | Citi Field | Controversy & Mets Concert Series post-game concerts (2012–2016) | on February 3, 2009, that Citigroup considered breaking the naming rights deal. Citi has stated that no government TARP funds would be used in the sponsorship deal.
The naming rights controversy reemerged when details about owner Fred Wilpon's involvement in Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme came to light when a lawsuit was filed on behalf of victims of Madoff's investment scandal in 2011. Mets Concert Series post-game concerts (2012–2016) Between 2012 and 2016, the Mets had a post-game concert series entitled "Mets Concert Series" after selected games. Unlike the concerts where the performance was the sole attraction of the evening, "Mets |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 46, "sc": 204, "ep": 46, "ec": 1001} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 46 | 204 | 46 | 1,001 | Citi Field | Mets Concert Series post-game concerts (2012–2016) | Concert Series" events were considered promotional dates, and admission to the concert was included in the price of the game ticket. The stage was set up in the grassy part of the field just beyond second base.
2012
June 15, 2012 – REO Speedwagon (following game v. Cincinnati)
July 20, 2012 – Daughtry (following game v. Los Angeles)
8/10/2012 – MercyMe (following game v. Atlanta)
2013
June 14, 2013 – Foreigner (following game v. Chicago Cubs)
July 19, 2013 – Nas (following game v. Philadelphia)
8/2/2013 – O.A.R. (following game v. Kansas City)
August 23, 2013 – Third Eye Blind (following game v. Detroit)
2014
June 14, 2014 – 50 |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 46, "sc": 1001, "ep": 50, "ec": 96} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 46 | 1,001 | 50 | 96 | Citi Field | Mets Concert Series post-game concerts (2012–2016) & Other sports events | Cent (following game v. San Diego)
7/12/2014 – Huey Lewis and the News (following game v. Miami)
August 16, 2014 – Boys II Men (following game v. Chicago Cubs)
September 27, 2014 – Austin Mahone (following game v. Houston)
2015
June 28, 2015 – Steve Miller Band (following game v. Cincinnati)
July 25, 2015 – Heart (following game v. Los Angeles)
August 15, 2015 – Ne-Yo (following game v. Pittsburgh)
2016
June 18, 2016 – Andy Grammer (following game v. Atlanta)
August 13, 2016 – Styx (following game v. San Diego) Other sports events The inaugural Metropolitan Lacrosse Classic was played at Citi Field on March 17, 2013, only the |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 50, "sc": 96, "ep": 50, "ec": 725} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 50 | 96 | 50 | 725 | Citi Field | Other sports events | second time a major-league baseball stadium has staged college lacrosse, according to the Mets. In 1971, Navy played Johns Hopkins at the Houston Astrodome. Holy Cross played Navy at noon, followed by Colgate-Michigan at 3 p.m. Holy Cross defeated Navy 7–5 and Colgate defeated Michigan 10–7, before a crowd of 15,656.
On June 7, 2015, the first "Legends of Wrestling" event took place at Citi Field. It was a professional wrestling event, featuring veteran wrestlers such as Rob Van Dam, Lita, The Nasty Boys, Scott Steiner, and many more independent professional wrestlers, in up to six matches taking place; the event |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 50, "sc": 725, "ep": 50, "ec": 1344} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 50 | 725 | 50 | 1,344 | Citi Field | Other sports events | was headlined by Ric Flair, Bret "The Hitman" Hart, and Bill Goldberg.
On November 7, 2015, Citi Field hosted the first game of the Cricket All-Stars Series 2015, featuring many retired cricket players from around the world and led by great cricket legends Sachin Tendulkar and Shane Warne. Warne's Warriors defeated Sachin's Blasters by 6 wickets.
On January 1, 2018, Citi Field hosted the 2018 NHL Winter Classic between the New York Rangers and the Buffalo Sabres. The Rangers won the game 3-2 in overtime. The Sabres were the designated home team for the game, as the Rangers' home arena of Madison |
{"datasets_id": 1178, "wiki_id": "Q1072882", "sp": 50, "sc": 1344, "ep": 50, "ec": 1843} | 1,178 | Q1072882 | 50 | 1,344 | 50 | 1,843 | Citi Field | Other sports events | Square Garden would lose its property tax exemption from the City of New York if any Rangers home games are not played there. Following the Winter Classic, Citi Field, with the help of Recycle Track Systems, the waste, recycling, and sustainability partner of the New York Mets, was able to recycle the hockey rink that was used during the game.
