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{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 6, "sc": 1848, "ep": 10, "ec": 587} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 6 | 1,848 | 10 | 587 | Cliffe Fort | Background & Construction | of fire from their guns. Construction Cliffe Fort was constructed between 1861–70 for an estimated cost of around £163,000. The fort and its counterparts at Coalhouse Point and Shornmead were designed, except for their ironwork, by Captain Siborne of the Royal Engineers. The iron and steel shields of their casemates were developed by Captain English and Lieutenant English of the Royal Engineers.
Its original plan called for 13 guns to be mounted on the fort's terreplein or roof, three more to be mounted en barbette and two for land defence. Granite-faced casemates with iron shields would house another 20 guns |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 10, "sc": 587, "ep": 10, "ec": 1194} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 10 | 587 | 10 | 1,194 | Cliffe Fort | Construction | below. The front would form a quadrant protected by three flanking caponiers for musketry, with two bastioned fronts formed by the gorge building. In addition to the main magazine, the interior of the fort would house four shell filling rooms and four expense magazines. The entire fort would rest on a bed of concrete 7 ft (2.1 m) thick.
However, the problems of building on a marshy site next to the river soon made it necessary to change the plans substantially. The depth of the foundations was increased to utilise a concrete bed 14 ft (4.3 m) thick, supported by piles 30 ft (9.1 m) long. The |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 10, "sc": 1194, "ep": 10, "ec": 1800} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 10 | 1,194 | 10 | 1,800 | Cliffe Fort | Construction | part-built fort began subsiding and cracking in 1865, causing the abandonment of plans to mount guns on the roof. Instead, the design was modified to make it a purely casemated fort with a very similar aspect to Coalhouse Fort on the other side of the river. A moat and earthworks provided further protection on the riverine side of the fort. Conditions for the men working on the fort's construction were said to be extremely unpleasant, due to the waterlogged conditions. Outbreaks of malaria and bronchitis were persistent problems for the workforce. The Chief Royal Engineer wrote in August 1864 after |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 10, "sc": 1800, "ep": 14, "ec": 259} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 10 | 1,800 | 14 | 259 | Cliffe Fort | Construction & Operational history | visiting the site: "The officers' quarters at Cliffe are a mere hut, an abominable stinking place in summer, very cold and wet in winter. It stands by the side of a foul ditch which cannot be cleaned, for the mere disturbing of its contents would endanger the health of the officers." Operational history The fort's main armament by 1887 consisted of two 12.5-inch and nine 11-inch RMLs mounted in casemates plus two 9-inch RMLs in open battery at the upriver end. The arc of fire of the guns was designed to cross with that of Coalhouse and Shornemead Forts. Fire |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 14, "sc": 259, "ep": 14, "ec": 844} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 14 | 259 | 14 | 844 | Cliffe Fort | Operational history | control positions for optical range-finders were later added to the roof, as there was no higher ground nearby that could be used for the purpose.
Some time after 1887, a launching station for the Brennan torpedo—a weapon which has been described as "the world's first practical guided missile"—was added to the fort. One of the magazines was converted into a chamber for the engine room with ancillary chambers for other machinery. One of the emplacements in the open battery also had to be taken out of service. A large concrete room was built onto the front of the fort to |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 14, "sc": 844, "ep": 14, "ec": 1427} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 14 | 844 | 14 | 1,427 | Cliffe Fort | Operational history | store the torpedoes, which were launched from a rail mounted on the roof of the torpedo room. Flank walls were added to the roof to protect the launch crew from enemy fire. Two slipways were built at different times, the second being added most likely in the 1900s, along with a telescopic control tower on the roof to direct the torpedoes. Only one of the slipways now survives along with vestiges of the tower; the other slipway has been infilled.
After 1895, the fort was modernised with the addition of concrete emplacements on the roof to accommodate first three 3 pdr. |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 14, "sc": 1427, "ep": 14, "ec": 2001} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 14 | 1,427 | 14 | 2,001 | Cliffe Fort | Operational history | QF guns (and subsequently four 12 pdr. quick-firing guns), in addition to the existing two 12.5-inch RMLs, five 11-inch RMLs and one 9-inch RML. The new QF guns were added to cover a planned boom defence and minefield against enemy attempts to clear them. Searchlights were also installed and the ditch was largely filled in.
In World War I the 12 pdr. guns were replaced by two 6-inch breech-loading Mk. VII guns emplaced on the fort's roof, which in turn were replaced near the end of the war by four QF guns. The torpedo station had been dismantled by this time. |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 14, "sc": 2001, "ep": 18, "ec": 334} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 14 | 2,001 | 18 | 334 | Cliffe Fort | Operational history & Current status | The fort was disarmed in 1927, but during World War II, two of the positions on the roof were altered to accommodate two 4-inch anti-aircraft guns. It was used as a base for the Royal Navy Auxiliary Service during the war. Current status The War Office sold Cliffe Fort in the 1950s or 1960s to the owners of the large aggregates works next to the structure. Formerly owned by Blue Circle Aggregates, it is presently owned by Brett Aggregates, who operate the sea-dredged aggregate processing wharf adjacent. It was used for a while as the headquarters for the Blue Circle |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 18, "sc": 334, "ep": 18, "ec": 918} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 18 | 334 | 18 | 918 | Cliffe Fort | Current status | Sailing Club but was eventually abandoned and left to fall into disuse. It is not open to the public and is fenced off, though its exterior is accessible via the Saxon Shore Way coastal path, which runs in front of it. The fort is now derelict and in a deteriorated condition. The interior is heavily flooded and has suffered from vandalism; the domestic range has fallen into ruin. The exterior is overgrown, partly flooded and surrounded by piles of sand from the neighbouring aggregates works, though it is structurally sound. The fort is listed on the English Heritage "Heritage |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 18, "sc": 918, "ep": 18, "ec": 937} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 18 | 918 | 18 | 937 | Cliffe Fort | Current status | at Risk" register. |
{"datasets_id": 1200, "wiki_id": "Q5132913", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 474} | 1,200 | Q5132913 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 474 | Clifford Cunningham | Biography | Clifford Cunningham Clifford J. Cunningham is a Canadian-born professional astronomer and author of numerous books on asteroids. Biography He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Waterloo in 1976; upon enrollment, at age 15, he was the youngest student ever to attend UW. In 1991 he earned his BA in Classical Studies. For his book Introduction to Asteroids (1988) and development of The Minor Planet Index to Scientific Papers (currently on the small bodies node of the Planetary Data System managed by NASA), an asteroid was named in his honour. Asteroid 4276 was named Clifford. He is |
{"datasets_id": 1200, "wiki_id": "Q5132913", "sp": 8, "sc": 474, "ep": 8, "ec": 1119} | 1,200 | Q5132913 | 8 | 474 | 8 | 1,119 | Clifford Cunningham | Biography | a contributing editor to Mercury magazine (since 2001), and a contributor to The Astronomical Calendar (1988-2013). In 2013 he became affiliated with NARIT, the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand. In 2016 he was appointed associate editor of the Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, and in 2014 a contributor to Encyclopædia Britannica. He earned his PhD in the history of astronomy at the University of Southern Queensland (USQ) in Australia in 2015. He is now a Research Fellow at USQ, and became Series Editor of Historical and Cultural Astronomy books for Springer in June 2019.
