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{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 12, "sc": 643, "ep": 16, "ec": 588} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 12 | 643 | 16 | 588 | Chiddingstone Castle | Chiddingstone Castle & Denys Eyre Bower | 1954. Denys Eyre Bower In 1955, the castle was purchased by Denys Eyre Bower (1905-1977), a former bank clerk and antiques dealer, in order to display his collections. Bower was born in Crich, Derbyshire and started collecting at a young age. Bower initially worked as a bank clerk before taking over Cavendish Hood antiques dealers in Baker Street, London in 1943. The redevelopment of Baker Street led to Bower moving to Chiddingstone Castle where he intended to show his collections to the public. However, in 1957 Bower was convicted of attempted murder of his girlfriend and attempted suicide and sentenced |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 16, "sc": 588, "ep": 20, "ec": 314} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 16 | 588 | 20 | 314 | Chiddingstone Castle | Denys Eyre Bower & Today | to life imprisonment. Released in 1962 after successful efforts by solicitor Ruth Eldridge to prove a miscarriage of justice, Bower returned to Chiddingstone Castle which, with the help of Eldridge and her sister Mary, he continued to open to visitors until his death in 1977. Today Bower left the castle and his collection to the nation and so upon his death the Denys Eyre Bower Bequest was formed. This trust continues to care for the castle and its collection, opening it to the public and providing a venue for weddings, and the current trustees include descendants of the Streatfeild family. |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 20, "sc": 314, "ep": 28, "ec": 19} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 20 | 314 | 28 | 19 | Chiddingstone Castle | Today & Fishing & Japanese | The castle is a Grade II* listed building and the grounds, which contain further listed buildings including an orangery, are themselves included on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The Castle is an accredited museum, contains a tea-room serving refreshments and hosts a variety of events and activities throughout the year. Fishing The Castle lake measures around 3.5 hectares. It divides the village of Chiddingstone from the grounds of Chiddingstone Castle. It is naturally stocked with wild Carp, Bream and Perch. It held the record for the largest Bream for 37 years, from 1945. Japanese Bower's decision to |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 28, "sc": 19, "ep": 32, "ec": 337} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 28 | 19 | 32 | 337 | Chiddingstone Castle | Japanese & Ancient Egyptian | collect objects from Japan was inspired by his father's own interest in Chinese porcelain. The collection of lacquer is considered to be one of the most important in a private collection, whilst displays at the castle also feature swords, armour and haniwa figures. Ancient Egyptian The Ancient Egyptian collection spans the whole history of the civilisation and includes both grave goods, such as ushabti figures and amulets, and items from everyday life, including food and drink vessels. In 2013, items from the collection were lent to the Houston Museum of Natural Science for display in their Hall of Ancient Egypt. |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 34, "sc": 0, "ep": 40, "ec": 188} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 34 | 0 | 40 | 188 | Chiddingstone Castle | Stuart and Jacobite & Buddhist | Stuart and Jacobite In British history, Bower was most interested in the House of Stuart and Jacobitism and was a member of the Royal Stuart Society. His collecting in this area included portraits of members of the House of Stuart, swords, objects with hidden Jacobite symbols and royal manuscripts. There is an extensive collection of antique books on the subject in the library, on display at the Castle. Buddhist As with other areas of his collecting, Bower's interest in objects relating to Buddhism was driven by personal reasons; Bower was a Buddhist. Despite this, the collection does not focus on |
{"datasets_id": 1111, "wiki_id": "Q5096598", "sp": 40, "sc": 188, "ep": 44, "ec": 383} | 1,111 | Q5096598 | 40 | 188 | 44 | 383 | Chiddingstone Castle | Buddhist & Local history | any one particular school of Buddhist thought or on any particular country. Amongst items currently displayed at the castle are thangkas and images of Buddha. Local history In addition to Bower's collections, the castle's 19th century kitchen still retains many of its original features, such as three cake ovens, and is used to display a collection of kitchen utensils and an ice chest, reflecting the fact that the castle once had an ice house. There is also a servants’ hall and a servants’ bedroom. The Castle also holds some archives of local history. |
{"datasets_id": 1112, "wiki_id": "Q5096765", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 58} | 1,112 | Q5096765 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 58 | Chief Jones | Playoffs | Chief Jones Playoffs Source: Society for International Hockey Research Database |
{"datasets_id": 1113, "wiki_id": "Q5097230", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 124} | 1,113 | Q5097230 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 124 | Chigozuka Station | Lines & Station layout & History | Chigozuka Station Lines Chigozuka Station is served by the Toyama Chihō Railway Tateyama Line, and is 1.4 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Terada. Station layout The station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended. History The station opened on 15 August 1931 as Urada Station (浦田駅). It was renamed Chigozuka Station on 1 October of the same year. |
{"datasets_id": 1114, "wiki_id": "Q5097539", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 279} | 1,114 | Q5097539 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 279 | Chikuzen-Yamate Station | Lines & Station layout | Chikuzen-Yamate Station Lines The station is served by the Sasaguri Line and is located 13.4 km from the starting point of the line at Yoshizuka. The station is sometimes depicted on maps and timetables as part of the Fukuhoku Yutaka Line, of which the Sasaguri Line is a component. Station layout The station, which is unstaffed, consists of a side platform serving a single elevated track. From the main road, a flight of steps leads to a dias. A tall stairwell then gives access to the platform. An automatic ticket vending machine is located at the base of the stairwell. A |
{"datasets_id": 1114, "wiki_id": "Q5097539", "sp": 10, "sc": 279, "ep": 14, "ec": 256} | 1,114 | Q5097539 | 10 | 279 | 14 | 256 | Chikuzen-Yamate Station | Station layout & History | toilet building is located next to the dias. History The station was opened by Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 25 May 1968 as an intermediate station when it extended the Sasaguri Line east from Sasaguri to Keisen. With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station. |
{"datasets_id": 1115, "wiki_id": "Q5098585", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 600} | 1,115 | Q5098585 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 600 | Children of the plantation | Children of the plantation In the context of slavery in the colonial United States, the expression "children of the plantation" was a euphemism used to identify the offspring of black female plantation slaves by white men, usually the owner or one of his sons or the plantation overseer.
Such children, who were born into slavery (a legal doctrine known as partus sequitur ventrem), were seldom acknowledged by their white fathers. These children were classified as mulatto, a historic term for a multiracial person. The one drop rule meant that they could never be part of white society.
One famous example is |
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{"datasets_id": 1115, "wiki_id": "Q5098585", "sp": 4, "sc": 600, "ep": 4, "ec": 1291} | 1,115 | Q5098585 | 4 | 600 | 4 | 1,291 | Children of the plantation | the decades-long relationship between President Thomas Jefferson and his slave and possible half-sister of his wife, the 3/4 white Sally Hemings. The Jefferson–Hemings controversy, now resolved by DNA testing, shows that all her children were his. In the antebellum period, theirs would have been called a "shadow family".
Alex Haley's Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993) is a historical novel, later a movie, that brought knowledge of the "children of the plantation" to public attention.
Edward Ball's Slaves in the Family (1998), written by a White descendant of slaveowners, deals with this complex legacy.