On November 16, 2019, Citi Field will host the New York Hurling Classic, a 4 team tournament between Limerick, Kilkenny, Tipperary and Wexford. |
{"datasets_id": 1179, "wiki_id": "Q5124260", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 361} | 1,179 | Q5124260 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 361 | Civic Alternative | Civic Alternative Civic Alternative or Bourgeois Alternative (in Danish: Borgerligt Alternativ) is a local political party in Hørsholm, Denmark. BA was launched by a local Venstre personality, Ib Lunde Rasmussen, who felt dissatisfied with the local Venstre leadership.
In the 2005 municipal elections the party got 352 votes (2.6%), but no seat in the municipal council. |
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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 565} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 565 | Civil Code of Argentina | Civil Code of Argentina The Civil Code of Argentina was the legal code in force between 1871 and 2015,
which formed the foundation of the system of civil law in Argentina. It was written by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, as the culmination of a series of attempts to codify civil law in Argentina. The original code was approved on September 25, 1869, by the passage of Law 340, and became active on January 1, 1871. With numerous subsequent modifications, it continued to be the foundation of Argentine civil law (Derecho civil argentino) for more than a century. On 1 August 2015, the |
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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 4, "sc": 565, "ep": 4, "ec": 1181} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 4 | 565 | 4 | 1,181 | Civil Code of Argentina | Civil Code of Argentina was replaced by a new Civil and Commercial Code - Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.
Vélez Sársfield's code reflects the influence of the continental law and liberal principles of the 17th century. It was also influenced by the great Napoleonic code, the Spanish laws in effect at that time in Argentina, Roman law (especially through the work of Savigny), canon law, the draft of the Brazilian civil code (Esboço de um Código Civil para Brasil) by Freitas, and the influence of the Chilean Civil Code (by Andrés Bello).
Approval of the Argentine civil code was necessary |
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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 4, "sc": 1181, "ep": 4, "ec": 1852} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 4 | 1,181 | 4 | 1,852 | Civil Code of Argentina | for judicial reasons and political reasons. It gave a new coherence and unity to civil law. The civil code's authority over provincial law improved the inconsistent existing legislation throughout the country at the time. This unity and coherence would bring two important benefits: it would facilitate both the people's knowledge about the law, as well as its application by judges, the legislation would also strengthen the political independence of the country, through legislative independence and national unity.
In spite of the stability brought by the civil code to the Argentine law system, it was subject to various modifications throughout its history, |
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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 4, "sc": 1852, "ep": 4, "ec": 2499} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 4 | 1,852 | 4 | 2,499 | Civil Code of Argentina | as was necessary to adequately regulate a society undergoing significant social, political and economical changes. The most important reform was Law 17.711 of April 22, 1968. Not only did the law change around 5% of the complete article, it is especially important due to the change in orientation regarding some regulated institutions. There were also other reform projects that were not implemented. Along with proposals to change institutions and methods, one of them proposed to merge the civil code with the commercial code, following the example of the Italian code.
After decades of deliberations, a new Código Civil y Comercial de |
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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 4, "sc": 2499, "ep": 8, "ec": 506} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 4 | 2,499 | 8 | 506 | Civil Code of Argentina | Precursors | la Nación was approved in 2014, and entered into force in 2015, replacing the old code. Precursors The codification in Argentina was part of a process being undertaken around the world, due to the advantages that such a systematic approach granted. Indeed, there had been earlier codifications; those completed toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century had a strong influence on the compilation of the Civil Code of Argentina. Stemming from these, there were separate attempts at civil codification in the Argentine republic during the first half of the 19th century, but it |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 8, "sc": 506, "ep": 8, "ec": 1157} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 8 | 506 | 8 | 1,157 | Civil Code of Argentina | Precursors | was finally achieved in 1869.
The unification of the country and its political growth and strengthening demanded the codification of the civil laws, since it was not possible to continue under the uncertainty caused by the inadequate code that existed under the rule of the Spanish.
Before the Civil Code, there had been several attempts to this effect, without success. In 1824, Juan Gregorio de las Heras issued a decree appointing one commission charged with compiling the Commercial Code and another charged with compiling the Military Code, but neither of these two projects' efforts came to fruition. In 1831, the Legislature of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 8, "sc": 1157, "ep": 8, "ec": 1786} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 8 | 1,157 | 8 | 1,786 | Civil Code of Argentina | Precursors | Buenos Aires adopted the Spanish Commercial Code compiled in 1829 and created a commission to see to any reforms to it that might be necessary. In 1852, Justo José de Urquiza created a commission of 14 members for the compilation of the Civil, Penal, Commercial and Procedural Codes. However, the revolution of September 11 of that year, which resulted in the secession of the Province of Buenos Aires from the Argentine Confederacy, prevented this project from making any concrete progress.