After years of research, Dr. |
{"datasets_id": 1200, "wiki_id": "Q5132913", "sp": 8, "sc": 1119, "ep": 12, "ec": 234} | 1,200 | Q5132913 | 8 | 1,119 | 12 | 234 | Clifford Cunningham | Biography & Awards and honors | Cunningham finally discovered who coined the word 'asteroid'. Although 'asteroid' has been attributed to the famous astronomer William Herschel, Cunningham found evidence that it was proposed by Greek expert Charles Burney, Jr., the son of a friend of Herschel. In 2014 he discovered a previously unrecognised allusion to the aurora borealis in Milton's Paradise Lost. Awards and honors In 1990, the Mars-crossing asteroid 4276 Clifford, discovered by American astronomer Edward Bowell in 1981, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 April 1990 (M.P.C. 16248). |
{"datasets_id": 1201, "wiki_id": "Q2979111", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 244} | 1,201 | Q2979111 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 244 | Clifton, New York | History & Geography | Clifton, New York History The first settlers came to work at the Clifton Iron Mine around 1866, which built its first iron furnace the same year.
The town was formed in 1868 from the Town of Pierrepont. The first town meeting was held in the office of the Clifton Iron Mine.
Early inhabitants arrived to work the local mines. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 150.4 square miles (390 km²), of which, 135.1 square miles (350 km²) of it is land and 15.2 square miles (39 km²) of it (10.13%) is water.
Part of the south town |
{"datasets_id": 1201, "wiki_id": "Q2979111", "sp": 10, "sc": 244, "ep": 10, "ec": 523} | 1,201 | Q2979111 | 10 | 244 | 10 | 523 | Clifton, New York | Geography | line is the border of Hamilton County and Herkimer County.
The Oswegatchie River flows through the town. Cranberry Lake, a large Adirondack lake occupies much of the eastern part of the town.
New York State Route 3 crosses the town as a major east-west highway. |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 595} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 595 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | Clifton Park, Baltimore Thompson years (1803–1837) The land on which Clifton Park sits was once farmland. Built around 1803, the home was originally the summer residence of Capt. Henry Thompson, (1774-1837). Born in Sheffield, England, he came to Baltimore around 1794, and soon became a prominent figure in the newly-emerging city as a merchant, financier, and company director. Thompson was public-spirited and used his knowledge of horses in military matters to serve as a cavalry officer in the Maryland State Militia's "Baltimore Light Dragoons", which he joined in 1809 and was elected captain. He later organized the "First Baltimore Horse |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 595, "ep": 6, "ec": 1208} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 595 | 6 | 1,208 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | Artillery" in 1813, which defended Baltimore during the British attack during the War of 1812 at the Battle of Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry which inspired the writing of the Star Spangled Banner. the Battle of North Point, and the stand-off at what is now known as Patterson Park in East Baltimore, on September 12-13-14, 1814. Prior to seeing action in Baltimore, he was assigned by Brig. Gen. John Stricker, commander of the Third Brigade (also known as the Baltimore City Brigade) of the Maryland State Militia, to carry messages between Bladensburg, Maryland, and the nearby national capital in |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 1208, "ep": 6, "ec": 1882} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 1,208 | 6 | 1,882 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | Washington, D.C., during the first phase of the Battle of Bladensburg, which preceded the Burning of Washington during the Chesapeake Bay campaign in August 1814. Later he and his mounted unit served as the personal bodyguard of Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith, overall commander of the State Militia under then-Maryland governor Levin Winder, and the various militia forces from surrounding counties and states, including several regular army and navy units and detachments defending Baltimore in September 1814.
Later in private and business life, Thompson served as President of the Baltimore and Harford Turnpike Company which began building the northeastern spoke road |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 1882, "ep": 6, "ec": 2455} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 1,882 | 6 | 2,455 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | out of the City, now known as Harford Road (Md. Rt. 147). Later he was part of the Poppleton Commission under city surveyor and mapmaker Thomas Poppleton which laid out additional grids of streets and blocks for the city's future expansion and prepared a well-known map and diagram of the new sections and the larger city in 1818, resulting in the first major large scale annexation of the territory around the City known as "The Precincts" from surrounding rural Baltimore County, that year. He also served as member of the boards of directors of the Baltimore and Port |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 2455, "ep": 6, "ec": 3128} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 2,455 | 6 | 3,128 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | Deposit Railroad, the third major Baltimore railroad chartered in Maryland and one of the first in America, (later merged with several other smaller connecting lines into the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad - eventually into the dominant northeast line, the Pennsylvania Railroad by 1881), the Bank of Baltimore - second financial institution in the city, the landmark domed Merchants' Exchange Building, (largest magnificent structure then in America - designed by famed architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1815-1820), (at East Lombard, Water and South Gay Streets), the Baltimore Board of Trade, and the Maryland Agricultural Society. He was honored with |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 3128, "ep": 6, "ec": 3763} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 3,128 | 6 | 3,763 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) | the position of being Marshall of the Proceedings at the Cornerstone-Laying for both the Battle Monument, (on North Calvert Street, between East Fayette and Lexington Streets), on the first Defenders' Day anniversary of the engagement, September 12, 1815, and the iconic Washington Monument earlier on "Independence Day", July 4, 1815, on a prominence in "Howard's Woods" just north then of the developed city. In later years, Thompson also served as the Grand Marshall of the festivities in Baltimore surrounding the return and the touring visit to America of the French patriot and American supporter, Marquis de Lafayette, former |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 6, "sc": 3763, "ep": 10, "ec": 411} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 6 | 3,763 | 10 | 411 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Thompson years (1803–1837) & Hopkins years (1838–1894) | aide to commanding General George Washington and also General in our Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1824. Thompson maintained ownership of the Clifton estate until about 1835, dying two years later in 1837. Hopkins years (1838–1894) In 1838, Clifton was bought by local merchant, financier, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins (1795-1873), for his estate and was later developed with a nearby lake and a large sculpture collection. In 1858, the present Italianate-style Clifton Mansion with its prominent tower was built (pictured), designed by architects John Rudolph Niernsee and James Crawford Neilson.
Hopkins originally intended to |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 10, "sc": 411, "ep": 10, "ec": 1070} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 10 | 411 | 10 | 1,070 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Hopkins years (1838–1894) | locate the campus of his planned Johns Hopkins University on the Clifton property. However, Hopkins died before his vision for a university could be realized. Instead, a downtown location in Baltimore's Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood was chosen by Daniel Coit Gilman, the University's first president.
Even before the city purchased the old Thompson/Hopkins estate from the Johns Hopkins University Board of Trustees, a portion of the land was used for development of a reservoir for the area's municipal water supply system. Called Lake Clifton, the 30 acre reservoir was 30 feet deep and had a capacity of 265 million gallons of water when it |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 10, "sc": 1070, "ep": 14, "ec": 38} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 10 | 1,070 | 14 | 38 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Hopkins years (1838–1894) & City of Baltimore ownership (1894–present) | was completed and put into service on December 27, 1888. Related to the reservoir's operation, the Clifton Park Valve House was completed in 1887 to regulate the flow of water into adjacent Lake Clifton. The valve house is an 8-sided distinctive stone structure with a cone tile roof and stained glass windows. It had eight valves controlling water entering through a large tunnel. Although the valve house still stands, it is in a dilapidated condition and the stained glass windows were destroyed by vandals sometime in the 1970s. City of Baltimore ownership (1894–present) In 1894, Johns Hopkins University sold |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 14, "sc": 38, "ep": 14, "ec": 694} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 14 | 38 | 14 | 694 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | City of Baltimore ownership (1894–present) | its unused "Clifton" estate to Baltimore City for use as a park in the city's northeast section, adding to the city's growing parks system.
Development of the park included construction of a band shell, where outdoor concerts were popular in the 1920s–1930s. The #19 streetcar line ran on a dedicated right-of-way along Clifton Park's Harford Road border until 1956.