After the Civil War and emancipation, similar |
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{"datasets_id": 1115, "wiki_id": "Q5098585", "sp": 4, "sc": 1291, "ep": 4, "ec": 1656} | 1,115 | Q5098585 | 4 | 1,291 | 4 | 1,656 | Children of the plantation | relationships continued. For example, Strom Thurmond, who as a senator pursued segregationist policies, fathered a child when he was a young man. This child, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, did not reveal the story until he died, when she was 78. Her parentage had been an open secret in the black community, but came as a surprise to the late senator's colleagues. |
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{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 658} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 658 | China–Pakistan relations | Overview | China–Pakistan relations Overview Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two countries have been mutually beneficial. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the centre-point of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet and other sensitive issues such as human rights.
The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues. Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 6, "sc": 658, "ep": 10, "ec": 28} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 6 | 658 | 10 | 28 | China–Pakistan relations | Overview & Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC | possible the 1972 Nixon visit to China. Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to India and the United States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world.
China also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. Pakistan's military depends heavily on Chinese armaments, and joint projects of both economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support Pakistan's nuclear program. Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC Buddhist monks from the area |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 10, "sc": 28, "ep": 10, "ec": 665} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 10 | 28 | 10 | 665 | China–Pakistan relations | Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC | of what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan were involved in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to Han dynasty China. The Han dynasty's Protectorate of the Western Regions bordered the Kushan Empire. Faxian travelled in what is now modern-day Pakistan.
During World War II, the Hui Muslim imam Da Pusheng (Chinese: 达浦生) toured the Middle East and South Asia to confront Japanese propagandists in Muslim countries and denounce their invasion to the Islamic world. Misinformation on the war was spread in the Islamic Middle Eastern nations by Japanese agents. In response, at the World Islamic Congress in Hejaz, Imam |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 10, "sc": 665, "ep": 14, "ec": 20} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 10 | 665 | 14 | 20 | China–Pakistan relations | Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC & Diplomatic relations | Du openly confronted fake Muslim Japanese agents and exposed them as non-Muslims. Japan's history of imperialism was explained by Du to his fellow Muslims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan, met with Imam Du. The Chinese Muslim's anti-Japanese war effort received a pledge of support from Jinnah. The Hindu leaders Tagore and Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah both discussed the war with the Chinese Muslim delegation under Ma Fuliang while in Turkey President İsmet İnönü also met the delegation. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and his delegation as they denounced Japan. Diplomatic relations Diplomatic relations |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 20, "ep": 14, "ec": 672} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 20 | 14 | 672 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the Republic Of China lost power in the Mainland in 1949. While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognised China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. In 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan, marking closer bilateral ties.
With escalating border tensions leading to |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 672, "ep": 14, "ec": 1310} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 672 | 14 | 1,310 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter India and the Soviet Union as both have border disputes with India. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.
Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 1310, "ep": 14, "ec": 1970} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 1,310 | 14 | 1,970 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support to Pakistan.
Since the two sides established their "all-weather diplomatic relations", there have been frequent exchanges between the two countries' leadership and peoples. For example, former Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai received warm welcomes in all of his four visits to Pakistan. When Zhou died in 1976, then-Pakistani Ambassador to China rushed to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs at 8 in the morning without appointment. Upon arriving at the ministry, the ambassador cried due to his grief in front of Chinese diplomats. In 2004, a road in Pakistani capital Islamabad leading to |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 1970, "ep": 14, "ec": 2595} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 1,970 | 14 | 2,595 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | the Diplomatic Enclave was named "Zhou Enlai Road". It is the first road in Pakistan that is named after foreign leaders. On 27 May 1976, then Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aged 83, received his last foreign guest Pakistani president Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto despite his illness.
On 22 May 2013, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's airplane was escorted by six JF-17 Thunder jets, jointly developed by the two countries, as it entered Pakistani airspace. The premier was also received by both Pakistani president and prime minister upon his arrival at the airport. On 20 April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan as |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 2595, "ep": 14, "ec": 3203} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 2,595 | 14 | 3,203 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | his first foreign visit of the year, also the first by a Chinese president in 9 years. Before his arrival, he published an article praising the friendship on Pakistani newspapers like Daily Jang. The Chinese president compared visiting Pakistan with visiting his brother's home. Like previous visit by Premier Li, the airplane was escorted by 8 JF-17 Thunder jets. Xi was given a grand welcome upon his arrival at Noor Khan airbase, a 21-gun salute and guard of honour was presented to him.
When I was young, I heard many touching stories about Pakistan and the friendship between our two countries. |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 3203, "ep": 14, "ec": 3822} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 3,203 | 14 | 3,822 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | To name just a few, I learned that the Pakistani people were working hard to build their beautiful country, and that Pakistan opened an air corridor for China to reach out to the world and supported China in restoring its lawful seat in the United Nations. The stories have left me with a deep impression. I look forward to my upcoming state visit to Pakistan.
— Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China before his 2015 visit to Pakistan,
Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 3822, "ep": 14, "ec": 4480} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 3,822 | 14 | 4,480 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | militants in the Soviet–Afghan War. America under US President Richard Nixon supported Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The Pressler Amendment in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon. Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favour of |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 4480, "ep": 14, "ec": 5160} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 4,480 | 14 | 5,160 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations | India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.
With the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan, there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favours China over the United States. Washington has been accused deserting Pakistan in favour of a policy that favours stronger |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 14, "sc": 5160, "ep": 18, "ec": 343} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 14 | 5,160 | 18 | 343 | China–Pakistan relations | Diplomatic relations & Military relations | relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.
Since the September 11 attacks, Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese. Military relations There are strong military ties between China and Pakistan. This alliance between two neighbouring Asian nations is significant geopolitically. The strong military ties primarily aim to counter regional Indian and American influence, and was also to repel Soviet influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 343, "ep": 18, "ec": 1054} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 343 | 18 | 1,054 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations | ongoing military projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.
Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army, helping establish ammunition factories, providing technological assistance and modernising existing facilities.
Most recently, the Chinese Chengdu J-10B fighter was compared to its closest American counterpart, the Lockheed Martin F-16C Block 52/60, the most advanced F-16, for orders on either aircraft for the Pakistan Air Force, resulting in the wins of the Chinese Chengdu J-10B. Accordingly, the Chengdu J-10B had more advanced technology such as its radar and OLS targeting system, and its new generation stealthy features, such as |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 1054, "ep": 18, "ec": 1715} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 1,054 | 18 | 1,715 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations | its DSI intake gave it an edge over the Lockheed Martin F-16.
China and Pakistan are involved in several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which include the joint development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, a tailor made training aircraft for the Pakistan Air Force based on the Chinese domestic Hongdu L-15, space technology, AWACS systems, Al-Khalid tanks, which China granted license production and tailor made modifications based on the initial Chinese Type 90 and/or MBT-2000. The Chinese has designed tailor made advanced weapons for Pakistan, making it a strong military power in |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 1715, "ep": 18, "ec": 2386} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 1,715 | 18 | 2,386 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations | the Asian region. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises.
China is the largest investor in Pakistan's Gwadar Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz. It is viewed warily by both America and India as a possible launchpad for the Chinese Navy, giving them the ability to launch submarines and warships in the Indian Ocean. China has recently pledged to invest nearly 43 billion US dollars.
