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{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 76, "sc": 159, "ep": 76, "ec": 811} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 76 | 159 | 76 | 811 | Civil Code of Argentina | Project of legislative unification | Social Security codes. Because of this, part of the doctrine sustained that the Constitution obstructed the legislative unification. Nevertheless, the authors argued that it is not written in which way it should be done, be it by one single body or more.
In 1986, the General Legislative Commission of the Chamber of Deputies created a committee for the "unification of the civil and commercial legislation", designing Héctor Alegría, Atilio Alterini, Jorge Alterini, Miguel Araya, Francisco de la Vega, Sergio Le Pera and Ana Piaggi as advisors, to whom would later join Horacio Fargosi.
On April 22, 1987, the project was raised, and |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 76, "sc": 811, "ep": 80, "ec": 76} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 76 | 811 | 80 | 76 | Civil Code of Argentina | Project of legislative unification & Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación | on July 15 sanctioned by the Chamber of Deputies. The project moved on to the Senate, where a temporary commission was formed, which made several reforms, but didn't arrive to a conclusive judgement since its duration was not renovated after the originally intended six months.
At the end of 1991 the law was sanctioned with no modifications by the Senate, but later the Executive Power, considering it inadequate to the new political and economical situation, decided to veto it. Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación After decades of deliberations, a new code - Código Civil y Comercial de la |
{"datasets_id": 1180, "wiki_id": "Q3774515", "sp": 80, "sc": 76, "ep": 80, "ec": 162} | 1,180 | Q3774515 | 80 | 76 | 80 | 162 | Civil Code of Argentina | Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación | Nación - was approved in 2014 and entered into force in 2015, replacing the old code. |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 572} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 572 | Civil Eats | Founding | Civil Eats Founding Starkman and Crossfield met in 2008 at Slow Food Nation, a San Francisco event organized by Slow Food USA that many see as a pivotal moment in the food movement. An estimated 60,000 people gathered at Slow Food Nation, including food leaders such as Alice Waters, Michael Pollan, Eric Schlosser, Wes Jackson, and Vandana Shiva. In an effort to facilitate more discussion about the event, Starkman started a blog, to which Crossfield contributed. The success of the blog inspired the pair to maintain it under a new name: Civil Eats. They recognized the need for a platform |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 6, "sc": 572, "ep": 10, "ec": 381} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 6 | 572 | 10 | 381 | Civil Eats | Founding & Kickstarter Campaign | on which untold stories from activists on the front lines of the growing food movement could be shared. Civil Eats has since published thousands of articles by hundreds of writers and become a dependable primary source for food policy news. Kickstarter Campaign For five years, Starkman, Crossfield, and their contributors worked without pay. In October 2013, with the goal of shifting from an all-volunteer effort to a sustainable, professional enterprise, Civil Eats launched a Kickstarter campaign and raised $100,000 in 30 days–the highest amount raised on Kickstarter at that time for an online daily news site. Authors and activists Anna |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 10, "sc": 381, "ep": 14, "ec": 115} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 10 | 381 | 14 | 115 | Civil Eats | Kickstarter Campaign & Masthead | Lappé, Raj Patel, and Michael Pollan appeared in their pitch video, and chefs Tom Colicchio, Alice Waters, Deborah Madison, and José Andrés were instrumental in spreading the word about the campaign. With the money they raised, Civil Eats was able to start paying its contributors and hire a full-time Managing Editor, Twilight Greenaway. Their future goals include paying a full staff, hiring a reporter based in Washington, D.C. to cover food policy, and producing more in-depth reporting and visually engaging content. Masthead Its staff includes Adrien Meier-Schless, who is the Deputy Managing Editor; Stacy Slate was the site’s first Deputy |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 14, "sc": 115, "ep": 18, "ec": 302} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 14 | 115 | 18 | 302 | Civil Eats | Masthead & Achievements | Managing Editor. Early contributors include Jen Dalton, Sarah Rich, Katrina Heron, among others. Its regular contributors include Barry Estabrook, Sarah Henry, Anna Lappé, Kim O’Donnel, Raj Patel, Kerry Trueman, Hannah Wallace, among many others. Civil Eats was an early proponent of sharing content with other sites including Grist, TakePart, The Huffington Post, and others. Achievements In May 2014, Civil Eats was named the James Beard Foundation 2014 Publication of the Year for demonstrating “fresh direction, worthy ambition, and a forward-thinking approach to food journalism.” Starkman and Crossfield accepted the award in New York City. Additionally, two Civil Eats stories appeared |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 18, "sc": 302, "ep": 18, "ec": 931} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 18 | 302 | 18 | 931 | Civil Eats | Achievements | in the 2014 issue of Best Food Writing, a collection of the finest in culinary prose from the previous year’s books, magazines, newspapers, and blogs. One of those stories also won the 2014 M. F. K. Fisher prize for excellence in culinary reporting.
In 2014, Civil Eats formed a media partnership with TIME.com and Harvest Public Media and assembled an advisory board of leading thinkers, voices, and connectors in the food movement to assist in its next development phrase. The advisory board includes Chef Tom Colicchio, author Anna Lappé, Marion Nestle, writer and activist Raj Patel, Dan Pullman, author Ruth Reichl, |
{"datasets_id": 1181, "wiki_id": "Q25038017", "sp": 18, "sc": 931, "ep": 18, "ec": 1019} | 1,181 | Q25038017 | 18 | 931 | 18 | 1,019 | Civil Eats | Achievements | scientist Ricardo Salvador of the Union of Concerned Scientists, and Chef Alice Waters. |
{"datasets_id": 1182, "wiki_id": "Q5126003", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 624} | 1,182 | Q5126003 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 624 | Clara Jeffery | Career | Clara Jeffery Career Jeffery was born in Baltimore, Maryland and was raised in Arlington, Virginia, and attended the Sidwell Friends School (1985), before going to Carleton College (1989). She earned a Master's degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 1993.
Between 1993 and 1995, Jeffery was a staff editor and writer at Washington City Paper. She was a senior editor at Harper's Magazine (1995–2002), where she edited six articles nominated for a National Magazine Award, including essays by Barbara Ehrenreich that became Nickel and Dimed. She became deputy editor of Mother Jones, a position she had |
{"datasets_id": 1182, "wiki_id": "Q5126003", "sp": 6, "sc": 624, "ep": 6, "ec": 1283} | 1,182 | Q5126003 | 6 | 624 | 6 | 1,283 | Clara Jeffery | Career | held for four years, and was promoted to co-editor in August 2006. Jeffery was promoted to editor-in-chief in May, 2015.
Together, Jeffery and Monika Bauerlein have aimed to put greater emphasis on staff-generated, daily news and original reporting. The magazine received a National Magazine Award for General Excellence in 2008 and 2010. In 2012 Mother Jones broke the story about Mitt Romney's "47 percent" remarks, which were controversial prior to Barack Obama winning reelection.
In 2002, Jeffery wrote an article on the Salton Sea for Harper's Magazine, "Go West Old Man: Where the American Dream Goes Down the Drain", which received an |
{"datasets_id": 1182, "wiki_id": "Q5126003", "sp": 6, "sc": 1283, "ep": 6, "ec": 1450} | 1,182 | Q5126003 | 6 | 1,283 | 6 | 1,450 | Clara Jeffery | Career | honorable mention in Best American Science and Nature Writing. She has also written for Slate, the Huffington Post, San Francisco Magazine, and the Chicago Reporter. |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 250} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 250 | Clare Torry | Early life & Career | Clare Torry Early life Clare Torry was born in November 1947 in Marylebone to Geoffrey Napier Torry (1916-1979), who combined careers as Lieutenant-Commander in the Fleet Air Arm and as a Flight Lieutenant in the RAF, and his wife Dorothy W. Singer (1916-2017), who was the secretary to six BBC Directors-General. Career By the end of the 1960s, Torry managed to start a career as a performer, mainly based on covers of popular songs. Alan Parsons asked her to take part in Pink Floyd's recording of the album The Dark Side of the Moon, on the instrumental song penned by |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 10, "sc": 250, "ep": 10, "ec": 816} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 10 | 250 | 10 | 816 | Clare Torry | Career | Richard Wright going under the name of "The Great Gig in the Sky". On 4 November 1973, Torry also sang "The Great Gig in the Sky" at the Rainbow Theatre in London.