The Argentine Constitution of 1853, in clause 11 of article 67, authorized the Argentine National Congress to draw up the Civil, |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 8, "sc": 1786, "ep": 8, "ec": 2427} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 8 | 1,786 | 8 | 2,427 | Civil Code of Argentina | Precursors | Commercial, Penal and Mining Codes. With the intent of fulfilling this constitutional mandate, Facundo Zuviría brought before the Senate a law that would empower the Executive Branch to appoint a commission to complete those tasks. The law was passed and signed by Urquiza, but for financial reasons the initiative was postponed.
In the State of Buenos Aires, an initiative to launch a Civil Code suffered the same fate. On October 17, 1857, a law was passed that authorized the Executive Branch to spend the necessary funds to compile the Civil, Criminal and Procedural Codes, but the initiative was ultimately frustrated. However, |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 8, "sc": 2427, "ep": 12, "ec": 207} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 8 | 2,427 | 12 | 207 | Civil Code of Argentina | Precursors & Sanction | the Commercial Code had better luck. The task of compiling that code had been given to Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield and Eduardo Acevedo Maturana, who sent it to the legislature for its approval. The Commercial Code of the State of Buenos Aires was finally passed in 1859, and it was this code that was adopted at the national level in 1862 and amended in 1889. Sanction Argentina had been attempting without success to join the codifying movement in vogue at that time in some of the world's most powerful nations. The creation of the code would bring several advantages to the |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 207, "ep": 12, "ec": 912} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 207 | 12 | 912 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | legislation that was at that time characterized by its dispersion, and consequently, its difficult implementation. The new system would provide mainly a unity and coherence to the civil legislation, and thus it would help it to be known and applied.
There were also reasons of judicial nationalism that were motives for its creation, since it was considered necessary to reaffirm the political independence obtained decades before through legislative independence. The legislation most influential on Argentine law was until then the Spanish legislation, sanctioned centuries before, primarily because national law had minimal influence on private law.
Finally, the sanction of a code was |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 912, "ep": 12, "ec": 1545} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 912 | 12 | 1,545 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | hoped to become an efficient instrument for the consolidation of the national unity that had been expensively obtained only a few years earlier. The unification could have been damaged if the provinces had kept their own laws, or had independently sanctioned new ones to fix the inadequacies in the Spanish one instead of doing it in an unified way.
On June 6, 1863 Law No. 36, sponsored by deputy José María Cabral from Corrientes Province, was passed, which empowered the executive branch to appoint commissions in charge of writing the projects for the Civil, Penal, and Mining Codes and Military Ordinances.
Even |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 1545, "ep": 12, "ec": 2195} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 1,545 | 12 | 2,195 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | though the law allowed for the creation of commissions of several persons, president Bartolomé Mitre decided to put a single person in charge, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, through a decree dated October 20, 1864.
Vélez Sársfield redacted the Project for the Civil Code without collaborators other than assistants that would transcribe his drafts. Among them were Victorino de la Plaza, who later would become president, Eduardo Díaz de Vivar and Vélez Sársfield's daughter Aurelia. For the task, Vélez Sársfield withdrew to a country house he owned, located a few kilometers from Buenos Aires city, where he wrote the drafts that his assistants |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 2195, "ep": 12, "ec": 2798} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 2,195 | 12 | 2,798 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | transcribed. The final transcript was delivered to the government for its printing, and was later destroyed. The drafts can currently be found at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
As Vélez Sársfield moved forward with his work, he would send it to the executive branch, which would then print and distribute it among the legislators, magistrates, lawyers and "competent persons, to allow them to study the work now and build an opinion of it for the time of its ratification". Vélez Sársfield finished Book I in 1865, the first two sections of Book II in 1866, the third section of that book |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 2798, "ep": 12, "ec": 3439} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 2,798 | 12 | 3,439 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | at the beginning of 1867, Book III in 1868, and Book IV in 1869, finishing the code after 4 years and 2 months of work.
The project completed, President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento sent a note to the Congress on August 25, 1869 proposing the law that would ratify the project of the Civil Code. In the message, Sarmiento recommended immediate implementation, "entrusting its reform to the passage of future laws that will be enacted as experience dictates their necessity".
The Chamber of Deputies approved the project on September 22, 1869 after rejecting various alternate version and objections to its being passed without |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 3439, "ep": 12, "ec": 4080} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 3,439 | 12 | 4,080 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction | amendment. The chamber determined that it would become effective on January 1, 1871. It then passed to the Senate, which ratified it on September 25, and it was promulgated by Sarmiento on September 29.
The Project was closed-book endorsed, that is it was accepted without changes to the original, which according to Llambías did not require any debate:
Parliamentary bodies, due to their composition and functioning, lack the capacity to undertake the study and analytical debate related to a scientific task of such a delicate systematic nature as a Code. It can only be expected that such debate will become inorganic and |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 12, "sc": 4080, "ep": 16, "ec": 78} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 12 | 4,080 | 16 | 78 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sanction & Sources of the Civil Code | endless, and that in the case of the passage of proposed amendments the coherence of the general system will be ruined, through the failure to recognize that the main advantage of codifying efforts resides in the methodizing of the law, which allows the maximum usefulness to be obtained from it later.