China's leadership appreciated Pakistan's fight against terrorism with a special mention of eliminating al-Qaeda, Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 2386, "ep": 18, "ec": 3069} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 2,386 | 18 | 3,069 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations | added the ISPR statement. In 2008, Pakistan had purchased military equipment from China for an improved quality of defence arsenal and force to fight the constant attack from foreign militants. This relationship still continues nine years later when Pakistan Army imported Chinese-built Low to Medium Altitude Air Defence System (LOMADS) LY-80 for its air defence system.
In the past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in Western countries made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire plutonium and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere such as the Chinese help in |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 3069, "ep": 18, "ec": 3739} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 3,069 | 18 | 3,739 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations | building the Khushab reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the completion of the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid-1990s.
On January 26, 2015, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi during a conclusion of a two-day visit of Raheel Sharif |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 18, "sc": 3739, "ep": 26, "ec": 12} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 18 | 3,739 | 26 | 12 | China–Pakistan relations | Military relations & Counterterrorism & Economic relations | to Beijing called Pakistan China's "irreplaceable, all-weather friend". Sharif also met Yu Zhengsheng, Meng Jianzhu and Xu Qiliang. On April 19, 2015, China concluded sale of eight conventional submarines worth $5bn, the biggest arms sale by China in its history. The vessels are supplied by the China Shipbuilding Trading Company, and financed to Pakistan at a low interest rate. Counterterrorism China, Pakistan and Afghanistan have coordinated to increase regional stability. Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said that China intends to use Xinjiang as a base of economic development for the region, increasing security and facilitating trade. Economic relations Pakistan has |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 26, "sc": 12, "ep": 26, "ec": 725} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 26 | 12 | 26 | 725 | China–Pakistan relations | Economic relations | been one of China’s major trade partners.
Recently though, economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing, and a free trade agreement has been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, and China has pledged to increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.
In 2011 China Kingho Group cancelled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.
On 26 April, China Mobile announced $1 billion of investment in Pakistan in telecommunication infrastructure and training of its officials within a period of three years. The announcement came a day after China Mobile subsidy Zong |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 26, "sc": 725, "ep": 30, "ec": 73} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 26 | 725 | 30 | 73 | China–Pakistan relations | Economic relations & China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | emerged as the highest bidder in the 3G auction, claiming a 10 MHz 3G-band licence, qualifying for the 4G licence.
On 22 April 2015, According to China Daily, China released its first overseas investment project under the Belt and Road Initiative for developing a hydropower station near Jhelum.
The biggest development off late to open up the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has changed the situation completely as China has carved an enormous plan for economic growth and development in Pakistan as pointed out below in the next section. China–Pakistan Economic Corridor The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 30, "sc": 73, "ep": 30, "ec": 668} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 30 | 73 | 30 | 668 | China–Pakistan relations | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | with highway connecting Kashgar to Khunjerab and Gwadar. Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan will serve as the trade nerve centre for China, as most of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port, which is operated by the China Overseas Port Holding Company, a state-owned Chinese company. Currently, sixty per cent of China's oil must be transported by ship from the Persian Gulf to the only commercial port in China, Shanghai, a distance of more than 16,000 kilometres. The journey takes two to three months, during which time the ships are vulnerable to pirates, bad weather, |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 30, "sc": 668, "ep": 30, "ec": 1362} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 30 | 668 | 30 | 1,362 | China–Pakistan relations | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | political rivals and other risks. Using Gwadar Port instead would reduce the distance and possibly the cost.
The plan seeks to build on a market presence already established by Chinese enterprises, Haier in household appliances, ChinaMobile and Huawei in telecommunications and China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) in mining and minerals. In other cases, such as textiles and garments, cement and building materials, fertiliser and agricultural technologies (among others) it calls for building the infrastructure and a supporting policy environment to facilitate fresh entry. According to the plan, a key element in this is the creation of industrial parks, or special economic |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 30, "sc": 1362, "ep": 30, "ec": 1995} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 30 | 1,362 | 30 | 1,995 | China–Pakistan relations | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | zones, would be done with the provision of water, perfect infrastructure, sufficient supply of energy and the capacity of self-service power.
But the main thrust of the plan actually lies in agriculture, contrary to the image of CPEC as a massive industrial and transport undertaking, involving power plants and highways. The plan acquires its greatest specificity, and lays out the largest number of projects and plans for their facilitation, in agriculture. For agriculture, the plan outlines an engagement that runs from one end of the supply chain all the way to the other. From provision of seeds and other inputs, like |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 30, "sc": 1995, "ep": 30, "ec": 2666} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 30 | 1,995 | 30 | 2,666 | China–Pakistan relations | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | fertiliser, credit and pesticides, Chinese enterprises will also operate their own farms, processing facilities for fruits and vegetables and grain. Logistics companies will operate a large storage and transportation system for agrarian produce, as stated by the plan in Dawn.
The other common investment is expected in information and technology, a full system of monitoring and surveillance will be built in cities from Peshawar to Karachi, with 24 hour video recordings on roads and busy marketplaces for law and order. A national fibre-optic backbone will be built for the country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 30, "sc": 2666, "ep": 34, "ec": 522} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 30 | 2,666 | 34 | 522 | China–Pakistan relations | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor & Views | TV, which will cooperate with Chinese media in the "dissemination of Chinese cultures". Views The support that China and Pakistan give each other is considered significant in global diplomacy, and has been compared to Israel–United States relations. According to a Pew survey of Pakistani public opinion in 2010, 84 per cent of respondents said they had a favourable view of China and 16 per cent had a favourable view of the United States. Similarly, the Chinese state-run media has portrayed Pakistan in a favourable light in regional issues. In 2013, this figure increased to 90% of Pakistanis having a favourable |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 34, "sc": 522, "ep": 34, "ec": 1193} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 34 | 522 | 34 | 1,193 | China–Pakistan relations | Views | view of China.
Pakistan and China have long praised the close ties the two countries have with each other. Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf referred to China as Pakistan's "time-tested and all-weather friend", while in return Chinese president Hu Jintao has referred to Pakistan as "a good friend and partner". Some observers have noted these statements as occurring after Pakistani relations with the United States or India have become strained, such as after Osama Bin Laden was killed by American forces without Pakistan's prior permission.
In July 2013 the Pew Research Center, as part of their Global Attitudes Project, declared Pakistan to have |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 34, "sc": 1193, "ep": 34, "ec": 1828} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 34 | 1,193 | 34 | 1,828 | China–Pakistan relations | Views | the most positive view of China in the world. According to the research, 81% of Pakistanis responded favourably to China. On the other hand, only 11% of Pakistanis had a favourable view of the United States, the lowest in the world.
A common quotation referred to Pak-China Friendship is, "A Friendship Higher than the Heights of Himalayas and deeper than the depths of Arabian Sea".