Since then, Torry has also performed as a session singer (singing on a number of 1970s UK TV adverts) and as a live backing vocalist with Kevin Ayers, Olivia Newton-John, Shriekback, The Alan Parsons Project (for which she also sang lead vocal on one track on their 1979 Eve album), Procol Harum mainman Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, Cerrone, Meat Loaf (a duet on the song "Nowhere Fast", and |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 10, "sc": 816, "ep": 10, "ec": 1413} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 10 | 816 | 10 | 1,413 | Clare Torry | Career | the hit single "Modern Girl") and Johnny Mercer. She reprised her Pink Floyd appearance during a few 1980s concerts with Roger Waters' band, and also contributed to Waters' 1986 soundtrack When the Wind Blows and to his 1987 album Radio K.A.O.S.. She sang with the David Gilmour-led Pink Floyd at a 1990 concert at Knebworth.
Torry also sang the Dolly Parton song "Love Is Like a Butterfly" as the theme music to the 1970s Wendy Craig/Geoffrey Palmer, Carla Laine sitcom Butterflies. The song was released as a single in 1981. Torry also released the song "Love for Living" in 1969, which |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 10, "sc": 1413, "ep": 10, "ec": 1983} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 10 | 1,413 | 10 | 1,983 | Clare Torry | Career | was produced by Ronnie Scott and Robin Gibb.
Torry sang backing vocals on the track "The War Song" from Culture Club's Waking Up with the House on Fire album in 1984, as well as on the track "Yellowstone Park" on the Tangerine Dream album Le Parc the following year. Her voice can also be heard singing "Love to Love You Baby" (originally by Donna Summer) during the opening scene of the cult BBC Play for Today production of Abigail's Party in 1977.
Torry is also credited on the 1987 album En Dejlig Torsdag (A Lovely Thursday) by the Danish pop rock |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 10, "sc": 1983, "ep": 14, "ec": 224} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 10 | 1,983 | 14 | 224 | Clare Torry | Career & Lawsuit | band TV-2, where she sings in a fashion similar to that on "The Great Gig in the Sky" at the end of the tracks "Stjernen I Mit Liv" ("The Star in my Life") and "I Baronessens Seng" ("In the Bed of the Baroness").
On 20 October 2010, Torry was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of her unique contribution to music. Lawsuit In 2004, she sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties on the basis that her contribution to "The Great Gig in the Sky" constituted co-authorship with keyboardist Richard Wright. Originally, she was paid the standard |
{"datasets_id": 1183, "wiki_id": "Q270453", "sp": 14, "sc": 224, "ep": 18, "ec": 124} | 1,183 | Q270453 | 14 | 224 | 18 | 124 | Clare Torry | Lawsuit & Recent work | flat fee of £30 for Sunday studio work. In 2005, an out-of-court settlement was reached in Torry's favour, although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed. All releases after 2005 carry an additional credit "Vocal composition by Clare Torry" for the "Great Gig in the Sky" segment. Recent work In February 2006, Clare Torry released a CD Heaven in the Sky, a collection of her early pop tunes from the 1960s and 1970s. |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 561} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 561 | Clarence D. Martin | Family name, early life and education | Clarence D. Martin Family name, early life and education He was born in Cheney, Washington to Francies M. and Philena Martin, who migrated to eastern Washington from Ohio by way of Portland in the early 1880s. Martin was educated in the Cheney public schools. He graduated from the State Normal School at Cheney in 1903, and completed additional studies at the University of Washington in Seattle, graduating with a BA degree in 1906.
After leaving the university, he joined his wheat-farming father in founding the family business, the F. M. Martin Grain and Milling Company in Cheney. Upon his father's death |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 6, "sc": 561, "ep": 14, "ec": 132} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 6 | 561 | 14 | 132 | Clarence D. Martin | Family name, early life and education & Early political career & Governorship, 1933-1941 | in 1925, Martin assumed the role of president and general manager of the company. He served in this position until early 1943, when the mill was sold to the National Biscuit Company. Early political career Martin first became interested in politics in his hometown, where he was elected to the city council in 1915. He served as mayor of Cheney from 1928 until he was elected governor. During this period, he was also chairman of the state Democratic committee. Governorship, 1933-1941 Martin was elected Governor of Washington in November 1932, in the Democratic landslide which virtually replaced most Republicans in |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 14, "sc": 132, "ep": 14, "ec": 755} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 14 | 132 | 14 | 755 | Clarence D. Martin | Governorship, 1933-1941 | state political offices. He was the first native son to be elected to the state's highest office, an honor of which he was extremely proud. Given the dire economic circumstances and the crisis atmosphere of the early 1930s, Martin's first gubernatorial campaign was remarkable in its moderation. There was no demagoguery, no personalities, no threats, no condemnations and no bitter attacks.
His platform was based on providing unemployment relief and tax reform; he vowed "to return the state government to the service and benefit of the people." By the end of the campaign, he had made 750 speeches and traveled |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 14, "sc": 755, "ep": 14, "ec": 1389} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 14 | 755 | 14 | 1,389 | Clarence D. Martin | Governorship, 1933-1941 | 40,000 miles, but as he said, he "gave away no cigars, kissed no babies and promised no jobs." (Steward, Edgar I. Washington, Northwest Frontier, Vol. II, New York: Lewis Historical Publications, Co., 1957, pp. 296–97). Both in the primary and general elections, Martin's opponents charged him with trying to buy the gubernatorial office. Martin rebutted these accusations by pointing out that he was using his own money for the campaign and therefore would have obligations to no one. His electoral majority was larger than that gained by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington. This ensured that he was not accused |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 14, "sc": 1389, "ep": 18, "ec": 573} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 14 | 1,389 | 18 | 573 | Clarence D. Martin | Governorship, 1933-1941 & First term, 1933-1936 | of winning the office on the presidential coattails. First term, 1933-1936 Martin took office in January 1933. His first term was controversial, and he was criticized for both his political appointments and his relief programs. Martin alienated hard-core Democrats of the state with the appointment of a number of Republicans to high state offices, many of whom were holdovers from the previous administration of Governor Roland Hartley. In justifying his appointment policy, Martin remarked: "I did not get all of my majority from Democrats and I think both parties should be represented." (Spokesman Review, April 19, 1933 p. 3) Martin recognized |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 573, "ep": 18, "ec": 1201} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 573 | 18 | 1,201 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 | the need to set aside partisan politics to effectively combat the Depression.
When Martin took office in January 1933, the Great Depression was at its height. In his first inaugural message, Governor Martin acknowledged the severity of the economic crisis. But he recounted the natural and human resources of the state and concluded that "surely, with such resources at hand, we need only the spirit to seek, the determination to build, the genius to create, and the readiness to cooperate toward a common development." He believed it was the primary duty of government to promote the common good; state government must |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 1201, "ep": 18, "ec": 1902} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 1,201 | 18 | 1,902 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 | promote constructive, although perhaps unpopular programs, and the people must accept the necessary sacrifices. Martin advocated abandonment of traditional approaches to problem-solving when those approaches proved inadequate. His call for state government action anticipated a similar call on the national level by President Roosevelt.