Clifton Park became the central area where Maryland National Guard troops were moved in and out of Baltimore during the riots of April 1968 centering in the Jonestown/Old Town commercial district and surrounding rowhouse residential neighborhood along North Gay Street, |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 14, "sc": 694, "ep": 18, "ec": 212} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 14 | 694 | 18 | 212 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | City of Baltimore ownership (1894–present) & Amenities | following the assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. It was there that the troops camped out during their mission. They guarded the streets against looting during the day and slept at the Park during the night hours. Dallas Arthur, a Maryland National Guard soldier, describes the situation as intense when he relates to roadblocks posted near Clifton Park. Amenities Part of the estate has been a municipal golf course since 1915, the first public course in Baltimore. The old Clifton Mansion was used as the course's pro shop for many years, along with offices for the Baltimore |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 212, "ep": 18, "ec": 872} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 212 | 18 | 872 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | City Department of Recreation and Parks. With the completion of a $7 million renovation to the Clifton Mansion in 2019, it is now used as the headquarters of a local service-based nonprofit, Civic Works.
In 1916, Peabody Institute trustees gave Baltimore City "On the Trail," a 7-foot-4 bronze sculpture of a Native American man created by local artist/sculptor Edward Berge, placed upon a boulder in Clifton Park. The statue is reported to have been generally overlooked by those visiting the park, though it has been subjected to periodic vandalism.
St. Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church, now located in the eastern downtown neighborhood |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 872, "ep": 18, "ec": 1492} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 872 | 18 | 1,492 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | of Jonestown about three miles southwest of Clifton Park, had its old cemetery southeast of the park, bordering the golf course. Still owned by the Church, it is a seven-acre burial ground for about two thousand parishioners of mostly Irish, German, and Italian descent dating back to the mid-19th century. Heavily hit by vandalism during the 1960s, it was officially closed in the early 1980s and fell into disrepair. Cleanup and maintenance of the cemetery began again in mid-2010 under a newly established supporters and watchdog group, the Friends of St VIncent's Cemetery.
Lake Clifton was drained in the |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 1492, "ep": 18, "ec": 2088} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 1,492 | 18 | 2,088 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | late 1960s for development of Lake Clifton High School, (now referred to as the "Lake Clifton Campus"). It was opened in September 1971, built in a distinctive modernistic architecture. It is the largest school campus in physical size in the Baltimore City Public Schools system and one of the most massive and most expensive in the country built up to that time. Built in response to relieve the long-time overcrowding resulting from the post-World War II "baby boom" of the 1950s-60s, Lake Clifton however seemed troubled from the start and had problems extending through its first decade of |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 2088, "ep": 18, "ec": 2748} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 2,088 | 18 | 2,748 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | service from the early 1970s into the 1980s. The all-girls secondary school of Eastern High School (founded 1844), after its unfortunate 1984 closure of its landmark 1938 Jacobethan/English Tudor-style 'H'-shaped, red-brick building with limestone trim, to the northeast on East 33rd Street and Loch Raven Boulevard (opposite Memorial Stadium) was later merged with the Lake Clifton High School in response to protests from its students, faculty, alumni and many of the surrounding community, because of the increasing amount of deferred maintenance needed on the then half-century old structure and also by that decade, student population in the city public |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 2748, "ep": 18, "ec": 3382} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 2,748 | 18 | 3,382 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | schools was dropping and an agency determined that one of the City's then almost 25 high schools should be closed. For a number of years, the school was then known as "Lake Clifton-Eastern High School" as a historic continuation of the former long-time premier girls school. After another reorganization of the B.C.P.S. and the rearrangement of several schools in the northeast sector of the City, the institution became known as the "Lake Clifton Campus" currently comprises two small schools: Heritage High School and the REACH! Partnership School.
Clifton Park is also home to "Real Food Farm", a 6-acre urban sustainable |
{"datasets_id": 1202, "wiki_id": "Q5133286", "sp": 18, "sc": 3382, "ep": 18, "ec": 3775} | 1,202 | Q5133286 | 18 | 3,382 | 18 | 3,775 | Clifton Park, Baltimore | Amenities | farm managed by Civic Works, Inc. that was started in 2009. The farm aims to increase food access in the neighborhoods around the park, demonstrate the economic potential of urban farming, and provides experiential education opportunities to the students from Heritage, REACH! and other public city schools.
Clifton Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. |
{"datasets_id": 1203, "wiki_id": "Q18637707", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 230} | 1,203 | Q18637707 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 230 | Clinton Mata | Career | Clinton Mata Career Born in Verviers, Belgium, Mata has played club football for Eupen, Charleroi, Genk and Club Brugge.
In July 2014 he was asked to switch his international alleigance to Angola. He made his debut for Angola later that year. |
{"datasets_id": 1204, "wiki_id": "Q5135232", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 423} | 1,204 | Q5135232 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 423 | Close Up (Joey Yung album) | Track listing | Close Up (Joey Yung album) Track listing 1. 心花怒放 Elated Heart (Broadway Electronics Commercial Theme)
2. 華麗邂逅 Splendid Encounter (Maxim's Mooncake Commercial Theme)
3. 愛一個上一課 Each Lover is a Love Lesson
4. 搖搖搖 Shake Shake Shake
5. Be True
6. 傷神 Exhausting
7. 喜喜 Happy Happy
8. 卸妝 Removing Makeup
9. 如果睡袍太少布 If the Nightgown Is Too Thin
10. 蒸餾 Distillation
11. 黃色大門 The Big Yellow Door |
{"datasets_id": 1205, "wiki_id": "Q23854672", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 112} | 1,205 | Q23854672 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 112 | Closer (Christopher album) | Title and music & Production | Closer (Christopher album) Title and music According to Christopher, the album is titled Closer because he has made a record that represents the place he wants to go with his music. He also considers it his most honest and personal album to date. Christopher also emphasized that with the album there is a close connection between himself and listeners, as well as an opportunity for listeners to understand the personal development he has undergone through the last three years. Production Many of the songs began as ideas Christopher played on acoustic guitar in his living room. Others are the result |
{"datasets_id": 1205, "wiki_id": "Q23854672", "sp": 10, "sc": 112, "ep": 10, "ec": 661} | 1,205 | Q23854672 | 10 | 112 | 10 | 661 | Closer (Christopher album) | Production | of work in Denmark, Sweden and the United States. Christopher intended to musically challenge himself by collaborating with various producers and songwriters. "Limousine" was written with songwriter Clarence Coffee Jr., who has previously worked with Rihanna and Maroon 5.
Christopher also collaborated with some of his core musical friends; Brandon Beal is again involved. The pair previously collaborated on single "Twerk It Like Miley", which has reached 100 million views on YouTube. Closer features Beal on "Don't Let the Door Hit Ya". |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 162} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 162 | Clubfoot George | Early life and journey west | Clubfoot George George Lane, better known as Clubfoot George, was an alleged outlaw who was hanged on January 14, 1864 in Virginia City, Montana. Lane was later alleged to have been a member of a criminal gang known as the Gang of Innocents and sentenced to death. The execution was carried out by the Montana Vigilantes, a committee which functioned during Montana's gold rush in 1863 and 1864. Early life and journey west Lane was born in Massachusetts and suffered from a congenital deformity in his foot. He was a laborer from Massachusetts who traveled to the Western United States |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 8, "sc": 162, "ep": 8, "ec": 763} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 8 | 162 | 8 | 763 | Clubfoot George | Early life and journey west | to find work. Lane then worked several jobs in California, Idaho, and Montana but was haunted by persistent allegations that he was a horse thief.
Sometime between 1848 and 1855, during the California Gold Rush, Lane moved west. This was then a common practice among adventurous men. While in California he worked at a farm in Yuba County and later as a store clerk in Calaveras County.