— Llambías (2003). ps. 171 and ss.
The endorsement of the Civil Code represented a great improvement over the previous legal regime, and fused modern advances in doctrine with local customs and active law. Sources of the Civil Code In his work on the Code, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield was inspired by contemporary |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 16, "sc": 78, "ep": 20, "ec": 299} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 16 | 78 | 20 | 299 | Civil Code of Argentina | Sources of the Civil Code & Roman law | and older codes, by national and international law, and to a large extent by the prevailing doctrines of the period. These sources can be classified as follows: Roman law, Spanish and Argentine law, canon law, the Napoleonic Code and its commentaries, the work of Freitas, and various other minor sources. Roman law Roman law was not a direct influence on the civil code in the sense that none of its dispositions were directly extracted from the Corpus Iuris Civilis or from any Roman jurist's passage. Nevertheless, Vélez Sársfield returned to the Roman criteria in some institutions' regulations, even those that |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 20, "sc": 299, "ep": 20, "ec": 949} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 20 | 299 | 20 | 949 | Civil Code of Argentina | Roman law | hadn't been addressed by the contemporary codification. That was the case of property transmitted by "tradition", as opposed to the French code, which had changed it to transmission by "consentment". Moreover, among the notes of the codifier there are quotes of those laws, but they are second-hand references.
The indirect Roman influence is reflected in the most part in the doctrines used by the author, especially as regards patrimonial structures. The main influence on the work of Vélez Sarsfield was the German Romanist Friedrich Karl von Savigny with his work "System of the present Roman law" (System des heutigen römischen Rechts), |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 20, "sc": 949, "ep": 24, "ec": 390} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 20 | 949 | 24 | 390 | Civil Code of Argentina | Roman law & Spanish and native legislation | used especially referring to legal entities, obligations, property and possession, and the adoption of the domicile principle as a determining element of the law, applicable to the people's marital status and capacity. Spanish and native legislation Once he finished the gathering process, Vélez Sársfield was criticized for ignoring the Spanish legislation, which by the time was the one in effect in Argentina. One of these critics was Juan Bautista Alberdi, who was refuted by the modernizing critic and by Vélez himself:
"Had Dr. Alberdi gone at least lightly through my project, he would have found that the first source I make |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 24, "sc": 390, "ep": 24, "ec": 1017} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 24 | 390 | 24 | 1,017 | Civil Code of Argentina | Spanish and native legislation | use of at the laws that rule us. The biggest number of articles have a note on the law of Partidas, of the Royal Forum, of the recopilated ones. "
— Cabral Texo, Jorge. "Juicios críticos sobre el Código Civil argentino", p. 249.
The influence of this legislation regarding its method and technique was practically null, what can be understood due to the dispersion that characterized it. Nevertheless, on the material, and the sense and reach of the dispositions, Vélez did make use of the old Right, adopting it to the new needs.
The national legislation had little relevance on private law, though it |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 24, "sc": 1017, "ep": 28, "ec": 257} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 24 | 1,017 | 28 | 257 | Civil Code of Argentina | Spanish and native legislation & Canon law | did partially influence on the work of the Coder. Such is the case of the hereditary vocation of the article 3,572, whose antecedent is the law dictated by the legislature of the Buenos Aires Province dictated on May 22, 1857. Vélez had also in mind the uses and customs of the country, especially regarding the family organisation. Canon law Canon law had a large influence over family law, especially in the area of matrimony. Vélez Sársfield left matrimony under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church, taking the institution of canonical marriage and giving it civil effects. But the validity of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 28, "sc": 257, "ep": 28, "ec": 879} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 28 | 257 | 28 | 879 | Civil Code of Argentina | Canon law | matrimony was unchanged from the canonical version and the dispositions of the ecclesiastical courts, which would remain until the sanction of the law of civil matrimony. About this, Vélez Sársfield expressed:
"Catholic people, such as the people of the Argentine Republic, would not be able to contract civil matrimony. For them it would be an endless concubinage, condemned by the religion and customs of the country. Any law that would authorize such matrimonies, in the present state of our society, would ignore the mission of the laws, which is to keep and strengthen the power of customs, not to weaken and |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 28, "sc": 879, "ep": 28, "ec": 1507} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 28 | 879 | 28 | 1,507 | Civil Code of Argentina | Canon law | corrupt them. It would give incentive to Catholic people to ignore the precepts of their religion, without a beneficial result for individuals or families.