Those first few months in office were a time of intense activity. Martin proposed increased economy of government through the elimination of waste and the reduction of state employees' salaries; Martin later proposed and the Legislature endorsed a salary reduction of from 10 to 25 percent of all state employees. Martin planned to shift the relief burden |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 1902, "ep": 18, "ec": 2505} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 1,902 | 18 | 2,505 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 | from the nearly bankrupt county and local agencies to the state government. He recommended a $10,000,000 bond issue which was to be used to fund employment on minor public works projects. The Legislature approved this bond issue and relief measures were soon forthcoming. He then proposed a complete restructuring of the tax system. In the November 1932 election, the people of the state had affirmed a 40-mill limit on property taxes. This ceiling on the property tax made new sources on tax revenue necessary. Martin proposed a sales tax as a short term, stop-gap measure; he believed that this sales |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 2505, "ep": 18, "ec": 3157} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 2,505 | 18 | 3,157 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 | tax would ultimately be replaced by a form of business and occupation tax. The business and occupation tax was enacted during the twenty-third legislative session, but was declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court in September, 1933, after a long and bitter struggle. Washington was one forward a contributory system of old-age insurance. Washington was one of the firsts of the northwestern states to enter the field of old-age insurance when the Legislature passed the social security measure in February, 1933. Although the 1933 Legislature failed to provide adequate funding for the pension program, it did establish a needed precedent. |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 3157, "ep": 18, "ec": 3822} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 3,157 | 18 | 3,822 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 | In 1935, the Legislature provided additional funds for the program.
Governor Martin advocated a number of urgent projects in his first inaugural address. He proposed restructuring of the state banking laws to prevent future closures. Education was a particularly important part of the Governor's program. He proposed that the state assume 50 percent of the funding burden of the public school system to insure the continued quality and equality of education. He recommended an "open door" policy at the university level for all Washington high school graduates to promote equality of opportunity for higher education. With respect to mortgage debts, Martin |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 18, "sc": 3822, "ep": 22, "ec": 338} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 18 | 3,822 | 22 | 338 | Clarence D. Martin | First term, 1933-1936 & Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) | believed that some modification of the foreclosure procedure should be enacted to provide a "breathing spell" for those farmers and homeowners threatened with the loss of their property. (Martin, Clarence D. First Inaugural Message, 1933. Olympia, Washington: Jay Tomas Printer, 1933) Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) Martin's first months in office paralleled the feverish activity of the new federal administration. He initiated many programs to fight the depression in the state. An active and constructive fight against the depression characterized his administration, a sharp contrast to the passive acknowledgement shown by the Hartley regime. Martin |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 22, "sc": 338, "ep": 22, "ec": 946} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 22 | 338 | 22 | 946 | Clarence D. Martin | Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) | sought to create jobs rather than provide handouts for the citizens of the state. The Grand Coulee Dam project, initiated early in 1933, was one of the major job-creating projects. In March 1933, the state legislature, at the prodding of the governor, created the Columbia Basin Commission; in June 1933, $377,000 of the ten million dollar bond issue was appropriated for the dam to show the federal government that the state was serious about the project. Roosevelt set aside 63 million dollars for construction of the low dam at Grand Coulee. Governor Martin was on hand for the ground-breaking ceremonies |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 22, "sc": 946, "ep": 22, "ec": 1599} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 22 | 946 | 22 | 1,599 | Clarence D. Martin | Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) | in September, 1933, and he poured the first bucket of cement in December, 1935. Roosevelt approved construction of the high dam with hydroelectric generating capacity in June, 1935, and by the end of Martin's second term Grand Coulee Dam was producing electricity. In the long run Grand Coulee Dam provided electricity for industry and home, as well as irrigation water for the Columbia Basin. Its short-term benefits were equally important for the state. The project provided immediate employment for thousands left jobless in the wake of the Great Depression. Other significant construction projects during Martin's administration eased the burden of |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 22, "sc": 1599, "ep": 22, "ec": 2267} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 22 | 1,599 | 22 | 2,267 | Clarence D. Martin | Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) | unemployment in the state. Both the Lake Washington Floating Bridge and the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge were completed in 1940 and provided necessary public service as well as jobs for many unemployed. The ambitious project to harness the Columbia River with the Bonneville Dam also provided both electricity and jobs.
The accomplishments of Martin's administration were not limited to physical construction projects. His keen interest in education insured the continued funding and development of the public school system in the state at a time when local agencies were unable to provide adequate monies and the system's continuation was in grave danger. |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 22, "sc": 2267, "ep": 22, "ec": 2941} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 22 | 2,267 | 22 | 2,941 | Clarence D. Martin | Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) | Martin also maintained his commitment to higher education. Despite financial hard times for the state, Martin supported an extensive building program at Washington State College, a program facilitated by Martin's respect for and friendship with President E. O. Holland. Martin's administration also reorganized the state's highway system providing miles of new and improved roads as well as many new jobs. He also directed the reorganization of the State Highway Patrol. With the end of prohibition the state of Washington secured much needed revenue by organizing and operating the retail liquor business. The liquor control system established by the Martin administration |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 22, "sc": 2941, "ep": 26, "ec": 441} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 22 | 2,941 | 26 | 441 | Clarence D. Martin | Projects during the Great Depression (Grand Coulee Dam, bridges, education) & Second term, 1936-1941 | is still with us today. His dealings with the federal government, although strained at times, secured for the state a substantial portion of the New Deal aid necessary for economic reconstruction. Second term, 1936-1941 Governor Martin was re-elected in 1936, soundly defeating former Governor Hartley. His majority in 1936, which was greater than that of his first election and again larger than President Roosevelt's statewide vote, reflected the popular confidence in his administration. His second term continued the sound fiscal practices and businesslike government he had initiated in 1933. He sought an unprecedented third term in 1940, but was defeated |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 26, "sc": 441, "ep": 32, "ec": 13} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 26 | 441 | 32 | 13 | Clarence D. Martin | Second term, 1936-1941 & Late political career & Personal life | in the primary by former Senator C. C. Dill, who, although supported by Martin in the general election, was defeated in an exceedingly close contest by Republican Arthur Langlie. Late political career Martin's political career and aspirations did not end with his tenure as governor. In February, 1944, Governor Martin was appointed to fill a vacancy in the state House of Representatives from the Fifth District and served a special session. In 1948 he again sought election to the state's highest office but was defeated in the primary. He was reelected to the Cheney City Council in 1950. Personal life |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 34, "sc": 0, "ep": 38, "ec": 99} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 34 | 0 | 38 | 99 | Clarence D. Martin | Personal life & Civic life | Martin married Margaret Mulligan on July 18, 1907. They had three sons: William F., Clarence D., Jr. and Frank M. He and his wife were divorced in August 1943. Martin remarried in April 1944, and with his new bride, the former Merle L. Lewis of Spokane, left Cheney and settled in southern California, but were divorced in March 1946. Martin married his third wife, Lou Eckhart, in December 1951, and they lived in Cheney until his death on August 11, 1955. Civic life Martin's public commitment to the welfare of the state's citizens is documented by the deeds of his |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 38, "sc": 99, "ep": 38, "ec": 720} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 38 | 99 | 38 | 720 | Clarence D. Martin | Civic life | administration, but his private actions also reveal a man of generosity and compassion. Martin personally aided a number of worthy young men with their college educations, as well as providing scholarship funds for his alma mater, the newly named Eastern Washington College of Education at Cheney. He continued his interest in debate and public speaking, activities at which he excelled in college, by sponsoring an annual oratorical contest in Cheney. He took a personal interest in the case of a child of twelve who killed an Asotin sheriff during a robbery. With Martin's aid, the youngster was rehabilitated and went |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 38, "sc": 720, "ep": 46, "ec": 139} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 38 | 720 | 46 | 139 | Clarence D. Martin | Civic life & Martin Stadium & Legacy | on to lead a productive life. Martin also used his financial resources to benefit the citizens of his home town. Earlier, while Mayor of Cheney, Martin donated the city's street lighting system in the memory of his father. Martin Stadium Martin Stadium and Academic Center, an outdoor athletic stadium at Washington State University in Pullman, is named for him. His middle son Dan (Clarence D. Martin, Jr., 1916–1976), made a sizable donation to the project in January 1972. Legacy Philosophically and politically Martin was a conservative Democrat who, while governor, placed the welfare of the people of the state above |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 46, "sc": 139, "ep": 46, "ec": 795} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 46 | 139 | 46 | 795 | Clarence D. Martin | Legacy | party politics. His tenure as governor reflected the sound business and financial practices which guided his entire life. He tempered fiscal conservatism with humanitarian concern for those suffering under the height of the depression. When Martin left office there was still unemployment and economic distress, but the state had weathered the worst years of the depression. One historian records that when Martin left office "the state was solvent, the radical left-wing groups had been kept in check, and there had been no compromise with Socialistic panaceas." Upon his death the Spokesman Review editorialized that "He served the state well throughout |
{"datasets_id": 1184, "wiki_id": "Q166537", "sp": 46, "sc": 795, "ep": 46, "ec": 906} | 1,184 | Q166537 | 46 | 795 | 46 | 906 | Clarence D. Martin | Legacy | eight critical years of its history." In the opinion of many, he was the best governor the state had ever had. |
{"datasets_id": 1185, "wiki_id": "Q5126695", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 544} | 1,185 | Q5126695 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 544 | Clarence Park Festival | Artist selection process | Clarence Park Festival Artist selection process Most artists are chosen by The Music Collective via a democratic application process which invites bands to apply via a post or an online portal. Selection takes place in April, followed by a press launch in May. The event is traditionally opened each day by a Wakefield-based act. There are no hard-and-fast rules on which genres are allowed to apply or play.