In 1860, Lane moved to Washington Territory following the path of gold miners. Two years later he was accused of "running off horses" in Idaho and turned himself in to the commander of Fort Lapwai. |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 8, "sc": 763, "ep": 12, "ec": 347} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 8 | 763 | 12 | 347 | Clubfoot George | Early life and journey west & Virginia City | Lane was sentenced to do construction work. The next year he was accused of stealing horses again, but escaped the town before he was caught. Lane then moved to Virginia City in Montana, another common destination for gold miners. Virginia City Lane came to Virginia City in the fall of 1863, the same year that the Montana Vigilantes Committee was formed. In Virginia City, Lane became a boot maker working for Dance and Stuart's Store. His employers respected him as a hard worker.
In December 1863, a member of the Innocents gang, George Ives, was subjected to a vigilante trial in |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 12, "sc": 347, "ep": 12, "ec": 930} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 12 | 347 | 12 | 930 | Clubfoot George | Virginia City | Nevada City, Montana. Lane rode to Bannack, Montana in order to inform Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer of the trial. Lane's aim was to convince Plummer that he should request a civilian trial for George Ives. After he learned that Plummer was absent, Lane spoke with two of Plummer's deputies. He complained to them of the common vigilantism in Virginia City. His sentiments were seen as suspicious by the deputies, who soon had Lane arrested. He was told that he was arrested because he was "a road agent, thief, and an accessory to numerous robberies and murders on the highway". He |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 12, "sc": 930, "ep": 12, "ec": 1536} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 12 | 930 | 12 | 1,536 | Clubfoot George | Virginia City | did not resist arrest, but told them that "If you hang me, you will hang an innocent man."
Though some local residents believed that Lane was innocent, the members of the Vigilantes Committee still found him guilty and sentenced him to death by hanging. Shortly before the execution, Lane appealed to his employer to confirm his innocence. Dance responded that although Lane was always honest in dealings at work, he had no knowledge of George's other activities. Dance also admitted that the evidence against Lane was rather strong. Lane asked for no more help, but he said, "Well, then, will you |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 12, "sc": 1536, "ep": 12, "ec": 2121} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 12 | 1,536 | 12 | 2,121 | Clubfoot George | Virginia City | pray with me?" Dance agreed: "Willingly, George; most willingly," and, according to biographer Langford, "suiting the action to the word, the judge dropped upon his knees, and, with George and Gallagher kneeling beside him, offered up a fervent petition in behalf of the doomed men."
Lane was then led out of the building to the gallows. He saw a friend of his who came to see the execution and said to him, "Good-bye, old fellow. I'm gone". Lane then took action, and witnesses reported that "without waiting for the box to be removed, he leaped from it, and died with hardly |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 12, "sc": 2121, "ep": 16, "ec": 215} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 12 | 2,121 | 16 | 215 | Clubfoot George | Virginia City & Burial and exhumation | a struggle".
One witness to the execution said that "He was perfectly cool and collected... He evidently thought no more of hanging than the ordinary man would of eating his breakfast."
Sheriff-outlaw Henry Plummer and his deputies, Buck Stinson and Ned Ray, also alleged members of the gang, were already arrested before on the morning of January 10, 1864 and summarily hanged. Burial and exhumation Lane was buried in an unmarked grave in Boot Hill cemetery along with other executed men. In 1907, some residents of Virginia City started questioning who was buried in each grave in the cemetery. A former vigilante |
{"datasets_id": 1206, "wiki_id": "Q5136522", "sp": 16, "sc": 215, "ep": 16, "ec": 680} | 1,206 | Q5136522 | 16 | 215 | 16 | 680 | Clubfoot George | Burial and exhumation | showed questioners where exactly Lane was buried. The body was exhumed and his mummified club foot was found. For some time the club foot was kept in the courthouse, but later it was moved to the Thompson Hickman Museum in Virginia City. It has since become one of the museum's most important exhibits. The club foot was later removed from the museum by Lane's extended family. It was cremated and the ashes were spread at a ceremony on Boot Hill on June 24, 2017. |
{"datasets_id": 1207, "wiki_id": "Q5136635", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 551} | 1,207 | Q5136635 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 551 | Cluny, Alberta | Demographics | Cluny, Alberta Demographics As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cluny recorded a population of 70 living in 32 of its 41 total private dwellings, a change of 16.7% from its 2011 population of 60. With a land area of 0.69 km² (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 101.4/km² (262.8/sq mi) in 2016.
As a designated place in the 2011 Census, Cluny had a population of 60 living in 30 of its 41 total dwellings, a 0% change from its 2006 population of 60. With a land area of 0.58 km² (0.22 sq mi), it had a population |
{"datasets_id": 1207, "wiki_id": "Q5136635", "sp": 6, "sc": 551, "ep": 6, "ec": 591} | 1,207 | Q5136635 | 6 | 551 | 6 | 591 | Cluny, Alberta | Demographics | density of 103/km² (268/sq mi) in 2011. |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 512} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 512 | Clyde A. Thomason | Early years; first Marine Corps service | Clyde A. Thomason Early years; first Marine Corps service Clyde A. Thomason was born in Atlanta, Georgia on May 23, 1914, and after his graduation from high school there, traveled widely throughout the United States in a "jalopy" with companions. In December 1934, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in Savannah, Georgia. Although he was named for his father, at the time of his enlistment he dropped the "A" of his father's name and became known in the Marine Corps simply as Clyde Thomason. This was the name under which he enlisted in 1934 and was the name |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 6, "sc": 512, "ep": 10, "ec": 111} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 6 | 512 | 10 | 111 | Clyde A. Thomason | Early years; first Marine Corps service & World War II | subsequently used in official Marine Corps records. He later served in the Marine Detachment of the USS Augusta, Flagship of the Asiatic Fleet, and was honorably discharged in 1939 upon the expiration of his enlistment. The day following his discharge, he was retained in the Fleet Marine Force Reserve. When he again became a civilian, he accepted a position with the Albany, Georgia, branch of the Fire Companies Adjustment Bureau, Inc., and Albany became his home in February 1940. World War II Thomason re-enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in January 1942 following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He asked |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 10, "sc": 111, "ep": 10, "ec": 735} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 10 | 111 | 10 | 735 | Clyde A. Thomason | World War II | for action, and when Lt. Col. Evans Carlson was organizing his famous Raiders, Thomason volunteered.
Because he was so tall, 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m), and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg); he had to ask for a height waiver to get into the Raiders. He received his training in California before going to the Pacific battlefields in April for duty with the 2nd Raider Battalion.
Letters that he wrote to friends in Albany, Georgia during the time of his service in the Pacific show that he wanted to be "where things are happening." He refused to accept assignments which would keep him away from action.
He |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 10, "sc": 735, "ep": 10, "ec": 1372} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 10 | 735 | 10 | 1,372 | Clyde A. Thomason | World War II | wrote of his commanding officer, Lt.Col. Carlson, and of Maj. James Roosevelt, second in command. Lt.Col. Carlson thought so highly of Sgt. Thomason that he selected him to lead the advance element against the Japanese garrison at Butaritari. It was there that Sgt. Thomason's gallantry in action earned him the Medal of Honor.
Sgt. Thomason was one of 30 Marines who did not return from the Makin Island raid. In November 1999, researchers discovered a mass grave on Makin Island that contained human remains, equipment, and dog tags belonging to Marine Raiders. Sgt. Thomason's remains were among those identified. His remains |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 10, "sc": 1372, "ep": 14, "ec": 526} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 10 | 1,372 | 14 | 526 | Clyde A. Thomason | World War II & Posthumous honors | were returned to the United States and were interred at Arlington National Cemetery. Posthumous honors The Medal of Honor was conferred posthumously and was presented to his stepmother by Under-Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal, at ceremonies in January 1943 in Washington, D.C.