The author of the book The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics concludes the book by connecting the bilateral relationship to broader themes in Chinese foreign policy. According to the author, on the one hand, Pakistan is both |
{"datasets_id": 1116, "wiki_id": "Q25004", "sp": 34, "sc": 1828, "ep": 34, "ec": 2166} | 1,116 | Q25004 | 34 | 1,828 | 34 | 2,166 | China–Pakistan relations | Views | a Chinese pawn (against India) and platform for power projection, but there are limits to this approach. For instance, as Small notes, "Beijing's counterterrorism strategy has been essentially parasitic on the United States being a more important target for transnational militant groups than China. It's unclear how long that can last." |
{"datasets_id": 1117, "wiki_id": "Q5099603", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 643} | 1,117 | Q5099603 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 643 | China Books | China Books China Books, Inc. (formerly known as China Books & Periodicals, Inc.) is the oldest distributor of books, periodicals, and other media and educational products from the People's Republic of China in the United States. It is a wholesale and retail distributor of books published and printed in China, and also publishes and distributes books in the U.S. under its own imprint.
China Books was founded in Chicago in 1960 by Dr. Henry Halsey Noyes (1910–2004). Noyes was born in Guangzhou, China into a third generation Presbyterian missionary family. Noyes’ single-minded determination to distribute "highly sensitive" material from the |
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{"datasets_id": 1117, "wiki_id": "Q5099603", "sp": 4, "sc": 643, "ep": 4, "ec": 1259} | 1,117 | Q5099603 | 4 | 643 | 4 | 1,259 | China Books | PRC during the Cold War shocked Americans, who, at the time, knew very little about the PRC. Since 1969, China Books has sold over a million copies of the Little Red Book or Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong. At its peak before the June Fourth Incident of 1989, China Books thrived with stores in San Francisco, Chicago, and New York and employed over 50 people. China Books was instrumental in providing books, newspapers, and magazines from China which were essential to the establishing of post-1949 Chinese political and reference materials at university and other research libraries across the United States. |
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{"datasets_id": 1117, "wiki_id": "Q5099603", "sp": 4, "sc": 1259, "ep": 4, "ec": 1578} | 1,117 | Q5099603 | 4 | 1,259 | 4 | 1,578 | China Books |
In 2002, China Books was jointly acquired by Sino United Publishing (Holdings) Ltd. Hong Kong and the China International Publishing Group Beijing. As of 2012, China Books, together with Long River Press became part of Sinomedia International Group. Its offices are located in South San Francisco, California. |
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{"datasets_id": 1118, "wiki_id": "Q23057895", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 638} | 1,118 | Q23057895 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 638 | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics | Disability classifications | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Disability classifications Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, |
{"datasets_id": 1118, "wiki_id": "Q23057895", "sp": 6, "sc": 638, "ep": 14, "ec": 198} | 1,118 | Q23057895 | 6 | 638 | 14 | 198 | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics | Disability classifications & 5-a-side football & Cycling | describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability. 5-a-side football China qualified for the Paralympics after finishing second at the 2015 IBSA Blind Football Aaian Championships. Cycling With one pathway for qualification being one highest ranked NPCs on the UCI Para-Cycling male and female Nations Ranking Lists on 31 December 2014, China qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in |
{"datasets_id": 1118, "wiki_id": "Q23057895", "sp": 14, "sc": 198, "ep": 30, "ec": 59} | 1,118 | Q23057895 | 14 | 198 | 30 | 59 | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics | Cycling & Men & Women & Men & Women | Rio, assuming they continued to meet all other eligibility requirements. Men The China men's national goalball team qualified for the Rio Games after finishing first at the 2015 IBSA Goalball Asian-Pacific Championships. China's men enter the tournament ranked 3rd in the world. Women China's women enter the tournament ranked 1st in the world. Men China men's national sitting volleyball team qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics at the 2014 Asian Para Games, winning the gold medal match in sets of 25-12, 25-20, 29-27 against the Iran men's national sitting volleyball team. Women China women's national sitting volleyball team qualified to |
{"datasets_id": 1118, "wiki_id": "Q23057895", "sp": 30, "sc": 59, "ep": 38, "ec": 57} | 1,118 | Q23057895 | 30 | 59 | 38 | 57 | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics | Women & Swimming & Wheelchair basketball | compete at the 2016 Games after finishing first at the 2014 World Championships. Later that year, the team competed in the 2014 Asian Para Games where they lost to Iran women's national sitting volleyball team in the final with sets of 25-15, 25-12, and 25-15 in Iran's favor. Swimming The top two finishers in each Rio medal event at the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships earned a qualifying spot for their country for Rio. Shiyun Pan earned China a spot after winning gold in the Men's 100m Freestyle S7. Wheelchair basketball The China women's national wheelchair basketball team has |
{"datasets_id": 1118, "wiki_id": "Q23057895", "sp": 38, "sc": 57, "ep": 38, "ec": 425} | 1,118 | Q23057895 | 38 | 57 | 38 | 425 | China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics | Wheelchair basketball | qualified for the 2016 Rio Paralympics.
As hosts, Brazil got to choose which group they were put into. They were partnered with Algeria, who would be put in the group they did not chose. Brazil chose Group A, which included Canada, Germany, Great Britain and Argentina. Algeria ended up in Group B with the United States, the Netherlands, France and China. |
{"datasets_id": 1119, "wiki_id": "Q14935368", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 125} | 1,119 | Q14935368 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 125 | Chinchilla railway station | Services | Chinchilla railway station Services Chinchilla is served by Queensland Rail Travel's twice weekly Westlander service travelling between Brisbane and Charleville. |
{"datasets_id": 1120, "wiki_id": "Q2950600", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 232} | 1,120 | Q2950600 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 232 | Chinese Jia-A League 1999 | Remarks | Chinese Jia-A League 1999 Remarks Newcomer Liaoning Fushun was in the race of title into the final round. Shenyang survived demotion miraculously amid heavy match fixing accusations. Later police investigation shows the game results in the final round were arranged. |
{"datasets_id": 1121, "wiki_id": "Q24887142", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 532} | 1,121 | Q24887142 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 532 | Chinese Taipei women's national ice hockey team | History | Chinese Taipei women's national ice hockey team History The Chinese Taipei women's national ice hockey team played its first game in November 2014 at the 2015 IIHF Women's Challenge Cup of Asia Division I tournament. Chinese Taipei won their opening game of the tournament against Hong Kong and went on to win their three other games which included a second win against Hong Kong and two wins against Thailand. Chinese Taipei finished the tournament at the top of the standings and won the gold medal. The team returned to competition in March 2016 for the 2016 IIHF Women's Challenge Cup |
{"datasets_id": 1121, "wiki_id": "Q24887142", "sp": 6, "sc": 532, "ep": 6, "ec": 899} | 1,121 | Q24887142 | 6 | 532 | 6 | 899 | Chinese Taipei women's national ice hockey team | History | of Asia Division I tournament. The tournament had expanded to five teams and included India, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Chinese Taipei finished at the top of the standings after winning all four of their games and claimed their second tournament title. The tournament also included the teams 21–0 defeat of Malaysia, their largest win in internal competition. |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 14} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 14 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | Chinese intelligence activity abroad The government of China is engaged in espionage overseas, directed through diverse methods via the Ministry of State Security, the United Front Work Department, and People's Liberation Army. It is employs a variety of tactics including cyber spying to gain access to sensitive information remotely, Signals intelligence (SIGINT), Electronic intelligence (ELINT) and Human agents (HUMINT). China is also engaged in industrial espionage aimed at gathering information to bolster its economy, as well as monitoring dissidents abroad such as supporters of the Tibetan independence movement, Uyghurs, Falun Gong, and democracy activists. Method of operation It is believed |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 14, "ep": 8, "ec": 686} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 14 | 8 | 686 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | that Chinese espionage is aimed at the preservation of China's national security through gaining commercial, technological, and military secrets. It is generally believed that Chinese intelligence agencies operate differently from other espionage organizations by employing primarily academics or students who will be in their host country only a short time, rather than spending years cultivating a few high-level sources or double agents. Much information about the Chinese intelligence services comes from defectors, whom the PRC accuses of lying to promote an anti-PRC agenda. One known exception to this rule is the case of Katrina Leung, who was accused of starting |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 686, "ep": 8, "ec": 1395} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 686 | 8 | 1,395 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | an affair with an FBI agent to gain sensitive documents from him. A U.S. judge dismissed all charges against her due to prosecutorial misconduct.