For those who do not profess the Catholic religion, a law that gives marriage a religious characteristic does not attack in any sense the freedom of cult, for the law doesn't force anyone to renounce their beliefs. Each one can invoke God from the altar of one's own cult." ."
— Note on article 167, Código Civil Argentino
This resolution by Vélez Sársfield is explained by the uses and customs of that time, as it shows the sanction of a |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 28, "sc": 1507, "ep": 32, "ec": 331} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 28 | 1,507 | 32 | 331 | Civil Code of Argentina | Canon law & Napoleon's Code | law of civil matrimony by the legislature of the Santa Fe Province in 1867: the law produced a popular reaction that ended with the resignation of the governor and the dissolution of the legislature house, which annulled the law when it was reconstituted. Napoleon's Code The influence of this code in the Coder movement proved very important, and the Civil Code of Argentina did not escape from this influence, being in a direct way or through his commentators.
The direct influence can be shown in the 145 articles copied from the French code. But the main direct influence of the commentators |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 32, "sc": 331, "ep": 36, "ec": 66} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 32 | 331 | 36 | 66 | Civil Code of Argentina | Napoleon's Code & Freitas's work | is that of the treta of Charles Aubry and Frédéric Charles Rau, specially the third edition published in Paris between 1856 and 1858, of which the Coder took several passages that he used in around 700 articles. The work of Raymond Troplong provided the material for 50 articles related to the testament inheritance, and others for the real rights. From Jean Demolombe he took 52 articles for book IV and 9 for book III, from Chabot he used 18 articles for book IV, and from Zachariae 70 articles. Freitas's work The influence of Brazilian lawyer Augusto Teixeira de Freitas came |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 36, "sc": 66, "ep": 36, "ec": 685} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 36 | 66 | 36 | 685 | Civil Code of Argentina | Freitas's work | from two of his works: the "Consolidation of the civil laws" (Consolidação das Leis Civis) and his "Draft of a civil code for Brazil" (Esboço de um Código Civil pra Brasil).
The ‘’Consolidation of the civil laws’’ sorts in 1,333 articles the material of the Portuguese legislation, that contained the same dispersion present in the Spanish legislation in use in the Americas. His "Draft" was commended to him by the Empire of Brazil in 1859, but remained unfinished after completion of article 4,908, without reaching the inheritance section. In spite of this, it was one of the most frequently consulted works |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 36, "sc": 685, "ep": 40, "ec": 466} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 36 | 685 | 40 | 466 | Civil Code of Argentina | Freitas's work & Other sources | by Vélez Sársfield; the first three books of the Argentine Civil Code contain more than 1,200 articles from the Draft. Other sources Vélez Sársfield also used a number of different Codes and doctrine works that had a secondary influence in the Argentine Civil Code.
After the French Code, the most influential code was the Chilean Civil Code, promulgated on 1855 and written by lawman Andrés Bello. That code was highly valuated by the Argentine Coder, and it is estimated that he based on it for the formulation of 170 articles of the Argentine code.
He also made use of the Code of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 40, "sc": 466, "ep": 40, "ec": 1075} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 40 | 466 | 40 | 1,075 | Civil Code of Argentina | Other sources | Louisiana, in which he based for the creation of 52 articles, of the Albertine Code for the Sardonic States, of the legislative Russian consolidation, the Code of Parma, the Code of Two Sicilies, the General Prussian Code of 1874, the Austrian Code of 1811, the Code of New York State and the Italian Code of 1865.
Vélez Sársfield made also use of the 1851 project for the Spanish Civil Code prepared by Florencio García Goyena. That project held 3,000 articles, and it's calculated that it helped in the formulation of 300 articles of the Argentine Code.
Finally, Vélez used 27 articles from |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 40, "sc": 1075, "ep": 44, "ec": 477} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 40 | 1,075 | 44 | 477 | Civil Code of Argentina | Other sources & Notes by the Codifier | the 1851 project for the Uruguayan Civil Code by Eduardo Acevedo Maturana, as well as some references for his notes. Notes by the Codifier The Civil Code of Argentina has a unique feature, which is the inclusion of footnotes with the articles, in which Vélez Sársfield explains the origin of, and principles governing, the positions adopted, sometimes citing or inserting laws and paragraphs from a source treatise.
The presence of these notes stems from a request from the Ministry of Justice, that he annotate each article and its conformity to or divergence from laws currently in force in the country, as |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 44, "sc": 477, "ep": 44, "ec": 1094} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 44 | 477 | 44 | 1,094 | Civil Code of Argentina | Notes by the Codifier | well as those of the major world powers.
The notes are very valuable from a doctrinal standpoint. In them the codifier states the problem, summarizes the arguments and chooses a solution, always in a succinct manner. As a result, the Code became a veritable treatise on comparative law, which proved to be quite useful, as the bibliographic material available at the end of the 19th century was not plentiful.