Following his death, the people of Georgia bought a sufficient number of War Bonds to purchase for the Navy a cruiser, the USS Atlanta. The bonds were oversubscribed and there was money enough to pay the cost of two destroyer escorts, one of which, DE-203, was named the USS Thomason, launched at the Charleston, SC, Navy Yard in August |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 14, "sc": 526, "ep": 14, "ec": 1264} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 14 | 526 | 14 | 1,264 | Clyde A. Thomason | Posthumous honors | 1943.
In 1957, in ceremonies at the Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, Georgia, a new gymnasium building was formally dedicated in Sgt Thomason's name.
In May 1984, a Staff Non-Commissioned Officers Barracks was named for Sgt. Thomason at the Marine Corps Base, Camp Smedley D. Butler, in Okinawa, Japan.
On December 17, 2004, the Sgt. Clyde Thomason Amphibious Skills Training Facility was dedicated on Coronado Island, California.
On August 17, 2001, Sgt Thomason's remains were re-interred in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.
On February 18, 2009, the Marine Corps League Detachment #1325 named in his honor was formed in Fayette County, Ga.
The MARSOC CRITICAL SKILLS |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 14, "sc": 1264, "ep": 18, "ec": 281} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 14 | 1,264 | 18 | 281 | Clyde A. Thomason | Posthumous honors & Medal of Honor citation | OPERATOR (CSO) OF THE YEAR AWARD presented at the Marine Corps Association and Foundation Ground Awards Dinner on May 5, 2016 has been renamed in his honor (and with the full permission of the family) to the Sergeant Clyde A. Thomason Marine Special Operator of the Year Special Operations Command Award Medal of Honor citation The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while a member of |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 18, "sc": 281, "ep": 18, "ec": 886} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 18 | 281 | 18 | 886 | Clyde A. Thomason | Medal of Honor citation | the Second Marine Raider Battalion in action against the Japanese-held island of Makin on August 17–18, 1942. Landing the advance element of the assault echelon, Sergeant Thomason disposed his men with keen judgment and discrimination and by his exemplary leadership and great personal valor, exhorted them to like fearless efforts. On one occasion, he dauntlessly walked up to a house which concealed an enemy Japanese sniper, forced in the door and shot the man before he could resist. Later in the action, while leading an assault on enemy position, he gallantly gave up his life in the service of his |
{"datasets_id": 1208, "wiki_id": "Q5136861", "sp": 18, "sc": 886, "ep": 18, "ec": 1040} | 1,208 | Q5136861 | 18 | 886 | 18 | 1,040 | Clyde A. Thomason | Medal of Honor citation | country. His courage and loyal devotion to duty in the face of grave peril were in keeping with the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service. |
{"datasets_id": 1209, "wiki_id": "Q16078930", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 64} | 1,209 | Q16078930 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 64 | Clyde Jewett | Political career | Clyde Jewett Clyde Jewett (January 18, 1907 in Richland County, Wisconsin – ?) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. He graduated from high school in Richland Center, Wisconsin. Later, he worked in the Fisher Body division at the Janesville GM Assembly Plant in Janesville, Wisconsin. Political career Jewett was elected to the Assembly in 1952. He was a Republican. |
{"datasets_id": 1210, "wiki_id": "Q2980865", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 25} | 1,210 | Q2980865 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 25 | Cnemaspis mcguirei | Etymology & Reproduction | Cnemaspis mcguirei Etymology The specific name, mcguirei, is in honor of American herpetologist Jimmy A. McGuire. Reproduction C. mcguirei is oviparous. |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 599 | Coalbed methane | History | Coalbed methane History Coalbed methane grew out of venting methane from coal seams. Some coal beds have long been known to be "gassy," and as a safety measure, boreholes were drilled into the seams from the surface, and the methane allowed to vent before mining.
Coalbed methane as a natural-gas resource received a major push from the US federal government in the late 1970s. Federal price controls were discouraging natural gas drilling by keeping natural gas prices below market levels; at the same time, the government wanted to encourage more gas production. The US Department of Energy funded research into a |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 6, "sc": 599, "ep": 14, "ec": 141} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 6 | 599 | 14 | 141 | Coalbed methane | History & Reservoir properties & Porosity | number of unconventional gas sources, including coalbed methane. Coalbed methane was exempted from federal price controls, and was also given a federal tax credit.
In Australia, commercial extraction of coal seam gas began in 1996 in the Bowen Basin of Queensland. Reservoir properties Gas contained in coal bed methane is mainly methane and trace quantities of ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and few other gases. Intrinsic properties of coal as found in nature determine the amount of gas that can be recovered. Porosity Coalbed methane reservoirs are considered as a dual-porosity reservoirs. Dual porosity reservoirs are reservoirs in which porosity related to |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 14, "sc": 141, "ep": 18, "ec": 291} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 14 | 141 | 18 | 291 | Coalbed methane | Porosity & Adsorption capacity | cleats (natural fractures) are responsible for flow behavior and reservoir porosity of the matrix is responsible for the storage of gas. The porosity of a coalbed methane reservoir can vary from 10%-20 %; However, the cleat porosity of the reservoir is estimated to be in the range of 0.1%-1 % Adsorption capacity Adsorption capacity of coal is defined as the volume of gas adsorbed per unit mass of coal usually expressed in SCF (standard cubic feet, the volume at standard pressure and temperature conditions) gas/ton of coal. The capacity to adsorb depends on the rank and quality of coal. The range is |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 18, "sc": 291, "ep": 22, "ec": 248} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 18 | 291 | 22 | 248 | Coalbed methane | Adsorption capacity & Fracture permeability | usually between 100 and 800 SCF/ton for most coal seams found in the US. Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form. When the reservoir is put into production, water in the fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to a reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas from the matrix. Fracture permeability As discussed before, the fracture permeability acts as the major channel for the gas to flow. The higher the permeability, the higher the gas production. For most coal seams found in the US, the permeability lies in the range of 0.1–50 milliDarcys. |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 22, "sc": 248, "ep": 22, "ec": 915} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 22 | 248 | 22 | 915 | Coalbed methane | Fracture permeability | The permeability of fractured reservoirs changes with the stress applied to them. Coal displays a stress-sensitive permeability and this process plays an important role during stimulation and production operations. Fracture permeability in Coalbed methane reservoir tends to increase with depletion of gas; in contrast to conventional reservoirs. This unique behavior is because of shrinking of coal, when methane is released from its matrix, which results in opening up of fractures and increased permeability. It is also believed that due to shrinkage of coal matrix at lower reservoir pressures, there is a loss of horizontal stress in the reservoir which induces |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 22, "sc": 915, "ep": 26, "ec": 422} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 22 | 915 | 26 | 422 | Coalbed methane | Fracture permeability & Thickness of formation and initial reservoir pressure | in-situ failure of coal. Such a failure has been attributed to sudden decrease in the fracture permeability of the reservoir Thickness of formation and initial reservoir pressure The thickness of the formation may not be directly proportional to the volume of gas produced in some areas.
For example, it has been observed in the Cherokee Basin in Southeast Kansas that a well with a single zone of 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) of pay can produce excellent gas rates, whereas an alternative formation with twice the thickness can produce next to nothing. Some coal (and shale) formations may have |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 26, "sc": 422, "ep": 34, "ec": 138} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 26 | 422 | 34 | 138 | Coalbed methane | Thickness of formation and initial reservoir pressure & Other properties & Methane | high gas concentrations regardless of the formation's thickness, probably due to other factors of the area's geology.