The United States believes the Chinese military has been developing network technology in recent years in order to perform espionage on other nations. Several cases of computer intrusions suspected of Chinese involvement have been found in various countries including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, India and the United States.
In the aftermath of the Shadow Network computer espionage operation security experts claimed "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 1395, "ep": 8, "ec": 2084} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 1,395 | 8 | 2,084 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | government involvement" since private Chinese hackers pursue economic information only. In 2009, Canadian researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto examined the computers at the personal office of the Dalai Lama. Evidence led to the discovery of GhostNet, a large cyber-spy network. Chinese hackers had gained access to computers possessed by government and private organizations in 103 countries, although researchers say there is no conclusive evidence China's government was behind it. Computers penetrated include those of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan exiles, organizations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 2084, "ep": 8, "ec": 2756} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 2,084 | 8 | 2,756 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | embassies, foreign ministries and other government offices, and focus was believed to be on the governments of South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The same researchers discovered a second cyberspy network in 2010. They were able to see some of the stolen documents which included classified material about Indian missile systems, security in several Indian states, confidential embassy documents about India’s relationships in West Africa, Russia and the Middle East, NATO forces travel in Afghanistan, and a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email. The "sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China. Beijing again denied involvement. In 2019 |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 2756, "ep": 8, "ec": 3468} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 2,756 | 8 | 3,468 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | Chinese hackers posing as New York Times, Amnesty International and other organization's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organizations, among others. Facebook and Twitter took down down a large network of Chinese bots that was spreading disinformation about the 2019 Hong Kong protests and a months long attack on Hong Kong media companies was traced to Chinese hackers.
Facial recognition and surveillance artificial intelligence (AI) technology developed inside China to identify Uighurs, a Muslim minority, is now used throughout China, and despite security concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks, is |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 3468, "ep": 8, "ec": 4204} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 3,468 | 8 | 4,204 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation | manufactured and exported worldwide by state owned China National Electronics Import & Export and Huawei to many countries, including Ecuador, Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Kenya, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Bolivia, Angola and Germany. American companies and universities such as MIT are partnering with, and Princeton, the Rockefeller Foundation and the California Public Employees’ Retirement System are backing, Chinese surveillance and AI start-ups such as Hikvision, SenseTime and Megvii, which sell less expensive versions of Chinese state developed artificial intelligence surveillance systems, although this is being curtailed somewhat due to the companies being declared national security threats and human rights |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 8, "sc": 4204, "ep": 12, "ec": 470} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 8 | 4,204 | 12 | 470 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Method of operation & Ethiopia | violators by the US, and US-China trade concerns. China invests in American AI startups and is starting to overtake the US in AI investment. Ethiopia In January 2018, Le Monde reported that the headquarters of the African Union, which had been constructed by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation, had had its computer systems compromised between 2012 and 2017, with data from AU servers being forwarded to Shanghai. The building's computer system was subsequently removed and the AU refused a Chinese offer to configure the replacement system. Le Monde alleged that the AU had then covered up the hack to |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 12, "sc": 470, "ep": 16, "ec": 257} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 12 | 470 | 16 | 257 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Ethiopia & Cambodia | protect Chinese interests in the continent.
China and the African Union have rejected the allegations. Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn rejected the French media report, saying that he doesn't believe it. Moussa Faki Mahamat, head of the African Union Commission, said the allegations in the Le Monde's report were false. "These are totally false allegations and I believe that we are completely disregarding them." Cambodia Since at least April 2017, TEMP.Periscope, an advanced persistent threat based in China, has been hacking Cambodian organizations related to the 2018 general election. Targets included the National Election Commission, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 16, "sc": 257, "ep": 20, "ec": 322} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 16 | 257 | 20 | 322 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Cambodia & Hong Kong | of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, the Senate of Cambodia, and the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The APT engaged in spear phishing against Monovithya Kem of the Cambodia National Rescue Party, sending messages which impersonated the Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights. Hong Kong According to Falun Gong media The Epoch Times and Pan-democracy political groups, China has been sending spies into Hong Kong harassing dissents and Falun Gong practitioners. In 2012, according to Oriental Daily, a Chinese security ministry official has been arrested in Hong Kong for suspicion of acting as a double agent |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 20, "sc": 322, "ep": 24, "ec": 628} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 20 | 322 | 24 | 628 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Hong Kong & India | for the United States. India India has quietly informed companies to avoid using Chinese-made telecommunications equipment, fearing that it may have spy capabilities embedded within it. Also, India's intelligence service, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) believes that China is using dozens of study centers that it has set up in Nepal near the Indian border in part for the purposes of spying on India.
In August 2011 a Chinese research vessel disguised as a fishing trawler was detected off the coast of Little Andaman, collecting data in a geostrategically sensitive region.
The "Luckycat" hacking campaign that targeted Japan and Tibet |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 24, "sc": 628, "ep": 24, "ec": 1322} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 24 | 628 | 24 | 1,322 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | India | also targeted India. A Trojan horse was inserted into a Microsoft Word file ostensibly about India's ballistic missile defense program, allowing for the command and control servers to connect and extract information. The attacks were subsequently traced back to a Chinese graduate student from Sichuan and the Chinese government is suspected of planning the attacks.
Chinese hackers linked to the Third Technical Department of the People's Liberation Army have launched extensive and sustained hacking campaigns against the Central Tibetan Administration, based in Dharamshala.
In 2018, PLA Navy deployed a Type 815G ELINT ship in waters off Andaman and Nicobar islands for two |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 24, "sc": 1322, "ep": 28, "ec": 121} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 24 | 1,322 | 28 | 121 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | India & Japan | weeks, according to a report by Indian intelligence agencies.
In March 2019, Indian intelligence agencies, told news services that China was trying to spy on Indian Naval bases, located in southern India and Integrated Test Range missile testing facility located at Abdul Kalam Island. It was doing this by establishing Chinese business around these areas.