Alongside local acts, over the years the lineup has included, Dodgy, Eddie and The Hot Rods, Zodiac Mindwarp & The Love Reaction, John Otway and The Cribs' first band Wrinkle. |
{"datasets_id": 1186, "wiki_id": "Q5127382", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 595} | 1,186 | Q5127382 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 595 | Clark Stanley | Career | Clark Stanley Career Stanley claimed that, starting in 1879, after eleven years working as a cowboy, he studied for more than two years with a Hopi medicine man at Walpi, Arizona. This supposedly included learning the "secrets of snake oil". With the help of a Boston druggist he began marketing his product at Western medicine shows. In 1893 he and his rattlesnakes gained attention at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Later he went on to establish production facilities in Beverly, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.
In 1916, subsequent to the passage of the Pure Food and |
{"datasets_id": 1186, "wiki_id": "Q5127382", "sp": 6, "sc": 595, "ep": 6, "ec": 1009} | 1,186 | Q5127382 | 6 | 595 | 6 | 1,009 | Clark Stanley | Career | Drug Act in 1906, Stanley's concoction was examined and found to be of no value. It was found to contain mineral oil, a fatty compound thought to be from beef, capsaicin from chili peppers, and turpentine. He was fined $20.00 (approximately to $470 in 2019). The term "snake oil" would go on to become a popular euphemism for ineffective or fraudulent products, particularly those marketed as medicines or cures. |
{"datasets_id": 1187, "wiki_id": "Q594409", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 533} | 1,187 | Q594409 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 533 | Clark Street station | Exit | Clark Street station Exit The platform has two staircases in the center that go up to a passageway, which leads to three elevators. The floor of the passageway contains a 1987 artwork titled Clark Street Passage by Ray Ring and the elevators go up to fare control, which is on the first floor of the now-defunct Hotel St. George. The station is not fully ADA-accessible, since there are no elevators or ramps that lead to the platform. The fare control area contains a small arcade of businesses and two doors that led to the former lobby and checking room of |
{"datasets_id": 1187, "wiki_id": "Q594409", "sp": 6, "sc": 533, "ep": 6, "ec": 1074} | 1,187 | Q594409 | 6 | 533 | 6 | 1,074 | Clark Street station | Exit | the hotel. The station's two entrances have awnings that read "Hotel St. George."
This is one of three stations accessed by elevators only. The other two—168th Street and 181st Street—are on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line in Upper Manhattan.
There is supposedly a locked entrance leading directly from the station to the nearby Brooklyn Bridge Park. A 2008 study by Brooklyn Community Board 6 examined the possibility of creating a new entrance to the station from the park; however, it was deemed economically unfeasible. |
{"datasets_id": 1188, "wiki_id": "Q5127801", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 619} | 1,188 | Q5127801 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 619 | Clash! | Format | Clash! Format Clash! was presented in an absurdist quiz show format in which two teams of three players each competed for prizes. Contestants were selected based on criteria such as occupation, ethnicity, religion, etc. and each team would represent one half of a rivalry. For example, an episode might pit nudists against fashion designers, librarians against noisy people, or vegetarians against butchers. Some rivalries were altered for comedic effect, such as "Cowboys vs. Indians" in which the Indians were people from India.
The game was played in three rounds. In each of the first two rounds the teams were shown four |
{"datasets_id": 1188, "wiki_id": "Q5127801", "sp": 6, "sc": 619, "ep": 6, "ec": 1185} | 1,188 | Q5127801 | 6 | 619 | 6 | 1,185 | Clash! | Format | categories with four questions. The questions were each worth ten points in the first round, and twenty in the second round, with no penalty for a wrong answer. The second round had one question replaced with a "Grudge Match" in which the one member of each team competed against each other in a bizarre stunt of some sort.
The third round consisted of three questions increasing in value of 50, 100, and 150 points. In this round, points were deducted for wrong answers. The team with the highest score won a prize and advanced to the "Oval of Odds" bonus |
{"datasets_id": 1188, "wiki_id": "Q5127801", "sp": 6, "sc": 1185, "ep": 6, "ec": 1716} | 1,188 | Q5127801 | 6 | 1,185 | 6 | 1,716 | Clash! | Format | round.
The contestant who scored the most points for their team spun a six-spaced wheel and answered a single question. Giving the correct answer won a bonus prize. Five of the spaces each had a question that was extremely difficult ("What is the third word on the thirty-third page of the third book from the right on the third shelf of the third cabinet from the left in the Clash library?") while the last space had a question that was extremely easy ("What did you have for breakfast this morning?" or "How are you?"). |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 608} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 608 | Class-D amplifier | Class-D amplifier A class-D amplifier or switching amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the amplifying devices (transistors, usually MOSFETs) operate as electronic switches, and not as linear gain devices as in other amplifiers. They operate by rapidly switching back and forth between the supply rails, being fed by a modulator using pulse width, pulse density, or related techniques to encode the audio input into a pulse train. The audio escapes through a simple low-pass filter into the loudspeaker. The high-frequency pulses are blocked. Since the pairs of output transistors are never conducting at the same |
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{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 4, "sc": 608, "ep": 12, "ec": 8} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 4 | 608 | 12 | 8 | Class-D amplifier | History & Basic operation | time, there is no other path for current flow apart from the low-pass filter/loudspeaker. For this reason, efficiency can exceed 90%. History Class-D amplifiers were invented in the early 1950s by British scientist Alec Reeves and was first called by that name in 1955. The first commercial product was a kit module called the X-10 released by Sinclair Radionics in 1964. However class-D amplifiers remained unsuccessful until the mid 1980s when low cost fast switching MOSFETs were made available. The first class-d amplifier based integrated circuit was release in 1996 by Tripath which saw widespread use. Basic operation Class-D |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 7, "ep": 12, "ec": 590} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 7 | 12 | 590 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation | amplifiers work by generating a train of square pulses of fixed amplitude but varying width and separation, or varying number per unit time, representing the amplitude variations of the analog audio input signal. It is also possible to synchronize the modulator clock with an incoming digital audio signal, thus removing the necessity to convert it to analog. The output of the modulator is then used to gate the output transistors on and off alternately. Great care is taken to ensure that the pair of transistors are never allowed to conduct together. This would cause a short |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 590, "ep": 12, "ec": 1196} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 590 | 12 | 1,196 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation | circuit between the supply rails through the transistors. Since the transistors are either fully "on" or fully "off", they spend very little time in the linear region, and dissipate very little power. This is the main reason for their high efficiency. A simple low-pass filter consisting of an inductor and a capacitor are used to provide a path for the low-frequencies of the audio signal, leaving the high-frequency pulses behind. In cost sensitive applications the output filter is sometimes omitted. The circuit then relies on the inductance of the loudspeaker to keep the HF component from heating |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 1196, "ep": 12, "ec": 1866} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 1,196 | 12 | 1,866 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation | up the voice coil.