The pressure difference between the well block and the sand face should be as high as possible as is the case with any producing reservoir in general. Other properties Other affecting parameters include coal density, initial gas-phase concentration, critical gas saturation, irreducible water saturation, relative permeability to water and gas at conditions of Sw = 1.0 and Sg = 1-Sw irreducible respectively. Methane As with all carbon based fossil fuels, burning coalbed methane releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere. Its effect as greenhouse |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 34, "sc": 138, "ep": 34, "ec": 758} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 34 | 138 | 34 | 758 | Coalbed methane | Methane | gas was firstly analyzed by chemist and physicist Svante Arrhenius. CBM production also entails leaks of fugitive methane into the atmosphere. Methane is rated as having 72 times the effect on global warming per unit of mass than CO2. over 20 years, reducing to 25 times over 100 years and 7.5 times over 500 years. Analysis of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources indicates that generating electricity from CBM, as with conventional natural gas, has less than half the greenhouse gas effect of coal.
In the United States, methane escaping from coal during mining amounts to 10 percent of total |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 34, "sc": 758, "ep": 42, "ec": 315} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 34 | 758 | 42 | 315 | Coalbed methane | Methane & Infrastructure & Produced water | methane emissions. Recovery of coal mine methane in advance of mining is seen as a major opportunity to reduce methane emissions. Infrastructure CBM wells are connected by a network of roads, pipelines, and compressor stations. Over time, wells may be spaced more closely in order to extract the remaining methane. Produced water The produced water brought to the surface as a byproduct of gas extraction varies greatly in quality from area to area, but may contain undesirable concentrations of dissolved substances such as salts, naturally present chemicals, heavy metals and radionuclides. In many producing regions the water is treated, such |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 42, "sc": 315, "ep": 50, "ec": 32} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 42 | 315 | 50 | 32 | Coalbed methane | Produced water & Pilliga Scrub & Powder River Basin | as through a Reverse Osmosis plant and used beneficially for irrigation, water for livestock, urban and industrial uses, or dust suppression. Pilliga Scrub In 2012 Eastern Star Gas was fined for "discharging polluting water containing high levels of salt into Bohena Creek" in the Pilliga Scrub. There were "16 spills or leaks of contaminated water" including "serious spills of saline water into woodland and a creek." In 2012, a NSW Legislative Council inquiry criticised the use of open holding ponds, recommending that "the NSW Government ban the open storage of produced water." Powder River Basin Not all coalbed methane produced |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 50, "sc": 32, "ep": 54, "ec": 389} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 50 | 32 | 54 | 389 | Coalbed methane | Powder River Basin & Groundwater | water is saline or otherwise undesirable. Water from coalbed methane wells in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, US, commonly meets federal drinking water standards, and is widely used in the area to water livestock. Its use for irrigation is limited by its relatively high sodium adsorption ratio. Groundwater Depending on aquifer connectivity, water withdrawal may depress aquifers over a large area and affect groundwater flows. In Australia, the CBM industry estimates extraction of 126,000 million litres (3.3×10¹⁰ US gallons) to 280,000 million litres (7.4×10¹⁰ US gallons) of groundwater per year; while the National Water Commission estimates extraction above 300,000 million litres (7.9×10¹⁰ |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 54, "sc": 389, "ep": 58, "ec": 614} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 54 | 389 | 58 | 614 | Coalbed methane | Groundwater & United Kingdom | US gallons) a year. United Kingdom Although gas in place in Britain's coal fields has been estimated to be 2,900 billion cubic meters, it may be that as little as one percent might be economically recoverable. Britain's CBM potential is largely untested. Some methane is extracted by coal mine venting operations, and burned to generate electricity. Assessment by private industry of coalbed methane wells independent of mining began in 2008, when 55 onshore exploration licences were issued, covering 7,000 square kilometers of potential coalbed methane areas. IGas Energy became the first in the UK to commercially extract coalbed methane separate |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 58, "sc": 614, "ep": 66, "ec": 115} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 58 | 614 | 66 | 115 | Coalbed methane | United Kingdom & United States & Kazakhstan | from mine venting; as of 2012, the Igas coalbed methane wells at Doe Green, extracting gas for electrical generation, were the only commercial CBM wells in the UK. United States United States coalbed methane production in 2017 was 1.76 trillion cubic feet (TCF), 3.6 percent of all US dry gas production that year. The 2017 production was down from the peak of 1.97 TCF in 2008. Most CBM production came from the Rocky Mountain states of Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Kazakhstan Kazakhstan could witness the development of a large coalbed methane (CBM) sector over the coming decades, according |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 66, "sc": 115, "ep": 70, "ec": 405} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 66 | 115 | 70 | 405 | Coalbed methane | Kazakhstan & India | to industry professionals. Preliminary research suggests there may be as much as 900 billion m3 of gas in Kazakhstan’s main coalfields – 85% of all reserves in Kazakhstan. India With the completion of the drilling of 23 vertical production wells by Great Eastern Energy (GEECL), coalbed methane would be available in India for commercial sale purpose from 14 July 2007 priced at ₹ 30 per kg for CNG. Initially 90% of the CBM would be distributed among vehicles as CNG gas.
GEECL is also setting up the first CBM station in Southeast Asia and the same will be located in India |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 70, "sc": 405, "ep": 70, "ec": 1068} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 70 | 405 | 70 | 1,068 | Coalbed methane | India | in the city of Asansol in West Bengal. GEECL is the first company whose first field development plan has been approved.
Prashant Modi, President and Chief Operating Officer of GEECL, said, "We are proud to be India’s first private sector company that has ventured into Coal Bed Methane exploration, production, marketing and distribution. With the nation requiring higher energy sources to sustain its development pace, we are confident that CBM will play an important role as one of the prime energy source for the future generations."
Essar Group's Essar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Ltd.'s CBM portfolio includes 5 blocks. Currently, |
{"datasets_id": 1211, "wiki_id": "Q955546", "sp": 70, "sc": 1068, "ep": 70, "ec": 1310} | 1,211 | Q955546 | 70 | 1,068 | 70 | 1,310 | Coalbed methane | India | only one of them, Raniganj East, is currently operational. The others include Rajmahal in Jharkhand, Talcher and Ib Valley in Odisha and Sohagpur in Madhya Pradesh. The 5 blocks possess estimated 10 Trillion Cubic Feet (CBF) of CBM reserves. |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 600} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 600 | Coastal Pacific | History | Coastal Pacific History Before the Main North Line was completed, the open sections were served by mixed trains and the Culverden Express. On 15 December 1945 the line was completed and the Picton Express began operating, providing a daily service between Picton and Christchurch. In January 1946 the express was cut to thrice weekly, and its popularity and profitability declined. In February 1956 it was replaced by a more frequent railcar service, using RM class 88-seaters. Falling patronage led to smaller Vulcan railcars being used from 1968 to 1975 with small trains, in summer, sometimes known as the Picton Express. |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 6, "sc": 600, "ep": 6, "ec": 1245} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 6 | 600 | 6 | 1,245 | Coastal Pacific | History | In 1976 at the suggestion of Rangiora MP Derek Quigley, the old former first class cars previously used on the overnight Picton–Christchurch 'Cabbage Train' were transferred to the day express to provide train heating, and several other 56 ft carriages were fitted with heaters to make an economical train. Progressively the old carriages were updated and a buffet carriage was eventually added to replace the Kaikoura pie and tea stop, at the last traditional NZR-style refreshment stop.
In April 2006, Toll NZ announced its intention to sell the TranzCoastal and the TranzAlpine. However, with the purchase of Toll NZ's rail assets in |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 6, "sc": 1245, "ep": 6, "ec": 1905} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 6 | 1,245 | 6 | 1,905 | Coastal Pacific | History | 2008 by the government, these plans never came to fruition. KiwiRail has upgraded the remaining three long-distance passenger services.
Following the 6.3 magnitude earthquake that struck Canterbury on 22 February 2011, KiwiRail suspended the train, replacing it with a bus service until 10 April 2011. They announced that it would return on 15 August 2011 under its original name, the Coastal Pacific. Since 2013 the train has been run as a seasonal service, serving the peak tourist season between about September to April, with no services in the winter months, to offset operating losses.