It is important to note that the footnotes contain numerous errors and even contradictions vis-à-vis the article text, as can be seen in the text of articles 2.311 and 2.312 and the footnote |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 44, "sc": 1094, "ep": 46, "ec": 9} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 44 | 1,094 | 46 | 9 | Civil Code of Argentina | Notes by the Codifier & Editions | to the former. Some of these errors are attributable to the codifier, but others are likely due to circumstances beyond his control. There are instances where Vélez Sársfield reworked an entire title or modified a rule without altering the footnotes pertaining to the original edition. In this manner, for example, all the footnotes in Book IV were brought directly from the original drafts by Victorino de la Plaza without any of the pertinent modifications. That said, one should keep in mind that during the editing of Nueva York and La Pampa many modifications from the original text were accumulated. Editions |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 48, "sc": 0, "ep": 48, "ec": 598} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 48 | 0 | 48 | 598 | Civil Code of Argentina | Editions | The project drawn up by Vélez Sársfield was printed as the author was sending the different books to the government. The first book was printed by the press called "La Nación Argentina"" (The Argentine Nation) in 1865, while the rest of the installments were printed by Pablo Cini in 1866, 1867, 1868 and 1869. During 1869 Vélez trusted Coni with the reprinting of the first book, to maintain homegenity.
This edition, known as the Buenos Aires edition, had many errors, and the numbering of the articles wasn't done with the work as a whole, but independently in every tome. This numbering |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 48, "sc": 598, "ep": 48, "ec": 1247} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 48 | 598 | 48 | 1,247 | Civil Code of Argentina | Editions | method resulted very useful at the time of its writing, as the addition or suppression of new articles required minor touch-ups in the group of articles, but once printed was inefficient.
Because of this, President Sarmiento insinuated to the codifier the necessity of making a new version that included the typos corrections. Veléz Sársfield accepted this proposition, and commended this correction work to his cousin Carlos Carranza through a letter:
"...I want to ask you for the ardous service of reading with utmost care the three last books and correcting in them the printing mistakes or replacing and erasing some words that |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 48, "sc": 1247, "ep": 52, "ec": 39} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 48 | 1,247 | 52 | 39 | Civil Code of Argentina | Editions & Laws of Errata | may be missing or have no need to be there. I insist that you do me this favor with all your powers so the official version be good"
— Cabral Texo (1920). p. 200
The printing was trusted by Sarmiento to the Argentine minister in Washington, D.C., Manuel García, while the rest of the task was given to the company Hallet Breen, who had quoted $2,000 less than other firms. This edition, renowned as the New York edition, maintained the numbering depending on each tome, and wasn't free of typos either. Laws of Errata The first law of Errata was the law No. |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 39, "ep": 52, "ec": 666} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 39 | 52 | 666 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata | 527, that sanctioned what the Executive could propose for the new edition of the Civil College New York law, which could introduce a correction of 24 titles.
This was necessary because when the first copies of this edition arrived in the country at the end of 1870, President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's opposition took advantage of the modifications in the legal code sanctioned by Congress to initiate a media campaign against the government. For this reason Victorino de la Plaza and Aurelio Prado were appointed to compare both versions and report on the existing differences. While they were doing so, on January |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 666, "ep": 52, "ec": 1287} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 666 | 52 | 1,287 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata | 1, 1871 President Sarmiento's decree declared the Buenos Aires edition to be official.
In August of that year, Dr. de la Plaza and Dr. Prado reported that they had found 1,882 differences between the two texts, but due to the intrascendencia of many of these alterations, they concluded that the new edition of the code was not contrary to that sanctioned by Congress.
However, public opinion was not amiable with this solution, as it declared official a text only nominally approved by the Congress and had a great amount of misprints besides. This last problem was what the senator for Tucumán Benjamín |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 1287, "ep": 52, "ec": 1860} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 1,287 | 52 | 1,860 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata | Paz prepared to rectify, by means of a law project presented in 1878 that noticed 29 new errors. As this project passed through the commissions of the Chambers of Deputies and Senators, the number grew up as far as 285. This 285 errors are the ones that the Law No. 1196 corrects, sanctioned August 29, 1882, commonly known as the Law of Errata, though it was the second of its kind to be sanctioned.