In June 2019, Indian Reconnaissance satellite detected that PLAGF had deployed TARS balloon on strategic bases located in Tibet to gather intelligence on Indian forward bases. Japan According to a report by Trend Micro the "Luckycat" hacker group is engaged in cyber-espionage on targets in Japan, India |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 28, "sc": 121, "ep": 28, "ec": 774} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 28 | 121 | 28 | 774 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Japan | and Tibet. During the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and nuclear meltdowns at Fukushima, the hackers inserted a Trojan virus into PDF attachments to emails being circulated containing information about radiation dosage measurements. Investigation into ownership of the command and control servers by Trend Micro and The New York Times linked the malware to Gu Kaiyuan, through QQ numbers and the alias "scuhkr". Mr. Gu is a former graduate student of the Information Security Institute of Sichuan University in Chengdu and wrote his master's thesis on computer hacking. James A. Lewis of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, believes |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 28, "sc": 774, "ep": 40, "ec": 269} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 28 | 774 | 40 | 269 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Japan & Kazakhstan & The Philippines & Singapore | the attacks were state-sponsored. Kazakhstan On 19 February 2019, Kazakh counterintelligence officers arrested Konstantin Syroyezhkin, a former KGB agent, in Almaty, on charges of passing classified documents to Chinese spies. The Philippines FireEye President Travis Reese has stated that the Chinese-sponsored Conference Crew, founded in 2016, has engaged in cyber-espionage against the Philippines, targeting diplomatic and national security information. Singapore Huang Jing (黄靖), an academic at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, was expelled from Singapore, reportedly for working as an agent of influence for Chinese intelligence services.
SingHealth medical data was hacked by suspected Chinese hackers around July |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 40, "sc": 269, "ep": 48, "ec": 256} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 40 | 269 | 48 | 256 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Singapore & South Korea & Sri Lanka | 2018. South Korea FireEye claims that two hacker operations tied to the Chinese military, dubbed Tonto Team and Stone Panda/APT10, have attempted to hack the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other targets related to the deployment of THAAD.
China is reportedly engaged in economic espionage against South Korean technology companies, including Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix. Sri Lanka In 2010, Jayalalithaa Jayaram – head of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – stated that Chinese workers, working in parts of the country devastated by the Sri Lankan Civil War were infiltrated with Chinese spies on surveillance missions targeted |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 48, "sc": 256, "ep": 52, "ec": 416} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 48 | 256 | 52 | 416 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Sri Lanka & Taiwan | at India.
In May 2019, Sri Lankan authorities caught former chief of Military intelligence, for allegedly acting as a Chinese mole and trying to obstruct a probe by Indian and American agencies into the Easter bombings. Taiwan The PRC and ROC regularly accuse each other of spying.
Presidential aide Wang Jen-ping was found in 2009 to have sold nearly 100 confidential documents to China since 2007; Military intelligence officer Lo Chi-cheng was found to have been acting as a double agent in 2010 for China since 2007; Maj. Gen. Lo Hsien-che, electronic communications and information bureau chief during the administration of former |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 52, "sc": 416, "ep": 52, "ec": 1082} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 52 | 416 | 52 | 1,082 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Taiwan | President Chen Shui-bian, has been suspected of selling military secrets to Mainland China since 2004.
In 2007 the Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau stated that 500 gigabyte Maxtor Basics Personal Storage 3200 hard drives produced by Seagate Technology and manufactured in Thailand may have been modified by a Chinese subcontractor and shipped with the Virus.Win32.AutoRun.ah virus. As many as 1,800 drives sold in the Netherlands and Taiwan after August 2007 were reportedly infected with the virus, which scanned for passwords for products such as World of Warcraft and QQ and uploading them to a website in Beijing.
In May 2017, Major Wang |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 52, "sc": 1082, "ep": 52, "ec": 1770} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 52 | 1,082 | 52 | 1,770 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Taiwan | Hung-ju, a retired military police officer assigned to the National Security Bureau, was indicted on charges of spying for the People's Republic of China.
Army Major General Hsieh Chia-kang, deputy commander of Matsu Defense Command, has been accused of providing intelligence to China, having been recruited by retired army colonel Hsin Peng-sheng.
Zhou Hongxu (周泓旭), a graduate of National Chengchi University's MBA program, has been accused of attempting to recruit an official from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the purposes of providing intelligence to China. Zhou was reportedly instructed by China's Taiwan Affairs Office to enroll in the university in order |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 52, "sc": 1770, "ep": 52, "ec": 2447} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 52 | 1,770 | 52 | 2,447 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Taiwan | to make friends and develop a spy ring. Zhou reportedly solicited classified documents, offering trips to Japan and United States dollars in payment.
In January 2018, it was reported that the Taipei District Prosecutors' Office is investigating if classified information regarding the Airborne Special Service Company was passed on to Zhou Hongxu (周泓旭), who was already convicted for violating the National Security Act. In March 2018, a retired colonel was charged with breaching the National Security Act by the Kaohsiung District Prosecutors' Office, which alleged that the colonel shared classified personal information and planned to develop a spy ring in Taiwan. |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 52, "sc": 2447, "ep": 56, "ec": 138} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 52 | 2,447 | 56 | 138 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Taiwan & Economic espionage | In April 2018, Hung Chin-hsi (洪金錫), a Macau-born businssman, was accused of developing a spy ring in the Ministry of Justice, on behalf of China. Captain Zhen Xiaojiang (鎮小江) was convicted in 2015 of recruiting Taiwanese military officers as part of a spy ring on behalf of China, including Army Major-General Hsu Nai-chuan (許乃權). Zhen sent intelligence regarding Taiwan's radar installations and Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters to China. He was deported to Hong Kong in July 2018. Economic espionage The Wall Street Journal reported that Taiwan has been "ground zero" for economic espionage related to integrated circuit fabrication. In a |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 56, "sc": 138, "ep": 56, "ec": 889} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 56 | 138 | 56 | 889 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Economic espionage | review of ten prosecutions for technology-related thefts in Taiwan, WSJ found that nine of those cases involved technology transfer to China. An employee of Nanya Technology Corp. allegedly stole designs for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) on behalf of Tsinghua Holdings. Hsu Chih-Peng, an engineer for Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., allegedly stole microchip designs after being solicited by the Chinese government-owned Shanghai Huali Microelectronics Coration.
According to Taiwanese prosecutors, engineer Wang Yongming (on behalf of Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit) engaged in espionage to steal Micron Technology microchip designs via the Taiwanese company UMC. Micron alleges that UMC hired Micron's engineers, asking them |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 56, "sc": 889, "ep": 64, "ec": 219} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 56 | 889 | 64 | 219 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Economic espionage & Vietnam & Europe | to steal files on advanced memory chips. The files Wang allegedly stole were said to be production secrets, including testing procedures related to metallization, and the DR25nmS design protocol. Vietnam According to the security research firm FireEye, Chinese hackers are suspected of targeting Vietnamese government and corporate targets. The hacking group, designated Conimes, phished the targets and delivered malware via a pre-2012 version of Microsoft Word. Europe According to the cyber-security firm Area 1, hackers working for the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force compromised the COREU network used for communication by the European Union, allowing for the theft of |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 64, "sc": 219, "ep": 68, "ec": 458} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 64 | 219 | 68 | 458 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Europe & Belgium | thousands of low-classified documents and diplomatic cables.
In 2019, According to a report released by European External Action Service. There were an estimated 250 Chinese MSS spies operating in capital of European Union. Belgium Belgian Justice Minister Jo Vandeurzen accused the Chinese government of electronic espionage against the government of Belgium, while Foreign Minister Karel De Gucht informed the Belgian Federal Parliament that his ministry was hacked by Chinese agents. The espionage is possibly linked to Belgium hosting the headquarters of NATO and the European Union.