The 7.8 magnitude North Canterbury earthquake on 14 |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 6, "sc": 1905, "ep": 10, "ec": 278} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 6 | 1,905 | 10 | 278 | Coastal Pacific | History & Route and stations | November 2016 caused numerous landslides that destroyed parts of the railway line in the Kaikoura district. KiwiRail suspended the train service, which had been due to operate until May 2017, for the rest of the 2016–17 season. It was announced on 1 August 2018 that the service would resume on December 1. Route and stations The train runs daily between Christchurch and Picton, stopping at Rangiora, Waipara, Mina, Kaikoura, Seddon and Blenheim, along the Main North Line. It was introduced on Sunday, 25 September 1988 and took 5 hours 20 minutes. In the present timetable the northbound journey takes |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 10, "sc": 278, "ep": 14, "ec": 582} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 10 | 278 | 14 | 582 | Coastal Pacific | Route and stations & Refurbishment of service | 5 hours 13 minutes, the southbound 5 hours 21 minutes. Refurbishment of service In 1987, due to the need to re-equip the deteriorating yellow Northerner trains, cars were reallocated and refurbished to cover.
With this change, the last three original Southerner day cars remaining were refurbished to the same design as the three "big window" cars on the TranzAlpine and the sole Connoisseur car. Two cars seated 51 each in the seats designed by Addington Workshops, which were reupholstered and re-arranged, alcove-style, around tables. The third car became a 31-seat servery/observation car fitted out similarly to its TranzAlpine counterpart, but with |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 14, "sc": 582, "ep": 14, "ec": 1202} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 14 | 582 | 14 | 1,202 | Coastal Pacific | Refurbishment of service | detail differences in the buffet counter area. A Mitsubishi – built FM/AG van was fitted with an 11-kW petrol generator at the handbrake end for power/baggage duties.
The new Coastal Pacific became a favourite with travellers, but it did not attract the same level of popularity as the TranzAlpine. In 1993, a "backpackers" car (a former red Picton – Greymouth car with luggage space at one end) was introduced, for a cheaper option. This premise proved popular, as did adding up to five wagons authorised to travel at 100 km/h conveying priority freight for the North Island or deep South.
In the early |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 14, "sc": 1202, "ep": 18, "ec": 478} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 14 | 1,202 | 18 | 478 | Coastal Pacific | Refurbishment of service & Connoisseur service | 1990s, the cars were equipped with pressure ventilation like the Bay Express cars and the TranzAlpine rear observation car. Connoisseur service On 19 January 1987, a private tourism firm leased a 29 (later 45) seat single-lavatory South Island Main Trunk first class car refurbished in 1970 for the Southerner and attached it to the Picton train initially, before expanding its operation to Greymouth and later Invercargill. It was marketed as a luxury carriage: it offered the same level of comfort as other Southerner cars, but the service was to a higher standard. Originally named the Connoisseurs' Express car, it was |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 18, "sc": 478, "ep": 22, "ec": 504} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 18 | 478 | 22 | 504 | Coastal Pacific | Connoisseur service & Rebranding and re-equipping | heavily refurbished to offer a superior quality service and renamed The Connoisseur car. Rebranding and re-equipping During 1996, the original TranzAlpine observation car was thoroughly overhauled and air-conditioning installed, and this car, along with the two former Lynx Express cars and the car with luggage space, were permanently assigned to this train. The backpackers' car was later replaced by the only former Southerner (later Northerner) car to escape rebuilding as a panorama car or scrapping. It was fitted with 47 of the same type of Addington seat that it had had in the mid to late 1980s, all seats facing |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 22, "sc": 504, "ep": 22, "ec": 1131} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 22 | 504 | 22 | 1,131 | Coastal Pacific | Rebranding and re-equipping | toward the two centre tables, one on both sides of the aisle of the car, and became the new backpackers' car. The former Connoisseur car, thoroughly refurbished the year before with air conditioning installed, assumed regular duty. The Lynx Express baggage van and later the first of the NIMT baggage vans were also allocated to this service. Later, the second backpacker car had air conditioning installed, and in late 2003, was transferred north for the Overlander or Wairarapa Connection'.
The baggage van fitted out for the initial third NIMT passenger trainset in 1992 had its central and one end module converted |
{"datasets_id": 1212, "wiki_id": "Q1104409", "sp": 22, "sc": 1131, "ep": 26, "ec": 220} | 1,212 | Q1104409 | 22 | 1,131 | 26 | 220 | Coastal Pacific | Rebranding and re-equipping & New rolling stock | into an open viewing area, while the other end module remained for luggage. New rolling stock At KiwiRail's Hillside Railway Workshops, building had commenced on new carriages for the Coastal Pacific and TranzAlpine services, classed AK. The new cars for the Coastal Pacific entered service toward the end of 2011. |
{"datasets_id": 1213, "wiki_id": "Q5138760", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 637} | 1,213 | Q5138760 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 637 | Cobb Electric Membership Corporation | Cobb Electric Membership Corporation Formed in 1938, Cobb Electric Membership Corporation, more commonly known as Cobb EMC, is a non-profit electric utility company serving parts of Cobb, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding, and small sections of Fulton counties in Georgia. In 2009, it had total sales of over 3.8 billion kilowatt-hours (13.7 billion megajoules).
It was founded in 1938 with 489 residential members and 14 business accounts, and now serves about 200,000 homes and businesses (including over 180,000 in northwest metro Atlanta), making it one of the largest electric membership corporations in the state and country. However, most residents in Cobb and other |
|
{"datasets_id": 1213, "wiki_id": "Q5138760", "sp": 4, "sc": 637, "ep": 8, "ec": 82} | 1,213 | Q5138760 | 4 | 637 | 8 | 82 | Cobb Electric Membership Corporation | Cobb Energy | counties are customers of Georgia Power, while those within the city limits of Marietta (the Cobb county seat) are customers of Marietta Power, a municipal utility run by the city.
Cobb EMC participates in a rebate program for customers who install solar panels. In January 2009, the company joined with Green Power EMC to buy 17 megawatts of electric power from a company which upgraded the power plant at the former Fruit of the Loom factory in Rabun Gap to use logging biomass as a fuel. Cobb Energy Cobb Energy Management Corporation, usually known as Cobb Energy, was created as a |
{"datasets_id": 1213, "wiki_id": "Q5138760", "sp": 8, "sc": 82, "ep": 8, "ec": 717} | 1,213 | Q5138760 | 8 | 82 | 8 | 717 | Cobb Electric Membership Corporation | Cobb Energy | for-profit subsidiary in 1997.
It eventually sparked a lawsuit by Cobb EMC members, charging that their money was being funneled into the new company, after a 2007 exposé by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Shareholders prevailed, and won again on appeal to the Georgia Court of Appeals in April 2010. Cobb Energy was folded back into the non-profit cooperative. Co-op board elections, delayed by the litigation since 2007, were scheduled to resume in the fall of 2011.
In early January 2011, the CEO of Cobb EMC was arrested and charged with 31 counts of racketeering and theft after his indictment by a county grand |
{"datasets_id": 1213, "wiki_id": "Q5138760", "sp": 8, "sc": 717, "ep": 8, "ec": 965} | 1,213 | Q5138760 | 8 | 717 | 8 | 965 | Cobb Electric Membership Corporation | Cobb Energy | jury in the matter, citing more than 50 million dollars taken from or not paid to the EMC by Cobb Energy.
Prior to these events, the company purchased naming rights to the new Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre, which still bears the name. |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 668} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 668 | Cobourg | History | Cobourg History The land which present-day Cobourg occupies was previously inhabited by Mississauga (Anishinaabe-speaking) peoples.