The structure of a class-D power stage is somewhat comparable to that of a synchronously rectified buck converter (a type of non-isolated switched-mode power supply (SMPS)), but works backwards. Whereas buck converters usually function as voltage regulators, delivering a constant DC voltage into a variable load and can only source current (one-quadrant operation), a class-D amplifier delivers a constantly changing voltage into a fixed load, where current and voltage can independently change sign (four-quadrant operation). A switching amplifier must not be confused with linear amplifiers that use an SMPS as their source of DC power. A |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 1866, "ep": 12, "ec": 2459} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 1,866 | 12 | 2,459 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation | switching amplifier may use any type of power supply (e.g., a car battery or an internal SMPS), but the defining characteristic is that the amplification process itself operates by switching. Unlike a SMPS, the amplifier has a much more critical job to do, to keep unwanted artifacts out of the output. Feedback is almost always used, for the same reasons as in traditional analog amplifiers, to reduce noise and distortion.
Theoretical power efficiency of class-D amplifiers is 100%. That is to say, all of the power supplied to it is delivered to the load, none is turned to heat. |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 2459, "ep": 12, "ec": 3062} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 2,459 | 12 | 3,062 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation | This is because an ideal switch in its on state would conduct all the current but have no voltage loss across it, hence no heat would be dissipated. And when it is off, it would have the full supply voltage across it but no leak current flowing through it, and again no heat would be dissipated. Real-world power MOSFETs are not ideal switches, but practical efficiencies well over 90% are common. By contrast, linear AB-class amplifiers are always operated with both current flowing through and voltage standing across the power devices. An ideal class-B amplifier has a theoretical maximum efficiency |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 12, "sc": 3062, "ep": 16, "ec": 479} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 12 | 3,062 | 16 | 479 | Class-D amplifier | Basic operation & Terminology | of 78%. Class A amplifiers (purely linear, with the devices always "on") have a theoretical maximum efficiency of 50% and some versions have efficiencies below 20%. Terminology The term "class D" is sometimes misunderstood as meaning a "digital" amplifier. While some class-D amplifiers may indeed be controlled by digital circuits or include digital signal processing devices, the power stage deals with voltage and current as a function of non-quantized time. The smallest amount of noise, timing uncertainty, voltage ripple or any other non-ideality immediately results in an irreversible change of the output signal. The same errors in a digital system |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 16, "sc": 479, "ep": 20, "ec": 331} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 16 | 479 | 20 | 331 | Class-D amplifier | Terminology & Signal modulation | will only lead to incorrect results when they become so large that a signal representing a digit is distorted beyond recognition. Up to that point, non-idealities have no impact on the transmitted signal. Generally, digital signals are quantized in both amplitude and wavelength, while analog signals are quantized in one (e.g. PWM) or (usually) neither quantity. Signal modulation The 2-level waveform is derived using pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse density modulation (sometimes referred to as pulse frequency modulation), sliding mode control (more commonly called "self-oscillating modulation" in the trade.) or discrete-time forms of modulation such as delta-sigma modulation.
The most basic way |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 20, "sc": 331, "ep": 20, "ec": 949} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 20 | 331 | 20 | 949 | Class-D amplifier | Signal modulation | of creating the PWM signal is to use a high speed comparator ("C" in the block-diagram above) that compares a high frequency triangular wave with the audio input. This generates a series of pulses of which the duty cycle is directly proportional with the instantaneous value of the audio signal. The comparator then drives a MOS gate driver which in turn drives a pair of high-power switches (usually MOSFETs). This produces an amplified replica of the comparator's PWM signal. The output filter removes the high-frequency switching components of the PWM signal and recovers the audio information that the speaker can |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 20, "sc": 949, "ep": 24, "ec": 4} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 20 | 949 | 24 | 4 | Class-D amplifier | Signal modulation & Switching speed | use.
DSP-based amplifiers which generate a PWM signal directly from a digital audio signal (e. g. SPDIF) either use a counter to time the pulse length or implement a digital equivalent of a triangle-based modulator. In either case, the time resolution afforded by practical clock frequencies is only a few hundredths of a switching period, which is not enough to ensure low noise. In effect, the pulse length gets quantized, resulting in quantization distortion. In both cases, negative feedback is applied inside the digital domain, forming a noise shaper which has lower noise in the audible frequency range. Switching speed Two |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 24, "sc": 3, "ep": 24, "ec": 612} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 24 | 3 | 24 | 612 | Class-D amplifier | Switching speed | significant design challenges for MOSFET driver circuits in class-D amplifiers are keeping dead times and linear mode operation as short as possible. "Dead time" is the period during a switching transition when both output MOSFETs are driven into Cut-Off Mode and both are "off". Dead times need to be as short as possible to maintain an accurate low-distortion output signal, but dead times that are too short cause the MOSFET that is switching on to start conducting before the MOSFET that is switching off has stopped conducting. The MOSFETs effectively short the output power supply through themselves |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 24, "sc": 612, "ep": 24, "ec": 1229} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 24 | 612 | 24 | 1,229 | Class-D amplifier | Switching speed | in a condition known as "shoot-through". Meanwhile, the MOSFET drivers also need to drive the MOSFETs between switching states as fast as possible to minimize the amount of time a MOSFET is in Linear Mode—the state between Cut-Off Mode and Saturation Mode where the MOSFET is neither fully on nor fully off and conducts current with a significant resistance, creating significant heat. Driver failures that allow shoot-through and/or too much linear mode operation result in excessive losses and sometimes catastrophic failure of the MOSFETs. There are also problems with using PWM for the modulator; as the audio |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 24, "sc": 1229, "ep": 28, "ec": 183} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 24 | 1,229 | 28 | 183 | Class-D amplifier | Switching speed & Power supply design | level approaches 100%, the pulse width can get so narrow as to challenge the ability of the driver circuit and the MOSFET to respond. These pulses can get down to just a few nanoseconds and can result in the above undesired conditions of shoot-through and/or Linear mode. This is why other modulation techniques such as Pulse Density can get closer to the theoretical 100% efficiency than PWM. Power supply design Class-D amplifiers place an additional requirement on their power supply, namely that it be able to sink energy returning from the load. Reactive (capacitive or inductive) loads store |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 28, "sc": 183, "ep": 30, "ec": 23} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 28 | 183 | 30 | 23 | Class-D amplifier | Power supply design & Active device selection | energy during part of a cycle and release some of this energy back later. Linear amplifiers will dissipate this energy away, class-D amplifiers return it to the power supply which should somehow be able to store it. In addition, half-bridge class D amplifiers transfer energy from one supply rail (e.g. the positive rail) to the other (e.g. the negative) depending on the sign of the output current. This happens regardless of whether the load is resistive or not. The supply should either have enough capacitive storage on both rails, or be able to transfer this energy back. Active device selection |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 32, "sc": 0, "ep": 36, "ec": 336} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 32 | 0 | 36 | 336 | Class-D amplifier | Active device selection & Error control | The active devices in a Class D amplifier need only act as controlled switches, and need not have particularly linear response to the control input. Bipolar transistors, and field effect transistors are usually used. Vacuum tubes can be used as power switching devices in Class-D power audio amplifiers. Error control The actual output of the amplifier is not just dependent on the content of the modulated PWM signal. The power supply voltage directly amplitude-modulates the output voltage, dead time errors make the output impedance non-linear and the output filter has a strongly load-dependent frequency response.