The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven was also believed to be the center for a group of |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 68, "sc": 458, "ep": 68, "ec": 1123} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 68 | 458 | 68 | 1,123 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Belgium | Chinese students in Europe conducting industrial espionage, operating under a front organization called the Chinese Students' and Scholars' Association of Leuven. In 2005 a leading figure of the Association defected to Belgium, providing information to the Sûreté de l’Etat on hundreds of spies engaged in economic espionage across Europe. The group had no obvious links to Chinese diplomats and was focused on getting moles into laboratories and universities in the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, France and Belgium. The People's Daily, an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, dismissed the reports as fabrications triggered by fears of |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 68, "sc": 1123, "ep": 76, "ec": 247} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 68 | 1,123 | 76 | 247 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Belgium & Finland & France | China's economic development.
In February 2019, According to a report released by European External Action Service. There were an estimated 250 Chinese MSS spies operating in Brussels, the capital of European Union. Finland According to the security research firm F5, Chinese hackers launched widespread attacks against Finnish Internet of things computers prior to the 2018 Russia–United States summit in Helsinki. France There have been several incidents of suspected Chinese spies in France. This includes Shi Pei Pu, a Chinese opera singer from Beijing who convinced a French diplomat that he was a woman, and spied on France.
French media also portrayed Li |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 76, "sc": 247, "ep": 76, "ec": 888} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 76 | 247 | 76 | 888 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | France | Li Whuang (李李), a 22-year-old Chinese intern at car parts maker Valeo, as an industrial spy. Both the French prosecution and Valeo refuted media claims of spying and the case was later considered to be a psychosis. Li Li was ultimately convicted of violating the confidentiality clause of her contract and served two months in prison, but was allowed to continue her doctoral studies at the University of Technology of Compiègne.
Two French intelligence operatives, identified only as Henri M and Pierre-Marie H, were accused of communicating classified information to China. Henri M was reportedly the Beijing station chief for the |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 76, "sc": 888, "ep": 80, "ec": 440} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 76 | 888 | 80 | 440 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | France & Germany | Directorate-General for External Security.
According to reporting by Le Figaro, the General Directorate for Internal Security and Directorate-General for External Security believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information. Germany According to reporting in Süddeutsche Zeitung, China has been soliciting information from members of the Bundestag, including offering €30,000 for insider information from one parliamentarian.
Between August and September 2007 Chinese hackers were suspected of using Trojan horse spyware on various government computers, including those of the Chancellory, the Ministry of Economics and Technology, and the Ministry of Education and |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 80, "sc": 440, "ep": 80, "ec": 1142} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 80 | 440 | 80 | 1,142 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Germany | Research. Germans officials believe Trojan viruses were inserted in Microsoft Word and PowerPoint files, and approximately 160 gigabytes of data were siphoned to Canton, Lanzhou and Beijing via South Korea, on instructions from the People's Liberation Army.
The Federal Ministry of the Interior estimates that Chinese economic espionage could be costing Germany between 20 and 50 billion euros annually. Spies are reportedly targeting mid- and small-scale companies that do not have as strong security regimens as larger corporations. Berthold Stoppelkamp, head of the Working Group for Economic Security (ASW), stated that German companies had a poor security culture making espionage easier, |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 80, "sc": 1142, "ep": 80, "ec": 1863} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 80 | 1,142 | 80 | 1,863 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Germany | exacerbated by the absence of a "strong, centralized" police command. Walter Opfermann, a counter-intelligence expert for the state of Baden-Württemberg, claimed that China is using extremely sophisticated electronic attacks capable of endangering portions of critical German infrastructure, having gathered sensitive information through techniques such as phone hacking and Trojan emails. In November 2018, German prosecutors in Cologne charged a former employee of Lanxess for engaging in industrial espionage on behalf of a Chinese copycat company.
Germany suspects China of spying both on German corporations and on Uyghur expatriates living in the country. In 2011, a 64-year-old German man was charged with |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 80, "sc": 1863, "ep": 80, "ec": 2547} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 80 | 1,863 | 80 | 2,547 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Germany | spying on Uighurs in Munich between April 2008 and October 2009. Munich is a center for expatriate Uyghurs, and in November 2009 members of the Federal Criminal Police Office arrested four Chinese nationals on charges of spying on Uyghurs. In 2007 Chinese diplomat Ji Wumin left Germany after being observed meeting with individuals engaged in surveillance of Munich Uyghurs, and German investigators suspect China is coordinating espionage activities out of its Munich consulate in the Neuhausen district.
In 2017, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 80, "sc": 2547, "ep": 88, "ec": 15} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 80 | 2,547 | 88 | 15 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Germany & Lithuania & Norway | profiles on sites such as LinkedIn, using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials. The Verfassungsschutz had previously warned that Chinese intelligence officers are making use of social networking sites such as LinkedIn and XING to recruit informants. Lu Kang of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied the allegations. Lithuania Lithuanian intelligence agencies have claimed that China is engaged in an "increasingly aggressive" campaign of espionage, which includes "attempts to recruit Lithuanian citizens". Darius Jauniskis, Director of the State Security Department of Lithuania, has cautioned against a potential threat posed by Huawei telecommunications equipment. Norway Hackers working |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 88, "sc": 15, "ep": 92, "ec": 265} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 88 | 15 | 92 | 265 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Norway & Poland | as part of APT 10, on behalf of the Chinese government, hacked Norwegian business software provider Visma, reportedly to gain access to the information on the company's customers. Beginning on 30 August 2018, APT10 used a malware program dubbed Trochilus and accessed a backdoor, and then proceeded to use WinRAR and cURL to exfiltrate data from Visma to a Dropbox account. Poland In May 2009, Stefan Zielonka, a Polish cipher officer working for the Military Information Services, disappeared. He is suspected of providing the Chinese or Russian governments with Polish and NATO cryptography information. Zielonka's body was later retrieved from |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 92, "sc": 265, "ep": 92, "ec": 957} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 92 | 265 | 92 | 957 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Poland | the Vistula river, although investigators remain uncertain as to whether Zielonka was attempting to defect or committed suicide, or whether the body retrieved actually was Zielonka's.
In April 2018, a former member of the Parliament of Poland for Samoobrona, Mateusz Piskorski, was charged with espionage on behalf of Russia and China.