But all the corrections were not limited to merely formal adjustments: some of them introduced changes in the doctrine of the Civil Code edited by Vélez Sársfield. |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 1860, "ep": 52, "ec": 2431} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 1,860 | 52 | 2,431 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata | This is the case of the alteration introduced in the article 325, in whom it was added as a requisite sine qua non the state of natural son to start an action of paternity after the father's death:
"The natural children have the right to be recognised by the father of mother, or to be declared as such by the judge, when the parents denied them as being their children, admitting in the paternity of maternity investigation all the proofs that are admitted to prove the facts, and that concur to demonstrate the natural paternity. Not being in the possession of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 2431, "ep": 52, "ec": 3052} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 2,431 | 52 | 3,052 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata | this state, this right can only be exercised by the children during the lifes of the parents"
— Argentine Civil Code, article 325 before its modification by the Law No. 24.779
The Law 1,196 also established the making of a new edition that included the corrections stated in that law. Abiding that disposition, in 1883 the third edition of the Civil Code was made, known as The Pampa edition for the name of the workshop who did the printing. This edition includes an important modification, being that the articles are number as whole.
In 1900, President Julio A. Roca ordered a new edition that |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 52, "sc": 3052, "ep": 56, "ec": 15} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 52 | 3,052 | 56 | 15 | Civil Code of Argentina | Laws of Errata & Reforms | eliminated the articles revoked by the Civil Marriage Law and introduced the new dispositions without altering the numbering of the non-modified articles. At the end of the task, the project was sent to the national government, who in turn passed it to the Faculty of Law of the University of Buenos Aires to examine it. The Faculty designated a commission, who after the investigation determined that the project introduced reforms in the law doctrine. After asking for a competence extension, the Commission proposed this modifications in 1903, although the project was never dealt with by the Congress. Reforms The rationalist |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 56, "sc": 15, "ep": 56, "ec": 641} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 56 | 15 | 56 | 641 | Civil Code of Argentina | Reforms | notion that all law should be condensed and comprehensively written in a code was challenged by social, economic and political mutations which imposed a need for the text to be constantly updated. One of the issues that divide the doctrine on this subject is the question of whether it is more convenient to make partial reforms of the code or to completely substitute it with another one.
Until recent times, the Civil Code has only been partially reformed, the most notable reform effort being that associated with Law 17.711. Nevertheless, there have been several projects to replace the Code completely, including |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 56, "sc": 641, "ep": 60, "ec": 512} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 56 | 641 | 60 | 512 | Civil Code of Argentina | Reforms & Law No. 17,711 | one that went so far as to attempt to merge it with the Commercial Code. Law No. 17,711 In 1966 the State Secretary Office of Justice designated a commission to evaluate a reform to the Civil Code, without determining whether it should be total or partial. In the beginning the commission was made up of Roberto Martínez Ruiz, José Bidau, Guillermo Borda, Abel Fleitas, José López Olaciregui, Dalmiro Alsina Atienza and Alberto Spota; although after the resignation of the last three, only the doctors Bidau, Fleitas and Martínez Ruiz formed the project. Borda occupied at that moment the position of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 60, "sc": 512, "ep": 60, "ec": 1142} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 60 | 512 | 60 | 1,142 | Civil Code of Argentina | Law No. 17,711 | Interior minister, but that didn't stop him from contributing to the project, as the elevation note established, giving "evidence of the valuable and effective collaboration made by the minister of Interior, the doctor Guillermo A. Borda, who dedicated long hours to the deliberations (of the Commission), in spite of the multiple tasks due to the official duties of the position he currently occupies"
Law No. 17,711 was sanctioned on April 22, 1968, and came into force on July 1 that same year. This law affects approximately 5% of the Civil Code articles (200 articles in whole), but its importance trascends numbers, |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 60, "sc": 1142, "ep": 60, "ec": 1815} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 60 | 1,142 | 60 | 1,815 | Civil Code of Argentina | Law No. 17,711 | as it changes some of the backbone criteria of the established regime.
Among the most important changes, this reform included the theory of abuse of rights, the lesion vice, the good faith principle as the rule for interpretation in contracts, the theory of unforeseenness, the limitation of the absolute character of the property, the generous repairing of moral damage in the contractual and extra-contractual civil responsibility, the possibility of reducing the compensation in the forced crimes, the solidarity of the co-authors of forced crimes, the automatic delay as a rule in obligations with deadlines, the implicit resolutory condition in contracts, the |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 60, "sc": 1815, "ep": 64, "ec": 12} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 60 | 1,815 | 64 | 12 | Civil Code of Argentina | Law No. 17,711 & Bibiloni Draft | registry inscription as publicity for the transmission of property rights on real estate, the protection of third parties with good faith sub-acquirants of property or personal rights in case of nullity, the acquisition of age at 21, the emancipation by age abilitation, the extension of the capacity of the working minor, the personal separation by joint proposal and modification of the succession order.