An effective way to combat |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 36, "sc": 336, "ep": 36, "ec": 976} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 36 | 336 | 36 | 976 | Class-D amplifier | Error control | errors, regardless of their source, is negative feedback. A feedback loop including the output stage can be made using a simple integrator. To include the output filter, a PID controller is used, sometimes with additional integrating terms. The need to feed the actual output signal back into the modulator makes the direct generation of PWM from a SPDIF source unattractive. Mitigating the same issues in an amplifier without feedback requires addressing each separately at the source. Power supply modulation can be partially canceled by measuring the supply voltage to adjust signal gain before calculating the PWM and distortion can be |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 36, "sc": 976, "ep": 40, "ec": 533} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 36 | 976 | 40 | 533 | Class-D amplifier | Error control & Advantages | reduced by switching faster. The output impedance cannot be controlled other than through feedback. Advantages The major advantage of a class-D amplifier is that it can be more efficient than a linear amplifier, with less power dissipated as heat in the active devices. Given that large heat sinks are not required, Class-D amplifiers are much lighter weight than class A, B, or AB amplifiers, an important consideration with portable sound reinforcement system equipment and bass amplifiers. Output stages such as those used in pulse generators are examples of class-D amplifiers. However, the term mostly applies to power amplifiers intended |
{"datasets_id": 1189, "wiki_id": "Q1224965", "sp": 40, "sc": 533, "ep": 40, "ec": 613} | 1,189 | Q1224965 | 40 | 533 | 40 | 613 | Class-D amplifier | Advantages | to reproduce audio signals with a bandwidth well below the switching frequency. |
{"datasets_id": 1190, "wiki_id": "Q5128517", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 91} | 1,190 | Q5128517 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 91 | Clathrodrillia solida | Description & Distribution | Clathrodrillia solida Description The color of the shell is deep chocolate-brown. Its longitudinal ribs are separated by wider interspaces, crossed by revolving raised lines, forming granules. It is smooth and slightly concave above the periphery, with a raised line next the suture. The shell grows to a length of 19 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and in the West Indies. |
{"datasets_id": 1191, "wiki_id": "Q2977341", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 619} | 1,191 | Q2977341 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 619 | Claude Duret | Claude Duret Claude Duret (c. 1570–1611) was a French judge, botanist, historiographer and linguist. He was a close friend of agriculturalist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619).
He was a son of Louis Duret, personal physician to the French kings Charles IX and Henry III, and the father of Noël Duret, cosmographer to Louis XIII.
Duret was an advocate of transmutation of species. He was the author of Histoire Admirable des Plantes (1605), which contained a passage that described falling tree leaves striking water and transforming into fishes and upon land into birds. Biologist Henry de Varigny wrote that the book |
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{"datasets_id": 1191, "wiki_id": "Q2977341", "sp": 4, "sc": 619, "ep": 4, "ec": 795} | 1,191 | Q2977341 | 4 | 619 | 4 | 795 | Claude Duret | "contains evolutionary notions of a very queer sort. He fully believes that many aquatic birds, as well as many sorts of insects, are generated from the rotten wood of trees." |
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{"datasets_id": 1192, "wiki_id": "Q3717427", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 82} | 1,192 | Q3717427 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 82 | Clavatula lelieuri | Description & Distribution | Clavatula lelieuri Description The size of an adult shell varies between 20 mm and 40 mm. The turreted shell is yellowish brown. The upper portion of the whorls are coivered with large brown maculations and a revolving series of small brown spots just above the lower carina. The whorls are smooth and concave above, with revolving raised lines below the bicarinated periphery. Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa (Senegal, Guinea, Gabon) |
{"datasets_id": 1193, "wiki_id": "Q111291", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 88} | 1,193 | Q111291 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 88 | Clay County, Mississippi | Geography & Education | Clay County, Mississippi Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 416 square miles (1,080 km²), of which 410 square miles (1,100 km²) is land and 5.9 square miles (15 km²) (1.4%) is water. Education Clay County is within the service area of the East Mississippi Community College system. |
{"datasets_id": 1194, "wiki_id": "Q16847874", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 611} | 1,194 | Q16847874 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 611 | Clement Taylor | Clement Taylor Clement Taylor (c. 1745–April 1804), of Tovil House, Maidstone, Kent, was an English paper-maker and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1796.
Taylor was the son of Clement Taylor, a paper-maker of Wrotham, Kent and his wife Sarah Quelch, daughter of William Quelch, paper-maker, of Dartford. He followed his father into the paper-making business, with large scale manufacture at mills at Tovil, near Maidstone.
Taylor was returned as Member of Parliament for Maidstone after a contest at the 1780 general election. He was returned as an Independent but became a member of |
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{"datasets_id": 1194, "wiki_id": "Q16847874", "sp": 4, "sc": 611, "ep": 4, "ec": 985} | 1,194 | Q16847874 | 4 | 611 | 4 | 985 | Clement Taylor | the Whig club in 1784. He succeeded in contests again in 1784 and 1790. Towards the end of this Parliament, he was running into difficulties in his business and decided not to stand in the 1796 general election.
In 1793 Taylor set up a paper-making partnership in Ireland which was unsuccessful. He went bankrupt in 1797, and died unmarried in Dublin in April 1804. |
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{"datasets_id": 1195, "wiki_id": "Q18934850", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 396} | 1,195 | Q18934850 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 396 | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson | Early life & Experimental aesthetics | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson Early life Anstruther-Thomson was born to John Anstruther-Thomson of Charleton and Carntyne, and Caroline Maria Agnes Robina Gray in an aristocratic family. Her grandfather, also John Anstruther-Thomson, was a career officer in the British Territorial Army. Experimental aesthetics The aesthetic movement in the United Kingdom began in the 1860s during the Victorian period. In Victorian literature, writers of the aesthetic movement focused on the sensual aspect of aesthetics. Anstruther-Thomson in particular was keen on experiencing art physically with her body. In one of the lectures titled "What Patterns Do to Us" given by Anstruther-Thomson, she encouraged the audience |
{"datasets_id": 1195, "wiki_id": "Q18934850", "sp": 10, "sc": 396, "ep": 14, "ec": 140} | 1,195 | Q18934850 | 10 | 396 | 14 | 140 | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson | Experimental aesthetics & Collaboration with Vernon Lee | to engage with a patterned vase and "feel its effect on their bodies".
Vernon Lee was already familiar with Anstruther-Thomson prior to meeting her. Contemporary writers have described Anstruther-Thomson as having the physique that resembles the ideals from ancient Greek sculpture, and Lee frequently described her obsession with Anstruther-Thomson's body in her writings. When Lee observed art with Anstruther-Thomson, her aesthetic experience was based on "lesbian desire" of Anstruther-Thomson's body that embodied Greek ideals. Collaboration with Vernon Lee Anstruther-Thomson first met Vernon Lee in 1888, and for the next twelve years the two women openly lived together, as "lovers, friends, and |
{"datasets_id": 1195, "wiki_id": "Q18934850", "sp": 14, "sc": 140, "ep": 14, "ec": 824} | 1,195 | Q18934850 | 14 | 140 | 14 | 824 | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson | Collaboration with Vernon Lee | co-authors". Living as expatriates in Italy, they often travelled back and forth to Britain. In their time together, they took aesthetics experiments and recorded their findings. Throughout the 1890s, Anstruther-Thomson and Lee visited many museums across continental Europe and observed many art works. In their observation, they recorded in writing on how their body responded to art works.