In January 2019, the Huawei sales director for Poland, identified as Weijing Wang (a.k.a "Stanislaw Wang") was arrested, along with a former senior agent of the Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (ISA) named Piotr Durbajlo, on suspicion of espionage. Wang was educated at the Beijing Foreign Studies University and studied Polish in Łódź, |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 92, "sc": 957, "ep": 96, "ec": 363} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 92 | 957 | 96 | 363 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Poland & Russia | and subsequently worked as a cultural attaché at the Chinese consulate in Gdańsk. Wang joined Huawei's Enterprise Business Group in 2017. Durbajlo worked at the Military University of Technology, working on telecommunications security projects. After retiring from the ISA, he began working as a consultant for Orange Polska. Russia In December 2007, Igor Reshetin, the Chief Executive of Tsniimash-Export, and three researchers were sentenced to prison for passing on dual-purpose technology to the Chinese. Analysts speculated that the leaked technology could help China develop improved missiles and accelerate the Chinese space program. In September 2010, the Russian Federal Security Service |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 96, "sc": 363, "ep": 104, "ec": 316} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 96 | 363 | 104 | 316 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Russia & Switzerland & Sweden | detained two scientists working at the Baltic State Technical University in Saint Petersburg. The two are charged with passing on classified information to China, possibly through the Harbin Engineering University. Switzerland According to reports in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Chinese intelligence services have attempted to recruit Swiss university staff and researchers using LinkedIn. Sweden Babur Maihesuti, a Chinese Uighur who became a Swedish citizen was arrested for spying on the Uighur refugee communities in Sweden, Norway, Germany and the United States, and ultimately sentenced for illegal espionage activity. In April 2018 Sweden charged Dorjee Gyantsan, a 49-year-old Tibetan refugee, with spying |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 104, "sc": 316, "ep": 108, "ec": 369} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 104 | 316 | 108 | 369 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Sweden & United Kingdom | on Tibetan dissidents and refugees in Sweden between July 2015 and February 2017. Gyantsan is accused of collecting information on Tibetan refugees in Sweden, and then pass that information on to Chinese officials in Finland and Poland. Gyantsan was arrested upon returning from Warsaw, carrying $6,000 in cash. United Kingdom UK officials, including experts at its MI5 intelligence agency, are fearful that China could shut down businesses in the nation with Chinese cyberattacks and spy equipment embedded in computer and telecommunications equipment. MI5 has reportedly monitored Chinese espionage against Rio Tinto Group computers.
According to Robert Hannigan, former Director of the |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 108, "sc": 369, "ep": 112, "ec": 482} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 108 | 369 | 112 | 482 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United Kingdom & Canada | Government Communications Headquarters, Chinese hackers have engaged in economic espionage against British universities and engineering companies, on behalf of the Chinese government. Canada Newspapers have estimated that China may have up to 1,000 spies in Canada. The head of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Richard Fadden in a television interview was assumed to have implied that various Canadian politicians at provincial and municipal levels had ties to Chinese intelligence. In an interview, he claimed that some politicians were under the influence of a foreign government, but he withdrew the statement a few days later. It was assumed by Chinese groups |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 112, "sc": 482, "ep": 112, "ec": 1149} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 112 | 482 | 112 | 1,149 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Canada | in Canada, and others, that he was referring to China because in the same interview he stressed the high level of Chinese spying in Canada, however Fadden did not say specifically which country these politicians were under the influence of. His statement was withdrawn a few days later.
In 2005, Canadian businessman Joe Wang stated his belief that threatening letters he received after broadcasting programs about alleged human rights abuses in China were from the Chinese consulate; one of the envelopes contained boric acid.
In 2012 Mark Bourrie, an Ottawa-based freelance journalist, stated that the State Council-run Xinhua News Agency asked him |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 112, "sc": 1149, "ep": 112, "ec": 1788} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 112 | 1,149 | 112 | 1,788 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Canada | to collect information on the Dalai Lama through their Ottawa bureau chief, Dacheng Zhang, by exploiting his journalistic access to the Parliament of Canada. Bourrie stated that he was asked to write for Xinhua in 2009 and sought advice from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), but was ignored. Bourrie was asked to collect information on the Sixth World Parliamentarians' Convention on Tibet at the Ottawa Convention Centre, although Xinhua had no intention of writing a story on the proceedings. Bourrie stated that at that point "We were there under false pretenses, pretending to be journalists but acting as government |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 112, "sc": 1788, "ep": 112, "ec": 2489} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 112 | 1,788 | 112 | 2,489 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Canada | agents." Xinhua collects extensive information on Tibetan and Falun Gong dissidents in Canada, and is accused of being engaged in espionage by Chinese defector Chen Yonglin and Reporters Without Borders.
On 1 December 2013, Lloyd's Register employee Qing Quentin Huang was arrested and charged with violating the Security of Information Act, for allegedly communicating classified information on the federal shipbuilding strategy to China. Huang reportedly contacted the Chinese Embassy in Ottawa in an attempt to pass on secrets, which was detected by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, who in turn alerted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Between 2006 and 2010 Yang Wang, |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 112, "sc": 2489, "ep": 116, "ec": 427} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 112 | 2,489 | 116 | 427 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | Canada & United States | a Chinese immigrant to Canada, admitted to providing intelligence to the Ministry of State Security, including on the activities of Falun Gong.
Around June 2014, the National Research Council was reportedly penetrated by Chinese state-sponsored hackers. United States China is suspected of having a long history of espionage in the United States against military and industrial secrets, often resorting to direct espionage, exploitation of commercial entities, and a network of scientific, academic, and business contacts. Several U.S. citizens have been convicted for spying for China. Naturalized citizen Dongfan Chung, an engineer working with Boeing, was the first person convicted under the |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 427, "ep": 116, "ec": 1161} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 427 | 116 | 1,161 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States | Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Chung is suspected of having passed on classified information on designs including the Delta IV rocket, F-15 Eagle, B-52 Stratofortress and the CH-46 and CH-47 helicopters.
The U.S. Department of Justice investigation into the fund-raising activities had uncovered evidence that Chinese agents sought to direct contributions from foreign sources to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) before the 1996 presidential campaign. The Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC.
China's espionage and cyberattacks against the US government and business organizations are a major concern, according to the seventh annual report (issued September |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 1161, "ep": 116, "ec": 1822} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 1,161 | 116 | 1,822 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States | 2009) to the US Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. "Although attribution is a problem in cyber attacks, the scale and coordination of the attacks strongly indicates Chinese state involvement," said commission vice chairman Larry Wortzel. "In addition to harming U.S. interests, Chinese human and cyber espionage activities provide China with a method for leaping forward in economic, technological, and military development." The report cited that the number of cyberattacks from China against the US Department of Defense computer systems had grown from 43,880 in 2007 to 54,640 in 2008, a nearly 20 percent increase. Reuters |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 1822, "ep": 116, "ec": 2491} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 1,822 | 116 | 2,491 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States | reported that the Commission found that the Chinese government has placed many of its computer network responsibilities under the direction of the People's Liberation Army, and was using the data mostly for military purposes. In response, China slammed the report as "full of prejudice," and warning it could damage China-US relations. "We advise this so-called commission not to always view China through tinted glasses," Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said.
In 2008 the Chinese government was accused of secretly copying information from the laptop of Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez during a trade mission to Beijing in order to gain information on |
{"datasets_id": 1122, "wiki_id": "Q4388240", "sp": 116, "sc": 2491, "ep": 116, "ec": 3171} | 1,122 | Q4388240 | 116 | 2,491 | 116 | 3,171 | Chinese intelligence activity abroad | United States | American corporations. The allegations were subsequently dismissed by Qin Gang, a spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
In November 2005 the United States arrested four people in Los Angeles on suspicion of being involved in a Chinese spy ring.
Taiwanese-American scientist Wen Ho Lee (born in Nantou, Taiwan 21 December 1939) was accused and investigated on the grounds of espionage in 1999 but was acquitted of all charges except for mishandling classified data.
In response to these and other reports of cyberattacks by China against the United States, Amitai Etzioni of the Institute for Communitarian Policy |
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