Although not all the doctrine agreed then with the changes made by the law, which gave it many criticisms, time proved that the reform was an important advance in the Argentine civil legislation. Bibiloni Draft This was the |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 64, "sc": 12, "ep": 64, "ec": 646} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 64 | 12 | 64 | 646 | Civil Code of Argentina | Bibiloni Draft | first project for integral reform of the Civil Code, which took place in 1926. This project was begun by the Law No. 12,542 and then expanded by 13,156, which established a committee formed by a member designated by the Supreme Court of Argentina, another member by the National Academy of Legal Science (Academia Nacional de Ciencias Jurídicas), designated by each of the Civil Courts (Cámaras Civiles) of the Nation's Capital, another member by the Bar Association and another by the department of Right (facultades de Derecho) of the national universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, and del Litoral.
The resulting |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 64, "sc": 646, "ep": 64, "ec": 1279} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 64 | 646 | 64 | 1,279 | Civil Code of Argentina | Bibiloni Draft | committee was formed by Roberto Repetto, Julián Pera, Raymundo Salvat, Juan Bibiloni, Héctor Lafaille, Enrique Martínez Paz, Juan Carlos Rébora, José Gervasoni and Rodolfo Rivarola. This committee suffered a few changes, as Salvat resigned and was replaced by César de Tezanos Pinto, while Pera, who ascended to the position of minister of the Supreme Court, was replaced at first by Mariano de Vedia y Mitre and then by Gastón Tobal.
Doctor Bibiloni was commissioned the writing of the draft, which would serve as an orientation for debates. Bibiloni finished in six years, but while he was working different books with the |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 64, "sc": 1279, "ep": 68, "ec": 199} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 64 | 1,279 | 68 | 199 | Civil Code of Argentina | Bibiloni Draft & Draft of 1936 | same purpose were being published, similar to Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield's bill. Because of this, the committee had started to have debates since 1926 and not 1932.
This draft has a great influence in German judicial science, not only directly in the German Civil Code, but also through its commentaries. The code also used the same doctoring tool as Vélez Sársfield, the inclusion of footnotes to establish resolutions. Draft of 1936 The commission utilized the first draft edited by Bibiloni, but expanded it into a draft law which had great differences with Bibiloni's. Once finished with the first draft, the commission designated |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 68, "sc": 199, "ep": 68, "ec": 783} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 68 | 199 | 68 | 783 | Civil Code of Argentina | Draft of 1936 | Lafaille and Tobal as editors, who sometimes disagreed with what was decided by the commission, and they managed to finish the draft in 1936. In spite of the changes made, the draft was signed by the editors and by Repetto, Rivarola and Martínez Paz.
As far as its methodology, the draft contained a General Section, in which it deals with people, the facts, the things, the practising of the rights and the prescription; and four books in which it deals with the family, the obligations and their sources, the real rights and the succession, and finally it features a law of |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 68, "sc": 783, "ep": 72, "ec": 104} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 68 | 783 | 72 | 104 | Civil Code of Argentina | Draft of 1936 & 1954 Draft | registries.
The whole of the articles of the project is relatively brief; it had 2,144 articles. Each article grouped in several paragraphs the solution to the issues related with the subject that was dealt with in the article, which made them dense but facilitated their study.
After the conclusion of editing in 1936, the draft was sent to the National Executive Power on October 10 of that year. The Executive Power sent the draft to Congress, but it was never ratified. 1954 Draft The draft for the Civil Code was written in 1954 by the "Institute of Civil Right" (Instituto de Derecho |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 72, "sc": 104, "ep": 72, "ec": 805} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 72 | 104 | 72 | 805 | Civil Code of Argentina | 1954 Draft | Civil), dependent on the Ministry of Justice. Jorge Joaquín Llambías was the head of the project, with Roberto Ponssa, Jorge Mazzinghi, Jorge Bargalló Cirio and Ricardo Alberdi as collaborators.
The draft contained 1,839 articles, a very small number in comparison with the present Civil Code and other previous projects. Such synthesis was achieved by omitting the repetition of general principles, and defining only the differences to those general principles in the description of the code for particular institutions.
The used method contains a Preliminary Title, which consists of three chapters with the general resolution, norm on private international law, and the computation |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 72, "sc": 805, "ep": 76, "ec": 159} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 72 | 805 | 76 | 159 | Civil Code of Argentina | 1954 Draft & Project of legislative unification | of time periods. Divided in five books, Book I deals with the general principles, the persons, property, facts and juridical acts; Book II with the family, Book III deals with inheritance; Book IV with the obligations and Book V regulates the real and intellectual rights.
Because of the Revolución Libertadora coup d'état, the project never reached legislative treatment, and remained inedited until 1968, when it was edited by the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Project of legislative unification Article 75 of the Argentine Constitution, at section 12, empowers the Argentine National Congress to dictate the Civil, Commercial, Penal, Mining and Work, and |
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