In 1897, they published the combined findings in the article "Beauty and Ugliness", which investigates the physiology of aesthetics. Their research was based on the James–Lange theory of how the human body responds to stimulation and triggers emotion. Many of the findings, however, |
{"datasets_id": 1195, "wiki_id": "Q18934850", "sp": 14, "sc": 824, "ep": 18, "ec": 506} | 1,195 | Q18934850 | 14 | 824 | 18 | 506 | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson | Collaboration with Vernon Lee & Later life | were not taken seriously as both their professional and romantic relationship was "attacked" by their contemporaries, receiving "severe criticisms" from friends. Later life After the publication of "Beauty and Ugliness", Anstruther-Thomson gradually drifted away from Lee, and eventually broke off the relationship in 1898. They remained close friends until the death of Anstruther-Thomson in 1921. Later in her life, Anstruther-Thomson worked closely with the Girl Guides of America. Many of the earlier leaders were single women, and some were lesbian as well, for whom Guiding provided a safe refuge. Anstruther-Thomson was both an organizer and trainer, and held the position |
{"datasets_id": 1195, "wiki_id": "Q18934850", "sp": 18, "sc": 506, "ep": 18, "ec": 823} | 1,195 | Q18934850 | 18 | 506 | 18 | 823 | Clementina Anstruther-Thomson | Later life | of County Commissioner until her death. She was buried with her family in Kilconquhar Parish Churchyard, Kilconquhar.
Her writings on aesthetics were collected and published posthumously by Lee in Art and Man in 1924, with an introduction, also by Lee, that describes their collaboration in experiencing art. |
{"datasets_id": 1196, "wiki_id": "Q47532236", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 65} | 1,196 | Q47532236 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 65 | Cleota Collins | Early life & Career | Cleota Collins Cleota J. Collins (September 24, 1893 — July 7, 1976) was an American soprano singer and music educator. She was one of the founding members of the National Association of Negro Musicians in 1919. Early life Cleota Josephine Collins was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Ira A. Collins and Josie Collins. Her father was a clergyman. Cleota Collins studied music at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, and abroad in France and Italy, as the student of Emma Azalia Hackley, with further studies in New York. Career Cleota Collins "toured extensively". In 1924 she gave educational |
{"datasets_id": 1196, "wiki_id": "Q47532236", "sp": 12, "sc": 65, "ep": 16, "ec": 7} | 1,196 | Q47532236 | 12 | 65 | 16 | 7 | Cleota Collins | Career & Personal life | recitals at schools in Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina. She toured southern schools again in 1936 and in 1938. She taught voice and piano at Florida Baptist Academy, Sam Houston College, Tuskegee Institute, and Virginia State College in Petersburg, among other posts. She was one of the founding members of the National Association of Negro Musicians in 1919. She operated the Lacy School of Music and was a church music director in Cleveland in the 1930s.
In 1932, sculptor Henry Bannarn created a portrait bust of Cleota Collins; it was his earliest known work. Personal life Cleota |
{"datasets_id": 1196, "wiki_id": "Q47532236", "sp": 16, "sc": 6, "ep": 16, "ec": 359} | 1,196 | Q47532236 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 359 | Cleota Collins | Personal life | Collins married George Corinth Lacy, a lawyer, in 1917. She married William Johnson Trent Sr., the president of Livingstone College, as his fourth wife, in 1953. She may have married a third time, as her grave marker is for "Cleota Collins Moore." She died in 1976, aged 83 years, in Pasadena, California. Her gravesite is in Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery. |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 593} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 593 | Clidemia hirta | Physical description | Clidemia hirta Physical description Clidemia hirta is a densely branching long-lived (perennial) shrub normally growing 0.5-3 m tall, but sometimes reaching 5 m in height, depending on habitat. In more shaded habitats it grows much taller than it does in exposed areas, where it typically grows less than 1 m tall.
The younger stems are rounded and are covered in large, stiff, brown or reddish-colored hairs (they are strigose). The oppositely arranged simple leaves are borne on stalks. They are oval or egg-shaped in outline with broad end at base, with pointed tips, and almost entire to finely toothed margins. Their |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 6, "sc": 593, "ep": 6, "ec": 1187} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 6 | 593 | 6 | 1,187 | Clidemia hirta | Physical description | upper surfaces are sparsely covered in hairs, similar to those found on the stems, while their lower surfaces and margins are more densely hairy. The leaves also have a somewhat wrinkled appearance and five distinct veins that run in an almost parallel fashion from the leaf bases to their tips.
The flowers are arranged in small clusters at the tips of the branches. Each flower is borne on a very short stalk and has five white, or occasionally pale pinkish, petals. The base of the flower is swollen into a cup-shaped structure which is moderately to sparsely covered with a mixture |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 6, "sc": 1187, "ep": 10, "ec": 39} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 6 | 1,187 | 10 | 39 | Clidemia hirta | Physical description & Distribution and habitat | of bristly and sticky hairs. The flowers also have five sepals, but these are very small, and five distinctive stamens that have a claw-like appearance.
The small, rounded fruit are berries and are either dark blue, purplish or blackish in color. Each of these berries contains over 100 light brown colored seeds. These fruit are also covered in stiff spreading hairs, especially when they are young.
In terms of economic uses, Clidemia hirta has been widely introduced as an ornamental plant. Ornamental plants are used for decorative purposes, such as gardens and houseplants. Distribution and habitat Originally from the American Neotropics |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 10, "sc": 39, "ep": 10, "ec": 684} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 10 | 39 | 10 | 684 | Clidemia hirta | Distribution and habitat | (Mexico to Paraguay as well as the Caribbean), it has been introduced broadly across Southern Asia and East Africa, and occurs in two isolated areas within Australia.
It was introduced to Hawaii in the 1940s; by 1978 it had spread to over 90,000 acres (360 km²) of land on Oahu. In 1972 Koster's curse was first spotted on the Big Island.
In Sri Lanka it is quite invasive in wet zone and upcountry forests, especially invading gaps in the forest, preventing other native species from emerging.
This species grows successfully in humid tropical climates and typically invades both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. It |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 10, "sc": 684, "ep": 14, "ec": 442} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 10 | 684 | 14 | 442 | Clidemia hirta | Distribution and habitat & Biology and ecology | is a potential weed of wetter pastures, open grasslands, plantations, roadsides, wetter open woodlands, riparian zones (banks of watercourses), forest margins and rainforests. Biology and ecology The plant grows 1–5 metres (3 ft 3 in–16 ft 5 in) tall, depending on habitat.
The purple-brown to blue-black berries are up to 8 millimetres (0.31 in) long and taste a bit like a deeply flavored blueberry. Each fruit contains more than 700 tiny (0.5 mm) seeds. It flowers and fruits all year, if conditions are moist enough. A large plant can produce more than 1,000 fruits in a single year for a total of 700,000 seeds. The seeds are |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 14, "sc": 442, "ep": 14, "ec": 1022} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 14 | 442 | 14 | 1,022 | Clidemia hirta | Biology and ecology | dispersed by birds, feral pigs, other animals, and humans. Sheep will not eat the plant, and the tannin inside the fruits is poisonous to goats. Biosecurity trials in Australia show that the seeds can remain viable in the soil for at least 12 years.
The human edibility factor of this berry has not been fully explored. The tannin inside of the fruit is not harmful to humans and a delicious syrup may be made from the fruit. The syrup has a beautiful indigo blue color and may be used to enhance and remove the bitterness of teas such as yerba mate.