The settlements that make up today's Cobourg were founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1798. Some of the founding fathers and early settlers were Eliud Nickerson, Joseph Ash, Zacheus Burnham and Asa Allworth Burnham. The Town was originally a group of smaller villages such as Amherst and Hardscrabble, which were later named Hamilton. In 1808 it became the district town for the Newcastle District. It was renamed Cobourg in 1818, in recognition of the marriage of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 6, "sc": 668, "ep": 6, "ec": 1286} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 6 | 668 | 6 | 1,286 | Cobourg | History | (later Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who would later become King of Belgium).
By the 1830s Cobourg had become a regional centre, much due to its fine harbour on Lake Ontario. In 1835 the Upper Canada Academy was established in Cobourg by Egerton Ryerson and the Wesleyan Conference of Bishops. On 1 July 1837, Cobourg was officially incorporated as a town. In 1841 the Upper Canada Academy's name was changed to Victoria College. In 1842 Victoria College was granted powers to confer degrees. Victoria College remained in Cobourg until 1892, when it was moved to Toronto and federated with the University of Toronto. |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 6, "sc": 1286, "ep": 10, "ec": 395} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 6 | 1,286 | 10 | 395 | Cobourg | History & The Railway to Rice Lake | In 1842, John Strachan founded the Diocesan Theological Institute in Cobourg, an Anglican seminary that became integrated into the University of Trinity College in Toronto in 1852. The Railway to Rice Lake The timber and other resources of Cobourg's large hinterland were identified as the key to its prosperity, and if they could be brought to the harbour, Lake Ontario opened up a large and prosperous market. Peterborough to the north, founded in 1825 by Peter Robinson, had become the principal source area, and in the 1830s it was still the waterways that were the prime method of bulk transport. |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 395, "ep": 10, "ec": 973} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 395 | 10 | 973 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | Rice Lake and the Otonabee River were brought into use when James Gray Bethune established a steamer running across the lake and up the Otonabee which was navigable through to Peterborough. This meant goods and passengers could be brought at least to the south shore of Lake Rice. The remaining 8 miles of rough tracks was viable for passengers and light goods, but no use for the valuable timber and mine products. By 1835, only 10 years after the first steam railway in the world, there was active discussion about building a railway up to what later became Harwood. However, |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 973, "ep": 10, "ec": 1591} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 973 | 10 | 1,591 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | the townspeople invested instead in a plank road, using 300,000 feet of 3-inch wooden planks, allowing horse-drawn vehicles to haul heavy goods. By 1850 the plank road was breaking up, and was impassible in wet conditions, so the railway scheme was revived.
By 1852 there was considerable enthusiasm for the railway project within the town. Unfortunately river traffic had become seen as yesterday's solution by this time, so the plans were expanded to include a 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long bridge across Rice Lake, to take the railway right up to Peterborough. By 1854 the rails reached the shore of the lake, |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 1591, "ep": 10, "ec": 2177} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 1,591 | 10 | 2,177 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | and it found good work transporting passengers and nearly 2 million feet of lumber from the Rice Lake down to Cobourg that summer. However, all the revenue had to ploughed into building an ill-fated bridge, using hundreds of wooden trestles, 31 Burr Truss spans, and a centre-pivot swing bridge to allow boats to pass. The prime mover locally for getting the Railway company off the ground was D'Arcy E. Boulton, a lawyer based in Cobourg, who enthused the town with the plan. They agreed to begin funding the scheme that was initially expected to cost £150,000, but ended leaving many |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 2177, "ep": 10, "ec": 2783} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 2,177 | 10 | 2,783 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | people with worthless railway bonds and the town council with a debt that was only finally repaid in the 1930s. The man appointed to manage the project was Samuel Zimmerman, who had previously been instrumental in building the Great Western Railway (Ontario). The bridge was constructed over the summer of 1854 and was officially opened on 29 December that year. Three days later it collapsed when ice movements shifted the trestles out of line, splintering the Burr Truss sections. The proposed solution was to stabilise the trestles (or 'stilts' as their critics dubbed them) by an infill of soil, which |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 2783, "ep": 10, "ec": 3374} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 2,783 | 10 | 3,374 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | did happen on the southern side, still visible as a strip of land still remaining running into the lake near Harwood. But funds were not forthcoming for the northern side, and winter ice and shifting lake mud meant that it was frequently unusable.
A further problem emerged when Port Hope, not far along the coast, pursued its own plans for a Railway to Peterborough. In 1857 the Port Hope and Lindsay line was constructed, and the following year opened a branch to Peterborough, going round the western end of the lake, in direct competition with the struggling Cobourg route. The |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 3374, "ep": 10, "ec": 3992} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 3,374 | 10 | 3,992 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake | response of the Cobourg directors was to oust D.E. Boulton, who then invested in the Port Hope line. Conflicts of interest among various personnel resulted in deliberately removing the bolts on sections of the bridge in early 1861, ensuring that the ice again the bridge was destroyed, and this time it was left unrepaired. The railway reverted to linking Cobourg harbour with Harwood and the Rice Lake water traffic.
In 1865 the railway was bought by a consortium of Pittsburgh steel manufacturers, who had already bought the Marmora Iron quarries north-east of Rice Lake, who set up an iron-ore supply route |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 10, "sc": 3992, "ep": 14, "ec": 103} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 10 | 3,992 | 14 | 103 | Cobourg | The Railway to Rice Lake & Crossen Car Works | in barges up the Trent River and across Rice Lake to the railway at Harwood. From there it was brought along the Railway to Cobourg Harbour, for shipment across Lake Ontario to feed the steel mills of America. This provided a steady income for the railway and the town until the ore ran out in 1878. It also had two longer term spin-offs in the form of a rail car company and the beginnings of a tourist industry. Crossen Car Works When the iron ore scheme was getting underway, a small iron foundry based in Cobourg, was approached to |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 14, "sc": 103, "ep": 14, "ec": 682} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 14 | 103 | 14 | 682 | Cobourg | Crossen Car Works | cast the wheels and frames of wagons to move the Marmora iron ore down to the harbour. James Crossen saw an opportunity to combine his cast-iron products with the abundant local timber to produce railway rolling stock. With the foundry located near both the Cobourg line and train station of the Grand Trunk Railway, which had been built along the shore of Lake Ontario in 1856, it was well placed to expand as Canada's railway network grew. It was later named the Crossen Car Manufacturing Company and went on to become the largest builder of timber-framed rail cars in Canada, |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 14, "sc": 682, "ep": 18, "ec": 211} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 14 | 682 | 18 | 211 | Cobourg | Crossen Car Works & Wealthy Americans | making everything from coal and freight wagons through to dining cars and first-class carriages. By 1910 wood was going out of date, when all-steel cars took over, and in 1915 the company, unable to adapt, went into liquidation, and parts of the site reverted to being an iron foundry. A replica of one of the Crossen ore cars was built in 2016 and is on display near Cobourg waterfront. Wealthy Americans The connections and trade links which developed through the iron shipments brought many American industrialists to Cobourg, which became a popular summer destination. High class hotels were established, followed |
{"datasets_id": 1214, "wiki_id": "Q1007418", "sp": 18, "sc": 211, "ep": 22, "ec": 151} | 1,214 | Q1007418 | 18 | 211 | 22 | 151 | Cobourg | Wealthy Americans & Victoria Hall | in the late 19th century and early 20th century by enormous summer homes for wealthy Americans, a few of which still stand today. One notable home, on King Street East, became the Brookside School - now a youth detention centre. A major ferry service connected Cobourg and Rochester, New York from 1907 to 1952, transporting passengers and cargo across Lake Ontario, allowing Americans to reach the town more readily. Victoria Hall For a brief moment in 1856 the town, with both its new railway link to the interior and an east-west rail connection along the Grand Trunk Railway, was |
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