Furthermore, |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 14, "sc": 1022, "ep": 18, "ec": 507} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 14 | 1,022 | 18 | 507 | Clidemia hirta | Biology and ecology & Name | the plant is used in Brazil to treat Leishmania braziliensis skin infections (Franca et al., 1996). Name The epitheton hirta means "bristly" in Latin.
"Koster's curse" is a commonly used name in places where the plant grows as a noxious weed, such as Hawaii. Koster was the man who between 1880 and 1886 accidentally introduced seeds of C. hirta to Fiji in coffee nursery stock, where its problematic nature was first noticed around 1920 (Paine, 1934; Simmonds, 1937). Originally only known as "the curse" for the damage it did to coconut plantations, its vernacular name became a model after which those |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 18, "sc": 507, "ep": 22, "ec": 481} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 18 | 507 | 22 | 481 | Clidemia hirta | Name & As an invasive species | of other invasive plants were patterned, such as Ellington's curse on Fiji, McConnel's curse in Australia, or Curse of India in East Africa. As an invasive species This species is native to much of tropical America, but is an invasive species in Southern Asia, East Africa, and some oceanic islands (like Hawaii and Australia) with warmer climates . Koster's curse can form dense thickets that smother plantations, pastures and native vegetation. Disturbance is a key element in the establishment and invasion of Koster’s curse. Wildfires, landslides, windstorms and other forms of soil disturbance (such as pig rooting) accelerate the dominance |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 22, "sc": 481, "ep": 24, "ec": 8} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 22 | 481 | 24 | 8 | Clidemia hirta | As an invasive species & Control strategies/biological control | of this weed (Smith Undated; Peters 2001). In its native environment plants are confined to open areas and only become dominant about twelve months after disturbance, such as in slash-and-burn agricultural areas (Burkhart Pers. Comm, in Smith Undated). All new range extensions in Hawaii begin along the open edges of trails or other disturbed areas . In Hawaii, Koster’s curse is replacing the endemic species that formerly dominated the forests and threatens their extinction. Elsewhere, it is regarded as one of the most problematic invasive species in the Comoros Archipelago, on La Réunion, in the Seychelles and on Mauritius. Control |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 24, "sc": 7, "ep": 26, "ec": 653} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 24 | 7 | 26 | 653 | Clidemia hirta | Control strategies/biological control | strategies/biological control In order to keep the weed out of an area the primary management objective should be to minimize and prevent disturbance (Smith Undated).
Manually pulling plants out of the ground supplemented by herbicide application is an effective but temporary control method.
The thrips species Liothrips urichi from Trinidad is being used to biologically control C. hirta; it was first employed on Fiji in 1930 (Simmonds, 1933).
Controlling feral pig populations (Sus scrofa) has been widely suggested as an effective means to reduce the spread of C. hirta, as ground disturbance by these exotic mammals is strongly linked to the successful |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 26, "sc": 653, "ep": 30, "ec": 46} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 26 | 653 | 30 | 46 | Clidemia hirta | Control strategies/biological control & Policy and law | establishment of C. hirta, as well as a number of other invasive plants such as Morella faya. Although sheep have been shown to control most weeds in plantations, they will not eat C. hirta (Francis, 2004). According to Mune and Parham (1967), no effective chemical control for C. hirta exists. However, Teoh et al. (1982) reports that C. hirta may be killed by applications of triclopyr. Norman and Trujillo (1995) have found that a mycoherbicide containing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. clidemiae as the active ingredient was effective against C. hirta. Policy and law Clidemia hirta has been nominated as among 100 |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 30, "sc": 46, "ep": 34, "ec": 332} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 30 | 46 | 34 | 332 | Clidemia hirta | Policy and law & Occurrence in Australia | of the "World's Worst" invaders by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group and it has been listed as a noxious weed in Queensland and the Northern Territories (Australia) and Hawaii. It is not listed as a noxious weed by the state or governments in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Occurrence in Australia An infestation of Koster’s curse was found in Julatten (near Mount Molloy, Queensland) in 2001. This outbreak threatens to spread into the Mount Lewis National Park and Mowbray National Park. Community-based efforts to control Koster's curse in Julatten are coordinated by the.
In 2016 a second infestation was discovered in |
{"datasets_id": 1197, "wiki_id": "Q2979028", "sp": 34, "sc": 332, "ep": 34, "ec": 708} | 1,197 | Q2979028 | 34 | 332 | 34 | 708 | Clidemia hirta | Occurrence in Australia | Wooroonooran National Park.
Koster’s curse has the potential to spread rapidly over many areas of Australia where conditions are suitable, including the Northern Territory, northern New South Wales, and much of north-east Queensland.
In New South Wales Australia, there is a hotline number for citizens to call and report any noticed occurrences of the plant. |
{"datasets_id": 1198, "wiki_id": "Q16258552", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 568} | 1,198 | Q16258552 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 568 | Cliff May Experimental House | Cliff May Experimental House The Cliff May Experimental House was built by Cliff May in the early 1950s as his family's fourth house and developed to push his ideas of "bringing the outdoors in" and open interior planning. The one-story, 1800-sf house is a simple rectangle in plan with a 288-square foot open skylight in the center. May's family of five created different rooms by using movable partitions. The family resided in the home for two years, while May determined how the sizeable skylight and open plan functioned for the residents there. From this experience, the home "Mandalay" was |
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{"datasets_id": 1198, "wiki_id": "Q16258552", "sp": 4, "sc": 568, "ep": 4, "ec": 1135} | 1,198 | Q16258552 | 4 | 568 | 4 | 1,135 | Cliff May Experimental House | designed by May, which became the last home for his family.
This house is located at 1831 Old Ranch Road in the Riviera Ranch neighborhood of Los Angeles. Thomas D. Church & Associates, Landscape Architects. Peggy Galloway, Interior Designer. It was recognized as a City of Los Angeles Historic Cultural Landmark in 2002. In 2007, design firm Marmol Radziner restored the historic home, re-establishing the open floor plan, replacing the roof, and bringing the home up to current code. The firm also provided landscape design and interior design services. |
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{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 624} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 624 | Cliffe Fort | Background | Cliffe Fort Background By the late 1850s, Britain and France were locked in an arms race. A new generation of increasingly accurate and powerful guns had been developed (of the Rifled Muzzle Loader (RML) and Rifled Breech Loader (RBL) types), mounted on fast-moving, manoueuvrable steam-powered ironclad warships such as the French La Gloire and the British HMS Warrior. Such vessels posed a serious threat to the important naval installations on the Thames, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet. It was not possible for large |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 6, "sc": 624, "ep": 6, "ec": 1208} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 6 | 624 | 6 | 1,208 | Cliffe Fort | Background | warships to reach central London, as the river was not yet deep enough to take ships of more than 400 tons above Deptford. However, as the American Civil War was soon to show, it was quite possible for the warships of the day to run past forts and attack up coastal rivers.
By this time Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars. A number of forts built between the 16th and late 18th centuries stood in the area around Tilbury and Gravesend, west of Cliffe Fort, but like many other existing fortifications in Britain they were |
{"datasets_id": 1199, "wiki_id": "Q1101177", "sp": 6, "sc": 1208, "ep": 6, "ec": 1848} | 1,199 | Q1101177 | 6 | 1,208 | 6 | 1,848 | Cliffe Fort | Background | by now largely obsolete. The government's response was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. The Royal Commission recommended that a triangle of forts should be established on the lower Thames, east of Gravesend. This would involve replacing the old Coalhouse Fort on the Essex shore with a new fortification, similarly replacing the existing Shornemead Fort and building a wholly new fort at Cliffe, which would replace an 18th-century battery at Lower Hope Point about 2.1 km (1.3 mi) further downriver. The location of the forts would enable interlocking arcs |
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